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APPLETONS' 

CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY 



VOL VL 
SUNDERLAND— ZURITA 



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APPLETONS' 

CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN 
BIOGRAPHY 

EDITED BY 

JAMES GRANT WILSON 

AND 

JOHN FISKE 

As it if the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, 
to it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato. 

VOLUME VI. 
SUNDERLAND— ZURITA 
WITH SUPPLEMENT AND ANALYTICAL INDEX 




NEW YORK 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 

1, 8 and 5 BOND 8TREET 
1889 

REPUBLISHED SY GALE RESEARCH COMPANY, BOOK TOWER, DETROIT, 1KB 



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Library Scitnct 

(LT 
2/5 



NOTE TO THE FACSIMILE EDITION 



This is a facsimile of the first edition of Appleton's Cyclopaedia 
I of American Biography, published 1887-89, and the supplement 

to to the first edition, published in 1900. 

Later editions omitted biographies published in the first edition, 
and also added new biographies. 

After careful comparison, it was found that the persons omitted 
from the later editions were, on the whole, more likely to be 
subject to reference interest, and more likely to be difficult to 
find elsewhere, than the persons whose biographies were sub- 
stituted. The first edition therefore has been selected for this 
facsimile edition. 



Coptbioht, 1889, 
Bt D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 



Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 67-14061 



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LIST OF 


PORTRAITS 


ON STEEL. 




WASHINGTON, GBOBOS 


ARTIST 

Stuart 


smuuvm 

Girech 


TAOS 

Frontispiece 


Taylor, Za CHARY 


Unknown 


HaU 


Face 51 


Thomas, George Henry 


Guiehnst 


HaU 


79 


Tyler, John 


Unknown 


HaU 


198 


Van Buren, Mabtin 


Brady 


HaU 


280 


Waits, Morrison Remick 


BeU 


HaU 


817 


Webster, Daniel 


Whipple 


Jaekman 


406 


Whittthb, John Qreenleak 


Thompson 


Oribayedoff 


498 


Winthrop, John 


Vandyke 


Oirech 


572 


Harrison, Benjamin 


Bogardus 


HaU 


685 



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Google 



SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS 
TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 



Adams, Charles Kendall, 

President of Cornell University. 

Allibone, S. Austin, 

Author " Dictionary of Authors." 

Amory, Thomas 0., 

Author " Life of General Sullivan." 

Baird, Henry Carey, 

Economist and Publisher. 

Bancroft, George, 

Author " History of the United States." 

Bayard, Thomas F., 

Secretary of State. 

Beehler, William H., 

Lieutenant U. S. Navy. 

Bradley, Joseph P., 

Justice United States Supreme Court. 

Brooks, Phillips, 

Author "Sermons in English Churches.'* 

Browne, Junius Henri, 

Journalist and Author. 

Buckley, James Monroe, 

Clergyman and Author. 
Butterfield, Daniel, 

Late of the U S. Army. 

Garter, Franklin, 

President of Williams College. 

Chandler, William E., 

Ex -Secretary of the Navy. 

Conway, Moncure Daniel, 

Author "Edmund Randolph." 

Cooke, John Esten, 

Author " Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee." 

Ooppee, Henry, 

Profensnr in Lehigh University. Pa. 

Coze, Arthur Cleveland, 

P. E. Bi*hop of Western New York. 

CuUum, Gen. George W., U. 8. A, 

Author " Renter of West Point Graduates." 
Curtis, George Ticknor, 

Author " Life of James Buchanan." 

Curtis, George William, 

Author and Editor. 

Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B., 

Author " Tenting on the Pluins." 

Davis, Jefferson, 

Late President of Confederate States. 

Dean, John Ward, 

Of New England Historic-Genealogical Society. 

Delafield, Maturin L., 

Miscellaneous Writer. 

De Lancey, Edward F., 

Ex-President Genealogical and Biographical Society. 

Didier, Eugene Lemoine, 

Author " Life of Edgar Allan Poc." 

Dix, Morgan, 

Rector of Trinity Church, New York. 



Doane, William C, 

P. E. Bishop of Albany. 

Draper, Lyman C, 

Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society. 
Egle, William Henry, 

Author "History of Pennsylvania." 

Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 

Late President of William and Mary College. 

Fiske, John, 

Author and Professor. 

Fowler, Joseph Smith, 

Late U. S. Senator. 

Fowler, Robert Ludlow, 

Member of New York Bar. 

Frothingham, Octavius Brooks, 

Author " Life of George Ripley." 

Gayarre, Charles E. A., 

Author " History of Louisiana." 
Gerry, Elbridge T., 

Member of New York Bar. 
Oilman, Daniel C, 

President of Johns Hopkins University. 
Gilmore, James Roberts, 

Author " Rear-Guard of the Revolution." 

Gleig, George Robert, 

Ex Chaplain-General British Army. 

Greely, Gen. A W., U. 8. A, 

Author "Three Years' Arctic Service," 

Green, William Mercer, 

Late P. E. Bishop Mississippi. 

Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton, 

Author " The Vicksburg Campaign." 

Grime, William Elliot, 

Author " Life of Com. M. C. Perry." 

Guild, Reuben A., 

Librarian of Brown University. 

Hale, Edward Everett, 

Author "Franklin in France." 

Hart, Charles Henry, 

Member of Philadelphia Bar. 

Hay, John, 

Author " Life of Abraham Lincoln," 

Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 

Author and Poet. 

Headley, Joel Tyler, 

Author and Clergyman. 

Henry, William Wirt, 

Of the Virginia Hlntorical Society. 

Higginson, Col. Thomas W., 

Author " History of the United States,** 

Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, 

Author and Poet. 

Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, 

Author " Later Lyrics." 

Huntington, William R., 

Rector of Grace Church, New York. 



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via 



SOME OP THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS. 



Isaacs, Abram 8., 

Journalist. 

Jay, John, 

Late Minister to Austria. 

Johnson, Bradley Tyler, 

Member of Maryland Bar. 

Johnson, Bossiter, 

Author and Editor. 

Johnston, William Preston, 

President of Tulone University. 

Jones, Charles C, 

Historian of Georgia, 

Jones, Horatio Gates, 

Vice-President of Pennsylvania Historical Society. 

Jones, William Alfred, 

Author '* Character and Criticisms." 

Kendrick, James Ryland, 

Ex-President Vat sar College. 

Lamb, Mrs. Martha J., 

Historian of New York City. 

Lathrop, George Parsons, 

Author " A Study of Hawthorne." 
Latrobe, John BL B., 

President Maryland Historical Society. 

Leach, Josiah Granville, 

Member of Philadelphia Bar. 

Lincoln, Robert T., 

Ex-Secretary of Wur. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 

Author " Life of Hamilton." 

Lowell, James Russell, 

Lute Minister to Great Britain. 

McCormick, Richard C, 

Late Governor of Arizona. 
Mathews, William, 

Author " Orators and Oratory." 

McMaster, John Bach, 

Author 44 History of the People of the United States." 

Mitchell, Donald G., 

Author 44 Reveries of a Bachelor." 

Mombert, Jacob L, D. D., 

Author "History of Charles the Great." 

Norton, Charles Eliot, 

Professor Harvard Uuiversity. 

O'Connor, Joseph, 

Editor Rochester, N. Y.. "Post-Express." 

Parkman, Francis, 

Author 44 Frontenac " and 44 French in Canada." 

Parton, James, 

Author and Essayist. 

Phelan, James, 

Editor Memphis, Tenn., " Avalanche." 

Phelps, William Walter, 

Member of Congress from New Jersey. 

Pierrepont, Edwards, 

Ex Attorney -General United States, 

Porter, David D., 

Admiral United States Navy. 

Porter, Gen. Horace, 

Formerly of Gen. Grant's Staff. 

Potter, Henry Codman, 

Bishop of New York. 

Preston, Mrs. Margaret Junkin, 

Author and Poet. 

Bead, John Meredith, 

Late Minister to Greece. 



Ricord, Frederick W., 

Of New Jersey Historical Society. 

Robinson, Esekiel G., 

President of Brown University. 

Rodenbough, Theophilus 8., 

Late of the U. S. Army. 

Romero, Mattias, 

Mexican Minister to the United Suites, 
Scharf, John Thomas, 

Historian of Maryland. 

Schurz, Carl, 

Ex-Secretary of the Interior. 

Bchweinitz, Edmund A. de, 

Late Moravian Bishop. 
Sedgwick, Arthur G., 

Member of New York Bar. 

Sherman, William T., 

Late General of the United States Army. 

Smith, Charles Emory, 

Editor Philadelphia " Press." 

Stedman, Edmund C, 

Poet and Critic. 

Stille, Charles Jane way, 

Author 44 History of the Sanitary Commission.'* 

Stewart, George, Jr., 

President Quebec Historical Society. 

Stoddard, Richard Henry, 

Author and Poet. 

Stone, William L., 

Author 44 Life of Red Jacket." 

Strong, William, 

Ex-Justice United States Supreme Conrt. 

Stryker, William Bcudder, 

Adjutant-General of New Jersey. 

Symington, Andrew James, 

Author "Life of William Cullen Bryant." 

Tanner, Benjamin T., 

Editor "African Methodist Episcopal Review.'* 

Tenner, William Christian, 

Graduate of the University of Paris. 

Tucker, J. Randolph, 

Member of Congress from Virginia. 

Vinton, Arthur Dudley, 

Miscellaneous Writer. 

Wadleigh, Bainbridge, 

Ex-Umted States Senator. 

Warner, Charles Dudley, 

Author and Journalist. 

Welling, James C, 

President of Columbian University. 

Whittier, John Greenleaf, 

Author and Poet. 

Wilson, James Grant, 

President Genealogical and Biographical Society. 

Wilson, James Harrison, 

Author 44 Life of Ulysses S. Grant." 
Winslow, William 0., 
Author and Clergyman. 

Winter, William, 

Poet and Theatrical Critic. 

Winthrop, Robert C, 

Ex-United States Senator. 

Wright, Marcus Joseph, 

Late of the Confederate Army. 

Young, John Russell, 

Author and Journalist. 



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Among the Contributor* to the sixth 

Bam n el Austin Allibone, LL. D. 

Ticknor, Geo roe. 

Henry Carey Baird. 

Walbach. John de Barth, 
Washington, William. 

Lieut. William H. Beehler, TJ. 8. N. 

Articles on Officers of the U. S. Navy. 

Marco* Benjamin, F. C. 8. 

Wyman, Jeffries, 

Harrison, Benjamin. (In Supplement.) 

Arthur Elmore Boat wick, Ph. D. 
Wintiirop, Theodore, 
Fuller, Melville W. (In Supplement) 

James C. Brogan. 

Thorfinn the Dane, 
Warren, John Collins. 

Junius Henri Browne. 

Thompson. Maurice, 
Watterson, Henry. 

James Monroe Buckley, D. D., LL. D. 

Articles on Methodist Episcopal Bishops. 

Mrs. Isa Carrington Cabell. 

The Van Rensselaer Family, 
Washington, Martha. 

Jefferson Davis. 

Taylor, Zacuary. 

John Ward Dean. 

Ward, Nathaniel, 
Wiggles worth, Michael. 

Edward Floyd De Lancey. 

The Van Cortlandt Family. 

Eugene Lemoine Didier. 

Thompson, Kobkiit Ellis, 
Tiernan, Luke. 

Capt. James W. Dixon. 

Terry, Alfred Howe, 
Wright, Horatio Ooverneur. 

William Henry Egle, M. D. 

Watts, Frederick, 
Wickersuam, James Pyle. 

CoL Benjamin Stoddert EwelL 

Stoddert, Benjamin, 
Tucker, Judge St. George. 

Pro! John Fiske. 

Tyler, John, 
Webster, Daniel. 

Octavius Brooks Frothingham. 
Thoreau, Henry David. 



volume of this work are the following : 

Albert H. Gallatin, M. D. 

Vose, George Leonard, 
Woodhouse, James. 

James Roberts Gilmore. 

Wayne, Anthony. 
Wilkinson, James. 

Daniel Goodwin. 

Blodgett, Henry W. (In Supplement.) 
Lawrence, Charles B. (In Supplement.) 

Andrew H. Green. 

Tilden, Samuel Jones. 

William EUiot Griffls, D. D. 

Van Curler, Arendt, 
Yuno Wing. 

Albert David Hager. 

Trumbull, Lyman, 
Yates, Richard. 

Jacob Henry Hager. 

Vallandigham, Clement Laird, 
Wig fall. Louis Trezevant. 

Miss Emma Polk Harris. 

Tokbert, Alfred Thomas A., 
Wesley, John. 

Charles Henry Hart. 

Willis, William. 
Prof. Samuel Hart. 

Wheaton, Nathaniel Sheldon, 
Williams, Bishop John. 

Bev. Horace B. Hayden. 

The Van Dyke Family, 
Wood, James. 

George Morgan Hills, D. D. 

Talbot, John, 

Wharton, Charles Henry. 

Prof. James Kendall Hosmer. 

Vank, Sir Henry. 

Cecil H. C. Howard. 
The Waldron Family. 

Frank Huntington. 

Taney, Roger Brooke, 
Whitefield, George. 

Abram 8. Isaacs, Ph. D. 

Articles on Jewish Clergymen. 

Gen. Bradley Tyler Johnson. 

Tilohman, Matthew and Lloyd, 
Trimble, Isaac Kidgeway. 

Rossiter Johnson, Ph. D. 

Webster. Noah, 
Worcester, Joseph Emerson. 



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X 



CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SIXTII VOLUM& 



CoL William Preston Johnson. 

Tulane, Paul. 

CoL Charles Colcock Jones. 
Ware, Nicholas. 

John Woolf Jordan. 

Articles ox Moravian Clergymen. 
Gen. Thomas Jordan. 
Voodes, Israel. 

William Linn Keese. 

TUCKERMAN, IlENRY THEODORE. 

James Ryland Xendrick, D. D. 

The Vassar Family, 
The Wayland Family. 

Bufus King. 

Woodhull, Maxwell. 

Prof. Samuel Archer Xing. 

Wise, John. 

Mrs. Martha J. Istmb. 

Watte, Morrison Remick. 

John H. B. Latrobe. 

Wilson, Thomas. 

Col. Josiah Granville Leach. 

Articles on Pennsylyanians. 

James Bossell Lowell, LL. D. 

Whittier, John Greenleaf. 

Bichard Cunningham McCormick. 
Thurman, Allen Granbery. 

William Mathews, LL. D. 

Wirt, William, 
Whipple, Edwin Percy. 

Gen. George A. Porterfleld. 
Terrill, William Rufus, 

Mrs. Margaret Junkin Preston. 

Thompson. John Reuben, 
Tim rod, Henry. 

Frederick W. Bicord. 
White, Anthony Walton, 
Winds, Wiluam. 

Herman Bitter. 
Articles on South and Central Americans. 

Gen. Theophilus F. Bodenbough. 
Tyler, Daniel, 
Upton, Emory. 

Eugene Coleman Savidge. 

Vavx. Roberts and Richard, 
Weight. Charles Barstow. 

CoL John Thomas Scharl 

Tatnalu Heney Lea, 
Ticker, John Randolph. 

Bishop Xdmund de Schweinits. 

Articles on Mor%vian Clergtmen. 

Prot Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. 

Winthrop, Prof. John. 



Charles W. Shields, D. D. 

Welling, James Clarke. 

Miss Esther Singleton. 

Walters, Wiluam T.. 
The Wentworth Family. 

Jesse Ames Spencer, D. D. 

Articles on Protestant Episcopal Clergymen 

Edmund Clarence Stedman. 

Taylor, Bayard. 

George Stewart, Jr. 

Usher, Brandram Boileau, 
Youno, Sir Charles. 

CoL Henry Stone. 
Thomas, George Heney, 

WlLUCH, AUGU8T. 

William Leete Stone. 

The Walworth Family, 
Wisner, Henry. 

Andrew James Symington, F. 8. A. 
Whitman, Walter, 
Wilson, Alexander. 

Bishop Benjamin T. Tanner. 

Articles on African Clergymen. 

William Christian Tenner. 

The Vaudreuil Family, 
volney, con8tantine francois. 

Bayard Tuckerman. 

The Tuckerman Family. 

John William Weidemeyer. 
Wallace, James William and Lester, 
Woodford, Stewart Lyndon. 

Frank Weitenkampl 

Articles on Artists and Musicians. 

James Clarke Welling, LL. D. 

Van Buren, Martin. 

John Greenleaf Whittier. 

Wilson, Henry. 

Gen. James Grant Wilson. 

Warner. Susan and Anna Bartlett, 
Willis, Nathaniel Parker. 

Walter Sibbald Wilson. 

Wilson. William, 

Clark, Emmons. (In Supplement) 

Rev. William C. Winslow, LL. D. 

Weed. Stephen Hinsdale, 
The Winslow Family. 

Robert Charles Winthrop, LL. D. 

Winthrop, John. 
Washington, George. 

Robert C. Winthrop, Jr. 
The Winthrop Family. 

Gen. Marcus Joseph Wright. 

Van Dorn, Earl. 
Watterson, Harvey McGee. 



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APPLBTONS' 

CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 



SUNDERLAND 

SUNDERLAND, Le Boy, author, b. in Exeter, 
R. I., 18 May, 1802; d. in Quincv, Mass., 15 May, 

1885. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker at East 
Greenwich, R. I., was converted to Methodism, be- 
came a preacher at Walpole, Mass., in 1823, and was 
soon known as an orator of great power. He was 
prominent in the temperance and anti-slavery 
movements, presided at the meeting in New York 
city in October, 1884, when the first Methodist anti- 
slavery society was organized, and in December 
wrote the " Appeal '* to Methodists against slavery, 
which was signed by ministers of the church in 
New England. He was appointed a delegate to the 
first anti-slavery convention in the west at Cincin- 
nati, in 1841, and to the World's convention in 
1848, in London. His preaching was attended by 
strange phenomena. Under his first sermon the 
entire audience was M struck down by the power of 
God," as it was then called ; and ever afterward 
when he preached with reference to the awakening 
of sinners such manifestations appeared to a greater 
or less extent His study of such phenomena had 
doubtless a determinative effect in his subsequent 
denial of Christianity, which he opposed during 
forty years preceding his death. He edited " The 
Watchman* in New York in 1886-'43; "The 
Magnet " in 1842-*3 ; - The Spirit World," at Bos- 
ton, in 1850-*2; and was a large contributor to 
various religious periodicals. He published " Bib- 
lical Institutes" (New York, 1884); "Appeal on 
the Subject of Slavery " (Boston, 1884); "History 
of the United States " (New York, 1884) ; " History 
of South America" (1884); "Testimony of God 
against Slavery" (Boston, 1884); "Anti-Slavery 
Manual" (New York, 1887); "Mormonism Ex- 
posed " (1842) ; " Pathetism, with Practical Instruc- 
tions" (1848); " Book of Health " (1847); " Pathet- 
ism : Man considered in Respect to his Soul, Mind, 
Spirit" (1847); "Pathetism: Statement of its 
Philosophy, and its Discovery Defended " (1850) ; 
- Book of Psychology " (1852) ; " Theory of Nutri- 
tion and Philosophy of Healing without Medicine " ; 
" Book of Human Nature^ (1853); and "The 
Trance, and how Introduced " (Boston. 1860). 

SUNDERLAND, Thomas, jurist, b. in Terre 
Haute, Ind., in 1821 ; d. in New York city, 9 Oct, 

1886. He studied law early in life, and went to 
California during the gold excitement of 1849. 
After securing a large fortune, he engaged in the 
practice of his profession, and became chief justice 
of the supreme court of California. He resided in 
Nevada for some time, and was urged ineffectually 

VOL. VL — 1 



SUTHERLAND 

to become Democratic candidate for U. S. senator 
from that state. He served for many years in the 
California legislature, and was an active member 
of the Scientific society of San Francisco. 

SUPLEE, Thomas Danly (su-play), educator, 
b. in Philadelphia, 17 April, 1846. He was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1870, and studied at Union 
and Princeton theological seminaries and at the 
Protestant Episcopal divinity-school in Philadel- 
phia. He became professor of Latin in Shattuck 
school. Faribault, Minn., in 1876, vice-rector of St. 
Augustine college, Benicia, Cal., in 1877, head- 
master of Trinity school, Tivoli-on-Hudson, N. Y., 
in 1879, head-master of Harcourt place school, 
Gambier, Ohio, in 1882, and rector of Courtlandt 

Elace school, Lake wood, N. J., in 1885, which post 
e still holds. He has published "Frank Muller, 
or Labor and its Fruits" (Philadelphia, 1869); 
" Pebbles from the Fountain of Castalia," poems 
(1870) ; " Riverside : a Romance " (Princeton. 1871) ; 
"Plain Talks" (Trenton, 1872); "Life of Ephraim 
Dod Saunders, D. D., Founder of the Presbyterian 
Hospital in Philadelphia" (Philadelphia, 187$) ; and 
has edited " Trench on the Study of Words ''(New 
York, 1878) ; " Life of Theodore Bland Pryor, First 
Mathematical Fellow of Princeton College " (San 
Francisco, 1879) ; and " Hand-Book of Civil Govern- 
ment under the Constitution of the United States " 
(Philadelphia, 1888). Mr. Suplee is preparing a 
life of Richard Realf (q. v.), ana editing his poems. 

SUTCLIFFE, Thomas, British soldier. He 
rose to be a colonel in the army, and was for some 
time governor of the island of Juan Fernandez. 
He published " Sixteen Years in Chili and Peru, 
1822-'89 "(London, 1841), and " Crusoniana, or the 
History of the Island of Juan Fernandez " (1843). 

SUTHERLAND, Alexander, Canadian cler- 
gyman, b. in Guelph, Ont, 17 Sept, 1833. He was 
the son of a Scottish farmer, but, his father dying, 
he received few educational advantages. He learned 
the printing trade, but uniting with the Methodist 
church, studied for the ministry, and was licensed 
as a preacher in 1859. He was afterward stationed 
at Niagara, but in 1861 removed to Thorold, and 
till 1874 was settled at Drummondville, Hamilton, 
Yorkville, Toronto, and Montreal. He was secre- 
tary of the conference in 1870-'l, delegate to the 
general conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
church at Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 1874, when the 
union of the Methodist churches in Canada was 
consummated, he was appointed secretary and 
treasurer of Methodist missions. In connection 



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2 



SUTHERLAND 



SUTTER 



with this office it has been his duty to visit the 
greater part of the Dominion, and he has won 
everywhere a reputation for eloquence. In 1879 
he made a vigorous effort to clear the church mis- 
sions department of a debt of $75,000. which re- 
sulted in the collection of $116,000. He was sec- 
retary to the conference again in 1878. and in 1879 
received the degree of D. t>. from Victoria college. 
He has published 44 A Summer in Prairie Land " 
(Toronto, 1882). 

SUTHERLAND, Joel B., jurist, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in 1791 : d. there, 15 Nov., 1801. He 
was graduated as a physician at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 18 1£, served in the war with Great 
Britain in 1813, and subsequently was a member 
of the Pennsylvania legislature. He was a mem- 
ber of congress in 1827-'37, chairman of the com- 
mittee on commerce in 1835-7, and judge of the 
court of common pleas in Philadelphia. He pub- 
lished 44 Manual of Legislative Practice and Order 
of Business in Deliberative Bodies" (Philadelphia, 
1830), and " A Congressional Manual " (1839). 

SUTLIFFE, Albert, poet, b. in Meriden, Conn., 
about 1830. After teaching in a private school in 
Kentucky, he removed in 1855 to Minnesota, where 
he has since resided. He first became known as a 
writer of verse for the 44 National Era," Washing- 
ton, D. C'and in 1854 was a contributor to the 
44 Genius of the West,** at Cincinnati He pub- 
lished a volume of poems (Boston, 1859). 

SUTRO, Adolph Heinrich Joseph, raining 
engineer, b. in Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, 
29 April. 1830. He was educated in his native 
place. His father was a cloth-manufacturer, and 
Adolph learned the details of the business and 
travelled for the factory, but the elder Sutro died 
before the son was oli enough to continue the 
business, and the family, consisting of seven sons 
and four daughters, came to New York in 1850. 
During the voyage Adolph had learned of the gold 
fever in California, and, soon after establishing the 
family in Baltimore, he set out for the Pacific coast. 
Having studied mineralogy in the best polytechnic 
schools in Germany, he was much better prepared 
for mining operations than the majority who at 
that time were flocking to the gold-fields. He vis- 
ited Nevada in 1860, and, after a careful inspection 
of the mining region there, he planned the now 
famous Sutro tunnel through the heart of the 
mountain where lay the Comstock lode. Having 
interested capitalists in the proiect, he obtained a 
charter from the Nevada legislature on 4 Feb., 

1865, ami the authorization of congress on 35 July, 

1866. The mining companies agreed to pay a toll 
of $2 for each ton of ore, from the time wlien the 
tunnel should reach and benefit their mines. The 
work was begun on 19 Oct, 1869. It proceeded as 
rapidly as its character would permit, and before 
the close of 1871 four vertical shafts were opened 
along the line of the tunnel, one of which was 552 
feet deep. The distance from the mouth of the 
tunnel to the Savage mine, where, at a depth of 
1.650 feet from the surface, it formed the first con- 
nection with the Comstock lode, is 20,000 feet, 
lateral tunnels connect it with the mines on either 
side of the main bore. In 1879 the great tunnel 
was finished, and its projector became a millionaire 
many times over. Some of the mines at the level 
of the tunnel were flooded with water to the depth 
of one hundred feet or more, and had long been 
abandoned ; others were unworkable on account of 
the heat and noxious gases. The tunnel with its 
shafts effectually ventilated them, and within a 
few days they were rid of the accumulated water, 
which had a' temperature in some mines of 160" 



Fahrenheit. Mr. Sutro has devoted a part of his 
fortune to the collection of a fine library and art 
gallery in San Francisco. In 1887 he presented 
that city with a copy of Frederic A. Bartholdi's 
statue of 44 Liberty enlightening the World." 

SUTTER, John Augustus, pioneer, b. in Kan- 
dern. Baden, 15 Feb., 1803 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 
17 June, 1880. He was of Swiss parentage, and 
his familv name was originally Suter. He was 
graduated at the military college at Berne in 1823, 
entered the French service as an officer of the 
Swiss guard, and served in 1823-'4 through the 
Spanish campaign. In 1834 he emigrated to thi * 
country and settled in St. Louis. Afterward ho 
carried on at Santa Fe* a profitable trade with In- 
dians and trappers, whose accounts of California 
induced him in 1838 to cross the Rocky moun- 
tains. He first went to Oregon, descended Colum- 
bia river to Fort Vancouver, and thence sailed to 
the Sandwich islands, where he purchased a vessel 
and went to Sitka, Alaska. After disposing of his 
cargo to advantage there, he sailed along the Pa- 
cific coast, and on 2 July, 1839, was stranded in the 
Bay of Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). Pene- 
trating into the interior amid great difficulties, 
he founded in the same year the earliest white set- 
tlement on the site of Sacramento, received a con- 
siderable grant of land from the Mexican gov- 




ernment, and in 1841 built a fort, calling it New 
Helvetia, which was afterward the first settlement 
that was reached by overland emigrants to Cali- 
fornia. The Mexican government appointed him 
governor of the northern frontier country, but. as 
he favored the annexation of California to the 
United States, the Mexicans regarded him with 
suspicion. WTien Capt Charles Wilkes's explor- 
ing expedition reached San Francisco, Sutter gave 
him aid and information, and he extended a simi- 
lar welcome to John C. Fremont and his party. 
When California was ceded to the United States in 
February, 1848, Sutter was the owner of a large 
tract of land, many thousands of cattle, and other 
property, but the discovery of gold on his estate 
i near Co'loma. El Dorado co.. at the same time (seo 
Marshall, Jam$s Wilson), proved his financial 
ruin. His laborers deserted nim. his lands were 
overrun by gold-diggers, and the claim he had filed 
for thirty-three square leagues, which had been 
allowed by the commissioners, was decided against 
him on appeal to the supreme court. Despoiled of 
his properly and reduced to want, he was granted 
by tne California legislature a pension of $250 a 
month. In 1864 his homestead was burned, and 
in 1873 he removed to Litiz, Lancaster co., Pa. 
After California had been annexed to this country 
Sutter was elected first alcalde of his district, and 
a delegate to the convention to form a state con- 
stitution, and he was also an Indian commissioner. 
The illustration shows the mill on Sutter's prop- 
erty, near which gold was first discovered. 



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SUYDAM 



SUYDAM, James Augustus (si -dam), artist b. 
in New York, 27 March, 1819 ; d. in North Conway, 
N. H., 15 Sept, 1865. His first instructor was Miner 
K. Kellogg, with whom he travelled through Greece 
and Turkey. Later, after his return to the United 
States, he studied also with Asher B. Durand and 
John F. Kensett He was. elected an honorary 
member of the National academy in 1858, and an 
academician in 1861. When the building of the 
academy was projected he took an active part in 
its construction. He held office in the academy 
until his death, and bequeathed to it the " Suydam 
Collection " of pictures, besides a large sum of 
money. He was quite successful in his coast views. 
Among his works are " View on Long Island " and 
" Hook Mountain on the Hudson" (1868). 

SUYDAM, John Howard, clergyman, b. in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 1 Oct, 1832. He was graduated 
at Rutgers in 1854, and at the Theological seminary 
of the Reformed church in New Brunswick, N. J., 
in 1857, and was ordained by the classis of Pough- 
keepsie. He was settled as pastor at Fishkill in 
1857-'62, and in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1862-'9, and 
since 1869 has been in Jersey City. He has been 

S resident of the board of superintendents of the 
few Brunswick theological seminary and of the 
general synod of the Reformed church. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. from Rutgers in 1882. 
In addition to sermons, he has published "The 
Cruger Family " (Philadelphia, 1864) ; " Cruel Jim " 
(18TO); and "The Wreckmaster " (1871). 

SUZOR, Louis T., Canadian author, b. in Low- 
er Canada in 1834; d. in Quebec, 18 Aug., 1866. 
He was a lieutenant-colonel, and had been deputy 
assistant adjutant-general of militia in Canada at 
the time of his death. He published "Aide-memoire 
du carabinier volontaire (Quebec, 1862); "Ta- 
bleaux synoptique des mouvements d'une com- 
pagnie" (1863); "Tableaux svnoptic des evolu- 
tions de bataillon " (1863) ; " fixercices et evolu- 
tions d'infanterie " (1863) : " Code militaire " (1864) ; 
Maximes, conseils et instructions sur Tart de la 
guerre " (1865); "Guide theorique et pratique des 
manoeuvres de l'infanterie" (1865); and "Traits 
d art et d'histoire militaires " (1865). 

SWAIM, David Gaskill, soldier, b. in Salem, 
Columbiana co., Ohio, 22 Dec., 1834. He was edu- 
cated at Salem academy, studied law, and after 
admission to the bar in 1858 began practice in Sa- 
lem. At the beginning of the civil war he left a 
prosperous law-practioe and entered the National 
service, being commissioned 2d lieutenant in 1861, 
and 1st lieutenant 4 Nov., 1861. in the 65th Ohio 
regiment He was promoted to captain and as- 
sistant adjutant-general, 16 May, 1862, and en- 
gaged in the battles of Shilon, Murfreesboro', 
ana Perryville. He was in Washington, D. C, 
till December, 1862, was assistant adjutant-gen- 
eral on the staff of Gen. William S. Rosecrans and 
Gen. George Thomas till November, 1863, and was 
present at Chickamauga, where he was wounded, 
and at Missionary Ridge. From January till Octo- 
ber, 1864, he was on mustering duty at Wilming- 
ton. Del., and afterward, till September, 1866, was 
assistant adjutant-general, Department of Missouri. 
He was b revetted major, lieutenant-colonel, and 
colonel for faithful and meritorious services during 
the war. and appointed 2d lieutenant in the 34th 
U. S. infantry, 28 July, 1866, was promoted major 
and judge-advocate, 9 Dec., 1869, and became 
judge-advocate-general of the army with the rank 
of brigadier-general, 18 Feb., 18&. In 1884 he 
was court-martialed on various charges and sus- 
pended for ten years. He was the intimate friend 
and companion of President Garfield. 



SWAN 3 

SWAIN, Da?Id Lowry, governor of North 
Carolina, b. in Asheville, Buncombe co., N. C, 4 
Jan., 1801 ; d. in Chapel Hill, N. C, 3 Sept, 1868. 
After receiving his education at the University of 
North Carolina he studied law, was admitted: to 
the bar in 1823, and practised in Raleigh. In 1824 
he was elected to the legislature, and in 1831 he 
was appointed a judge of the state supreme court. 
From 1832 till 1835 he was governor of North 
Carolina, being the youngest man to fill that office. 
He was elected president of the University of North 
Carolina in 1835 and filled this post until his death* 
contributing effectively to the improvement of the 
institution. In 1865 he was invited by President 
Andrew Johnson to advise with him regarding the 
reconstruction of the Union. The degree of LL. D. 
was conferred on him by Princeton in 1841, and 
by Yale in 1842. He wrote many valuable histori- 
cal papers, and published " The British Invasion 
of North Carolina in 1776 " in the " North Carolina 
University Magazine," for May, 1853, which was 
afterward included in a volume of lectures, en- 
titled " Revolutionary History of North Carolina" 
(New York, 1853). 

SWAIN, James Barrett, editor, b. in New 
York city, 30 July, 1820. He learned the printing 
business with Horace Greeley, with whom he was a 
partner in the publication of the " Log Cabin " in 
1840, and in 1838-'9 was private secretary to Henry 
Clay. In 1848-'9 he was editor of the " Hudson 
River Chronicle " in Sing-Sing, serving also as clerk 
of the state-prison there in F848-'9. He was city 
editor of the New York "Tribune" in 1850, of 
the "Times" in 1851-'2, editor of the "American 
Agriculturist " in 1852, a political contributor to 
the " Times " in 1853-'9, and its Washington cor- 
respondent in 1860-'l. He was also editor of the 
"Free State Advocate" (a campaign paner pub- 
lished in New York in 1856 by the National Repub- 
lican committee), of the Albany " Daily Statesman " 
from 1857 till 1861, and again of the " Hudson River 
Chronicle " from 1876 till 1885. He was a railroad 
commissioner for New York state in 1855-'7, 1st 
lieutenant in the 1st U. S. cavalry and also colo- 
nel of the 1st U. S. volunteer cavalry in 1861-4, 
engineer-in-chief of the National guard of New 
York in 1865-'6, U. S. weigher in 1867-'70, and 
post-office inspector in 1881-5. Mr. Swain is the 
author of " Life and Speeches of Henry Clay " (2 
vols.. New York, 1842 ; 3d ed., 1848); "Historical 
Notes to a Collection of the Speeches of Henry 
Clay" (2 vols., 1843); and "Military History of 
the State of New York " (3 vols., 1861-'5). 

SWAINSON, William, English naturalist, b. 
in Liverpool, England, 8 Oct, 1789; d. in New 
Zealand m 1855. He served in the commissary 
department of the British army in 1807-15, trav- 
elled in South America in the latter year, and, re- 
turning to London, devoted himself to the study 
of natural history. In 1841 he emigrated to New 
Zealand, where he published works on the natural 
history and social and political condition of that 
country and Tasmania. He published numerous 
works, including "Ornithological Drawings of 
Birds from Mexico and Brazil * (1831-'41), and as- 
sisted Sir John Richardson in the account of North 
American birds in his " Fauna Boreali Americana " 
(4 vols., London, 1829-'37). 

SWAN, Caleb, soldier, b. in Maine; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C., 20 Nov., 1809. He became an ensign 
in the 4th Massachusetts Continental infantry, 26 
Nov., 1779, and was afterward transferred to the 
8th infantry, which in 1784 became part of the 1st 
American regiment of infantry. On 8 May, 1792, 
he was appointed paymaster-general of the U. S. 



Digitized by Google 



SWAN 



SWANN 



army, whichpost he held until his resignation on 
80 June, 1808. He wrote %4 Some Account of the 
Northwestern Lakes of America" (1798). 

SWAN, James, soldier, b. in Fifeshire, Scotland, 
in 1754 ; d. in Paris, France, 18 March, 1881. He 
came to Boston at an early age. was a clerk there, 
and, espousing the patriot cause, was one of the 
44 Boston tea-party." He was aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Joseph Warren at Bunker Hill, where he was 
wounded, acted as treasurer and receiver-general, 
became captain in Ebenezer Crafts's regiment of 
artillery, and participated in the expedition that 
drove the British fleet out of Boston harbor. 
He was also secretary to the Massachusetts board 
of war, a member of the legislature in 1778, and 
afterward adjutant-general of the state. Being 
involved in debt, he went to Paris in 1787, and be- 
came known there by the publication of " Causes 
qui sont opposees au progres du commerce entre 
la France et les fitats-Unis de l'Am^rique " (1790). 
After acquiring a fortune he returned to the 
United States in 1795 and was noted for his charity 
and munificence. In 1798 he went to Europe 
again and engaged in large commercial operations 
until 1815, when, upon the suit of a German with 
whom he had transactions, he was arrested and 
thrown into the prison of St. Pelagie in Paris, 
where he remained until July, 1830, living in 
luxury and maintaining an unceasing litigation 
in the French courts. He published " Dissuasion 
from the Slave-Trade" (Boston, 1778); "On the 
Fisheries" (1784); "Fisheries of Massachusetts" 
(1786) ; and " Address on Agriculture, Manu- 
factures, and Commerce " (1817). 

SWAN. Joseph Rockwell, jurist, b. in Western- 
ville, Oneida co., N. Y., 28 Dec., 1802; d. in Co- 
lumbus, Ohio, 18 Dec., 1884. He was educated in 
Aurora, N. Y., and in 1824 removed to Columbus, 
Ohio, where he studied law in the office of his 
uncle, Judge Gustavus Swan, was admitted to the 
bar, and practised in Franklin and the adjoining 
counties. In 1880 he was made prosecuting attor- 
ney, and in 1834 he was elected judge of the court 
of common pleas, but he resigned this post in 1845, 
and practised his profession until 1854. In that 
year ne was elected judge of the supreme court, 
serving until 1859, when his most important de- 
cision was delivered. The supreme court of the 
state, under a writ of habeas corpus, sought to 
override the judgment of the U. S. district court 
in Ohio in attempting to discharge from jail a 
prisoner that had been sentenced by that court for 
violation of the fugitive-slave law. Judge Swan 
decided that the state could not interfere with the 
action of the U. S. courts, and the discharge of 
the prisoner was refused. At the same time he 
said that if he were appealed to personally he 
would protect any slave from his pursuers. He 
was the author of important statutes that were 
passed by the legislature and a delegate to the 
Constitutional convention of Ohio in 1850. In 
1860 he became president of the Columbus and 
Xenia railroad, and from that time till 1876 he 
acted as solicitor for several railroads. He pub- 
lished " Treatise on Justices of the Peace and Con- 
stables in Ohio" (Columbus, 1886 ; 12th ed., 1885); 
"Statutes of Ohio" (1841); "Manual for Execu- 
tors and Administrators (1843) ; " Practice in 
Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Ohio and 
Precedents in Pleading " (2 vols., 1845) ; •* Swan's 
Pleading and Practice (2 vols., 1851) : " Commen- 
taries on Pleadings under the Ohio Code" (Cin- 
cinnati, 1860); and "Supplement to the Revised 
Statutes of Ohio, etc., in Force August, 1868," with 
notes by Milton Sayler (1869). 



SWAN, Timothy, musician, b. in Worcest* 
Mass., 23 July, 1758; d. in Northfield, Mass.,! 
July, 1842. He began to teach music at the age 
seventeen, and in 1785 published " Federal Ha 
mony." He resided for some time at Sheffield, ar 
while there published. in 1801, "The New Englar 
Harmony." After this he removed to Vermor 
but finally settled at Northfield, Mass., where 1 
resided until his death. Some of his psalm-tune 
among them " China," " Pownal," ana " Poland 
became very popular, and are still to be found i 
collections of church music. 

SWAN, William Draper, educator, b. in Do 
Chester, Mass., 17 Nov., 1809; d. there, 2 Nov 
1864. He was principal for many years of th 
Mayhew grammar-school in Boston, Mass., an 
afterward a bookseller in that city. In 1862 h 
served in the Massachusetts senate. He publishe 
a series of readers for schools, and with his brothe: 
Robert, principal of Winthrop school in Bostoi 
and Daniel Leach, superintendent of schools i 
Providence, R. I., he was the author of a series c 
arithmetics, and also of " The Critic Criticised an 
Worcester Vindicated " (Boston, 1860). 

SWANK, James Moore, statistician, b. in Loyal 
hanna, Westmoreland co., Pa., 12 July, 1882. H 
was educated at Eldesridge academy and at the pre 
paratory department of Jefferson college, Pa. Ii 
1852 he published a weekly Whig newspaper a 
Johnstown, Pa., where, in 1858, he established thi 
"Tribune," with which he was connected unti 
1870. He was superintendent of public schools ii 
Cambria county, Pa., in 1861, and in 1871-2 wa 
chief clerk of the department of agriculture ir 
Washington. Since 1878 he has been secretary o 
the American iron and steel association, ana ir 
1885 he was appointed its general manager, which 
office he now (1888) holds. He is the editor of it! 
weekly " Bulletin." compiles its annual statistical 
reports, is the author of its tariff tracts, and haf 
edited nearly all its statistical and miscellaneous 
publications. In 1880 he was appointed agent ol 
the U. S. census, to collect the iron and steel statis- 
tics, his report appearing in 1881. He has pub- 
lished a " History of the Department of Agricul- 
ture" (Washington, 1871); "Centennial Report ol 
the American Iron and Steel Association on the 
American Iron Trade " (Philadelphia, 1876) ; " His- 
torical Account of Iron-Making and Coal-Mining 
in Pennsylvania" (1878): ana " History of the 
Manufacture of Iron in all Ages " (1884). 

SWANN, Thomas, governor of Maryland, b. 
in Alexandria, Va., in 1805 ; d. near Leesburg, 
Va., 24 July, 1883. 
His father was 
U. S. district at- 
torney for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 
After receiving 
his education at 
Columbian col- 
lege and at the 
University of Vir- 
ginia the son stud- 
ied law with his fa- 
ther, and was made 
secretary to the 
Neapolitan com- 
mission. He set- 
tled in Baltimore 
in 1834, and be- 
came a director of 
the Baltimore and 
Ohio railroad in 1886, of which he was president 
from 1847 till 1858, and he was also president of 




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Google 



SWARTWOUT 



SWAYNE 



the Northwestern Virginia railroad. After his re- 
turn from Europe he was elected mayor of Balti- 
more in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. Before the 
civil war he emancipated his slaves, and he was 
an earnest supporter of the Union throughout the 
contest He was elected governor of Maryland in 
1864, and served from 1 Jan., 1865, until 1 Jan., 
1869, refusing to leave the executive chair when 
he was elected U. S. senator in 1866. He was 
afterward chosen to congress as a Democrat for 
five successive terms, serving from 4 March, 1869, 
till 3 March, 1879. 

SWARTWOUT, Robert (swart'-out), soldier, b. 
in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1778 ; d. in New York 
city, 19 July, 1888. He was the son of Abraham, 
a Revolutionary soldier, and became a colonel of 
New York militia. After serving from August till 
November, 1812, in his native state, he was ap- 
pointed quartermaster-general, with the rank of 
brigadier, 21 March, 1813, and had charge of the 
4th brigade in the campaign of 1813 on St. Law- 
rence nver, succeeding to the command on the fall 
of Gen. Leonard Covington at the battle of Chrys- 
ler's Field. After the war he resided in New York 
city, where he was a merchant and also agent of 
the navy. As the result of a political quarrel he 
fought a duel with Richard Riker, recorder of New 
York, in which the latter was wounded. — His 
brother, Samuel, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 
1788 ; d. in New York city, 21 Nov., 1856, accom- 
panied Aaron Burr in his expedition in 1805, 
fought in the war of 1812, and afterward became a 
merchant in New York. He was captain of a city 
troop called the Iron Grays, celebrated by the poet 
Halleck, and was appointed collector of the port 
of New York by President Jackson, between whom 
and himself a strong personal attachment existed. 
Together with his brothers he owned all the 
meadows that lie between Hoboken and Weehaw- 
ken and all the tract between Hackensack river 
and the approach to Newark. Fitz-Greene Hal- 
leck, in the concluding stanza of one of the 
** Croaker*," says : 

44 Sara Swart wout ! where are now thy Grays! 

Oh, bid again their banner blaze 
O'er hearts and ranks unbroken ! 

Let drum and fife your slumbers break, 

And bid the devil freely take 
Your meadows at Hoboken." 
— His nephew, Samuel, naval officer, b. in New 
York city, 10 May, 1804 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 5 
Feb., 1867, entered the navy as a midshipman, 10 
May, 1820, became passed' midshipman, 4 June, 
1831, and in 1834- 5 cruised in the schooner 
** Grampus," suppressing piracy in the West In- 
dies, and in 1836-'7 in the "St. Louis" on the 
same duty. He was promoted to lieutenant, 9 
Feb., 1837, was inspector of provisions and cloth- 
ing at the New York navy-yard in 1841-'5, and 
cruised in the sloop 44 Vincennes" in the East In- 
dies in 1845-'7, after which he was stationed at the 
New York navy-yard until 1850. In 1851 he served 
on the coast survey. He was promoted to com- 
mander, 14 Sept, 1855, and had the steamer 44 Mas- 
sachusetts," or the Pacific squadron, in 1855-7, 
during which time he had several engagements 
with Indians in Puget sound. In 1861 -Ti he com- 
manded the sloop 44 Portsmouth," of the Western 
Gulf blockading squadron, in which he took part 
in the engagements with Forts Jackson and St. 
Philip, on the lower Mississippi river, and the 
consequent capture of New Orleans. He was then 

E laced on waiting orders, his health failed, and 
e was retired, 10 May, 1866. His sister, Frances, 
married Admiral Charles H. Bell. 



SWARTZ, Joel, clergyman, b. in Shenandoah 
county, Va., 18 Aug., 1827. He received his classi- 
cal and theological education in Capitol university, 
Columbus, Ohio, being graduated in the theological 
department in 1854. In 1855 he was ordained to 
the ministry, and in 1868 he received the degree 
of D. D. from Wittenberg college, Springfield, 
Ohio. He has held various pastorates in Virginia, 
Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, was professor 
of cnurch history, pastoral theology, and homi- 
letics in the theological department of Wittenberg 
college, Springfield, Ohio, in 1865-'8, and has been 
pastor at Gettysburg, Pa., since 1881. Dr. Swartz 
has been a regular correspondent for the 44 Lutheran 
Observer " for sixteen years, and has published two 
volumes of poetry, 44 Dreamings of the Waking 
Heart" (Philadelphia, 1877) and 44 Lyra Lutherana " 
(1883). He was chairman of the committee that 
edited the 44 Book of Worship" with tunes. 

SWARTZ, Olans, Swedish botanist, b. in 
Norrkjoping, Sweden, in 1760; d. in Stockholm, 
18 Sept., 1817. After receiving his education at 
Upsala, he travelled in Finland, Lapland, and the 
West Indies, and explored the coasts of South 
America in 1788, returning with a collection of 
rare plants. He was appointed professor of natu- 
ral history in the Medico-chirurgical institute in 
Stockholm, and became one of the most celebrated 
botanists of his time. The genus Swartz la, of 
the order Leguminosan, was named in his honor. 
Among his works are 44 Icones Plantaruin Incog- 
nitarium," illustrating the rare plants of the West 
Indies (Upsala, 1794-1800); "Flora Indiae Occi- 
dentalis" (8 vols., 1797-1806); and "Lichenes 
Americani" (Nuremberg, 1811). 

SWATANE, or SHIKELLIMY, Oneida chief, 
d. in Shamokin, Pa.. 17 Dec., 1748. In 1728 he was 
acting representa- 
tive of the Five 
Nations in busi- 
ness affairs with 
the proprietary 
government of 
Pennsylvania. He 
was appointed its 
viceroy, and in 
this capacity ad- 
ministered its trib- 
utaries within the 
province, with 
Shamokin as his 
seat. Scarcely a 
treaty was made 
between 1728 and 
1748 respecting 
the purchases of 
land but Shikelli- 
my was present. 
At his solicitation 
the Moravians in 
1747 began a mis- 
sion, and erected a smithy in the town. He died a 
few davs after his baptism by the missionaries. — 
His eldest son, Tachnachdoarus (spreading oak), 
or John Shikellimy, succeeded him as viceroy. 
His second son, James Logan, was named for Sec. 
James Logan, and his third son, John Petty, for 
a trader. Two sons were killed in battle. 

SWAYNE, Noah Haynes, purist, b. in Culpeper 
county, Va., 7 Dec., 1804 ; d. in New York city, 8 
June, 1884. His ancestor, Francis Swayne, came 
to this country with William Penn, and the farm 
on which he settled near Philadelphia is still in 
possession of his descendants. Noah's father, 
Joshua, removed to Virginia, and the son, after 




Digitized by Google 



6 



SWAYNE 



SWEENY 




receiving a good education in Waterford, Va., 
studied law in Warrenton, was admitted to the bar 
in 1828, removed to Ohio, and in 1825 opened an 
office in Coshocton. In 1826-'9 he was prosecuting 
attorney of the county, and he then entered the 
Ohio legislature, to which he was elected as a 
Jefferson Democrat. He was appointed U. S. dis- 
trict attorney for Ohio in 1831. removed to Colum- 
bus, and served un- 
til 1841. In 1833 
he declined the of- 
fice of presiding 
judge of the com- 
mon pleas. Subse- 
quently he prac- 
tised law until he 
was appointed, with 
Alfred Kelly and 
Oustavus Swan, a 
fund commissioner 
to restore the cred- 
it of the state. He 
also served on the 
commission that 
was sent by the 
governor to Wash- 
ington to effect a 
settlement of the 
boundary - line be- 
tween Ohio and Michigan, and in 1840 was a mem- 
ber of the committee to inquire into the condition 
of the blind. The trial of William Rossane and 
others in the U. S. circuit court at Columbus in 
1853 for burning the steamboat 44 Martha Washing- 
ton,** to obtain the insurance, was one of his most 
celebrated cases. He also appeared as counsel in 
fugitive-slave cases, and. owing to his anti-slavery 
opinions, joined the Republican party on its forma- 
tion, liberating at an early date the slaves that he 
received through his marriage in 1832. In 1862 he 
was appointed oy President Lincoln a justice of the 
supreme court of the United States, and he served 
until 1881, when he resigned on account of advanced 
age. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him 
by Dartmouth and Marietta in 1863, and by Yale in 
1865.— His son. Wager, lawyer, b. in Columbus, 
Ohio, 10 Nov., 1834, was graduated at Yale in 1856, 
and at the Cincinnati law-school in 1859. On his 
admission to the bar he practised in Columbus. He 
was appointed major of the 43d Ohio volunteers 
on 31 Aug., 1861, became lieutenant-colonel on 14 
Dec, 1861, colonel on 18 Oct., 1862, served in all the 
marches and battles of the Atlanta campaign, lost a 
leg at Salkahatchie, S. C, and was brevetted briga- 
dier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 5 Feb., 1865, be- 
coming full brigadier-general on 8 March, 1865, and 
major-general on 20 June, 1865. He was made colo- 
nel of the 45th regular infantry on 28 July, 1866, 
and on 2 March, 1867, was brevetted brigadier-gen- 
eral, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious services 
in the action of Rivers Bridges, S. C, and major- 
general for services during the war. He was mus- 
tered out of the volunteer service on 1 Sept., 1867. 
Gen. Swayne was a commissioner of the f reedmen's 
bureau in Alabama, where he commanded the U. S. 
forces, and was also intrusted with the administra- 
tion of the reconstruction acts of congress, organ- 
izing an extensive system of common schools for 
colored children, who had none, and establishing 
at Montgomery, Sel ma, and Mobile important high- 
schools, which Mill remain, and also Talladega 
college. He retired on 1 July, 1870, and practised 
law in Toledo, Ohio, but in 1880 he removed to 
New York city, where he is counsel for railroad 
and telegraph corporations. 



SWEAT, Margaret Jane Mussey, author, b. 
in Portland, Me., 28 Nov., 1823. She is the daugh- 
ter of John Mussey, was educated in 4 Portland and 
Roxbury, and in 1849 married Lorenzo D. M. 
Sweat, who was elected to congress as a Democrat 
from Maine and served from 7 Dec, 1863, till 8 
March, 1865. Since 1866 she has been vice-regent 
for Maine of the Mount Vernon ladies' association. 
She has contributed to the 44 North American Re- 
view," her first paper appearing in 1856, and is the 
author of 44 Ethers Love-Life Y * (New York, 1859), 
and 44 Highways of Travel, or a Summer in Eu- 
rope*' (Boston, 1859). 

SWEATMAN, Arthur, Canadian Anglican 
bishop, b. in London, England, 19 Nov., 1834. He 
was educated at London university, graduated at 
Cambridge in 1859, and ordained priest in 1860. 
In 1862 he became curate of St. Stephen's, Canon- 
bury, and master of the modern department of the 
Islington proprietary school ; and in 1865, on the 
invitation of Dr. Hellmuth, the bishop of Huron, 
he accepted the head-mastership of Hellmuth boys' 
college, London, Ont. In 1872 he resigned this 
post to become rector of Grace church, Brantford, 
where he ministered two years, and in 1874 he 
resumed the mastership of Hellmuth college, which 
he held till 1876. He was chaplain to the bishop 
of Huron, and secretary to the synod of the diocese 
of Huron in 1872-*9. secretary to the house of 
bishops of the province of Canada in 1873-'9, canon 
of London (Ont.) cathedral in 1875, and soon after- 
ward archdeacon of Brent He was also acting 
rector of St. Paul's church, Woodstock, in 1876-U 
In March, 1879, he was appointed bishop of Toronto 
in succession to Alexander Neil Bethune. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. from Cambridge in 
1879, and in $85 was appointed president of the 
London society for the promotion of Christianity 
among the Jews. 

SWEENY, John, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in 
Clones, Ireland, in May, 1821. When a boy he 
emigrated with his father to St. John, New Bruns- 
wick. He was educated at St, Dunstan's college. 
Prince Edward island, and at Quebec college, 
where he was graduated in 1844. and ordained a 
priest the same year. He was afterward stationed 
at St. John, Sussex, Chatham, and Barachois, was 
appointed vicar-general, and in 1800 was conse- 
crated bishop of the southern diocese of New Bruns- 
wick, with the seat of his see at St. John. Bishop 
Sweeny visited Home: in 1866, in 1870 (when he 
attended the Vatican council), and again in 1881. 
During his episcojwte St. John's cathedral has 
been completed, and the bishop's palace and St. 
Malachi's and St. Joseph's school buildings have 
been erected. He also established the chanty hos- 
pital and St. Patrick's industrial school, and was 
one of the projectors and founders of St. Joseph's 
college, St. John. 

SWEENY, Thomas William, soldier, b. in 
Cork, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1820. He came to the 
United States in 1832, and at an early age was ap- 
prenticed to the printing business. When a young 
man he joined the Baxter blues, a military organi- 
zation in New York city, and in 1846, at the be- 
ginning of the war with Mexico, he became 2d 
lieutenant in Ward B. Burnett's 1st New York vol- 
unteers. He participated in the campaign under 
Gen. Winfield Scott from the siege of Vera Crux 
to the storming of Churubusco, where he received 
wounds that necessitated the amputation of his 
right arm. On his return to New York city he 
was given a reception ball at Castle Garden by the 
printers of the city, and he received the brevet of 
captain from the governor of the state and a silver 



Digitized by Google 



SWEENY 



SWEET 



7 



medal from the city of New York. He was riven 
the commission of 2d lieutenant in the 2d IT. S. 
infantry, and served in California, in charge of 
Fort Yuma, and elsewhere in the west, being en- 
gaged in frequent actions with hostile Indians. 
While stationed at Fort Yuma, the command under 
Mai. Samuel P. Heintzelman was compelled to fall 
back on San Diego for want of supplies, and 
Sweeny was ordered to remain with ten men. The 
Indians besieged his camp from 5 June until 6 
Dec^ 1851, but he was finally extricated by a gov- 
ernment exploring expedition under Capt Lorenzo 
Sitgreaves. After other duties at various posts he 
was promoted captain, 19 Jan., 1861. Soon after 
the beginning of the civil war he was ordered to 
St. Louis ana given command of the arsenal, which 
contained immense quantities of munitions of war 
of all kinds, sufficient fully to arm and equip 
60.000 men, together with over forty tons of dow- 
der. Capt Sweeny had but forty unassigneu re- 
cruits under him, while in St. Louis there were 
nearly 3,000 hostile minute-men, fully equipped. 
Advances were made to induce him to surrender 
the arsenal; but the reply, that if a serious attempt 
should be made to capture the arsenal he would 
blow it to atoms, prevented any action on the part 
of the Confederate sympathizers. He was second 
in command of the Union troops at the surrender 
of the state forces at Camp Jackson, and conducted 
the final negotiations, in consequence of Gen. Na- 
thaniel Lyon's having been disabled. Subsequently 
he was instrumental in the organization of the 
Missouri three-months' volunteers, and he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general on 20 May, 1861. In the 
campaign that followed he took an active part 
with Gen. Lyon, and was severely wounded at the 
battle of Wilson's Creek, and later he was acting 
assistant adjutant - general under Gen. John C. 
Fremont He then accepted the command of the 
52d Illinois volunteers, and was attached to the 
army under Gen. Grant, participating in the capture 
of Fort Donelson, after which he took 6,000 pris- 
oners to Alton, 111 At a critical moment toward 
the close of the first day of the battle of Shiloh a 
gap existed between the right flank of Sweeny's 
brigade and Gen. William T. Sherman's left The 
defence of this position, which was the key of the 
situation, was intrusted to him by Sherman, who 
has since said : *' I attach more importance to that 
event than to any of the hundred achievements 
which I have since heard saved the day." His 
commission of brigadier-general of volunteers dates 
from 29 Nov., 1862, and thereafter he commanded 
a division of the 16th army corps and was en- 
gaged in protecting the Memphis and Charleston 
railroad. He was promoted major of the 16th in- 
fantry, 20 Oct., 1863, and in the Atlanta campaign 
had the 2d division of the 16th corps in the Army 
of the Tennessee. At Snake Creelc gap his com- 
mand took possession of the gap twenty-four hours 
in advance of the cavalry, and held it in spite of 
every effort of the enemy. He took part in the 
battle of Resaca and forced a passage across Ooste- 
naula river at Lay's Ferry, where he fought a 
successful battle, which action resulted in Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston's retreat southward. He also 
participated in the battles of Dallas and Kenesaw 
Mountain, and at the battle before Atlanta on 22 
July, 1864, his division drove the enemy back with 
great slaughter, capturing four battle-flags and 
900 prisoners. Subsequentlv he had command of 
the post of Nashville until July. 1865, and he was 
mustered out of volunteer service on 24 Aug. of 
that year. He participated in the Fenian invasion 
of Canada in 1866, ana was present at the battle of 



Limestone Ridge. During this period he was out 
of the National service, but was reinstated by the 
president soon afterward and given posts in the 
southern states. Gen. Sweeny was presented with 
a sword bv the city of Brooklyn for services ren- 
dered in the civil war. He was retired on 11 May, 
1870, with the rank of brigadier-general. 

SWEET, Alexander Edwin, editor, b. in St. 
John, New Brunswick, 28 March, 1841. His 
father, James, removed to San Antonio, Tex., in 
1849, and was afterward mayor of that town. He 
also served in the Confederate army as a lieutenant- 
colonel. The son was sent to school in Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., and in 1859 went to Europe and 
entered the Polytechnic institute, in Carlsruhe. 
Returning to Texas in 1868, he served in the Con- 
federate army in the 83d Texas cavalry. After 
the war he studied law, was admitted to the bar, 
and practised in San Antonio for several years. In 
1879 he became editor of the San Antonio 44 Ex- 
press," and, still practising law, became city at- 
torney. Afterward he was editor of the San 
Antonio " Herald." and a contributor of humorous 
paragraphs to the Galveston "News." In May, 1881, 
he removed to Austin, Texas, and formed there a 
partnership for the publication of a weekly journal 
entitled "Texas Sittings," which was removed to 
New York in 1884. With J. Amory Knox he has 
published " On a Mexican Mustang through Texas 
from the Gulf to the Rio Grande" (Hartford, 1883). 

SWEET, Benjamin Jeffrey, soldier, b. in 
Kirkland, Oneida co., N. Y., 24 April, 1832 ; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 1 Jan., 1874. His father was 
a clergyman in poor health, and at nine years of 
age the boy was set at work in a cotton-mill. 
When he was sixteen his father removed to Stock- 
bridge, Wis., and settled upon a piece of wild 
forest land, where the son spent a year in clearing 
a homestead for the family. At the age of seven- 
teen he entered Appleton college, but remained 
only a year, and then returned home, where he 
alternately taught and worked on his father's 
farm. His spare hours he devoted to the study of 
the law. Before he was twenty-seven he was 
elected to the senate of Wisconsin/but at the open- 
ing of the civil war he was commissioned major 
of the 6th Wisconsin regiment. Soon afterward 
he resigned and raised two fresh regiments, the 
21st and 22d Wisconsin, of the first of which he 
became colonel. In the battle of Perryville, where 
it formed a part of one corps that during all of 
one day sustained an attack from the whole of 
Bragg's army, it lost 300 in killed and wounded. 
Col. Sweet had been for several days confined to 
an ambulance by malarial fever, but when the 
battle began he mounted his horse and took com- 
mand of his regiment. During the battle he re- 
ceived a wounu that was supposed to bo mortal. 
His life was saved by the careful tending of his 
wife, but his health was permanently shattered. 
He was given a colonelcy in the Veteran reserve 
corps, and stationed at Gallatin, Tcnn., building a 
fort there in the winter of 1862-'3. In May. 1864, 
he was ordered to take command of the prison at 
Camp Douglas, Chicago, where about 10,000 Con- 
federate soldiers were confined. In June he dis- 
covered that an outbreak had been planned for 
the 4th of July which should liberate and arm 
the prisoners, and result in the sacking and burn- 
ing of Chicago. He miickly strengthened his de- 
fences and re-enforced nis garrison, and the attempt 
was thus rendered hopeless. Early in Noveml>er, 
Col. Sweet received positive information that tlie 
post was to be attacked on election night, only 
three days following ; 5,000 armed men under corn- 



Digitized by Google 



g SWEET 

petent leaders were then in Chicago, ready for the 
assault on the camp, and muskets were there in 
abundance to arm the 9,000 prisoners. Chicago 
was to be burned, and its flames were to be the 
signal for a general uprising of 500,000 well-armed 
men throughout the western country. Every avail- 
able soldier had been sent to the front by the gov- 
ernment, and Sweet had in the garrison but 796 
men, most of whom were unfit for active duty. 
Moreover, it was too late to receive re-enforcements. 
His only hope of safety lav in the speedy arrest of 
the Confederate leaders who were then in Chicago. 
In this emergency he called to his aid one of nis 
prisoners, a Texas ranger named John T. Shanks, 
who was well acquainted with the Confederate 
officers, and engaged him to ferret them out. To 
gain him confidence with the Confederates, he al- 
lowed Shanks to escape from the prison, and made 

freat efforts for his recapture. Col. Sweet thought 
e could trust the man ; but he had him constantly 
shadowed by detectives pledged to take his life in 
case of his treachery. Shanks did his work so well 
that within thirty-six hours the leaders of the in- 
tended assault were in irons, and a large quantity 
of contraband arms was in the possession of the 
government When Chicago awoke to the danger 
it had escaped, its citizens collected at a mass- 
meeting and publicly thanked Col. Sweet for the 
service ne had rendered. For it also the govern- 
ment promoted him to the rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers. When he was mustered out of 
service at the close of the war he resumed the 
practice of his profession in Wisconsin, but in 1869 
ne was appointed U. S. pension-agent at Chicago. 
He held this position till April, 1870, when he was 
made supervisor of internal revenue for Illinois. 
This office he held till January, 1872, when he was 
called to Washington to be 1st deputy commis- 
sioner of internal revenue. 

SWEET, Elnathan, civil engineer, b. in Chesh- 
ire, Mass., 20 Nov., 1887. He was graduated in 
the scientific course at Union college in 1869, and 
became a civil engineer, making a specialty of con- 
structing bridges and other engineering work by 
contract In 1876-'80 he was division engineer 
of New York state canals, and he was elected state 
engineer in 1888, which office he held for four 
years from 1 Jan., 1884. Mr. Sweet's principal con- 
tribution to engineering science consists in the de- 
termination of the laws that govern the propulsion 
of vessels in narrow channels, an account of which 
he published in 1880 in the " Transactions " of the 
American society of civil engineers, of which or- 
ganization he was elected a member in 1878. His 
writings include annual reports that he issued 
from Albany during the years he held office, and 
various technical papers. 

SWEET, Homer De Lois, engineer, b. in Pom- 
pey, Onondaga co., N. Y., 24 Jan., 1826. He worked 
on his father's farm, attended the district schools, 
and, becoming a civil engineer, built the reservoir of 
the Syracuse water company at Onondaga hill in 
1862- f 4, and in 1865 designed and superintended 
the erection of the large stone bridge in Syracuse. 
For three years he was employed on " French's Map 
of New York State," for which he surveyed Onon- 
daga county, and he also made a map of the "great 
wilderness " in northern New York in 1867. From 
1864 till 1878 he was secretary of the New York 
state sheep breeders' and wool growers' association, 
and secretary of the Onondaga historical associa- 
tion for more than twenty years. At an early age 
he contributed songs, poems, and later essays on 
art, agriculture, and engineering to newspapers un- 
der the pen-name of •• rarmenus Smartweed." He 



SWEETSER 



has also published "Twilight Hours in the A 
rondacks" (Syracuse, 1870), and has now (18 
ready for the press "The Philosophy of Engl 
Versification." — His brother, John Edson, inv< 
tor, b. in Pompey, Onondaga co., N. Y M 21 O* 
1882, was educated in a district school, and 
1878-'9 was professor of practical mechanics 
Cornell university. He was a founder of the A me 
can society of mechanical engineers, of which 
was president in 1888-'4. He is believed to be t 
first to suggest the use of pipe-lines for trans po 
ing oil from the oil-wells, ana is the inventor of t 
straight-line high-speed engine, and one of the fi 
to construct a composing-machine to form a mat) 
for casting stereotype-plates directly without t 
use of movable type. He is a contributor to the Lc 
don "Engineering" and "American Machinist" 
SWEETSER, Henry Edward, journalist, b. 
New York city, 19 Feb., 1887; d. there, 17 Fe 
1870. After graduation at Yale in 1858 he devot 
himself to mercantile pursuits, and then became 
reporter for the New York "Times." In 1860 
was made night editor of the " World," and 
1868 he founded, with his brother, Charles H. Swe< 
ser, the " Round Table," from which he withdrc 
in 1866, and, after a short visit to Europe, return* 
to New York and engaged in editorial work unl 
his death.— His brother, Charles Humphrey 

i'ournalist, b. in Athol, Mass., 25 Aug., 1841 ; d. 
'alatka, Fla., 1 Jan., 1871, after graduation at Ar 
herst in 1862 engaged in journalistic work, aid< 
in founding the " Round Table," and became co 
nected with the New York "Evening Gazette 
He was an originator of the " Evening Mail " : 
1867, and the "City" in 1869. After the failu 
of the latter enterprise he removed to Minnesot 
and subsequently to Chicago, where he became li 
erary editor of the " Times/' but, owing to impair* 
health, he went to Florida. He published " Sonj 
of Amherst" (Amherst, 1860); "History of An 
herst College " (1860); and "Tourist's and Invalid 
Guide to the Northwest" (New York, 1867). 

SWEETSER, Moses Foster, author, b. i 
Newburyport, Mass., 22 Sept, 1848. His unci 
Andrew J. Sweetser, was a pioneer of Dakota, an 
another uncle, Henry, served under Gen. Williai 
Walker in Nicaragua. He studied at Beloit an 
Columbian colleges, and travelled in Europe an 
the East He is the author of " Artist Biogrc 
phies " (15 vols., Boston, 1877- 8) ; " Europe fc 
$2.00 a Day " (Boston, 1875) ; " Summer Davs Dow 
East " (Portland, 1883); several euide-books to th 
White mountains, and Osgood s (now Cassell't 
" Pocket Guide to Europe" (Boston, 1883). 

SWEETSER, William, physician, b. in Bos 
ton, Mass., 8 Sept., 1797; d. in New York city, 1 
Oct, 1875. He was graduated at Harvard in 1815 
received his medical degree there in 1818, and prac 
Used in Boston, Burlington, Vt, and New Yorl 
city. From 1825 till 1882 he was professor of medi 
cine in the University of Vermont, and from 184i 
till 1861 he held the same chair in Bowdoin. Hi 
also lectured in Jefferson medical college, Phila 
delphia, and in the medical schools of Castleton 
Vt, and was professor of medicine in Hobart col 
lege, Geneva, from 1848 till 1855. Dr. Sweetsei 
published " Dissertation on Cynanche Trachealis 
or Croup " and " Dissertation on the Functions o] 
the Extreme Capillary Vessels in Health and Dis- 
ease," to which were awarded the Boylston premi- 
ums for 1820 and 1828 (Boston, 1828) ; " Disserta- 
tion on Intemperance," to which was awarded a 
premium by the Massachusetts medical society 
(1829); "Treatise on Consumption" (1828-'6) ; 
" Treatise on Digestion and its Disorders " (1887) • 



Digitized by Google 



SWENEY 



M Mental Hygiene" (New York, 1848; London, 
1844); and "Human Life " (1867). 

SWENEY, John Robson, musician, b. in West 
Chester, Pa., 81 Dec, 1887. He received a common- 
school education, and gave early evidences of mu- 
sical talent. He was leader of a band during the 
civil war, and upon the cessation of hostilities re- 
sumed instruction in music at his native place, 
shortly thereafter essaying his first attempt at the 
composition of Sunday-school music His songs 
were first brought before the public by his teach- 
ing them to the Sunday-school under his leader- 
ship. The local reputation that he thus acquired 
enabled him to find a publisher to issue them in 
pamphlet-form. A demand for his music was 
created almost immediately, and each year in- 
creased his hold upon public favor. In 1874 the 
degree of M. B. was conferred upon him by the 
Pennsylvania military academy, where he has been 
professor of vocal and instrumental music for eigh- 
teen years. In 1884 he received the degree of 
Mus. D. His Sunday-school songs are used not 
only everywhere in the United States, but in the 
missions in China, Japan, India, and Africa, and 
his name as a composer of this kind of music is 
widely known. He now (1888) has charge of the 
music in Bethany Presbyterian church, Philadel- 
phia. His publications are " Gems of Praise " 
(Philadelphia, 1877); "The Garner n (1878) ; "Joy 
to the World" (Cincinnati, 1878); "The Quiver* 
(Philadelphia, 1880); "The Wells of Salvation" 
(1881); "Anthems and Voluntaries "(1881); "Songs 
of Redeeming Love " (2 vols., 1882-7) ; " Songs of 
Triumph " (1882); "Our Sabbath Home" (1884); 
"Melodious Sonnets" (1885); "Songs of Jov and 
Gladness w (Boston, 1885); "Joyful Wing" (Phila- 
delphia, 1886); "Infant Praises "(1887); "Banner 
Anthem Book " (1887) ; " Glad Hallelujahs " (1887) ; 
and " Showers of Blessing " (1888). 

SWENSSON. Carl Aaron, clergyman, b. in 
Sugar Grove, Warren co., Pa., 25 June, 1857. His 
father was one of the pioneers of the Swedish Lu- 
theran church in the United States, and labored 
successfully among the widely scattered Swedes, 
gathering them into congregations and organizing 
them. At his death in 1878 he was president of 
the Swedish Augustana synod. The son received 
his classical and theological training in the Augus- 
tana institutions at Rock Island, 111., being gradu- 
ated at the collegiate department in 1877 and at 
the seminary in 1879. In the same year he was 
ordained to the ministry, and at once assumed 
charge of the Bethany Lutheran congregation, 
Lindsborg, Kan. He was the founder of Bethany 
college and normal institute in that town in 1880, 
and is its president He was English secretary of 
the general council in 1886. secretary of the svnodi- 
cal council of Swedish Augustana synod in 1886-7, 
and a member of the board of home missions for 
Kansas in 1884-7. He has been editor of " Ung- 
dotns Vaennen " in Chicago, 111., for six years ; of 
" Framat," Lindsborg, Kan., which he founded in 
1885 : " Korsbaneret, , an annual (Rock Island, 111., 
1880-'6); and " Sondagsskolboken," a Sunday- 
school book (Chicago, 1885). He has published 
"Minnen frln Kyrkan" (Lindsborg, 1888). 

SWETT, John Appleton, physician, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 8 Dec, 1808; d. in flew York city, 18 
Sept, 1854. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1828, received his medical degree there in 1831, 
and after serving in the New York dispensary 
studied in Paris and visited hospitals in Europe. 
From 1842 until his death he was one of the physi- 
cians to the New York hospital, and delivered 
courses of lectures there on diseases of the chest 



SWETT 9 

and kidneys. In 1858 he was appointed professor 
of the theory and practice of medicine in the 
University of the city of New York. Several 
years before his death he gave particular study to 
Bright's disease. About 1840 he became associated 
with Dr. John Watson as editor of the " New York 
Journal of Medicine." His lectures were published 
in the New York "Lancet," and afterward ap- 
peared in book-form, under the title "Treatise on 
Diseases of the Chest" (New York, 1852). 

SWETT, Joslah, clergyman, b. in Claremont, 
N. H., 4 Aug., 1814. He was graduated at Nor- 
wich university, Vt, in 1837, where he was a pro- 
fessor in 1840-7$, studied theology, took orders in 
the Protestant Episcopal church in 1847, and has 
been rector of churches in Bethel, Jericho, Fair- 
fax, and Highgate, Vt. He was professor of 
systematic theology in the Vermont Episcopal in- 
stitute in 1865-7, president of Norwich univer- 
sity in 1875-'6, and since 1866 has been presi- 
dent of the standing committee of the diocese of 
Vermont Trinity gave him the degree of A. M. 
in 1856, and Norwich that of D. D. in 1864. 
Dr. Swett has published " Citizen Soldier " (Nor- 
wich, 1841) ; " English Grammar " (Windsor, 1842 ; 
revised ed., Claremont, 1844); "Thomson's •Sea- 
sons ' and Pope's * Essay- on Man,' with Grammati- 
cal Notes" (1844); "Primary Grammar" (1845); 
"Pastoral Visiting" (1852); "Let us Pray, or 
Prayers and Hymns for Family Devotion " (1861) ; 
"The Firmament in the Midst of the Waters" 
(1862) ; and various sermons. 

SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, b. near Turner, Me.. 
11 Aug., 1825; d. in Chicago, 111., 8 June, 1889. 
He was educated at Waterville (now Colby uni- 
versity), but was not graduated. He read Jaw in 
Portland, enlisted as a soldier in the Mexican war, 
and at its close in 1848 settled in Bloomington, 
111. He travelled the circuit in fourteen counties, 
and was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln 
and David Davis. In 1865 he removed to Chicago. 
In 1852-'61 he took an active part in politics, can- 
vassing the state several times, and in 1858. at the 
special request of Mr. Lincoln, was a candidate for 
the legislature on the Republican ticket, and was 
elected by a large majority. This is the only of- 
ficial place he ever held. When Mr. Lincoln be- 
came president Mr. Swett was employed in the 
trial of government cases, one of the most noted of 
which was that for the acquisition of the Califor- 
nia quicksilver-mines in 1863. In the course of 
his practice Mr. Swett defended twenty men in- 
dicted for murder, securing the acquittal of nine- 
teen, and a light punishment for the other one. 
He was also retained in criminal cases in nearly 
every part of the country, though his professional 
work was mainly devoted to civil suits. His suc- 
cess was attributed to his careful personal atten- 
tion to details and his eloquence as an advocate. 
He rendered much gratuitous service to working- 
men, servants, and other poor clients. He deliv- 
ered the oration at the unveiling of the statue of 
Abraham Lincoln in Chicago, 111., 22 Oct, 1887, and 
at the Chicago Republican convention in J une, 1888, 
in an eloquent speech, proposed Walter Q. G res- 
ham, of Illinois, as a candidate for the presidency. 

SWETT, Samuel, author, b. in Newburvport, 
Mass., 9 June, 1782 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 28 Oct, 
1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1800, 
studied and practised law, and afterward became 
a merchant. During the war of 1812 he served on 
the northern frontier on the staff of Gen. George 
Izard, with the rank of major. He sat for some 
time in the Massachusetts legislature, and also de- 
voted himself to the study of military history. His 

Digitized by Google 



10 



SWETT 



SWIFT 



publications are M Abstract of the Baron Joseph de 
ltogniat's Considerations on the Art of War, with 
notes (Boston, 1817) ; 44 Sketch of the Bunker Hill 
Battle" (1818; 8d ed., 1827); "Sketches of a Few 
Distinguished Men of Newbury and Newburvport " 
(1846); 44 Who was the Commander at Bunker 
Hill t with Remarks on Frothingham's 4 History of 
the Battle/ " with an appendix (1850) ; 44 Defence 
of Col. Timothy Pickering against Bancroft's His- 
tory " (1859) ; 44 Original Planning and Construc- 
tion of Bunker Hill Monument," with engravings 
(Albany, 1868) ; and fugitive poems. 

SWETT, William, educator, b. in Henniker, 
N. H., 13 Aug., 1825; d. in Beverly, Mass., 25 
March, 1884. He was a deaf-mute, and was gradu- 
ated at the institution for deaf-mutes at Hartford, 
Conn., in 1842, after which be became president of 
the Gallaudet association of deaf-mutes. From 
1879 till his death he was superintendent of the 
New England industrial school for deaf-mutes, 
which he founded in Beverly. He edited the 
44 Deaf-Mute's Friend," and was the author of 44 The 
Adventures of a Deaf-Mute in the White Moun- 
tains " (Henniker, 1874). 

SWIFT, Benjamin, senator, b. in Amenia, N.Y.. 
5 April, 1781 ; d. in St. Albans. Vt, 11 Nov., 1847. 
He received an academical education, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1806, and began to 
practise at Bennington, Vt He removed subse- 
quently to Manchester, and then to St Albans, 
where he also engaged in farming. He was a mem- 
ber of the state house of representatives in 1813-*14 
and 1825-'6, served in congress from Vermont for 
two terms in 1827-*31. and was elected a U. S. sena- 
tor from the same state, serving from 2 Dec, 1833, 
till 3 March. 1839. 

SWIFT, Eb*nexer, surgeon, b. in Wareham, 
Mass., 8 Oct., 1819; d. in Hamilton, Bermuda, 24 
Sept, 1885. He was graduated at the medical de- 
partment of the University of the city of New 
York in 1842, and in March. 1847, became acting 
assistant surgeon in the t\ S. army. His first 
service was with the army of invasion and occupa- 
tion of Mexico, and he was on duty at Gen. W in- 
field Scott's headquarters until July, 1848. Sub- 
sequently he served at various posts "in the east, in 
Texas, and on expeditions against hostile Indians 
until June. 1856. Meanwhile he had been made 
captain and assistant surgeon on 30 Aug., 1852. 
He had command of Fort Chadlxmrne. Tex., was 
on temporary duty at Fort Columbus in New York 
harbor during the prevalence of the cholera, and 
*x*ompanied the troops under Gen. Albert S. John- 
ston to Utah in May, 1859. After serving at vari- 
ous stations in Missouri, Kansas, and Dakota, he 
was made full surgeon on 21 May. 1861. and ap- 
pointed medical director of Gen. Onnsby M. Mit- 
chel's division of the Army of the Tennessee. In 
Decemlier, 1862. he became medical director of that 
armv. and early in 18(53 he was transferred to Phila- 
delphia, where he was chief medical officer and 
superintendent of hospitals in and around Phila- 
delphia, and from November, 18113, till June, 1^64. 
medical director of the Department of the South. 
He was brevettitl lieutenant-rolonel and colonel 
on 13 Man-h, 18H5, and from February till June, 
1805, held the office of medical director with the 
ranks of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. On 20 
June, \Hi\9. he received the additional brevet of 
brigadier-general for meritorious service volun- 
tarily rendered during the prevalence of cholera 
at Fort llarker, Kan. In 1874 he Iwame medical 
director of the Department of the South, and there- 
after, until hi* retirement on 8 Oct., 188tt, he was 
assistant medical purveyor in New York city. 



SWIFT, Elisha Pope, clergyman, b. in Will- 
iamstown, Mass., 12 Aug., 1792; d. in Alleghany, 
Pa., 8 April, 1865. He was graduated at Williams 
in 1813, studied two years at Princeton theological 
seminary, was licensed to preach by the presbytery 
of New Brunswick in April, 1816, and ordained as 
a Congregational ist, 8 Sept., 1817. After preach- 
ing in Dover and Milfora, Del., he became pastor 
of the 2d Presbyterian church at Pittsburg in 
1819, and remained there thirteen years. He was 
secretary of the Western foreign missionary society 
in 1831-*5, and pustor of the 1st Presbyterian 
church, Alleghany, in 1835-'65. He was a member 
of the board of directors of the Western theologi- 
cal seminary from its organization, and president 
of the board from 1861 till his death. He estab- 
lished the 44 Western Foreign Missionary Chronicle n 
in 1838, and continued it three vears. He pub- 
lished 44 The Sacred Manual " (Pittsburg, 1821), and 
sermons and addresses. 

SWIFT, John White, merchant, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 30 Jan., 1750; d. in Bucks county. Pa., 
in 1819. His father, John, was a merchant, a 
common councilman in 1757-'76, and then collector 
of the port of Philadelphia from 1762 till 1772. 
John White was graduated at the College of Phila- 
delphia in 1767, and became a merchant at Quei>ec. 
On the approach of Gen. Richard Montgomery he 
joined his command, serving as captain, and was 
wounded in the assault on that place. On his re- 
covery, (Jen. Wooster appointed him ins|>ector of 
accounts and works at Montreal, which post he re- 
signed on the adoption of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. He was purser of the ship *• Empress 
of China," the first vessel to enter Canton. China, 
under the American flag. — His son, John, lawver. 
b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 27 June, 1790; d. there. 9 
June, 1878, was admitted to the liar in 1811. He 
was a leader of the Whigs of Philadelphia, and 
was mayor in 1882-'8, 1830-'41, and 184.V-'9, win- 
ning applause by the courage with which he quelled 
several riots, leading the police in iierson. 

SWIFT, Jonathan Williams, nnval officer, b. 
in Taunton, Mass., 80 March, 1808: d. in Geneva, 
N. Y., 30 July, 1877. He entered the navy as mid- 
shipman. 25 Aug., 1828. and cruised in the sloop 
"I'vane," of the Mediterranean station, in 1823-.5. 
j ana the frigate " Brandy wine." of the Pacific sta- 
I tion, in 1826- *9. He l»ecame passed midshipman. 
I 23 March, 1829, and was then on leave for four 
i years. He was commissioned a lieutenant, 3 March, 
1831. and the next year made a short cruise in the 
sloop •* John Adams' " in the Mediterranean. After 
this he was on leave and waiting orders until his 
death, except for a short cruise in the steamer 
* 4 Fulton "on the Home station in 1840, and was 

C laced on the reserved list by the action of the 
oard of retirement, 14 Sept., 1855. He was pro- 
1 moted to commodore on the retired list. 4 April, 
* 1867, and resided at Geneva, N. Y., until his death. 

SWIFT, Joseph Gardner, soldier, b. in Nan- 
! tucket Ma*s., 31 Dec.. 1783; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 
23 July, 1865. Ho was a descendant of Thomas 
Swift, one of the first sWtlers of Dorchester, Mass., 
in 1030, and his father. Dr. Foster Swift, was a 
surgeon in the V. S. army. Joseph was educated 
at Bristol academy, Taunton, Mass.. and was the 
first graduate of the 17. S. military academy, 12 
<M., 18tr>. Ho entered the army t%s 2d lieutenant 
of engineers, and was promoted captain in Octol>er, 
1806, and major, 23 Feb., 1*08. No whs aide to 
Gen. William Pinckney in 1812. became lieutenant* 
j colonel. 6 Julv, 1812. and colonel and principal en- 
gineer, 31 July. 1812. He wan chief engineer in 
| planning the defence* of New York harbor in 



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SWIFT 



SWIFT 



11 




1812-'13, and of the array during the campaign of 
1813 on St Lawrence river. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general, 19 Feb., 1814, for meritorious 
services, and was superintendent of the U. S. mili- 
tary academy from 
November, 1816, till 
January, 1817, but re- 
signed in November, 
1818, with other offi- 
cers, on the appoint- 
ment of the French 
general, Simon Ber- 
nard, to the charge 
of investigating and 
modifying the coast 
defences. He was 
U. S. surveyor of the 
port of New York in 
l818-'27, then a civil 
engineer in the U. S. 
service, and superin- 
tendent of harbor im- 

Crovements on the 
ikes in 1829-'45. In 
the winter of 1830-'l 
he constructed the rail- 
way from New Orleans to Ijake Pontchartrain 
over an almost impassable swamp, in 1839 he 
was chief engineer of the Harlem railroad in New 
York, and in 1841 he was appointed by President 
Harrison on an embassy of peace to the govern- 
ors of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. 
In 1851-*2, with his son. McRae, he made the tour 
of Europe, and recorded his observations in a 
diary, in which is also a complete history of West 
Point academy. He contributed valuable articles 
to the scientific journals. See Charles B. Stuart's 
** Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers 
of America" (New York, 1871). — His brother, 
William Henry, engineer, b. in Taunton, Mass., 6 
Nov., 1800; d. in New York city, 7 April, 1879, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1819. 
He had previously been ordered, as a cadet, in 1818, 
to join Maj.. Stephen H. Long's Rocky mountain 
expedition, with which he served till 1821. He was 
employed in the early surveys for the Chesapeake 
ana Ohio canal, and for various railroads, and in 
constructing a map of post-offices and post-roads, 
and in 1832 became brevet captain ana assistant 
topographical engineer. For tne next ten years he 
was employed on the geodetic survey of the Atlan- 
tic coast, being in charge of river and harbor ira- 

Srovements in New England in 1837-'42, and resi- 
ent and constructing engineer of the Massachu- 
setts Western railroad (now part of the Boston and 
Albany) in 1836-'40, and becoming full captain in 
1838. From 1844 till 1849 he was assistant to the 
chief of topographical engineers, and during this 
period, with Gov. John Davis, of Massachusetts, he 
made an examination of the Illinois and Michigan 
canal, of whose board of trustees he was president 
from 1845 till 1871, and which he assisted to com- 
plete. In 1847-*9 he was engaged in designing and 
constructing the first Minot's ledge light-house, 
which was swept away in a gale in April, 1851. This 
was the first iron-pile light-house in the United 
States. In 1849 Capt. Swift resigned from the army, 
and he was afterward successively president of the 
Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, the 
Massachusetts Western, and the Hannibal and St. 
Joseph railroads. During his last fifteen years he 
resided in New York city. — Another brother, John, 
became brigadier-general of New York militia, and 
was killed, 12 July, 1814, after cutting off a picket 
of the enemy near Fort George, Canada. 



SWIFT, Lewis, astronomer, b. in Clarkson, 
N. Y., 29 Feb., 1820. He was educated at Clarkson 
academy, where he completed his course in 1888, 
and then turned his attention to farm work. His 
father died in 1846, and, thrown upon his own re- 
sources, he studied magnetism and electricity, and 
for four years lectured on these subjects in Cana- 
da and the western states. He returned to farm- 
ing in 1850, but soon began again to lecture on the 
wonders of the microscopic world, which he illus- 
trated by means of a calcium light. All of his ap- 
paratus was constructed by himself and parts of it 
were of his own invention. In 1854 he established 
a hardware-store in Cortland county, N. Y., which 
in 1872 he moved to Rochester, where he has since 
resided. Meanwhile, he became interested in as- 
tronomy, and, building his own telescope, he began 
to make observations. His first work was in 1858, 
on Donati's comet, and his first astronomical paper 
was on this subject. For years he eagerly scanned 
the heavens .for new comets, and in 1802 the great 
comet of that year was discovered by him. In 
1869 he observed at Mattoon, 111., a total solar 
eclipse, and, making particular study of the pro- 
tuberances and corona, secured some valuable re- 
sults. Two years later he found another comet, 
but it had been seen earlier in Europe. Three 
times since he has caught brief glimpses of comets 
that no other observer has ever seen. After his 
removal to Rochester he discovered comets in 
1877-'9, for which he thrice received the comet 
prize, a gold medal valued at sixty dollars, from 
the Imperial academy of sciences in Vienna. Hul- 
bert H. Warner of Riochester, knowing under what 
disadvantages Dr. Swift was laboring in pursuing 
his astronomical studies, offered to Duild for his 
use an observatory, provided the people of the city 
would raise a sum sufficient to get him a refractor 
of sixteen-inch aperture. Nearly $12,000 were 
contributed, and the telescope is doing service in 
the great dome of the 
observatory, which, to- 
gether with the at- 
tached residence for 
the family of the di- 
rector, cost, exclusive 
of the instrument, 
nearly $100,000. In 
1880 Dr. Swift found 
a comet with a period 
of five and a half 
years, and in 1881 he 
discovered two others. 
For the former he re- 
ceived a special prize 
of $500 from Mr. War- 
ner, which is the larg- 
est sum ever awarded 
for the discovery of 
any heavenly body, 
ana for the latter in 
1882 he received the Lalande prize of 540 francs 
from the French academy of sciences. Besides the 
foregoing, he independently discovered Winnecke's 
comet in 1871, Coggia's in 1874, and the Brooks- 
Swift comet in 1883, there being in the latter case 
a difference of fifteen minutes in favor of William 
R. Brooks. In 1878 he observed the total eclipse 
of the sun at Denver, Col., and he saw at that time 
what he thinks were two intra- mercurial planets. 
His report of this discovery excited great interest 
and much controversy on both continents. Since 
he assumed in 1882 the directorship of the War- 
ner observatory, he has found about 700 new 
nebula?, which entitles him to third place as dis- 




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SWIFT 



SWINTON 



coverer of these bodies, the two Herschels alone 
exceeding him. The degree of Ph. D. was con- 
ferred on him by the University of Rochester in 
1879. He has invented a horse hay-rake (1842) ; an 
oxyhydrogen microscope (1858); an improvement 
in the construction of domes (1881) ; and an auto- 
matic right-ascension circle (1887). Dr. Swift has 
been elected a fellow of the Royal astronomical 
society of Great Britain, and he is a member of 
various societies in this country. His writings 
have been confined to cyclopaedia articles and 
papers that have appeared in various astronomical 
journals or as popular articles in the press. 

SWIFT, Robert conchologist, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., in 1799; d. in St Thomas, W. 1., 6 May, 
1872. He went to South America, but in 1831 es- 
tablished himself as a merchant at St. Thomas, 
W. I. In 1866 he retired to Philadelphia, but he 
returned to St Thomas the following year. His 
collection of shells, said to be the finest in the 
West Indies, was arranged in Denmark, and pre- 
sented to the Smithsonian institution at Washing- 
ton, D. C. The collection was valued at $30,000. 
He was a man of fine culture and great fondness 
for scientific pursuits, and was in constant corre- 
spondence with the ablest conchologists in this 
country in regard to his favorite study. 

SWIFT, Samuel, jurist, b. in Amenia, N. Y., 3 
Aug., 1782 ; d. in Middlebury, Vt, in 1875. He 
was graduated at Dartmouth* in 1800, and was a 
tutor in Middlebury college from 1800 till 1802. 
He studied and practised law, was secretary of 
state of Vermont, judge of probate of Addison 
county from 1819 till 1841, and a judge of the 
county court in 1855-'7. Middlebury gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1860. During 1812-'13 he 
edited a political paper. He published " History 
of the Town of Middlebury " (Middlebury, 1859) ; 
** Statistical and Historical Account of the County 
of Addison, Vermont " (1859) ; and addresses. 

SWIFT, Zephanlah, jurist, b. in Wareham, 
Mass., in February, 1759; d. in Warren, Ohio, 27 
Sept, 1823. He was graduated at Yale in 1778. 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began 
practice at Windham, Conn. He was elected to 
congress, serving from 2 Dec. 1793, till 3 March, 
179 1, and was appointed in 1800 secretary to Oliver 
Ellsworth, minister to France. In 1801 he was 
appointed a judge of the state supreme court, and 
he was its chief justice in 180(>-'19. He was a 
member of the Hartford convention of New Eng- 
land Federalists, sat in the state house of repre- 
sentatives, and was a member of a commission to 
revi.se the laws of Connecticut He published 
"Oration on Domestic Slavery " (Hartford, 1791); 
"System of the I^aws of Connecticut" (2 vol;*., 
Windham. 1795-'6); "Digest of the Laws of Evi- 
dence in Civil and Criminal Cases, and a Treatise 
on Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes" 
(Hartford, 1810): and " Digest of the I^ws of Con- 
necticut " (2 vols.. New Haven, 1822-'3). — His 
daughter. Mary A., published about 1833 "First 
Lessons on Natural Philosophy," which was a popu- 
lar text -book for manv Years, and was translated 
into Karen (1H46) and into Burmese (184*). 

SWINBrRNE, John, physician, b. in Deer 
River, Lewis eu., N. Y., 30 Mav, 1*20; d. in Albnnv, 
N. Y., 28 March, 1K*9. He was graduated at Albany 
medical college, and practised there. In 1801 he 
was appointed chief medical officer on the stafT of 
Gen. John F. Rathbone. and placed in charge of 
the depot for recruits at Albanv. In May, 1862, he 
was appointed by Gov. Edwin 1>. Morgan auxiliary 
volunteer surgeon at the front with the rank of 
medical superintendent, and was reappointed by 



Gov. Horatio Seymour on 13 June, He was sub- 
sequently made a surgeon in the U. S. service, and 
assigned to duty at Savage's station. He was tak- 
en prisoner, 29 June, 1862, and offered his libertv 
by his captors, but preferred to remain with his 
patients. He was appointed by Gov. Seymour in 
1864 health officer of the port of New York, re- 
appointed by Gov. Reuben E. Kenton in 1866, and 
held the post six years. He was surgeon-in-chief 
of the American ambulance corps in Paris during 
the siege of that city by the German army in 
1870-'l. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Albany, 
and in 1884 he was chosen to congress and served 
for one term. He was surgeon-in-chief to the 
Child's hospital and Homoeopathic hospital at 
Albany, and was a frequent contributor to the 
medical journals and reviews. See "A Typical 
American, or Incidents in the Life of Dr. John 
Swinburne" (Albany, 1888).— His son, Louis Jud- 
son, author, b. in Albany, N. Y., 24 Aug., 1866; 
d. in Colorado Springs, Col., 9 Dec, 1887, went 
abroad with his family in 1870, and resided in 
Paris during the siege, his observations during 
that period Being embodied in his 44 Paris Sketch- 
es" (Albany, 1875). He was graduated at Yale in 
1879, and afterward resided almost entirely in 
Denver and at Colorado Springs in consequence of 
delicate health. He contributed to magazines, and 
had in press at his death a volume ox essays en- 
titled 44 English Romanticism." 

SWING, David, clergyman, b. in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 28 Aug., 1830. His father died in 1832, and 
his boyhood was mostly spent upon a farm. He 
was graduated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, 
in 1852, and soon began the study of theology, but 
before a year elapsed he was made professor of 
languages at Miami, where he remained twelve 
years, preaching occasionally in addition to his 
regular duties. In 1866 he accepted a call to lie- 
come pastor of the 4th Presbyterian church in Chi- 
cago. In the great fire of 1&71 his church edifice 
and the homes of most of his parishioners were 
swept away, but arrangements were at once made 
for nim to preach in Standard hall and McVicker's 
theatre till a new building could be erected for his 
congregation. This was done in 1874. His au- 
diences were large and appreciative, and his ser- 
mons and essays appeared nearly every week in the 
public press ; but his doctrines were regarded by 
many as heterodox, and Prof. Francis L. Patton 
preferred the charge of heresy against Prof. Swing 
in twenty-eight specifications before the Chicago 
presbytery, 15 April, 1874. A trial of several 
weeks* duration was held, and resulted in an ac- 
quittal, but Prof. Swing withdrew from the Pres- 
byterian church, and his congregation has since 
been independent. McVicker's theatre proving too 
small, Central music hall, the largest in the city, 
was built in 1878, where Prof. Swing has since 
continued to preach to large'audiences. 

SWINTON. John, journalist, b. in Salton, Had- 
dingtonshire, Scotland, 12 Dec., 1830. He received 
his early educat ion from his uncle, the Rev. Robert 
Currie, emigrated in 1843 to Canada, and after- 
ward to the United States, with his family, learned 
the printer's trade in Montreal, and practised it for 
some time in New York city. He then received a 
course of classical instruction at Williston semi- 
nary, Mass., and afterward travelled extensively 
through the United States. Feeling an abhorrence 
for slavery, he left Columbia, S. C., where he re- 
sided at the time, in order to take an active part 
in the free-state contest in Kansas. He returned 
to New York city in 1857, and began the study of 
medicine. While thus engaged he contributed arti- 



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SWINTON 



cles to the 44 Times," afterward accepted an edito- 
rial place on that paper, and soon became manag- 
ing editor. During the absences of Henry J. Ray- 
mond he had the sole control, and wrote a large 
number of the leading articles. He resigned the 
post of managing editor at the close of the war, 
on account of impaired health, but continued his 
connection with the journal as an editorial writer 
till the death of Mr. Raymond. Subsequently he 
was managing editor of the New York 44 Sun." He 
became a leader in the movement for labor-re- 
forms, and in 1883 severed his connection with the 
** Sun " in order to expound his political and social 
views in a weekly journal that he called 44 John 
Swinton s Paper," which he ceased to publish in 
1887. Besides other pamphlets, he has published 
44 New Issue: the Cninese - American Question" 
(New York, 1870), and also a 44 Eulogy on Henry 
J.Raymond" (1870); "John Swinton's Travels *' 
(1880); and an "Oration on John Brown" (1881). 
— His brother, William, author, b. in Salton, Scot- 
land, 23 April, 1833, was educated at Knox college, 
Toronto, and at Amherst, with the intention of be- 
coming a Presbyterian minister, and in 1853 began 
to preach, but adopted the profession of teaching. 
He was professor of ancient and modern languages 
at the Edgeworth female seminary, Greensbo rough, 
N. C„ in l853-*4, and afterward went to New York 
city to take a professorship in Mt. Washington col- 
legiate institute. While in the south he contrib- 
uted to "Putnam's Monthly" some critical and 
philosophical articles, and a series of etymological 
studies that were afterward published under the 
title of " Rambles among Words : their Poetry and 
Wisdom " (New York, 1859 ; London, 1861). Hav- 
ing previously contributed articles to the New York 
44 Times," he was taken on the staff of that journal 
in 1858, and in 1863 went to the seat of war as a 
correspondent He was equipped for this work by 
close study of military art, and he discussed tacti- 
cal movements with such freedom that in 1864 Gen. 
Ambrose E. Bum side, whom he had criticised in his 
letters, procured an order for his exclusion from the 
camps of the army. He also, at a later date, in- 
curred the displeasure of Gen. Grant. In 1867 he 
travelled through the southern states and collected 
material for a history of the war from the military 
and civil leaders of the Confederacy. Returning 
to the office of the 14 Times," he resumed the work 
of literary criticism, in which province he had 
gained a reputation before he became a war-cor- 
respondent. Before abandoning journalism, he 
published in newspaper articles and in a pamphlet 
an exposure of the machinations of railroad finan- 
ciers to procure subsidies. In 1869 he became pro- 
fessor of belles-lettres in the University of Cali- 
fornia, where he remained for five years. Subse- 
quently he made Brooklyn, N. Y., his residence, 
devoting himself to the composition of educational 
works, most of which were widely adopted in pub- 
lic and private schools. For a series of these, wnich 
cover most of the studies pursued ir. schools, he re- 
ceived a gold medal at the Paris exposition of 1867 
44 for educational works of remarkable originality 
and value.** His principal military works are 44 The 
4 Times's * Review of McClellan : his Military Ca- 
reer Reviewed and Exposed" (1864); "Campaigns 
of the Army of the Potomac : a Critical History 
of Operations in Virginia, Maryland, and Penn- 
sylvania" (1866; revised ed., 1886) ; 44 The Twelve 
Decisive Battles of the War : a History of the East- 
ern and Western Campaigns in Relation to the 
Actions that Decided their Issue" (1867); and 
44 Historyof the New York Seventh Regiment dur- 
ing the War of the Rebellion " (Boston, 1870). 



SWORDS 13 

SWISSHELM, Jane Grey, b. near Pittsburg, 
Pa., 6 Sept, 1815; d. in Swwsvale, Pa., 22 July, 
1884. When she was eight years of age her father, 
James Cannon, died, leaving a family in straitened 
circumstances. The daughter worked at manual 
labor and teaching till she was twenty-one, when 
she married James Swisshelm, who several years 
afterward obtained a divorce on the ground of de- 
sertion. Two years later she removed with her 
husband to Louisville, Ky. In this city she be- 
came an outspoken opponent of slavery, and her 
first written attack upon the system appeared in 
the Louisville 44 Journal " in 1842. She also wrote 
articles favoring abolition and woman's rights in 
the 44 Spirit of Liberty," of Pittsburg, for about 
four years. In 1848 she established the Pittsburg 
44 Saturday Visitor," a strong abolition and woman ^ 
rights paper, which, in 1856, was merged with the 
weekly edition of the Pittsburg 44 Journal." In 
1857 she went to St Cloud, Minn., and established 
the St Cloud 44 Visitor." Her bold utterances 
caused a mob to destroy her office and its con- 
tents, and to throw her printing-press into the 
river. But she soon began to publish the St 
Cloud 44 Democrat" When Abraham Lincoln was 
nominated for the presidency, she spoke and wrote 
in his behalf and for the principles of which he 
was the representative. When the civil war began 
and nurses were wanted at the front, she was one 
of the first to respond. After the battle of the 
Wilderness she had charge of 182 badly wounded 
men at Fredericksburg for five days, without sur- 
geon or assistant, and saved them all. She was a 
prolific writer for newspapers and magazines, and 
published 44 Letters to Country Girls " (New York, 
1858), and an autobiography entitled 44 Half of a 
Century "(1881). 

SWORD, James Brade, painter, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa, 1 1 Oct, 1889. His early life was spent 
in China, and he subsequently travelled extensive- 
ly in the United States, sketching, and also in the 
service of the government surveys. During 1861-*2 
he studied under Christian Schussele at the Penn- 
sylvania academy. He has been president of the 
Philadelphia society of artists since 1878, and di- 
rector of the art club since 1887. His works in- 
clude 44 Quail Shooting," 44 Peep into Lake George," 
44 Trenton Falls/* 44 Silver-Thread Falls,'* 44 Mystery 
of the Sea," and 44 Something in the Wind.'* 

SWORDS, Robert Smith, author, b. in New 
York city, 12 July, 1816; d. in Newark, N. J., 15 
Jan., 1881. He was graduated at Columbia in 
1884, and after studying law for three years with 
Daniel Lord was admitted to the bar. Soon after 
this he formed a partnership with Sylvester Ward 
which lasted ten years, when he retired from the 

Sractice of his profession, in the mean time serving 
uring several years as judge-advocate for the city 
of New York. In 1849 he settled on Passaic river, 
opposite Belleville, N. J., and while living there 
was for twelve years a magistrate for Union town- 
ship. Although an earnest Democrat and an op- 
ponent of the administration of President Lincoln, 
ne placed his services at the disposal of the govern- 
ment in August 1862, was commissioned lieuten- 
ant-colonel of the 13th New Jersey volunteers, and 
was with his regiment in the battles of Antietam 
and South Mountain, being wounded in the former 
engagement He resigned in 1863 and removed to 
Newark. N. J., where he afterward resided. For 
many years he was secretary of the Board of trade 
of Newark, and he was corresponding secretary of 
the New Jersey state agricultural society, treasurer 
of the New Jersey society for the prevention of 
cruelty to animals, and treasurer of the Board of 



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SWORDS 



SYKES 



proprietors of East New Jersey. In 1867 he be- 
came treasurer of the New Jersey historical society, 
to whose " Proceedings " he contributed a ** Memoir 
of the Life and Character of John Rutherford '* 
(1872); * 4 The Bones of Columbus H (1879) ; "The 
Cathedral Church of San Domingo " (1879) ; and 
other similar papers. 

SWORDS, Thomas, soldier, b. in New York city, 
1 Not., 1806 ; d. there, 20 March, 1886. He was a 
grandson of Capt Thomas Swords, a British offi- 
cer, who died in New York in 1780, and his father 
was the senior member of the publishing-house of 
T. and J. Swords, of New York city. The son was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829, 
assigned to the 4th infantry, and served in various 
parts of the southern states for four years, when 
He was appointed 1st lieutenant in the 1st dragoons. 
He was promoted captain, 3 March, 1837, ana dur- 
ing nearly the whole of the succeeding twelve years 
was engaged on frontier duty, serving with Gen. 
Henry Leavenworth against the Indians in the 
southwest, and with Geu. Stephen Kearny in the 
conquest of New Mexico and California, and raised 
the nrst American flag over Santa Fe\ When Gen. 
Kearny's force reached San Diego on the Pacific 
coast in January, 1847, Swords, who was the Quar- 
termaster, went to the Sandwich islands ana ob- 
tained clothing and supplies for the soldiers. He 
became captain and assistant quartermaster, 7 July, 
1838, major, 21 April, 1846, and lieutenant-colonel 
and deputy quartermaster-general, 3 Aug., 1861. He 
was chief quartermaster of the Army of the West 
in 184G-'7, was engaged at San Pasqual, Cal., 6 Dec, 
1846, and at Vera Cruz, and was brevet ted lieuten- 
ant-colonel. 80 May, 1848, for meritorious services 
in the enemy's country. He was chief quarter- 
master of the Departments of the Cumberland and 
the Ohio in 1861-'5, was engaged in the battle of 
Chickamauga, and brevet ted brigadier-general and 
major-general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865. He 
was retired from active sen- ice, 22 Feb., 1869. 

SYDENHAM, Charles Edward Poulett 
Thomson. Baron, governor-general of Canada, b. 
at Waverley Abbev, Surrey, England, 13 Sept,, 
1799; d. in Kingston, Canada, 19 Sept, 1841. He 
was the eldest son of a wealthy merchant, who was 
engaged in trading with Russia. In 1819 he be- 
came a clerk in his father's St. Petersburg house, 
where he was afterward a partner, and subsequent- 
ly he was a partner in the Ixmdon firm, ana sus- 
tained losses iu 1825 by investing in Mexican mines. 
He represented Dover in parliament from 1826 till 
1830, when, being elected for that constituency 
and Manchester, he decided to sit for the latter, 
in parliament he was an early and resolute advo- 
cate of the principles of free^trade. In 1830 he 
tw appointed vice-president of the board of trade 
and treasurer of the navy, and he became a mem- 
ber of the privy council on 23 Nov. of that year. 
In Julv, 1834, he was made president of the board 
of trade, but he resigned in the following Novem- 
ber, with the rest of Ix>rd Melbourne's ministry, 
and in April, 1835, when Viscount Melbourne 
formed a new cabinet, he resumed the same port- 
folio, with a se«t in the cabinet, which he held till 
his appointment as governor-general of Canada in 
August, 1839. He arrived in Canada on 19 Oct. 
and soon afterward visited Montreal and other 
parts of the country, and held sessions of the legis- 
latures of Upper and of I>ower Canada. He took 
energetic measures to suppress the insurrections of 
Louis J. Papineau and William I*. Mackenzie, but 
sought to remedy the causes of discontent With 
diplomatic tact he obtained the acquiescence of 
both province* in the legislative union, which was 




| consummated when he took the oath of office on 
10 Feb., 1841, as governor of Canada under the act 
of union that was passed by the British parliament 
in July, 1840. He also exerted himself to complete 
public works. He was raised to the peerage, 10 
Aug., 1840, by the title of Baron Sydenham of To- 
ronto, as a mark of appreciation of the successful 
manner in which he had administered the govern- 
ment of Canada. While riding near Kingston, 5 
Sept, 1841, he fell from his horse and sustained in- 
juries that though not in themselves fatal, re- 
sulted in death. He was appointed knight grand 
cross of the Order of the Bath, 19 Aug., 1841. His 
" Memoirs " were published by his brother, George 
Poulett Serope (London, 1843). 

SYKES, George, soldier, b. in Dover, Del., 9 
Oct, 1822; d. in Brownsville, Tex., 9 Feb., 1880. 
He was appointed from Maryland to the U. S. 
military academy, and on his 'graduation in 1842 
was assigned to 
the 3d infantry, 
with which he 
served in the Utter 
part of the Flori- 
da war, and then 
in the west and in 
Texas. He was 
promoted 1st lieu- 
tenant 21 Sept, 
1846, and dunng 
the Mexican war 
was engaged at 
Monterey, Vera 
Crux, Cerro Gor- 
do (where he was 
brevetted captain 
for gallantry), 
Contreras, Churu- 
busco, and the 
capture of the city 
of Mexico. He was 
commissary of Gen. Twiggs's division in Mexico in 
1847-*8, and was then on frontier and garrison duty 
till the civil war, taking part in skirmishes with the 
Apaches in 1854, and in the Navajo expedition of 
1859, and reaching the rank of captain on 30 Sept, 
1855. He became major of the 14th infantry, 14 
May, 1861. was at the battle of Bull Run, and 
then commanded the regular infantry in Washing- 
ton till March, 1862, and was commissioned briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, 28 Sept, 1861. He took 
part in the peninsula campaign at the head of 
the division of regulars in Fits-John Porter's 
corps, receiving the Drevet of colonel for gallantry 
at Gaines's Mills, and in the succeeding operations 
, of the Army of the Potomac, becoming major- 
I general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and com- 
i inanding the 5th corps after the battle of Chancel- 
lorsville. He was at the head of this corps at 
Gettysburg, and so continued till 20 April, 1864, 
when he was ordered to Kansas. At the close of 
the war he received the brevet of brigadier-general, 
U. S. army, for services at Gettvsburg. and major- 
general for ** gallant and meritorious services in 
the field " dunng the war. He had reached the 
regular army rank of lieutenant-colonel on 16 Oct, 
1863, and on 12 Jan., 1868, he became colonel of 
the 20th infantry. From this time till his death 
he commanded various posts, and after 1877 he 
was in charge of Fort nrown, Tex. On motion 
of Senator Burnside, congress appropriated $1,000 
for the removal of his remains to the cemetery at 
West Point, where he now lies buried, and where 
a fine monument has been erected to his memory 
by his many friends. 



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SYKES 



SYKES, James, physician, b. near Dover, Del., 
27 March, 1761; d. there, 18 Oct, 1822. His 
father, James, held several offices in the state 
during and after the Revolution, and was a dele- 
gate to congress in 1777-'8. The son studied at 
Williams college, and afterward attended medical 
lectures at Philadelphia. After four years' prac- 
tice at Cambridge, Md., he returned to Dover, 
where he became renowned as a surgeon. Prom 
1814 till 1820 he resided in New York. He was 
often a member of the state senate, over which he 
presided for nearly fifteen years, and he was acting 
governor of Delaware in 1801-'2. 

SYLVESTER, Herbert Milton, author b. in 
Lowell. Mass., 20 Feb., 1849. He was fitted to en- 
ter college at Bridge ton academy, Bridgeton, Me., 
but entered the law-office of William Pitt Fessen- 
den in Portland, and was admitted to the bar in 
April, 1872, and settled in Boston, Mass. He has 
the reputation of being a good landscape artist 
He has published " Prose Pastorals " (Boston, 1887) 
and ** Homestead Highways " (1888), and is now 
(1888) engaged upon a novel descriptive of New 
England country life. He has in press " Purpoo- 
dack," dealing with the early settlement of Casco 
bay, a nature-book entitled " Fallow Fields," and 
a boy's book of adventure. 

SILVESTER, James Joseph, English author, 
b. in I»ndon, England, 3 Sept., 1814. He was 
graduated at Cambridge, became a professor of 
natural philosophy at University college, London, 
and was made a member of the Royal society in 
1839. He came to this country and held the 
chair of mathematics in the University of Virginia 
in 1841-2, and was appointed to a similar profes- 
sorship at the Royal military academy, Woolwich, 
in 1855. He was professor of mathematics at 
Johns Hopkins university, Baltimore, in 1876-'83, 
and in December, 1883, was elected Savilian pro- 
fessor of geometry at Oxford. He is a member of 
many learned societies both in Europe and this 
country, received the medal of the Royal socie- 
ty in 1860, and the Copley medal in 1880, and 
has been the recipient of honorary degrees from 
various colleges. He was the founder and the 
first editor of the " American Journal of Mathe- 
matics," is the author of a large number of im- 
portant scientific memoirs, 112 of which, published 
previous to 1863, are in the Royal society's index 
of scientific papers. He has given a theory of 
versification in a volume entitled " Laws of Verse " 
(London, 1870) ; has invented the pla^rograph, an 
instrument which, in addition to altering the mag- 
nitude of an object, possesses the property of rotat- 
ing its image through any desired angle ; the geo- 
metrical fan, which has been applied to the con- 
struction of a cheap astronomical spectroscope; 
and other geometrico-mechanical instruments. He 
has developed a method of transferring circular 
into rectilinear or parallel motion, based upon the 
discovery of a French engineer, thereby adding 
immensely to the resources of the mechanician. In 
December, 1885, Prof. Sylvester made known his 
theory of reciproconts, which, it is claimed, more 
than doubles tne resources of algebra. 

SYLVESTER, Nathaniel Bartlett, author, b. 
in Denmark, Lewis co., N. Y., 22 Feb., 1825. Both 
his grandfathers were soldiers of the Revolution. 
He received his early education at the Denmark 
academy, studied law at Lowville, N. Y., and was 
admitted to the bar at Oswego, N. Y., 5 April, 1852. 
He founded in 1856 and edited for two years a 
newspaper at Lowville, N. Y., which is still pub- 
lished tnere as the " Lewis County Democrat, and 
in 1866, having been appointed a commissioner of 



SYMINGTON 15 

the U. S. circuit court, he removed to Troy. N. Y., 
where he now (1888) resides. He is the author of 
" Historical Sketches of Northern New York and 
the Adirondack Wilderness " (Troy, 1877) ; 44 His- 
tory of Saratoga County, N. Y. (Philadelphia, 
1878); "History of Rensselaer County. N. Y." 
(1879); "History of the Connecticut Valley in 
Massachusetts" (Troy, 1879); "History of Ulster 
County, N. Y." (Philadelphia, 1880); "Indian Le- 
gends of Saratoga and the Upper Hudson Valley " 
(1884); and " Historical Narratives of the Upper 
Hudson, Lake George, and Lake Cham plain" 
(Philadelphia, 1888). 

SYLVIE, Edouard (sil-vee), French naturalist 
b. in Riom, Auver^ne, in 1670; d. in Lyons in 
1739. He studied in the College Louis le Grand 
at Paris, entered the church, and was appointed by 
the king to a rich abbey in Lyons. Devoting his 
leisure time to the study of mathematics and natu- 
ral history, he presented several valuable memoirs 
to the Academy of sciences, which induced that 
body to propose him to the king for a mission to 
South America. Louis XIV. placed a man-of-war 
at Sylvie's disposal in order to facilitate his work, 
and from 1701 till 1703 he visited Santo Domingo 
and several ports of the Caribbean sea, prepared 
a chart of the Gulf of Mexico, and mode valuable 
observations. In the following year he visited 
Guiana, Brazil, Montevideo, and Buenos Ayres, 
landed on Staten island, and made the ascent of its 
snowy range of mountains. Doubling Cape Horn, 
he coasted Chili and Peru to Callao, and, penetrat- 
ing into the interior, explored the Andes. Svlvie 
afterward returned to the West Indies, and so- 
journed several months in Santo Domingo, occu- 
pied in drawing a map of the French part of the 
island. His vessel arrived at La Rochefle, 15 Oct., 
1710, and Sylvie's valuable collections were pre- 
sented to the Academy of sciences, which elected 
him a corresponding member. His works include 
"Explications de l'herbier et des collections rap- 
portees d'Amenque par TAbbe" £douard Sylvie " (3 
vols., Paris, 1711-13); "Relation d'un voyage de 
la mer du Sud aux c6tes de la Guiane, du Bresil, 
de la Terre des £tats, du Chili et du Perou, avec 
une description de la c6te septentrionale du dStroit 
de Le Moire " (3 vols., 1714-'16) ; " Voyage a travers 
le Golfe du Mexique, suivi d'une description des 
iles Antilles de l'Am^rique, et en particulier de 
Hie de Saint Domingue 1 ' (2 vols., 1720-'l); and 
" Journal des observations d'un voyage au Perou 
et au Chili "(5 vols., 1726-'8). 

SYMINGTON, Andrew James, Scottish au- 
thor, b. in Paisley, Scotland, 27 July, 1825. He 
was educated at the grammar-school of his native 
place, began his literary career at an early age, and 
in 1844 contributed translations of German poetry 
and original verses to Tait's "Edinburgh Maga- 
zine." In 1859 he accompanied President Paul A. 
Chadbourne, of Williams college, on a visit to Ice- 
land, and gave the results of his journey in " Pen 
and PencilSketches of Faroe and Iceland " (Lon- 
don, 1861). In 1874- , 5 Mr. Symington spent a year 
in this country, and contributed to several Ameri- 
can journals. As author of Blackie and Sons' series 
of "Men of Light and Leading" in 1880. he wrote, 
among other fives, " William Cullen Bryant, with 
Selections from his Poems and other Writings," and 
" William Wordsworth: a Biographical Sketch, with 
Selections from his Writings m Poetry and Prose " 
(2 vols., Glasgow, 1881). In 1881 he prepared selec- 
tions from the speeches of President Garfield for a 
series of works entitled " Talks with the People by 
Men of Mark." He has been an extensive traveller, 
in 1863 was elected a fellow of the Royal society of 



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16 



SYMMES 



SZKOLNY 



northern antiquaries, Copenhagen, and in 1882 a 
corresponding member of the New York genealogi- 
cal and biographical society. Among other works 
he has published " Harebell Chimes, or Summer 
Memories and Musings" (1848): "The Beautiful 
in Nature, Art. and Life" (1857); "The Reason- 
ableness of Faith " (1870) : 44 Thomas Chalmers : the 
Man, his Time and Work" (1878): and "Capital 
Hints to Bovs " (1884). Several of Mr. Symington's 
books have been republished in this country. 

SYMMES, John Clerea, jurist, b. on Long 
Island, N. V., 21 July, 1742 : d. in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 26 Feb., 1814. lie was a delegate from Dela- 
ware to the Continental congress in 1785 and 
1786, a judge of the superior court of New Jersev, 
and afterward chief justice of the same state, fn 
1787 he was appointed judge of the Northwest ter- 
ritory. In 1788 he obtained from the government 
a grant of 1,000,000 acres, bounded south by the 
Ohio, and west by the Miami, and was the founder 
of the settlements of North Bend, and Cincinnati 
thereon. His wife was a daughter of Gov. William 
Livingston, and his daughter Anna became the 
wife of William H. Harrison.— His nephew, John 
Cloves, soldier, b. in New Jersey in 1780; d. in 
Hamilton, Ohio, 28 May, 1829, entered the army as 
an ensign in the 1st infantry, 26 March, 1802, was 
a captain in the war of 1812, and served with 
credit at the battle of Niagara and in the sortie 
from Fort Erie. He subsequently resided at New- 
port, Ky., and devoted himself to philosophical 
pursuits. In 1818 he promulgated his theory that 
the earth is a hollow sphere, habitable within, and 
open at the poles for the admission of light, and 
containing within it six or seven concentric hollow 
spheres, also open at the poles. He wrote and 
spoke on the subject of his singular hypothesis, 
and petitioned congress in 1822 and 1823 to fit out 
an expedition to test the truth of his theory. Dur- 
ing the winters of 1826-'7 he lectured on it before 
the students and faculty of Union college; but it 
was received with general ridicule, and the sup- 
posed aperture at the north pole was r*opularly 
called "Symmes's hole." He published "Theory 
of Concentric Spheres n (Cincinnati, 1826). An ab- 
stract of Svmmes's theory and arguments appeared 
in the " Atlantic Monthly " for April, 1873. In 1876 
Symmes's son, Amkricus Vespucius, revived his 
theory.— Another nephew of the first John Cleves, 
Peyton Short, poet, b. in Sussex county, N. J., in 
1793 ; d. in Mount Auburn, near Cincinnati, Ohio, 
27 July, 1861, went to Ohio in his childhood as a 
pioneer, became registrar of the land-office at Cin- 
cinnati in 1827, and in 1830-'50 was a member of 
the board of health of that city. He was one of the 
trustees of the old Cincinnati college, and a sup- 
porter of the Western college of teachers which 
met annually at Cincinnati from 1833 till 1845. 
He wrote a life of his uncle, not yet published. 

SYMMES. Zechariah, clergyman, h. in Canter- 
bury. Kngland, 5 April, 1599; d. in Charlestown. 
Mass.. 4 Feb., 1671. He came from Kngland in 
1634, and was ordained as teacher in the church at 
Charlestown, Mass., on 22 Dec. of that year, suc- 
(T-eding Thomas James as pastor when the latter 
was dismissed on 11 March, 1636. During his min- 
istry the Antinomian controversy culminated in 
the banishment of John Wheelwright and the dis- 
missal of his adherents from the church. See 
" The Symmcs Memorial," containing a sketch of 
his life and a genealogy, by John Adams Vinton 
(Boston, 1873).— His grandson, Thomas, clergy- 
man, b. in Bradford. Mass., 1 Feb., 1678; d. 6 Oct.. 
1725, was graduated at Harvard in 1698, and 
was minister of Boxford from December, 1702, till 



1708, when he succeeded his father, Zechariah, as 
second minister at Bradford. He possessed a strong 
mind and much learning, and, besides occasional 
sermons, published " Joco-Serious Dialogue on 
Singing" (1728); and " Historical Memoirs of the 
Fight at Piggwacket, 9 May, 1725," with a sermon 
on the death of Capt. John Love well (1725 ; repub- 
lished with notes oy Nathaniel Bouton, Concord, 
N. H., 1861). See an account of his life by Rev. 
John Brown, to which is appended his advice to his 
children and to the members of his church (1726). 

SYMONDS, William Law. author, b. in Ray- 
mond, Cumberland co.. Me., in April, 1833: d. in 
New York city, 18 Jan., 1862. He was graduated 
at Bowdoin in 1854, studied theology at Cambridge 
divinity-school for two years, and occupied the 
pulpit of a Unitarian church in Chicopee, Mass.. 
for several months. He then went to New York 
city and engaged in literary pursuits, contributing 
to magazines and newspapers, and producing many 
hundred cyclopaedic articles on philosophical, his- 

I torical, and biographical subjects. He also took 
charge temporarily of the Astor library. 

SYNGE, Millfngton Henry, British author, 
b. in England about 1820. He was a captain of 
royal engineers, and was employed on the works at 
Ottawa in 1848. He published 14 Canada in 1848 " 
(London, 1848); "Great Britain One Empire " 
(1852); 44 The Country vs. The Company" (1861); 
and 44 The Colony of ftupert's Land (1863). 

SYPHER, Josiah Rh in eh art, journalist, b. in 
Liverpool, Perry co., Pa., 12 April, 1832. He was 
graduated at Union college in 1858, and, after mak- 
ing a tour of the United States, studied law and 
was admitted to the bar at Lancaster, Pa., in 1862. 
While he was travelling he contributed to the Lan- 
caster 44 Express," and he was its associate editor 
while studying law. In 1862 he was engaged as 
war-correspondent of the New York 44 Tribune." 
and he was afterward in charge of the correspond- 
ence in the Army of the Potomac. In the winter 
of 1865 he became associate editor of the 44 Trib- 
une," and in 1870 he established the 4 * Pennsylva- 
nia State Journal" at Harrisburg, but at the end 
of six months he resumed the practice of law in 
Philadelphia. He has advocated public education 
and temperance reform, and, in addition to articles 
for the press and several school-books, has pub- 
lished 4 ' History of the Pennsylvania Reserve 
Corps" (Lancaster, 1865), and "School History 
of Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia, 1868). 

SZABAD, Eraeric, author, b. in Hungary about 
1822. He was secretary under the Hungarian na- 
tional government in 1849, was a friend of Louis 
Kossuth, and gained his first experience as a sol- 
dier in his native country. He subsequently served 
in Italy under Garibaldi, and at the opening of the 
civil war came to this country and was appointed 
on the staff of Gen. John C. Fremont. lie served 
through the war, being on the staff of Gen. Daniel 
E. Sickles at Gettysburg, and afterward on that of 
(Jen. Gouverneur K. Warren. He wrote a series 
of letter* on the United States army and its man- 
agement for the New York 44 Tribune," and has 

I published M Hungary, Past and Present " (Ix>ndon, 
1854); "State Policy of Modern Europe from the 
Beginning of the Sixteenth Century to the Present 

I Time "(2 vols.. 1857); and "Modern War: its The- 

i orv and Practice " (New Y'ork, 1863). 

SZKOLNY, John, Polish navigator of the 15th 

1 century. His name was also variously written 
Scolve, Skolnus. and Kolno. He was commander 
of a Danish vessel on which, according to different 
accounts, he reached the northwestern coast of 

i Greenland, or the coast of I^abrador, in 1476. 



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TABARET 



TACHfi 



17 



TABARET, Joseph Henry, Canadian educa- 
tor, b. in Saint-Marcellin, department of L'Ise>e, 
Prance, 10 April, 1828 ; d. in Ottawa, 28 Feb., 
1888. He studied theology, was ordained a priest 
at Marseilles, came to Canada as a missionary of 
the Oblates in 1851, and in 1853 established a school 
at Ottawa, which, under his superintendence, has 
developed into the University of Ottawa. He was 
president of this institution at his death, and had 
been at its head, both as a school and college, since 
its foundation, except in 1866-'7, when, as provin- 
cial of Oblates of North America, he visited the 
Oblate missions in Canada and the United States. 
In 1854 the governor-general nominated him a 
member of the senate of Toronto university. He 
was a member of the council of public instruction 
of Ontario. In 1862 he was made vicar-general of 
Ottawa, and in 1879 he received the degree of D. D. 
from the pope. He introduced a comprehensive 
system of study into Ottawa university. 

TABOADA, Antonio (tah-bo'-ah-a-ah), Argen- 
tine soldier, b. in the province of Santiago del Es- 
tero, 31 Aug., 1815. He began life as a journalist, 
and, being persecuted for nis liberal tendencies 
by the dictator Rosas, emigrated to Montevideo. 
He served later under Gen. Lavalle, took part in 
the campaign in the province of Entre-Rios, was 
captured after the defeat at Quebracho-Herrad6, 
and imprisoned in Buenos Ayres, but escaped in 
disguise to Chili. Later he returned secretly to 
his province, where he lived quietly till Rosas's 
downfall, and in 1852 became its governor. He 
put down an insurrection at Tucuman, and defeat- 
ed with a few hundred men a division of 5,000 
under Gen. Gutierrez. In 1856 he escorted through 
the Chaco desert the U. S. exploring expedition 
under Lieut Thomas J. Page, and they explored 
the Salado river as far as Santa Fe\ Taboada con- 
cluding also in the course of the voyage arrange- 
ments with the principal caciques that assured 
peace along the borders. In 1861 he supported 
Ur. Derqui and contributed to terminate the strife 
between the governors of the provinces and the 
central government He was elected senator in 
1865, and commanded the army in 1867 against 
the insurgents in the northern provinces, defeat- 
ing Felipe Varela at Pozo de Vargas. In 1868 he 
was a candidate for president, but was defeated. 

TABOR, Horace Austin Warner, senator, b. 
in Holland, Orleans co., Vt, 30 Nov., 1830. He 
received a common-school education, and learned 
the trade of a stone-cutter in Massachusetts, but in 
1855 he removed to Kansas and engaged in farm- 
ing, and was an active member of the Free-soil 
party. In 1856 he was a member of the Topeka 
legislature that was dispersed at the point of the 
bayonet by order of President Pierce. In 1859 he 
removed to Colorado, and the following spring he 
settled in California Gulch (now Leadville). There 
he worked in the mines until 1865, when he en- 
gaged in business, and combined both occupations 
till May, 1878. During the latter month August 
Bische and George F. Hook, to whom he had ad- 
vanced money, discovered what was afterward 
known as the' "Little Pittsburg" mine. By the 
terms of his agreement Mr. Tabor was entitled to 
* one-third interest which he sold the following 
year for $1,000,000. This capital he invested in 
mines, banking stock, and other remunerative 
property, which greatly increased his wealth. In 
October, 1878, he was elected the first lieutenant- 



fovernor of Colorado, and he held the office until 
anuary, 1884. He was chosen U. S. senator tc 
fill the unexpired term of Henry M. Teller, re- 
signed, and served from 2 Feb. till 4 March. Be- 
sides the investments mentioned above, Senator 
Tabor has purchased 175,000 acres of copper lands 
in Texas, and 4,600,000 acres of grazing lands in 
southern Colorado, and is interested in irrigating 
canals and other enterprises that give employment 
to a large number of laborers. He has also ob- 
tained from the republic of Honduras a grant of 
every alternate section of land for 400 miles bor- 
dering on the Patook river. On this tract are 
immense groves of mahogany, ebony, and similar 
valuable woods, orchards of bananas and other 
tropical fruits, together with deposits of gold, sil- 
ver, and coal. In addition to the section-grant, he 
has secured a mineral grant of 150 square miles in 
the interior. Altogether Mr. Tabor is probably 
one of the largest owners of land in the world. 

TAC, Sixtus Le, French missionary, b. in 
France in 1649; d. in Canada, 6 July, 1699. He 
belonged to the Recollet Franciscan order, came to 
Canada on 9 July, 1676, and had charge of Charles- 
bo urg. near Quebec, till 1678. He then went to 
Three Rivers, where he remained till 13 May, 1683. 
During this time he kept a register of all baptisms, 
marriages, etc., in Three Rivers, as well as of those 
that occurred in settlements that extended over 
a wide tract of country. This register has often 
been found useful in connection with local and 
general Canadian history. In 1684 he was ap- 
pointed director of the third order of St Francis 
and master of novices in the Convent of Notre 
Dame des Anges near Quebec. In 1689 he took 
part in founding missions at Placentia and other 
places in Newfoundland. He complained that the 
governor of that colony threw every kind of diffi- 
culty in his way, and sailed for France the same 
year to obtain redress, but returned to Canada in 
1690 or 1691. He wrote a history of Canada which 
long remained in manuscript, but it was edited 
and published by Eugene Keveilland with notes 
and appendix. The appendix consists of original 
documents heretofore unpublished, some of which 
are very valuable. The work is entitled "His- 
toire de la Nouvelle France, ou Canada, depuis sa 
decouverte (mil cina cents quatre)iusqu'en Tan 
mil six cents trente aeux " (Paris, 1888). 

TACHE, Sir fctienne Paschal (tan-shay), Ca- 
nadian statesman, b. in St. Thomas, Lower Canada, 
5 Sept., 1795; d. there, 29 July, 1865. He served 
during the war of 1812, and afterward studied 
medicine and practised successfully till 1841, when 
he entered parliament He was deputy adjutant- 
general in 1847-'8, commissioner of public works 
in 1848^9, and on 21 April, 1856, was made speaker 
of the legislative council, which post he resigned in 
November, 1857. In November, 1858, in recog- 
nition of his services he was knighted by the queen 
at Windsor castle, and was appointed jointly with 
Sir Allan N. MacNab to the honorary rank of 
colonel in the British army, and aide-de-camp to 
the queen. He published 44 Du developpement de 
la force physique chez l'homme " (Montreal, 1829), 
44 Reflexions sur l'organisation des volontaires " 
(Quebec, 1863), and 44 Bataille navale du Lac Cham- 
plain en 1814."— His nephew, Joseph Charles, 
Canadian author, b. in Kamouraska, Quebec, 24 
Dec., 1820, studied at the Seminary of Quebec, was 
graduated as a physician in 1844, and was for some 



Digitized by Google 



18 



TACHfe 



TAC6N 



time attached to the Marine hospital at Rimouski. 
He sat in the legislative assembly from 1847 till 
1857, and represented Canada at the Paris ex- 
hibition of 1855, and at that of London in 1867. He 
was a member of the board of prison-inspectors 
and deputy minister of agriculture and statistics, 
contributed largely to the Canadian press, and was 
editor of the 4t Courrier du Canada*' from 1857 till 
1859. Mr. Tache was British delegate from Canada 
at the International sanitary conference of 1881 at 
Washington, and has been on several important 
commissions in Canada. He received the degree of 
D. L. from Laval university in 1883, and the con- 
federation medal in 1880. tie has taken an active 
part in charitable and religious movements in Can- 
ada. While Canadian commissioner at the Paris 
exhibition in 1855, he published »* Ksquisse sur le 
Canada," a work that deals with the past and present 
condition of the country. Its object was to make 
Canada better known in France, especially as a field 
of emigration, and in this respect it was very suc- 
cessful. His other works are 44 Notice historio- 
graphique sur la fete celebre© a Quebec le 16 juin, 
1859, jour du 200"* anniversaire de Parrivee 
de Mgr. de Laval en Canada" (Quebec, 1859); 
** [/Canada et 1'exposition universelle " (1856) ; 44 La 
plelade rouge," a political satire (1854); 44 Le de- 
fricheur de Tangue," a burlesque tragedy in verse ; 
44 Tenure seigneuriale en Canada, et projet de com- 
mutation, suivi de tableaux relatifs aux fiefs et 
seigneuries du Bas-Canada" (1854); and 44 Des 
provinces de l'Amerique du Nord et d'une union 
federate" (1858). He was one of the founders of 
the 44 Soirees Canadiennes," in which he published 
two purely literary works entitled 44 Trois legendes 
de mon pays, ou l'evtngile ipiore, 1 'eVangile preche, 
l'evangile accepteY* and 44 torestiers et voyageurs." 
—Joseph Charles's brother, Alexander Antonine, 
Canadian R. C. archbishop, b. in Riviere-du-Loup, 
Canada, 28 July, 1823, was graduated at the Col- 
lege of St. Hyacinth, and studied theology in the 
Seminary of Montreal. He returned to St. Hya- 
cinth as professor of mathematics, but, after teach- 
ing a few months, went to Montreal and became a 
monk of the Oblate order. He volunteered at once 
for missionary service among the Indians of the 
Red river, and, after a journey of sixty-two days, 
during which he encountered sufferings and priva- 
tions of every kind, reached St. Boniface on 25 Aug., 
1845. He was raised to the priesthood on 12 Oct. 
following, being the first priest ordained on the 
banks <>f the Red river. In Jul v. 1846, he set out for 
Ile-a-la-Crosse, and, after spending a few months at 
this mission, he went to labor among the Indians 
that lived around the lakes, several hundred miles 
to the northwest. On one of his journeys he slept 
for sixty nights in the open air in winter, and ne 
often travelled thirty or forty leagues with the 
temperature twenty-five or thirty degrees below 
lero, in the hope of converting a single Indian. 
His zeal and talents became known throughout 
Canada, and. although only twenty-six years old, 
he was recommended for the post of coadjutor 
bishop of St, Boniface in 1850. He was summoned 
to France by the superior of the Oblate Fathers, 
and consecrated bi«hop of A rath in parti bun in 
the cathedral of Vivien on 23 Nov., 1S51. After 
a visit to Rome he returned to Canada in February, 
1852. and on 10 Sept. reached !le-a-la-Crosse, which 
he had determined to make the centre of his labors 
in the northwest. He set about founding new 
missions, obtained missionaries, male and female, 
to aid him, and many schools, colleges, convents, 
and chapels were built. Bishop laches efforts 
were directed also to the establishment of a French- 




Canadian population in the northwest, and he has 
done much to develop and strengthen the feel- 
ing of French-Canadian nationality among the in- 
habitants of the 
Red river country. 
He became bishop 
of St. Boniface, 7 
June, 1853. In 
1869 he laid the 
grievances of the 
Metis before the 
Canadian govern- 
ment, and endeav- 
ored, without suc- 
cess, to persuade 

| the latter not to 
make any changes 
in the political sit- 
uation of the in- 

' habitants of the f 
Red river without yL JV%£ ; ; 
consulting them. 
He then sailed for 
Italy in order to 
take part in the 
council of the Vatican at Rome. Meanwhile the 
troubles came to a crisis, and the Canadian ministry, 
alarmed at the attitude of the Metis, and regretting 
too late that thev had not followed his advice, begged 
him to come to their assistance. He at once ret urned 
to Canada, and reached the Red river on 9 March. 
1870, empowered, in the name of the imperial and 
Dominion governments, to offer a full pardon for 
all political offences committed during the insur- 
rection. St. Boniface was erected into a metro- 
politan see on 22 Sept., 1871, and Bishop Tache* was 
appointed archbishop. He has written 44 Vingt an- 
nees de missions dans le nord-ouest de l'Amenque " 
(Montreal. 1866), and 44 Esquisse sur le nord-ouest 
de ]*Am6rique " (Montreal, 1869). The latter has 
been translated into English by Capt. I). R. Cam- 
eron, and is considered the most complete work on 
the resources of the Red river, the nature of its 
products, and the different races of men and ani- 
mals that inhabit the country. Archbishop Tache is 
a contributor to the 4 * Annales de la propagation de 
la foi.* 1 .published by the Oblate Fathers in France, 
TAC0N, Miguel (tah-cone ), Spanish soldier, b. 
in Cartagena, Colombia, in 1777; d. in Madrid, 
Spain, in 1855. He first served in the navy, but 
in 1806 he entered the army with the commission 
of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed in 1809 
governor of Popayan. When the Spanish posses- 
sions in South America began to rise against the 
home government, Tacon took the field against the 
patriots, and, having been defeated in Palace\ 5 
April, 1811. he fled to Peru, where he remained 
until 1819. He was then made brigadier and sent 
to Spain by the viceroy of Peru to inform the 
Madrid government of the bad condition of the 
struggle against the patriot forces. He was ap- 
pointed governor of Malaga, and in 1834 was made 
lieutenant-general and appointed governor-general 
of Cuba. During his administration, from 7 June, 
1834, to 23 April, 1838, he did much that was good 
together with many acts of despotism. He re- 
pressed the criminal classes, reformed the morals 
of the island greatly, and suppressed corruption 
among public officers and servants of the govern- 
ment. He caused the constniction of sewera in 
Havana, paved the streets of the city, built a great 
prison, encouraged the construction of a theatre, 
which was named for him, established several pub- 
lic markets, lighted the streets, and erected many 
public buildings. But during his administration 



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TAGLIABUE 



19 



the slave-trade increased greatly, and more slaves 
weie introduced into Cuba in the four years of his 
rule than in any other equal period. He afterward 
returned to Spain, and was appointed senator for 
Cadiz in 1852, but his failing health did not per- 
mit him to accept office. 

TAFEL, Johann Friedrich Leonhard, educa- 
tor, b. in Sulzbach, WQrtemberg. Germany, 6 Feb., 
1800. He was graduated at Tubingen in 1820, and 
was professor for many years at the gymnasia of 
Stuttgart, Ulm, and Schorndorf, introducing the 
Hamiltonian interlinear method of teaching lan- 
guages, and editing several periodicals, among 
which was the " Beobachter," a daily paper devoted 
to the interests of the Liberal party (1849- 58). He 
came to this country in 1853, was for three years 
professor in Urbanauniversity, Ohio, and then re- 
moved to St. Louis, Mo. He is the author of sev- 
eral text-books of ancient and modem languages, 
translated into German the works of Xenophon 
and Dion Cassius, and select novels of Charles Dick- 
ens, William M. Thackeray, and James Fen i more 
Cooper, and published " Staat und Christen thum " 
(Tubingen, 1851) ; M Der Christ und der Atheist " 
(Philadelphia, 1856) ; and with his son, Ludwig H. 
Tafel. a " German-English and English-German 
Pocket Dictionary" (1870).— His son, Rudolph 
Leonhard, educator, b. in Ulm, Germany, 24 Nov., 
1831, came to the United States in 1847, and in 
1860-'l was teacher of French and German in 
Washington university, St Louis. Mo. He held 
the chair of modern languages and comparative 
philology there from 1862 till 1868, and since the 
last-named year has been a Swedenborgian minis- 
ter in London, England. He has published 44 Latin 
Pronunciation and the Latin Alphabet " with his 
father (New York, 1860) ; " Investigation into the 
Laws of English Pronunciation and Orthography " 
(1862); and "Emanuel Swedenborg as a Philoso- 
pher and Man of Science " (Chicago, 1867). 

TAFT, Alphonso, jurist, b. in Townshend, Vt, 5 
Nov., 1810. He was graduated at Yale in 1833, 
was tutor there in 1835-7, studied law, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1838, and after 1840 practised in 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 
where he won rep- 
utation in his pro- 
fession. He was 
early a member of 
the city council, 
and also for many 
years of the Union 
board of high- 
schools. He was 
a delegate to the 
Republican na- 
tional convention 
in 1856, and in the 
same vear a candi- 
date for congress, 
but was defeated 
by George H. Pen- 
dleton. He was 
judge of the su- 
perior court of Cincinnati from 1866 till 1872, 
when he resigned, to associate himself in practice 
with two of his sons. In 1875 he was a candidate 
for the Republican nomination for the governor- 
ship, but a dissenting opinion that he had delivered 
on the question of the Bible in the public schools 
was the cause of much opposition to him. The 
opinion that defeated his nomination was unani- 
mously affirmed by the supreme court of Ohio, and 
is now the law of the state. He became secretary 
of war, on 8 March, 1876, on the resignation of 




Gen. William W. Belknap, and on 22 May follow- 
ing was transferred to the attorney-generalship, 
serving till the close of President Grant's admin- 
istration. Judge Taft was appointed IT. S. min- 
ister to Austria, 26 April, 1882, and in 1884 was 
transferred to Russia, where he served until 1 Aug., 
1885. He has been a trustee of. the University of 
Cincinnati since its foundation, and in 1872-'82 
served on the corporation of Yale, which gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1867. 

TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, b. in Elmwood. Peo- 
ria co., 111., 29 April, 1860. He was graduated at 
Illinois state university, Champaign, 111., in 1879, 
studied at the ficole des beaux arts, Paris, during 
1880-'3, and afterward with Marius Jean Antoine 
Mercie" and others for two years. He has exe- 
cuted several busts and medallions, a statue of 
Schuyler Colfax, which was unveiled in Indian- 
apolis in 1888, and reliefs for Michigan regiment- 
al monuments on the Gettysburg battle-field. He 
is engaged on a statue of Gen. Grant for Fort 
Leavenworth, Kansas. Mr. Taft is instructor in 
sculpture at the Chicago art institute. 

TAGGART, Samuel, clergyman, b. in London- 
derry, N. H., 24 March, 1754 ; d. in Colerain, Mass., 
25 April, 1825. His father. James, came from Ire- 
land to this country when he was eleven years old. 
The son entered the junior class in Dartmouth, 
where he was graduated in 1774, was licensed to 
preach in the Presbyterian church in 1776, and on 
19 Feb., 1777, was ordained and installed as pastor 
of a church in Colerain. Mass. In 1802 he per- 
formed in western New York a missionary journey 
of about three months, his manuscript journal of 
which is still preserved. In 1802 he was elected 
to congress as a Federalist, and served, by repeated 
re-election, from 1808 till 1817. His protracted ab- 
sences from his charge caused dissatisfaction, and 
in 1818 he resigned his pastorate, though he after- 
ward preached occasionally. When he entered 
congress, John Randolph of Roanoke, on learning 
that Mr. Taggart was a clergyman, instantly quoted 
to him from 1. Samuel, xvii., 28 : " With whom hast 
thou left those few sheep in the wilderness!" Mr. 
Taggart was absent-minded and eccentric, but pos- 
sessed a very retentive and accurate memory. 
While he was in college he was reprimanded for 
inattention by a professor, who had seen him catch- 
ing flies during a lecture, but in his vindication the 
boy immediately repeated a great part of what his 
instructor had said. He published an oration on 
the death of Washington (1800) ; a Fourth-of-July 
oration at Conway (1804) ; •* Scriptural Vindication 
of the Doctrine of the Final Perseverance of all 
True Believers " (1801) ; a " Treatise on the Evi- 
dences of Christianity " (1811); an address to his 
constituents on the subject of impressments (1813) ; 
and sermons and speeches. 

TAGLIABUE, Giuseppe, instrument - maker, 
b. near Como, Italy, 10 Aug., 1812 ; d. in Mount 
Vernon, N. Y., 7 Jiay, 1878. ne was educated at 
the village school, and was sent to Como to learn 
cabinet-making. In 1826 he went to London, where 
he was apprenticed to a firm of meteorological and 
philosophical instrument-makers. He settled in 
New York in 1833, and soon acquired the reputa- 
tion of being one of the most competent instru- 
ment-makers in this country. His hvdrometer for 
the proving of whiskey was adopted by the U. S. 
internal revenue department in preference to all 
others, and he made instruments for the U. S. coast 
survev. He made a great variety of hydrometers, 
including original forms and new adaptations to 
meet the requirements of the advancement of sci- 
ence and manufacture. Several of the self -record- 



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20 TAILFER 

ing instruments in use in the Central park meteor- 
ological observatory are of his construction. 

TAILFER, Patrick, colonist, lived in the 18th 
century. He was a physician and emigrated to the 
new colony of Georgia, but became dissatisfied 
with the conduct of affairs there, and in September, 
1740, left the province and went to Charleston, 8. C. 
Here, with Hugh Anderson, David Douglass, and 
others, he printed *' A True and Historical Narra- 
tive of the Colony of Georgia in America from the 
first Settlement thereof until the Present Period " 
(Charles-Town, 1741 ; reprinted, London, 1741). In 
this he accuses Gen. James Oglethorpe of selfish- 
ness, greed, and despotism. Prof. Moses Coit Ty- 
ler says : " As a polemic it is one of the most expert 
pieces of writing to be met with in our early litera- 
ture. It never blusters or scolds. It is always cool, 
poised, polite, and merciless." But many authori- 
ties call it spiteful and scurrilous, and speak of 
Tailfer as ** chief of a club of malcontents. 

TAIT, Arthur Fiti will lam, painter, b. at Live- 
sey Hall, near Liverpool, England, 5 Aug., 1819. 
He studied at the Royal institution, Manchester, 
but is mainly self-taught In 1850 he came to the 
United States, where he soon attracted attention 
by his pictures of animal life. He was elected an 
associate of the National academy in 1853, and an 
academician in 1858. Mr. Tait has studied and 
sketched much among the Adirondack mountains, 
and several of his hunting scenes are laid in that re- 
gion. His pieces include 44 A Duck and her Young " 
(1868); 44 Ruffled Grouse" (1869); 44 Woodcock Shoot- 
ing," 44 Snowed in," and 44 Halt on the Carry " 
(1871) ; 44 Raonuette Lake " (1878) ; - There's a Good 
Time coming * (1876) ; 44 The Portage n ; 44 Jack in 
Office" (1885); 44 Thoroughbreds " and "Startled" 
(1887) ; and " A Mother's Solicitude " (1888). His 
M Quail and Young" (1856) is in the Corcoran gal- 
lery at Washington. Many of his works have been 
lithographed or engraved. 

TAIT, Charles, senator, b. in Louisa county, 
Va^ in 1768 ; d. in Wilcox county, Ala., 7 Oct, 
1885. He removed at an early age to Georgia, 
was associated with William H. Crawford in the 
management of Richmond academy, and then, hav- 
ing been admitted to the bar, practised law with 
success. He was judge of the western circuit of 
Georgia from 1808 till 1809, and in the latter year 
was chosen to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 
place of John Milledge, who had resigned. He 
served from 28 Deo, 1809, till 8 March, 1819, when 
he removed to Wilcox county, Ala., having been 
appointed a judge of the C. S. district court for 
that state. He resigned this office in 1826. Judge 
Tait was an able supporter of the administrations 
of Madison and Monroe. 

TAIT, Joan Robinson, artist, b. in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 14 Jan., 1884. He was graduated at Bethany 
college, Va., in 1852, after which he went to Eu- 
rope, remaining for three years. At this time he 
devoted himself mainly to literature, sketching and 
painting as an amateur. He published 44 Dolce Far 
Niente' (Philadelphia. 1859), and 44 European Life, 
Legend, and Landscape " (I860). In 1859 he went 
abroad again, snd studied at Dusseldorf under Au- 
gust Weber and Andreas Achenbach until about 
1871. He received the first-class medals at the 
Cincinnati industrial exhibition in 1871 and 1872. 
In 1878 he made a third visit to Europe, working 
for several tears in the Tyrol and in Munich, un- 
der Adolf Cxvt and Hermann Baisch. In 1871 he 
returned to the United States, and since 1876 he 
has resided in Baltimore. Asa member of the com- 
mittee of the second Cincinnati exposition, he de- 
signed the art hall. His works include 44 Siebenge- 



TALBOT 



birge " (1865) ; 44 Lake of Wallenstadt " and 44 Mey- 
ringen " (1866) ; 44 Lake of Four Cantons " (I860), in 
the Cincinnati art museum : ** Norwegian Waterfall n 
(1869) ; 44 Solitude " (1871) ; 44 A Rainy Day " (1874) ; 
44 Under the Willows"; 44 Vesper Hour" and 44 Tyro- 
lean Cottage." both exhibited at the salon (1876); 
; and "Noon" (1877). His 4 * Crossing the Brook" 
I and 44 Landscape and Cattle " were at the Centen- 
l nial exhibition, Philadelphia. He has contributed 
to magazines, and has written a comedy in German, 
44 Ein auf rich tiger Heirathsgesuch." 

TALA MANTES, Melchor (tah-lah-man-tays), 
Peruvian geographer, b. in Lima about 1750; a. 
in Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1809. He studied theol- 
ogy in the University of San Marcos, Lima, and, 
, alter receiving the 'degree of D. D., entered the 
, military religious order of Merced, in which he 
i soon rose to the rank of superior of his province. 
1 His favorite study was geography, in which he 
soon became an acknowledged authority, and on 
his way to Spain in 1806 he stopped in Mexico, to 
study documents regarding the colonization of the 
northern provinces. He was commissioned by the 
viceroy. Iturrigaray, to determine the boundary of 
i the viceroyalty with the former French possession 
of Louisiana, and between the latter and Florida. 
While occupied in this work, he was implicated in 
Iturrigaray s plans of secession, and on the latter's 
deposition, 15 Sept, 1808, Talamantes was arrest- 
ed and transported to Vera Cruz, where he died of 
yellow fever. His manuscript, 44 Apuntamientos 
para deslindar los justos li mites de las posesiones 
Espaftales de la America septentrional con las 
Francesas," came into the possession of his col- 
laborator, Jose* Pichardo, who used the notes and 
completed the work. 

TALA VERA Y GARCES, Mariano (tah-lah- 
vay'-rah), Venezuelan R. C. bishop, b. in Coro, 22 
Dec., 1777; d. in Caracas, 28 Dec., 1861. In 1791 
he was sent to the University of Caracas, where he 
studied theology, received the degree of D. D., and 
was ordained in 1797. In 1806 he became secre- 
tary of the bishop of Merida, who sent him as 
vicar to Barinas, and in 1808 he was appointed 
rector of the seminary of Merida. When the war 
for independence opened in 1810, he took part in 
| it, and was elected a member of the supreme iunta 
of Merida, but in 1812, when the armies of the re- 
public were defeated, he was forced to emigrate to 
New Granada. In 1815 he was imprisoned by the 
Spanish authorities, but pardoned and retired to 
Coro, whence, after the liberation of New Granada, 
he went to Bogota, and in 1822 Gen. Santander ap- 
pointed him dean of the cathedral. In 1826 he 
was elected 'to congress for Coro, and in 1828 con- 
firmed by the pope as bishop of Tricala and vicar 
of Guayana. From 1830 till 1882 he was exiled, 
having refused to take the unconditional oath to 
support the constitution. In 1842 he resigned the 
bishopric and was appointed councillor of state, 
which place he also resigned, after the attack on 
congress of 24 Jan., 1848, and retired to private 
life. He was considered the greatest pulpit orator 
of Colombia, and one of the most learned men in 
the church of South America. 

TALBOT, Ethel bert, P. E. bishop, b. in Fay- 
ette. Mo.. 9 Oct, 1848. His early education was 
received in the schools of his native town. He was 
i graduated at Dartmouth in 1870, and at the General 
theological seminary. New York, in 1878, was or- 
dered deacon in the Church of the Transflgu ration, 
; New York, 29 June, 1873. and ordained priest in 
St. Mary's church. Fayette, Mo., 4 Nov., 1873, both 
by Bishop Robertson.' He was at once made rector 
of Sl James's church, Macon, Mo., which post he 



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21 



held until his election to the episcopate. He opened 
a parish school in Macon in September, 1875, which 
afterward became St. James's military academy, a 
diocesan school for boys. He twice represented 
the diocese of Missouri in general convention, and 
was rural dean and a member of the standing com- 
mittee of the diocese. He was consecrated, 27 May. 
1887, missionary bishop of Wyoming and Idaho. 
He received the degree of LL. D. from the Univer- 
sity of Missouri in 1887, that of S. T. D. from the 
General theological seminary, New York city, in 
1887, and that of D. D. from Dartmouth in 1888. 

TALBOT, Isham, senator, b. in Bedford county, 
Va., in 1773 ; d. near Frankfort, Kv., 25 Sept., 
1837. He removed with his father to Kentucky in 
his youth, and settled near Harrodsburg, where he 
obtained his early education. He studied law with 
George Nicholas, and began to practise in Versailles. 
Woodford co.. but soon removed to Frankfort, 
where he advanced to the front rank of his profes- 
sion. He was chosen to the state senate in 1812, 
and served there till 1815, when he was elected to 
the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Jesse 
Bledsoe, resigned. He retained his seat from 2 
Feb., 1815, tiD 8 March. 1819, and was chosen again 
on the resignation of William Logan, serving from 
27 Nov., 1820, till 4 March, 1825. 

TALBOT, John, colonial Anglican bishop, b. 
in Wymondham, England, in 1645 ; d. in Burling- 
ton, N. J., 29 Nov., 1727. He was graduated at 
Cambridge in 1668. became a fellow or Peter house 
in 1664, held the rec- 
tory of Freetheme in 
the diocese of Glou- 
cester, and in 1702 
became chaplain of 
the ship " Centurion," 
which Drought to this 
country Keith and 
Gordon, the first mis- 
sionaries of the Socie- 
ty for propagating the 
gospel in foreign parts. 
He was appointed a 
missionary of that society in September of the 
same year, and was associated with Keith as long 
as the latter remained in this country. He con- 
tinued to labor zealously for twentv years, beingin 
charge of St Mary's, Burlington, N. J., from 1703, 
and its rector after 1709, during all which period he 
had been importunate to have a bishop appointed 
for America. Despairing of this, he went to Eng- 
land and was induced to receive consecration clan- 
destinely from Dr. Ralph Taylor and Robert Wel- 
ton, non-juring bishops, and returned to this coun- 
try in 1722. For two years he was unmolested, but 
at the end of that period, being exposed, he was 
discharged from the service of the society, and 
ordered by the governor to "surcease officiating," 
because he refused to take the oath of allegiance 
or use the prayers for the royal family. Affixed to 
his widow's will in the registrar's office in Philadel- 
phia was discovered, in September, 1875, his episco- 
pal seal, a mitre, with flowing ribbons, and beneath 
it, in large script letters, ingeniously wrought into 
a monogram, tne full name— Jonn Talbot An en- 
larged photograph of this seal (see illustration) was 
copied in brass, placed on a mural tablet with a 
suitable inscription, and unveiled with religious 
ceremonies by the Rev. George Morgan Hills, D. D., 
in old St Mary's church, Burlington, N. J., on the 
151st anniversary of Talbot's death. 

TALBOT, John Gunnel, naval officer, b. in 
Danville, Kv., 16 Aug., 1844; d. near Kilihikai, 
Sandwich islands, 19 Dec, 1870. He entered the 




navy as a midshipman, 15 April, 1862, and was 
graduated at the naval academy, 2 June, 1866. He 
was promoted to ensign, 12 March, 1868. to mas- 
ter, 26 March, 1869, and to lieutenant, 21 March, 
1870. Lieut. Talbot was the executive officer of the 
" Saginaw " when she was wrecked on Ocean island, 
French Frigate shoals, on 29 Oct., 1870. There was 
a heavy surf, and the vessel was a total loss. All 
the officers and crew, numbering ninety, escaped 
without loss of life, but the surf prevented them 
from saving sufficient provisions, so that it was 
necessary to put them on quarter rations. The 
strictest discipline was maintained, and fish and 
the eggs of sea-birds contributed to their supplies. 
The captain's gig was fitted out to send to Hono- 
lulu, the nearest port, 1,200 miles distant, for relief, 
since the island is in such an unfrequented part of 
the ocean that there was no hope of rescue by a 
passing vessel. Lieut Talbot ana four men— Peter 
Francis. James Muir, John Andrew, and William 
Halford — volunteered to go in the boat They left 
the island at noon on 18 Nov., and sighted Kauai, 
the most northwesterly of the Sandwich islands, on 
16 Dec, but, owing to unfavorable winds and bad 
weather, they did not reach the shore until the 
morning of the 19th. They were all so exhausted 
by the prolonged privations and sufferings that 
Lieut Talbot and two of the crew were drowned in 
the surf. James Muir became insane after he had 
been assisted to the shore by the sole survivor, and 
he died while the latter, William Halford, went to 
get assistance from the natives. Halford met some 
missionaries, and sailed to Honolulu, where he 
communicated with the American minister, who 
promptly sent a chartered steamer to the relief of 
the shipwrecked crew. Talbot's ability in handling 
and navigating his boat has been greatly admired. 
A tablet has been placed in the chapel of the naval 
academy to commemorate his heroic service. 

TALBOT, Joseph Crnikshank, P. E. bishop, 
b. in Alexandria, Va., 5 Sept, 1816 ; d. in Indianapo- 
lis. Ind., 15 Jan., 1883. He was of Quaker parent- 
age and was educated at Pierpont academy, Alex- 
andria. In 1835 he removed to Louisville, Ky., 
where he engaged in business for several years. 
His religious convictions then became so changed 
that he abandoned Quakerism and united with the 
Protestant Episcopal church, being baptized in 
1887. In 1841 he 
became a candidate 
for holy orders, 
studying under the 
direction of the 
bishop. He was 
made deacon in 
Christ church, Lou- 
isville, 5 Sept., 1846, 
by Bishop Smith, 
and ordained priest 
in St. John's church, 
Louisville, 6 Sept, 
1848, by the same 
bishop. During his 
diaconate he or- 
ganized St John's 
church, and upon 
his ordination to 
the priesthood he 

became its rector. After a service of seven years 
he removed, in 1858. to Indiana, and became rec- 
tor of Christ church, Indianapolis, which post he 
held until he was elected to the episcopate. The 
honorary degree of D. D. was conferred upon him 
by the Western university of Pennsylvania at Al- 
legheny City in 1854, and that of LL. D. by the 




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92 



TALBOT 



TALBOT 




University of Cambridge, England, in 1867. In 
1859 he was elected by the house of bishops mis- 
sionary bishop of the northwest, a newly organized 
jurisdiction, covering nearly *900,000 square miles. 
He was consecrated to that office in Christ church, 
Indianapolis, 15 Feb., 1860. In 1865 he was elected 
assistant bishop of Indiana, and was translated 
to that diocese in October of that year. Upon 
the death of Bishop Upfold in 1872 he became 
bishop of Indiana. His writings include sermons, 
addresses to the convention, pastoral letters, and a 
few articles in periodicals. 

TALBOT. Silas, naval officer, b. in Dighton, 
Bristol co., Mass., in 1751 : d. in New York city, 
30 June, 1818. As a boy he served in coasting 
vessels, and during the excitement before the Revo- 
lutionary war he raised a small company. When 
the news of the battle 
of Lexington reached 
Rhode Island he was 
commissioned by that 
state as a captain, and 
joined the patriot ar- 
my in the siege of Bos- 
ton. After the British 
array had evacuated 
the town, he accom- 
panied the expedition 
to Rhode Island, after 
which he joined the 
army under General 
Washington in 1776. 
He then planned an 
attack by Are-ship on 
the British fleet in 
New York harbor. For 
this purpose he went 
up Hudson river above 
Fort Washington, where lie waited three days for 
a favorable opportunity to drift down with the fire- 
ship, which was filled with combustibles and be- 
smeared with turpentine. Talbot and his crew suc- 
ceeded in setting fire to the British ship 44 Asia,'* 
and all escaped to the Jersey shore, though he was 
severely burned. The 44 Asia " was saved from de- 
struction by the assistance of the other vessels. 
On 10 Oct. 1777, the Continental congress gave 
him a vote of thanks, and he was promoted to the 
rank of major. He was wounded in the hip dur- 
ing an engagement with the British vessels in 
Del aware river below Philadelphia, and in the fol- 
lowing year participated in the operations against 
the British at Newport. On 27 Oct, 1778, he fitted 
out a small sloop and captured the British block- 
ading schooner Pigot" with eight £uns and forty- 
five men. off Newport, R. I., for which he received 
the thanks of congr ess and was promoted to lieu- 
tenant-col one L Subsequently he planned similar 
operations against British vessels on the coast, and 
was associated with Oen. Lafayette in one of these 
hazardous attacks. Congress passed a resolution 

rromoting him to the grade of captain in the navy, 
7 Sept., 1779, and issued specific orders for him to 
arm a naval force to protect the coast of I»ng 
Inland sound, and to keep open the communica- 
tions for supplies for Gen. Horatio Gates's army. 
He fitted out his former prize, the 44 Pigot'* and 
the sloop 44 Argo," and sailed in command, under 
orders from Gen. Gates, in May, 1779, from Provi- 
dence. R. I. Soon after clearing the coast he 
captured the British schooner 44 Lively " and two 
British privateers, which he took to Boston. On 
5 Aug. ne captured a schooner of four guns, and 
on 7 Aug. he nad a desperate fight with the brig 
"King George," twelve guns, which he won by 



boarding. On 24 Aug. he captured the sloop 
"•Adventure," and the next dav the brig 44 Et 
liot." He subsequently captured: the British ship 
44 Dragon " after a severe fight, in which his speak- 
ing-trumpet was pierced by bullets and the skirts 
of his coat were shot off. Congress again recognized 
his brilliant services, and urged that he be placed 
in command of a naval vessel; but none such was 
available, and, as the owners of the 44 Argo " claimed 
their ship, he took command of the private armed 
ship 4 * George Washington," in which he was cap- 
tured by a British fleet when he was becalmed. 
He was confined in the prison-ship at New York, 
and also in the 44 Old Sugar-house prison in New 
York city. In November, 1780, he was put on 
board the 44 Yarmouth/' where he was kept in the 
hold, unable to stand upright. In this vessel, sub- 
jected to great cruelties, he made a winter voyage 
of seven weeks to England. Here he made three 
attempts to escape, and after each attempt was 
confined for forty days in a dungeon on half ra- 
tions. Benjamin Franklin and John Jay effected 
his exchange for a British officer in France, and 
he landed at Cherbourg in December, 1781. He 
sailed from France in a French brig which was 
captured by the British privateer 44 Jupiter'* when 
fifteen days out; but the British captain trans- 
ferred him to an English brig on her way from 
Lisbon to New York. Owing to litigation con- 
nected with one of his prizes, he removed to 
Philadelphia, and soon afterward he went to New 
York, where he bought an estate northwest of Al- 
bany and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He 
served as a representative of this district in con- 
gress in 1793- 4. He was commissioned captain in 
the navy, 11 May, 1798, and took command of one 
of the squadrons in the West Indies during the war 
with France. He commanded the 44 Constitution M 
as his flag-ship, and from her planned the expedi- 
tion of the 44 Sally," manned by men from the 
44 Constitution," under Lieut Isaac Hull, to cut out 
the French privateer 44 Sandwich," at Port Platte, 
Santo Domingo. After the war with France he 
had a dispute with Com. Truxtun in regard to sen- 
iority, which he settled by resigning his commis- 
sion, 21 Sept., 1801. It is said that he was wounded 
thirteen times, and carried five bullets in his body. 
He was buried in Trinitv churchyard. New York 
city. See a "Historical Sketch "of his life (New 
York, 1803), and 44 Life of Silas Talbot," by Henry 
T. Tuckerman (1850). 

TALBOT, Thomas, governor of Massachusetts, 
b. in Cambridge, Washington co., N. Y., 7 Sept, 
1818; d. in Lowell, Mass., 6 Oct, 1886. He was 
a lineal descendant of John Talbot first Earl of 
Shrewsbury. His grandfather came to this coun- 
try from Ireland in 1807. He was left an orphan 
at' the age of six. and in 1825 went to Northampton, 
Mass., with his mother, where after 1830 he worked 
in a woollen-factory. In 1835 he entered the broad- 
cloth-factory of his brother Charles, in Williams- 
burg, and in 1838 became an overseer. In that year 
and 1839 he attended school during the winter 
terms. In 1840 he entered into partnership with 
his brother, in Billerica, Mass., where he afterward 
resided. The business rapidly increased, and the 
brothers accumulated a fortune. Mr. Talbot was 
for manv years in the Massachusetts legislature, 
sat in the governor's council in 1804-'9, and in 
1872 was chosen lieutenant-governor, as a Repub- 
lican. On the election of Gov. William B. Wash- 
bume to the U. S. senate in 1873 he became gov- 
ernor. He vetoed the bill to repeal the prohibitory 

I law, and approved that to enact the ten-hour law. 

| thus arousing prejudices that deprived him of 



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his election in 1874, but in 1878 he was chosen, by 
a majority of 15,000, over Benjamin F. Butler ana 
Josiah G. Abbott, candidates of the two wings of 
the Democratic party, and served till 1880. Gov. 
Talbot did much to promote the interests of the 
town of Bill erica, and gave liberally to churches 
of all denominations, building a fine edifice for the 
Baptist society . 

TALCOTT, John, colonist, b. in Braintree, Es- 
sex co., England, about 1600; d. in Hartford, 
Conn., in March, 1660. He came to this country 
with the Rev. Thomas Hooker's company in the 
44 Lyon," which arrived in Boston on 16 Sept., 
1632, was admitted a freeman by the general court 
in Boston on 6 Nov., 1682, and in 1634 was a rep- 
resentative in that body for Newtown. He owned 
four houses in the " west end " of the town, which 
he sold to Nicholas Danforth onl May, 1636, to 
remove with Mr. Hooker's colony to Connecticut. 
His was the first house that was erected in Hart- 
ford. He was active in all the affairs of the town, 
was one of the committee that was appointed on 1 
May, 1637, to consider the propriety of a war with 
the Pequot Indians, and was a chief magistrate 
of the colony until his death. His name is in- 
scribed on the monument that has been erected by 
the citizens of Hartford to perpetuate the memory 
of the colonists of Connecticut — His son, John, 
soldier, b. in Braintree, England, about 1630 ; d. 
in Hartford, Conn., 23 July, 1688, came to Boston 
with his father, and removed with him to Hart- 
ford. He was made ensign of colonial troops in 
1660, and became captain in 1660, was elected 
a deputy, or assistant magistrate, of the colony 
of Connecticut before it was joined to New 
Haven, and was made treasurer to succeed his 
father, holding this office from 1660 till 1676. He 
was one of the patentees named in the charter 
granted to Connecticut on 20 April, 1662, by 
Charles I., and the document was intrusted to him 
with Hezekiah Wyllis and John Allyn for safe- 
keeping. At the opening of the Indian war of 
1676 he was appointed to the command of the army 
with the rank of major, and in June of that year 
went into the field at the head of the " standing 
army "of Connecticut accompanied by 200 Mohi- 
cans and Peouots. He scoured the country as far 
as the falls above Deerfield, inflicted severe blows 
upon the hostile tribes, and saved Had ley from 
the attack of 700 Indians. He also performed 
good service among the Narragan setts, and fought 
a successful battle at the Houssatonnuc, killing 
the sachem of Quabaug. Early in the war he was 
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and he was known 
as the " Indian fighter." In March, 1662, the gen- 
eral court granted to hiin and John Allyn 600 
acres of upland and 100 acres of meadow-land, to 
be laid out in Uammonaset (now Killinssworth). 
Many of his official papers are preserved among 
the state records in Hartford, and contain inter- 
esting notes regarding the war with King Philip. 
—Another son, Samuel, soldier, b. in Newtown 
(now Cambridge). Mass., about 1634 ; d. in Weth- 
ersfield, Conn., 10 Nov., 1601, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1658, and made a freeman in 1662. 
His father settled him upon land that be owned 
in Wethersfield, of which town the son was com- 
missioner from 1669 till 1684. From 1670 till 
1684 he was deputy to the general court, of which 
he was secretary in October, 1684, dunng the ab- 
sence of CoL John Allyn. On 16 May, 1676, he 
was appointed "one of a standing committee to or- 
der measures and dispose of such affairs as shall 
be necessary to attend to in the intervals of gen- 
eral court." He was made lieutenant of the Weth- 



ersfield trained band on 12 May, 1677, lieutenant of 
the troop, 14 Oct., 1679, and afterward captain of 
the troop of Hartford county. He was an original 

{)roprietor of the town of Glastonbury, ana the 
ot that he purchased in 1643 is still owned by 
his descendants. — The second John's son, Joseph, 
governor of Connecticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., 16 
Nov., 1669; d. there, 11 Oct., 1741, became assist- 
ant in 1711, and in that year was appointed one 
of a committee to lay out the town of Coventry. 
In 1724 he was made governor of Connecticut, 
serving until his death, and he was the first native 
of Connecticut to hold this office. — Samuel's great- 
great-grandson, George, soldier, b. in Glaston- 
bury, Conn., 6 Dec., 1786 ; d. in Albany. N. Y., 
25 April, 1862, entered the 25th infantry, 10 
July, 1813, and became deputy commissioner of 
ordnance, with rank of captain, 5 Aug., 1813. 
He was made 1st lieutenant, 14 March, 1814, 
transferred to the 2d artillery, 1 June, 1821, be- 
came lieutenant-colonel of ordnance, 30 May, 1882, 
and colonel and chief of ordnance on 25 March, 
1848. He was brevetted major on 5 Aug., 1823, 
for ten years' faithful service in one grade, and 
brigadier-general on 30 May, 1848, for meritorious 
conduct, particularly in performing his duties in 
prosecuting the war with Mexico. On 6 Nov., 
1850, he wrote a letter, without the sanction of the 
secretary of war, containing instructions to Col. 
Benjamin Huger, commandant of the arsenal at 
Fort Monroe, regarding the purchase of ammuni- 
tion. Upon this authority Col. Huger entered into 
a contract with Dr. Edward Carmichael for the 
purchase of a large amount of shot and shells. 
For this offence Gen. Talcott was tried by court- 
martial, found guilty, and dismissed from the 
army, to date from 8 July, 1851. The sentence 
was pronounced illegal and unjust by many well- 
known persons, who endeavored unsuccessfully to 
reinstate him in the army. After the decision of 
the court a "Review" to show the error of the 
judgment was written by Hon. John C. Spencer 
(Albany, 1851). This review contains the follow- 
ing facts, elicited from the evidence given before 
the court : That the letter from Gen. Talcott to 
Col. Huger, of 6 
Nov., 1850, referred 
to above, appears to 
have been tne mov- 
ing cause of the dif- 
ficulty between the 
secretary and Gen. 
Talcott That this 
letter was not in- 
tended by the gen- 
eral to authorize 
Col. Huger to make 
a contract with Dr. 
Carmichael, or any 
other person, but to 
direct Col. Huger to 
procure, by "open 
purchase " — a sys- 
tem known to have 
been in use for 
many years in all the departments — such an 
amount of shot and shells as he might from time 
to time require for the public service. linger, mis- 
understanding the authority given in the letter, 
made a contract with Carmichael for a largo 
amount of these articles, but did not immediate- 
ly advise the general of what he had done. In 
the mean time the secretary of war, Charles M. 
Conrad, had been informed that a contract had 
been made with Carmichael, who had tried to dis- 




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TALCOTT 



TALCOTT 



pose of it to the Tredegar iron-works for a large 
amount, and asked the general in a casual way if 
** there were any eoniraeU out for shot and shells/' 
to which the general answered in the negative. 
This was before Col. Huger's report had reached 
the ordnance department The question was re- 
peated at a second interview, still before the recep- 
tion of the report, and was answered in the same 
manner. As soon as Gen. Talcott received the 
report he called upon the secretary, and to the 
question again he answered : " No, sir, none recog- 
nized by the department." Before this last inter- 
view the general had written to Col. Huger, disap- 
proving of what he had done, that he, Huger, had 
misunderstood his instructions. He repudiated 
the transaction and disallowed the contract. Gen. 
Talcott's honesty was not impeached, his faithful 
disbursement of many millions of government 
funds during his long official life of thirty-eight 
rears, and his eminent services during the war with 
Mexico, could not be denied, but had no weight in 
the finding of the court. The question probably 
arose from a misunderstanding which might have 
been amicably settled without loss of honor to 
either party. — George's brother, Andrew, engineer, 
b. in Glastonbury, Conn., 20 April, 1797 ; d. in Rich- 
mond, Va., 22 April, 1883, was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1818, became 2d lieutenant in 
the engineer corps, and after serving a year on con- 
struction duty accompanied Gen. Henry Atkinson 
as engineer on an expedition to establish military 
posts on upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, 
lie was appointed 1st lieutenant on 1 Oct., 1820, 
and in 182l-'4 engaged in constructing the de- 
fences of Hampton Roads, Va. He was also su- 
perintending engineer of operations preliminary to 
fortifying Brenton's Point (now Fort Adams, R. 
I.) and New Utrecht (now Fort Hamilton, N. Y.), 
and engaged in the construction of Fort Dela- 
ware in 1825-'6. In 1826~'8 he was engineer of 
canals through the Dismal Swamp, Va., and from 
1828 till 1835 he was superintending engineer on 
the forts at Hampton Roads, Va., also acting as 
astronomer in determining the boundary-line be- 
tween Ohio and Michigan. He became captain on 
22 Dec., 1830, and in l834-*6 was in charge of the 
improvement of 
Hudson river. On 
21 Sept., 1836, he 
resigned his com- 
mission to become 
a civil engineer, 
and surveyed and 
constructed vari- 
ous railroads, ex- 
amined navy-yards, 
and marked: the 
northern boundary 
of Iowa. In 1857 
he became engineer 
for a railroad across 
Mexico, which was 
^ i^, - organized under 

caudon, and sur- 
veyed the line from Vera Cruz to the city of 
Mexico ; but, owing to political events, the opera- 
tions of this company were suspended, and Col. 
Talcott returned to the United States. In 1801 
he was appointed chief engineer of Virginia, 
but in 1865 he returned to Mexico and resumed 
his office as chief engineer of the railroad from 
Mexico to the Gulf. A new company was formed 
with the aid of British capital and under the im- 




perial government of Mexico, and the work of the 
railroad was prosecuted in 1865-'6, but on the 
change of government in 1867 his direction of the 
work ceased. Needing some supplies for the work, 
he came with the president to New York, where 
he was seized by the government officials and 
confined in Fort Lafayette as a spy, and accused 
of planning and constructing the fortifications 
around Richmond. He was transferred to Fort 
Adams, in Boston harbor, and kept there by the 
order of Gen. John E. Wool until Gen. John A. 
Dix was put in command of the Eastern military 
department. Gen. Dix. who knew him well and 
believed in his loyalty to the U. S. government, 
had him brought to New York, listened to his 
statement, and released him. After a visit to Eu- 
rope he spent the remainder of his life in retire- 
ment in Baltimore and Richmond. He was a fine 
mathematician, and in 1833 devised "Talcott's 
method " for determining territorial latitudes by 
the observation of stars near the zenith, contriv- 
ing a suitable modification of the zenith instru- 
ment for the purpose.— George's son, George 
Henry, soldier, b. in New York city, 16 July, 
1811; d. in Indian Springs, near Augusta, Ga., 8 
June, 1854, was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1831, assigned to the 3d artillery, and 
was brevet ted 1st lieutenant, 1 Dec, 1835, for 
gallant conduct in the war against the Florida 
Indians. He was then transferred to the ord- 
nance corps, in which he was made 1st lieutenant 
on 9 July, 1838. He was appointed captain of in- 
fantry and major of voltigeurs on 9 April, 1847, 
and served at Vera Cruz and Molino del Rey, re- 
ceiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallant 
and meritorious conduct in the latter battle, where 
he received severe wounds, which hastened his 
death.— Another son of George, Sebastian V te- 
acher, engineer, b. in New York city, 24 Nov., 
1812, entered Yale in 1829, but left college in his 
sophomore year, and. becoming a civil engineer, 
was employed by the U. S. government on the sur- 
vey of the oounaary between the United States and 
Canada, and on the improvement of Hudson river 
at Albany. He was also engaged in the primary 
surveys of the Erie railroad near its western ter- 
minus at Dunkirk, and also on the survey of the 
northeastern boundary, the improvement of the 
mouth of the Mississippi river, and the coast sur- 
vey. On the election of Horatio Seymour as gov- 
ernor of New York in 1862, Talcott was appointed 
by him quartermaster-general of the state, with the 
rank of brigadier-general, and served through the 
administration. He compiled and published " The 
Talcott Pedigree" (Albany, 1876); and "Genea- 
logical Notes of New York and New England 
Families "11883). 

TALCOTT, Mancel, merchant, b. in Rome, 
N. Y., 12 Oct., 1817; d. in Chicago, 111., 4 June, 
1878. He attended the common schools till he 
was seventeen years old, when he set out for the 
west, travelling' on foot from Detroit to Chicago 
and thence to Park Ridge, 111., where he worked at 
farming till 1850. The discovery of gold took him 
to California, where he remained till he had ac- 
cumulated enough to establish himself in business, 
when he returned and formed a life-long partner- 
ship with Horace M. Singer, of Chicago, in the stone 
business. Mr. Talcott contributed freelv toward 
public charities and the relief of humanity. — His 
wife, Mary H. (Otis), b. in Watertown, N. Y.» 
about 1820; d. in Chicago. 111., 17 April, 1888, 
married Mr. Talcott. 25 Oct., 1841. She was in 
full sympathy with her husband, and after his 
decease carried on his charitable work. Neither 



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of them desired to make known what they had 
done in the way ol charity, and wrrc careful never 
to allude to favors they had bestowed on those in 
need. During the last ten years of her life she 
distributed at least $300,000 in charity and for 
the support of the Unive realist society, of which 
she and her husband were members. During the 
last two years of her life she founded and sup- 
ported two homes or day-nurseries where poor 
laboring women could leave their children in care- 
ful hands while they were at work. In making 
her will Mrs. Taloott, after bequeathing a liberal 
part of her estate of $450,000 to her relatives, di- 
rected that the residue be equally divided into 
three parts and placed in trust with her three 
nieces to distribute as each might think best for 
religious, educational, or charitable purposes. 

TALIAFERRO, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Vir- 
ginia in 1750; d. in Wilkes county, Ga., 8 Sept., 
1881. He served in the Revolutionary army in the 
rifle corps commanded by Gen. Daniel Morgan, and 
participated in the battles of Saratoga and Mon- 
mouth and in the siege of Savannah, and was taken 
prisoner by the British at the surrender of Charles- 
ton, 12 May, 1780. Afterward he settled in Geor- 
gia, was a member of the state senate, and a dele- 
gate to the Constitutional convention of 1798. 
Elected to congress, he served from 2 Dec, 1799, 
till his resignation in 1802. Subsequently he was 
judge of the superior court. 

TALIAFERRO, John, member of congress, b. 
in Spottsylvania county, Va., in 1768; d. at Hag- 
ley, King George co., Va., 12 Aug., 1853. He was 
elected to congress from Virginia as a Democrat, 
serving from 1801 till 1803, and from 1811 till 
1813. He was again chosen to All a vacancy in 
1824, and served from 8 April of that year till 3 
March, 1831, and again from 1835 till 1843. He 
was a presidential elector in 1805 on the Jefferson 
ticket and in 1821 on the Monroe ticket, and 
served as librarian of the treasury department in 
Washington in l850-*3. 

TALIAFERRO, William Booth (tol -li ver), 
soldier, b. in Belleville, Gloucester co., Va., 28 Dec., 
1822. He was educated at Harvard and at William 
and Mary college, where he was graduated in 1841. 
He became captain in the 11th U. S. infantry, 9 
April, 1847, major of the 9th infantrv, 12 Aug., 
1847, and was mustered out, 26 Aug., 1848. At the 
beginning of the civil war he was made colonel in 
the provisional army of Virgina, 1 May, 1861, 
and he rose to be brigadier-general in the Confed- 
erate service, 4 March, 1862, and major-general, 1 
Jan.. 1865. He commanded the Confederate troops 
in 1861 at Gloucester point, Va., took part in 
the engagements at Carrick's Ford, Va, 13 July, 
and in most of the battles of the Army of Northern 
Virginia to March, 1863, when he was placed in 
charge of the district of Savannah, Ga. In July 
of the same rear he commanded the troops and 
defences on Morris island, S. C, and in August 
following the forces on James island. In February, 
1864, he led a division in Florida, consisting of 
four brigades. In May. 1864, he was put in com- 
mand of the 7th military district of South Carolina, 
and in December following he was assigned to the 
command of the district of South Carolina. In 
January, 1865, he led a division composed of the 
brigades of Elliott, Rhett, and Anderson. Gen. Tal- 
iaferro was a member of the general assembly of 
Virginia for ten years and Democratic presidential 
elector in 1856. He was grand-master of Masons 
in Virginia in 1876-7, and member of the boards 
of visitors of Virginia military institute, of the 
Mechanical and agricultural college of the state, of 




William and Mary college, and of the State normal 
school for the education of women. 

TALLM A DUE, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Brook- 
haven, N. Y., 25 Feb., 1754 ; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 
7 March, 1835. His father, Benjamin, was a clergy- 
man. After graduation at Yale in 1773 the son had 
charge of a high- 
school in Wethers- 
field until20 June, 
1776, when he was 
appointed lieuten- 
ant and adjutant 
in a Connecti- 
cut regiment and 
served through- 
out the Revolu- 
tionary war. On 
15 Dec, 1776, he 
was appointed by 
Gen. Washington 
captain in the 2d 
light dragoons, 
and he was pro- 
moted major on 7 
April, 1777. A 
separate detach- 
ment for special 
services was com- 
mitted to him 
several times during the war, and he then received 
his orders directly from the commander-in-chief, 
ne participated in the battles of Short Hills and 
Brandywine, and at Gcrrnantown his detachment 
was at the head of Gen. John Sullivan's division. 
By order of Gen. Washington, Maj. Tallmadge 
repeatedly threw his dragoons across the principal 
thoroughfare to check the retreat of the infant- 
ry. He was stationed with his troops at Valley 
Forge in 1777, reconnoitred the country between 
Schuylkill and Delaware rivers, and served at 
Monmouth. On 5 Sept., 1779, he became colonel, 
and perfonned a brilliant exploit in crossing Long 
Island sound to Lloyd's Neck, L. I., where ne sur- 
prised and captured 500 Tory marauders without 
the loss of a man. In 1780 he planned and con- 
ducted the expedition that resulted in the taking 
of Fort George at Oyster Bay, L. I., and the de- 
struction of the British stores on the island, for 
which service he received the thanks of congress. 
He was for some time a member of Washington's 
military family and carried on with him an im- 
portant confidential correspondence in 1778-*83. 
Col. Tallmadge had the custody of Maj. John 
Andre" until his execution, and walked with him 
to the scaffold, where they bade an affectionate 
farewell. Years afterward Tallmadge wrote : " I 
became so deeply attached to Major Andre that 
I can remember no instance where my affections 
were so fully absorbed in anv man. When I saw 
him swinging under the gibbet it seemed for a 
time as if I could not support it." After the war 
he returned to Litehfield, where he engaged suc- 
cessfully in mercantile pursuits. He was elected 
to congress as a Federalist and served from 
7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March, 1817. Col. Tallmadge 
was made the first treasurer and subsequently 
president of the Connecticut Society of the Cin- 
cinnati, and was much esteemed for his social 
qualities and numerous gifts to public and pri- 
vate charities. In 1782 he bought the property 
in Litchfield that is still known as the Tallmadge 
Place, and is now the summer residence of his 
granddaughter, Mrs. William Curtis Noyes. Yale 
gave him the degree of M. A. in 1778. He pre- 
pared his 44 Memoirs at the Request of his Chil- 



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TALLMADGE 



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drcn," which wore printed privately by his son, 
Frederick Augustus rallmadge (New York, 185!)). 
C'ol. Tallmadge married the daughter of Gen. 
William Floyd, a signer of the Declaration of In- 
dependence. — His son, Frederick Augustus, 
lawyer, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 29 Aug., 1792; d. 
there, 17 Sept., 180U, was gnuluatcd at Yale in 
1811, studied law at the Litchfield law-school, was 
admitted to the bar. and began practice in New 
York. During the closing months of the war with 
Great Britain ne commanded a troop of volunteer 
cavalry on I^ong Island. He was made an alder- 
man of New York in 18SJ4, a common councilman 
in 1KH0. and was a state senator from 1837 till 1840, 
serving as president of that body and at the same 
time as ex-officw judge of the supreme court of 
errors. In 1841— "6 he was recorder of New York, 
and he held this office again from 1848 till 1851. 
He was elected to congress as a Whig and served 
from 6 Dec., 1847, till 8 March, 1849. From 1857 
till 1H4S2 he was general superintendent of the Met- 
ropolitan hoard of police, and in 1862-'5 he was 
clerk of the court of appeals. Afterward he 
practised law in New York city. He became best 
known for the energy that he 'displayed while he 
was recorder in suppressing the Astor place riot 
of Mav, 1849. (See Forrkst, Edwin.)— Another 
son, William Smith, served as a colonel in the 
war of 1812. 

TALL MADGE, James, lawyer, b. in Stanford, 
Dutchess co., N. Y., 28 Jan., 1778 ; d. in New York 
city, 29 Sept., 1858. His father. Col. James (1744 
to 1821). led a company of volunteers at the cap- 
ture of Gen. John Burgoyne. After graduation at 
Brown in 1798 the son studied law, was admitted 
to the bar. and practised several years in Pough- 
keepsie and New York, and also gave attention to 
agriculture, owning a farm in Dutchess county. 
For some time he was private secretary to Gov. 
George Clinton, and during the war of 1812-'15 
he commanded a company of home-guards in the 
defence of New York, lie was elected a repre- 
sentative to congress as a Democrat, and served 
from 1 Dec., 1817, till 8 March, 1819, but declined 
a re-election. In that body he defended Gen. An- 
drew Jackson's course in the Seminole war. and in- 
troduced, as an amendment to the bill authorizing 
the people of Missouri to form a state organiza- 
tion, a proposition to exclude slavery from that 
state when admitted to the Union. In support of 
this amendment Gen. Tallmadge delivered a pow- 
erful speech, 15 Feb., 1819. in opposition to the 
extension of slavery. This was widely circulated, 
and was translated "into German. He'was a dele- 
gate to the New York constitutional conventions 
of 1821 and 1846, a member of the state assembly 
in 1824, and delivered a speec h on 5 Aug., 1824. on 
the bill to provide for the choice by the people of 
presidential electors. In 1825-*6 he was lieuten- 
ant-governor of New York, and while holding this 
office he delivered a speech at the reception of 
I Afayette in New York on 4 July, 1825. In 1886 
he visited Russia, and aided in introducing into 
that country several American mechanical inven- 
tions, especially cotton-spinning machinery. From 
1*81 till 1850* he was president of the American 
institute, of which he was a founder. He also 
aided in establishing the University of the city of 
New York, which gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1888. and he was president of its council for 
many years. Gen. Tallmadge was a leading expo- 
nent of the Whig doctrine of protection to Ameri- 
can industry, and published numerous speeches 
and addresses which were directed to the encour- 
agement of domestic production. He also deliv- 



• ered a en login in nt the memorial ceremonies of 
; Lafayette by the corporation and citizens of New 
| York, 26 June, 1884. Gen. Tallmadge was an 
eloquent orator and vigorous writer. His only 
; daughter was one of the most licautiftil women in 
! the country, and after her return from Russia, to 
! which court she accompanied her father, married 
i Philip S. Van Rensselaer, of Albany, third son of 
the patroon. Their only surviving son, James 
Tallmadge Van Rensselaer, is a well-known lawyer 
of New York citv. 

TALLMADUfc, Nathaniel Pitcher, senator, 
b. in Chatham. N. Y.. 8 Feb.. 1795; d. in Rattle 
Creek, Mich., 2 Nov.. 1864. He was graduated at 
Union in 1815, studied law. was admitted to the 
bar in 1818, and served in the lower house of the 
legislature in 1828, and in the state senate in 
1830-'3. He was then elected to the U. S. senate, 
and served from 2 Dec.. 1833, till 17 June. 1844, 
when he resigned. In 1844 he was appointed gov- 
ernor of Wisconsin territory, changing his resi- 
dence from Poughkeepsie, >f. Y., to Fond du I^ac, 
but he was removed in 1846. Mr. Tallmadge be- 
came a con vert to spiritualism. He published sev- 
eral speeches and contributed an introduction and 
appendix to Charles Linton's ** Healing of the Na- 
tions " (New York, 1855).— His son. Grler, soldier, 
b. in Dutchess count v. N. Y., in 1826 ; d. in Fort 
Monroe, Va., 11 Oct.,' 1862, was graduated at the 
U.S. military academy in 1848, assigned to the 1st 
artillery, and served on garrison duty in the west. 
In 1861 he was made captain in the quartermas- 
ter's department at Fort Monroe, discharging also 
the duties of assistant adjutant-general. The M con- 
traband " idea put into practice by Gen. Benjamin 
F. Butler is said to have originated with him. 

TALLMAN, Peleg, merchant, b. in Tiverton, 
R. I., 24 July. 1764 ; d. in Bath, Me., 12 March, 
1840. He received a public-school education, and 
at the age of fourteen entered the privateer service 
against Great Britain. He served on the "Trum- 
bull," lost an arm in the engagement between this 
vessel and the *• Watt " in 1780, and was captured 
and imprisoned in England and Ireland in 1y81-'H. 
Subsequently he became master of a vessel and 
afterward a merchant at Bath, where he acquired 
a fortune. He was elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat, served from 4 Nov.. 1811. till 3 March. 1813, 
but declined a re-election and refused to support 
the war with Kngland. 

TALMADGK, Matthias Burnet, lawyer, b. in 
Stamford, Dutchess co., N. Y., 1 March, 1774; d. in 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 7 Oct., 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1795, studied law with Chief -Justice 
Spencer at Hudson, N. Y., and began the practice 
of his profession at Herkimer. While residing 
there he represented his county in the legislature, 
and the western district of New York in the state 
senate. Having been appointed judge of the U. S. 
district court for New York, he removed to New 
York city, where he won distinction as a jurist. In 
1811 he united with the Baptist church in Pough- 
keepsie, and thenceforth became active in the en- 
terprises of that denomination. He married Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Gov. George Clinton. 

TALM AGE, John Van Neat missionary, b. in 
Somerville, N. J., 18 Aug., 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Rutgers in 1842 and at New Brunswick 
seminary in 1845, in which year he was licensed 
by the classis of Philadelphia. Since 1846 he has 
been a missionary of the Reformed church in 
China. Rutgers gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1867. He has translated several books of the 
Bible into the Amov colloquial dialect, and is the 
author of a " Chinese-English Dictionary " (1888). 



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TALMAOE 



TALON 



27 




— ITif« brother, Thomas De Witt, clergyman, b. 
in Bound Brook, N. .1., 7 Jan., 1832, Has educated 
at the University of the city of New York in the 
class of 1853, but was not graduated. After gradu- 
ation at New Brunswick theological seminary in 
18o0, he was or- 
dained pastor of the 
Reformed Dutch 
church in Belle- 
ville, N. J. lie 
had charge of the 
church in Syracuse, 
N. Y., from 1859 
till 1802, and of 
one in Philadelphia 
inl802-'9. During 
the civil war he was 
chaplain of a Penn- 
sylvania regiment, 
and he is now chap- 
lain of the 13th 
New York regi- 
ment. In 1809 he 
was made pastor of the Central Presbyterian church 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., which post he still holds. In 
1870 his congregation erected a new semicircular 
church of wood and iron capable of seating 8,400 
persons. This building, known as the Brooklyn 
Tabernacle, was enlarged in 1871 so as to seat 500 
more, but it was destroyed by fire on 22 Dec, 1872. 
On 22 Feb., 1874, a new Tabernacle was dedicated. 
It is in the Gothic style, with seats for 5,000 per- 
sons, and is the largest Protestant church in this 
country. In 1872 he organized in the building that 
was fonnerly occupied bv his congregation a lay 
college for religious training. He is a popular lec- 
turer, and appears once a week in this capacity. 
He attracts large audiences and his sermorfs are 

Kublished weekly in nearly 000 religious and seen- 
ir journals in this country and in Europe, being 
translated into various languages. The University 
of the city of New York gave him the degree of 
A. M. in 1802, and he received that of D. D. from 
the University of Tennessee in 1884. In addition 
to numerous lectures and addresses and sketches 
and light essays on moral subjects, which have 
been printed in magazines and weekly papers, he 
has edited "The Christian at Work" (New York, 
1873-'0); "The Advance," of Chicago (1877- 8); 
and he now conducts " Prank Leslie's Sunday Maga- 
zine." Dr. Talmage has published "The Almond- 
Tree in Blossom" (Philadelphia, 1870); "Crumbs 
swept Up" (1870): "Sermons" (4 vols., New York. 
1872-'5) ; " Abominations of Modern Societv " (New 
York. 1872; 2d ed., 1870); "One Thousand Gems, 
or Brilliant Passages and Anecdotes " (1878) ; " Old 
Wells dug Out " (1874) ; " Around the Tea-Table " 
(Philadelphia, 1874); "Sports that Kill" (New 
York, 1 875) : " Every-Day Religion " (1875) ; " Night 
Sides of Citv Life" (1878); "Masque torn Off" 
(1879); " The Brooklyn Tabernacle, a Collection of 
104 Sermons" (1884); and "The Marriage Ring" 
(1886). Two other brothers are ministers — the 
Rev. Dr. James R. of the Congregational, and the 
Rev. Gorif of the Reformed Dutch church. 

TALMAOE, Samnel Ken *e4j. educator, b. in 
Somenrille. N. J., in 1798; d. in Midway, Ga., 2 
Oct., 1805. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1820 and was tutor there in 1822-'5. Prom 1838 
till 1841 he was professor of ancient languages at 
Oglethorpe university, of which he was president 
from 1841 until his death. Princeton pave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1845. He contributed to 
the "Southern Presbyterian Review," and pub- 
lished several sermons and addresses. 



TALON, Indian chief, b. aliout 1075. He was 
also called Jean le Blanc and Outoutaua, the 
latter l>eing probably his real name. He was chief 
of the Ottawas du Sable, and an able orator. His 
elofjuence gave him treat influence, and ho was 
spokesman for the Indian allies of the French in 
their conference with Callicres, the French gov- 
ernor of Canada in 1701. In 1700 the Ottawas 
made an attack on Detroit, and having seized the 
Recollet chaplain of the fort, Father Constautin, 
were al>out to slay him, when Talon saved him 
from death and tagged him to ask the comman- 
dant to stop firing on them, as they had no designs 
on the fort, but only on the Miamis, who were pro- 
tected by it. He retired shortly afterward with 
his tribe- to Mackinaw. In June, 1707, he set. out 
for Montreal, as the spokesman of the Ottawa 
chiefs. He made a long harangue to Vaudreuil, 
the governor, in which he stated that the trouble 
at Detroit had been occasioned by the comman- 
dant, Bourgmont. who refused him an audience no 
less than seven times. Vaudreuil refused to make 
|>eace until the surrender of Ije Pesant, a chief 
who was supposed to have been principally instru- 
mental in urging the Ottawas to attack the Miamis. 
Ijc Pesant gave himself up, but, on the entreaty of 
Talon and other chiefs, was pardoned. 

TALON, Cdonard (tah-long). Flemish adminis- 
trator, b. in Ghent in 1759; d. in Bruges in 1819. 
He early entered the Portuguese service and held 
for twenty years important offices under the gov- 
ernment of Brazil. In 1810 he was secretary of 
the commission to mark the boundary between the 
Portuguese and Sf>anish possessions in South 
America, and from 1812 tilt 1815 he was chief of 
the local administration of French Guiana, which 
had been surrendered to the Portuguese. He re- 
turned to Europe in 1817. and died suddenly at 
Bruges during a journev. His works include " Me- 
morial sobre a administracao das provincias de 
Minas-Geraes e Rio Grande do Sul " (Lisbon, 1804) ; 
" Estatistica politica e commercial do Brazil " (2 
vols., 1805) ; " Historia de Gomez Freire de Andra- 
da eda guerra das sete Missocs" (2 vols., 1808); 
"Expose" de l'ltat present de la Guiane" (1817); 
and "Memoire sur l'administ ration du capitaine 
general Victor Hugues" (1817). 

TALON, Jean-Baptiste, French administrator, 
b. in Picardy in 1025; d. in Versailles in 1091. 
He held offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux 
and Lyons, was intendant of Hainaut in 1001-*8, 
and was appointed on 
23 March, 1003, in- 
tendant of justice, 
police, and finance 
of Canada, Acadia 
(Newfoundland), and 
other possessions of 
the crown in North 
America He was 
the second intendant 
of New France, which 
greatly improved and 
prospered under his 
administration. Af- 
ter compelling the 
company of New 
France to abandon 
its monopoly of 
trade in Canada, he 
endeavored to de- 
velop the resources 
of trie country, was 

the first to build ships in the colony, established a 
trade between Canada and the West Indies, cod- 




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TALON 



fisheries along the river SL Lawrence, built the first 
brewery in North America, and tried to open a road 
across the country to Acadia. Under his auspices 
Saint-Simon and Albanel penetrated to Hudson 
bay, and Daumont de Saint-Lusson took possession 
in the king's name of the country of the upper 
lakes, and he prepared the way for the remarkable 
series of explorations that led to the discovery of the 
whole of the great northwest. He urged upon the 
king a measure from which, according to Francis 
Park man, had it taken effect, momentous conse- 
quences must have sprung. This was the purchase 
or seizure of New York, involving the isolation of 
New England, the subjection of the Iroquois, and 
the undisputed control for France of half the 
American continent. He also established a military 
aristocracy in Canada, promoted immigration, and 
took special care to provide for the increase of the 
population, laying restrictions and taxes upon the 
unmarried of both sexes. His health failing in 
1668, he asked for his recall, which Louis XIV. 
granted with strong expressions of regret ; but two 
years later he resumed the intendancy till 1672, 
when he returned to France and obtained a high 
post in the kings household. In 1671 the seigniory 
that he had founded at Des Islets in Canada was 
erected into a barony ; in 1675 his two other seignio- 
ries of Ormale and Orsainville were likewise made 
baronies, and he afterward took the title of Count 
d 'Orsainville. In 1666 he addressed to the king a 
memoir upon the Indian company, and his 44 Me- 
moir* a S* Majest6 sur 1'etat present du Canada " 
(1667), which is preserved in the National library 
at Paris, has always been consulted by the Canadian 
historians, and is greatly praised by Francis Park- 
man in his 44 Old Regime in Canada. Talon's por- 
trait is preserved in the Hdtel-Dieu of Quebec 

TALON, Pierre, explorer, b. in Canada in the 
second half of the 17th century; d. after 1700. 
His father, Lucien, accompanied by the entire 
family, joined La Salle's expedition in 1684. He 
was also, with a younger brother, a member of the 
party that entered the country of the Illinois in 
1687. After the assassination of La Salle, Pierre 
took refuge among the Cenis Indians, by whom he 
was well treated. On the arrival of a Spanish 
force at the village, he was arrested, but was soon 
released and asked to remain, as interpreter, with 
Franciscan missionaries who accompanied the sol- 
diers. He then told the Spaniards that his three 
brothers and a sister were slaves among the Clam- 
coeta or Carancaguaces. and, at his request, a de- 
tachment was sent for them. Two of his brothers 
and his sister were rescued, but the other brother 
remained with the Indians until 1691. They all 
went to Mexico after some time, and were taken 
into the service of the viceroy. Talon wrote an 
account of the death of La Salle, which is pre- 
served in the French dlpSt de la marine, and is 
entitled 44 Interrogations faites a Pierre et Jean Ta- 
lon, par ordre de Mr. le Comte de Pontchartrain, a 
leur arrive© de la Vera Cruz, le 14 Septembre, 1698." 
Charlevoix made use of this document in his ac- 
count of the death of La Salle. He says that the 
author, who seems strongly prejudiced against La 
Salle, agrees with Joutel as to the manner of the 
murder, but not as to the names of the assassins 
and the attendant circumstances. 

T ALTON, Augustus, clergyman, b. in Ralls 
count v. Ma. in 1854. He is the first colored Ro- 
man Catholic priest in the United States. He 
was born in slavery and suffered many hardships 
in his childhood, but at lenjrth escaped with his 
parents, reaching Quincy, 111., in 1861. In childhood 
be showed an aptitude for learning, and in his 



TANEY 



days of bondage it was no unusual thing for him 
to sit up half the night painfully spelling his way 
through such books as came within his reach. He 
was employed in a tobacco-factory in Quincy, but 
still continued his night studies under the aus- 
pices of the professors in St. Francis's college. In 
1873, when he left the tobacco-factory, by doing 
odd jobs, he was able to spend part of the day in 
the college. He set out for Rome on 15 Feb., 1880, 
and, entering one of the colleges of the Propagan- 
da on 12 March, spent two years in studying phi- 
losophy and four in going through the theological 
curriculum, and attracted the favorable notice of 
his superiors. He was ordained priest on 24 April, 
1886, and returned to Quincy, 111., where he was 
appointed pastor of a white congregation. 

TAMMANY, Indian chief, lived in the 17th 
century. He was chief of the Do law ares, and was 
variously called Temane, Tamenand, Taminent, 
Tameny, and Tammany. According to one ac- 
count, he was the first Indian to welcome William 
Penn to this country, and was a party to Penn's 
famous treaty. Another story places his wigwam 
on the present site of Princeton college, and an- 
other says that he lived in the hills of northeastern 
Pennsylvania, and that he died at an advanced 
age near a spring in Bucks county. Pa. He was a 
sagamore, and belonged to the Lenni Lennape 
confederacy of New York and Pennsylvania, 
which warred perpetually against the Six Nations 
and the Manhattan Indians. The tradition is that 
the evil spirit sought to gain a share in the ad- 
ministration of his kingdom, but Tammany re- 
fused to hold intercourse with him. The enemy 
then resorted to strategy, and attempted to enter 
his country, but was foiled by the chief, and at 
length determined to destroy him. A duel was 
waged for many moons, during which forests were 
trampled under foot, which have since remained 
prairie lands. Finally Tammany tripped his ad- 
versary, threw him to the grouna, ana would have 
sealpecl him, but the evil spirit extricated himself 
and escaped to Manhattan, where he was wel- 
comed by the natives, and afterward made his 
home with them. Tammany appears to have been 
a brave and influential chieftain, and his nation 
reverenced his memory by bestowing his name 

rn those that deserved that honor. He is now 
(fly known as the patron of a Democratic po- 
litical organization in New York city called the 
Tarn man y society. 

TANEY, Roger Brooke (taw'-ny), jurist, b. in 
Calvert county, Md., 17 March, 1777; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 12 Oct., 1864. He was the son of a 
Roman Catholic planter, of a family that came to 
Maryland in the early emigration from England, 
who had been educated in SL Omer, France, and 
Bruges, United Netherlands, in the Jesuit college, 
and was frequently elected to the house of dele- 
gates. The son was graduated at Dickinson col- 
lege in 1795. He read law in Annapolis with Jere- 
miah Chase, then a judge of the general court, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1799. His father, who 
was ambitious of political honors for his son, per- 
suaded him to begin practice in his native county, 
where, in the autumn of the same year, he was 
elected to the house of delegates. He was the 
youngest member in that body, yet was distin- 
guished for the maturity of his opinions and his 
dialectic powers. He was defeated at the next 
election by a Republican, and in March, 1801, re- 
moved to Frederick. Although he was unknown 
in that part of the state, his acuteness, thorough- 
ness, ana eloquence brought him a lucrative prac- 
tice, and before many years passed he was retained 



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TANEY 



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29 




in important and intricate cases, and confronted 
the leaders of the Maryland bar. He was a candi- 
date for the house of delegates on the Federalist 
ticket in 1803, but was defeated. On 7 Jan., 1806, 
he married Anne Phebe Charlton Key, sister of 
Francis Scott Key, who had been his fellow law- 
student In 1811 he defended Gen. James Wilkin- 
son on his trial be- 
fore a court-mar- 
tial, thereby shar- 
ing the odium that 
then attached to 
that officer, yet re- 
fusing to take a fee 
for nis services. 
During the war 
with Great Britain 
he led the wing of 
the Federal party 
that upheld the 
policy of the gov- 
ernment, and was a 
candidate for con- 
gress, failing of 
election by a few 
votes. He was sent 
to the state senate 
in 1816, and drew 
up many of the bills 
that were passed 
during his term of service. He endured the dis- 
approbation of his neighbors by courageously ap- 
pearing in 1819 in defence of' Jacob Gruber, a 
Methodist minister from Pennsylvania, who in a 
camp-meeting had condemned slavery in bitter 
language, and who was indicted as an inciter of 
insurrection among the negroes. In his opening 
argument Taney declared of slavery that " while 
it continues, it is a blot on our national charac- 
ter." In 1821 he was counsel in the important 
case of Brown vs. Kennedy, which involved the 
question of the original proprietary title to lands 
that had been reclaimed from the navigable waters 
of Maryland, and in the following year in one 
connected with the law of charitable trusts. He 
removed in 1823 to Baltimore, where the death 
of William Pinkney, the retirement of Luther 
Martin, and the decease of other eminent lawyers 
left him at the head of the bar until William 
Wirt came in 1829 to divide with him that distinc- 
tion. With many other Federals of the south, 
Taney passed over into the Democratic party, and 
supported the candidacy of Andrew Jackson for 
the presidency in 1824. In 1826 he argued the 
case of Ringgold vs. Ringgold, in which the doc- 
trine of trusts was discussed, and, with Wirt, rep- 
resented the state of Maryland in the Lord Balti- 
more case before the U. S. supreme court. In 1827 
he was appointed attorney-general of Maryland, 
and on 27 Dec, 1831, he succeeded John M. Ber- 
rien as attorney-general of the United States. He 
became President Jackson's most trusted counsel- 
lor, and encouraged and sustained him in his deter- 
mination to remove the government deposits from 
the United States bank. There were only two mem- 
bers of the cabinet that approved this action, and 
when William J. Duane hesitated to carry out the 
president's decree he was removed and 1*aney was 
appointed secretary of the treasury. He entered 
upon the duties of the office on 24 Sept., 1833, and 
two days afterward issued the order for the re- 
moval of the deposits on 1 Oct The bank there- 
fore called in its loans and refused accommodation, 
locking up a large part of the currency, and pro- 
ducing a financial stringency that affected all 



classes, for which the president was held respon- 
sible by the opposition. Sec Taney was a special 
object of vituperation and scorn, because he was 
supposed to have been the 44 pliant instrument " of 
the president in his arbitrary purpose from mo- 
tives of selfish ambition. His nomination to the 
office was sent to the senate for confirmation on 23 
June, 1834, having been withheld till near the 
close of the session, which, owing to the subject 
most prominently brought up in debate, has been 
known as the "panic session." On 24 June the 
hostile majority rejected the appointment, it being 
the first time that a president's selection of a cabi- 
net officer had not been confirmed. On the fol- 
lowing day Mr. Taney sent in his resignation, 
which was accepted by President Jackson in a let- 
ter expressing gratitude for his patriotic and dis- 
interested aid during the crisis. In January, 1835, 
on the retirement of Gabriel Duval, associate jus- 
tice of the U. S. supreme court, President Jackson 
named Mr. Taney for the vacant judgeship ; but the 
senate refused to ratify the nomination. During 
the ensuing year the political complexion of the 
senate was changed, and when, after the death of 
John Marshall, the president, on 26 Dec, 1835, 
nominated Mr. Taney to be chief justice of the 
United States, he was confirmed on 15 March, 
1836, by 29 votes against 15, notwithstanding the 
denunciations of Henry Clay and other political 
opponents. He took his seat on the bench as cir- 
cuit judge at Baltimore in April, beginning his 
functions by abolishing the custom of giving pre- 
liminary instructions to the grand jury. In Janu- 
ary, 1837, he presided over the full bench. 

His first decisions showed divergence between 
his view of the constitution and that of his pred- 
ecessor, who had been more and more drawn to 
allow a wide scope to the powers of congress and 
to limit the sphere of state sovereignty. In the 
case of the City of New York vs. Miln, Chief-Jus- 
tice Taney and the majority of the court decided 
that an act of the legislature of New York requir- 
ing masters of vessels to make reports of passen- 
gers on arriving was a police regulation that did not 
interfere with the power of congress to regulate for- 
eign commerce. In the case of Briscoe vs. the Bank 
of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the court re- 
versed the decision of Marshall, who held that the 
act establishing the bank was a violation of the pro- 
vision of the constitution that restrains states from 
emitting bills of credit. In the Charles-river-bridge 
suit he delivered a judgment under which state 
legislatures were free to authorize bridges, railroads, 
and similar improvements without regard to im- 
plied contracts in former grants and monopolies. 
These decisions almost impelled Justice Joseph 
Story to resign, and caused Chancellor James Kent 
to say that he had lost confidence in the constitu- 
tional guardianship of the supreme court. In the 
case of disputed boundaries between Massachusetts 
and Rhode Island, the chief justice, dissenting from 
the judgment of the court, held that the Federal 
tribunal had no power to decide questions of politi- 
cal jurisdiction between sovereign states. I n 1889 he 
delivered the opinion in the case of the Bank of Au- 
gusta vs. Earle, in which he laid down the principle 
that corporations chartered in one state may make 
contracts in others by the comity of nations. The 
claim of the proprietors of East Jersey to the oys- 
ter-fisheries in Raritan river was disallowed on the 
ground that fishery rights bad passed with the 
powers of government into the hands of the state. 
In the case of Prigp vs. the Commonwealth of 
Pennsylvania, the chief justice for the first time 
pronounced a state law unconstitutional. Prigg, as 



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TANEY 



TANEY 



agent for a Maryland slave-holder, had seized and 
carried back to her master an escaped female slave, 
for which he was indicted under a state law, which 
made it a penal act to earn* a negro or mulatto by 
force out of the state. Justice Story delivered the 
opinion, which declared the law unconstitutional 
because the remedy for fugitives from labor is 
vested exclusively in congress. Chief -Justice 
Taney hehi, however, that states could pass laws 
for the rendition of escaped servants, but not to 
impair the right of the master to seize his fugitive 
slave, which he declared to be the law of each 
state. He concurred with Justice Story and Jus- 
tice John McLean, and protected the rights of the 
Federal government in the Holmes habeas corpus 
case, in which he denied the authority of the gov- 
ernor of Vermont to extradite a fugitive from jus- 
tice, because all foreign intercourse belongs to the 
Federal government In 1847 the court decided, 
in the Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New 
Hampshire license cases, that a state can regulate 
or prohibit the retail sale of wines or spirits that 
congress has authorized to be imported. In the 
Massachusetts and New York passenger cases the 
chief justice delivered an opinion that the state 
authorities could impose a head-tax on immigrants, 
on the grounds that the power of congress to regu- 
late commerce is not exclusive, and that persons 
are not subjects of commerce. In 1849 he declined 
to pronounce judgment as to which of the con- 
tending governments of Rhode Island was the 
legitimate one, as it belonged to the political and 
not to the judicial department of the government 
to determine that question. In 1845 he upheld 
the constitutionality of the law of congress that 
extended admiralty jurisdiction over the lakes and 
connecting navigable waters, although English 
precedents limited it to tide-water. 

In the midst of the excitement that attended the 
passage of the Kansas- Nebraska bill (30 Mav, 1854), 
and the strife of free-soilers and slave-holders, the 
Dred Scott case, to which President Buchanan 
alluded in his inaugural message, came before the 
supreme court for decision. It involved the ques- 
tion whether congress had the power to exclude sla- 
very from the territories. The case was presented 
in 1854, and, after being twit* argued, was final- 
ly decided in 1857. The opinion of the court was 
written by Chief-Justice Taney, who entered into 
an elaborate historical exposition of the status of 
the negT?, the other five judges who concurred in 
the decision delivering separate opinions. He held 
that the plaintiff in error, Dred Scott, was debarred 
from seeking a remedy in the U. S. circuit court 
for Missouri, on the ground that he was not a citi- 
zen of that state, and enunciated the general prin- 
ciple that negroes could not become citizens by the 
act of any state or of the United States, since, be- 
fore the adoption of the constitution, the colonies 
had special laws for colored people, whether slave 
or free, and congress had not authorized their 
naturalization or enrolled them in the militia. 
- They had for more than a century before been 
regarded as beings of an inferior order, and alto- 
gether unfit to associate with the white race, either 
in social or political relations, and so far inferior 
that they had no right* which the white man was 
bound to respect, and that the negro might justly 
and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. * 
He held, further, that the Missouri compromise 
and other lawn of congress inhibiting slavery in 
the territories of the United States were unconsti- 
tutional, and that whatever measure of freedom 
Dred Scott may have acquired by his residence in 
Illinois, he lost by being subsequently removed into 



the territory of Wisconsin, and by his return 
thence to Missouri. This deliverance, made two 
days after the inauguration of President Buchanan, 
produced intense excitement throughout the coun- 
try and a strong reaction in favor of the anti-sla- 
very party. The chief justice replied to the strict- 
ures that it provoked, and especially to a direct 
attack on the supreme court made by William H. 
Seward in the senate, in a supplementary opinion 
explaining and justifying his legal deductions. In 
the following year a case that arose under the fugi- 
tive-slave law of 1850 came before Chief -Justice 
Taney. Sherman M. Booth, who had been sen- 
tenced by the U. S. district court for aiding in the 
escape of a negro from slavery, was released on 
habeas corpus proceedings by the supreme court of 
Wisconsin, which refused to take cognizance of 
the subsequent mandates of the supreme court of 
the Unitea States in the matter. In reviewing the 
case Chief-Justice Taney affirmed the constitution- 
ality of the fugitive-slave law, and declared that 
"so long as this constitution shall endure, this 
tribunal must exist with it, deciding in the peace- 
ful forms of judicial procedure the angry and irri- 
tating controversies between sovereignties which in 
other countries have been decided by the arbitrament 
of force/* The reversal of the judgment of the state 
court called forth a declaration of the legislature of 
Wisconsin that the government of the United States 
was not the final judge of the extent of its powers, 
but that the states, as parties to the compact, have 
an equal right to determine infractions of their 
rights and the mode of their redress, and that the 
judgment of the Federal court was 44 void and of 
no force." The chief question at issue in the presi- 
dential election of 1860 was whether the Dred 
Scott decision, throwing all the territories of the 
United States open to slavery and denying to col- 
ored persons any standing in courts of law, should 
be maintained as the true construction of the con- 
stitution. On 13 March, 1861, Chief-Justice Taney 
delivered the opinion of the court in mandamus 
proceedings brought by the state of Kentucky 
against the governor of Ohio to compel him to 
cause the arrest and delivery of Willis Lago, a free 
man of color who, while under indictment for as- 
sisting a slave to escape, had fled from Kentucky. 
He affirmed the right of Kentucky to demand the 
person of the fugitive, and the obligation of Ohio 
to render him up, yet denied the jurisdiction of 
the IT. S. court in the case. 

When, after the secession of the southern states, 
martial law was proclaimed in Maryland, Chief- 
Justice Taney, on application of John Merry man, 
arrested by order of Gen. George Cadwalader. or- 
dered the release of the prisoner, issued an at- 
tachment against the officer, and filed an opinion, 
to be laid before President Lincoln, in which he 
denied the right of the president to suspend the 
writ of habeas corpus, affirming that such power is 
vested in congress alone. When congress passed 
an act to withhold three per cent, of the salaries of 
government officers, Chief-Justice Taney, on 16 
Feb., 1863. sent a letter to the secretary of the 
treasury. Salmon P. Chase, pointing out the un- 
constitutionality of this law so far as it affected 
the judges of the U. S. courts. In the matter of a 
seizure of contraband goods, he delivered on 8 
June, 1863. an opinion at niri prints, in which he 
censured the duplicity of the government detectives, 
ordered the price of *he goods to be restored to the 
smugglers, and mulcted the provost-marshal and 
his assistants in damages and costs. Chief -Justice 
> Tanev died on the same day on which the state of 
| Maryland abolished slavery. His judicial opinions 



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81 



and decisions are contained in the " Supreme Court 
Reports'* of licnjamin R. Curtis, Benjamin C. 
llowanl, and Jeremiah S. Black. His opinions as 
a circuit judge from 1830 till 1861 were reported 
by his son-in-law, James Mason ( 'am pi K' II. lie 
wrote Andrew Jackson's farewell address on retir- 
ing from the presidency. At the age of seventy- 
seven he l>cgan an autobiography, which he brought 
down to 1801. and which forms the introduction to 
a "Memoir" by Samuel Tyler (Baltimore, 1872). 

TANUUAY, CIprlan, Canadian clergyman, b. 
in Oucl>ee, Canada, 15 Sept., 1810. He was gradu- 
al ed at the Seminary of QucImjc on 15 Aug., 1839, 
ordained priest in the Roman (Catholic church on 
14 May, 1843, and appointed vicar of Rimotiski 
the same year. He was made cure of St. Ray- 
mond in 1840 and of Rimouski in 1850, in 1850 
was transferred to St, Michel, and in 1802 ap- 
pointed cure of St. Hencdine. Since 1864 he has 
Deen attached to the department of agriculture at 
Ottawa. He was raised to the rank of domestic 
prelate of the papal household by I^eo XIII. in 
1888. He has published " Journal d'un voyage de 
Boston a l'Oregon" (Quebec, 1842); "Repertoire 
du clergt* Canadicn depuis la fondation du Canada " 
(1868); "A travers les registres" (Montreal, 
1886); *• Monseigneur Pourroy de V Aubcrivicre, 
5iw eVfrjuede Quebec " (1880) ; and " Dictionnaire 
gdnealogimie des families Canadienncs " (Mon- 
treal), when it is completed this last work will 
form seven volumes: four have already appeared, 
and the fifth is now in press. It is considered a 
work of national importance in Canada, and the 
author not only has examined the registers of 
every parish in the country, family records, etc., 
but went to Europe in order to make himself ac- 
quainted with the archives of the ministry of 
marine at Paris and those of other institutions. 

TANNEH ILL, Adamaon, soldier, b. in Freder- 
ick county, Md., in 1752; d. in Pittsburg. Pa., 7 
July, 1817. He received a public-school education, 
served in the Revolutionary war as captain of 
riflemen, removed to Pennsylvania, and cultivated 
a small farm near Pittsburg, where he served as 
justice of the peace. He opposed the whiskey in- 
surrection. From 25 Sept. till 81 Dec., 1812, he 
was brigadier-general of Pennsylvania volunteers. 
He was then elected to congress as a Democrat, 
and served from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March. 1815. 

TANNEHILL, Wilkins, journalist, b. in Pitts- 
burg, Pa., 4 March, 1787; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 
2 June, 1858. His father. Gen. John, served in 
the Continental army during the Revolution. 
The son removed to Lexington, Ky., at an early 
age, and soon afterward to Nashville. Tenn., where 
he became an editor of the " Whig," and also of 
the " Herald," the first Henry Clay organ in Ten- 
nessee. Subsequently he edited "The Orthopoli- 
tan," a new literary and independent paper, and 
in 1848-*9 the " Portfolio," a journal of Free- 
masonry. He was forced to discontinue this, owing 
to the failure of his eyesight, and in later years be- 
came blind. He was the author of a " Freemason's 
Manual.** containing a history of the progress of 
the order; "Sketches of the History of Literature" 
(Nashville, 1827); and "Sketches of the History of 
Roman Literature " (1846). 

TANNER, Benjamin, engraver, b. in New 
York city, 27 March, 1775 ; d. in Baltimore. Md., 
14 Nov., 1848. At an early age he manifested a 
talent for drawing and designing, and after re- 
ceiving his education he began to learn the nrt of 
engraving. In December, 1799, he went to Phila- 
delphia, where he established his business, and 
aided his brother Henry in publishing maps. In 



I 1816 he formed a bank-note engraving cstablish- 
| ment, under' the name of Tanner, Vullance, Kear- 
ny and Co., which he afterward discontinued, and 
in 1835 established a blank check note and draft 
publishing office, which he abandoned in 1845. 
llis engravings include port raits of Washington, 
after Savage ; Benjamin Franklin, after Charles N. 
Cochin (1822): "Apotheosis of Washington," after J. 
J. Barralet (1802); " Perry's Victory on I *ake Kric, 
10 Sept., 1813," and "The Ijauncli of the Steam 
Frigate Fulton," after the same artist (1815); 
" Macdonough's Victory on I^ake Champluin, and 
Defeat of the British Army at Phittsburg bv Gen. 
McComb, 11 Sept., 1814/' after Hugh Rcinagle 
(1810); "The Surrender of Cornwall is at York- 
town," after J. F. Renaulty; and "America 
Guided bv Wisdom," after J. J. Barralet.— His 
brother, Henry S„ geographer, b. in New York in 
1786; d. in New York city in 1858. In early life 
he removed to Philadelphia, where he resided un- 
til 1850, when he returned to New York city. He 
engraved and published many atlases and separate 
maps, contributed geographical and statistical arti- 
cles to various periouicals, and was a tneml>er of 
the geographical societies of London and Paris. 
He collected a fine cabinet of shells. His maps in- 
clude the "New American Atlas," with letter- 
press descriptions (Philadelphia, 1817-'23); "The 
World," on a globular projection (4 sheets, 1825) ; 
"Map of the United States of Mexico" (1825); 
" Map of Philadelphia " (1820); and " Map of the 
United States of America" (1829). He also pul>- 
lished "Memoir on the Recent Surveys in the 
United States" (2d cd., 1830); "View of the Val- 
ley of the Mississippi" (1882); " American Travel- 
ler " (1830) ; " Central Traveller " (New York, 1840) ; 
"New Picture of Philadelphia " (Philadelphia, 
1840) ; and " Description of the Canals and Rail- 
roads of the United States" (New York, 1840). 

TANNER, Benjamin Tucker, A. M. E. bishop, 
b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 25 Dec., 1835. He is of Afri- 
can descent. After studying at Avery institute 
and Western theological seminary, Alleghany City, 
Pa., he officiated at the 15th street Presbyterian 
church in Washington, D. C. also organizing the 
first school for freedmen in the U. S. navy-yard, 
by permission of Admiral Dahlgren. At the end 
of eighteen months he returned to his own church, 
the African Methodist Episcopal, entering the 
Baltimore conference in April, 1862. He labored 
as a missionary in Alexandria, where he organized 
the first society of his church on Virginia soil. 
He was stationed in 1803 in Georgetown, D. C, in 
1864 in Frederick, Md., and in 1866 in Baltimore, 
but resigned to organize a proposed conference 
school in Frederick, Md., as well as to take charge 
of the schools of the Freedmen 's bureau in Fred- 
erick county. He was elected secretary of the 
general conference of 1868, and by this body was 
chosen editor of the "Christian Recorder," being 
continued in this post by three subsequent general 
conferences of 1872, 1876, and 1880. In 1884 he 
was elected managing editor of a new church pub- 
lication, the " A. M. E. Church Review." He re- 
ceived the degree of A.M. from Avery college in 
1870, and that of D. D. from Wilberforce univer- 
sity in 1878, and on 19 May, 1888, was elected a 
bishop. Dr. Tanner has written prose and poetry 
for periodicals, and is the author of "Paul ivrms 
Pius Ninth" (Baltimore, 1865); "Apology for 
African Methodism " (1867); "The Negro's Origin, 
and Is the Negro Cursed t" (Philadelphia, 1869); 
and " Outline of the History and Government of 
the A. M. E. Church " (1883). He has ready for 
publication "The Negro, African and American." 



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TAPPAN 



TANNER, Henry S.. physician, b. about 1880. 
Early in 1880 much interest was manifested in the 
fasting power of Mollie Fancher, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 
who claimed to have Jived fourteen years with- 
out food. Dr. William A. Hammond offered her 
$1,000 if she would allow herself to be watched for 
one month by relays of members of the New York 
neurological society, provided she did not take any 
food voluntarily during that period. Dr. Tanner, at 
that time a practising physician in Minneapolis, 
Minn., saw the challenge in print and offered to per- 
form the experiment under the conditions. To this 
Dr. Hammond agreed, saving: *' If he succeeds he 
will get $1.000. and if be dies I will give him a decent 
burial." Dr. Tanner then came to New York city, 
and after some difficulty secured the co-operation 
of the Neurological society in conducting the fast. 
It began at noon on 28 June, 1880, and continued 
until its successful termination on 7 Aug. Dur- 
ing the fast his eyes became slightly dimmed, the 
top of his head, which was thinly covered with grav 
hair, became as white as milk, and he lost ten ana 
a half pounds in weight The outline of his feat- 
ures stood out more clearly, and his lips closed more 
tightly. Dr. Tanner drank eighty ounces of water 
during the first two davs, in doses ranging from 
six to eight ounces each, after which, in lieu of 
drinking, he simply gargled his mouth about once 
an hour. He spent the time reclining on his cot 
or sitting in a chair. At bedtime he took a sponge- 
bath and was rubbed down with coarse towels, 
after which he retired. Before he dressed in the 
morning his clothes were examined to ascertain 
that no food was concealed in them. His pulse and 
temperature were frequently taken, and his weight 
every day. Subsequently ne lectured on fasting. 
Several persons have since fasted for long periods, 
and exhibitions of fasting have taken place both 
in this country and abroad. In 1888 John Zachar, 
residing near Racine, Wis., went without food for 
fifty-three days, which is the longest fast known. 
His weight was reduced from 100 to 90 pounds. 

TANNER, John, captive, b.in Kentucky about 
1780; d. in 1847. His father removed from Ken- 
tucky to the mouth of Big Miami river, Ohio, and 
settled there as a farmer. At the age of six years 
the son was captured in the fields by an Indian, 
who wished to adopt a son in place of his own, 
who had recently died. Tanner was compelled to 
labor for the Indiana, and thought to be 44 good 
for nothing " by his captor, who tomahawked him 
and left him to die in the woods, but he was found 
by his adopted mother, who treated him with 
kindness and affection, and he recovered. After 
two years he was sold to Net-no-kwa, an Ottawa 
Indian, and he remained in captivity for thirty 
years. He became thoroughly accustomed to In- 
dian life, participated in many hunting warlike 
excursions in the region of the great lakes, and 
married Mis-kwa-bun-o-kwa, M the red sky of the 
morning.'* He afterward fell in with the Hud- 
son bay company, and went to Detroit, where he 
was interviewed by Gov. Lewis Cass, and met his 
brother, with whom he was unable to speak except 
through an interpreter. After visiting his family 
he returned to the Indian settlement for his chil- 
dren, and was then employed as interpreter for 
the Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. He 
wrote a 44 Narrative of the Captivity and Adven- 
tures of John Tanner during Thirty Years* Resi- 
dence among the Indian?," edited by Edwin James, 
M. D. (New York. 1830). His son, James, became 
a Unitarian missionary. 

TAP1N, Richard (tan-pang), Flemish physi- 
cian, b. in the duchy of Luxembourg about 1515 ; <L 



there in 1590. He received his education in Flan- 
ders, and earlv entered tho Portuguese service, 
being employed as surgeon on board ships that 
sailed to the Indies. At the time of the invasion 
of Admiral Villegaignon. he was in Brazil as sur- 
geon of the king, and he practised his profession 
afterward with great success, holding several im- 
portant offices in the colony. After his return to 
Europe he published a curious work, 44 Colloouios 
dos simples e drogas do Brazil " (Coimbra, 1506), 
which enjoyed a great reputation for about a cen- 
tury in a revised and completed French version, 
** Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains 
medicaments et simples qui croissent es Brcsil, 
province de l'Amerique" (Paris, 1590). 

TAPPAN, David, clergyman, b. in Manchester, 
Mass., 21 April. 1752; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 27 
April, 1803. The name was originally Topham. 
His ancestor, Abraham, came to this country 
from Yarmouth, England, in 1637, and his father, 
Benjamin, was pastor of a church in Manchester 
in 1720-'90. After graduation at Harvard in 
1771, David studied divinity, and was pastor of 
a Congregational church in Newbury, Mass., from 
1774 till 1792, when he was chosen Hollis professor 
of divinity at Harvard, serving there until his 
death. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him 
by Harvard in 1794. Dr. Tappan published many 
sermons and addresses. After his death appeared 
- Sermons on Important Subjects, with a Bio- 
graphical Sketch of the Author," by Rev. Abiel 
Holmes (Boston, 1807), and 44 Lectures on Jewish 
Antiquities delivered at Harvard in 1802-*S" 
(1807). — His son, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in 
Nowburv, Mass., 7 Nov., 1788; d. in Augusta, 
Me., 23 Dec, 1863, was graduated at Harvard in 
1805, and was pastor of a Congregational church in 
Augusta, Me*, from 16 Oct, 1811. until his death. 
Bowdoin gave him the degree of D. D. in 1845. — 
David's nephew, Benjamin, jurist, b. in North- 
ampton, Mass., 25 May, 1773 ; d. in Steubenville, 
Ohio, 12 April, 1857, was the son of Benjamin 
Tappan, who, sacrificing his opportunity of study 
at Harvard for his 
younger brother, 
bavid, went to 
Boston, became a 
gold- and silver- 
smith, and in 1770 
married Sarah 
Homes, the great- 
niece of Benjamin 
Franklin. After 
receiving a public- 
school education, 
the son was ap- 
prenticed to learn 
copper -plate en- 
graving and print- 
ing, and devoted 
some attention to 
portrait- painting. 
Subsequently he 
studied law, was 




admitted to the bar, and began practice in Steu- 
benville, Ohio, in 1799. In 1803 he was elected 
to the legislature, and after the war of 1812, in 
which he served as aide to Gen. William Wads- 
worth, he was appointed judge in one of the county 
courts, and for seven years was president judge 
of the 5th Ohio circuit. In 1833 he was appoint- 
ed by President Jackson U. S. judge for the dis- 
trict of Ohia Being elected to the U. S. senate 
as a Democrat, he served from 2 Dec, 1839, till 3 
March, 1845. He was an active leader of his party, 



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TAPPAN 



bat afterward joined in the free-soil movement at 
its inception. He was widely known for his droll- 
ery ana wit and for his anti-slavery sentiments. 
Judge Tappan published "Cases decided in the 
Court of Common Pleas," with an appendix (Steu- 
ben ville, 1831). — The second Benjamin's brother, 
John, philanthropist, b. in Northampton, Mass., 
in December, 1781 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 March, 
1871, entered mercantile life in Boston in 1799, be- 
came a partner in his employer's firm in 1803, and 
in 1807 was sole manager of the large house that 
was known by his name, but withdrew in 1825. 
He was president and treasurer of the American 
tract society, and was actively interested in mis- 
sions and in man v benevolent associations of Boston. 
— Another brother, Arthur, b. in Northampton, 
Mass., 22 May, 1786 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 23 
July, 1865, was locked up while an infant in a 
folding bedstead. When he was discovered life 
was almost extinct, and headaches, to which he 
was subject daily through life, were ascribed to 
this accident. He received a common-school edu- 
cation, and served a seven years' apprenticeship in 
the hardware business in Boston, after which he 
established himself in Portland, Me., and subse- 
quently in Montreal, Canada, where he remained 
until the beginning of the war of 1812. In 1814 
he engaged with his brother Lewis in importing 
British dry-poods into New York city, and after 
the partnership was dissolved he successfully con- 
tinued the business alone. Mr. Tappan was known 
for his public spirit and philanthropy. He was a 
founder of the American tract society, the largest 
donor for the erection of its first building, and 
was identified with many charitable and religious 
bodies. He was a founder of Oberlin college, also 
erecting Tappan hall there, and endowed Lane 
seminary in Cincinnati, and a professorship at 
Auburn theological seminary. With his brother 
Lewis he founded the New York " Journal of 
Commerce" in 1828, and established "The Eman- 
cipator" in 1833, paying the salary of the editor 
and all the expenses of its publication. He was 
an ardent Abolitionist, and as the interest in the 
anti-slavery cause deepened he formed, at his own 
rooms, the nucleus of the New York city anti- 
slavery society, which was publicly organized un- 
der his presidency at Clinton hall on 2 Oct., 1833. 
Mr. Tappan was also president of the American 
anti-slavery society, to which he contributed $1,000 
a month for several years, but he withdrew in 
1840 on account of the aggressive spirit that many 
members manifested toward the churches and the 
Union. During the crisis of 1837 he was forced 
to suspend payments, and he became bankrupt in 
1842. During his late years he was connected with 
the mercantile agency that his brother Lewis es- 
tablished. He incurred the hatred of the southern 
slave-holders by his frequent aid to fugitives, and 
by his rescuing' William Lloyd Garrison from im- 
prisonment at Baltimore. See his " Life," by Lewis 
Tappan (New York, 1871). — Another brother, 
Lewis, merchant, b. in Northampton, Mass., 23 
May, 1788; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 21 June, 1873, 
received a good education, and at the age of six- 
teen became clerk in a dry-goods house in Boston. 
His employers subsequently aided him in establish- 
ing himself in business, and he became interested 
in calico-print works and in the manufacture of 
cotton. In 1827 he removed to New York and be- 
came a member of the firm of Arthur Tappan and 
Co., and his subsequent career was close! v identi- 
fied with that of his brother Arthur. With the 
latter he established in 1828 the " Journal of Com- 
merce," of which he became sole owner in 1829. 

VOL. VL — 8 



TAPPAN 33 

In 1883 he entered with vigor into the anti-slavery 
movement, in consequence of which his house was 
sacked and his furniture was destroyed by a mob 
in July. 1884, and at other times he and his brother 
suffered personal violence. He was also involved 
in the crisis of 1837, and afterward withdrew from 
the firm and established the first mercantile agency 
in the country, which he conducted with success. 
He was chief founder of the American missionary 
association, of which he was treasurer and after- 
ward president, and was an early member of 
Plymouth church, Brooklyn. He published the 
life of his brother mentioned above. 

TAPPAN, Henry Philip, clergyman, b. in 
Rhinebeck, N. Y., 23 April, 1805 ; d. in Vevay, 
Switzerland, 15 Nov., 1881. He was graduated at 
Union college in 1825, and at Auburn theological 
seminary in 1827, and after serving for a year as 
associate pastor of a Dutch Reformed church in 
Schenectady, N. Y.. became pastor of a Congrega- 
tional church in Pittsfield, Mass., but resigned, 
owing to impaired health, and visited the West 
Indies. In 1832 he became professor of moral phi- 
losophy in the University of the city of New York, 
which post he resigned in 1838, and opened a pri- 
vate school. In 1852 he was elected first chancel- 
lor of the University of Michigan, and secured 
valuable additions to the literary and scientific re- 
sources of the university, among which were sev- 
eral fine instruments for the observatory. He re- 
tired in 1863, and spent the rest of his life in Europe. 
In 1859 he was elected corresponding member of 
the French imperial institute, and president of the 
American association for the advancement of edu- 
cation. He devoted much attention to the subject 
of university education, and studied the systems of 
England and Germany. Union gave him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1845, and Columbia that of LL. D. 
in 1853. Dr. Tappan published a " Review of Ed- 
wards's 4 Inquiry into the Freedom of the Wiir" 
(New York, 1839); "The Doctrine of the Will de- 
termined by an Appeal to Consciousness" (1840); 
" The Doctrine of the Will applied to Moral Agency 
and Responsibility " (1841 ; with additions, Glas- 
gow, 1857) ; " Elements of Logic, together with an 
Introductory View of Philosophy in General and a 
Preliminary View of the Reason " (1844) ; " Trea- 
tise on University Education" (1851); "A Step 
from the New World to the Old, and Back Again * 
(1852) ; and an " Introduction to Illustrious Per- 
sonages of the Nineteenth Century " (1853). 

TAPPAN, Mason Weare, lawyer, b. in New- 
port. N. H., 20 Oct, 1817; d. in Bradford. N. H., 
24 Oct., 1886. His father, a well-known lawyer, 
settled in Bradford in 1818, and was a pioneer in 
the anti-slavery movement. The son was educated 
at Kimball union academy, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1841, and acquired a large 
practice. He was early identified with the Whig 
party, and afterward was a Free-soiler and served 
m the legislature in 1853-'5. He was elected to 
congress as a Free-soiler, by a combination of the 
Whigs, Free-soilers, Independent Democrats, and 
Americans, at the time of the breaking up of the 
two great parties, Whigs and Democrats. He 
served from 3 Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1861, and 
was a member of the special committee of thirty- 
three on the rebellious states. On 5 Feb., 1861, 
when a report was submitted recommending that 
the provisions of the constitution should be obeyed 
rather than amended, he made a patriotic speech in 
support of the government. Mr. Tappan was one 
of the earliest to enlist in the volunteer army and 
was colonel of the 1st New Hampshire regiment 
from May till August, 1861. Afterward he re- 



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TARLBTON 



sumed the practice of law, and held the office of 
attorney-general of the state for ten years preceding 
his death. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia 
Loyalists' convention of 1866, and presided over 
the New Hampshire Republican convention on 14 
Sept., 1886. in the presidential election of 1872 
he supported his life-long friend, Horace Greeley. 

TAPPAN, William Bingham, poet, b. in Bev- 
erly, Mass., 29 Oct., 1794 ; d. in West Noedham, 
Mass., 18 June, 1849. His early advantages were 
limited, but he acquired a good education and for 
six years taught in Philadelphia. In 1826 he re- 
moved to Boston, where he became general agent 
of the American Sunday -school union, and was en- 
gaged in the same work in Cincinnati and Phila- 
delphia. He was licensed to preach in 1840. His 
publications are 44 New England, and other Poems" 
(Philadelphia, 1819); "Songs of Judah, and other 
Melodies** (1820); "Lyrics" (1822); "Poems" 
(1834); "Memoir of CapL James Wilson" (1842); 
"Poetry of the Heart'* (Boston, 1845); "Sacred 
and Miscellaneous Poems" (1846); "Poetry of 
Life " (1847) ; 44 The Sunday-School, and other 
Poems" (1848); and 44 Late and Early Poems" 
(Worcester. Mass., 1849). 

TARAVAL, Sigismond. clergyman, b. in Lodi, 
Italy, 26 Oct, 1700 ; d. probably in Italy. He en- 
tered the Jesuit novitiate on 81 Oct, 1718, went to 
Mexico, and thence to California, where he founded 
the mission of Santa Rosa. He discovered the 
islands of Afagua and Amalgua on the Pacific 
coast afterward known as Los Dolores, and col- 
lected a large number of documents for a history 
of California. His manuscript work, entitled " Re- 
lacion del Martirio de los PP. Tomas Tello y En- 
rique Ruhen, muertos por los Indios Seris, is in 
the Library of Mexico. 

TARBELL, John Adams, physician, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 81 March, 1810; d. there, 21 Jan., 1864. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1882, and studied 
medicine in Paris for three years, receiving his de- 
cree from Bowdoin in 1886. He began practice in 
Boston, and in 1848 became a honKBopathist. He 
was associate editorof the " (Quarterly Homoeopath- 
ic Review " (Boston, 1858-'4), edited John Epos's 
** Domestic Homoeopathy " and " The Pocket Ho- 
moeopath ist " (Boston, 1849); and was the author 
of "Sources of Health " (1860) and " Homoeopathy 
Simplified" (1856-'62). 

TARBELL, Joseph, naval officer, b. about 1780; , 
d. in Norfolk, Va., 24 Nov., 1815. He entered the 
navy as a midshipman, 5 Dec., 1798. was promoted , 
to lieutenant, 25 Aug., 1800, and served in Preble's | 
squadron during the Tripolitan war. He was in- j 
eluded in the vote of thanks to Preble and his . 
officers by act of congress, 8 March. 1805, was pro- 
moted to master-commandant 25 April, 1808, and 
commanded the frigate " John Adams " in 181 1-'14. 
He was commissioned a captain, 24 July, 1818, and 
rendered good service in the defence of Craney 
inland ami James river in June, 1818, capturing 
three barges and forty prisoners when the British 
were repelled in this attack. He was then stationed 
at Norfolk, Va., where he died. 

TARBOX, Ucrcase Nile*, author, b. in East 
Windsor. Tomi.. 11 Feh.. 1815; d. in West New- 
Urn, Mass., 8 May. 18*8. He was graduated at [ 
Vale in 1K19, studied theology while acting as ■ 
tutor there in lH42-'4, and from 1844 till 1H51 was , 
iwstorof a Congregational church in Framingham, 
Mass.. which he left to lieeome secretary of the 
American education society, later the American ! 
college and education s«»eiety, in Boston. Mass. 
This office he filled till 1*h4. He received the de- I 
gree of D. D. from Yale and from Iowa college in I 



1869. He wrote extensively on historical and re- 
ligious subjects for the " New Englander," " Bib- 
liotheca Sacra," " Historic-Genealogical Register," 
and other periodicals, was in 1849-'51 associate 
editor of the " Congregational ist" contributed 
many poems and hymns to that and other journals, 
and from 1881 till his death was historiographer 
for the New England historic-genealogical society. 
Dr. Tarbox published juvenile books entitled the 
"Winnie and Walter Stories" (4 vols., Boston, 
1860) and " When I was a Boy " (1862) ; " Nineveh, 
or the Buried City" (1864); "The Curse, or the 
Position occupied in History by the Race of Ham " 
(1865); "Tyre and Alexandria the Chief Commer- 
cial Cities of Scripture Times " (1865) ; 44 Missionary 
Patriots: James H. and Edward M. Schneider *' 
(1867) ; 44 Uncle George's Stories " (1868) ; * Life of 
Israel Putnam (Old Put), Major-General in the Con- 
tinental Army " (1876) ; 4 * Sir Walter Raleigh and 
his Colony in America " (1884) ; " Songs and Hymns 
for Common Life" (1885); and " Diary of Thomas 
Robbins, D. D." (2 vols., 1886-'7). 

TARDIVAL, Julius Paul, Canadian journal- 
ist b. in Covington, Ky., 2 Sept, 1851. He re- 
moved to Canada in 1868, was educated at St 
Hyacinth college, in the province of Quebec, was 
assistant editor of " Le Canadien " in 1874. and is 
editor of 44 I^a veritc." in Quebec, which he founded 
in 1881. He was assistant government translator 
at Ottawa from 1879 till 1881. Mr. Tardival has 

Sublished 44 Vie du Pape Pie IX., ses oeuvres et ses 
ouleurs " (Quebec 1878); 4 * Borrowed and Stolen 
Feathers, or a Glance through Mr. James M. 
Lemoine's Latest Work, 4 The Chronicles of the St 
Lawrence ' " (1878) ; 44 L'Anglicisme, voila l'en- 
nemie " (1879) ; and 44 Melanges - (1887). 

T ARIEL' DE LANAlDlfcRE, Charles (tah- 
ree-uh), Canadian statesman, b. in Canada in 1744; 
d. there in 1841. At the age of sixteen he took 
part in the battle of Saint Foye, as an officer in the 
regiment do la Sarre, and was severely wounded. 
He went to France with his regiment after the sur- 
render of Montreal, visited the principal courts of 
Europe, and married shortly alter his return to 
Canada. In 1775 he held a command in the Cana- 
dian militia, and was taken prisoner by the Ameri- 
cans in a skirmish on the frontier. He was instru- 
mental in saving Gen. Carleton from capt ure when 
Benedict Arnold reached Montreal, escorting the 
English leader to Quebec at the head of three hun- 
dred Canadians. He was made aide-de-camp on 
Carleton's staff, and several years later master 
of the waters and forests. Tnrieu made frequent 
journeys to Euroj>e, the expenses of which imj»aired 
his fortune. When he returned to Canada in 1787 
he endeavored to turn his influence with the Cana- 
dian government to account, in order to obtain a 
change in the svstem of scignorial tenures, and 
presented a petition to this effect in January, 1788. 
The result of the changes he asked for* would 
enable the Canadian seigneurs to drnw larger 
revenues from their fiefs by throwing them open 
to American and English settlers. The measure 
was opposed by most of the other great proprie- 
tors, iind the limitation that then bepin whs not 
settled until 1854, when the Question of land-ten- 
ure in Canada received a definitive solution. In 
171)2 he was created a member of the legislative 
council, which post he held till his death, and in 
whic h his talents, combined with his influence over 
succevive governors, gave him great power. 

TARLETON, Sir Banastre. bart, British sol- 
dier, b. in Liverpool, 21 Aug., 1754; d. in England, 
23 Jan., 1833. He came to America with I^ord 
Comwallis in Sir Peter Parker's squadron in May, 



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TARLETON 



TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE 



86 




1778. He was major in CoL Harcourt's regiment 
of dragoons, and accompanied Harcourt in the 
raid upon Baskingridge, N. J., which resulted in 
the capture of Gen. Charles Lee, 13 Dec. Little is 
heard of him dur- 
ing the next three 
vears. In Decem- 
ber, 1779, he accom- 
panied the expedi- 
tion of Sir Henry 
Clinton to South 
Carolina with the 
rank of lieutenant- 
colonel. He raised 
and organized a 
troop known as the 
** British legion," 
or sometimes as 
" Tarleton's le- 
gion." It com- 
prised both light 
infantry and cav- 
alry, with a few 
field - pieces, and 
was thus a minia- 
ture army in itself. 
It was made up 
partly of British 
regulars, partly of 
New York loyalists, and was further recruited by 
loyalists of South Carolina. At the head of this 
legion Tarleton soon made himself formidable in 
partisan warfare. In the difficult country of the 
Carolinas, with poor roads, frequent swamps or 
pine-barrens, ana scant forage, he could move far 
more rapidly than the regular army, and his blows 
were delivered with sudden and crushing effect. 
After Clinton's capture of Charleston, 12 May, 1780, 
CoL Bu ford's regiment, which had been march- 
ing toward Charleston, began its retreat to Vir- 
ginia, but Tarleton. giving chase, overtook and 
overwhelmed it at Waxhaw Creek, near the border 
between the two Carolinas. Nearly all Buford's 
men were slaughtered, and thenceforth the phrase 
** Tarleton's quarter " was employed to denote 
wholesale butchery. At Camden, 15 Aug., Tarle- 
ton completed the ruin of Gen. Gates's left wing. 
At Pishing Creek, 18 Aug., he surprised Gen. 
Thomas Sumter, and utterly routed and dispersed 
his force; but at Black stock's Hill, 20 Nov., Sum- 
ter returned the compliment, and severely defeated 
Tarleton. Early in January, 1781, Lord Corn- 
wallis sent Tarleton, with 1,100 men, westward to 
the mountain country to look after Gen. Daniel 
Morgan, who was threatening the British inland 
posts. At the Cowpens, 17 Jan., Morgan, with 900 
men, awaited his attack and almost annihilated his 
force of 1,100 men in one of the most brilliant 
battles of the war. Tarleton accompanied Corn- 
wallis during his campaigns in North Carolina and 
Virginia. In June, 1781, he made a raid upon 
Gov. Jefferson's house at Monticello ; but the gov- 
ernor, forewarned, had escaped to the mountains a 
few minutes before Tarleton s arrival. He remained 
with Cornwallis until the surrender at Yorktown. 
On returning to England he was promoted colonel. 
In 1790 he was elected to parliament from Liver- 
pool, and was so popular that all the expenses of 
the election were borne by his friends. He was 
member of parliament in 1790-1806, and again in 
1807-12. In 1817 he reached the grade of lieu- 
tenant-general, and was made a baronet, 6 Nov., 
1818. Ross, the editor of Cornwallis's "Corre- 
spondence," says (p. 44) that, in the house of com- 
, Tarleton M was notorious for his criticisms 



on military affairs, the value of which may be esti- 
mated from the fact that he almost uniformly con- 
demned the Duke of Wellington." He published 
a " History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in 
the Southern Provinces of North America " (Lon- 
don, 1787). This book has value in so far as it 
contains many documents that cannot elsewhere 
be obtained except with great labor. As a narra- 
tive it is spoiled by the vanity of the author, who 
distorts events for his self-glorification to a degree 
that is seldom paralleled in books of this charac- 
ter. The work was severely criticised by Col. Rod- 
erick Mackenzie, "Strictures on Lieutenant-Colonel 
Tarleton's History " (London, 1787). Mackenzie in 
turn was answered bv Tarleton's second in com- 
mand, Major George Hanger, afterward Lord Cole- 
rain, " Address to the Army in Reply to Colonel 
Mackenzie's Strictures" (London, 1TB7). The best- 
known portrait of Tarleton is the one by Sir Joshua 
Reynolds (1782), representing him in full uniform, 
with his foot on a cannon, from which the accom- 
panying vignette is copied. Among the English 
coloners American friends was Israel Halleck, a 
loyalist, father of Fitz-Greene, who was for a time a 
member of his military family, and between whom 
and Tarleton there was an enduring friendship. 

TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE, Joseph 
(tash-air), Chevalier, French soldier, b. in the 
castle of La Pagerie, near Blois. in 1701 ; d. in 
Trois Islets, Martinique, in 1762. He was descended 
from a family of German origin that settled in 
Blaisois about the 12th century, and whose mem- 
bers served with credit in the* army and in the 
magistracy. In 1726 he settled in Martinique, 
where he married a wealthy Creole, Aymer de la 
Chevalerie, and held for several years the office of 
lieutenant of the king in Saint Pierre. During the 
English invasion in 1756 he armed his slaves, led 
them to the front, and was dangerously wounded 
at the attack o% Grande Sa vane. — His son, Joseph 
Gaspard, Chevalier, and afterward Baron, b. in 
Carbet, Martinique, 5 July, 1735 ; d. in Trois 
Islets, 6 Nov., 1790, became, when seventeen years 
old, a page to the Dauphine Marie Josephe, served 
afterward as lieutenant in the marines, and fought 
against the English when they invaded Martinique 
in 1756. After the conclusion of peace in 1768 he 
was retired with the brevet of captain, made a 
knipht of Saint Louis, and devoted himself to 
agricultural pursuits on his large estate at Trois 
Islets. He published several treatises on colonial 
methods of culture.— By his wife, Rose Claire 
des Vergers de Sannois (b. in Saint Pierre, 
Martinique, 27 Aug., 1786; d. in Trois Islets, 2 
June, 1807), he had three daughters, the eldest of 
whom was Marie Josephine Rose, who became the 
Empress Josephine. 

TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE, Louis Robert 
Pierre Claude, Count and afterward Duke, 
West Indian soldier, b. in Fort de France, Mar- 
tinique, 1 April, 1787; d. in Paris, France, 8 
March, 1861. He was a first cousin to Empress 
Josephine, and received his early education in 
Martinique. Napoleon Bonaparte summoned him 
to France in 1802, and placed him at the military 
school of Fontainebleau. He was promoted lieu- 
tenant in 1806, assisted in the battle of Eylau. 
was aide-de-camp to Napoleon at the battle of 
Friedland, served under Junot in Portugal in 
1808, was afterward aide-de-camp to Prince Eu- 
gene de Beauharnais, son of Empress Josephine, 
and, accompanying him to Bavaria in 1815, be- 
came a major-general in the Bavarian army. He 
was created a senator of the empire on 81 Dec., 
1852, and made on 27 Jan., 1853, grand-master of 



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36 



TASCHEREAU 



TASSE 



the Empress Eugenie's household, which post he 
retained till his death. By his marriage with 
Princess Marie de Leyen, he had several sons, one 
of whom was for some years French consul-gen- 
eral in New Orleans, Porto Rico, and Havana. 

TASCHEREAU, Elzear Alexandre (tash- 
er-o), Canadian cardinal, b. in Sainte Marie de la 
Beauce, province of Ouebec, 17 Feb., 1820. His 
great-grandfather, Thomas Jacques Taschereau, 
emigrated from Touraine, France, and in 1746 
was granted the seigniory of Sainte Marie de la 
Beauce. When he 
was eight years of 
age Elzear was en- 
tered as a pupil at 
the Seminary of 
(Quebec, and when 
he was seventeen 
he went to Rome, 
where a year later 
he received the 
tonsure. The same 
year he returned 
to Ouebec, resum- 
ing his theological 
studies, and on 13 
Sept., 1842, was 
oraained a priest. 
Soon afterward he 




6suA COL <3voUrx^> 



was appointed to 
the chair of moral 



philosophy in the 
Seminary of Quebec, which he filled for twelve years, 
and during this period displayed liberal tendencies, 
opposing the ultramontane element in the church 
to which he belonged. In 1847, during the prev- 
alence of a fatal fever among the emigrants at 
Grosse island, he volunteered to assist the chaplain 
at that place in ministering to the sick and dying, 
and labored untiringly among them until he was 
stricken by the pestilence. In 1854 he was sent to 
Rome by the second provincial council of Quebec 
to present its decrees for ratification to Pius IX., 
ana he remained two years in the city, studying 
canon law. In July, 1856, the degree of doctor 
of canon law was conferred on him oy the Roman 
seminary. Soon afterward he returned to Quebec, 
and became director of the Petit sdminaire, which 
post he held till 1859, when he was appointed 
director of the Grande slminaire. and a member 
of the council of public instruction for Lower 
Canada. In 1860 he became superior of the semi- 
nary and rector of Laval university, and in 1862 
he accompanied Archbishop Baillargeon on a visit 
to Rome, and, returning toward the end of the same 
year, was appointed vicar-general of the diocese 
of Quebec. In 1865 he again went to Rome on 
business connected with the university, in 1866 (his 
term of office as superior having expired) he was 
again made director of the Grande seminaire, and 
three years later he was re-elected superior. He 
attended the ecumenical council at Rome in 1870. 
and on the death of the archbishop of Quebec in 
October of the same year he became an adminis- 
trator of the archdiocese conjointly with Vicar- 
General Cazeau. In February, 1871, he was ap- 
pointed archbishop of Quebec, and he was conse- 
crated on 19 March by Archbishop Lynch, of 
Toronto. Subsequently he visited Rome several 
times on business of importance, and in 1886 he 
became the first Canadian cardinal, the beret ta 
being conferred upon him with great ceremony on 
21 July at Quebec. Immediately after his eleva- 
tion Cardinal Taschereau issued a circular letter 
forbidding the use of spirituous and fermented 



liquors at bazaars, and also prohibiting the holdin 
of such sales on Sunday. 

TASCHEREAU, Jean Thomas, Canadian ji 
rist, b. in Quebec. 12 Dec., 1814. He studied lai 
was admitted as an advocate in 1886, appoint* 

?rofessor of commercial law in Laval university i 
855, and was assistant judge of the superior cou 
of Quebec m 1850, 1855, and 1858. He becarr 
queen's counsel in 1860, puisne judge of the sup 
rior court of Quebec in 1865, and judge of the cou: 
of queen's bench in 1873, and he was puisne judge < 
the supreme court of Canada in 1875-*8.— His soi 
Henri Thomas, Canadian jurist, b. in Quebec, 
Oct., 1841. was graduated in law in 1861, adraitte 
as an advocate in 1863, entered parliament in 187 
and was appointed puisne judge of the suprert 
court of Lower Canada in 1878. He edited 44 L< 
debats" in 1862 and "La tribune" in 1863.- 
Jean Thomas's cousin, Henri Elzear, Canadia 
jurist, b. in St. Mary's, Beauce, Canada East, 
Oct, 1836. He was educated at the Seminary < 
Quebec, studied law, was admitted to the bar i 
1867, and practised in the city of Quebec K 
represented Beauce in the Canadian assembly froi 
1861 till 1867, when he was defeated as a cand 
date for the Dominion parliament. He was aj 
pointed clerk of the peace for the district of Qui 
bee in 1868, but soon resigned and became puisr 
judge of the superior court of the province of Qui 
bee, 12 Jan., 1871, and of the supreme court of W 
Dominion in October, 1878, in succession to Jea 
Thomas Taschereau. He is a cousin of Cardini 
Taschereau. He has published 44 The Criminal La 
for the Dominion of Canada, with Notes, Commei 
taries, Precedents of Indictments, etc." (2 vols 
Montreal and Toronto, 1874-'8 ; 2d ed M enlarge 
Toronto, 1888); and "Code de procedure civile d 
Bas Canada." with annotations (Quebec, 1876). 

TASISTRO, Louis Fitzgerald, author, b. i 
Ireland about 1808 ; d. about 1868. He received 
liberal education, travelled in various countries, an 
while yet a young man came to the United State 
He edited a paper in New York city, and afterwar 
one in Boston, wrote for periodicals, and . essaye 
the dramatic profession, making his appearance i 
Zanga, in 44 The Slave," at the Park theatre, Ne 
York city, and afterward as Hamlet, at the Ches 
nut street theatre, Philadelphia, 81 Aug., 183 
Subsequently he settled in Washington, D. C 
where ne was for several years translator for th 
department of state. Afterward he engaged i 
lecturing and literary work. He was the author c 
44 Travels in the Southern States : Random Shol 
and Southern Breezes" (New York, 1842). 

TASSE, Joseph, Canadian author, b. in Mor 
treal, 23 Oct, 1848. He was educated at Bourget 
college, and afterward connected himself with tli 
press. In 1867 he became editor of 44 Le Canada 
at Ottawa, and from 1860 till 1872 he was associat 
editor of 44 La Minerve " in Montreal, and at th 
same time a director of 44 Le revue Canadicnne, 
to which he contributed essays on history, literatun 
and political economy. He was afterward employe 
as assistant French translator of the house of eonr 
mons, and in 1873 visited Europe, publishing a d( 
tailed account of his travels. He was elected pres 
dent of the French Canadian institute of Ottaw 
in 1872 and 1873, was a delegate to the Frenc 
national convention at Montreal in 1874, and too 
an active part in its deliberations regarding th 
return of expatriated Canadians from the Unite 
States. He declined to become a candidate for th 
Canadian parliament in 1874, was elect ed to tha 
body for Ottawa in 1878, and was re-elected in 1885 
He was chosen president of the Quebec press assc 



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TASSEMACHER 



ciation in 1888, and has been a frequent lecturer 
before national and literary societies in Canada and 
the United States. Among other works he has 
published the pamphlets "Philemon Wright, ou 
colonisation et commerce de bois " (Montreal. 1871); 
"Le cherain de fer Canadien Paciflque" (1872); 
and "Le vallee de l'Outawais" (1872); and, in 
book-form, " Les Canadiens de Pouest M (2 vols., 
1878). The purport of the last work is to demon- 
strate that French Canadians have been chiefly 
the pioneers and discoverers of the United States 
and also the Canadian northwest It has been 
partly translated in the collections of the Histori- 
cal society of Wisconsin. 

TASSfcMACHER, or TESSCHENMAEKER, 
Peter, clergyman, b. in Holland about 1650; d. 
in Schenectady, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1690. He was edu- 
cated at the University of Utrecht, came to King- 
ston, N. Y., in 1675, where he preached in both Eng- 
lish and Dutch, and then spent two years in Dutch 
Guiana. Gov. Edmund Andrew, on*30 Sept., 1679, 
authorized the Dutch clergymen to examine and 
ordain him for the church at New Amstel, Del. 
The assembling of this body constituted the first 
American classis or ecclesiastical gathering of the 
Reformed church that was held on this continent, 
as well as the first ordination of a domine. He 
preached on Staten island in 1679-'82, and then lived 
at Schenectady, N. Y., until 1690, when he was slain 
in the massacre. Orders had been given to spare his 
life and obtain his papers, but these the Indians dis- 
regarded. H is farm of eighty acres on Staten island 
was claimed, 2 Nov., 1692, for the poor fund. 

TASSIN, Charles Stanislas (tas-sang), South 
American artist, b. ,in Berbioe, Guiana, in 1751; 
d. in Paris in October, 1812. He studied with 
Watteau, and became one of his best pupils. In 
1773 he exhibited a "Christ in the Cradle/' which 
attracted much attention, and procured for the 
artist a prize of $600 from Louis XV. Later he 
produced 44 Venus and Cupid " (1777); several pas- 
toral pictures ; 44 A Runaway Match " (1784) ; 44 Over 
the Wall" (1786); "Peasants Dancing" (1788); 
** Marchioness as Shepherdess" (1790), and other 

fiicturcs; and obtained the title of royal painter, 
le also decorated several panels in the castles of 
Trianon, Sceaux, and Luciennes, painted portraits 
of Madame du Barry, Duke de la Vauguyon, Ad- 
miral d'Estaing, Bailly de Suffren, and Duchess 
Jules and Countess Diane de Polignac. In 1791 
he went to England and executed portraits of Will- 
iam Pitt, Charles James Fox, and Edmund Burke, 
and, having inherited a large estate in Guiana, re- 
turned to his native land in 1795, remaining there 
till the peace of Amiens, when he returned to Paris 
in 1802. His later works include 44 Sunset in 
Guiana " (1799) ; " Fish- Vender at Berbico " (1802) ; 
44 A Creole " (1808); and 44 Love Victorious "j(1805). 

TASTERA, Jacques de (tah-stay-rah), French 
missionary, b. in Bayonne in 1480 ; a. in Mexico, 8 
Aug., 1544. He served a few years in the army, but, 
despite fair prospects of advancement, became a 
Franciscan friar at Seville in 1508, and soon attained 
to the highest ranks in the order. After preaching 
with success at Seville he was appointed court chap- 
lain of Ferdinand of Aragon, and later he became a 
favorite with Charles V., who offered him a bishop- 
ric ; but he declined, and in 1529 went to New Spain. 
From Mexico he went to Champoton in Yucatan, 
where he founded a convent, and for Years he 
travelled alone in the country, accompanied only 
by one interpreter, evangelizing the Indians and 
preaching the gospel with success. In 1533 he was 
appointed prior of the Convent of Santo Evangelio 
at Mexico, and, continuing to interest himself in 



TATNALL 37 

the welfare of the Indians, summoned and presided 
over councils of Franciscan missionaries at Michoa- 
can and Guatemala in 1535 and 1537, where means 
for the protection of the conquered nation were 
devised, an embassy being sent to the holy see to 
obtain its ratification of the measures. In 1541 he 
went to Milan and took part in the general coun- 
cil of the Franciscan order in that city, and before 
returning to Mexico obtained from the pontiff an 
encyclical letter to the Spanish officials, advising 
them to show leniency toward the Indians. In 
1542 he was appointed commissary-general of the 
Franciscan friars in the New World, which post he 
held until his death. He is the author of 44 Arte 
de la lengua Mexicana" (Seville, 1555), and 44 Lit- 
teno annuie Mexicana?" (1571). The recent pub- 
lication, 44 Cartas de Indias," prepared by the Span- 
ish government from manuscripts in the state 
archives, contains several letters of Taste ra. 

TATHAM, William, engineer, b. in Hutton, 
England, in 1752; d. in Richmond. Va., 22 Feb., 
1819. He emigrated to this country in 1769, entered 
a mercantile establishment on James river, Va., 
and served as adjutant of militia against the In- 
dians. He studied the character and customs of 
the red men, and wrote biographical accounts of 
Atakullakulla, Oconistoto, Cornstalk, and other 
warriors. During the Revolutionary war he served 
as a colonel in the Virginia cavalry under Gen. 
Thomas Nelson, and was a volunteer in the party 
that stormed the redoubt at Yorktown. In 1780, 
with Col. John Todd, he compiled the first exact 
and comprehensive account of the western country. 
After the Revolution he studied law. was admitted 
to the bar in 1784, removed to North Carolina, and 
in 1786 founded the settlement of Lumberton. He 
was a member of the North Carolina legislature in 
1787. Tatham went back to England in 1796, and 
in 1801 became superintendent of the London 
docks, but returned to the United States in 1805, 
and became poor in his old age. He was given the 
office of military store-keeper in the Richmond 
arsenal in 1817, and while there committed suicide 
by throwing himself before a cannon at the moment 
of discharge. His publications include 44 Memorial 
on the Civil and Military Government of the Ten- 
nessee Colony"; "An Analysis of the State of 
Virginia" (Philadelphia, 1790-'l); "Two Tracts 
relating to the Canal between Norfolk and North 
Carolina"; 44 Plan for Insulating the Metropolis 
by Means of a Navigable Canal ' (London, 1797); 
"Remarks on Inland Canals" (1798); "Polit- 
ical Economy of Inland Navigation, Irrigation, 
and Drainage" (1799); "Communications on the 
Agriculture and Commerce of the United States " 

(1800) ; "Historical and Practical Essay on the 
Culture and Commerce of Tobacco" (1800); "Na- 
tional Irrigation" (1801); "Oxen for Tillage" 

(1801) ; and two reports 44 On the Navigation of the 
Thames " (1803). 

TATNALL, Henry Lea, artist, b. in Brandy- 
wine Village, Del., 31 Dec., 1829; d. in Wilmington, 
Del., 26 Sept. 1885. After being educated at the 
Friends' Westtown boarding-school, Chester 00., 
Pa., he entered the flour-mills of Tatnall and Lea 
as a clerk, bat afterward turned his attention to 
agriculture. In 1856 he removed to Wilmington 
and began the lumber business, and at the same 
time cultivated his musical and artistic talent, 
which showed itself in early life. He could play 
on almost every instrument, and composed ana 
set to music many popular songs. His friends 
induced him to fit up a studio over his count- 
ing-house, where the intervals of business were 
devoted to the study and practice of marine and 



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TATTNALL 



TATTNALL 



landscape painting. His success was rapid and 
extraordinary, ana in a few years his orders were 
so numerous that he turned the lumber business 
over to his sons, opened a larger studio, and de- 
voted the remainder of his life to his adopted pro- 
fession. He was called the father of Wilmington 
art and on the formation of the Delaware artists' 
association he was elected its president. 

TATTNALL, Joslah, statesman, b. in Bona ven- 
ture, near Savannah, Ga., in 1702 ; d. in Nassau, 
New Providence, 6 June, 1808. Upon the revolt of 
the American colonies he and his brother were 
obliged to go to England with their father and 
grandfather, who remained loyal to the British 
crown but refused service in the army to coerce the 
colonies. The family estates in Georgia were con- 
fiscated by the Americans because of their absence 
in England. In 1780 Josiah ran away from his 
parents in England and returned to this country, 
where he joined Gen. Nathanael Greene's army and 
served against the British until the close of the 
war. In recognition of this service the state of 
Georgia restored a part of the confiscated estates 
to him. He was the third captain of the Chatham 
artillery, colonel of the 1st Georgia regiment, and 
brigadier-general commanding tne 1st division of 
the Georgia state militia. He was a member of 
the Georgia legislature, a U. S. senator in 1796-*9, 
and governor of Georgia in 1800. He served in 
the general assembly at Louisville in 1796, when 
the Yazoo act of 1795 was rescinded. His remains 
were brought from Nassau and are buried at Bona- 
venture, which estate has been converted into a 
cemetery. — His son, Josiah, naval officer, b. in 
Bona venture, near Savannah, Ga., 9 Nov., 1795 ; d. 
in Savannah, Ga., 14 June, 1871, was educated in 

England under 
the supervision 
of his grandfa- 
ther in 1805- 
11. He returned 
to the United 
States in 1811 
and entered the 
navy as a mid- 
shipman, 1 Jan., 
1812. He served 
in the war of 
1812 in the sea- 
men's battery on 
Craney island, 
and with a force 
of navy - yard 
workmen in the 

ing the Algerine 

war he participated in the engagements of De- 
catur's squadron. He returned to the United 
States in September, 1817, was promoted to lieu- 
tenant, 1 April, 1818, and served in the frigate 
M Macedonian," on the Pacific station, in 181&-*21. 
In 182S-'4 he served in the schooner 44 Jackal," one 
of Porter's 44 Mosquito fleet," in the suppression of 
piracy in the West Indies. In October, 1828, he 
was appointed 1st lieutenant of the sloop 44 Erie," 
in the West Indies, where he cut out the Spanish 
cruiser 44 Federal," which had confiscated American 
property at sea during the wars of the Spanish- 
American republics for independence. In August, 
1829, he took charge of the surreys of the Tortugas 
reefs off the coast of Florida, which surveys proved 
to be of great value for the location of fortifications 
at Dry Tortugas. In March, 1881, he took com- 
mand of the schooner 44 Grampus" in the West 




Indies, and in August, 1832, he captured the Mexi- 
can war-schooner "Montezuma" for illegal acts 
against an American vessel. His services with the 
44 Grampus " in protecting American commerce 
elicited letters of thanks from the merchants and 
insurance companies at Vera Cruz and New Orleans, 
from whom he also received a service of silver. In 
December, 1832, he was relieved of his command 
at his own request, and he subsequently served on 
duty in making experiments in ordnance and in 
the conduct of the coast tidal survey. In Novem- 
ber, 1835, in command of the bark 44 Pioneer," he 
took Gen. Santa-Anna to Mexico after he had been 
captured in a battle with the Texans and surren- 
dered to the United States. Upon their arrival at 
Vera Cruz, Tattnall personally prevented an attack 
on Santa-Anna by an excited mob of his opponents. 
He was promoted to commander, 25 Feb., 1838, and 
placed in charge of the Boston navy-yard. While 
on his way to tne African station in the 44 Saratoga " 
in 1843 he encountered a hurricane off Cape Ann, 
Mass., and won a brilliant professional reputation 
by the skill he displayed in cutting away tne masts 
and anchoring when almost on the rocks off the 
cape. When war was declared with Mexico he 
was assigned to command the steamer 44 Spitfire," 
joined the squadron at Vera Cruz, and was given 
command of the Mosquito division. With this he 
covered the landing of Gen. Winfield Scott's army, 
and assisted in the bombardment of the city. After 
the fall of Vera Cruz he led in the attack on the 
forts at Tuspan and was severely wounded in the 
arm by grape-shot. The legislature of Georgia 
gave him a vote of thanks and a sword. He was 
promoted to captain. 5 Feb., 1850, and in command 
of the steamer "Saranac" contributed much to 

S reserve peace between the United States and Spain 
uring the Cuban insurrection. On 15 Oct, 1857, 
he was appointed flag-officer of the Asiatic station. 
He found China at war with the allied English and 
French fleets, and went to the scene of operations 
at Pei-ho. Shortly before an engagement his flag- 
ship grounded and was towed off by the English 
boats. This service was taken as an excuse for 
subsequent active participation in the attack on 
the Chinese. In explanation of his violation of 
neutrality, Tattnall exclaimed that 44 blood was 
thicker than water." He was sustained in his course 
by public opinion at the time and also by the gov- 
ernment On 20 Feb., 1861, he resigned his com- 
mission as captain in the navy, and offered his 
services to the governor of Georgia. He was com- 
missioned senior flag-officer of the Georgia navy, 28 
Feb.. 1861, and in March, 1861, he became a captain 
in the Confederate navy, and wss ordered to com- 
mand the naval defences of Georgia and South 
Carolina. On 7 Nov., 1861, he led an improvised 
naval force against the attack on Port Royal. He 
conducted attacks on the blockading fleet at the 
mouth of the Savannah, constructed batteries for 
the defence of that river, and materially delayed 
the operations of the National forces. In March, 
1862, ne was ordered to relieve Franklin Buchanan, 
who was wounded in the engagement with the 
44 Monitor," and took command of the 44 Merrimac " 
and the naval defences of the waters of Virginia. 
He set out for Hampton Roads on 11 April, 1862, 
accompanied by the gun-boats, which cut out three 
merchant vessels, but the 44 Merrimac" did not 
venture to lose communication with Norfolk. 
When the Confederates were forced to abandon the 
peninsula, Norfolk and the navy-yard were also 
surrendered, and on 11 May, 1862, Tattnall de- 
stroyed the 44 Merrimac " off Craney island in order 
to prevent her capture. He was then ordered to 



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TAUSTE 



TAYLOR 



39 



resume command of the naval defences of Georgia. 
At his request a court of inquiry was ordered to 
investigate the destruction of the " Merrimac," and 
he was censured for destroying the vessel without 
attacking the enemy's fleet, and for not taking her 
to Hog island to defend the James river. He then 
demanded a regular court-martial, which met at 
Richmond, 5 July, 1862, and, after a thorough in- 
vestigation, honorably acquitted him. He was 
indefatigable in his efforts to defend Savannah 
river, but in January, 1803, he was obliged to de- 
stroy all the vessels he had collected. He then went 
to Augusta, where he was included in the parole of 
the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army. 
He remained there until 12 June. 1866, when he 
took his family to Nova Scotia, after first obtaining 
permission from the war department to leave the 
country. He resided near Halifax, but his pecun- 
iary resources became nearly exhausted, and in 
1870 he returned to his home in quest of employ- 
ment. On 5 Jan., 1870, the mayor and city council 
appointed him inspector of the port of Savannah. 
He held this office, which had been created for 
him, for seventeen months, when it was abolished 
by his death. See " The Life of Commodore Tatt- 
nall," by Charles C. Jones, assisted by J. R. P. 
Tattnall", the commodore's son (Savannah, 1878). 

TAl'STE, Francisco (tah-oo'-stay), Spanish 
missionary, b. in Tanste, Aragon, about 1630; d. 
in Venezuela toward the end of the 17th century. 
He entered the Capuchin order in Spain, and was 
sent as a missionary to the coast of Cumana, where 
he soon became proficient in the Indian languages 
of that province, and evangelized numerous tribes. 
He wrote "Arte v Diecionario de la Lengua de 
Cumana** (Madrid, 1680), and, according to Juan 
de San Antonio, in his " Biblioteca Franc iscana," 
left in manuscript 44 Doctrina Crist iana para in- 
strucci6n de los Indios Chaimas, Cumanagotas, 
Cores y Parias, en sus respectivos Idiomas." 

TA VARES - BASTOS, Anreliano Candldo 
(tah-vah'-ravs). Brazilian lawyer, b. in Pernambuco 
in 1840; d.' in Nice, France, 3 Dec., 1875. After 
finishing his studies he was admitted to the bar of 
his native citv, and soon attained prominence as 
an able and eloquent orator. He was counsel for 
several political prisoners, advocated religious free- 
dom with great vehemence, and participated in the 
movement that led to the abolition of slavery 
throughout the empire. He was a member of the 
Brazilian parliament in 1872, but his health failing 
he went to Nice, where he died. His works in- 
clude " Cartas de um solitario " (Rio Janeiro, 18G5) ; 
44 O valle do rio Amazonas " (1869) ; " Estudos sobre 
algumas reformacOes legislativas" (1870); and sev- 
eral political _pamph lets. 

TAVERNIER, Jacques (tah-vair-ne-ay), called 
Le Lyonnais, French buccaneer, b. in Lyons, 
France, about 1625; d. in Havana, Cuba, in 1673. 
He early followed the sea, served on privateers in 
tbe Gulf of Mexico, and later joined the buccaneers 
in Tortugas. He took part in most of the expe- 
ditions under the leadership of Laurent van Graaf, 
Grandmount, Jacques Nau, Pierre le Picard, Henry 
Morgan, and other famous chiefs, but never com- 
manded a strong following, as he was unable to 
read and write. After 1664, however, he was the 
owner of the ship " I^a Perle," carrying twelve can- 
nons, and he maue some daring inroads on the coasts 
of Venezuela, Panama, Cuba, and even Mexico. He 
assisted at the capture of Maracaibo in 1666, and 
of Porto Cabello in 1667, was with Morgan at 
Panama in 1671, and later ravaged with Bradley 
the Bay of Honduras. On returning from the lost 
expedition he fell in with two Spanish men-of-war; j 



a desperate battle ensued, and one of the Spanish 
ships took fire and was obliged to head for the 
coast. Ta vernier and his buccaneers boarded the 
other vessel and had nearly captured it, when a 
sudden storm parted the cables that lashed the two 
vessels together. The buccaneers retreated in great 
haste to their ship, but a few, including the chief, 
were unable to regain it, as the two vessels parted. 
The fight continued, nevertheless, for some time on 
board the Spanish vessel, but Tavernier being 
severely wounded, the buccaneers, deprived of their 
chief, lost courage and were finally overcome. 
Tavernier was brought nearly dying to Havana, 
where he was immediately executed before the 
palace of the audiencia. 

TAYLOR. Alexander Smith, ethnologist, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 16 April, 1817 ; d. near Santa Bar- 
bara. Cal., 27 July, 1876. He received a limited 
education, left Charleston in 1837, travelled for 
several years in the West Indies and in India and 
China, went to California from Hong Kong in 1848, 
and lived at Monterey till 1860, where he was clerk 
of the U. S. district court in 1853, and afterward 
on a ranch near Santa Barbara. He has written for 
magazines and newspapers articles on the Indian 
races, the history of California, and natural history. 
He published a translation of the diarv of Juan 
Rodriguez Cabrillo, under the title of " 'l'he First 
Voyage to the Coast of California "(San Francisco, 
1853) ; a " History of Grasshoppers and Locusts of 
America" in the "Report" of the Smithsonian 
institution for 1858; "The Indianology of Cali- 
fornia" in the "California Farmer (1860-'4); 
and " Bibliographia Calif ornica " in the Sacramento 
" Union " (l863-'6). 

TAYLOR, Alfred, naval officer, b. in Fairfax 
county, Va., 23 May, 1810. He entered the navy 
as a midshipman, 1 Nov., 1826, became a passed 
midshipman, 4 June. 1831, and was commissioned a 
lieutenant, 9 Feb., 1837. During the Mexican war 
he was attached to the frigate " Cumberland " in 
the blockade of Vera Cruz and in some of the 
operations on the coast. He served at the Wash- 
ington navy-vard in 1848-*51, and in the steamer 
" Mississippi with Perry's expedition to Japan in 
1853-'5, was commissioned commander, 14 Sept., 
1855, and commanded the sloop " Saratoga " on the 
coast of Africa when the civil war opened in 1861. 
He was commissioned captain, 16 July, 1862, and 
was attached to the navy-yard at Boston in 1862-'5. 
He commanded the flag-ship "Susquehanna" on 
the Brazil station in 1866, and was promoted to 
commodore, 27 Sept., 1866. He was then on wait- 
ing orders until February, 1869, when he was ap- 
pointed light-house inspector. He was promoted 
to rear-admiral. 29 Jan., 1872, and was retired by 
operation of law, 23 May, 1872. He has been a resi- 
dent of New York city since his retirement. 

TAYLOR, Alfred, clergyman, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., in 1831. He was pastor of Presbyterian 
churches at Bristol and Williamsport, Pa. Tie has 
exerted himself for the improvement of Sundav- 
school teaching, and in 187rf-'l conducted a weekly 
called the "Sunday-School Workman." His pub- 
lications include "Union Praver- Meeting Hymn- 
Book " (Philadelphia, 1858) ; " Sunday-School "Pho- 
tographs" (Boston and Edinburgh, 1864); "Extra 
Hvmn-Book" (Philadelphia, 1864); and "Hints 
about Sunday-School Work " (1869). 

TAYLOR, Archibald Alexander Edward, 
educator, b. in Springfield. Ohio, 27 Aug., 1884. 
He was graduated at Princeton in 1854, and at the 
theological seminary there in 1857. He was pastor 
of a Presbyterian church at Portland, Kv., in 
1857-9, then at Dubuque, Iowa, till 1865, for the 



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40 



TAYLOR 



TAYLOR 




next four jean at Georgetown, D. C, and at Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, from 1860 till 1878. In 1870-*2 he 
was co-editor of Our Monthly," published in Cin- 
cinnati. Prom 1878 till 1888 he was president of 
Wooster university, Ohio. He continued to be con- 
nected with the institution as professor of logic 
and political economy and dean of the post-gradu- 
ate department for fire years longer, editing in 
1880-'$ 44 The Post-Graduate," a quarterly journal 
of philosophy. He then became editor of 44 The 
Mid-Continent," the organ of the Presbyterian 
church in the southwest, published in St Louis, 
Mo. He received the degree of D. D. from Wooster 
in 1872, and that of LL. D. when he retired from 
the presidency in 1888. 

TAYLOR, Bayard, author, b. in Kennett 
Square, Chester co.. Pa., 11 Jan.. 1825; d. in Ber- 
lin, Germany, 19 Dec., 1878. He was the son of 
Joseph and Rebecca (Way) Taylor, and was of 
Quaker and South German descent His first 
American ancestor, Robert Taylor, was a rich 
Quaker, who came 
over with Penn in 
1681, and whose 
eldest son inherit- 
ed land that now 
includes 44 Cedar- 
croft," the poet's 
recent estate. His 
grandfather mar- 
ried a Lutheran 
of pure German 
blood, and was ex- 
communicated bv 
the Quakers. The 
poet s mother, al- 
though a Luther- 
an, was attached 
to the Quaker doc- 
trines, and the 
Quaker speech and 
manners prevailed 
in her household. Bayard was named after James 
A. Bayard, of Delaware, and his first book bore on 
its title-page, through a mistake of Griswold, its 
editor, the name of "James Bayard Taylor." After 
reaching his majority he always signed his name 
Bayard Taylor. His boyhood was passed near Ken- 
nett on a farm. He learned to read at four, began 
to write early, and from his twelfth year wrote 
44 poems, novels, historical essays, but chiefly po- 
ems." At the age of fourteen he studied Latin and 
French, and Spanish not Ions afterward. In 1887 
the family removed to West Chester. There, and at 
Union villa, the youth had five years of high-school 
training. His first printed poem was contributed in 
1841 to the " Saturday Evening Post," Philadelphia. 
In 1842 he was apprenticed to a printer of West 
Chester. His contributions to the 44 Post " led to 
a friendship with ,Rufus W. Griswold, who was 
then connected with that paper and was also edi- 
tor of 44 Graham's Magazine." Griswold advised 
him concerning the publication of 44 Ximena, and 
other Poems " (Philadelphia. 1844), which was dedi- 
cated to his adviser and sold by subscription. By 
this time he found a trade distasteful, and, to 
gratify his desire for travel and studyin Europe, 
he bought his time of his employer. The 44 Post " 
and the 44 United States Gazette " each agreed to 
pay him fifty dollars in advance for twelve foreign 
Utters. Graham bought some of his poems, and 
with one hundred ana forty dollars thus collected 
he sailed for Liverpool, 1 July, 1844. Horace Gree- 
ley cave him a conditional order for letters to the 
"Tribune," of which he afterward wrote eighteen 



from Germany. His experiences abroad are well 
condensed in his own language: 44 After landing 
in Liverpool, I spent three weeks in a walk through 
Scotland and the north of England, and then trav- 
elled through Belgium and up the Rhine to Heidel- 
berg, where I arrived in September, 1844. The 
winter of 1844-'5 1 spent in Fran kfort-on- the- Main, 
and by May I was so good a German that I was 
often not suspected of being a foreigner. I started 
off again on foot, a knapsack on my back, and vis- 
ited the Brocken. Leipsic, Dresden, Prague, Vien- 
na, Salzburg, and Munioh, returning to Frankfort 
in July. A further walk over the Alps and through 
northern Italy took me to Florence, where I spent 
four months learning Italian. Thence I wandered, 
still on foot to Rome and Civita Vecchia, where I 
bought a ticket as deck-passenger to Marseilles, and 
then tramped on to Paris through the cold winter 
rains. I arrived there in February, 1846, and re- 
turned to America after a stay of three months in 
Paris and London. I had been abroad for two 
years, and had supported myself entirely during 
the whole time by my literary correspondence. 
The remuneration which I received was in all five 
hundred dollars, and only by continual economy 
and occasional self-denial was I able to carry out 
my plan." H is letters were widely read, and shortly 
after his return were collected in 44 Views Afoot or 
Europe seen with Knapsack and Staff" (New York, 
1846). Six editions were sold within the year. In 
December, 1846, Taylor bought, with a friend as 
partner, a printing-office in his native county, and 
began to publish the Phcenixville 44 Pioneer/' But 
after a year he sold his newspaper and obtained a 

Slace on the New York 44 Tribune " in the literary 
epartment and as man -of -all- work. In Decem- 
ber, 1848, he published 44 Rhymes of Travel, Bal- 
lads, and Poems," which gave him repute as a 
poet In 184&-'50 he was sent by the 44 Tribune " 
to California to report on the gold discoveries, 
and his letters were collected in 44 Eldorado, or 
Adventures in the Path of Empire" (1850). The 
same year he delivered the ♦ B K poem at Har- 
vard. On 24 Oct, 1850, Taylor married, at Ken- 
nett Mary Agnew, a Quaker girl of exquisite char- 
acter, to whom he had long been betrothed, but 
who was now in an incurable decline, and she died 
within two months. He obtained an interest in 
the 44 Tribune," and also issued 44 A Book of Ro- 
mances, Lyrics, and Songs " (1851). In the autumn 
he again visited Europe as a correspondent, went 
to Egypt and thence to Syria, Palestine, and Asia 
Minor, and reached London in October, 1852. His 
instructions next led him to join Com. Perry's ex- 
pedition to Japan. Travelling through Spain, he 
proceeded to Bombay via Cairo and Suez, jour- 
neyed through India to Delhi and Calcutta, thence 
to the Himalayas and back, and finally voyaged to 
Hong Kong, China, which he reached in March, 
1858, joining Perry's flap-ship in May, and obtain- 
ing the nominal appointment of master's mate. 
He remained with the expedition until September, 
sharing its visit to Japan, and transmitting graphic 
accounts thereof to the 44 Tribune," besides furnish- 
ing valuable notes to Perry for the latter's report 
to the U. S. government After his return home 
he was in demand as a lecturer, and made lecturing 
a vocation throughout much of his after career. In 
1854 he published 44 A Journey to Central Africa" 
and 44 The Land of the Saracen." 44 A Visit to In- 
dia, China, and Japan " appeared in 1855. In 1854 
he also brought out his 44 Poems of the Orient," 
perhaps his freshest, most glowing and character- 
istic book of verse. The next year or two were oc- 
cupied with lecturing, travelling in this country, 



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TAYLOR 



TAYLOR 



41 




and authorship. " Poems of Home and Travel," a 
collective edition of his verse, and a revised edition 
of " Views Afoot," came out in 1855. His income 
grew large from copyrights, lecture-fees, and the 
"Tribune" stock. He edited a "Cyclopedia of 
Modern Travel " (New York, 1856). In July, 1855, 
he revisited Germany, and then made a journey to 
Norway and Lapland. His letters to the "Trib- 
une" composed the volume "Northern Travel" 
(1858). He married in October, 1857, Marie Han- 
sen, of Gotha, and spent the winter of 1857- 8 in 
Greece. In October, 1858, they returned to Ken- 
nett Souare, bringing with them a daughter, Lilian 
Bayard, who now resides at Halle with her hus- 
band. Dr. Kiliani. Taylor laid the corner-stone 
of his country-home, " Cedarcroft," upon a gener- 
ous tract? of 
land which he 
had purchased 
near Kennett 
Square. In 
1801 the house 
was completed 
and became 
his residence. 
It is represent- 
ed in the ac- 
company ingil- 
lustration. At 
the beginning 
of the civil war 
he spoke and 
wrote for the 
National cause, and in May, 1862, he was appoint- 
ed secretary of legation. Gen. Simon Cameron be- 
ing minister, at St Petersburg. When left for 
a time in sole charge, he was influential, as the 
files of the state department show, in determining 
Russia to extend her sympathy and active friend- 
ship to the U. S. government. Resigning his 
office in 1868, he visited Gotha, where he obtained 
unusual facilities for his study of the life and 
writings of Goethe. After the loss of a brother, 
Col. Frederic Taylor, at Gettysburg, he went home 
in the autumn of 1868 and resumed his professional 
labors. In 1867 the Taylors revisited Switzerland 
and Italy, and the poet was brought near to death 
by an attack of Roman fever. He made a trip to 
Corsica in 1868. Two years were now devoted to 
his translation of " Faust," which was published 
in the United States, England, and Germany. In 
1870 he delivered a course of lectures, as professor 
of German literature, at Cornell university. He 
went again to Weimar in search of materials for 
biographies of Goethe and Schiller, and in Febru- 
ary, 1874, revisited Italy and Egypt Midsummer 
found him at the Millennial celebration of Iceland, 
which he described for the " Tribune," and reached 
home in the autumn. In 1876 he once more occu- 
pied a desk in the 44 Tribune " office. On 4 July, 
1876, he delivered the stately National ode at the 
Centennial celebration in Philadelphia. In 1877 
his health failed, and after a partial recuperation 
be was nominated by President Hayes as minister 
to Berlin. His confirmation was followed by a 
notable series of popular testimonials, culminating 
with a banquet in New York, at which the poet 
Bryant presided, 4 April, 1878. He entered upon 
his official duties in May. His books of travel, sub- 
sequent to those heretofore named, were " Trav- 
els in Greece and Rome" (New York, 1859); "At 
Home and Abroad " (2 vols., 1859-'62) ; 44 Colorado : 
a Summer Trip * (1867) ; " Byways of Europe " 
(18(W); "Travels in Arabia" (1872); and "Egypt 
mod Iceland" (1874). Among his miscellaneous 



works are a 44 Masque," for the golden wedding of 
his parents (printed privately, 1868); a "School 
Historvof Germany to 1871 r '(1874); "The Boys 
of other Countries ''(1876) ; and •* The Echo Club " 
(1876). The last-named is a book of talk upon 
modern poets, with burlesque imitations of tneir 
verse, for which sparkling by-play Taylor had a 
native readiness. He also edited, with George Rip- 
lev, a " Handbook of Literature and Fine Arts " 
(1852), and, alone, the 44 Illustrated Library of Trav- 
el " (8 vols., 1871-'4), besides various translations. 
He began with much zest, in 1868, his career as a 
novelist, laying his plots and scenes in his own coun- 
trv. 44 Hannah Thurston " (1868), whose heroine is 
a Pennsylvania Quakeress, was followed by " John 
Godfrey's Fortunes" (1864): "The Story of Ken- 
nett " (1866) ; 44 Joseph and his Friend " (1870) ; and 
44 Beauty and the Beast, and Tales of Home " (1872). 
44 The Story of Kennett " is the most complete as a 
work of art. But it was as a poet that Taylor 
exerted all his powers and hoped to be remem- 
bered, and some of his verse reflects his highest 
creative mood. His later books of poetry comprise 
"The Poet's Journal" (Boston, 1*362); "Poems" 
(1865); "The Picture of St. John," a romantic art- 
poem (1869) ; 44 Ballad of Abraham Lincoln " (1869); 
44 The Masque of the Gods " (1872) ; 44 Lars : a Pas- 
toral of Norway " (1878) ; 44 The Prophet : a Trage- 
dy " (1874) ; 44 Home-Pastorals " (1875) ; 4 The Na- 
tional Ode" (1876); and "Prince Deukalion: a 
Lyrical Drama" (1878). His poetry is striking for 
qualities that appeal to the ear and eye, finished, 
sonorous in diction and rhythm, at times too rhetori- 
cal, but rich in sound, color, and metrical effects. 
His early models were Byron and Shelley, and 
his more ambitious lyrics and dramas exhibit the 
letter's peculiar, often vague, spirituality. 44 Lars," 
somewhat after the manner of Tennyson, is his long, 
est and most attractive narrative poem. 44 Prince 
Deukalion" was designed for a masterpiece; its 
blank verse and choric interludes are noble in spirit 
and mould. Some of Taylor's songs, oriental iayls, 
and the true and tender Pennsylvanian ballads, 
have passed into lasting favor, and show the native 
quality of his poetic gift His fame rests securely 
upon nis unequalled rendering of 44 Faust " in the 
original metres, of which the first and second parts 
appeared in 1870 and 1871. His commentary upon 
Part II. for the first time interpreted the motive 
and allegory of that unique structure. During his 
one summer in Germany he was able only to revise 
the proof 8 of 44 Prince Deukalion " and to write an 
44 Epicedium " on the death of Bryant. Tributes 
were paid to his memory at Berlin, Berthold Auer- 
bach pronouncing an eloquent address. His re- 
mains, on arriving at New York, were honored 
with a solemn reception by the German societies 
and an oration by Algernon S. Sullivan. The body 
lay in state at the city-hall, was then removed to 
Kennett, and there interred, 15 March, 1879. Post- 
humous collections of Taylor's miscellanies, 44 Stud- 
ies in German Literature " (1879), and 44 Essays and 
Notes " (1880), were edited by George H. Boker and 
Mrs. Taylor. In person he was of a handsome 
and commanding figure, with an oriental yet frank 
countenance, a nch voice, and engaging smile and 
manner. — His wife, Marie Hansen, b. in Gotha, 
Germany, 2 June, 1829, is the daughter of the late 
Prof. Peter A. Hansen, foun'der of the Erfurt ob- 
servatory. She zealously promoted her husband's 
literary career, and translated into German his 
"Greece" (Leipsic, 1858); "Hannah Thurston" 
(Hamburg, 1868); "Story of Kennett" (Gotha, 
1868); "Tales of Home " (Berlin, 1879); "Studies 
in German Literature " (Leipsic, 1880) ; and notes 



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42 



TAYLOR 



TAYLOR 



to 44 Faust," both parts (Leipsic, 1881). After her 
husband's death sne edited, with notes, his " Dra- 
matic Works" (1880), and in the same year his 
"Poems" in a 44 Household Edition," and brought 
together his 44 Critical Essays and Literary Notes." 
In 11*85 she prepared a school edition of 44 Lars," 
with notes and a sketch of its author's life. After 
six years' labor in collecting and arranging the 
poet s extensive private correspondence, she com- 

Eletcd, with Horace E. Scudder, the "Life and 
ictters of Bayard Taylor" (2 vols., Boston, 1884). 
TAYLOR, Benjamin Cook, clergyman, b. in 
Philadelphia. Pa., 24 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Bergen, N. J., 
2 Feb., 1881. He was graduuted at Princeton in 1810 
and at the New Brunswick theological seminary 
in 182*3, held various pastorates between 1825 and 
1828, and from the latter year till the time of his 
death was i»astor of the Reformed church at Ber- 
gen, the 200th anniversary of which he commemo- 
rated in a sermon in 1861. Besides this and other 
discourses, he published 44 Annals of the Classis 
and Township of Bergen " (1850). He received the 
degree of D. D. from Hobart in 1843. — His brother, 
Isaac Ebenezer, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
25 April. 1812, was educated at Rutgers, and gradu- 
ated at the medical department of the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1834. He was engaged in mer- 
cantile business in New York city from 1835 till 
1839, then began practice, travelled and studied in 
Europe in 1840-'1, and after his return had charge 
for seven years, as attending physician, of cases of 
diseases of women in the Eastern, City. Northern, 
and Demilt dispensaries, in which he introduced a 
system of clinical instruction in his department. 
In 1851 he was elected physician to Bellevue hos- 
pital. In I860 he suggested the establishment of 
a medical college in connection with the hospital, 
and in the following year Bellevue hospital medical 
college was incorporated and went into operation, 
with Dr. Taylor as its president and treasurer. In 
1863, at his suggestion, an out-door department 
was organized in connection with the hospital. He 
resigned his professorship of olwtetrics in 1867, 
but was elected emeritus professor, and continued 
in the presidency of the faculty. He was presi- 
dent of the medical board of "Bellevue hospital 
from 1868 till 1876, when he ceased his labors as 
attending obstetrical physician. From 1860 till 
1874 he was attending pnysician to Charity hospi- 
tal, and for the first two years was president of its 
medical board. As consulting physician, he is still 
connected with both hospitals. Since 1876 he has 
been obstetrical physician to the Maternity hospi- 
tal. He is vice-president of 'the American gyne- 
cological society. He was one of the originators 
of the 44 New York Medical Journal " and president 
of its association in 1869-'70. As early as 1839 
Dr. Taylor suggested the hypodermic method of 
treatment by morphia and strychnia. He was the 
earliest American physician to use the speculum 
in diseases of women, publishing a paper on the 
subject in 1841. He was also the nrst to intro- 
duce the subject of uterine auscultation, and in 
1843 edited Dr. Evory Kennedy's work on that 
diagnostic method. He has published original 
monographs on the symptoms and treatment of 
Addison's disease, the inhalation of chloroform 
as a remedy for regurgitation of the stomach, 
the non-shortening of the cervix uteri during 
gestation, the nature of placenta previa, the seat 
of disease in procidentia uteri, the mechanism of 
spontaneous inversion of the uterus, and on con- 
tracted and faulty pelves, and various other sub- 
jects connected with midwifery. — A son of Ben- 
jamin C, William Jaaea Romeyn, clergyman. 



b. in Schodack, Rensselaer co., N. Y.,31 July, 1828, 
was graduated at Rutgers in 1841, and at the 
theological seminary at New Brunswick in 1844. 
and licensed by the classis of Bergen in the latter 
year. He was pastor of the Reformed church at 
S'ew Durham, N. J., in 1844-'6, then in Jersey City 
for three years, in Schenectady, N. Y.. for aUnit 
the same length of time, then of another church 
in Jersey City in 1852-'4, and after that of the 3d 
Reformed church of Philadelphia till 1802, when 
he became corresponding secretary of the American 
Bible society, lie resumed the active work of the 
ministry in 1869, and from that year has had charge 
of a church in Newark, N.J. lie presided over the 
general synod in 1871. From 1872 till 1876 he 
edited the "Christian Intcllieeneer," and attended 
the Presbyterian councils held in Philadelphia, 
Belfast, and London. The degree of D. D. was con- 
ferred on him by Rutgers in 1860. Dr. Taylor has 
written much for the religious press and published 
hymns, addresses, sermons, and tracts, lie is the 
author of 44 Louisa, a Pastor's Memorial " (Phila- 
delphia, I860); "The Bible in the Last Hundred 
Years'* (1876): "Church Extension in Large 
Cities" (1880); and 44 On Co-operation in Foreign 
Missions" (1884). 

TAYLOR, Bush rod Bunt, naval officer, b. in 
Madison, lnd., 31 March, 1832 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C. 22 April, 1883. He entered the navy as an 
acting midshipman, 3 April, 1849, and was gradu- 
ated at the naval academy. 12 June. 1855. He was 
promoted to master on 16 Sept., lieutenant, 81 July, 
1856, and served in the Paraguay expedition of 
1859. He went to the naval academy as an in- 
structor in October, 1860, and assisted in the re- 
moval of the academy from Annapolis to Newport. 
From May to August, 1861, he served in the flag- 
ship " Colorado, in the Gulf squadron, on the 
blockade. He was in the supply and despatch 
steamer " Connecticut " in 1861- 2, and was execu- 
tive of the steamer 44 Cimmerone " in James river and 
the South Atlantic blockade in 1862-U He was 
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, 
served in the steamer " Ticonderoga," flag-ship of 
the West India squadron, in 1863, and commanded 
the steamer 44 Kanawha," in t he Western Gulf squad- 
ron, until 28 Sept.. 1865. He next served at the 
Philadelphia navy-yard in 1865-'6,and at the naval 
academy as an instructor in 1866-'9. He was com- 
missioned commander, 14 March. 1868. and had the 
steamer" Idaho," of the Asiatic squadron, in 1869. 
In this vessel he encountered the centre of a terrible 
typhoon, in which she was completely dismantled 
and became almost a total wreck. This was one of 
the worst storms, that was ever survived by any 
ship. He next commanded the 44 Ashuelot " on the 
same station, until January, 1872, served at the 
Philadelphia navy-yard in 1872, and in the bureau 
of yards and docks at Washington in 1872-'4. He 
commanded the steamer 44 Wachusett " during the 
threatened war with Spain in 1874, was a member 
of the board of inspection in 1876, and at the Bos- 
ton navy-vard in 1876-'9. He was commissioned 
captain, 27 Oct., 1869, and had special duty at Wash- 
ington in 1880. 

TAYLOR, Christopher, Quaker preacher, b. 
near Skipton, Yorkshire, England, about 1620; d. 
in Philadelphia. Pa., in April. 1686. He was a 
Puritan minister until he was converted to Quaker 
doctrines by the teachings of George Fox. He was 
a man of learning, and expounded his belief in dif- 
ferent parts of England while pursuing the voca- 
tion of a teacher of the classics. After suffering 

Krsecution and imprisonment for his convictions 
left his school at Edmonton, Middlesex, and 



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TAYLOR 



TAYLOR 



48 



emigrated to Pennsylvania. He settled in Bucks 
county, which he represented in the first assembly 
of the province, ana after the arrival of William 
Penn he became a member of the council, and con- 
tinued a councillor till the time of his death. He 
also held the office of registrar-general, removing 
to Philadelphia from Chester county, where he had 
for some time resided and held a commission as 
justice of the peace. He published " Compendium 
trium linguarum " (1679). 

TAYLOR, Edward, clergyman, b. in England 
in 1642; d. in Westfield, Mass., 29 June, 1729. 
He began his education in England with the in- 
tention of following the ministry, left that country 
on account of measures that were taken against 
non-conformists, and on his arrival in Massachu- 
setts in 1668 entered Harvard, where he was 
graduated in 1671. He was invited to become 
minister to the people of Westfield, and arrived 
there on 3 Dec., 16*1, but, owing to the insecu- 
rity of that frontier settlement and the small 
number of its inhabitants', the church was not or- 
ganized till 27 Aug., 1679. He performed the 
duties of minister there, and for much of the time 
those of physician also, until his death. He left 
several manuscript volumes, including; a "Com- 
mentary on the Four Gospels," " Chnstographia, 
or a Discourse on the Virtues and Character of 
Christ,** and poems in English and in Latin. 

TAYLOR, Edward Thompson, missionary, b. 
in Richmond, Va., 25 Dec, 1798 ; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 6 April, 1871. He was left an orphan in 
infancy, taken away bv a sea-captain when seven 
years old, and trained as a sailor, in which call- 
ing he passed his early life. In 1819 he became 
a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
About 1830 he became a Bethel missionary in Bos- 
ton. He served as chaplain on the frigate ** Mace- 
donian,** which took supplies to the famishing 
Insh in 1827, and delivered addresses in Cork and 
Glasgow. "Father Taylor,** as he was called, 
mingled nautical terms and figures in his dis- 
courses, and by his wit, pathos, and imagination 
controlled the' moods ana wrought upon the feel- 
ings of his hearers in a remarkable degree. 

TAYLOR, George, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, b. in Ireland in 1716 ; d. in Easton, 
Pa., 28 Feb., 1781. He is said to have been the son 
of a clergyman and to have received a liberal edu- 
cation and begun the 
study of medicine, 
which he abandoned 
in order to emigrate 
to this country in 
1786. Leaving his 
home clandestinely 
and without money, 
he took passage as a 
redemptioner, and on 
his arrival at Phila- 
delphia was bound to 
an iron-manufacturer 
at Durham, Pa., for a 
term of years. He 
worked as a clerk, in- 
stead of at common 
labor, and when his 
employer died, several 
years later, he married 
the widow, and be- 
came proprietor of the works, which prospered un- 
der his direction. Removing to Northampton coun- 




ty, where he established a large iron-mill, he was 
soon called to take part in public 
Her of the provincial at 



art in public affairs as a mem- 
embly that met at Philadel- 



phia on 15 Oct, 1764. He was appointed on the com- 
mit tee on grievances, and engaged effectively in the 
debate on the revision of the charter. He was re- 
elected for each year till 1770, taking an active part 
in the discussions, and after that applied himself to 
his business, which proved unprofitable in the new 
situation, holding only the offices of county judge 
and colonel of militia. Returning to Durham, he 
was again sent to the provincial assembly in 1775, 
and was placed on the committee of safety. He 
was a member also of committees on grants of the 
crown and military preparations and of the one 
that was appointed to draw up instructions for the 
delegates to the Continental congress. These in- 
structions, forbidding them to vote for separation, 
were revoked in June, 1776, and because five of the 
delegates from Pennsylvania hesitated to agree to 
the Declaration of Independence, others were chosen 
in their place on 20 Julv. George Taylor was one 
of the new delegates. lie took his seat in congress 
on the day of his election, and signed his name to 
the declaration with the other members when the 
engrossed copv of the instrument was ready, 2 
Aug. He made a treaty in behalf of congress with 
several Indian tribes of the Susquehanna border at 
Easton, where he had resided in the neighborhood of 
his estates in Northampton county, and in March, 
1777, he retired from congress. 

TAYLOR, George H., physician, b. in Willis- 
ton, Vt, in 1821. He was graduated at the New 
York medical college in 1852, studied the Swedish 
treatment, developed the massage-cure for nervous, 
gynecological, and other classes of diseases, and 
invented mechanical massage, with apparatus for 
expanding the chest, lifting the contents of the pel- 
vis, kneading the abdomen, and transmitting mo- 
tor energy. Dr. Taylor is the author of " Exposi- 
tion of the Swedish Movement-Cure " (New York, 
1860) ; ** Paralysis and Diseases of the Nerves, and 
the Remedial Use of Transmitted Motor Energy " 
(1872); "Health for Women" (1880); "Massage" 
(1884) ; " Pelvic and Hernial Therapeutics " (1884); 
and Massage ; Mechanical Processes " 0887). — His 
brother, Charles Fayette, surgeon, b. in Williston. 
Vt, 25 April, 1827, was graduated at the medical 
department of the University of Vermont in 1856, 
and settled in New York city, devoting himself to 
the specialty of orthopedy. He founded the New 
York orthopedic dispensary and hospital in 1866, 
and was surgeon there till 1876. In 1867 he was 
appointed consulting orthopedic surgeon to St 
Luke*s hospital. Dr. Taylor is the inventor of an 
antero-posterior spinal apparatus, and other con- 
trivances for the correction of spinal deviations 
consequent upon Pott's disease and angular and 
lateral curvature of the spine ; a long counter-ex- 
tension hip-splint for disease of the hip-joint; a 
jointed supporting splint for the recovering stage 
of hip-disease and for other purposes; and various 
apparatus for the correction of club-foot and other 
deformities of the feet and legs, and others for 
promoting the development of certain muscles or 
groups of muscles by means of local exercise; also 
of an osteoclast and a genuclast. He received 
medals for his inventions at the international ex- 
hibitions of 1873 and 1876 at Vienna and Philadel- 
phia, and was elected a corresponding member of 
the Royal society of physicians at Vienna. Besides 
monographs on the Swedish treatment in the New 
York medical journals, he published a volume on 
the 44 Theory and Practice of the Movement-Cure " 
(Philadelphia, 1861). He is the author of many 
medical papers, the chief of which are those on 
" Synovitis of the Knee-Joint," " Emotional Prodi- 
gality," and " Bodily Conditions as rela- ad to Men- 



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44 TAYLOR 

taJ States," and of volumes on 44 Spinal Irritation, 
or Causes of Backache in American Women " (New 
York, 1864); "Mechanical Treatment of Angular 
Curvature of the Spine " (New York, 1864 ; German 
translation, Berlin, 1873) ; " Infantile Paralysis and 
its Attendant Deformities" (Philadelphia, 1867); 
"Mechanical Treatment of Disease of the Hip- 
Joint " (New York, 1873 ; German ed., Berlin, 1873) ; 
and "Sensation and Pain " (New York, 1881)." 

TAYLOR, George Lansing, clergyman, b. in 
Skaneateles, N. Y., 13 Feb., 1835. He removed to 
Ohio in 1847, studied for two years at Ohio Wes- 
leyan university, Delaware, Ohio, and for two years 
more at Columbia, where he was graduated in 1861, 
was assistant editor of the 44 Christian Advocate " 
in New York city in 1861-*2, entered the itinerant 
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in 
April, 1862, and has since held pastorates in the 
New York east conference. He married, in 1861, 
Eliza M„ a daughter of the Rev. Mansfield French. 
During the civil war he served in the Christian 
commission in Virginia and Maryland. He has 
been actively connected with the National temper- 
ance society, and has frequently preached at camp- 
meetings. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Syracuse university in 1876, and that of L. H. D. 
from Columbia in 1887. Besides numerous ser- 
mons, pamphlets, addresses, fugitive poems, and 
magazine articles. Dr. Taylor is the author of 
44 Elijah, the Reformer, a Ballad-Epic, and other 
Sacred and Religious Poems "(New York, 1885); 
44 Ulysses S. Grant, Conqueror, Patriot, Hero ; an 
Elegy, and other Poems '' (1885) ; 44 What Shall We 
Do with the Sunday-School t " (New York, 1886); 
44 The Progress of Learning, a Poem delivered at 
the Celebration of the Centennial of Columbia 
College" (1887); and 44 The New Africa: its Dis- 
covery and Destiny," with maps (1888). 
. TAYLOR, George William, soldier, b. in Hun- 
terdon county, N. J., 22 Nov., 1808 ; d. in Alexan- 
dria, Va., 1 Sept., 1862. He was graduated at the 
military academy of Alden Partridge, Middletown, 
Conn., and received a midshipman's warrant in the 
navy in 1827, but resigned at the end of four years 
and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In the be- 
ginning of the Mexican war ne assisted in raising 
a company in New Jersey, being commissioned as 
lieutenant on 8 March, 1847, and as captain in the 
following September, and served through Gen. 
Zachary Taylor's campaigns. After the war he 
went to California, remaining there three years. 
Returning then to New Jersey, he occupied him- 
self in mining and iron-manufacturing. When the 
civil war began he was made colonel of the 3d New 
Jersey infantry, which left for the field on 28 June, 

1861, assisted in guarding Long Bridge, formed 
part of the reserve division at Bull Run, and par- 
ticipated in the occupation of Manassas in March, 

1862, being the first to perceive the enemy retreat- 
ing. When Gen. Philip Kearny was promoted, 
Col. Taylor succeeded to the command of the bri- 
gade, which he led in the advance on Richmond 
and the seven days' battles, receiving his commis- 
sion as brigadier-general of volunteers on 9 May, 
1862. At Gaines's Mills his command was subject- 
ed to the hottest fire. At the second battle of Bull 
Run he fought with distinguished courage, and 
received wounds from which he soon after died. 

TAYLOR, Jacob, mathematician, d. in Phila- 
delphia after 1736. He was a school-master in 
Philadelphia, holding the appointment of surveyor- 
general of the commonwealth, and published alma- 
nacs, for which he composed poetical pieces. He 
also practised medicine. One of his poems is en- 
titled " Pennsylvania" (1728). 



TAYLOR 



TAYLOR, James, pioneer, b. in Midway, Va,, ' 
April, 1769 ; d. in Newport, Ky., 8 Nov., 1848. H 
father was a first cousin of Gen. Zachary Taylc 
The son emigrated to Kentucky in 1792. Durir 
the second war with Great Britain he used h 
money and credit to pay the troops, took the fie 
as brigadier-general of Kentucky militia, served 
quartermaster-general of the northwestern arn 
under Gen. William Hull, and was active in co 
certing a plan to displace Hull and confide tl 
command of the fortress at Detroit to Gen. Du 
can McArthurl When Gen. Hull ordered him 
act with Col. James Miller and the British office 
in drawing up articles of capitulation, he refuse 
to have any participation in the surrender. 1 
became one of the largest land-owners in the we 

TAYLOR, James Harnett, clergyman, K 
Barton-on-Humber, England, 19 March, 1819 ; 
in Richmond, Va., 22 Dec., 1871. He was broug 
in his infancy to the United States, and receiv 
his early education in New York city, whence I 
parents removed about 1818 to Mecklenburg coun 
Va. After passing through an academical course, 
became a Baptist home missionary, and in IS 
was chosen pastor of a church in Richmond, V 
where he soon acquired a high reputation as 
preacher. In 1839- 40 he officiated as chaplain 
the University of Virginia. Returning to Ri< 
mond, he served as a pastor there for five ye; 
longer. He labored also as a missionary, and 
1845, soon after the organization of the South< 
Baptist convention, became its corresponding s 
retary. This office he filled till within a 1 
weeks of his death, travelling constantly, prea 
ing throughout the south, and editing the 44 ] 
ligious Herald " for a short time, and subsequen 
the 44 Southern Baptist Missionary Journal" 8 
the 44 Home and Foreign Journal," both of wh 
he founded, and the 44 Foreign Mission Jourm 
He was pastor also of the Baptist church at T 
lorsville, Hanover co., Va., till the civil war beg 
During the war he labored as a colporteur in car 
and hospitals, and for three years as Confedei 
post-chaplain. After its close he exerted himj 
to revive the missions of the Southern Baptist c 
vention, and took much inferest in the educat 
of the freedmen, preaching often to colored c 
gregations, and conferring with the secretary 
the Freedmen's bureau with regard to the I 
plans for assisting the emancipated slaves. He 
one of the originators of the Virginia Baptist e 
cation society, and a founder of Richmond coll< 
( His chief published works were 44 Life of Lot Cai 
(Baltimore, 1837) ; 44 Lives of Virginia Baptist ft 
isters " (Richmond, 1837) ; and 44 Memoir of Lut 
Rice, one of the First Missionaries in the Ea 
(1841). He had nearly completed before his de 
a 44 History of Virginia Baptists." See 44 Life i 
Times of James B. Taylor, by his son, Georg< 
Taylor (Philadelphia, 1872). His wife was 
daughter of Elisha Scott Williams.-— Their i 
George Boardman, clergyman, b. in Richmc 
Va., 27 Dec, 1832, was graduated at Richm 
college, taught for a short time, and then stuc 
three years at the University of Virginia, at 
same time serving as pastor of two Baptist churt 
in the vicinity. He was graduated in most of 
schools in the university, was pastor for two y 
in Baltimore, Md., then for twelve years at Stt 
ton, Va, leaving his church during the cam pi 
of 1862 to act as chaplain to Stonewall Jacks 
corps. Subsequently, till the close of hostili 
he officiated as post-chaplain in conjunction i 
his pastorate. In 1869 he was chosen chaplaii 
the University of Virginia for the usual pericx 



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TAYLOR 



two years, after which he returned to his former 
church at Staunton, of which he again took leave 
in 1873, on being appointed by the mission board 
of the Southern Baptist convention missionary to 
Rome, Italy. He was co-editor of the " Christian 
Review " for two years, and since 1876 he has been 
one of the editors of u II Seminatore," a monthly 
Baptist magazine published in Rome. The degree 
of D. D. was given him by Richmond college and 
the University of Chicago in 1872. His publica- 
tions include "Oaklana Stories" (4 vols., New 
York, 1859-'65); "Costar Grew" (Philadelphia, 
1880) : " Roger Bernard, the Pastor's Son " (1870) ; 
and ** Walter Ennis," a tale of the early Virginia 
Baptists (1870). 

TAYLOR, James Brainerd, clergyman, b. in 
Middle Haddam, Conn., 15 April, 1801; d. in 
Hampden Sidney, Va., 29 March, 1829. He be- 
came a merchant's clerk in New York city after 
receiving a common-school education, but at the 
age of eighteen determined to become a minister, 
and entered the preparatory academy at Lawrence- 
ville, N. J. He engaged in missionary work while 
in school and college, and gained many converts. 
After his graduation at Princeton in 1828 he 
studied at Yale divinity-school, taking an active 
part in the revivals in the neighborhood and in the 
south, whither he removed on account of failing 
health. His faith and ardor are commemorate! 
in a " Memoir" by John H. and Benjamin H. Rice, 
who were near him in his last days at the Theo- 
logical seminary of Virginia (New York, 1833). — 
His brother. Fitch Waterman, author, b. in 
Middle Haddam. Conn., 4 Aug., 1803; d. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., 23 July, 1885, went to New York city 
at the age of fifteen with the intention of fol- 
lowing a mercantile career, but afterward decided 
to enter upon the Christian ministry. He was 
graduated at Yale in 1828, received orders in the 
Protestant Episcopal church, and was minister of 
a parish in Maryland till 1841, when he was ap- 
pointed to a chaplaincy in the navy. At the time 
of his death he was the senior chaplain in the 
service. He published, under the title of "The 
Flag-Ship" (New York, 1840), a narrative of a 
voyage around the world in the frigate " Colum- 
bia," and under that of "The Broad Pennant" 
(1848) an account of a cruise in the " Cumberland n 
and of naval operations in the Mexican war. 

TAYLOR, James Wickes, author, b. in Starkey, 
Yates co., N. Y., 8 Nov., 1819. He was educated 
there and in Ohio, and in 1838 was graduated at 
Hamilton college. He was admitted to the bar of 
New York and Ohio, practised in both those states, 
and resided in the latter from 1842 till 1858, when 
be removed to St Paul, Minn. He was a member 
of the Ohio constitutional convention of 1849-'50, 
secretary of the commission to revise the judicial 
code of that state in 1851-*2, and was librarian of 
Ohio in 1852-'8. During the civil war, and for 
several years afterward, Mr. Taylor was special 
agent of the U. S. treasury, being charged with 
making inquiries into the reciprocal relations of 
trade and transportation between the United States 
and Canada. He was appointed U. S. consul at 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, 14 Sept., 1870, which post he 
has held ever since. He has engaged largely in 
journalism, published the Cincinnati " Signal " in 
1847, and is the author of ** History of the State of 
Ohio : First Period, 1820-1787 " (Cincinnati, 1854) ; 
"Manual of the Ohio School System" (1857); 
" Railroad System of Minnesota and Northwestern 
Connections " (St Paul, 1859) ; " Reports to Treas- 
ury Department on Commercial Relations with 
Canada*' (Washington, 1880, 1882, and 1888) ; " Al- 



TAYLOR 45 

leghania, or the Strength of the Union and the 
Weakness of Slavery in the Highlands of the 
South "(St. Paul, 1882); "Forest and Fruit Cul- 
ture in Manitoba" (Winnipeg, 1882); pamphlets 
relating to the Indian question in relation to the 
Sioux war of 1862-'3 (St Paul); and, with John R. 
Browne, " Mineral Resources of the United States " 
(Washington, 1867). 

TAYLOR, John, senator, b. in Orange county, 
Va., in 1750 ; d. in Caroline county, Va., 20 Aug., 
1824. He was graduated at William and Mary 
college in 1770, became a planter, and did much to 
improve methods of cultivation and extend the 
knowledge of agriculture. When Richard Henry 
Lee resigned from the U. S. senate, Taylor was ap- 
pointed to the vacant seat He entered the senate 
on 12 Dec., 1792, and was elected for the term that 
began in the following March, but resigned in 1794. 
He was a presidential elector in 1797, and in 1803 

r'n served in the senate for the two months that 
. sed between the death of Stevens T. Mason and 
the election of his successor. He was elected a 
senator two years before his death, taking his seat 
on 30 Dec., 1824. He shared the political opinions 
of Thomas Jefferson, and was the mover in the 
Virginia house of delegates of the resolutions of 
1798. He published " An Inquiry into the Princi- 
ples and Policy of the Government of the United 
States" (Fredericksburg, 1814); " Arator; bein$ a 
Series of Agricultural Essays, Practical and Politi- 
cal" (6th ed., Petersburg," 1818); "Construction 
Construed and the Constitution Vindicated" 
(Richmond, 1820) ; " Tyranny Unmasked " (Wash- 
ington, 1822) ; and " New views of the Constitu- 
tion of the United States" (Washington, 1828). 

TAYLOR, John, Baptist preacher, b. in Fau- 
quier county, Va., in 1752 ; d. in Forks of Elkhom, 
Franklin co., Ky., in 1833. He became an itiner- 
ant missionary of the Baptist church in western 
Virginia at the age of twenty, and in 1783 removed 
to Kentucky. He resided at Clear Creek, where 
for three years; he was pastor of the church, till 
1795, when he settled in Boone county. He 
preached frequently and took part in revivals of 
religion while devoting himself to clearing and 
cultivating land, and in* his last years, though he 
declined the pastoral relation, he officiated in a 
church that he had assisted in organizing at Forks 
of Elkhom. He published an account of his re- 
ligious labors and of the churches that he had 
aided in founding, under the title of 44 A History of 
Ten Baptist Missions " (Bloomfleld, 1828). 

TAYLOR, John, senator, b. near the present 
site of Columbia, S. C, 4 May, 1770; d. in Colum- 
bia, S. C, 16 April, 1832. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1790, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1798, and practised for a few years in Co- 
lumbia, but made planting his chief business. He 
was a representative and senator in the legislature 
of South Carolina for many years, was elected to 
congress in 1808, and re-elected in 1808. On 8 
Dec., 1810, he took his place in the U. S. senate, 
having been chosen to supply the vacancy that was 
caused by the resignation of Thomas Sumter. In 
1816 he resigned his seat and was returned to the 
National house of representatives. He was again 
elected to the state senate in 1822, and in Decem- 
ber, 1828, after being defeated as a candidate for 
re-election by Wade Hampton, was elected gov- 
ernor by the legislature, serving till 1828. 

TAYLOR, John, president of the Mormon 
church, b. in Winthrop, England, 1 Nov., 1808; 
d. 25 July, 1887. He united with the Methodist 
church in England, and in 1882 emigrated to To- 
ronto, Canada. In 1838 Parley P. Pratt, a Mor- 

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TAYLOR 



TAYLOR 



mon elder, preached in Toronto, and John Taylor 
was converted and baptized. The next year he 
went to reside in Kirtland, Ohio, and iu 1838 he 
was made one of the twelve apostles, and removed 
to Missouri. For twenty years he did mission- 
ary work for the Mormons in Great Britain and 
Prance, and while there published the 44 Book of 
Mormon " in French, and also a German transla- 
tion in Hamburg. In 1852 he returned to this 
country, and in April, 1853, assisted in laying th^ 
corner-stone of the Temple in Salt Lake Oity. In 
1854 he went to New York city, where he issued a 
paper called 44 The Mormon, ami was editor of 
numerous other church publications. He was by 
the side of Joseph Smith when the latter was as- 
sassinated in Carthage jail, and received four shots 
in his body; a fifth lodged in his watch, which 
probably saved his life. He was a delegate to con- 
gress to ask for the admission of Utah into the 
Union. On the death of Brigham Young, in 1877, 
he succeeded to the presidency of the church, and 
in 1880 was made president and prophet of the 
portion of the Mormon church that indorsed and 
practised polygamy He was an early advocate 
and adherent of polygamy, and in March, 1885, 
was indicted for that crime. His last appear- 
ance in public was on 1 Feb.. 1885. after wnich, 
to avoid arrest, he went into exile and remained 
hidden until his death. 

TAYLOR, John Olanville, author, b. in Eng- 
land in 1823; d. in Batticaloa. Ceylon, about Janu- 
ary, 1851. ' He came to the United States in 1841, 
and after engaging in a mining enterprise, becom- 
ing a planter in 1843, and afterward serving as an 
overseer in Cuba, he returned to England in the 
latter part of 1845. A narrative of his adventures 
was published under the title of 44 Eight Years of 
Change and Travel " (London. 1851). 

TAYLOR. John Loots, jurist, b. in London, 
England. 1 March, 1769; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 29 
Jan., 1829 He was brought to the United States 
at the age of twelve by a brother, his father having 
died. He was for two years at William and Mary 
college, then removed to North Carolina, studied 
law. and, after being admitted to the bar, settled 
in Fayetteville, which he represented in the legis- 
lature in 1792- '4. He removed to New Berne in 
1796, and in 1798 was elected a judge of the supe- 
rior court. In 1808 he was chosen by his colleagues 
to preside over the supreme court, which was then 
composed of judges of the superior court who met 
at Raleigh to review questions that arose on the 
circuits. When a new tribunal was instituted in 
1818 he was appointed one of the judges, and con- 
tinued as chief justice till his death. In 1817 he 
was appointed a commissioner to revise the statute 
laws of North Carolina. The work was completed 
and published in 1821, and a continuation bv Judge 
Taylor apijeared in 1825. He began to take notes 
of cases that came before him soon after he was 
elevated to the bench. His publications include 
"Cases in the Superior Courts of I>aw and Equity 
of the State of North Carolina " (New Berne, 1802)*; 
44 The North Carolina L*w Repository" (2 vols., 
1814-M6); "Charge to the Grand Jury of Edge- 
combe, exhibiting a View of the Criminal Law " 
(1817); "Term Reports" (Raleigh, 1818): and a 
treatise "On the Duties of Executors and Admin- 
istrators " (1825V 

TAYLOR. John Nellsoa, lawyer, b, in New 
BranswickTN. J.. 24 July, 1805; i there, 6 Feb.. 
1878. He was graduated at Princeton in 1824, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in New York 
city in 1885. and practised there and in Brooklvn, 
N. Y. He was the author of a "Treatise on the 



American Law of landlord and Tenant" (New 
York, 1844). and 44 The Law of Executors and Ad- 
ministrators in New York " (1851). 

TAYLOR, John W., speaker of the house of 
representatives, b. in Charlton, Saratoga co., N. Y M 
26 March, 1784; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 8 Sept. 
1854. He was graduated at Union in 1803, or- 
ganized the Ballston Centre academy in that year, 
studied law in Albany, was admitted to the bar 
in 1807, and practised in Ballston, becoming a 
justice of the peace in 1808, then state commis- 
sioner of loans, and in 1811-*12 a member of the 
legislature. He was elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat and a supporter of the war with Great Britain, 
and was re-elected nine times in succession, serving 
altogether from 24 May, 1813, till 2 March. 1833. 
On 20 Nov., 1820, owing to the absence of Henry 
Clay, Taylor was chosen in his place as speakei; 
and served till the end of the second session, dur- 
ing which the Missouri compromise was passed. 
On the question of the admission of Missouri to 
the Union he delivered the first speech in congress 
that plainly opposed the extension of slavery. He 
was again elected speaker on the organization of 
the 19th congress, serving from 5 Dec., 1825, till 3 
March, 1827. He was one of the organizers of the 
National Republican, and afterward of the Whig, 
party. After retiring from congress he practised 
law at Ballston, and was a member of the state 
senate in 1840-'l, but resigned in consequence of a 
paralytic stroke, and from 1843 till his death lived 
with a daughter in Cleveland. He was the orator 
of the Phi Beta Kappa society at Harvard in 1827, 
and frequently spoke in public. — His nephew, John 
Orvllle, educator, b. iu Charlton. N. V., 14 Mav, 
1807; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 18 Jan., 1800, 
was graduated at Union college in 1830, and entered 
Princeton seminary, but soon left to become a 
teacher in Philadelphia, where he remained two 
years. Thenceforth for many years he engaged in 
the work of educational reform. He published a 
book pointing out the deficiencies of the common 
schools, entitled 44 The District School, or Popular 
Education " (New York, 1835), which was pu blicly 
commended by statesmen and thinkers both in the 
United States and in Great Britain. In January, 
1836, he began the publication at Albany, N. Y., of 
a monthly educational magazine called the " Com- 
mon-School Assistant," which was also successful. 
Public-spirited citizens sent large subscriptions for 
gratuitous circulation of the periodical, and after 
four years the New York state legislature estab- 
lished a paper of the same character and intent 
Mr. Taylor published, with a long introduction, a 
translation of Victor Cousin's 44 Report of the Prus- 
sian School System " (New York, 1836). and for the 
succeeding fifteen years lectured on the improve- 
ment of common-school education in the principal 
cities of the country. In 1887, in connection with 
James Wadsworth, be induced the New York legis- 
lature to pass a law establishing school libraries. 
In that year he was elected professor of popular 
education in the University of the city of New 
York, and lectured during one season to a class of 
seventy prospective teachers of both sexes. On 13 
| Dec, 1838, he gave a lecture, at the invitation of 
I congress, in the hall of the house of representa- 
tives. After fifteen years of fruitful exertions for 
educational progress, he engaged in mercantile 
, business in New York city, but, having met with 
' reverses, retired to New Brunswick, N. J., in 1879, 
and for many years contributed to various journals. 
—Another nephew. Klisha Ephralm Leech, cler- 
gyman, b. in Pompey, N. Y., 25 Sept., 1815 ; d. in 
1 Marlborough, N. Y., 18 Aug., 1874, was graduated 



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TAYLOR 



at Madison university in 1837 and at the theo- 
logical seminary at Hamilton, N. Y., in 1839. He 
organized a Baptist church in Brooklyn, N. Y., and 
after a nine-years' pastorate resigned and founded 
in the southern part of the city a mission church 
which became a flourishing society. In 1864 he 
retired from the pulpit on account of failing 
health, and two years later he became secretary of 
the Baptist church-edifice fund, obtaining $250,000 
for the construction of church buildings in the 
west.— A son of Elisha E. L., James Monroe, 
educator, b. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 5 Aug., 1848, was 




graduated at the University of Rochester in 1868, 
and at Rochester theological seminary in 1871. He 
travelled and studied in Europe in" 1871-'2, and 
was pastor of a Baptist church at South Norwalk, 
Conn., in 1873-'81, and of one at Providence, R. I., 
in 1882-'6. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Rochester in 1886. Dr. Taylor nas contributed to 
religious reviews, and was an active member of 
school - boards in both Connecticut and Rhode 
Island. Since June. 1886, he has been president 
of Vassar college. (See illustration.) 

TAYLOR, Lachlan, Canadian clergyman, b. in 
Killean, Argyllshire, Scotland, 18 June, 1815; d. in 
Brackley Point, Prince Edward island, 4 Sept., 
1881. He received his early education in Glas- 
gow, and in 1832 came with his father's family to 
Canada where he engaged in teaching. In 1843 
he was ordained a minister of the Wesleyan Meth- 
odist church, ministered successively at Bytown 
(now Ottawa), Kingston, Hamilton, Toronto, and 
Montreal, and, after visiting Great Britain, was ap- 
pointed in 1851 agent of the Upper Canada Bible 
society. In 1857 ne was a delegate to the meeting 
of the' Evangelical alliance at Berlin, and he sub- 
sequentlv represented Canada at the annual meet- 
ing of the British and foreign Bible society. In 
1863-*4, in connection with the work of the society, 
he traversed British Columbia, California, New 
Mexico, and Central America, and on his return 
was appointed secretary and treasurer of the mis- 
sionary societv. From 1874 till 1877 Dr. Taylor 
was employed by the Dominion government to 
stimulate emigration from Great Britain to Cana- 
da. He visited at one time Egypt. Palestine, Asia 
Minor, Turkey, Greece, and Italy, and lectured on 
those countries. He received the degree of D. D. 

TAYLOR, Marshall William, clergyman, b. 
in Lexington, Ky., 1 July, 1846 ; d. in Louisville, 
Kv., 11 Sept., 1887. He was the child of free 
colored parents, was instructed in a school for ne- 
groes at Louisville. Ky., followed the occupation 
of a steamboat-cook for three years before tne be- 
ginning of the civil war, and served as a soldier 
with the Army of the Cumberland from 1862 till 
1865. He became a teacher at Hardinsburg, Ky., 
in 1866, preached at Litchfield, Kv., in 1871, en- 
tered the Lexington Methodist conference in 1872, 
and was stationed at Louisville, Ky., Indianapolis. 
In<L, and Cincinnati, Ohio. He was presiding 



TAYLOR 47 

elder in Ohio in 1878-'88, preached in Louisville 
again during the following year, and then went to 
New Orleans, La., to assume the editorship of the 
" Southwestern Christian Advocate." The degree 
of D. D. was given to him by Central Tennessee 
college. He published "Handbook for Schools" 
(Louisville, 1871) ; Life of Rev. George W. Down- 
ing" (1878); several editions of " Plantation Melo- 
dies and Revival Songs of the Negroes " ; " Life 
and Travels of Amanda Smith" (1886) ; and " The 
Negro in Methodism " (1887). 

TAYLOR, Mary Cecilia, actress, b. in New 
York city, 13 March, 1827; d. there, 10 Nov., 1866. 
She began her career as chorus-singer at the New 
York National and Park theatres, and gradually 
won her way to the representation of small parts 
and soubrette and burlesque performances, until 
she attained a respectable rank as a comedian 
and opera-singer. On a few occasions she appeared 
in Brooklyn, Albany, and Boston, but during most 
of her career was connected with the Olympic, 
Brougham's, and Burton's theatres, of New York 
city. Several years before her death Miss Taylor 
married William O. Ewen. a merchant, and re- 
tired from the stage. She was personally attract- 
ive and her voice, though small, was agreeable, but 
her style suffered from want of refinement. She 
had winning ways, which charmed the public and 
for years rendered " Our Mary," as she was called, 
a very general favorite. 

TAYLOR, Moses, merchant, b. in New York 
city, 11 Jan., 1806. He received a common-school 
education, became a merchant's clerk at the age of 
fifteen, and when ten years older embarked in 
business on his own account. He acquired a large 
trade with Cuba, and was an extensive ship-owner. 
In 1855 he became president of the City bank. 
During the civil war he was one of the original 
members of the Union defence committee, and, as 
chairman of the loan committee of the associated 
banks, he was instrumental in obtaining sub- 
scribers for more than $200,000,000 of govern- 
ment securities. He was one of the originators 
of submarine telegraphy, and has been an active 
promoter of important railway lines. Among his 
charitable gifts was one of $250,000 in 188® for 
a hospital for employes of the Delaware, Lacka- 
wanna and Western railroad, and coal and iron 
companies at Scranton, Pa, 

TAYLOR, Nathaniel William, theologian, b. 
in New Milford, Conn., 28 June, 1786; d. m New 
Haven, Conn., 10 March, 1858. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1807, studied theology, and on 8 April, 
1812, was installed as pastor of the 1st Congrega- 
tional church in New Haven. In November, 18&2, 
he resigned this office on being appointed professor 
of didactic theology at Yale. His theological sys- 
tem was in some respects a development of that of 
Timothy Dwight, whose pupil ana amanuensis he 
was for two years after leaving college. His views 
on total depravity and other dogmas, which he first 
enunciated in the annual discourse to the clergy in 
1828, and afterward defended in the " Christian 
Spectator," were earnestly controverted by Bennett 
Tyler, Leonard Woods, and other clergymen. His 
other essays and doctrinal sermons that were pub- 
lished during the Unitarian controversy excited 
attention ana discussion. He was the leader of the 
New Haven school of theology, and exercised a 
powerful influence on the religious thought of his 
time. He received the decree of D. D. from Union 
college in 1823. After his death his son-in-law, 
Noah Porter, published his Practical Sermons n 
(New York, 1858); " Lectures on the Moral Gov- 
ernment of God" (2 vols., 1859); and "Essays 

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TAYLOR 



TAYLOR 



and Lectures upon Select Topics in Revealed The- 
ology " (1859). See "Memorial of Nathaniel W. 
Taylor" (New Haven, 1858). 

TAYLOR, Nelson, soldier, b. in South Norwalk, 
Conn., 8 June, 1821. He received a common-school 
education. At the beginning of the war with Mexi- 
co he joined the army as captain of the 1st New 
York volunteers on 1 Aug., 1846. served through 
the war, and at its close settled in Stockton, San 
Joaquin co., Cal., where he was elected a state 
senator in 1849 and sheriff in 1855. He was also 
president of the board of trustees of the State in- 
sane asylum from 1850 till 1856. Returning to 
New York city, he studied law, taking his degree 
at the Harvard law-school in 1860. He was an 
unsuccessful Democratic candidate for congress in 
1860. At the beginning of the civil war he en- 
tered the volunteer service as colonel of the 72d 
New York infantry. He commanded this regiment, 
which formed a part of Gen. Daniel E. Sicklcs's 
brigade, during tne Chickahominv campaign. He 
had command of the brigade at Williamsburg and 
in Gen. John Pope's Virginia campaign, and wat* 
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, in recog- 
nition of his services, on 7 Sept, 1862. He resigned 
on 19 Jan., 1863, resumed practice in New York 
city, and was elected as a Democrat to congress, 
serving from 4 Dec., 1865, till 3 March, 1867. He 
was a member of the select committees on f reed- 
men and invalid pensions. 

TAYLOR, Oliver' Alden, clergyman, b. in Yar- 
mouth, Mass., 18 Aug., 1801 ; d. in Manchester, 
Mass.. 18 Dec., 1851. He was graduated at Union 
in 1825, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1829. made German translations, and assisted Prof. 
Moses Stuart in teaching Hebrew at Andover for 
several years, and on 18 Sept., 1839, was installed 
as pastor of the Congregational church in Man- 
chester. He published many articles in the " Bib- 
lical Repository " and other periodicals, and was a 
frequent contributor of poetry to magazines be- 
tween 1820 and 182a He translated Franz V. 
Rein hard's ** Plan of the Founder of Christianity " 
(New York, 1831), and his "Memoirs and Confes- 
sions ** (Boston, 1832), wrote two books for the young, 
entitled Brief Views of the Saviour** (Andover, i 
1835) and "Life of Jesus ** (1840), made a catalogue 
of the library of Andover seminary (1838), and pub- 
lished a memoir of Andrew Lee under the title of 

- Piety in Humble Life " (Boston. 1844) and a ser- 
mon on 44 The Ministerial Office ** (Andover, 1848). 
See a 44 Memoir " of him bv his brother. Rev. Timo- 
thy Alden Taylor (Boston, 1853).— His brother, 
Rufaa, clergyman, b. in Hawley, Mass., 24 March. 
1811, was graduated at Amherst in 1837, and at 
Princeton theological seminary in 1840. He was 
pastor of the Presbyterian church at Shrewsbury, 
N. J, till 1852, when he went to Manchester, Mass., 
as hi* brother's successor, remaining six years. Af- 
ter a pastorate of four years more at Hightstown, 
N. J., he became district secretary of the American 
and foreign Christian union. This office he held 
for a period ot ten years, after which he preached 
in New Jersey and Massachusetts till 1878, and 
afterward confined himself to literary work, resid- 
ing at Beverly. N. J. He received the degree of 
DA), from Lafayette college in 1863. Dr. Taylor is 
the author of 44 Union to Christ ** (New York, 1846) ; 

- Love to God H (New York, 1848) : - Thoughts on 
Prayer ** (Boston, 1854): and "Cottage Piety Ex- 
emplified** (Philadelphia. 1869); also of a series 
of interesting letters from northern Europe, and 
numerous pamphlets. 

TAYLOR, 6llver Swalae, educator, b. near 
New Ipswich, N. 17 Dec, 1784; <L in Auburn, 



N. Y.. 19 April, 1885. He prepared himself for 
college in the intervals of farm-work, was gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth in 1809, taught for some time, 
then studied medicine, received the degree of M. D. 
from Dartmouth in 1818, and practised till 1817, 
when he resumed teaching. For a brief period he 
was associated with Jeremiah Evarts in editing the 
44 Panoplist." In 1826 he took charge of tho 
academy at Homer, N. Y.. and in 1830 removed 
to Auburn, which has since been his home. lie 
taught there and elsewhere, numbering among his 
pupils many who attained eminence. He engaged 
earnestly in Sunday-school work, teaching the 
prisoners in Auburn penitentiary for seventeen 
years, and at the age of ninety still conducting 
three classes each Sunday. He also preached fre- 
quently, being licensed on 17 June, 1840, and 
ordained as an evangelist on 8 Dec, 1848. His 
hundredth birthday was publicly celebrated at 
Auburn. — His son, Charles, missionary, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 15 Sept, 1819, was educated at the 
academy of his father and at the University of 
the city of New York, where he was graduated in 
1840. He taught ancient languages in the high- 
school of the South Carolina conference, and, 
after joining the conference in 1844. studied medi- 
cine in Philadelphia, preparatory to engaging in 
missionary work in China, obtaining his degree in 
1848. He departed for his field of labor the same 
year, being the first missionary to China that was 
appointed by the Methodist Episcopal church, 
south. He returned to the United States in 1854 
on account of the failure of his wife's health, be- 
came a professor in Spartanburg female college, and 
in 1857 was its president. In 1858 he was elected 
general Sunday-school secretary of the Methodist 
Episcopal church, south, for four years. In 1866 
he was elected president of Kentucky Wesleyan 
college at Millersburg, which post he resigned in 
1870, in order to resume the active work of the 
ministry. The degree of 1). D. was conferred on 
him by the University of the city of New York in 
1869. Dr. Taylor, while in China, with the assist- 
ance of a native teacher, prepared several tracts, 
a catechism, and a 44 Harmony of the Gospels" in 
the Shanghai dialect. He has published 44 Five 
Years in China** (New York. 1860) and 44 Baptism 
in a Nutshell ** (Nashville. 1874). 

TAYLOR, Richard Cowling, geologist, b. in 
Hinton, Suffolk, England, 18 Jan., 1789; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Nov., 1851. He was educated 
as a mining engineer and geologist, partly under 
the direction of William Smith, the 44 father of Brit- 
ish geology,*' and in the early part of his career 
was engaged in the ordnance survey of England. 
Subsequently he devoted his attention to investi- 
gating and reporting on mining property in various 
parts of England, including that of the British 
iron company in Wales, his plaster model of which 
received the Isis medal of tne Society of arts. In 
1830 he removed to the United States, and, after 
surveying the Blossburg coal region in Pennsyl- 
vania, gave three years to the exploration of the 
coal- and iron-veins of Dauphin county in the same 
state, concerning which he published an elaborate 
report with maps. He continued occupied with 
similar work in the United States, and also made 
surveys of mining lands in Cuba and the British 
provinces. Mr. Taylor's knowledge of theoretical 
geology led him to refer the old red sandstone that 
underlies the Pennsylvania coal-fields to its true 
place, corresponding with its location in the series 
of European rocks. He was the first to point out 
this fact Prior to his arrival in this country he 
devoted much attention to archaeology, and pub- 



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TAYLOR 



49 



lished ** Index Monasticus, or the Abbeys, Monas- 
teries, etc., formerly established in the City of Nor- 
wich and the Ancient Kingdom of EastAnglia" 
(London. 1821); "The Geology of East Anglia" 
(1827); and a very complete "General Index to 
Dugdale's ' Monasticon Anglicanum ' " (1830). He 
was a member of scientific societies, and contributed 
to their transactions. Among his publications are 
"The Geology and Natural History of the North- 
east Extremity of the Alleghany Mountains"; " A 
Supplement to the Natural History of the Birds of 
the Alleghany Range"; " History and Description 
of Fossil Fuel" (London. 1841); and "Statistics of 
Coal " (Philadelphia, 1848). 

TAYLOR, Robert Barrand, lawyer, b. in Nor- 
folk, Va., 24 March, 1774; d. there, 13 April, 1834. 
lie was graduated at William and Mary in 1703, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and became 
an eminent advocate. He was a member of the 
Virginia assembly in 1798-'9. As brigadier-gen- 
eral of Virginia militia he served in the defence of 
Norfolk in 1813-'14, and he was appointed to the 
same rank in the U. S. army on 19 July, 1813, but 
declined. He was a member of the State constitu- 
tional convention of 1829-'30, and judge of the 
general court of Virginia from 1831 till his death. 

TAYLOR, Robert William, physician, b. in 
Ixmdon, England, 11 Aug., 1842. He was gradu- 
ated at the College of physicians and surgeons. 
New York, in 1868, and has made a specialty of the 
treatment of syphilis, skin diseases, and genito- 
urinary diseases. For three years he was professor 
of diseases of the skin in the Women's medical col- 
lege in New York city, and then he was called to a 
similar chair in the medical department of the 
University of Vermont He is one of the surgeons 
of the venereal department of the Charity hospital, 
and physician to the department of skin diseases in 
Belle vue hospital dispensary, and for six years he 
was surgeon to the department of venereal and 
skin diseases of the New York dispensary. Dr. 
Tavlor is a member of medical societies at home 
and abroad, was president of the Dermatological 
society of New York, and has been vice-president 
of the American dermatological association. His 
contributions to medical journals, chiefly in the 
line of his specialty, include about twenty papers. 

TAYLOR, Samuel Harvey, educator, b. in 
Derry, N. H., 3 Oct., 1807 ; d. in Andover, Mass., 
29 Jan., 1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth 
in 1832, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1837. when he took charge of Phillips Andover 
academy, having been a tutor in Dartmouth col- 
lege during the last two years of his theological 
course. He was principal of the academy till his 
death, holding a high position among the classical 
scholars and instructors of the count ry. In 1852 he 
became associate editor of the ** Bibliotheca Sacra." 
succeeding Bela B. Edwards. The degree of LL. D. 
was conferred on him in 1854 by Brown. He was 
the translator and editor of text-books of Greek 
and Latin philology from the German, the author 
of "Method of Classical Study" (Boston, 1801), 
and the compiler of 44 Classical Study: its Value 
Illustrated by Extracts from the Writings of Emi- 
nent Scholars " (Andover, 1870). 

TAYLOR, Samuel Priestly, musician, b. in 
London, England, in 1779; d. in New York city 
in 1874. He was the eldest son of Rev. James Tay- 
lor. In early childhood he was regarded as a mu- 
sical prodigy, and was placed under the instruction 
of Dr. William Russell, of Oxford. When twenty- 
one years old he became organist of Silver street 
chapel, and afterward of Islington church. He 
to this country in 1806, and soon after his 



arrival in New York was appointed organist of 
St. Ann's church, where he introduced the custom 
of chanting. He was afterward organist of Grace 
church. New York, then of St. Ann's church, 
Brooklyn, and later at St. George's, New York, and 
conducted the music at the funeral services of 
Gen. Richard Montgomery at St. Paul's, New York. 
In 1818 he removed to Boston, where he was organ- 
ist of the Old South church, but in 1826 he re- 
turned to Brooklyn and resumed his former post 
at St. Ann's. In" 1834 he was appointed organist 
of St. Paul's, New York. His last performance on 
the organ was in 1871. 

TAYLOR, Stephen William, educator, b. in 
Adams, Mass., 23 Oct., 1791 ; d. in Hamilton. N. 
Y., 7 Jan.. 1856. He was graduated at Hamilton 
college, Clinton, N. Y., in 1817, and became prin- 
cipal of Black River academy at Lowville, N. Y., 
which place he filled until 1831. In 1834 he as- 
sumed charge of the preparatory department of 
what is now Madison university at "Hamilton, N. Y.. 
and from 1838 till 1845 was professor of mathe- 
matics and natural philosophy. He then became 
one of the founders of a Baptist university at 
Lewisburg, Pa., of which he was president for 
five years. From 1851 till his death ho was 
president of Madison university. He was some- 
what eccentric, but. u man of great executive abil- 
ity, and during his presidency the last-named 
institution was brought from a very depressed to a 
highly prosperous condition. He was the author 
of a history of the university, and a series of essays 
on the theory of education, published posthu- 
mously.— His son. Benjamin Franklin, author, 
b. in Lowville, I*wis co.. N. Y., U) July, 1819 ; d. 
in Cleveland, Ohio, 24 Feb., 1887, was graduated 
at Madison uni- 
versity in 1831). 
A year later he 
became literary 
editor of the Chi- 
cago " Kvening 
Journal. "and dur- 
ing the civil war, 
1861-5, he was its 
correspondent in 
the field, follow- 
ing the western 
armies. His war 
letters were very 
picturesque, and 
many of them 
were translated 
and republished 
in Europe. The 
London "Times " 
called him "the 
Oliver Goldsmith of America." Mr. Taylor trav- 
elled in Mexico and the islands of the Pacific, and 
was for many years a public lecturer. The Uni- 
verxity of California gave him the degree of LL. D. 
His publications in book-form are "Attractions 
of Language " (New York, 1845); "January and 
June" (Chicago. 1853); "Pictures in Camp and 
Field" (1871): "The World on Wheels" (1873); 
" Old-Time Pictures and Sheaves of Rhyme " (1874) ; 
"Songs of Yesterday " (1877); "Summer Savory, 
gleaned from Rural Nook*" (1879); "Between the 
Gates." pictures of California life (1881); " Dulce 
Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884); a complete 
edition of his poems in a single volume (1887): 
and "Theophilus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak 
Openings," a novel (1887). His most successful 
po^rus are "The Isle of the I^ong Ago," "The Old 
Village Choir," and "Rhymes of the River." 




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TAYLOR 



TAYLOR, Thomas House, b. in Georgetown, 
a C., 18 Oct., 1799; d. in West Park. N. Y., 9 
Sept, 1867. He was graduated at South Carolina 
college in 1818, received deacon's orders in the 
Protestant Episcopal church in 1821, had a charge 
at North Santee, S. C, was ordained priest at St. 
John's. Colleton. John's island. S. C, on 16 March, 
1826. and was rector of the church in that place 
until he was called to succeed Dr. Jonathan M. 
Wainwright in Grace church. New York city, in 
April, 1834, of which he was rector from that time 
until his death. He was distinguished as a writer 
and debater, and in the controversy over the ritual 
and liturgy which divided his church he was a 
representative of the Low-church party. A volume 
of his "Sermons preached in Grace Church " was 
published after his death (New York, 1869). 

TAYLOR, Virgil Corrdon, musician, b. in 
Barkhamstead. Conn., in 1817. He was long an 
organist at Hartford, Conn., where he wrote arti- 
cles on political subjects for the newspapers. He 
endeavored to introduce in musical notation an in- 
dex-staff in which the key-note occupies a heavier 
line or a wider space. He published collections of 
sacred and secular songs, containing many compo- 
sitions bv himself. Their titles are 44 Sacred Min- 
strel w (1&46); "The Lute, or Musical Instructor" 
(1847): "Choral Anthems" (1850); "The Golden 
Lyre "(1850); "Concordia" (1861); 44 The Chime" 
(1854); "The Celestina " (1856); "The Song Fes- 
tival "( 1858): "The Enchanter "(1861): " The Con- 
certina " (1864): and " The Praise Offering " (1868). 

TAYLOR, Waller, senator, b. in Lunenburg 
county, Va., before 1786 ; <L in Lunenburg, Va., 26 
Aug., 1826. He received a common-school educa- 
tion, studied law, served one or two terms in the 
Virginia legislature as the representative of Lunen- 
burg county, and settled in Vincennes, Ind., in 
1805. having been appointed a territorial judge. 
He served as aide-de-camp to Gen. William H. 
Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe, and in the 
war of 1812-'15. On the admission of Indiana as 
a state he was elected U. S. senator, and at the 
close of his term was re-elected, serving from 12 
Dec., 1816, till 3 March. 1825. 

TAYLOR, Walter Herron, soldier, b. in Nor- 
folk, Va., 13 June, 1838. He was educated at the 
Virginia military institute, and became a mer- 
chant and banker. He joined the Confederate 
array on the secession of Virginia, and was on the 
staff of Gen. Robert E. Lee during the entire period 
of the civil war, and from the time that Gen. Lee 
assumed command of the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia, served as adjutant-general of that army, 
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After the 
war he resumed the banking business at Norfolk, 
Va~, where he has held municipal offices, and was 
elected to the state senate, of which he was a mem- 
ber from 1869 till 1873. He is the author of 44 Four 
Years with Gen. Lee " (New York, 1878). 

TAYLOR, WIIIUm. M. E. bishop, b. in Rock- 
bridge county, Va.. 2 May, 1821. He was brought 
up as a farmer and tanner, became a Methodist 
preacher in 1842, was admitted on trial to the Bal- 
timore conference in March, 1843, and was an itin- 
erant till 1849. when he was sent to California as a 
missionary by the missionary society of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal church. After laboring there for 
seven years and for five years in Canada and the 
eastern states, he went to Europe in 1862, spending 
seven months in evangelistic work in the British 
islands, and then travelling over the continent and 
in EgTpt and the Holy I And. For the next three 
years he conducted missionary services throughout 
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. He after- 




ward visited South Africa, and converted many of 
the Kaffirs to Christianity, going thence to Great 
Britain, where he conducted special services for 
about a year. He next made the tour of the Meth- 
odist missions in the West Indies, visited Austra- 
lia a second time, and then spent some time in 
Ceylon, crossing 
over in 1872 to In- 
dia, where within 
four years he suc- 
ceeded in estab- 
lishing self-sup- 
porting churches 
in Bombay, Poo- 
nah, Jubbulpore, 
Agra, Calcutta, 
Madras, Bsn ga- 
lore, Secundera- 
bad, and else- 
where. As a re- 
sult of his labors 
the South India 
conference and 
the Madras con- 
ference have been 
organized. He 
devoted himself 
afterward to educational and evangelistic work in 
Central America and in Brazil, Chili, and Peru, 
and there also he founded independent mission 
churches. These self-supporting missions, which 
he began to establish in 1878, now occupy as cen- 
tres Aspinwall, Callao, Iquique, Coquiuibo, San- 
tiago, Concepcion, Pernamouco, and Pari. On 22 
May, 1884, he was elevated to the episcopal office 
under the title of missionary bishop in Africa. Go- 
in£ to Central Africa, he established a chain of 
thirty-six mission stations on the Congo, extending 
1,200 miles and 390 miles along the west coast, and 
employing seventy missionaries, who are supported 
by voluntary contributions of American Methodists 
until self- sun port can be developed from school- 
farms. In 1888 Bishop Taylor revisited the United 
States on the occasion of the general conference held 
in New York in May. He nas published ** Seven 
Years' Street Preaching in San Francisco " (New 
York, 1856; London, 1863); - Address to Young 
America, and a Word to the Old Folks" (1857): 
"California Lifo Illustrated" (New York, 1858; 
London, 1863) ; *' The Model Preacher " (Cincinnati, 
1860: London, 1865); ** Reconciliation, or How to be 
Saved " (1867) : " Infancy and Manhood of Christian 
Life "(1867): "The Election of Grace "(Cincinnati. 
1868); "Christian Adventures in South Africa * 
(1867); ** Four Years' Campaign in India" (1875); 
"Our South American Cousins" (1878) : "Letters 
to a Quaker Friend on Baptism" (1880); "Ten 
Years of Self-Supporting Missions in India "(1882); 
and " Pauline Methods of Missionary Work " (1889). 

TAYLOR, William Bower, physicist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa,, 23 May, 1821. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1840, 
and after studying law was admitted to the Phila- 
delphia bar in 1844. Subsequently he studied 
civil engineering, but he has always been more 
attracted to literary pursuits or scientific investi- 
gations. In 1854 he was made an examiner in the 
U. S. patent-office in Washington, where he re- 
mained until 1877. He was appointed editor of 
the publications of the Smithsonian institution in 
1878, which place he has since held. Mr. Taylor 
is a member of the Philosophical societies of Phila- 
delphia and Washington, and, in addition to re- 
views and magazine articles, has published, through 
the medium of the Smithsonian reports, memoirs 



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TAYLOR 



on " Thoughts on the Nature and Origin of Force " 
(1870); "On the Refraction of Sound" (1875); 
44 Kinetic Theories of Gravitation" (1876); "Re- 
cent Researches in Sound " (1876) ; " History of the 
Electro-Magnetic Telegraph " (1878); " The Scien- 
tific Work of Joseph Henry " (1878) ; " Physics and 
Occult Qualities" (1882) ; and 44 On the Crumpling 
of the Earth's Crust" (1882); also a discussion 
with the Rev. J. Newton Brown ** On the Obliga- 
tion of the Sabbath " (Philadelphia, 1853). 

TAYLOR, William Mackergo, clergyman, b. 
in Kilmarnock. Scotland, 23 Oct., 1829. He was 
graduated at the University of Glasgow in 1849, 
and at the theological seminary of the United Pres- 
byterian church in Edinburgh in 1852, and after 
officiating for two years as pastor of the small par- 
ish of Kilraaurs, Ayrshire, removed in 1855 to Liv- 
erpool. England, to form a new Presbyterian con- 
gregation. There he gathered a large congrega- 
tion of merchants, mechanics, and tradespeople. 
He visited the United States in 1871. and preached 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., with such effectiveness that in 
the following year he was called to occupv the pul- 
pit of the Broadway Tabernacle in New York city, 
as the successor of the Rev. Joseph P. Thompson. 
He received the degree of D. D. from both Yale and 
Amherst in 1872, and that of LL. D. from Prince- 
ton in 1883. He was lecturer at Yale seminary in 
1876 and 1886, and at Princeton seminary in 1880. 
In 1876-'80 Dr. Taylor edited the "Christian at 
Work." He is the author of " Life Truths." a vol- 
ume of sermons (Liverpool, 1862); "The Miracles: 
Helps to Faith, not Hindrances" (Edinburgh, 1865): 
44 The Lost Pound and the Wanderer Welcomed " 
(1870); "Memoir of the Rev. Matthew Dickie" 
(Bristol, 1872) ; 44 Prayer and Business " (New York, 
1873); "David, King of Israel" (1875); "Elijah, 
the Prophet " (1876) ; " The Ministry of the Word," 
containing lectures delivered at Yale (1876); 
"Songs in the Night " (1877) ; "Peter, the Apos- 
tle " (1877) ; " Daniel, the Beloved " (1878) ; " Moses, 
the Lawgiver" (1879); "The Gospel Miracles in 
their Relation to Christ and Christianity," consist- 
ing of his Princeton lectures (1880) : 44 The Limita- 
tions of Life, and other Sermons " (1880) ; 44 Paul, 
the Missionary" (1882); "Contrary Winds, and 
other Sermons" (1883); "Jesus at the Well" 
(1884); "John Knox: a Biography " (1885) ; "Jo- 
seph, the Prime Minister" (1886); "The Parables 
of Our Saviour Expounded and Illustrated " (1886) ; 
and " The Scottish Pulpit " (1887). 

TAYLOR, William VIgneron, naval officer, 
b. in Newport, R. I., in 1781; d. there, 11 Feb., 
1858. He went to sea before the mast, became a 
captain in the merchant marine, and entered the 
navy as a sailing-master, 28 April, 1813. He was 
attached to Cora. Oliver H. Perry's flag-ship, the 
" Lawrence," in the battle of Lake Erie, where he 
was severely wounded, afterward receiving a vote 
of thanks and a sword for his services. He was 
commissioned a lieutenant, 9 Dec., 1814, cruised in 
the "Java" on the Mediterranean station in 
1815-'16, and was on leave at Newport on account 
of his wound in 1816-'23, after which he served in 
the ship 44 Ontario," of the Mediterranean squadron, 
in 1824-'6, at the Boston navy-yard in 1827-8, and 
in the frigate " Hudson," on the Brazil station, in 
1829-*30. He was promoted to master-comman- 
dant, 3 March, 1831, was in charge of the receiving- 
ship at Boston in 1833-'4, and the sloop 44 Warren " 
in 1835. In 1839- , 41 he had the store-ship " Erie." 
He was oromoted to captain, 8 Sept., 1841, and 
commanded the Pacific squadron in the "Ohio " in 
1847-*8. After this he was on leave at Newport 
until his death.— His son, William Rogers, naval 



TAYLOR 51 

officer, b. in Newport, R. I., 7 Nov., 1811 ; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 14 April, 1889. He became a 
passed midshipman, 14 June, 1834, and cruised in 
the "Peacock" in the East Indies in 1835-'6. 
When the " Peacock " was stranded on the island 
of Massera in 1836. he was sent, to take the U. S. 
diplomatic agent, Edmund Roberts, to Muscat to 
arrange treaties. This voyage lasted five days in 
an open boat, and upon arrival at Muscat the sul- 
tan offered him the sloop " Sultane" " to go to the 
relief of the 44 Peacock " ; but the latter had got off, 
and he rejoined her at sea. He served as acting 
lieutenant on the same station and in the Pacific 
in the schooner "Enterprise" and ship "North 
Carolina" in 1836-'8. He was commissioned a 
lieutenant, 10 Feb., 1840, and was engaged in the 
survey of Tampa bay, Fla., in 1842-^3, during 
which he at times had command of the steamer 
44 Poinsett " and the brig 44 Oregon." He served on 
the Brazil station in the brig 44 Perrv " and the ship 
'•Columbus" in 1843-'4. During the Mexican war 
he was on the sloop 44 St. Mary's " in the engage- 
ment with batteries at Tampico. where he com- 
manded the launch in the expedition that captured 
that port and five Mexican schooners, 14 Nov., 
1846. During the siege and bombardment of Vera 
Cruz he commanded the eight-inch gun in the 
naval battery on shore for thirty-six hours. He 
was promoted to commander, 14 Sept, 1855, and 
was on ordnance duty at Washington in 1857-*9. 
In 1861 he was ordered to command the steamer 
44 Housatonic," and he was promoted to captain, 16 
July, 1862. While senior officer in the blockade 
off Charleston he engaged the Confederate rams 
44 Chicora " and 44 Palmetto " in the 44 Housatonic " 
when they attacked the squadron in January. 1863. 
When Dahlgren took command he was appointed 
fleet-captain, and part icipated in the actions against 
Morris island in July, 1863. On 16 July he was in 
the battle on board the monitor 44 Catskill," and on 
18 July in the monitor 44 Montauk." He command- 
ed the steamer 44 Juniata" in both attacks on Fort 
Fisher. He was president of the board to revise 
the navy regulations, was in charge of the ordnance- 
yard at Washington in 1866-'7, and was promoted 
to commodore, 25 July, 1866. He was a member 
of the examining board in 1868, commanded the 
northern squadron of the Pacific fleet in 1869-'71, 
was promoted to rear-admiral, 19 Jan., 1871. and 
was president of the examining board in 1871-*2. 
and commanded the South Atlantic squadron from 
22 May, 1872, till 7 Nov., 1873, when he was retired. 

TAYLOR, Zachary, twelfth president of the 
United States, b. in Orange county, Va., 24 Sept., 
1784 : d. in the executive mansion, Washington, 
D. C 9 July, 1850. His father. Col. Richard Tay- 
lor, an officer in the war of the Revolution, was 
conspicuous for zeal and daring among men in 
whom personal gallantry was the rule. After the 
war he retired to private life, and in 1785 removed 
to Kentucky, then a sparsely occupied county of 
Virginia, and made his home near the present city 
of Louisville, where he died. Zachary was the 
third son. Brought up on a farm in a new settle- 
ment, he had few scholastic opportunities ; but in 
the thrift, industry, self-denial, and forethought 
required by the circumstances, he learned such les- 
sons as were well adapted to form the character 
illustrated by his eventful career. Yet he had also 
another form of education. The liberal grants of 
land that Virginia made to her soldiers caused 
many of them, after the peace of 1783, to remove 
to the west: thus Col. Taylor's neighbors included 
many who had been his fellow-soldiers, and these 
often met around his wide hearth. Their conver- 

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TAYLOR 



sation would naturally be reminiscences of their 
military life, and all the sons of Col. Taylor, save 
one. Hancock, entered the U. S. army. The rapid 
extension of settlements on the border was pro- 
ductive of frequent collision with the Indians, and 
required the protection of a military force. 

In 1808, on the recommendation of President 
Jefferson, congress authorized the raising of five 
regiments of infantry, one of riflemen, one of light 
artillery, and one of light dragoons. From the 
terms of the act it was understood that this was 
not to be a permanent increase of the U. S. army, 
and many of the officers of the ** old army " de- 
clined to seek promotion in the new regiments. At 
this period questions had arisen between the United 
States and Great Britain which caused serious an- 
ticipations of a war with that power, and led many 
to regard the additional force authorized as a pre- 
liminary step in preparation for such a war. Zach- 
ary Taylor, then in his twenty-fourth year, applied 
for a commission and was appointed a 1st lieu- 
tenant in the 7th infantry, one of the new regi- 
ments, and in 1810 was promoted to the grade of 
captain in the same regiment, according to the 
regulations of the service. He was happily mar- 
ried in 1810 to Miss Margaret Smith, of Calvert 
county, Md., who shared with him the privations 
and dangers of his many years of frontier service, 
and survived him but a short time. The troubles 
on the frontier continued to increase until 1811, 
when Gen. William H. Harrison, afterward presi- 
dent of the United States, marched against the 
stronghold of the Shawnees and fought the battle 
of Tippecanoe. 

In June, 1812, war was declared against Eng- 
land, and this increased the widespread and not 
unfounded fears of Indian invasion in the valley 
of the Wabash. To protect Vincennes from sudden 
assault, Capt. Taylor was ordered to Fort Harri- 
son, a stockade oh the river above Vincennes. and 
with his company of infantry, about fifty strong, 
made preparations to defend the place. He had 
not long to wait. A large body of Indians, know- 
ing the smallness of the garrison, came, confidently 
counting on its capture ; but as it is a rule in their 
warfare to seek by stratagem to avoid equal risk and 
probable loss, they tried various expedients, which 
were foiled by the judgment, vigilance, and courage 
of the commander, and when the final attack was 
made, t he brave little garrison repelled it wit h such 
loss to the assailants that when, in the following Oc- 
tober. Gen. Hopkins came to support Fort Harrison, 
no Indians wore to be found thereabout For the 
defence of Fort Harrison, Capt Taylor received 
the brevet of major, an honor that had seldom, if 
ever before, been conferred for service in Indian 
war. In the following November, Maj. Taylor, 
with a battalion of regulars, formed a part of the 
command of Gen. Hopkins in the expedition 
against the hostile Indians p.t the head-waters of 
the Wabash. In 1814, with his separate command, 
he being then a inaior by commission, he made a 
campaign against the hostile Indians and their 
British allies on Rock river, which was so suc- 
cessful as to give subsequent security to that im- 
mediate frontier. In such service, not the less 
hazardous or indicative of merit because on a small 
scale, he passed the period of his employment on 
that frontier until the treaty of peace with Great 
Britain disposed the Indians to be quiet. 

After the war, 3 March, 1815. a law was enacted 
to fix the military peace establishment of the 
United States. By this act the whole force was 
to be reduced to 10.000 men, with such proportions 
of artillery, infantry, and riflemen as the presi- 



dent should judge proper. The president was to 
cause the officers ana men of the existing army to 
be arranged, by unrestricted transfers, so as to 
form the corps authorized by the recent act, and 
the supernumeraries were to be discharged. Maj. 
Taylor had borne the responsibilities and per- 
formed the duties of a battalion commander so 
long and successfully that when the arranging 
board reduced him to the rank of captain in the 
new organization he felt the injustice, but resigned 
I from the army without complaint, returned home, 
and proceeded, as he said in after-years, "to make 
a crop of corn." Influences that were certainly 
not emploved by him, and are unknown to the 
writer of this sketch, caused his restoration to the 
grade of major, and he resumed his place in the 
army, there to continue until the voice of the peo- 
ple called him to the highest office within tneir 
gift Under the rules that governed promotion in 
the army, Maj. Taylor became lieutenant -colonel 
of the 1st infantry, and commanded at Fort 
Snelling, then the advanced post in the northwest. 

In 1832 he became colonel of the 1st infantry, 
with headquarters at Fort Crawford, Prairie du 
Chien. The barracks were unfinished, and his 

Sractical mind and conscientious attention to every 
uty were manifest in the progress and completion 
of the work. The second Black Hawk campaign 
occurred this year, and Col. Taylor, with the 
greater part of his regiment joined the army com- 
manded by Gen. Henry Atkinson, and with it 
moved from Rock Island up the valley of Rock 
river, following Black Hawk, who had gone to 
make a junction with the Pottawattamie uand of 
the Prophet, a nephew of Black Hawk. This was 
in violation of the treaty he had made with Gen. 
Edmund P. Gaines in 1831, by which he was re- 
quired to remove to the west of the Mississippi, 
relinquishing all claim to the Rock river villages. 
It was assumed that his purpose in returning to 
the east side of the river was hostile, and, from 
the defenceless condition of the settlers and the 
horror of savage atrocity, great excitement was 
created, due rather to his fame as a warrior than 
to the number of his followers. If, as he subse- 
quentlv declared, his design was to go and live 
peaceably with his nephew, the Prophet, rathei 
than with the Foxes, of whom Keokuk was th< 
chief, that design may have been frustrated by th< 
lamentable mistake of some mounted volunteer 
in hastening forward in pursuit of Black Hawk 
who, with his band— men, women, and children- 
was going up on the south side of the Rock rivei 
The pursuers fell into an ambuscade, and wer 
routed with some loss and in great confusion. Th 
event will be remembered by the men of that da 
as " Stillman's run." 

The vanity of the young Indians was inflate 
by their success, as was shown by some exultai 
messages; and the sagacious old chief, whatever 1 
may have previously calculated upon, now saw th 
war was inevitable and immediate. With his bai 
recruited by warriors from the Prophet's band, 
crossed to the north side of Rock river, and, pa; 
ing through the swamp Koshkenong, fled over t 
prairies west of the Four Lakes, toward Wiscc 
sin river. Gen. Henry Dodge, with a battalion 
mounted miners, overtook the Indians while tr 
were crossing the Wisconsin and attacked th 
rear-guard, which, when the main body had cross 
swam the river and joined the retreat over 
Kickapoo hills towanl the Mississippi. Gen. 
kinson, with his whole array, continued the p 
suit, and, after a toilsome march, overtook 
Indians north of Prairie du Chien, on the banl 



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TAYLOR 



the Mississippi, to the west side of which they 
were preparing to cross in bark canoes made on the 
spot. Tnat purpose was foiled by the accidental 
arrival of a steamboat with a small gun on board. 
The Indians took cover in a willow marsh, and there 
was fought the battle of the Bad Axe. The Indians 
were defeated, and dispersed, and the campaign 
ended. In the mean time. Gen. Win field Scott, 
with troops from the east, took chief command and 
established his headquarters at Rock Island, and 
thither Gen. Atkinson went with the regular troops, 
except that part of the 1st infantry which consti- 
tuted the garrison of Port Crawford. With these 
Col. Taylor returned to Prairie du Chien. When 
it was reported that the Indians were on an island 
above the prairie, he sent a lieutenant with an 
appropriate command to explore the island, where 
unmistakable evidence was found of the recent 

fresence of the Indians and of their departure, 
mmediately thereafter a group of Indians ap- 
peared on the east bank of the river under a 
white flag, who proved to be Black Hawk, with a 
remnant of his band and a few friendly Winne- 
bagoes. The lieutenant went with them to the 
fort, where Col. Taylor received them, except the 
Winnebmgoes, as prisoners. A lieutenant and a 
guard were sent with them, sixty in number— men, 
women, and children— by steamboat, to Rock Isl- 
and, there to report to Gen. Scott for orders in 
regard to the prisoners. Col. Taylor actively par- 
ticipated in the campaign up to its close, and to 
him was surrendered the chief who had most illus- 
trated the warlike instincts of the Indian race, to 
whom history must fairly accord the credit of 
having done much under the most disadvantageous 
circumstances. In 1836 Col. Taylor was ordered 
to Florida for service in the Seminole war, and the 
next year he defeated the Indians in the decisive 
battle of Okechobee, for which he received the 
brevet of brigadier-general, and in 1888 was ap- 
pointed to the chief command in Florida. In 
1840 he was assigned to command the southern 
division of the western department of the army. 
Though Gen. Taylor had for many years been a 
cotton-planter, his family had lived with him at 
his military station, but, when ordered for an in- 
definite time on field service, he made his family 
home at Baton Rouge, La. 

Texas having been annexed to the United States 
in 1845, Mexico threatened to invade Texas with 
the avowed purpose to recover the territory, and 
Gen. Taylor was ordered to defend it as a part of 
the United States. He proceeded with all his 
available force, about 1.500 men, to Corpus Christi, 
where he was joined by re-enforcements of regu- 
lars and volunteers. Discussion had arisen as to 
whether the Nueces or the Rio Grande was the 
proper boundary of Texas. His political opinions, 
whatever they might be, were subordinate to the 
duty of a soldier to execute the orders of his gov- 
ernment, and, without uttering it, he acted on the 
apophthegm of Decatur : " My country, right or 
wrong, my country.*' Texas claimed protection 
for her frontier, the president recognized the fact 
that Texas had been admitted to the Union with 
the Rio Grande as her boundary, and Gen. Taylor 
was instructed to advance to that river. His 
force had been increased to about 4,000, when, 
on 8 March, 1846, he marched from Corpus 
Christi. He was of course conscious of the inade- 
quacy of his division to resist such an army as 
Mexico might send against it, but when ordered 
by superior authority it was not his to remon- 
strate. Gen. Gaines, commanding the western 
department, had made requisitions for a sufficient 



TAYLOR 53 

number of volunteers to join Taylor, but the sec- 
retary of war countermanded them, except as to 
such as had already joined. Gen. Taylor, with a 
main depot at Point Isabel, advanced to the bank 
of the Rio Grande, opposite to Matamoras, and 
there made provision lor defence of the place 
called Fort Brown, Soon after his arrival, Am- 
pudia, the Mexican general at Matamoras, made 
a threatening demand that Gen. Taylor should 
withdraw his troops beyond the Nueces, to which 
he replied that his position had been taken by order 
of his government, and would be maintained. 
Having completed the intrenchment, and being 
short of supplies, he left a garrison to hold it, and 
marched with an aggregate force of 2,288 men to 
obtain additional supplies from Point Isabel, about 
thirty miles distant Gen. Arista, the new Mexican 
commander, availing himself of the opportunity to 
interpose, crossed the river below Fort Brown with 
a force estimated at 6,000 regular troops, 10 pieces 
of artillery,and a considerable amount of auxiliaries. 
In the afternoon of the second day's march from 
Point Isabel these were reported by Gen. Taylor's 
cavalry to be in his front, and he halted to allow 
the command to rest and for the needful disposi- 
tions for battle. In the evening a request was made 
that a council of war should be held, to which Gen. 
Taylor assented. The prevalent opinion was in 
favor of falling back to Point Isabel, there to in- 
trench and wait for re-enforcements. After listen- 
ing to a full expression of views, the general an- 
nounced : 1 shall go to Fort Brown or stay in my 
shoes," a western expression equivalent to "or die 
in the attempt." He then notified the officers to 
prepare to attack the enemy at dawn of day. In 
the morning of 8 May the advance was made by 
columns until the enemy's batteries opened, when 
line of battle was formed and Taylor's artillery, 
inferior in number but otherwise superior, was 
brought fully into action and soon dispersed the 
mass of the enemy's cavalry. The chaparral, dense 
copses of thorn-bushes, served both to conceal the 
position of the enemy and to impede the move- 
ments of the attacking force. The action closed at 
night, when the enemy retired, and Gen. Taylor 
bivouacked on the field. Early in the morning of 
9 May ho resumed his march, and in the afternoon 
encountered Gen. Arista in a strong position with 
artillery advantageously posted. Taylor's infantry 
pushed through the chaparral lining both sides of 
the road, and drove the enemy's infantry before 
them; but the batteries held their position, and 
were so fatally used that it was an absolute neces- 
sity to capture them. For this purpose the general 
ordered a squadron of dragoons to charge them. 
The enemy's gunners were cut down at their pieces, 
the commanding officer was captured, and the 
infantry soon made the victory complete. The 
Mexican loss in the two battles was estimated at 
a thousand ; the American, killed, forty-nine. The 
enemy precipitately recrossed the Kio Grande, 
leaving the usual evidence of a routed army. Gen. 
Taylor then proceeded to Fort Brown. "During 
his absence it had been heavily bombarded, and 
the commander, Maj. Brown, had been killed. The 
Mexicans evacuated Matamoras, and Gen. Taylor 
took peaceable possession, 18 May. 

The Rio Grande, except at time of flood, offered 
little obstacle to predatory incursions, and it was 
obviously sound policy to press the enemy back 
from the border. Gen. Taylor, therefore, moved 
forward to Camargo, on the San Juan, a tributary 
of the Rio Grande. This last-named river rose so 
as to enable steamboats to transport troops and 
supplies, and by September a sufficiently large 



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54 TAYLOR 

force of volunteers had reported at Gen. Taylor's 
headquarters to justify a further march into the 
interior, but the move must be by land, and for 
that there was far from adequate transportation. 
Hiring Mexican packers to supplement the little 
transportation on hand, he was able to add one 
division of volunteers to the regulars of his com- 
mand, and with a force of 6,625 men of all arms 
he marched against Monterey, a fortified town of 
great natural strength, garrisoned by 10,000 men 
under Gen. Ampudia. On 19 Sept he encamped 
before the town, and on the 21st began the attack. 
On the third day Gen. Ampudia proposed to sur- 
render, commissioners were appointed, and terms 
of capitulation agreed upon, oy which the enemy 
were to retire beyond a specified line, and the 
United States forces were not to advance beyond 
that line during the next eight weeks or until the 
pleasure of the respective governments should be 
known. By some strange misconception, the U. S. 
government disapproved the arrangement, and 
ordered that the armistice should be terminated, 
by which we lost whatever had been gained in the 
interests of peace by the generous terms of the 
capitulation, and got nothing, for, during the short 
time that remained unexpired, no provision had 
been or could be made to enable Gen. Taylor to 
advance into the heart of Mexico. Presuming that 
such must be the purpose of the government, he 
assiduously strove to collect the means for that 
object. When his preparations were well-nigh per- 
fected. Gen. Scott was sent to Mexico with orders 
that enabled him at discretion to strip Gen. Taylor 
of both troops and material of war, to be used on 
another line of operations. The projected campaign 
against the capital of Mexico was to be from Vera 
Cruz, up the steppes, and against the fortifications 
that hau been built to resist any probable invasion, 
instead of from Saltillo, across the plains to the 
comparatively undefended capital. The difficulty 
on this route" was the waterless space to be crossed:, 
and against that Gen. Taylor haa ingeniously pro- 
vided. According to instructions, he went to Vic- 
toria, Mexico, turned over his troops, except a 
proper escort to return through a country of nos- 
tiles to Monterey, and then went to Agua Nueva, 
beyond Saltillo, where he was joined by Gen. John 
E. Wool with his command from Chihuahua. 

Gen. Santa-Anna saw the invitation offered by 
the withdrawal of Gen. Taylor's troops, and with a 
well-appointed army, 20,000 strong, marched with 
the assurance of easily recovering their lost terri- 
tory. Gen. Taylor fell back to the narrow pass in 
front of the hacienda of Buena Vista, and here 
stood on the defensive. His force was 5,400 of all 
arms ; but of these, only three batteries of artillery, 
one squadron of dragoons, one mounted company 
of Texans, and one regiment of Mississippi riflemen, 
had ever been under Are. Some skirmishing oc- 
curred on 22 Feb., and a general assault along the 
whole line was made on the morning of the 23d. 
The battle, with varying fortune,continued through- 
out the day; at evening the enemy retired, and 
during the night retreated by the route on which 
he had advanced, having suffered much by the 
casualties of battle, but still more by desertions. 
So Santa-Anna returned with but a remnant of the 
regular army of Mexico, on which reliance had 
been placed to repel invasion, and thenceforward 
peace was undisturbed in the valley of the Rio 
Grande. At that time Gen. Taylor's capacity was 
not justly estimated, his golden silence being often 
misunderstood. His reply to Sec. Marcy's strict- 
ures in regard to the capitulation of Monterey 
exhibited such vigor of thought and grace of ex- 



TAYLOR 



Eression that many attributed it to a member of 
is staff who had a literary reputation. It was 
written by Gen. Taylor's own hand, in the open air, 
by his camp-fire at' Victoria, Mexico. 

Many years of military routine had not dulled 
his desire for knowledge; he had extensively studied 
both ancient and modern history, especially the 
English. Unpretending, meditative, observant, 
ana conclusive, he was best understood and most 
appreciated by those who had known him long and 
intimately. In a campaign he gathered information 
from all who approached him, however sinister 
their motive might be. By comparison and elimi- 
nation he gained a knowledge that was often sur- 

F rising as to the position and designs of the enemy, 
n battle he was vigilantlv active, though quiet in 
bearing ; calm and considerate, though stern and 
inflexible : but when the excitement of danger and 
strife had subsided, he had a father's tenderness 
and care for the wounded, and none more sincerely 
mourned for those who had bravely fallen in the 
line of their duty. 

Before his nomination for the presidency Gen. 
Taylor had no political aspirations and looked for- 
ward to the time when he should retire from the 
army as the beginning of a farmer's life. He had 
planned for his retreat a stock-farm in the hills of 
Jefferson county, behind his cotton-plantation on 
the Mississippi river. In his case, as m some other 
notable instances, the fact of not desiring office 
rather increased than diminished popular confi- 
dence, so that unseeking he was sought. From 
early manhood he had served continually in the 
U. S. army. His duties had led him to consider 
the welfare of the country as one and indivisible, 
and his opinions were free from party or sectional 
intensity. Conscious of his want of knowledge of 
the machinery of the civil service, he formed his 
cabinet to supplement his own information. They 
were men well known to the public by the eminent 
civil stations they had occupied, and were only 
thus known to Gen. Taylor, who as president hail 
literally no friends to reward and no enemies tc 
punish. The cabinet was constituted as follows 
John M. Clayton, of Delaware, secretary of state 
William M." Meredith, of Pennsylvania, secretar] 
of the treasury ; George W. Crawford, of Georgia 
secretary of war; W. Ballard Preston, of Virginia 
secretary of the navy : Reverdy Johnson, of Mary 
land, attorney-general; Alexander H. H. Stuafl 
of Virginia, secretary of the interior. All thes 
had served in the U. S. senate or the house of rer 
resentatives, and all were lawyers. Taylor was th 
popular hero of a foreign war which had been vi< 
toriously ended, bringing to the United States 
large acquisition of territory with an alluring ha 
vest of gold, but, all unheeded, bringing also 
large addition to the elements of sectional con tei 
tion. These were soon developed, and while tl 
upper air was calm and the sun of prosperity shoi 
brightly on the land, the attentive listener cou 
hear the rumbling sound of approaching convi 
sion. President Taylor, with the keen watchfi 
ness and intuitive perception that had charact < 
ized him as a commander in the field, easily si 
and appreciated the danger; but before it h 
reached the stage for official action he died. I 
party and local relations, being a Whig and 
southern planter, gave him the vantage-ground 
the exercise of a restraining influence in the thrc 
ened contest. His views, matured under forr 
responsibilities, were tersely given to confiden 
friends, and as none of his cabinet (except At1 
ney-General Stuart) survive, their consultati 
cannot be learned unless from preserved ma 



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TAYLOR 



script Daring the brief period of his administra- 
tion the rules that would govern it were made 
manifest, and no law for civil-service reform was 
needful for his guidance. With him the bestowal 
of office was a trust held for the people: it was 
not to be gained by proof of party zeal and labor. 
The fact of holding Democratic opinions was not a 
disqualification for the office. Nepotism had with 
him no quarter. Gen. Wi n field Scott related to 
the writer an anecdote that may appropriately close 
this sketch. He said he had remarked to his wife 
that Gen. Taylor was an upright man, to which she 
replied : ** He is not " ; that he insisted his long ac- 
quaintance should enable him to judge better than 
she. But she persisted in her denial, and he asked : 
"Then what manner of man is net" When she 
responded : •* He is a downright man." 

As president he had purity, patriotism, and dis- 
cretion to guide him in his new field of duty, and 
had he lived long enough to stamp his character 
on his administration, it would have been found 
that the great soldier was equally fitted to be the 
head of a government. He was buried in the fam- 
ily cemetery, five miles from Louisville. Ky. Gen. 
Taylor s life was written by Joseph R. Frv and 
Robert T. Conrad (Philadelphia, 1848) and by John 
Frost (New York, 1848).— His wife, Margaret, b. 
in Calvert county, Md., about 1790; d. near Pas- 
cagoula, La., 18 Aug., 1852. was the daughter of 
Walter Smith, a Maryland planter. She received 
a home education, married early in life, and, until 
her husband's election to the presidency, resided 
with him chiefly in garrisons or on the frontier. 
During the Florida war she established herself at 
Tampa bay, and did good service among the sick 
and wounded in the hospitals there. Mrs. Taylor 
was without social ambition, and when Gen. Tay- 
lor became president she reluctantly accepted her 
responsibilities, regarding the office as a " plot to 
deprive her of her nusband's society and to snorten 
his life by unnecessary care." She surrendered to 
her youngest daughter the superintendence of the 
household, and took no part in social duties.— Her 
eldest daughter, Sarah, became the wife of Jeffer- 
son Davis. — Another daughter, Elizabeth, b. in 
Jefferson county, Kv., in 1826, was educated in 
Philadelphia, married Maj. William W. S. Bliss in 
her nineteenth year, and, on her father's inaugura- 
tion, became mistress of the White House. Mrs. 
Bliss, or Miss Betty, as she was popularly called, 
was a graceful and accomplished hostess, and. it 
is said. " did the honors of the establishment with 
the artlessness of a rustic belle and the grace of a 
duchess." After the death of her father in 1850, 
and her husband in 1853, she spent several vears 
in retirement, subsequently marrying Philip Dan- 
dridge. of Winchester. Va., whom she survives. — 
His only son. Richard, soldier, b. in New Orleans, 
27 Jan., 1826; d. in New York city, 12 April. 1879, 
was sent to Edinburgh, Scotland, when thirteen 
years old, where he spent three years in studying 
the classics, and then a year in France. He entered 
the junior class at Yale in 1843, and was graduated 
there in 1845. He was a wide and voracious 
though a desultory reader. From college he went 
to his father's camp on the Rio Grande, and he 
wa* present at Palo Alto, and Resaca de la Palma. 
His Health then became impaired, and he returned 
home. He resided on a cotton-plantation in Jeffer- 
son county. Miss., until 1840, when he removed to 
a sugar-estate in St Charles parish, Louisiana, 
about twenty miles above New Orleans, where he 
was residing when the civil war began. He was in 
the state senate from 1856 to 1860, was a delegate 
to the Charleston Democratic convention in 1860, 



TAYLOR 55 

and afterward to that at Baltimore, and was a 
member of the Secession convention of Louisiana. 
As a member of the military committee, he aided 
the governor in organizing troops, and in June, 
1861, went to Virginia as colonel of the 9th Louisi- 
ana volunteers. The day he reached Richmond 
he left for Manassas, arriving there at dusk on the 
day of the battle. In the autumn he was made a 
brigadier-generaL and in the spring of 1862 he led 
his brigade in the valley campaign under " Stone- 
wall " Jackson. He distinguished himself at Front 
Royal, Middletown, Winchester, Strasburg, Cross 
Keys, and Port Republic, and Jackson recommended 
him for promotion. Taylor was also with Jackson 
in the seven days' battles before Richmond. He 
was promoted to major-general, and assigned to 
the command of Louisiana. The fatigues and ex- 
posures of his campaigns there brought on a partial 
and temporary paralysis of rhe lower limbs ; but in 
August he assumed command. The only com- 
munication across the Mississippi retained by the 
Confederates was between Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson ; but Taylor showed great ability in raising, 
organizing, supplying, and handling an army, and 
he gradually won back the state west of the Missis- 
sippi from the National forces. He had reclaimed 
the whole of this when Vicksburg fell, 4 July, 
1863, and was then compelled to fall back west of 
Berwick's bay. Gen. Taylor's principal achieve- 
ment during the war was his defeat of Gen. 
Nathaniel P. Banks at Sabine Cross-Roads, near 
Mansfield, De Soto parish, La., 8 April, 1864. With 
8,000 men he attacked the advance of the northern 
army and routed it, capturing twenty-two guns and 
a large number of prisoners. He followed Banks, 
who fell back to Pleasant hill, and on the next 
day again attacked him, when Taylor was defeated, 
losing the fruits of the first day's victory. These 
two days' fighting have been frequently compared 
to that of Shiloh— a surprise and defeat on the first 
day, followed by a substantial victory of the National 
forces on the second. In the summer of 1864 Tay- 
lor was promoted to be a lieutenant-general, and 
ordered to the command of the Department of 
Alabama, Mississippi, etc Here he was able merely 
to protract the contest, while the great armies de- 
cided it After Lee and Johnston capitulated there 
was nothing for him, and he surrendered to Gen. 
Edward R. S. Canby. at Citronelle, 8 May, 1865. 
The war left Tavlor ruined in fortune, and he soon 
went abroad. Returning home, he took part in 
politics as an adviser, and his counsel was neld in 
special esteem by Samuel J. Tilden in his presi- 
dential canvass. During this period he wrote his 
memoir of the war, entitled " Destruction and Re- 
construct ion " (New York, 1879).-— His brother, 
Joseph Pannel, soldier, b. near Louisville, Ky., 
4 May, 1796 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 29 June, 1864, 
served in the ranks on the Canadian frontier dur- 
ing the war of 1812, was appointed a lieutenant of 
U. S. infantry on 20 May, 1813, served through the 
war with Great Britain, and was retained on the 
peace establishment as lieutenant of artillery, be- 
coming a captain in July, 1825. He was appointed 
commissary of subsistence in 1829. and thenceforth 
served in that department, becoming assistant com- 
missary-general, with the rank of lieutenant-colo- 
nel, in 1841. On 30 May, 1848, he was brevetted 
colonel for his services in prosecuting the war 
with Mexico, during which he was chief commis- 
sary of the army on the upper line of operations. 
In September, 1861, he was made colonel and 
commissary-general, and on 9 Feb., 1863, was pro- 
moted brigadier-general. His wife was a daugh- 
ter of Justice John McLean.— Their son, John 



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56 



TAZEWELL 



TAZEWELL 



McLean, soldier, b. in Washington, D. C, 21 Nov., 
1828; d. in Baltimore, Md M 21 Nov., 1875, entered 
the U. S. army as 2d lieutenant, in the 3d artillery 
on 8 March, 1848, and was promoted 1st lieutenant 
on 30 June, 1851, and captain and commissary of 
subsistence on 11 May, 1851. He served faithfully 
in his department during the civil war, becoming 
major on 9 Feb., 1863, and receiving the brevets 
of lieutenant-colonel and colonel to date from 18 
March. 1865.— Another son, Joseph Hancock, sol- 
dier, b. in Kentucky, 26 Jan., 1836; d. in Omaha, 
Neb., 13 March, 1885, was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1856, and commissioned 2d 
lieutenant of cavalry on 16 Jan., 1857. He served 
in Kansas, in the Utah expedition, and in a cam- 
paign in 1860 against the Kiowa and Comanche 
Indians of Colorado. He was promoted 1st lieu- 
tenant on 22 April, 1861, and captain on 14 May, 
and was appointed acting adjutant-general of Gen. 
Edwin V. Sumner's division on 27 Nov., 1861. 
During the peninsula campaign, and subsequently 
in the Maryland campaign, he served as acting as- 
sistant adjutant-general of the 2d corps, winning 
the brevet of major at Fair Oaks, and that of lieu- 
tenant-colonel at the Antietam. He was assistant 
adjutant-general at Fredericksburg, and assistant 
inspector-general of cavalry in Stoneman's raid. 
On 1 June, 1863, he was assigned to duty as assist- 
ant adjutant-general of the department at Wash- 
ington. He was appointed a major on the staff on 
30 March. 1866, and on 13 Au£. was brevetted 
colonel for faithful services during the war. He 
was on duty in different military departments till 
his death, which was due to disease that he had 
contracted in the line of duty. 

TAZEWELL, Henry, senator, b. in Brunswick 
county, Va., in 1753; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 24 
Jan., 1799. He was educated at William and 
Mary, studied law with his uncle, John, was ad- 
mitted to practice, and in 1775 w t as elected to the 
house of burgesses. In the convention of 1776 he 
was placed on the committee that reported the 
declaration of rights and the constitution. He 
continued a member of the legislature, taking an 
active part in its deliberations till 1785, when he 
was appointed to a seat on the supreme bench of 
Virginia. He served as a member of the court of 
appeals, and in 1793, when a separate appellate 
court was constituted, he was chosen one of the 
judges. In the following year he resigned in order 
to take his seat in the U. S. senate, of which he 
was a member till his death. In 1795 he was 
elected president, pro tempore. During the discus- 
sion of John Jay's English treaty he was the leader 
of the Republican opposition. — His son, Littleton 
Waller, statesman, b. in Williamsburg, Va., 17 
Dec, 1774; d. in Norfolk, Va., 6 March, 1860, was 

{graduated at William and Mary in 1792, studied 
aw, was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1796, 
and entered on the practice of his profession in 
James City countv. He was elected in 1796 a 
member of the Virginia house of delegates and 
served in that body, by re-election, for four years. 
As an adherent of the Jefferson party he support- 
ed the famous resolutions of 1798. and James Madi- 
son's report of 1799. In 1800 he was elected to 
succeed John Marshall as a member of the U. S. 
house of representatives, and participating in the 
presidential election that devolved on that body he 
supported Thomas Jefferson against Aaron Burr. 
Declining a re-election to congress he removed 
in 1802 to Norfolk, where he soon took rank among 
the foremost lawyers of that commercial port, then 
noted for its able bar. He gained special distinc- 
tion in criminal and in admiralty law. Though 




sharing, in politics, the general views and consti- 
tutional opinions of Jefferson, he frankly dissent- 
ed from the chief measures of the administration — 
its gun-boat system of defence, its non-intercourse 
act, and the em- 
bargo. He was 
equally opposed 
to the wrongs that 
were committed 
by England and 
by France against 
our commerce 
during the Napo- 
leonic wars, and, 
favoring at an 
early stage a dec- 
laration of war 
against bothalike, 
he avowed his 
readiness to make 
the attack of the 
" Leopard" on the 
cruiser " Chesa- 
peake" in 1807 a cause of immediate war against 
Great Britain, and offered his military services at 
the head of a cavalry troop. But he finally 
broke with the administration at all points on the 
ground of its incapacity for either war or peace, 
and in 1808 opposed the election of Madison as 
president for a like reason. In 1809 he supported 
the Federalist candidate for congress in the Nor- 
folk district, and, on grounds of public policy, con- 
tinued in steadfast opposition to war with Eng- 
land ; but when war was declared in 1812 he gave 
to it his hearty support. The close of the war left 
Norfolk to deal with a new set of economical 
and fiscal questions, and, as Mr. Tazewell was 
known to be specially versed in such matters, he 
was elected a member of the Virginia legislature 
in 1816, and took an active part in its deliberations. 
He was appointed by President Monroe as one of 
the commissioners of the United States under the 
treaty with Spain for the purchase of Florida in 
1819. In 1824 he was elected to the U. S. senate, 
and he was re-elected in 1830. As a member of the 
committee on foreign relations, of which for sev- 
eral years he was chairman, he wrote the celebrated 
report on the Panama mission, while his speeches 
on the piracy act, the bankrupt act, the preroga- 
tives of the president in the appointment of for- 
eign ministers, and the tariff, were greatly admired. 
Though antagonizing the general policy of the ad- 
ministration of John Quincy Adams, ne soon ar- 
rayed himself, with equal independence, against 
the financial measures of President Jackson. In 
1832 he favored a reduction of the tariff of 1828. 
While showing himself no zealot of the Bank of 
the United States, when the question of its rechar- 
ter arose in 1832, he publicly denounced the act of 
the president in removing the deposits. He op- 
posed the nullification measures of South Carolina, 
out at the same time dissented from the high Fed- 
eral doctrines of Jackson's proclamation. When 
he was elected president of the senate in 1831, he 
refused to accept the honor, and in 1833 resigned 
his seat in that body from pure disgust of Federal 
politics. In the following year he was chosen gov- 
ernor of the state, and alter his term of oflice had 
expired he withdrew entirely from all connection 
with politics. While serving in the U. S. senate, 
he was elected a member of the convention that 
was called in 1829 to revise the constitution of Vir- 
ginia, and distinguished himself in that body 
among men like Madison, Monroe, and Marshall 
by the solidity of his counsels, and the weight of 



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TEALL 



TECUMSEH 



51 



his influence. In standard English literature 
Tazewell was deeply read ; in familiarity with Eng- 
lish and American history he had few equals; in 
knowledge of law he had no superior; in politics 
he exhibited the traits of a Cato as much by the 
impracticability of his principles as by the severity 
of his virtues. The character of " Sidney," in 
William Wirt's "Old Bachelor," is a sketch of 
Tazewell drawn from life by his friend and com- 
peer at the bar. He was the author of Review 
of the Negotiations between the United States and 
Great Britain respecting the Commerce of the Two 
Countries'' (London, 1829), and contributed under 
the pen-name of Senex to the Norfolk " Herald " 
in 1827. See a discourse on his life by Hugh Blair 
Grigsby, LL. D. (Norfolk, I860). 

TEALL, Francis Augustas, editor, b. in Fort 
Anne, Washington co., N. Y., 16 Aug., 1822. He 
entered a printing-office in 1836, afterward sup- 
plemented his common-school education by the 
study of languages, and in 1841 went to New York 
city. Here he worked at the case, with Walt Whit- 
man as a fellow-compositor, and was soon advanced 
to the place of proof-reader. In this capacity he 
has rendered much critical service of an editorial 
character on a large variety of works. A mong other 
interesting things that received his attention were 
the original proofs of Edgar A. Foe's " Raven " and 
** Bells. ' He assisted Ephraim G. Squier in pre- 
paring his " Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 
Valley" (Washington, 1848), and John R. Bartlett 
in the first edition of his " Dictionary of Ameri- 
canisms," and made the analytical index to the 
American edition of Napier's *• Peninsular War." 
For some time he was on the editorial staff of the 
"American Whig Review," and in 1858 succeeded 
Mr. Whitman as editor of a newspaper at Hunt* 
ington, L. I. He acted as proof-reader, contribu- 
tor, and associate editor on the different editions 
of the "American Cyclopaedia," and noted the 
pronunciation of the titles in the volume of index 
to the second edition and in the text of the con- 
densed edition. Since 1882 he has been employed 
in the compilation of the "Century Dictionary." 
The University of Rochester gave him the degree 
of A. M. in 1875. 

TECHOTLALATZIN (tetch-ot-lah-lah-tseen), 
king of Texcoco, d. in 1409. He was tho youngest 
son of King Quinatzin, whom he succeeded on the 
throne in 1357. During his reign one of his de- 
pendent chiefs, Tzompan, cacique of Xaltocun, re- 
volted against his rule; but he asked assistance 
from King Huitzilihuitl of Mexico, and with his 
aid routed the rebel. From that date a mutual 
alliance began between the monarchies of Texcoco, 
Tlaltelolco, and Chapul tepee. He was succeeded 
by his son Ixtlilxochitl I. 

TECTO, Juan de, Flemish missionary, b. in 
Ghent in 1468; d. in Honduras in 1526. He was 
graduated as D. D. in Pari*, and was for several 
years professor of theology in the Sorbonne uni- 
versity, and afterward chaplain of Emperor 
Charles V.. and guardian of a convent of Francis- 
cans at Ghent In 1522 he obtained from Charles 
V., who was much attached to him, permission to 

?-> to the New World, and fixed his residence at 
excoco, where he founded missions for the Indi- 
ans and learned their language. He accompanied 
Cortes in his expedition to Hihucras in 1525. and 
a*, owing to the rebellion of Cristobal de Olid, no 
provisions were obtainable, Tecto, exhausted, fell 
behind the army, and was found later by a patrol 
leaning against a tree, where he had died of hun- 
ger. According to Bcrnal Diaz del Castillo, he was 
sent by Cortes to report to the emperor about the 



conquest of Hibueras, and died at sea, off the coast 
of Spain. Tecto is the author of two valuable 
works : " Primeros rudiraentos de la doctrina Cris- 
tiana en lengua Mexicana," a manuscript which 
was utilized by Fray Pedro de Gante for his 
" Catecismo Mexicano " ; and " Apologia del l>au- 
tismo administrado a los gentiles Mexicanos con 
sola el agua y la forma Sacramental," which is 
cited by Torquemada in his " Monarquia Indiana." 

TECUMSEH, or TECUMTHA, Shawnee chief, 
b. near the site of Springfield, Ohio, about 1768; 
killed in the battle of the Thames, Canada, 5 Oct., 
1813. His father, Puckeshinwa, or Pukeesheno, 
a Shawnee brave, fell in battle when the son was 
a child. The latter first appears in a fight with 
Kentucky troops on Mad river when he was about 
twenty years old, and is said to have run at the 
first fire, yet in the campaign that ended in the 
treaty of Greenville in 1795 he was a bold and 
active warrior. About 1805, with his brother, 
Ellskwatawa, the " prophet," he projected the 
union of all the western tribes of Indians against 
the whites. He claimed that the treaties by which 
large tracts of Indian land had been ceded to set- 
tlers were illegal, as the land was the common 
property of all the tribes, and therefore could be 
alienated only by common consent. The general 
discontent was increased by the action of specu- 
lators in ejecting Indians from lands, and by 
British emissaries; and the brothers soon had a 
large following. They visited the tribes from the 
Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and, in spite of the 
warnings of Gen. William Henry Harrison, who 
was then governor of the Northwest territory, they 
continued to follow out their scheme. In August, 
1810, in response to an invitation to a " quiet talk " 
with the governor, Tecumseh, with 400 fully 
armed warriors, encamped in a grove near Vin- 
cennes, Ind. He was invited to the portico of the 

? governor's house, but replied : " Houses were built 
or you to hold councils in ; Indians hold theirs in 
the open air." He opened t he conference in a speech 
of great eloquence, and at its close, being invited 
to sit near his "father," Gen. Harrison, said, boast- 
ingly : " The sun is my father, and the earth is my 
mother; on her bosom I will repose," suiting the 
action to the word. In the discussion that followed 
he boldly demanded the return of treaty lands, 
and his violent and threatening manner put an 
end to the coun- 
cil. On the next 
day Tecumseh ex- 
pressed regret for 
his violence, and 
the conference was 
resumed, but was 
productive of no 
results. William 
Clark, of Clarks- 
ville, Pa., was 
probably the last 
survivor of those 
that were present 
at this interview 
between Harrison 
and Tecumseh. In 
the following year 
Indian depreda- 
tions increased, 
and another con- 
ference was held, at which Tecumseh. awed by a 
militia force, professed peaceful intentions, while 
insisting on the vacation of ceded lands ; yet a few 
days later he set out on a journey to secure the 
Creeks, Choctaws, and Chcrokecs for his proposed 




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58 



TECUM-UMAN 



TEFFT 



league. He was not in the battle of Tippecanoe. 
(See Harrison, William Henry.) That defeat 
ruined his plans, yet he continued his efforts among 
the southern tribes, and in the autumn of 1812 at- 
tended a great council at TooeWabatcha, Ala., which 
had been called by the U. S. Indian agent, Col. 
Hawkins. Here he made a passionate speech, 
telling the Creeks that they would know when to 
begin war on the whites by the appearance of the 
arm of Tecumseh stretching across the heavens 
like pale fire. He had been told bv the British 
that a comet would soon appear. *To the chief 
Tustinugee-Thlucco, who opposed him, he said : 
" You do not believe that trie Great Spirit has 
sent me. You shall believe it I will go straight 
to Detroit, and when I get there I will stamp my 
foot upon the ground and shake down every house 
in Toockabatcha." In the following December 
there was an earthquake shock, and the affrighted 
Creeks ran from their dwellings shouting : " Tecum- 
seh is at Detroit!" This, and the appearance of 
the promised sijam in the heavens, caused the Creek 
nation to rise in arms, and brought about their 
speedy ruin. Tecumseh now joined the English, 
and commanded the Indian allies in the cam- 
paigns of 1812-'13. He refused to meet the Amer- 
ican commanders in council, was in the action on 
Raisin river, and, after being wounded at Magua- 
ga, was made a brigadier -general in the royal 
army. He led 2,000 warriors in the siege of Port 
Meigs, where he saved American prisoners from 
massacre. After the battle of Lake Erie he urged 
Gen. Henry Proctor to engage Gen. William Henry 
Harrison when he landed, but took part in the 
British retreat, and was wounded while holding 
the passage of a stream. He aided Proctor in 
selecting the battle-ground at the Thames, and 
commanded the right wing, laying aside his sword 
and uniform and putting on his hunting-dress, in 
the conviction that he must fall. His Indians 
were driven back, and he fought desperately till 
he was killed. His death was unknown to the 
Americans for several days. Afterward it was 
claimed for Col. Richard Malcolm Johnston, who 
had killed a powerful Indian in hand-to-hand 
combat, that his antagonist was Tecumseh, and 
the claim occasioned a long controversy, but the 
fact has not been established satisfactorily". Tecum- 
seh possessed great executive ability, and with prop- 
er training would have been distinguished as a gen- 
eral. Says a Canadian historian : •* No one can 
fully calculate the inestimable value of those de- 
voted red men, led on by the brave Tecumseh 
during the struggle of 1812. But for them it is 
probable that we should not now have a Canada ; 
and if we had we would not enjoy the liberty and 
privileges which we possess in so eminent a de- 
gree." See " Life of Tecumseh, and his Broth- 
er, the Prophet, with an Historical Sketch of 
the Shawnee Indians," based on the accounts of 
various persons that knew the chief personally 
(Cincinnati, 1841), and "Tecumseh and the Shawnee 
Prophet," by Edward Eggleston (New York. 1878). 

TECUM-UMAN (tay-coom), last king of Quiche, 
d. near Quetzal tenan go, Guatemala, in 1524. He 
was the son of King Kicab-Tanub, who died dur- 
ing a war with his neighbors the Zutuhiles and 
Mames, and Tecum-Uman, hearing of the approach 
of the Spaniards, tried to form an alliance with his 
former enemies against the invaders. Only the 
Mames accepted his offer, and with their auxiliary 
troops Tecum-Uman is said, by the Spanish chron- 
iclers, to have gathered an army of 230,000 war- 
riors; but they could not resist the superior arms 
and discipline of Alvarado's army of 450 Spaniards 



and about 5,000 auxiliary Mexican Indians. The 
first battle, in the ford of the river Tilapa, 24 Feb., 
1524, was sharp and not decisive, but a few days 
afterward Tecum-Uman was totally defeated on 
Olintepeque river, and it was afterward called 
Xeouigel, or river of blood. Tecum-Uman retired 
with the rest of his army, but was overtaken in a 
valley between Ouezaltenango and Totonicapan, 
where he made the last desperate stand, and was 
killed by the lance of Alvarado. 

TEEDYUSCUNG, Delaware chief, b. near Tren- 
ton. N. J., about 1700; d. in Wyoming vallev, Pa., 
16 April. 1763. He was also known as lionest 
John and War Trumpet His father. " Old Cap- 
tain Harris," and his bspthers and half-brothers, 
" Captain John." "YoungTJJptain Harris," "Tom," 
"Joe," and "Sam Evans * (names given them by 
the English), were all high-spirited men. In 1730 he 
settled in the forks of the Delaware, and he united 
in 1749 with the Moravian Indian mission at Gna- 
denhuetten, Carbon co., Pa., where, on 12 March, 
1750, he was baptized bv Bishop Caramerhoff, re- 
ceiving the name of Gideon. Aware of how his 
countrymen were being injured by the whites and 
oppressed by the Six Nations, in 1754, when the 
tie! awares and their allies appealed to him to lead 
them and be their king, he deserted the Moravian 
mission. Hence/orward his name is conspicuous 
in the provincial history of Pennsylvania. After 
the repulse of Braddock in July. 1755, he assem- 
bled the Delawares, Mohicans, and Shawnees in the 
Wyoming valley, and in the winter began to wage 
war among the whites that resided within the 
"Walking Purchase." In 1756 the government 
sought the pacification of the Delaware king, which, 
through treaties at Easton in July and November, 
1756, and November, 1757, was accomplished. In 
the following spring, agreeably to his request and 
the conditions of the treaty, a town was built for 
him and his followers in the Wyoming valley. 
One of the objects of his life was to recover for 
the Lenni Lenape that dignity which the Iroquois 
had treacherously wrested from them in 1742. He 
was burned to death with his house while asleep 
under the influence of liquor, the incendiary being 
instigated by his enemies. Teedyuscung was a fine- 
looking man, endowed with good sense, quick of 
comprehension, ambitious, and a patriot. 

TEFFT, Benjamin Franklin, clergyman, b. 
in Floyd, Oneida co., N. Y., 20 Aug., 18i3; d. in 
Brewer, Penobscot co., Me., 16 Sept. 1885. He 
was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1835, 
taught four years in Maine Wesleyan seminary, 
and then, entering the ministry of the Methodist 
Episcopal church, was pastor at Bangor, Me., in 
1839-'41. He then taught in East Greenwich. R. 
I., and in 1842 accepted a charge in Boston, but 
his health failed in 1843, and after travelling in 
the south and west he was for three years profes- 
sor of Greek and Hebrew in Indiana Asbury (now 
De Pauw) university. In 1846 he became editor of 
the books and magazines of the Methodist book 
concern in Cincinnati, where he conducted the 
"Ladies' Repositorv" in 1846-'52, and in 1851-4 
he was president of Genesee college, Lima, N. Y., 
also editing in 1852-*4 the " Northern New Yorker," 
published at Canandaigua. He was pastor of dif- 
ferent churches in Bangor, Me., from 1858 till 
1861, when he was made U. S. consul at Stockholm 
and acting minister to Sweden, and in 1864 he was 
commissioner of immigration from the north of 
Europe for the state of Maine. In 18G6 he became 
pastor of a church in Portland, and from 1873 till 
1878 he edited " The Northern Border," published 
I at Bangor, Me. During the last two years of his 



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TEFPT 



life he was in feeble health. Ohio Wesleyan uni- 
versity gave him the degree of D. D. in 1846, and 
Madison university that of LL. D in 1852. Besides 
pamphlets, lectures, addresses, and contributions 
to current literature, Dr. Tefft was the author of 
•* Prison Life," based on data furnished by Rev. 
James B. Finley (Cincinnati, 1847) ; " The Shoul- 
der-Knot, a Story of the Seventeenth Century" 
(New York, 1850) ; " Hungary and Kossuth " (Phila- 
delphia, 1852); "Webster and his Masterpieces" 
(2 vols., Auburn, N. Y., 1854); "Methodism Suc- 
cessful, and the Internal Causes of its Success," 
with an introductory letter by Bishop Janes (New 
York, 1860): "Our Political Parties" (Boston, 
1880); and "Evolution and Christianity'* (1885). 
He edited Erwin House's " Sketches, Literary and 
Religious" (Cincinnati, 1847}, and Dr. Charles 
Elliott's " Sinfulness of American Slavery " (1850). 

TEFFT, Thomas Alexander, architect, b. in 
Richmond, R. I., 3 Aug., 1826; d. in Florence. 
Italy, 12 Dec, 1859. He was graduated in the 
scientific course at Brown in 1851, and after study- 
ing architecture in Providence furnished designs 
for many private and public buildings. In 1856 
he went to Europe in order to study art and to 
announce his ideas of a uniform currency for all 
nations, on which subject he read a paper before 
the British institute of social science. After his 
death the principal features of his scheme were 
incorporated in tne plan that was agreed upon by 
an international conference at Paris in 1867, at 
which nineteen nations were represented. He con- 
tributed papers on architecture to the " New York 
Crayon." and " Letters from Europe " to the " New 
York Times " in 1857-8, and published " Our De- 
ficiency in Art Education" (Providence, 1852), 
and M Universal Currency : a Plan for obtaining a 
Common Currency in France, England, and Ameri- 
ca, based on the Decimal System " (London, 1858). 
See " Memoir " by the Rev. Edwin Martin Stone 
(Boston, 1869). 

TEGAKOUITA, Catharine, Indian convert, b. 
in Gandahouague, or Gandawague, in northern 
New York, in 1656; d. in Caughnawaga, Canada, 
17 April, 1680. The name Tegakouita means " who 
puts things in order," and is still in use at Caugh- 
nawaga. Her father was a heathen Iroquois, and 
her mother a Christian Algonquin. Her parents 
died when she was a child, and she was brought up 
by her uncle, who was a chief. Her first knowl- 
edge of Christianity appears to have been obtained 
from Jacques Fremin and two other missionaries, 
whom she entertained in her cabin. She embraced 
the new creed with fervor, resolved to remain single, 
and suffered much ill treatment from her relatives 
because of her refusal to marry ; but she was not 
baptized until 1676. Her refusal to work on Sun- 
days increased the hostility of her tribe toward 
her, and she had on one occasion a narrow escape 
from death. Calumnies were spread about her 
character, and she finally resolved to escape to the 
Christian village of La Prairie, which she reached 
in October, 1677, after many dangers. The rest of 
her life was spent in prayer, labor, and mortifica- 
tions of the severest kind. She enrolled herself in 
the Confraternity of the Holy Family, and began 
to be regarded both by the French and Indians as 
a great saint After death her grave became a 
place of pilgrimage, and, althougn an effort was 
made bv the priests of the neighboring parishes to 
check devotion to her, she was invoked as a saint 
throughout Canada. Numerous miracles are said 
to have been wrought at her tomb, or by her relics. 
The third plenary council of Baltimore petitioned 
the holy see to take stefw toward her canoniza- 



TEGANISSORENS 59 

tion in 1884. See " Life of Catharine Tegakouita," 
by Father Claude Chauchetiere (New York, 1886) ; 
her life by Cholonek, in vol. xii. of " Lettres ecli- 
flantes" (Paris, 1727); and Kipp's "Jesuit Mis- 
sions " (New York, 1847). 

TEGANAKOA, Stephen. Indian convert, d. in 
Onondaga, N. Y., in 1690. While still a pagan he 
was noted for the innocence of his life and manners 
and his attachment to his wife and children. He 
went with his family to the mission of Caughna- 
waga, or Sault Ste. Louis, when he was about thirty- 
five years old, applied for baptism, and after the 
usual probation was received with his wife and six 
children. He was afterward considered a model of 
ever>- virtue. In August, 1790, he went on a hunt- 
ing expedition with his wife and another Indian. 
In the following September the party was attacked 
by a band of seventeen Cayugas and brought to 
Onondaga. One of his captors said to Stephen that 
he might attribute his death to his having left his 
tribe to live among " the dogs of Christians at the 
Sault." Stephen replied : " Do what you will with 
me, 1 fear neither your outrages nor your fires. 1 
willingly give my life for a God who shed his blood 
for me.' The savages then put him to death with 
slow tortures. He bore his sufferings calmly, and 
died praying for his murderers. 

TEGANISSORENS, Indian chief, b. in Onon- 
daga, N. Y. ; d. in Sault St. Louis, or Caughna- 
waga. on Lake Champlain, after 1711. He was 
strongly attached to the French, and in 1682 was 
placed at the head of a deputation of Iroquois 
chiefs that was sent to Montreal to make terms 
with Frontenac and his Indian allies. It was soon 
discovered that the Iroquois had sent Teganls- 
sorens as a blind, and were taking the field against 
the Illinois, while pretending to wish for peace. 
But the French governor dismissed him with honor, 
knowing that his influence did not extend to all 
the Iroquois tribes. He set out on a similar mis- 
sion in 1688, and the preliminaries for a treaty 
were arranged between Denonville, the Canadian 
governor, and the Iroquois deputies. The Hurons 
were dissatisfied with the proposed treaty, and. on 
the return of Teganissorens and his party, they 
were attacked by Kondiaronk, a Huron chief. 
Some were killed and others taken prisoners, 
among the latter Teganissorens, who, on complain- 
ing of this attack on an ambassador and a friend 
of the French, was told by Kondiaronk that the 
latter themselves had sent him. To show that he 
spoke sincerely, he at once released the Iroquois 
ambassador. Teganissorens, however, remained 
loyal, and continued to render such services that 
he ranked with Oureouhare and Garaconthie as 
one Of the three Indians to whom the French col- 
ony in Canada was most indebted. He became a 
Christian in 1693, and in May, 1694, arrived in 
Quebec with eight deputies. He was received with 
kindness by Frontenac, the governor, who gave 
him many presents. He proposed the restoration 
of Fort Catarocouy (Kingston), and that it should 
be strengthened and made the bulwark of the 
colony. The suggestion was eagerly adopted by 
Frontenac, who prepared a large escort which was 
to conduct to that port a garrison, mechanics, and 
all necessary stores, but he was obliged to counter- 
mand the expedition, owing to an order from the 
French court. He excited the displeasure of the 
governor afterward by not returning to Montreal 
at a fixed date with the submission of some of the 
Iroquois tribes who were holding back. But the 
reason of his delay was that he found his efforts to 
bring about a general reconciliation between the 
Iroquois and the French abortive. He remained 



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60 



TEJEDA 



TELLO DE PORTUGAL 



at Onondaga, where he received three French am- 
bassadors that had been sent to make a treaty with 
the Iroquois on 10 Aug., 1700. He afterward re- 
ceived both French and English agents and de- 
clared hi;* intention of remaining neutral. Hear- 
ing in 1703 that some of the Iroquois were concert- 
ing with Vaudreuil (who had then succeeded Cal- 
lieres in the government of the colony) an attack 
on the English settlement*, Teganissorens went 
to Montreal and protested angrily against this 
breach of neutrality and declared that his tribe 
would take part for neither side. As the neutrali- 
ty of the Iroquois was what the French governor 
wanted, he assured the chief that he would not 
send any parties against the English in New York. 
Teganissorens, on his part, pledged himself to re- 
tain the missionaries that were in his country. In 
1711 he informed Vaudreuil that preparations were 
made at New York, Albany, and Boston for an in- 
vasion of Canada. 

TEJEDA, Joan de (teh-hay'-dah), Spanish sol- 
dier, lived in the second half of the 10th century. 
In 1589 he held the rank of major-general, and 
was sent to govern the island of Cuba, being the 
first ruler that had the title of captain-general. 
Under his government the three fortresses that 
protect Havana were built under the direction of 
the engineer Juan Antonelli, the aqueduct, convey- 
ing water from Chorrera to Havana, was finished, 
and in 1592 Havana received the title of city and 
a coat of arms. In 1595 he returned to Spain, be- 
ing superseded bv Maldonado Bamuevo. 

TELFAIR, Edward, statesman, b. in Scotland 
in 1735; d. in Savannah, Ga.. 17 Sept., 1807. He 
was educated at Kirkcudbright grammar-school, 
came to this country in 1758 as agent of a com- 
mercial house, and resided for some time in Vir- 
ginia, but removed to Halifax. N. C, and in 1766 
to Savannah, where he engaged in business. lie 
actively espoused the patriot cause at the opening 
of the Revolution, served on many committees, and 
was one of the party that broke open the magazine 
at Savannah and removed the powder. He was a 
delegate to the Continental congress in 1778 and 
1780-'3, and in the latter year was a commissioner 
to treat with the Cherokeek In 1786, and again in 
1790-'3, he was governor of Georgia. — His son, 
Thomas, was graduated at Princeton in 1805, 
served in the National house of representatives in 
1813-17. and died in 1818, 

TELLER, Henry Moore, senator, b. in Granger. 
Allegany co., N\ Y., 23 Mav, 1830. He was educated 
at Alfred university, N. Y., studied law, was admit- 
ted U> the bar in Hi ogham ton, N. \ T ., in 1858, and 
removed to Illinois in the *ame year, and to Colo- 
rado in 1861. He was major-general of Colorado 
militia in 1862-'4, but held no political office till, 
on the admi«Mon of Colorado as a state in 1876, he 
was chosen l .S. xenator as a Republican, and took 
his seat, 4 Dec.. 1876. He was re-elected for the 
term that ended in IW<3. and in 1877-'8 served as 
chairman of a special committee on election frauds, 
that wa« known as the Teller committee. On 17 
April. 18S*>, he retimed, on hi«* apjK>intment by 
President Arthur to the portfolio of the interior, 
which he held till the cl<>*e of the latter'* adminis- 
tration. He wa* then re-elected to the senate for 
the term that will end in 1891. Alfred university 
gave him the depree of LL. I), in 1886. 

TELLIER, Rem ig ion Joseph, Canadian cler- 
gyman, b. in S issons France, in 1796; d. in Mon- 
treal, Canada, 7 Jan., 1866. He entered the Society 
of Jesus on 11 O't.. 1818, and became rector of the 
College of Chambery, and in 1842 was sent with 
five colleagues to Canada, where the Roman Catho- 



lic bishop of Montreal had requested the pope to 
send members of the order. From the death of 
the last of the native Canadian Jesuits, Father 
Cazot, in 1800, there had been no establishment of 
the order in that country until the arrival of these 
six priests. For eight years after their arrival they 
had charge of the parish of La Prairie, where 
Father Tellicr officiated for two vears. Afterward 
he was employed among the Irish emigrants at St 
Charles Point during the prevalence of ship-fever. 
He founded the Church of St. Patrick in Montreal, 
for three years was stationed in Upper Canada, and 
subsequently was sent to the United States, where 
he was at first prefect of studies and president of 
St. Francis Xavicr college, and afterward at SL 
John's college, Fordham, N. Y. He was made 
superior of his order in 1859, and returned to Mon- 
treal, where he passed the remainder of his life. 

TELLKAMPF, Jobann Ludwlg, German 
scholar, b. in Germany, 28 Jan., 1808; d. there, 10 
Feb., 1876. He came to the United States in 1838, 
engaged in teaching, and in 184&-'7 waa professor 
of the German language and literature in Colum- 
bia. He then returned to Germany as professor in 
Breslau. In 1848 he was elected to the Frankfort 

Sarliament, in 1849 to the Prussian chamber of 
eputies, in 1855 to the herrenhaus, and in 1871 
to the first German reichstag. He wrote u Politi- 
cal Economy" with Alonzo Potter (New York, 
1840); " Ueber die Besserungsgefangnisse in Nord- 
Amerika und England " (1844) ; with his brother, 
Theodore, "Essays on I jaw Reform and Commercial 
Policy " (London, 1859); 44 Ueber Arbeiterverhalt- 
nisse und Erwerbsgenossenschaften in England 
und Nord-Amerika* (1870); and 44 Selbstverwal- 
tung und Reforme der Gemeinde und Kreisord- 
nungen in Preussen, und Self-Government in Eng- 
land und Nord-Amerika" (1872). 

TELLO DE PORTUGAL, Jos* de Espinoaa, 
Spanish geographer, b. in Seville in March, 1763; 
d. in Madrid, 6 Sept., 1815. He was a younger son 
of Count del Aguila, entered the navy as a cadet 
in 1778, served in the West Indies, and assisted in 
the capture of Yorktown in October, 1781, and in 
the expedition to Tobago under Bouille. After 
the conclusion of peace in 1783 he was employed 
in the naval observatory at Cadiz, and made charts 
of the Spanish coast from Fuenterrabia to Ferrol. 
In 1790 he joined the expedition of Alejandro 
Malaspina, determined the geographical position 
of Acapulco and other points and with Malaspina 
explored the Straits of Nootka on the northwest 
coast of California. He afterward made astronom- 
ical observations in the Chilian Andes, and trav- 
| elled through Peru and the La Plata provinces in 
1 1792-'4. On his return to Spain he was promoted 
| adjutant of (ten. Mazarredo, and in 1796 was made 
secretary of the board of hydrography, in which 
( capacity he was charged in 1797 with the correc- 
I tion of the plates of the preat naval atlas of Spain 
! that had tx*en prepared under the direction of 
1 Vicente Toft no. He was promoted commodore 
and president of the board of hydrography in 1800, 
I and secretary to the admiralty, with the rank of 
! minister, in 1807. At the accession of Joseph 
BonaiMirte he retired to London, where he lived 
; till the re*toration of Ferdinand VII. in 1814, 
I when he returned to Spain. His works include 
"Carta csfericaque comprende las Cost as del Seno 
| Mejicano" (Madrid, 1799; revised ed., 1805): 44 Me- 
I moriasjiohre las ohM»rvaeione?* astronomicas, hechas 
I por Us navegantra Hspaftoles en distinto* lugarcs 
del Globo"(2 vols., 1809); "Carta de las Antillas 
v de Tierra Firme" (London, 1811); and "Carta 
. del Oceano AUantico" (1812). 



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TEMBLEQUE 



TEN EYCK 



61 



TEMBLEQUE, Francisco (tem-blay'-keh), 
Spanish architect, b. in Tembleque. province of 
Toledo, in the first half of the 16th century; d. 
in Puebla, Mexico, near the end of that century. 
He entered the Franciscan order, came to New 
Spain about 1550, and soon learned the Aztec 
language, being venerated by the natives as their 
best friend. Having studied architecture and hy- 
draulics in Spain, he made use of his knowledge to 
remedy the want of potable water in the towns of 
Oturnba and Cempoala, and constructed an aque- 
duct that carried the water of a mountain-stream 
for the distance of fifty miles to Oturnba. Not- 
withstanding the opposition of experts, who de- 
clared the work impossible, Tembleque persisted in 
his eourse, and at the end of sixteen years finished 
the work, which contains more than thirty miles 
of solid masonry and crosses three valleys on 
bridges, of which the longest has sixty-seven arches, 
the middle one being 128 feet in height and 70 feet 
span. This work, called the Arches of Cempoala, 
is still the admiration of engineers. 

TEMPLE, Daniel, missionary, b. in Reading, 
Mass., 23 Dec., 17*9; d. there, 9 Aug., 1851. He 
learned the shoemaker's trade, and labored at it in 
his native place till he had attained his majority, 
but afterward entered Dartmouth, was graduated 
there in 1817, and at Andover theological seminary 
in 1820. He was ordained as an evangelist in 1821, 
and went to Malta as a missionary in 1822 where 
he labored till his return to this country in Septem- 
ber. 1828. He sailed again for Malta in 1830, and 
from 1833 till 1844 was stationed at Smyrna. After 
this he was an agent for the American board in 
this country, and in 1847 assumed a pastoral charge 
at Phelps, N. Y., which failing health obliged him 
to relinquish in 1849. He published many works 
in modern Greek, Italian, and Armenian, including 
several biographies of Bible characters, and edited 
a monthly magazine in Greek. See his 44 Life and 
Letters " by his son, the Rev. Daniel H. Temple, 
with an introduction by the Rev. Richard S. Storrs, 
D. D. (Boston, 1855). 

TEMPLE, Jackson, jurist, b. in Heath. Frank- 
lin co., Mass., 11 Aug., 1827. He was graduated 
at Williams in 1851. studied law, and, removing to 
California, practised there with success. He was 
appointed to the bench of the state supreme court 
to fill a vacancy in 1887, and then continued in his 
seat by re-election. He has also served as district 
judge and judge of the superior court of Sonoma 
county. While occupying the last-named post, 
Judge Temple was selected to try the *■ debris suits," 
and by his decision of the first case prevented 
hydraulic mining from injuring farming lands. 

TEMPLE, William tirenrille, naval officer, 
b. in Rutland, Vt„ 23 March, 1824. He entered 
the navy as a midshipman, 18 April, 1840, was 
graduated at the naval academy in 1846, and was 
attached to the " Boston " when she w<l wrecked at 
Eleuthera, Bahama islands. 15 March, 1846, taking 
charge of the sick men from the wreck in the 
schooner '* Volant." In February, 1847, he was 
ordered to the steamer "Scourge,'* in which he 
participated in the bombardment and capture of 
Vera Cruz and in the engagements at Alvarado, 
T us pan, and Tabasco, sometimes having command 
of batteries and landing parties in operations on 
shore against the Mexicans. He assisted in the 
survey of the interoceanic canal and railroad across 
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in 1850-'2, was pro- 
moted to master, 21 July, 1854, and to lieutenant, 
18 April, 1855. After cruising in the frigate 
- Lancaster" on the Pacific station in 1859-'61, he 
commanded the steamer ** Flambeau " at New 




York for one month, and was on duty as ordnance- 
officer there for seven months. He was promoted 
to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and com- 
manded the gun-boat "Pembina," in the Western 
Gulf blockading 
squadron. From 
November, 1862, he 
was fleet-captain of 
the Eastern Gulf 
blockading squad- 
ron until 19 Sept., 
1864. While he was 
fleet-captain he at 
times commanded 
the "San Jacinto" 
on special service, 
and in July, 1864, 
he led a force of 
sailors in defence 
of the approaches 
to Washington. He 
commanded the 
steamer " Pontoo- 
suc " from Novem- 
ber, 1864, till May, 1865, participating in both at- 
tacks on Fort Fisher, in the capture of Wilming- 
ton, N. C, in the bombardment of forts on James 
river, at Dutch gap, and at the capture of Peters- 
burg and Richmond. Pie was promoted to com- 
mander, 3 March, 1865, had the steamer " Tacony " 
in the North Atlantic squadron in 1865-"6, and 
was on ordnance duty in 1866-'70. He was made 
captain, 28 Aug., 1870, and in December, 1884, was 
delegated to escort King Kalakaua, of the Sandwich 
islands, in his visit to this country, for which ser- 
vice congress allowed him to accept the decoration 
of knight commander of the roval order of Kame- 
hameha I. He was promoted to commodore, 5 
June, 1878, was a member of the examining and 
retiring board in 1879-'81, and became its presi- 
dent in June, 1881. He was promoted to rear- 
admiral, 22 Feb., 1884, and voluntarily retired from 
active service on 29 Feb., 1884. 

TEN BROECK, Abraham, soldier, b. in Al- 
bany, N. Y., 13 May, 1734; d. there, 19 Jan., 1810. 
His father, Dirck, was for many years recorder of 
Albany, and its mayor in 1746-'8. The son bo- 
came a merchant in 1753, and married Elizabeth, 
daughter of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer. From 
1760 till 1765 he was in the colonial assembly, 
where he was an active upholder of popular rights. 
In 1775 he sat in the Provincial congress, and in 
1776 he presided over the convention that organ- 
ized a state government. He was made a colonel 
of militia early in the Revolution, and on 25 June, 
1778, became 'brigadier- general of militia, com- 
manding the forces in Dutcness and Ulster coun- 
ties, and to the north and west. He did good 
service during Burgoyne's invasion, and led a bri- 
gade at the battle of Bemis Heights in October, 
1777. He was mayor of Albany in 1779-'83. a 
member of the state senate in 1780-'3, and judge 
of the court of common pleas in 1781-'4. Gen. 
Ten Broeck was also for several years a director 
and president of the Albany bank. 

TEN EYCK, Abraham S., naval officer, b. in 
New Jersey in 1785; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 
28 March, 1844. He entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman, 1 Sept., 1811, and served in the "Wasp" 
when she captured the British sloop " Frolic," 18 
Oct., 1812. The British ship " Poictiers " recap- 
tured the prize the same day, and he was taken to 
Bermuda, where he was paroled. Ho was included 
in the vote of thanks and received a silver medal 
from congress by act of 29 Jan., 1813, for the vic- 



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Q2 TEN EYCK 

tory over the " Frolic." After the war he served 
in the frigate " United States" in 1815-'17 in the 
Mediterranean. He was promoted to lieutenant, 
27 April, 1816, served at the New York navy- 
yard in 1818, in the " Ontario," in the Mediterra- 
nean and West Indies, in 1819-'24, in the receiving- 
ship at New York in 1825, and in the " Delaware " 
in 1827-'30 in the Mediterranean. He Was pro- 
moted master-commandant. 9 Feb., 1837. command- 
ed the store-ship " Erie " in the West Indies in 1838, 
and was commissioned captain, 10 Dec., 1843. 

TEN EYCK, Henry James, journalist, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 25 July, 1856; d. there. 29 Nov., 
1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1879, third in 
a class of 181, and entered the office of the Albany 
" Evening Journal," where he remained until his 
death. In October, 1883, he became its managing 
editor, and in 1885 city editor. He was an occa- 
sional contributor to the magazines, more particu- 
larly the " Century " and the " Popular Science 
Monthly," an article from his f»en in the latter 
magazine in 1886 on "Some Tendencies in Taxa- 
tion " having attracted much attention. 

TEN EYCK, John Conover, senator, b. in Free- 
hold, N. J., 12 March, 1814; d. in Mount Holly, 
N. J., 24 Aug., 1879. He received his education from 
private tutors, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1835, and practised in Mount Hollv, N. J. 
He served as prosecuting attorney for Burlington 
county in 1839-'49, and was a delegate to the State 
constitutional convention in 1844. Mr. Ten Eyck 
was a Whig till 1856, when he joined the Republi- 
can party, and he was afterward chosen to the U. S. 
senate, where he held his seat from 5 Dec., 1859, till 
3 March, 1865. In the senate Mr. Ten Eyck took 
part in various debates, including that on the elect- 
oral vote of Louisiana in 1865, but his principal 
services were performed on the judiciary and otner 
committees. On 24 April, 1875, he was appointed 
a member of a commission to revise the New 
Jersey constitution, and on the death of Abram 0. 
Zabriskie he became its president. 

TENNENT, William, educator, b. in Ireland 
in 1673; d. in Neshaminy, Pa., 6 May, 1746. He 
received a liberal education in his native country, 
being graduated probably at Trinity college, Dub- 
lin, entered the ministry of the Episcopal church 
of Ireland in 1704, and became chaplain to an Irish 
nobleman. Wishing for more liberty of conscience, 
he came to this country with his family in 1718, 
and on application was received as a minister of 
the Presbyterian church by the svnod of Philadel- 
phia. After brief pastorates in Westchester coun- 
ty, N. Y., and in Bucks county, Pa., he was called 
in 1726 to Neshaminy, Pa., where he remained till 
the close of his life. * Here, on land that was given 
him by his kinsman, James Logan, in 1728, he 
erected a small building, and opened a school for 
the instruction of candidates for the ministry. In 
this academy, which became known as the Log col- 
lege, were trained many that became eminent in 
the Presbyterian church. The name was probably 
bestowed at first in contempt by its opponents. 
It was the first literary institution higher than a 
common school within the bounds of the Presby- 
terian church in this country, and is regarded as 
the germ from which sprang Princeton college and 
several lesser institutions of learning. Tennent 
had a rare gift of attracting youths of genius and 
imbuing them with his own zealous spirit. About 
1742 he withdrew from active labor. The "Log 
college " has long since disappeared. It is de- 
scribed by George Whitefield, who visited it in 
1789, as " a log-house about twenty feet long, and 
near as many broad, and to me it seemed to re- 



TENNENT 



semble the school of the old prophets, for their 
habitations were mean.'* About 1840 part of one 
of the logs that formed the building was discov- 
ered, and from it a cane was made, which was pre- 
sented to Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller, then one of the 
oldest professors in Princeton seminary. See Rev. 
Dr. Archibald Alexander's "History of the Log 
College " (1846).— William's eldest son, Gilbert, 
clergyman, b. in County Armagh, Ireland, 5 Feb., 
1703; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 July, 1764, came 
to this countrv with his father, was educated by 
him, and taught for some time in the Log college. 
After studying medicine for a year, he abandoned 
it for divinity, and in May. 1725, was licensed to 
preach by the Philadelphia presbytery. In the 
same year he received the honorary degree of A. M. 
from Yale. After preaching at New Castle, Del., 
and receiving a call there, he left so abruptly that 
he was rebuked by the synod, and in 172o was or- 
dained as pastor at New Brunswick, N. J. He was 
much admired as a preacher, and in 1740-'l made 
a tour with George Whitefield at the latter's re- 
quest He had much to do with the division in 
the Presbyterian church in 1741 by his indiscretion 
in denouncing those that were opposed to revivals, 
but seventeen years later he was no less active in 
healing the breach. In 1744 he became pastor of 
a new church in Philadelphia that had been formed 
by admirers of Whitefield. Shortly afterward he 
asked Benjamin Franklin's advice as to whom he 
should call upon for funds to erect a new church 
edifice. Franklin told him to "call on everybody," 
and, taking the sage at his word, Tennent soon ob- 
tained money for an expensive building. In 1753, 
at the request of the trustees of Princeton, he 
went abroad, with Rev. Samuel Davies, to secure 
funds for that institution. Mr. Tennent was one 
of the most conspicuous ministers of his day. He 
affected eccentricity in his pulpit, but his sermons 
were marked both by forcible reasoning and by pas- 
sionate appeal. The controversies in which he en- 
gaged made him many enemies, and he was even 
accused of immorality. His published volumes 
are "XXIII. Sermons ^(Philadelphia, 1744); "Dis- 
courses on Several Subject*" (1745); and "Ser- 
mons on Important Subjects adapted to the Peril- 
ous State of the British Nation*' (1758). Among 
his many separate published discourses* are " The 
Necessity of studying to be Quiet and doing our 
own Business" (1744); several on the lawfulness of 
defensive war (1747 ti seq.) \ and "A Persuasive to 
the Right Use of the Passions in Religion" (1760). 
Mr. Tennent also wrote an "Account of a Revival 
of Religion " in Prince's " Christian History " 
(1744). See also a volume of " Sermons and Essays 
by the Tennents and their Contemporaries" (1855). 
President Samuel Finley, of Princeton, delivered 
his funeral sermon, which was published with an 
appendix and a "Funeral Eulogy" by a young 
gentleman in Philadelphia (1764). — Another son, 
William, clergyman, b. in Countv Antrim, Ire- 
land, 3 Jan., 1705; d. in Freehold, N. J., 8 March, 
1777, also came to this country with his father, 
with whom he followed a preparatory course, and 
then studied theology under his brother Gilbert 
in New Brunswick. He had nearly finished his 
course there when he fell into a remarkable trance 
or cataleptic fit, continuing for several days as if 
dead. His physician refused to permit his burial, 
and efforts to resuscitate him were finally success- 
ful, though his life was despaired of for weeks. 
He was obliged to learn anew to read and write, 
and had no recollection of his former life till on 
one occasion he felt a "shock in his head," after 
which his former knowledge began slowly to re- 



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TENNBY 



turn. He subsequently asserted that during his 
trance he had thought himself to be in heaven, 
and that afterward the recollection of the glories 
that he had witnessed and heard was so intense as 
to blot out for a long time all interest in earthly 
things. Mr. Tennent was ordained at Freehold, 
N. J., 25 Oct, 1733, as successor to his brother 
John, and was pastor there forty-four years. He 

Cublished several sermons. See a memoir of him 
y Elias Boudinot. with a detailed account of his 
trance (New York, 1847). — Another son, John, 
clergvnwn. b. in County Antrim, Ireland, 12 Nov., 
1700; d. in Freehold, N. J., 23 April, 1732, also 
came to this country with his father, was educated 
at the Log college, and licensed to preach, 18 Sept., 
1729, and from 1730 till his death was pastor at 
Freehold. A memoir of him was published by 
his brother Gilbert, with a discourse on 44 Regen- 
eration" (1785), which warrants the belief that, 
had he lived, he would have become as eminent as 
his brother.— The second William's son, William 
(1740-77). was graduated at Princeton in 1758 with 
Jeremias Van Rensselaer, and from 1772 till his 
death was pastor of a church in Charleston, S. C, 
where he was elected to the Provincial congress. 

TENNEY, Samuel, physician, b. in Byfleld, 
Mass., 27 Nov., 1748; d. in Exeter, N. H., 6 Feb., 
1810. He was graduated at Harvard in 1772, 
taught one year at Andover, Mass., and then, after 
studying medicine, went to practise at Exeter, 
N. fl., but on the day of the battle of Bunker 
Hill joined the patriot army as a surgeon. After 
serving one year with Massachusetts troops, he 
entered the Rhode Island forces. At the battle of 
Red Bank he dressed the wounds of Count von 
Donop, the Hessian commander. Dr. Tenney 
serrea through the war, and at its close returned 
to Exeter, where he married, but did not resume 
practice. He was a delegate to the State constitu- 
tional convention in 1788, and judge of probate 
from 1793 till 1800, when he was elected to con- 
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation 
of William Gordon, and taking his seat on 8 Dec., 
served till 1807. Dr. Tenney wrote much for the 

Eress on political subjects, especially in 1788, in 
ivor of the adoption of the constitution of the 
United States. To the 44 Memoirs " of the Ameri- 
can academy, of which he was a member, he con- 
tributed an account of the mineral waters of Sara- 
toga and a 44 Theory of Prismatic Colors " ; to the 
Massachusetts historical society a notice of the 
so-called * 4 dark day/' 19 May, 1780, and an account 
of Exeter ; and to the State agricultural society a 
treatise on orcharding, which was highly esteemed. 
He also wrote for the 44 New York Medical Reposi- 
tory'* 44 An Explanation of Certain Curious Phe- 
nomena in the Heating of Water" (181 IX — His 
wife, Tabitha, author, b. in Exeter, N. H., in 
1702; d. there, 2 May, 1837, was the daughter of 
Samuel Gilman, who died in her infancy. She 
was educated by her mother, early began to take 
pleasure in reading, and became known for her 
facility and grace in conversation. She married 
Mr. Tenny in 1788. Mrs. Tenney was the author 
of 44 Female Quixotism : exhibited in the Romantic 
Opinions and Extravagant Adventures of Dor- 
casina Sheldon " (2d ed., Newburyport, 1807 ; 2 
vols., Boston, 1829; many other editions). She 
also compiled 44 The new Pleasing Instructor," a 
selection from the poets and other classical writ- 
ers, for the use of young ladies. 

TENNEY, Sanborn, naturalist, b. in Stoddard, 
N. H., 13 Jan., 1827 ; d. in Buchanan, Mich., 9 
July, 1877. He was graduated at Amherst in 
1853, and then taught natural history in the New 



TENOCH 63 

England normal institute in Lancaster, Mass., for 
two years. In 1855 he became lecturer before the 
Massachusetts state teachers' institute, meanwhile 
studying natural history under Louis Agassiz, in 
Cambridge, and delivering courses of lectures in 
various parts of the country. He was appointed 
professor of natural history in Vassar college in 
1865, and continued there until 1808, when he ac- 
cepted a similar chair in Williams. In 1878 he 
delivered a course of lectures on 44 Physical Struc- 
ture and Natural Resources of the United States " 
before the Lowell institute in Boston, and two years 
later a course on 44 Geology " before the same insti- 
tute. At the time of his death. Prof. Tenney was 
on his way west to act as leader of the Williams 
Rocky mountain expedition. Besides contributions 
to 44 The Popular Science Monthly " and other simi- 
lar periodicals, he published 44 Geology for Teach- 
ers, Classes, and Private Students " (Philadelphia, 
1859) ; 44 A Manual of Zofflogy " (New York. 1805) ; 

Elements of Zoology " (1875) ; and, with Mrs. 
Tenney, 44 Natural History of Animals " (1800).— 
His wife, Abby Amy Gove, was the author of 
44 Pictures and Stories of Animals for the Little 
Ones at Home " (0 vols.. New York, 1808), and 
a 44 New Game of Natural History " (Philadelphia, 
1870). She also contributed to scientific journals. 

TENNEY, William Jewett, author, b. in New- 
port, R. I., in 1814 ; d. in Newark, N. J., 20 Sept, 
1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1882, and 
studied medicine in Boston, but abandoned it for 
law, which he studied in New Haven, Conn. After 
his admission to the bar he opened an office in New 
York city, but was connected with the 44 Journal of 
Commerce " in 1841 and with the 44 Evening Post " 
in 1842-'8 and 1847-'8. In 1853 he edited the 
*• Mining Magazine," and in the same year entered 
the employ of the firm of D. Appleton and Co., 
whose 44 Annual Cycloptedia" he edited from its 
inception till his death (1801-82). He resided for 
a long time in Elizabeth, N. J., where he was sev- 
eral times chosen a freeholder, and was for fourteen 
years in the city council. He prepared the plan 
for organizing the public-school system there, was 
president of the school board, and during Bu- 
chanan's administration collector of the port For 
two vears he was presiding judge of one of the 
criminal courts in Brooklyn, N. Y., and he was 
usually known as Judge Tenney. He became a 
convert to Roman Catholicism. He added a six- 
teenth volume to Thomas H. Benton's "Abridg- 
ment of the Debates of Congress," and indexed 
the work (10 vols., New York. 1857-'00), edited 
44 The Queens of England" (1852), and was the 
author of a 44 Military and Naval History of the 
Rebellion in the United States" (1805) and a 
work on 44 Grammatical Analysis " (1800). — His 
wife, Sarah Brownson, author, b. in Chelsea, 
Mass., 7 June, 1889 ; d. in Elizabeth, N. J., 30 Oct., 
1870, was the only daughter of Dr. Orestes A. 
Brownson, and inherited much of her father's 

g)wer of analysis. She was the author of 44 Marian 
lwood, or How Girls Live" (New York, 1859); 
44 At Anchor" (1805); and "Life of Demetrius 
Augustine Gallitzin, Prince and Priest" (1878). 

TENOCH, or TENOX (ten-oss ). Aztec priest, 
lived in the 14th century. When the Aztecs set- 
tled in Chapultepec and were subdued by the king 
of Culhuacan, Tenoch was the high-priest of his 
nation. Later the Culhuas were defeated in a war 
with their neighbors of Xochimilco and solicited 
the aid of their slaves, the Mexicans. By the ad- 
vice of Tenoch the Mexicans consented, and under 
the former's leadership showed themselves so brave 
that the Culhuas, partly from gratitude, partly 

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64 TEPANCALTZIN 



TERNAUX 



from fear, pave them freedom. Looking for a safe 
place of retreat until the nation should become 
stronger, Tenoch led them to a small island in the 
lake of Texcoco, where, according to his prediction, 
they found an eagle on a nopal-tree devouring a 
snake. There thev laid in 1327, or, according to 
others, in 1825, the foundation of a city called 
Tenoch-titlan, and Tenoch built a hut as a temple 
for their god Huitzilopochtli. dedicating it by the 
sacrifice of some Culhua prisoners. 

TEPANCALTZIN (tay-pan-cal-tseen'), Mexican 
king, d. in 1103. Ho was the ninth monarch of 
Tollan, becoming the successor on the, throne of 
Queen Xiutlatzin in 1042. During his reign the 
national beverage of 44 pulque," prepared from the 
fermented sap of the maguey-plant, was discovered 
by the Princess Xochitl, whom he afterward mar- 
ried. His son and successor was Topiltzin, to 
whom he ceded tho crown in 1092, as, according to 
a Toitec superstition, a reign of more than fifty 
years would brin^ misfortune to the nation. Not- 
withstanding this change of ruler, continued 
drought caused famine and pestilence, followed by 
internal commotions. Both rulers died in a battle 
against the insurgents, and the kingdom remained 
in a state of anarchy till it was conquered by 
Xolotl the Great, king* of the Chichimees. 

TEBHCNE, Edward Pay son, clergyman, b. in 
New Brunswick. N. J., about 1825. He was gradu- 
ated at Rutgers in 1850, and, after the completion of 
his theological studies at New Brunswick seminary 
in 1854, was ordained to the ministry of the Pres- 
byterian church in Virginia, becoming pastor of 
the congregation at Charlotte Court-House (now 
Smith ville). In 1859 he removed to Newark, N. J., 
and took charge of the 1st Reformed church, lie 
was the American chaplain at Rome, Italv, in 
1876-7, returned to the United States in 1878, 
and was pastor of a Congregational church in 
Springfield, Mass., from 1879 till 1884, when he 
took charge of a Reformed church in Brooklyn, 
N. Y. Rutgers gave him the degree of D. D.'in 
18G9.— His wife, Mary Virginia, author, b. in 
Amelia county, Va., about 1830, is a daughter of 
Samuel P. Hawes, a native of Massachusetts, who 
became a merchant in Virginia. She began to con- 
tribute to a weekly paper in Richmond at the age 
of fourteen, and two years later sent to a magazine 
a sketch entitled "Marrying through Prudential 
Motives,'* which was reprinted in England, trans- 
lated for a French journal, retranslated into Eng- 
lish for a London magazine, and then reproduced 
in its alUrcd form in this country. In 1850 she 
married Mr. Ter- 
hune. She has 
been a large con- 
tributor of tales, 
sketches, and es- 
says to magazines, 
edited a month- 
ly called "Baby- 
hood " for two 
years, besides con- 
duct ing special 
departments in 
M Wide Awake " 
and "St. Nicho- 
las," and in 18K8 
established a mag- 
azine called the 
M Home - Maker." 
Her first novel whs 
"Alone: a Tale of Southern Life and Manners" 
(Richmond. IkV**, which was issued under the jien- 
name of "Marian liar laud,"' and attained great 




popularity. Her other works of fiction, some of 
which were also very successful, bear the titles of 
"The Hidden Path" (New York. 1855); "Moss 
Side "(1857): "Miriam "(1860); " Nemesis " (1860) ; 
" Husks " (1863) ; " Husbands and Homes," a series 
of stories (1865); "Sunnybnnk" (1866): "Helen 
Gardner's Wedding-Day" (1867); "The Christmas 
Holly " (1868) ; " Ruby's Husband " (1868) ; " Phe- 
mie's Temptation " (1869) ; " At Last " (1870) ; " The 
Emptv Heart" (1871); "Eves Daughters " (1881) ; 
"Judith "(1888); and "A Gallant Fight" (1888). 
She is the author also of a popular manual of do- 
mestic economy entitled " Common Sense in the 
Household" (1871): "Breakfast, Luncheon, and 
Tea" (1875); "The Dinner Year-Book" (1878); 
"Our Daughters, and What Shall We Do with 
Them: a Talk with Mothers" (1880); and "Loit- 
erings in Pleasant Paths," containing sketches ot 
travel in Europe (1880).— Their daughter, Chris- 
tine, b. in Newark, N. J., 13 June, 1859, was edu- 
cated abroad and at Smith college, and married 
James P. Herrick in 1884. She has published 
" Housekeeping Made Easy " (New York, 1888). 

TERNANT, Jean Baptlste, Chevalier de (tair- 
nong), French soldier, b. in Sez. Normandy, in 
1750: d. in Couches in 1816. He was a lieuten- 
ant in the French army, but, resigning his com- 
mission, came to the l)nited States with Baron 
Steuben, and offered his sword to congress. In 
April, 1778, he was commissioned major, and ap- 
pointed sub-inspector in Steuben's division, serving 
under that general till 25 Sept., 1778, when he was 
mode lieutenant-colonel ana inspector of the ar- 
mies in Georgia and South Carolina. He was 
taken prisoner at Charleston in 1780, but was 
soon exchanged, and assumed command of Col. 
Annand de la Rouarie's regiment when the latter 
went to France in search of supplies. After the 
return of Col. I>a Rouarie, he was again sent to the 
south, where he served to the end of the campaign. 
Before returning to France after the conclusion 
of peace, he travelled for two years through the 
United States. Re-entering the French army in 
1786 he rose to the rank of colonel, was in the bat- 
tle of Valmy, and served in Germany under the 
Marquis de Custines. He was minister to the 
United States in lTOO-'S, and showed ability in the 
difficult negotiations that almost culminated in a 
war with trance in 1798. After the coup d'etat 
of 18 Brumaire, 1799, he settled at Conches, and 
refused Napoleon's offer of another commission. 

TERNAUX, Henry (tair-no). better known as 
Ternaux -Com pans, French historian, b. in Paris 
in 1807; d. there in December. 1864. After fin- 
ishing his studies in Paris, he entered the diplo- 
matic service and was secretary of -the embassies at 
Madrid and Lisbon, and charge d'affaires in Brazil, 
but resigned, and devoted several years to travel 
through Spain and South America, making re- 
searches in the state libraries. Toward the close of 
Louis Philij>|>e*s reign he was elected deputy, but 
he soon returned to his studies. Ternaux-Com- 
pans collected and published a valuable series of 
works concerning the discovery and early history 
of South America. They include Bihliotheque 
Americaine, ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs a 
l'AmeVique depuis sa decouverte en 1493, jusqu'en 
Tan 1700" (Paris, 1836); "Voyages, relations et 
m^moires originaux pour servir A l'histoire de la 
decouverte de l'Amenque " (10 vols., 1836-'8; 2d 
series. 10 vols., !H39-'40); "Archives des voyages, 
ou collection d'anciennes relations inedites" (2 vols., 
1H40-'1); "Recueil de documents et memoires 
originaux sur rhistoire des possessions Espagnoles 
dans l'Amenque a di verses epoques de la conquete " 



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TERNAY 



TERRY 



65 



(1840) ; " Essai sur la theogonie Mexicainc " (1840) ; 
•* Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarea " (1802); " No- 
tice historique sur la Guyane Franchise" (1803); 
and 44 Histoire du Mexique par Don Alvaro Tezozo- 
inac " (2 vols., 1849). 

TERNAY, Charles Louis d'Arsae, Chevalier 
de, French naval officer : b. in the castle of Ternay, 
near Laudun, in 1722; died in Newport, R. I., 10 
July. 1780. He was descended from an ancient 
family of Brittany, many of whose members had 
served with credit in the French navy. He entered 
the naval school in 1738, was in the siege of Louis- 
burg in 1757, and commanded afterward a division 
of gun-boats on St. Lawrence. After his promo- 
tion to captain, he was sent with two frigates to 
Newfoundland in 1702. and, landing at St. John on 
2 June, reduced the place, captured several British 
merchant- vessels, and ruined the cod-fisheries along 
the coast He was attached after the conclusion 
of peace to the station of the Leeward islands, and 
later was promoted brigadier-general of the naval 
forces, retiring in 1772 with the brevet of chef 
d'escadre. He was appointed governor - general 
of the island of Bourbon, which post he held till 
1779. when he re-entered active service. Early in 
1780 he armed a division in Brest, and was charged 
with conveying Rochambeau's army to the United 
States. After defeating a British force in the 
West Indies he arrived safely at Newport on 10 
July, and died there a few days later. 

TERRAZAS, Francisco de (tcr-rah'-thas), Mex- 
ican poet, b. in Mexico about 1520 ; d. there in 1575. 
He was the son of a companion of Cortes, and 
served for several years in the army. Afterward 
he secured a post in the household of the arch- 
bishop of Mexico, and later retired to his estate, 
devoting himself to poetry. He composed elegies 
and cantatas, deriving inspiration irom ancient 
Indian recitatives, and gained great popularity not 
only in the New World, but also in Europe. ' His 
poems were never published, but the Spanish poet, 
Miguel Cervantes, nas inserted with words of hich 
praise some of Terrazas's verses in his 44 Galatea. 

TERRELL, William, congressman, b. in Fair- 
fax county, Va., about 1778; d. in Sparta, Ga., 4 
July, 1855. During his infancy his parents re- 
moved to Wilkes county, Ga. He received a good 
English education, studied medicine in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., and practised in Sparta, Ga. He served 
in the legislature for several terms, and in 1816 
and 1818 was elected to congress, but declined re- 
election in 1820. About 1819 he abandoned the 
practice of his profession, and henceforth was much 
interested in cotton-culture. He took much inter- 
est in the promotion of agricultural science, and 
in 1853 gave $20,000 for the establishment of the 
agricultural professorship that bears his name in 
the University of Georgia. 

TERRILL, William Rnfns, soldier, h. in Cov- 
ington, Va., 21 April, 1834; d. near Perry ville, 
Ky., 8 Oct., 1802. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1853, assigned to the 3d artil- 
lery, was assistant professor of mathematics there 
in 1853-'4, on duty in Kansas in 1854-'5, and as- 
sistant in the U. S. coast survey from 1855 till 
1861. He was appointed captain in the 5th artil- 
lery, 14 Aug., 1861, and took part with great credit 
in the battle of Shiloh. He was appointed briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, 9 Sept., 1862, and was 
killed in the battle of Perry ville in the following 
month.— His brother, James Barbour, soldier, 
b. in Warm Springs, Bath co., Va., 20 Feb.. 1838; 
d. near Bethesda Church. Va., 31 May, 1864, was 
graduated at Virginia military institute, Lexing- 
ton, in 1858, and after attending the law-school 



of Judge Brockenborough began practice in tho 
courts of his native county in I860. In May, 1861, ho 
was appointed major of the 13th Virginia infantry. 
He was promoted to the colonelcv, and was with 
his regiment at the first and second battles of Bull 
Run, Fredericksburg, Cross Keys, Port Republic, 
Cedar Run, the Wilderness, and Spot tsylvania, and 
was killed at Bethesda Church. His commanding 
general said his regiment, 44 the 13th, was never 
required to take a position that they did not take 
it, nor to hold one that they did not hold it." His 
nomination as brigadier-general was confirmed by 
the Confederate senate on the day of his death. 

TERRY, Adrian Rnssell, physician, b. in Hart- 
ford, Conn., 29 Sept., 1808; d. in Chicago, 111., 3 
Dec, 1864. He was graduated at the medical de- 
partment of Yale in 1831, and subsequently settled 
in Hartford. For several years he held the chair 
of chemistry and natural philosophy in Bristol 
college, Pa. The degree of A. M. was conferred on 
him by Trinity in 1836. Dr. Terry published 
'•Travels in the Equatorial Regions of South 
America in 1832 " (Hartford, 1834). 

TERRY, Alfred Howe, soldier, b. in Hartford, 
Conn., 10 Nov., 1827: d. in New Haven, Conn., 16 
Dec, 1890. He studied at the Yale law-school, 
but, having l»een already admitted to the bar, he 
was not graduated. 
He began the prac- 
tice of his profes- 
sion in 1849, and 
was clerk of the 
superior and su- 

greme courts of 
onnecticut from 
1854 till 1860. He 
had been an active 
member of the 
Connecticut mili- 
tia, and was in 
command of the 
2d regiment of 
state troops when 
the civil war be- 
gan. In response 
to President Lin- 
coln's call for three 
months' troops, he 
wasappointea colo- 
nel of the 2d Connecticut volunteers, and with that 
regiment was present at the first battle of Bull Run. 
At the expiration of the term of service he returned 
to Connecticut, organized the 7th Connecticut vol- 
unteers, of which he was appointed colonel, and on 
17 Sept. was again mustered into the National ser- 
vice. He was present in command of his regiment 
at the capture of Port Royal, S. C, and also at the 
siege of Fort Pulaski, of which he was placed in 
charge after its capitulation. On 25 April, 1862, he 
was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and 
he served as such at the battle of Pocotaligo and in 
the operations against Charleston. He command- 
ed the successful demonstration up Stono river 
during the descent on Morris island, and at the 
action on James island. His force was then with- 
drawn, and he was assigned by Gen. Quincy A. 
Gillmore to the command of the troops on Mor- 
ris island, which post he held during the siege of 
Forts Wagner and Sumter. After the reduction 
of Fort Wagner he was assigned to the command 
of the northern district of the Department of the 
South, including the islands from which opera- 
tions against Charleston had been carried on. 
Gen. Terry commanded the 1st division of the 
10th army corps, Army of the James, during the 




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TERRY 



TERRY 



Virginia campaign of 1864, and at times the corps 
itself. He was brevetted major-general of volun- 
teers on 20 Aug., 1864, became permanent com- 
mander of the 10th corps in October, and held 
that place until the corps was merged in the 24th 
in the following December, when ne was assigned 
to lead the 1st division of the new corps. He com- 
manded at the action of Chester Station, and was 
engaged at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, the various 
combats in front of the Bermuda Hundred lines, 
the battle of Fussell's Mills, the action at Deep 
Bottom, the siege of Petersburg, the actions at 
Newmarket heights on the Newmarket road, the 
Darbytown road, and the Williamsburg road. On 
2 Jan., 1865, after the failure of the first attempt 
to take Fort Fisher, which commanded the sea- 
approaches to Wilmington, N. C, Gen. Terry was 
ordered to renew the attack with a force number- 
ing a little over 8,000 men. On the 13th he de- 
barked his troops about five miles above the fort, 
and, finding himself confronted by Gen. Robert F. 
Hoke's Confederate division, proceeded to throw a 
line of strong intrenchments across the peninsula 
between the sea and Cape Fear river, facing toward 
Wilmington, and about two miles north of the fort. 
After the landing of the troops, the co-operating 
fleet, under Admiral David D. Porter, numbering 
44 vessels and mounting upward of 500 guns, 
opened Are upon the work, and from 4.30 to 6 p. m. 
four shots a second, or 20,000 in all, were fired. 
This was the heaviest bombardment of the war. 
On the 14th the line of iotrenchment was com- 
pleted, and Gen. Charles J. Paine's division of in- 
fantry was placed upon it While this was in 
progress. Gen. Terrr made a reconnoissance of the 
fort, and, in view or the difficulty of landing sup- 
plies for his troops and the materials for a siege 
upon an open, unprotected beach in midwinter, he 
determined to carry the work by assault the next 
day, and the plan of attack was arranged with Ad- 
miral Porter. At 11 a. m. on the 15th the entire 
fleet opened fire, silencing nearly every gun in the 
fort Gen. Newton M. Curtis's brigade of Gen. 
Adelbert Ames's division was then pushed forward 
by regiments to a point 200 yards from the fort, 
where it sheltered itself in shallow trenches, and 
the remainder of the division was brought up with- 
in supporting distance. Admiral Porter had landed 
2,01)0 sailors and marines, and their commander 
pushed a line of skirmishers up within 200 yards 
of the eastern extremity of the northern face of 
the work, the attack of the troops being upon the 
western extremity of that face. At 3.30 p. m., on 
a signal from Gen. Terry to Admiral Porter, the 
fire of the fleet was diverted from the points of 
attack, and the leading brigade rushed upon the 
work and gained a foothold upon the parapet The 
column of sailors and marines followed the exam- 
ple of the troop*, but having to advance for a dis- 
tance of about 600 yards alcng the open beach, they 
were unable to stein the fire of the work. Some of 
them reached the fool of the parapet but the mass 
of them, after a display of great gallantry, was 
forced to fall back. After Gen. Curtis had gained 
the parapet. Gen. Ames ordered forward in succes- 
sion the second and third brigades of his division, 
and they entered the fort This was constructed 
with a series of traverses, each of which was stub- 
bornly held. Hand-to-hand fighting of the most 
obstinate character ensued, the traverses being used 
successively as breastworks, over the tops of which 
the opposing parties fired into one another's face*. 
By five oVl*K'k nine of these traverses had been car- 
ried. Gen. Terry then ordered tin re-en forccments, 
consisting of a brigade and an additional regiment 



from the intrenched line, the sailors and marines 
taking their places there ; by nine o'clock two more 
traverses were carried, and an hour later the occu- 
pation of the work was complete. The Confeder- 
ate force fell back disorganized to a small work 
near the point of the peninsula, where, being im- 
mediately pursued, it surrendered unconditionally. 
The garrison originally numbered 2,500 men, of 
whom 1,971 men, with 112 officers, were captured; 
the others were killed or wounded. The fall of 
the fort was followed by the abandonment of Fort 
Caswell and the other defences of the Cape Fear 
river. In these works were captured 169 pieces of 
artillery, 2,000 small arms, and a considerable quan- 
tity of ammunition and commissary stores. The 
National loss was 681 men, of whom 88 were killed. 
For this Gen. Terry was promoted to be brigadier- 
general in the regular army and major-general of 
volunteers, and congress passed a vote of thanks 
" to Brevet Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry and the officers 
and soldiers under his command for the unsur- 
passed gallantry and skill exhibited bv them in the 
attack upon Fort Fisher, and the brilliant and de- 
cisive victory bv which that important work has 
been captured from the rebel forces and placed 
in the possession and under the authority of the 
United States, and for their long and faithful ser- 
vice and unwavering devotion to the cause of the 
country in the midst of the greatest difficulties and 
dangers." Gen. Terry was engaged in the capture 
of Wilmington, N. C, and commanded at the com- 
bat at Northeast creek, which followed. In April, 
1865, the 10th army corps was reconstituted, and 
Gen. Terry was assigned to its command, and with 
it took part in the subsequent operations under 
Gen. William T. Sherman in North Carolina. He 
was brevetted major-general in the regular army 
on 13 March, 1865, for his services at the capture 
of Wilmington. Since the close of the war he com- 
manded in succession the Departments of Virginia, 
Dakota, and the South, and again the Department 
of Dakota. He was promoted to the rank of major- 
general, 3 March, 1886, and was In charge of the 
division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- 
cago, until his voluntary retirement from the army 
in April. 1888. 

TERRY, Ell, clock-maker, b. in East Windsor, 
Conn., 13 April, 1772; d. in Terryville, Conn., 24 
Feb., 1852. He was apprenticed to Thomas Har- 
land, a maker of brass clocks in Norwich, Conn., 
and there acquired the rudiments of his trade. In 
1792 he made his first wooden clock, which is still 
preserved in the family, and is one of the first that 
was made in this country. A year later he settled 
in Plymouth, Conn., and there began the manufac- 
ture of wooden and brass clocks, but soon ceased 
to make the latter, as the former, being much 
cheaper than the metal ones and quite as good 
time -keepers, proved far more salable. About 
1797 Mr. Terry invented a clock that registered the 
difference between mean and apparent time, but 
its cost prevented it from becoming popular. Mr. 
Terry worked alone until 1800, when he hired two 
men to assist him, and then for several years fre- 
quently travelled on horseback through the coun- 
try selling his clocks. The business increased, 
and in 1807 he contracted to deliver 4,000 move- 
ments to a Waterbury firm, which order took him 
three years to complete. The success of this under- 
taking marks the beginning of the making of 
wooden clocks as an industry. Mr. Terry had in 
his employ at this time Silas Hoadley and Seth 
Thomas, who in 1810 purchased his business, then 
the largest of its kina in the United States. In 
I 1814 he produced the Terry shelf-clock, also of 



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TESSIER 



67 



wood, features of which are retained in clocks that 
are now made, and in 1816 he began the manufac- 
ture of this clock, in which he was successful. He 
continued active as an inventor, and made many 
new designs, including a peculiar form of gravity- 
escapement (1830). 

TERRY, Henry Dwlght, soldier, b. in Hart- 
ford, Conn., 10 March, 1812; d. in Washington, 
D. C, in June, 1869. He early settled in Michigan, 
where he entered the legal profession, and settled 
in Detroit. Although he was in active practice, he 
had for many years devoted considerable attention 
to military matters, and when the first call was 
made for troops in June, 1861, at the beginning of 
the civil war, no raised the 5tn Michigan infantry, 
of which he was appointed colonel. The regiment 
was mustered into service on 28 Aug., 1861, and 
ordered to the Army of the Potomac. He soon 
gained the command of a brigade, and on 17 July, 
1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers. He served through the war in the Army 
of the Potomac, and when he was mustered out of 
service, in 1865, resumed the practice of his profes- 
sion in Washington, D. C. 

TERRY, John Orville, poet, b. in Orient, N. Y., 
18 Aug., 1796 ; d. in Oreenport, N. Y., 7 April, 1869. 
He was educated in Orient, and then studied medi- 
cine, but never practised. In early manhood he 
made several voyages to South America and taught 
for a time after nis return. His life was passed 
chiefly in farming, and his rural experiences were 
put into verse as The Poems of J. 0. T., consisting 
of Song, Satire, and Pastoral Descriptions, chiefly 
depicting the Scenery and illustrating the Manners 
and Customs of the Ancient and Present Inhabi- 
tants of Long Island " (New York, 1850). 

TERRY, Luther, painter, b. in Enfield. Conn., 
18 July, 1813. He studied for a short time under 
a portrait-painter in Hartford, and in 1838 went 
to Italy. He spent a year at the Academia delle 
belle Arti in Florence, and in 1839 went to Rome, 
where he has since resided. At first he devoted 
much time to making copies from the works of 
Raphael The first important work from his easel 
was one that had for its subject Christ disputing 
with the doctors in the temple, which is now in 
the Wadsworth athenaeum. Hartford, Conn. Other 
paintings bv Mr. Terry are 44 The Loves of the An- 
gels," from fcyron's *• Heaven and Earth " (1843- 4) ; 
** Columbus before Ferdinand and Isabella" ; 44 Ja- 
cob's Dream," several times repeated ; 44 Angel an- 
nouncing the Birth of Christ to the Shepherds" 
(1853) ; several subjects from Shakespeare ; 44 Toby 
and the Angel"; and 44 Solomon's Choice." In 
1846 he was made an honorary member of the Na- 
tional academy, and like honors were conferred 
upon him by the academies of Philadelphia, and 
Providence, R. I. He married in 186i Louisa, 
widow of Thomas Crawford, the sculptor. 

TERRY, Milton Spenser, clergyman, b. in 
Coevmans, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1840. He was gradu- 
ated at the Charlotteville, N. Y.. seminary in 1859, 
and at Yale divinity-school in 1862. After being 
ordained a clergyman in the Methodist Episcopal 
church he held various pastorates from 1863 till 
1884, when he was elected to the chair of Hebrew 
and Old Testament exegesis in Garrett biblical 
institution, Evanston, III. The degree of S. T. D. 
was conferred on him in 1879 by Wesleyan univer- 
sity, and he was elected to the American Oriental 
society in 1871. and in 1883 to the Society of bibli- 
cal literature and exegesis. Dr. Terry has written 
articles for the 44 Methodist Quarterly Review," and 
has published tracts on 44 Swedenborgianism " (New 
York, 1872); and 44 Man's Antiquity and Language" 



(1881); ** Commentaries on the Historical Books of 
the Old Testament" (2 vols., 1873-'5) ; and 44 Bibli- 
cal Hermeneutics" (1883). 

TERRY, William, soldier, b. in Amherst coun- 
ty, Va., 14 Aug., 1824: d. near Wytheville, Va., 5 
Sept., 1888. lie was graduated at the University 
of Virginia in 1848, studied law, and in 1851 was 
admitted to the bar. Settling in Wytheville, he 
practised his profession and was one of the editors 
and owners of "The Telegraph," published in that 
place. In April, 1861. he became a lieutenant in 
the 4th Virginia infantry, in Gen. Thomas J. Jack* 
son's brigade. In 1862* he was promoted major, 
and in February, 1864, became colonel. He was 
commissioned brigadier-general on 20 May, 1864. 
At the close of the civil war he returned to prac- 
tice in Wytheville, and in 1868 was nominated for 
congress, but being under political disabilities, 
withdrew. He was afterward elected to congress 
from Virginia as a Conservative, and served from 
4 March, 1871, till 3 March, 1873, and again from 
6 Dec., 1875, till 3 March, 1877. Subsequently he 
resumed his legal business. He was drowned while 
trving to ford Reed creek, near his home. 

TERRY, William Richard, soldier, b. in Lib- 
erty, Va., 12 March, 1827. He was graduated at 
the Virginia military institute in 1850, and then 
turned his attention to commercial pursuits. At 
the beginning of the civil war he entered the Con- 
federate service as captain of Virginia cavalry, 
and was soon promoted and given command of the 
24th Virginia regiment. On 20 May, 1864, he was 
made brigadier-general, and given a command in 
Gen. George E. Pickett's division in the Army of 
Northern Virginia, which was known as Kemper's 
brigade. After the war he served as a member of 
the Virginia senate for eight years, and for some 
time was superintendent of the penitentiary in Rich- 
mond. At present he is superintendent of the Lee 
camp soldiers' home in Richmond. 

TESCHEMACHER, James Englebert, scien- 
tist, b. in Nottingham, England, 11 June, 1790; d. 
near Boston, Mass.. 9 Nov., 1853. He began a com- 
mercial career in 1804 by entering a foreign mer- 
cantile house in London, where he showed business 
talents of a high order. In 1830 he accented a lu- 
crative offer to go to Cuba, but it proved unsatis- 
factory when he reached Havana, and he returned 
to England. He then determined to come to the 
United States, and reached New York in February, 
1832, after which he settled in Boston, where he 
engaged in commercial pursuits until his death. 
Mr. Teschemacher devoted his leisure to science, 
and during his residence in this country published 
about thirty papers on various subjects in chemis- 
try, mineralogy, geology, and botany. These ap- 
peared chiefly in the transactions of scientific so- 
cieties of which he was a member. Besides several 
addresses, he published 44 Concise Application of 
the Principles of Structural Botany to Horticul- 
ture " (Boston, 1840); "Essav on Guano" (1845); 
and a translation of Julius A. &tockhardt's 44 Chemi- 
cal Field Lectures" (Cambridge. 1852). 

TESSIER, Ulrlc Joseph, Canadian jurist, b. 
in Quebec, 4 May, 1817. • He was admitted to the 
bar as an advocate in 1839. was mayor of Quebec 
in 1851, entered the parliament of Canada the 
same year, became a member of the legislative 
council in 1858, and was its speaker in 1863. He 
was ap[>ointed a member of tne executive council 
in 18(52. was senator in 1807, puisne iudge of the 
supreme court of the province of Quebec in 1873. 
and in 1875 of the court of queen's bench. He 
founded 44 La banque nationale" in 1859, and is 
dean of the faculty of law in Laval university.— 



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THACHER 



His son. Jules, b. in Quebec, 16 April, 1852, was 
educated at the Quebec seminary and at the Jesuit 
college. Montreal, lie was admitted to the bar in 
1874, is one of the editors of the " Quebec Law 
Reports," was secretary of the National conven- 
tion in 1880, is president of the Quebec liberal 
club, and in 1887 was elected to the legislative 
assembly of the province. 

TESTE, Lneien Auguste (test). Swiss geologist, 
b. in the canton of Valois in 1765: d. in Rome, 
Italy, in 1817. He was attached to the expeditions 
around the world under command of Capt. Malas- 
pina in 1789-*95, during which time he studied 
everywhere the geological formations and formed 
valuable collections. After his return to Vienna 
he became an assistant professor of geology in the 
university, and subsequently a corresponding mem- 
ber of the Academy of sciences. He was appointed 
in 1805 professor in the University of Milan, and 
in 1815 was sent to Brazil, where great geological 
discoveries had been made. He explored the en- 
virons of Rio Janeiro and visited Bahia: but his 
health failed, and he returned to Europe. His 
works include " Observations geologiques faites en 
Asie et en Araenque par un des mem ores de l'ex- 
pedition autour du monde du Capitaine Malaspina, 
1789-1795" (2 vols., Geneva, 1798); u Geologischer 
Atlas der ganzen Erde" (Vienna, 1800); •* Dialoge 
and kleine Aufsltze Qber die Geologie und Geo£- 
nostie" (1802); " Bemerkungen Qber die Geologie 
von SQdamerika" (2 vols.. 1805); and "Entwurf 
eines Systems der geognostischen und geologischen 
Beschrei bung der Erde" (1815). 

TETINCHOUA, Miami chief, lived in the 17th 
century. He is described by Nicolas Penrot, who 
met him in 1671 at Chicago, as being the most 
rwwerful of Indian chiefs. According to the 
French traveller, he could control four or Ave 
thousand warriors, never marched without a guard 
of forty men, who patrolled night and day around 
his tent when he camped, and seldom held any 
direct communication with his subjects, but con- 
veyed his orders to them by subordinates. Perrot 
was received with great honor as an envoy from 
the French governor. Tetinchoua sent out a de- 
tachment to meet him, which, after performing 
some remarkable military evolutions, escorted Per- 
rot and his Pottawattamie guard into the principal 
town of the Miami*. Tetinchoua then assigned 
him a guard of fifty men, regaled him splendidly 
after the manner of the country, and ordered a 
game of ball to be played for his diversion. He 
was unable, owing to his age and infirmities, to 
accompany Perrot to Sault Ste. Marie, at the 
mouth of Lake Superior, where the French took 
formal possession of all the country on the lakes. 
He did not even send deputies to the assembly 
that was held on the occasion, but he gave the 
Pottawattamies power to act in his name. In 1672 
Father Claude Dablon is said to have met him with 
his army of 3,000 Miami*. But. although the mis- 
sionary was received with marks of friendship, he 
did not succeed in making any conversions. 

TETLEPANQU ETZAL (tet-lay-pan-ket-saO, 
Mexican king, d. in 1525. He was the fourth Tec- 
pan ec king of Tlacopan, and reigned after 1503 as 
a tributary of the Mexican emperor Montezuma II., 
whom he assisted in the first defence of Mexico. 
Afterward he was one of the principal auxiliaries 
of CuauhtemoUin {q. r.\, and when the city was 
finally taken, 13 Aug., 1521. he was made prisoner 
and tortured, together with the emperor, by the 
Spaniards that he might reveal the hiding-place of 
the imperial treasure. When Cortes marched in 
1525 to Honduras to subdue the revolt of Cristobal 



| de Olid, he carried the emperor and three kings 
, with him, and, under the pretext that he had dis- 
( covered a conspiracy, all four were strangled. 
TETU, Lonls David Henri (tay-tew), Canadian 
clergyman, b. in Riviere Ouelle. province of Quebec, 
24 Oct., 1849. He was educated at the College of 
Sainte Anne de la Pocatiere and at the Seminary 
of Quebec, was assistant secretary to the arch- 
bishop of Quebec from 1870 till 1878. and in the 
latter year became almoner. He was named cham- 
berlain and domestic prelate to the nope in 1887. 
He has published " Notice biojjrapnique ; Mon- 
seigneur de Laval, premier eveque de Quebec " 
(Quebec, 1887), and " Mandaments, lettres, pas- 
torels et circulaires des Iveques de Quebec" (3 
vols., 1888, to be completed in seven volumes). 

TETZOTZOHOC (tet-so-tso-mok). king of Atz- 
capotzalco. d. in 1427. He ascended the throne in 
1353 and exercised suzerainty over the monarchs 
of Mexico, but approved the choice of King Hnit- 
zilihuitl II. in 1403 and gave him his daughter 
Miahuaxochiti in marriage, notwithstanding the op- 
position of his son Maxtla. He declared war against 
the king of Texcoco, Techotlalatzin, and being de- 
feated sued for peace; but after the latters death 
he continued the war against his successor, Ixtlil- 
xochitl I., whom he defeated and assassinated in 
1419, usurping the crown of Texcoco. 

THACHER, George, jurist, b. in Yarmouth, 
Me., 12 April, 1754; d. in Biddeford, Me., 6 April, 
1824. Ho was graduated at Harvard in 1776, and 
afterward studied law, being admitted to the bar 
in 1778. He was a delegate from Massachusetts 
to the Continental congress in 1787-'8, and from 
4 March, 1789, to 8 March, 1801, he represented the 
Maine district of Massachusetts in congress. He 
served as judge of the supreme court of Massa- 
chusetts, and afterward of that of Maine, from 
1800 till 1824. and was a delegate to the Maine 
constitutional convention in 1819. 

THACHER, Jamea, physician, b. in Barnsta- 
ble, Mass., 14 Feb., 1754 ; d. in Plymouth, Mass.. 26 
May, 1844. He began the study of medicine under 
Dr. Abner Hersey, in his native town, about 1771, 
applied for a place in 
the medical depart- 
ment of the Continen- 
tal army in 1775, and 
was appointed sur- 
geon's mate in the hos- 
pital at Cambridge, 
of which Dr. John 
Warren was the seni- 
or attending surgeon. 
In February, 1770, he 
was made surgeon s 
male in one of the 
regiments that occu- 
pied Prospect Hill. 
He marched with his 
regiment to Ticon- 
deroga, and was sur- 
geon s mate in the 
general hospital of 
that fort as long as it was held by the Continental 
armv. He then retired with the sick and wouuded 
to Fort Edward, and subsequently to Albany. He 
was transferred from the hospital to the field ser- 
vice by his own desire, was appointed chief sur- 
geon to the 1st Virginia regiment in 1778, and 
to a New England regiment in 1779. Dr. Thacher 
was present at nearly all the important movements 
of tne Continental armv until the surrender of 
Cornwallis, and became known for his patriotism 
and self-sacrificing devotion to his patients, as 




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much as for his skill in his profession. After his 
retirement from the array ne practised in Plym- 
outh, at the same time engaging in literary and 
scientific pursuits. He was a member of the Pil- 
grim society of Plymouth, and of the Massachu- 
setts medical society. Resides publishing works 
of a purely professional or scientific character, he 
wrote extensively on general literature, especially 
on that of his profession. He published "Amer- 
ican New Dispensatory " (Boston, 1810) ; " Observa- 
tions on Hydrophobia" (Plymouth, 1812) Amer- 
ican Modern Practice" (Boston, 1817); "Military 
Journal during the American Revolutionary War, ' 
which is one of the most reliable authorities on 
the Revolution, and completely vindicates the 
conduct of Washington toward Andre\ from the 
aspersions of contemporary English writers (1828); 
** Practical Treatise on the Management of Bees " 
(1829); "American Medical Biography" (2 vols., 
1828) ; " Essay on Demonology, Gnosts, Appari- 
tions, and Popular Superstitions" (1881); " History 
of the Town of Plymouth " (1832) ; and "Obser- 
vations relative to the Execution of Major John 
Andre" as a Spy in 1780" (1884). 

THACHER, John Marshall, commissioner of 
patents, b. in Barre, Vt., 1 July, 1886. He was 
graduated at the University of Vermont in 1859, 
and studied law. At the beginning of the civil 
war he entered the National forces and served as 
captain in the 13th Vermont regiment He was 
appointed assistant examiner in the patent-office in 
1804, and was promoted t h rough the different grades 
until 1 Nov., 1874. when he became commissioner, 
which office he held until 1 Oct, 1875. Meanwhiio, 
in 1870. he had been admitted to the bar in Vir- 
ginia, and on his resignation he removed to Chicago, 
where he has since practised his profession. 

THACHER, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Salis- 
bury, England, 1 May, 1620 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
15 Oct, 1678. He was carefully educated by his 
father, a minister at Salisbury, who prepared' him 
for entrance to one of the English universities, but 
the son declined to subscribe to the religious tests 
that were then a condition of matriculation, and 
resolved on settling in New England. He reached 
Boston on 4 June. 1635, and soon afterward entered 
the family of Rev. Charles Chauncy at Scituate, 
under whose guidance he studied mental philoso- 
phy and theology, and attained a remarkable 
knowledge of the oriental languages. He was es- 
pecially noted for the great beauty of his transcrip- 
tions of Syrhic and other oriental characters, and 
also acquired a knowledge of medicine, practising 
occasionally with success. He was ordained at 
Weymouth' on 2 Jan., 1644, and shortly afterward 
took charge of the congregation of that village. 
Here he remained till 1664, when he removed to 
Boston, possibly because the relatives of his second 
wife resided there, although he is said to have been 
dismissed by his congregation in Weymouth a little 
before that* time. He practised as a physician in 
Boston for the next two years, but preached occa- 
sionally. On 16 Feb., 1699, he was installed pastor 
of the Old South church. He is mentioned in 
terms of high praise by Cotton Mather in the 
" Magnalia." who quotes an elegy, written partly 
in Latin and partly in Greek by Eleazar.an Indian 
student at Harvard, in which the virtues of Mr. 
Thacher are celebrated. He wrote *• A Brief Rule 
to Guide the Common People of New England how 
to order Themselves and Theirs in the Small Pocks 
or Measels," which is supposed to have been the 
first work on medicine that was published in Massa- 
chusetts (Boston, 1677; 2d ed., 1702), and " A Fast 
of God's Chusing ; Fast Sermon " (1674).— His son, 



Peter, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1651 ; d. 
in Milton, Mass., 17 Dec., 1727, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1671, and was tutor there for several 
years afterward, having Cotton Mather as one of 
his pupils. He spent some time in England, where 
ineffectual efforts were made to induce him to con- 
form to the established church. After his return 
he was ordained pastor of the church in Milton in 
1681, and labored there for the remainder of his 
life. He attained note hs a preacher and was called 
on to speak on many important public occasions. 
His "Convention Sermon " (1711) is preserved in 
manuscript in the library of the Massachusetts 
historical society. He published " Unbelief De- 
tected and Condemned, to which is added the 
Treasures of the Fathers Inheritable by their 
Posterity" (1708); "Election Sermon" (1711); 
" Christ s Forgiveness a Pattern : A Sermon " 
(1712); 44 A Sermon on the Death of Samuel Man " 
(1719); "A Divine Riddle: He that is Weak is 
Strong" (1723); and "The Perpetual Covenant" 
— Peter's grandson, Oxen bridge, lawyer, b. in 
Milton, Mass., in 1720; d. in Boston, Mass., 8 July, 
1765, was graduated at Harvard in 1738, and after- 
ward studied divinity, but abandoned it for law on 
account of his health. He was successful at the 
bar, and took an active part in opposition to the 
English government during the early stages of the 
Revolution, being at that time one of the four rep- 
resentatives of Boston in the general court. He 
published ** Considerations upon reducing the Value 
of the Gold Coins within the Province" (1760} 
and " Sentiments of a British- American, occasioned 
by an Act to lay Certain Duties in the British 
Colonies and Plantations" (Boston, 1764). In the 
latter pamphlet he assailed the navigation act with 
great vigor. — Peter, eldest son of Oxenbridge, 
clergyman, b. in Milton, Mass., 21 March, 1752 ; d. 
in Savannah, Ga., 16 Dec., 1802, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1769, and, after serving as principal of 
a grammar-school for a few months, was ordained 
pastor of Maiden on 19 Sept., 1770. His gifts as 
an orator at once made him popular, and his active 
patriotism during the Revolution was of great 
benefit to the cause of American liberty. He pub- 
lished a " Narrative of the Battle of Bunker Hill," 
at the request of the Massachusetts committee of 
safety, and delivered at Watertown an oration 
against standing annies, which has been frequently 
republished. He was a delegate in 1780 to the 
convention that met at Cambridge and Boston to 
frame a constitution for Massachusetts, supported 
a motion for abolishing the office of governor, and 
took an active part in all the deliberations of the as- 
sembly. He was called to the Brattle street church 
on 12 Jan., 1785, and continued in this pastorate 
for the rest of his life. In 1791 he received the 
degree of D. D. from the University of Edinburgh. 
Dr. Thacher was for some time secretary of the 
Society for propagating the gospel among the In- 
dians of North America. He was one of the earli- 
est members of the Massachusetts historical soci- 
ety, a member of the American academy of arts 
and sciences, and actively engaged in humanitarian 
and religious movements. He was chaplain to one 
or both branches of the general court for fifteen 
years. He published about twenty-two of his 
sermons between 1776 and 1800. Dr. Thacher 
preached funeral sermons for three governors of 
the state of Massachusetts — Bowdoin, Hancock, 
and Sumner, all of whom belonged to his congre- 
gation during the seventeen years of his pastorate. 
He published a work entitled 41 Observations on the 
State of the Clergy in New England, with Strict- 
ures on the Power of dismissing thorn, Usurped by 



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70 THACHER 

some Churches " (Boston, 1783), and " Memoirs of 
Dr. Boylston" (1789).— Thomas, another son of 
Oxenbridge, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 Oct, 1756; d. 
in Dedham, Mass., 19 Oct., 1812, watt graduated at 
Harvard in 1775, and ordained minister of the 3d 
church in Dedham, 7 June, 1780. In 1788 he was 
elected a member of the convention that ratified 
the Federal constitution, of which he was an ear- 
nest supporter. He was a member of the Academy 
of arts and sciences, and published several dis- 
courses between 1804 and 1811.— The second Peter's 
son, Sanwel Cooper, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 14 Dec., 178o ; d. in Moulins, France, 2 Jan., 
1818, was graduated at Harvard in 1804, and bepan 
his preparation for the ministry under Will mm 
Ellery Charming. In 1805 he acted for a time as 
head-master of the Boston Latin-school, and he 
subsequently conducted a private school of his 
own. In 1807 he was appointed librarian of Har- 
vard, entering on the a u ties of the office in the 
following vear. He was ordained and installed 
minister of the New South church (Unitarian), 
at Boston, on 15 May, 1811, but his health failed 
rapidly, and in 1815 he went to England, where he 
was advised to winter in the Cape of Good Hope. 
He resided for some time at Cape Town, but nis 
health improved very slowly, and he returned to 
England and subsequently went to the south of 
France, where he died. Dr. Thacher was a mem- 
ber of the Anthology club, and he published arti- 
cles in nearly all the volumes of its magazine, the 
44 Monthly Anthology." Many of his lectures and 
sermons were devotea to the exposition of the Uni- 
tarian system, and were considered to embody a 
more vigorous and formal defence of Unitariamsm 
than any that had appeared previously. His works 
are *' Apology for Rational and Evangel ican Chris- 
tianity * (Boston, 1815) ; " Unity of God " (Liver- 
pool, 1816; Worcester, Mass., 1817); "Sermons, 
with a Memoir by Rev. Francis W. P. Greenwood " 
(Boston, 1824) ; and 44 Evidences necessary to estab- 
lish the Doctrine of the Trinity " (1828). He also 
published a volume of sermons of Rev. Joseph 
S. Buckminster, to which he prefixed a memoir 
(1814).— Samuel Cooper's brother, Thomas Cushino 
(1771-1837), was graduated from Harvard in 1790, 
and was pastor at Lynn in 1794-1813. He pub- 
lished " Eulogy on Washington " (Boston, 1800), 
and sermons (1794-1801). — The first Thomas's 
grandson, Peter, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 
1 1 1677 ; d. there, 26 Feb., 1738, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1696, and for some time afterward 
taught at Hatfield, Mass. He was ordained pastor 
of the church at Weymouth on 26 Nov., 1707, 
where he remained until 1720, when he was called 
t > the pastorate of the New North church, Boston. 
He was a noted preacher, and published several 
sirmons, etc., between 1711 and 1730. 

THACHER, Thomas Anton?, educator, b. in 
Hartford, Conn., 11 Jan., 1815; a. in New Haven, 
Conn., 7 April, 1886. He was graduated at Yale 
in 1835, and after teaching for three years in Con- 
necticut and Georgia was appointed tutor there in 
1838, and professor of Latin m 1842, which post be 
retained to the end of his life. He went to Germany 
in the following year, and for some time taught 
English to the crown prince of Prussia and his 
cousin, Prince Frederick Charles. He returned in 
1845, and, although often in feeble health, was 
actively interested in the management of Yale 
until his death, at which time he was the member 
of the faculty that had been longest in continuous 
service. He was a fine classical scholar, and con- 
tributed many articles to periodicals on classical 
subjects, especially to the " New Englander." He 



THATCHER 



also assisted in the compilation of Webster's Dic- 
tionary. He edited many classical works, among 
others Cicero's 44 De Offlchs," with notes (New York, 
1850), and an English translation and adaptation 
of Madvig's 44 Latin Grammar," which was long in 
use at Yale. In his introduction to this work he 
earnestly upholds the English system of pronounc- 
ing Latin. He also wrote 44 Sketch of the Life of 
Edward C. Herrick " (New Haven, 1862). 

THARIN, Robert Seymour Symmes (tha'- 
rin), lawyer, b. at Magnolia, near Charleston, S. C, 
10 Jan., 1830. The family-seat at Magnolia was 
also the birthplace of Robert's father, William Cun- 
nington Thann. grandson of its founder, Col. Will- 
iam Cunnington, an officer on Gen. Francis Mar- 
ion's staff. Robert was graduated at the College 
of Charleston in 1857 and at the law-school of the 
University of New York in 1868. He began prac- 
tice in Wetumpka, Ala., in 1859. During the po- 
litical excitement of this time, he became known 
for his Union sentiments and his sympathy with 
non -slaveholders. He advocated the establishment 
of small farms and factories, the emigration of 
the blacks to Africa, the representation of non- 
slaveholders, who were in the majority, in legisla- 
tures, conventions, and congress, and the repeal of 
the ordinance of secession. His Union sentiments 
led to an attack on him by a mob in 1861, and he 
fled to Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Thann then settled 
in Richmond, Ind.,and enlisted as a private in the 
Indiana volunteers, but was mustered out in 1862. 
While he was in the service he wrote a letter to 
the London 44 Daily News," denouncing his former 
law-partner, William L. Yancey, who was then 
commissioner from the southern Confederacy to 
England. This letter, Mr. Yancey afterward con- 
fessed, was worth an army corps to the Union, as it 
defeated recognition. He returned to the south 
after the war, and in 1884 was corporation counsel 
of Charleston, S. C. In February, 1888, he was tend- 
ered, by the Industrial conference at Washington, 
a nomination for president of the United States, 
but declined on the ground that the body was not 
a convention, and that presidential conventions 
are dangerous to the people who are not repre- 
sented therein. He is now employed in the au- 
ditor's office in Washington. He is the author 
of "Arbitrary Arrests in the South " (New York, 
1863). and "Letters on the Political Situation" 
(Charleston, S. C, 1871). 

THATCHER, Benjamin Bnssey, author, b. in 
Warren, Me., 8 Oct, 1809; d. in Boston, 14 July, 
1840. His father, Samuel, a graduate of Harvard 
in 1798 and a lawyer, represented Massachusetts 
in congress in 18t&-'5, serving afterward eleven 
years in the legislature. He was a trustee of Har- 
vard and a founder of Warren academy. The son, 
upon his graduation at Bowdoin in 1&26. studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in Boston, but 
devoted himself to literature. In 1836-*8 he trav- 
elled in Europe for his health, contributing during 
the time to British and American periodicals. He 
wrote for the 44 North American Review " in 1831, 
and contributed to the 44 Essayist " several critiques 
on American poets which attracted notice. He 
edited the 44 Boston Book " in 1837, the 44 ColoniV-a- 
tionist," a periodical in the interests of the Liberian 
cause, which he further aided by eloquent speeches, 
and a volume of Mrs. Hemans's poems, to which he 
contributed a preface. He left in manuscript an 
account of his residence in Europe. His poems, 
some of which are in Griswold's 44 Poets and Poetry 
of America" (1842), and his reviews and essays, 
have never been collected. He published 44 Biog- 
raphy of North American Indians " (2 vols., New 

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71 




York, 1883; new ed., 1842); "Memoir of Phillis 
Wheatlev " (Boston. 1884) ; " Memoir of S. Osgood 
Wriirht " (1834) ; - Traits of the Boston Tea-Party " 
(1835); "Traits of Indian Manners, etc." (1835); 
and " Tales of the American Revolution " (1846). 

THATCHER, Henry Knox, naval officer, b. in 
Thomaston. Me.. 26 May, 1806 : d. in Boston, Mass., 
5 April, 1880. He was a grandson of Gen. Henry 
Knox. He received his early education in the 
schools of Boston, 
and in 1822 was 
admitted as a cadet 
at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy. The 
records of the acad- 
emy show that he 
was absent on sick- 
leave from 28 Nov., 

1822, till April, 

1823, when his res- 
ignation is record- 
ed. He had ex- 
changed his cadet- 
ship for the ap- 
pointment in the 
navv, which he en- 

/C yXtUeJU*- tered as a mid- 
shipman, 4 March, 
1823. He became 
a passed midshipman, 23 March, 1829, and was 
commissioned lieutenant, 28 Feb., 1838. After 
serving in various parts of the world, he was pro- 
moted to commander by action of the naval re- 
tiring board, 14 Sept., 1855. He commanded the 
sloop " Decatur," Pacific station. Early in 1862 
he was ordered to command the sailing-sloop " Con- 
stellation'* on the Mediterranean station, and he 
was thereby prevented from engaging in active 
operations during the first years or the civil war. 
He was promoted to the grade of commodore, 16 
July, 1862, without having had any commission as 
a captain. In July, 1863. he returned from the Medi- 
terranean and took charge of the steam frigate 
** Colorado " on the North Atlantic blockade, and 
in her commanded the first division of Com. David 
D. Porter's fleet in both attacks on Fort Fisher. 
He was then appointed acting rear-admiral in ad- 
vance of his regular promotion to that grade, and 
was ordered to succeed Vice- Admiral Farragut in 
command of the Western Gulf squadron at Mobile. 
There he conducted combined operations with Gen. 
Edward & S. Canby which resulted in the sur- 
render of the city and the Confederate fleet after 
its flight and pursuit up Tombigbee river. The 
navy department sent him congratulations on the 
successful results at Mobile. Other points on the 
Gulf were quietly surrendered, and on 2 June, 
1865, Galveston, Tex., was occupied by Thatcher's 
squadron without opposition, and the entire coast 
was restored to the Union. He was placed in 
command of the consolidated Gulf squadrons until 
May, 1866, after which he commanded the North 
Pacific squadron until August, 1868. He was 
commissioned rear-admiral, 25 July. 1866, and was 
placed on the retired list, 26 May, 1868. After his 
return home be was port-admiral at Portsmouth, 
N. H., in 1869-'71. after which he was unemployed 
until his death. Upon his death the secretary of 
the navy published an obituary order and directed 
salutes of thirteen minute-guns to be fired in his 
honor, and flags to be displayed at half-mast. He 
was a member of the Massachusetts Society of the 
Cincinnati and the military order of the Lioval le- 
gion. While in command of the North Pacific 
squadron he was presented with a medal and made 



a knight of the order of Kamehameha I by the 
king of the Hawaiian islands, which honors he was 
allowed to accept by act of congress. 

THAXTER, Adam Wallace, journalist b. in 
Boston, Mass., 16 Jan.. 1832 ; d. there. 8 June, 1861. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1852, and at the 
law-school in 1854. Devoting himself to literature, 
he was for sevenvears dramatic and literary critic 
of the *• Boston Evening Gazette," from which his 
health finally compelled him to withdraw, and he 
contributed to many periodicals. He was the au- 
thor of a poem that he read before a Harvard 
society (Cambridge, 1850) and "The Grotto 
Nymph" (Boston, 1859), and produced some suc- 
cessful plays, among which are " Olvmpia," " The 
Sculptor." " The Painter of Naples," "The Regi- 
cide, " Mary Tudor," and " Birds of a Feather." 

THAXTfiR, Cella, poet, b. in Portsmouth, 
N. H., 29 June, 1836. Her father, Thomas B. 
Laighton, took her when she was a child to the 
Isles of Shoals, where she has spent most of her 
life at Appledore. She married there Levi Lincoln 
Thaxter, of Watertown, Mass.. in 1851. She has pub- 
lished " Among the Isles of Shoals " (Boston, 1878); 
" Poems " (1871) : " Driftweed " (1878) ; " Poems for 
Children " (1884) ; and " The Cruise of the Mystery, 
and other Poems" (1886). Among the finest of 
her single poems are " Courage," " Kitterv Church- 
yard." "The Spaniards* Graves," "The Watch of 
Boon Island," and "The Sandpiper." 

THAYER, Abbott Henderson, artist, b. in 
Boston, Mass.. 12 Aug., 1849. He studied in the 
Brooklyn academy of design and the National 
academy, under Lemuel E. Wilmarth. In 1875 he 
went to Paris, where for a year he was a student at 
the Ecole des beaux arts under Charles E. R. H. 
Lehmann, and three years with Jean L. G6r6me. 
He painted chiefly animals until he had been two 
years abroad. Since that time he has devoted him- 
self principally to figure-painting. He has also 
essayed landscapes with success. At the Paris 
salon of 1877 he exhibited " Le soromeil," and in 
the following rear he sent a portrait He is a 
member of the Society of American artists, to whose 
exhibitions he has contributed, besides several por- 
traits, "Child and Cats" (1884); "Woman and 
Swan " (1886) ; and " An Angel " (1888). 

THAYER, Alexander Wheelock, author, b. 
in South Natick, Mass., 22 Oct, 1817. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1843. and at the law- 
school in 1848. He contributed musical and other 
letters to the Boston "Courier" in 1857-"8 under 
the pen-name of " A Quiet Man," and to " Dwight's 
Journal of Music " under the name of " A Diarist." 
wrote many articles for Grove's "Dictionary of 
Music and Musicians," and was musical critic of 
the New York "Tribune." In 1859-'82 he was 
U. S. consul at Trieste, where he still resides. He 
has published " Signor Masoni. and other Papers 
of the Late J. Brown," a collection of his own con- 
tributions (Berlin. 1862); "The Hebrews and the 
Red Sea" (Andover, 1883); and " Life of Beetho- 
ven," which is valued for its accuracy and extent 
of research (3 vols., Berlin, 1866-'87). 

THAYER. Eli, educator, b. in Mendon. Mass., 
11 June, 1819. He was graduated at Brown in 
1845, was subsequently principal of the Worcester 
academy, and in 1848 founded the Oread institute, 
a collegiate school for young ladies, in Worcester, 
Mass., of which he is treasurer. He was for several 
years a member of the school board of Worcester, 
and in 1853 an alderman of the city. In 1853-*4 
he was a representative in the legislature, and 
while there originated and organized the Emigrant 
aid company, laboring till 1857 to combine the 



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THAYER 



THAYER 



northern states in support of his plan to send anti- 
slavery settlers into Kansas. Lawrence, Topeka t 
Manhattan, and Ossawatomie were settled under 
the auspices of his company. Gov. Charles Robin- 
son, at the quarter-centennial celebration of Kan- 
sas, at Topeka, said : " Without these settlements 
Kansas would have been a slave state without a 
struggle; without the Aid society these towns 
would never have existed ; and that society was 
born of the brain of Eli Thayer." Charles Sum- 
ner also said that he would rather have the credit 
that is due to Eli Thayer for his .Kansas work 
than be the hero of f he battle of New Orleans. In 
1857-'61 Mr. Thayer sat in congress as a Republi- 
can, serving on the committee on militia, and as 
chairman of the committee on public lands. In 
1860 he was a delegate for Oregon to the National 
Republican convention at Chicago and labored for 
the nomination of Lincoln. He has patented many 
inventions, which cover a wide field. Among these 
are a hydraulic elevator in use in this country and 
in Europe, a sectional safety steam boiler, and an 
automatic boiler-cleaner, or sediment-extractor. 
He has published a volume of congressional 
speeches (Boston, 1800); several lectures (Worces- 
ter, 1880); and is now writing a history of the 
Emigrant aid company that he organized and its 
influence on our national history. 

THAYER, Elfhn, clergyman, b. in Braintree, 
Mass^ 29 March, 1747; d. in Kingston, N. H., 3 
April, 1812. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1709, and after a private theological course was 
settled in 1776 over a Congregational church in 
Kingston, N. H., where he continued until his 
death, At the organization of the New Hampshire 
missionary society he was elected its president, 
holding office till 1811. The degree of I). D. was 
conferred upon him in 1807 by Dartmouth. He 
published a sermon at the funeral of Gov. Joslah 
Bartlett (1795), and a "Summary of Christian 
Doctrines and Duties," by request of the New 
Hampshire missionary society. A volume of his 
sermons was published in 1813. 

THAYER, Eugene, musician, b. in Mendon, 
Mass., 1 1 Dec, 1838. He began the study of the 
organ at the age of fourteen, and, settling" in Bos- 
ton, soon gained a reputation as an excellent 
organist. In 18(5o-'6 he studied in Europe under 
Carl Haupt and others. While in Boston he edited 
the ** Organist's Journal " and the •* Choir Journal," 
and was director of the Boston choral union, the 
New England church-music association, and other 
societies. He has given organ recitals in the United 
States and Europe, Since 1881 he has resided in 
New York, following his profession as an organist 
and teacher. The degree of Mus. Doc. was con- 
ferred on him by Wooster university, Ohio, in 1883. 

THAYER, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., about 1755; d. in Limerick, Ireland, 5 Feb., 
1815. He was the minister of a Protestant church 
in Boston, when, in 1781, he went to Europe, where, 
after visiting France, England, and Italy, he 
united with the Roman Catholic church in 1783t 
He studied for the priesthood in Paris, was or- 
dained in 1784, and returned to Boston, where he 
held weekly conferences on the doctrines of the 
Roman Catholic church, attracting crowds by his 
learning and eloquence. He was sent to Kentucky 
in 1799, and remained there till 1803, when he went 
to England and engaged in missionary work for 
about a year. He spent the last years of his life in 
Limerick. Ireland, and devoted his time aud fortune 
to the welfare of the poor. His works are "Con- 
troversy between the Rev. John Thayer, Catholic 
Missionary of Boston, and the Rev. George Leslie, 



Pastor of a Church in Washington, N. H." (Bos- 
ton. 1793), and "An Account of the Conversion 
of the Rev. Mr. John Thayer, lately a Protestant 
Minister at Boston in North America, who em- 
braced the Roman Catholic Religion at Rome, on 
the 25th of May, 1783, written by Himself " (5th 
ed., reprinted from the London edition, Baltimore, 
1788; French translation, Paris 1788; Spanish 
translation, from the French, Valencia, 1788). It 
was also translated into Italian. The work pro- 
voked several replies and rejoinders. 

THAYER, John Hilton, governor of Nebraska, 
b. in Bellingham, Mass., 24 Jan., 1820. After his 
graduation at Brown in 1841 he studied and prac- 
tised law, and in 1854 removed to Nebraska, where 
he was a member in 1860 of the territorial legisla- 
ture, and in 1866 of the Constitutional convention. 
Previous to his civil appointments he had been 
made brigadier-general of militia, and organized 
and commanded several expeditions against the 
Indians. In the civil war. as colonel of the 1st 
regiment of Nebraska infantry, he led a brigade at 
Donelson and Shiloh, and was made brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers, 4 Oct, 1862. His appointment 
expired on 4 March, 1863, but he was reappointed 
on 13 March. He commanded a brigade and divis- 
ion at Vicksburg and Jackson, and led a storm- 
ing column at Chickasaw bayou, for which and 
for his services at Vicksburg he was brevetted ma- 
jor-general of volunteers, 13 March. 1865. He re- 
signed, 19 July, 1865, and, returning to Nebraska, 
he served as U. S. senator in 1867-71, having been 
chosen as a Republican, and was then appointed 
by Gen. Grant governor of Wyoming territory. 
In 1886 he was elected governor of Nebraska by a 
majority of about 25,000, which office he still holds 
(1888). He was department commander of the 
Grand army of the republic in the state of Nebras- 
ka in 1886. 

THAYER, Joseph Henry, biblical scholar, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 7 Nov., 1828. He was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1850, and at Andover theologi- 
cal seminary in 1857, and was pastor of a church 
in Salem, Mass., from 1859 till 1864. when he was 
appointed professor of sacred literature in Ando- 
ver theological seminary. He resigned in 1882, 
and since 1884 has been professor of criticism and 
interpretation of the New Testament in the divin- 
ity-school of Harvard. In the mean time he was 
chaplain to the 40th Massachusetts regiment in 
1862-'3, secretary of the Now Testament company 
of the American revision committee, and a mem- 
ber of the corporation of Harvard in 1877-'8-L 
The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Yalo 
in 1873 and by Harvard in 1884. lie has pub- 
lished occasional sermons and reviews, and con- 
tributed to the American edition of Smith's *• Bible 
Dictionary." His works include "A Grammar of 
the Idiom of the New Testament," a translation of 
Ltlnemann's enlarged and improved edition of 
Winer's well-known work (Andover, 1860); a trans- 
lation, with additions, of Alexander Buttmann's 

Grammar of the New Testament Greek" (1873); 
and ** A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testa- 
ment, being Grimm's Wilke's 4 Clavis Novi Testa- 
menti,' translated, revised, and enlarged" (New 
York and Edinburgh, 188«). He has edited "Notes 
on Scrivener's Plain Introduction to the Criticism 
of the New Testament," by Prof. Ezra Abbot (Bos- 
ton, 1885). and has carried through the press a new 
edition of Prof. Evangelinus A. Sophocles's "Greek 
Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods" 
(New York, 1887) and a volume of " Critical Es- 
says," selected from the published writings of Prof. 
Ezra Abbot (Boston, 1888). 



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THAYER, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Hamp- 
ton. N. H., 11 July, 1769; d. in Rochester. N. Y., 
23 June, 1840. His father, Rev. Ebcnezer Thayer, 
was pastor in Hampton for many years. The son 
was graduated at Harvard in 1789, studied the- 
ology, and became a pastor at Wilkesbarre, Pa. In 
1795 he was installed over the Unitarian society at 
Lancaster, Mass.. where he remained for nearly 
fifty years. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Harvard in 1817. On account of Dr. Thayer's tact 
and sagacitv he was. perhaps more than any other 
man of his day. selected for the settlement ot eccle- 
siastical difficulties, and he frequently drew up the 
decisions of church councils. He died while on a 

Journey foi the benefit of his health. He pub- 
ished twenty-three occasional sermons in 1795- 
1831. — His son, Nathaniel, capitalist, b. in Lan- 
caster, Mass.. 11 Sept., 1808: d. in Boston, Mass., 
7 March. 1883, for many years constituted, with 
his deceased brother, the firm of John E. Thayer 
and Brother, in Boston, which was active in the 
development of railroads in the west, of several of 
which he was a director. He was a fellow of 
Harvard in 1808-*75, and one of its largest bene- 
factors. He contributed to a Commons hall, erected 
Thaver hall in 1870 as a memorial of his father and 
brother, bore the expenses of Prof. Louis Agassiz's 
expedition to South America, which was known as 
the Thaver expedition, built a fire-proof herbarium 
at the fcolanic garden, and gave much in aid of 
poor students of the college, and was one of the 
most generous citizens of Boston. 

THAYER, Simeon, soldier, b. in Mendon, Mass., 
30 April. 1737; d. in Cumberland. R. I., 14 Oct., 
1800. He removed to Rhode Island in his youth, 
became an apprentice, served in the French war in 
1750 with the Rhode Island troops and with Maj. 
Robert Rogers's rangers, and in 1 75 7 was taken 
prisoner at Fort William Henrv. In May, 1775, he 
was ap|>ointed captain by the khode Island assem- 
bly, and accompanied Benedict Arnold's expedi- 
tion against Quebec, where he was made prisoner. 
He was promoted major, 1 Jan., 1777, and served 
with great credit in the defence of Red Bank and 
at Fort Mifflin, receiving for the latter a sword 
from the Rhode Island assembly in July. He was 
wounded in the battle of Monmouth, and retired 
from the service. 1 Jan., 1781. His "Journal of 
the Invasion of Canada in 1775 " has been edited 
bv Edwin M. Stone (Providence. 1807). 

THAYER, Sylvamis, soldier, b. in Braintree, 
Mats., 9 June, 1785; d. in South Braintree, Mass., 
7 Sept., 1872. He whs graduated at Dartmouth in 
1807, at the U. S. military academy in 1808, and 
assigned to the corps of engineers. During the 
next four years he was employed on engineer ser- 
vice on the eastern coast, and as instructor of 
mathematics at the academy, receiving promotion 
as 1st lieutenant, 1 July, 1812. Being called to the 
field in the latter year, he served as chief engineer 
under Oen. Henry Dearborn, on the Niagara fron- 
tier; in 1813 under Gen. Wade Hampton's division 
on Lake Charnplain, receiving promotion to cap- 
tain of engineers, 13 Oct, 1813. and in 1814 under 
Oen. Moses Porter s forces in defence of Norfolk, 
Va.. being brevetted major, 20 Feb., 1815, for dis- 
tinguished services. In 1815 he was sent to Eurooe 
to examine military works and schools, and study 
the operations of the allied armies before Paris, but 
he was recalled in 1817 to the superintendency of 
the academy at West Point, whicn he assumed on 
28 July of that year, and held till his resignation, 
1 July, 1833. During the sixteen years of his ad- 
ministration he organized the school on its present 
basis, and raised it from an elementary condition 




to the same grade with the best military schools in 
the world. During his term of office he was bre- 
vetted lieutenant-colonel, 3 March, 1823, made 
major, 24 May, 1828, and brevetted colonel, 3 
March, 1833. Five years after his resignation he 
was again offered the 
charge of the academy, 
with almost absolute 
control, but he did not 
accept. On leaving West 
Point he was made a 
member of the board of 
engineers, of which he 
was president from 7 
Dec, 1838. and for thirty 
years following he was 
engaged in the construc- 
tion of defences in and 
about Boston harbor, 
which are models of his 
engineering skill and 
standards of economy 
and stability of construc- 
tion. On 7 July, 1838, 
he was made lieutenant- 
colonel of engineers, and 
he became colonel, 8 
March, 1803. On 1 June. 
1803, he was retired from 

active service, after receiving the brevet of briga- 
dier-general the day before. The degree of A. Bi. 
was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1810, and 
by Harvard in 1825, and that of LL. D. by St 
John's college, Md., in 1830, by Kenyon and Dart- 
mouth in 1846, and by Harvard in i857. He was 
also a member of various scientific associations. 
Gen. Thayer gave about $300,000 for the endow- 
ment of an academy, and $32,000 for a free li- 
brary, at Braintree. and $70,000 for a school of 
architecture and civil engineering at Dartmouth. 
His body was reinterred at West Point, 8 Nov., 
1877, and his statue was unveiled there, 11 June, 
1883, Gen. George W. Cullum makine the presen- 
tation. It bears the inscription. " Colonel Thayer, 
Father of the United States Military Academy." 
and is represented in the accompanving illustra- 
tion. A fine full-length portrait by Robert W. Weir 
is in the library at West Point. * He was the au- 
thor of »• Papers on Practical Engineering" (1844). 
—His cousin, Martin Russell, jurist, b. in Peters- 
burg. Va.. 27 Jan., 1819, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1840, admitted to the 
Philadelphia bar in 1842, and began to practise in 
that city. In 1802-'7 he sat in congress, having 
been elected as a Republican, serving in the com- 
mittee on the bankrupt law and as chairman of the 
committee on private land claims. In 1802 he was 
appointed a commissioner to revise the revenue 
laws of Pennsylvania, and in 1807, declining re- 
election to congress, he was appointed one of the 
judges of the district court of tne county of Phila- 
delphia, and he has recently been re-elected. In 
1873 he was appointed on the board of visitors to 
West Point, ana wrote the report. In the succeed- 
ing year he became president- judge of the court of 
common pleas of Philadelphia. He is the author 
of "The Duties of Citizenship"(Philadelphia, 1802); 
"The Great Victory: its Cost and Value" (1805): 
"The Law considered as a Progressive Science" 
(1870); "On Libraries" (1871); "The Life and 
Works of Francis Lieber" (1873); and "The Bat- 
tle of Gennantown " (1878). 

THAYER, Thomas Baldwin, clergyman, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 10 Sept, 1812 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass^ 
12 Feb., 1886. He entered Harvard at an early 



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THAYER 



THEONDECHOREN 



age, but left after the first year and began to teach, 
at the same time studying divinity He was or- 
dained in 1832. and in 1833-45 was pastor of the 
1st Universalist society in Lowell, where his min- 
istry was important in the history of Universalism 
in ^Jew England. During the crusade against 
Universalism, in 1840-'2, he established and edit- 
ed in its defence the *• Star of Bethlehem," and 
with his co-worker, Rev. Abel C. Thomas, wrote 
the "Lowell Tracts" in the same interest. Mr. 
Thayer was called to a pastorate in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., in 1845, where he edited the " Golden Rule " 
in the interest of the fraternity of Odd-Fellows. 
After six years he returned to his old parish in 
Ijowell. In 1859 he became pastor of the Shaw- 
mut avenue church, Boston, which charge he re- 
signed in 1867. In 1862 Dr. Thayer assumed the 
editorship of the " Universalist Quarterly," which 
contains some of his most important literary 
work. He continued these labors, with an inter- 
val of travel in Europe and the East, until his 
last illness. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Tuft* college in 1865, and he was for manv years 
on the board of overseers of Harvard. Dr. Thayer 
was a biblical scholar of rare breadth, and a pioneer 
in Universalist literature. He wrote mucn verse 
that has never been collected, and published 
"Christianity against Infidelity" (Boston, 1833; 
enlarged, Cincinnati, 1849); "Bible Class Assist- 
ant" (Boston, 1840); "History of the Origin of 
Endless Punishment" (1855); "Theology of Uni- 
versalism" (1862): and "Over the River" (1864). 

THAYER. William Makepeace, author, b. in 
Franklin. Mass.. 23 Feb., 1820. He was gradu- 
ated at Brown in 1843. studied theology, and was 
settled over the orthodox Congregational church 
at Ashland, Mass.. in 1849-'57. In consequence of 
a throat trouble he relinquished his pastorate, and 
on his return to Franklin in 1858 devoted himself to 
literary work. In 1857 and 1863 he was a member 
of the legislature, and in 1860-76 he was secretary 
of the Massachusetts temperance alliance. He has 
written many religious and juvenile books, the first 1 
of which was published in 1852. In "The Bobbin 
Boy" (Boston. 1859) he originated the conversa- 
tional style, and its success was so great that he 
wrote his succeeding biographies in dialogue. 
After "The Pioneer Boy" (1863) was published, 
the same style was adopted by other writers. His 
most popular works are a series of biographies (10 
vols., Boston. 1859-'G3): "Youth's History of the 
Rebellion "(4 vols.. 1863-5); "White House Se- 
ries " (1880-5) ; and "Marvels of the New West" 
(Norwich, 1887). Nearly 1,000,000 copies of his 
works have Iteen sold. " From Log-Cabin to the 
White House" exceeding 300,000 copies, two thirds i 
of them being sold in Europe, " The Poor Boy 
and Merchant Prince" (Boston, 1858), "The (Joo<l 
(iirl and True Woman" (1850), "The Pioneer 
Boy," " Tact, Push, and Principle" (Boston. 1880>, 
" From Pioneer Home to the White House 4 ' (Nor- 
wich, 1HH2). and " From Tannery to the White j 
House" (Boston. 18*5), hate each reached 50.000 
copies. Many have been republished in England. 1 
and some have been translated into German, French. 
Italian, Greek. Swedish, and Hawaiian. Mr.Thayer 
has also edited the " Home Monthly " and " Moth- 
er* A««istHiit " (Boston). 

THEAKER, Thomas Clarke, commissioner of 
patents, b. in York county, Pa.. 1 Feb., 1812; d. 
in Oakland. Md.. 16 July, 18*3. He received a 
g'>od English education, removed to Bridgeport, 
Ohio, in IH30. and wa« principally tweupied as a 
inachiniM and millwright. H<- served in congress 
as a Republican in 18.>9-'61, and was an unsuccess- , 



ful candidate for the ensuing congress. He was 
made a member of a board of commissioners who 
were appointed to investigate the workings of the 

Satent-oflfice, and was afterward made by Presi- 
ent Johnson commissioner of patents, serving 
from 17 Aug., 1865. till 6 June, 1868. 

THE BAUD, Augustine J. (tay-bo), clergy- 
man, b. in Brittany in 1807; d. in Fordham, N. l., 
17 Dec., 1885. He studied for the priesthood, and 
after his ordination was for several vears engaged 
in missionary work in Brittany. He afterward 
went to Rome and entered the Society of Jesus. 
In 1838 he came to the United States and was ap- 
pointed professor in St. Mary's college, Ky., where 
ne remained until that institution passed from the 
control of the Jesuits in 1845. He then taught 
physics and mathematics in St. John's college, 
Fordham, of which he was president in 1846-'52. 
He was then made pastor of St. Joseph's church, 
Troy, where he began his investigations in Irish 
history. He was afterward transferred to New 
York, where he continued the same line of research, 
the result of which was the publication of " The 
Irish Race," a work that placed him in the first 
rank as a philosophic historian, and of which Dr. 
Orestes A. Brown son wrote that it had caused him 
to change life-long opinions on questions of para- 
mount importance in the philosophy of history. 
Father Thebaud went to Canada, where he re- 
mained a vear, and then returned to New York. 
The rest oi his life was spent in missionary labors 
and literary pursuits. He was a frequent con- 
tributor to Roman Catholic periodicals. Besides 
the work already mentioned he published "Gen- 
tilisra"; "The Church and the Moral World"; 
and " Twit-Twatso." 

THEKAKISOl I, Iroouois chief, b. in central 
New York in 1756; d. in 1802. Owing to his 
bravery and skill in the use of arms and in hunt- 
ing, he became a chief at the age of twenty. He 
made several raids on the Spanish colonies, and 
rendered considerable assistance to the English in 
the wars of the Revolution. He led a body of In- 
dians into the Carolinas, devastated the country 
with fire and sword, and brought back numerous 
slaves into the Iroquois territory. He gave up part 
of the lands of his tribe to the government of the 
United States in 1794. Under his sway his people 
turned their attention to agriculture, and made 
some advances in civilization. 

THELLER, Edward Alexander, journalist, b. 
in Canada East about 1810; d. in Honitas, Cal., 
in 1859. He was graduated as a phvsician, and, 
having actively participated in the Canadian re- 
bellion of 1837, was arrested, tried, convicted, and 
sentenced to death. Escaping from prison, he 
came to this country, and, after residing in New 
York in 1841-*2, went to California in 1853, and 
was editor of several newspapers. He was at one 
time superintendent of public schools in San Fran- 
cisco. He published "Canada in 1837- '8: Show- 
ing the Causes of the Ijate Attempted Revolution 
and its Failure" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1841). 

THEONDECHOREN, Joseph. Indian convert, 
d. near Tadoussac, Canada, 26 June, 1652. Pre- 
vious to his conversion it is related that he could 
take live coals and red-hot pebbles in his hands and 
mouth without sustaining any injury, and plunge 
his arm into boiling water, and he attributed this 
power to satanic influence. He became a Christian 
in 1641. and endeavored to imitate the missionaries 
in everything and conform to their mode of life. 
The Jesuit relations contain extracts from sermons 
that he preached, which arc remarkable for fervor 
and rude eloquence. He went with Father Jogues 



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THfeVENARD 



m 1643. accompanied by his two brothers and his 
son. One of his brothers and his son were killed, 
but he escaped, during a hunting expedition of the 
Iroquois, and reached Three Rivers, where he 
preached some remarkable discourses to his coun- 
trymen, who had come to congratulate him on 
his escape. After his return to his own coun- 
try he formed one of a convoy of 100 warriors 
who went down to Quebec He was wounded in 
an attack that was made on the town by the Iro- 
quois, but succeeded in escaping to the woods. He 
was discovered by a band of hostile Indians, who 
were so touched oy his discourse that they saved 
his life and nursed him. When the Hurons were 
driven from their country in 1049 he went to live 
in St Joseph's island, and afterward took a large 
part of his tribe to Quebec They formed a settle- 
ment close to the city, where Theondechoren edified 
both the Indians and French by the sanctity of his 
life, and astonished the latter by his eloquence. 

THfcVENARD. Antolne jean Marie (tay- 
veh-nar). Count, French naval officer, b. in Saint 
Malo, 7 Dec, 1783; d. in Paris, 0 Feb., 1815. He 
entered the service of the East India company as 
a cabin-boy in 1747, assisted in three combats with 
the English, and rose rapidly in rank. In 1754 
he was sent with a sloop-of-war to Newfoundland, 
and destroyed all the establishments and fisheries 
along the northern coast of that colony. After the 
conclusion of peace, he became a naval engineer. He 
was a commodore in the East India fleet in 1767, but 
in 1769 joined the royal navy, was made captain of 
a frigate in 1770. and promoted first captain and 
knignt of Saint Louis in 1773. When France sent 
aid to the United States in 1778, he was given 
command of a squadron, and carried troops and 
supplies to the Antilles and to this country. He 
made successful cruises along the coast of New 
England, and for his services was promoted briga- 
dier-general of the naval forces in 1782, and chef 
d'escadre in 1784. Assuming command of the 
station of South America in 1785, he was made 
vice-admiral in 1792, and he was successively mari- 
time prefect at Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort in 
1792-*8, and again at Toulon in 1801. He was 
created a senator and a count in 1810, and made a 
peer of France. 4 June, 1814. He was a member 
of several learned societies of Europe and America, 
of the Royal academy of marine in 1773, and of 
the Paris academy of sciences after 1785. He pub- 
lished " Memoires relatifs a la marine " (4 vols., 
Paris. 1800). which is still a standard work. 

THEVENAU, Charles titlenne (Uy-vay-no), 
West Indian naturalist, b. in St. Lucia in 1758; d. 
in Paris in 1820. He took part as an ensign in the 
war of 1778-*83 in the West Indies, and after the 
conclusion of peace held an office in the magistracy 
of St Lucia. At the beginning of the French 
revolution he went to Paris, where he became noted 
as a journalist; but he strongly opposed the en- 
franchisement of the slaves, and lor his attacks 
against the club called 44 Les amis des noirs " was 
imprisoned during the reign of terror. Being re- 
leased after the reaction of 1794, he returned to St. 
Lucia and devoted himself to agriculture and sci- 
ence. After the restoration of Louis XVIII. he 
settled in Paris. His works include 44 Observations 
sur des poissons recueillis dans un voyage a la Baie 
de Samana, et description des especes nouvelles et 
pcu connues " (St. Lucia, 1788) ; •• Monographic des 
ignames" (Paris, 1790): "Historia natural is plan- 
tamm quas in insula Santa Lucia crescent " (3 vols., 
1802- ¥); 41 Enumeratio plantarum cellularium 
qnas in insula Santa Lucia a The" venau collectas de- 
scribit M (3 vols., 1807-12) ; 44 Fasciculus plantarum 



THIBAUDIN 75 

rariarum et exoticarum" (1813); "Essai sur les 
simples v£neneux des Antilles " (1814) ; and " Traite* 
des arbres fruitiers des Antilles" (2 vols., 1816). 

THtfV'ET, Andr6 (tay-vav), French historian, 
b. in Angouleme in 1502; d. in Paris, 23 Nov., 
1590. He united with the Gray Friars, and in 1555 
accompanied Admiral Villegaignon to Brazil, but 
returned to France in the following year and was 
appointed in 1558 chaplain to Queen Catherine de 
Medicis and historian and cosmographer to the 
king. He enjoyed royal favor under Charles IX. 
and his successors, and composed for their amuse- 
ment several works which have since been held in 
high esteem. They include "Les singularitez de 
la France antarctique, autrement nomine* Ame- 
rique, et de plusieurs terres et isles decouvertes de 
notre temps" (Paris, 1558); 44 Cosmographie uni- 
verselle, illustree dediverses figures des choses plus 
remarquables vues par l'auteur" (2 vols., 1771); 
and "Vrais portraits et vies des hommes illus- 
tres, Grecs, Latins et Paiens " (2 vols., 1584). The 
last is a curious work, containing the biography 
and portraits of several Indian caciques, emperors 
of Mexico, and incas of Peru, and, although some 
doubts have been expressed as to their authenticity, 
they have never been proved spurious. The* vets 
work had many editions and has been translated 
into several languages. He wrote also " Histoire 
natu relle et g£nerale des Indes Occiden tales " and 
•'Voyage dans les Indes australes." which are pre- 
served among the manuscripts in the National li- 
brary at Pans. 

THIBAL D, Pierre (tee-bo), French scientist, 
b. in Pithiviers in 1739; d. there in 1804. He was 
for many years a professor in Paris, and was also 
employed by the French academy of literature in 
making linguistic researches. In 1788 he was 
elected secretary of the Academy of Caen, but re- 
tired to his native city during the revolution. Thi- 
baud devoted himself principally to the study of 
the migrations of men, to the descent of nations, 
and their travels through the world ; he was also 
the first to advance the theory that the Indians of 
America migrated from Asia in remote antiquity, 
and through patient research was enabled to give 
a nearly complete history of the Aztec nation since 
their first appearance in* the basin of Mexico about 
500 b. c. Thibaud's works contain some errors, but 
he was a pioneer in the field of Indian history. He 

Su Wished 44 Origine des Indiens de l'Amdrique du 
ford, con tenant une description de leurs raanieres, 
avec une etude sur leur religion, leur langage, et 
leur man i ere de se v£tir" (Caen, 1787); "Histoire 
et migrations de la nation Aztec ou Mexicaine 
depuis le cinquieme siecle de notre ere jusqu' a la 
chute de la dynast ie de Montezuma" (1796); and 
"Origine des Indiens de l'Arolrique du Sud" 
(Pithiviers, 1801). 

THIBAUDIN, Gaston Louis (tee-bo-dang), 
French explorer, b. in Dunkirk in 1727 ; d. in Lima, 
Peru, in 1796. He studied botany in Paris under 
Buffon, was employed afterward by the Academy 
of sciences, and at the request of that body was 
given by Louis XVI. in 1776 a mission to South 
America. His instructions were to collect in Chili, 
Peru, and Cuba specimens of medicinal plants 
that could be naturalized in France. He landed in 
Concepcion early in February, 1777, journeyed for 
months through the pampas and the mountains, and 
formed a rich herbarium. After visiting Santiago 
and the large cities, he went to Callao, making also 
a voyage to the island of Juan Fernandez. Toward 
the end of 1780 his herbarium numbered about 
1,500 specimens, including many new ones, when 
he left for the West Indies, but, owing to the war 



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THIENPONT 



THOM 



that then raged in the Gulf of Mexico between 
France and England, he remained at Carthagena 
occupied in arranging his collections till the truce 
of 1782. Then he resumed his voyage and went to 
Havana, where he formed a nearly complete collec- 
tion of the flora of the island. On his return to 
France in 1785 he was elected a corresponding 
member of the Academy of sciences, and that body 
undertook also the publication of his works. He 
had made many friends in Peru, and, feeling inse- 
cure in Paris during the revolution, he returned in 
1792 to Lima, where he taught mathematics till his 
death. Thibaudin's works include *' Description 
des plantes recueillir dans un voyage au Perou et 
au Chili" (2 vols., Paris, 1786); •* Memoire sur la 
flore de Hie de Cuba" (1780); Prodome de la 
flore du Chili avec herbier explicatif" (4 vols 
1783): and " Prodome de la flore du Perou avec 
herbier explicatif " (4 vols., 1790). 
THIENPONT, Emanuel, clergyman, b. in Bel- 

Sum in 1803; d. in Logan, Hocking co., Ohio, 19 
;t, 1873. He came to the United States at an 
early age. studied for the priesthood, and was 
ordained in Cincinnati on 20 Jan., 1833. He 
spent the following year in preparing candidates 
for the priesthood, was then sent to take charge of 
the missions along the Miami canal, and for some 
time had entire charge of all the Roman Catholics 
in the state of Ohio. He was appointed pastor of 
St. Mary's, Tiffin, in 1835, ana afterward of the 
German Catholics of Dayton, and then had charge 
of congregations at Portsmouth, Steuben ville, and 
other places. He wai afterward sent to Logan, and 
formed a new congregation in the neighborhood 
at Straitville. Father Thienpont was the pioneer 
secular priest of Ohio, and was the first to build 
Koman Catholic churches in Dayton, Portsmouth, 
Steubenville, ami other places in the state. 

THIfiRY HE M&NONVILLE. Nicolas Jo- 
seph, French botanist, b. in Saint-Mihiel. France, 
18 June, 173'J ; d. in Port au Prince. Santo Domingo, 
in 17X0. He studied law, and for some time prac- 
tised his profession in his native city, but he soon 
abandoned the bar for botany, of which he was 
passionately fond. He formed'a plan to naturalize 
the cochineal insect in tho Franco- American colo- 
nies, and after landing in Santo Domingo in 1776, 
in order to learn how to cultivate it, he penetrated 
to Mexico in the disguise of a Catalonian physician, 
at great personal rUk, as the Spaniards kept the 
knowledge of this branch of commerce jealously 
from strangers. With great difficulty he reached 
Oaxaca. which, he had learned, produced a finer 
specimen of cochineal than could be found else- 
where, learned the art of planting and raiding the 
nopal on which the insect feeds, bought a larpe 
quantity of branches and injects, filling ei^ht 
cheats with them, and succeeded in forwarding 
them by different routes to Santo Domingo. He 
sent a part of his cochineals to France, and was 
successful in rearing and multiplying thcwe that 
he retained, in the Janlin du roi. which he founded 
at Port au Prince. He received the title of l>otan- 
ist of the king soon after his return to Mexico. 
Shortly after his death the cochineal insect dinap- 

1*eared from Santo Dominp*. The club of "The 
'hiladelphes" at Cape Franc* is published a manu- 
script that he left, entitled " Traite de la culture 
du nopal et de IVducation de lacochcnille dans le*« , 
colonies francaises tic l'AmerHjue, pnWnle d'un 
vovage a Oaxaca" <Cape Francais. 1780*. 

THOBI KN. James Mill*. M. E. bishop, b. in i 
Su Clairsville, Ohio, 7 March. 183d He was 
graduated at Alleghany college. Pa., in 1857. and 
began preaching in Ohio as a Methodist minister , 




in the same year. In 1859 he went to India as a 
missionary, where he was stationed successively at 
Nynee Tal, Moradabad, Lucknow, and Calcutta. 
He preached in 
both the native 
and European lan- 
guages, and built 
the largest church 
in India. He was 
presiding elder of 
the Indian confer- 
ence, preached for 
some time at Simla, 
the summer capi- 
tal of India, and 
was for five veins 
editor of the *" lu- 
dian Witness." In 
consequence of an 
injury that result- 
ed from an acci- 
dent, he returned 
to this country in 
1886. At the gen- 
eral conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal church in New York city 
in 1888 he was elected missionary bishop of India 
and Malaysia. He has published " My Missionary 
Apprenticeship," being a history of twenty-five 
years' experience in India (New York, 1884), and 
" Missionary Sermons " (1888). 

THOM, George (torn), soldier, b. in Derry. N. H., 
21 Feb., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1839, assigned to the topo- 
graohical engineers, and became 2d lieutenant in 
1840. He served in connection with the survey of 
the boundary between the United States and the 
British provinces under the treaty of Washington, 
in 1842-7 ami on the staff of Gen. Franklin 
Pierce in the war with Mexico. He became 1st 
lieutenant in 1849, and captain for fourteen years' 
service in July. 1853. In 1853-'0 he served in con- 
nection with the survey of the boundary between 
tho United States and Mexico. At the opening of 
the civil war he was a major, but was appointed 
colonel and additional aide-de-camp in November, 
1801. Col. Thorn was continuously employed on 
engineer and other duty on the staff of Gen. Henry 
W. Halleck till April, 1805, being present during 
the siege of Corinth. He was also present at the 
battle of Cedar Creek, Va. He was promoted lieu- 
tenant-colonel of engineers in 1800, and was there- 
after in charge of river and harbor improvements 
in the New England states till 20 Feb., lHK*,when, 
having been forty years in service, he was. at his 
own request, retired from active service. He be- 
came colonel of engineers in 1880, and was bre- 
vetted brigadier-general U, S. army, for faithful 
and meritorious services during the rebellion." 

THOM, James Crawford, artist, b. in New 
York, 22 March. 1835. He studied at the National 
academy, and, in 1H59 wont abroad, where he 
studied with Edouard Frere, and then with Henri 
Pierre Picou and Jean liaptiste Camillc Corot. 
His works were frequently exhibited in Ixmdon, 
where he gained several medals and other honors 
at various times. Since his return to the United 
States in 1872 many of his pictures have found 
their wav into private galleries in this country. 
Amontr the paintings that he executed while abroad 
are "By the River-Side.*' "Returning from tho 
Wood." "Tired of Waiting." " Going to School." 
and "The Monk's Walk." The last three were ex- 
hibited at the Royal academy, London. He has 
shown more recently at tho Academy of design. 



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New York, M Forgotten Cares " (1877) : " Song of 
the Sea " (1881) ; 44 The Old Farm-House * (1884) ; 
"The Pets" (1885); and several landscapes at the 
Mechanics' fair, Boston, in 1878. 

THOMAS, Abel Charles, clergyman, b. in Exe- 
ter, Pa., 11 June, 1807; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 
Sept. 1880. His grandfather, Abel Thomas, was a 
Quaker preacher. The grandson was educated at 
Lancaster, Pa., and at an early age entered the 
ministry of the Universal ist chureh. He was first 
established for ten years over the Lombard street 
church in Philadelphia, to which, after a few years 
in Lowell, Mass., Brooklyn, N. Y., and Cincinnati. 
Ohio, he returned, remaining for seventeen years. 
With the Rev. Thomas B. Thayer he wrote the 
44 Lowell Tracts," in l840-'42, during the crusade 
against Universalisin in Lowell, and organized 
••The Lowell Offering," whose sole contributors 
and editors were the mill-operatives. He was the 
author of 44 Allegories and Divers Day-Dreams" 
(Lowell, 1841); an 44 Autobiography " (Boston, 1852) ; 
and 44 A Centenary of Universalisin " (Philadelphia, 
1872). He prepared 44 Hymns of Zion," with music 
(Philadelphia. 1880) ; 44 The Gospel Liturgy " (1857) ; 
and 44 The Christian Helper, or Gospel Sermons" 
(1857). He published also many tracts, sermons, 
and discussions, among the last, 44 Discussions on 
Universalisin," with Kev. Dr. Ezra S. Ely (New 
York, 1835), and he was connected editorially with 
many papers of his denomination. — His wife, M. 
Louise rainier, b. in Mount Holly, N. J., about 
1830, is a daughter of Judge Strange N. Palmer, 
of Pennsylvania. She received a classical educa- 
tion and read Blackstone with her brother, Robert 
M. Palmer, who was U. S. minister to the Argen- 
tine Republic in 1801-*2. For many years, owing 
to the failing health of her husband. Mrs. Thomas 
managed a Targe estate near Philadelphia. This 

Save her an opportunity to educate eighteen chil- 
ren, eleven being taken from the colored orphan 
asylum of New York city. She has been president 
of the Woman's centenary association of the Uni- 
versalist church since 1880, and in 1886 was elected 
president of Sorosis, a woman's club in New York. 
She is also treasurer of the national council of 
women. Since 1873 she has been editor and pub- 
lisher of the tract department of the Universalist 
church, in Philadelphia, Pa. 

THOMAS, Amos Russell, physician, b. in 
Watertown, N. Y., 3 Oct., 1826. He acquired his 
education while working on a farm, taught school, 
and was graduated at Syracuse medical college in 
1854. He removed to Philadelphia, was apjxunt- 
ed to the chair of anatomy in the Penn medi- 
cal university, and also was lecturer on artistic 
anatomy in the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts 
for fifteen years. In 1863 he received a similar 
appointment in the School of design for women. 
During the civil war he volunteered and served as 
army surgeon. In 1867 he connected himself with 
the Hahnemann medical college of Philadelphia, of 
which he is now the dean. He has contributed 
numerous papers to medical literature, is the author 
of - Post-mortem Examinations and Morbid Anat- 
omy" (Philadelphia, 1870), and general editor of 
the 4 ' Homoeopathic Materia Medica." 

THOMAS, Charles, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania 
about 1800 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 1 Feb., 1878. 
He entered the army and became a lieutenant of 
ordnance, 13 Any., 1819, assistant quartermaster in 
Mav, 1826, captain in April, 1833, quartermaster 
with the rank of major in July, 1838, and brevet 
lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services in Mexi- | 
co v 30 May, 1848. He was promoted lieutenant- 
colonel and deputy quartermaster-general, U. S. | 



THOMAS 77 

army, in MAy, 1850, colonel and assistant quarter- 
master-general in August, 1856, and brevet major- 
general, 18 March, 1865, for meritorious services 
during the civil war. He was retired from active 
service in July, 1866, after having been in the army 
for more than forty-five years. 

THOMAS, Cyrus, ethnologist, b. in Kingsport, 
Tenn., 27 July, 1825. He studied law, and fol- 
lowed that profession until 1865, holding in 1850-'3 
the office of county clerk of Jackson county, 111. 
In 1865 he entered the ministry of the Evangelical 
Lutheran church, but in 1869 he joined the scien- 
tific corps of the geological and geographical sur- 
veys of the territories under Ferdinand V. Hayden. 
He was elected professor of natural sciences in the 
Southern Illinois normal university in 1873, and 
in 1876 was appointed state entomologist of Illi- 
nois. A year later he became a member of the 
U. S. entomological commission, and since 1882 he 
has been archaeologist to the U. S. bureau of eth- 
nology. He is a member of scientific societies, and 
has contributed to the 44 Evangelical Quarterly Re- 
view," 44 American Antiquarian," and other jour- 
nals. PI is work for the government has appeared 
in the reports of the survey, the entomological 
commission, and the ethnological bureau, ana in- 
cludes 44 Synopsis of the Acrid id » of North Ameri- 
ca" (Washington, 1873); 44 Reports of tho State 
Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial In- 
sects of Illinois'' (5 vols., 1876-*80); in part "Re- 
ports on the Rocky Mountain Locust'* (2 vols., 
1878-'80); 44 Study of the Manuscript Troano" 
(1882) ; 44 Notes on Certain Maya and Mexican 
Manuscripts " (1884) ; and 44 Burial Mounds of the 
Northern Sections of the United States" (1888). 

THOMAS, David, engineer, b. in Montgomery 
county, Pa., in 1770; d. in Cayuga county, N. Y., 
in 1859. He was of Quaker parentage. Removing 
to the vicinity of Aurora, Cayuga co., in 1805, he 
was appointee! chief engineer of the Erie canal 
west of Rochester, and subsequently he became 
principal engineer of the Welland canal, Canada. 
He was distinguished as a florist and pomologist, 
and by his writings rendered great services to sci- 
entific agriculture. He contributed extensively to 
the "Genesee Farmer" and published "Travels in 
the West" (Auburn, 1819).— His son, John J M 
agriculturist, b. near Aurora, Cayuga co., N. Y.. 8 
Jan., 1810, was almost entirely self-taught. He 
studied the botany of the neighborhood in boy- 
hood, making an herbarium of 1.300 species, in 1884 
became associate editor of the "Genesee Farmer" 
nt Rochester, and when that journal was merged 
in 1853 in the 44 Country Gentleman," at Albany, 
he became connected with the latter, where he still 
continues (1888). He was horticultural editor of 
the 44 Albany Cultivator" in 1841-53, contributed 
to the " Transactions " of the New York state 
agricultural society in 1841-'7, and to 44 The Farm n 
(New York, 1858), and edited the "Illustrated 
Annual Register of Rural Affairs " (9 vols., Albany, 
1855-'81). He has published 44 The American Fruit 
Culturist" (Albany, 1845); 44 Farm Implements, 
and the Principles of their Construction and Use" 
(New York. 1854); and "Farm Implements and 
Farm Machinery" (1869). He received the de- 
gree of A. M. from Haverford college. Pa., in 1870. 
— Another son, Joseph, b. in Cayuga county, N. Y., 
28 Sept., 1811, was educated at Yale and at Rens- 
selaer polytechnic institute, Troy. N. Y., and was 
graduated as a physician in Philadelphia, engaging 
in practice in that city. He was for some time 
| professor of Latin and Greek in Haverford college, 
Pa., and also taught privately. In 1857 Dr. 
I Thomas visited India, and spent fourteen months 



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THOMAS 



THOMAS 



in the study of Sanscrit, Persian, and other orien- 
tal languages, and in 1858 he passed four months 
in Egypt in the study of Arabic. He has con- 
tributed to journals, and is the author of the sys- 
tem of pronouncing geographical names in 44 Bald- 
win's Pronouncing Gazetteer " (Philadelphia, 1845) ; 
the geographical and biographical vocabularies 
in several editions of Webster s Dictionary ; and 
"Travels in Egypt and Palestine " (Philadelphia, 
1853). With Thomas Baldwin he edited "A New 
and Complete Gazetteer of the United States" 
(1854) ana 44 Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer 
of the World " (1855), and he edited alone a 4 * Com- 
prehensive Medical Dictionary" (1864) and a 
44 Universal Pronouncing Dictionary pf Biography 
and Mythology " (2 vols., 1870-'l). 

THOMAS, David, manufacturer, b. near Neath, 
Glamorganshire, Wales, 3 Nov., 1794: d. in Cata- 
sauqua, Lehigh co., Pa., 20 June, 1882. He was 
employed in the business of manufacturing iron 
after 1812, and in 1839 came to this countrv and 
built the first of the furnaces of the Lehigh Crane 
iron company. He remained with this company 
till 1854, when, with his sons and others, he or- 
ganized the Thomas iron company, and built two 
blast-furnaces at Hokendauqua. They were at 
the time the largest and most productive anthra- 
cite blast-furnaces in the country. Afterward 
other furnaces were built by the company, and 
successfully operated. He was one of the proprie- 
tors of the Catasauqua manufacturing company 
which was organized to roll plate- and bar-iron, 
for many years served as its president, and was 
an owner of the Lehigh fire- brick works at Cata- 
sauqua. Mr. Thomas was the first in this country 
to make the manufacture of anthracite pig-iron 
commercially successful, and was the first person 
in the world fully to realize the value of powerful 
blowing engines in the working of blast-furnaces. 
He supported the cause of the Union during the 
civil war. In 1806 he was an unsuccessful Repub- 
lican candidate for congress. 

THOMAS, Edith Matilda, author, b. in Chat- 
ham, Medina co., Ohio, 12 Aug.. 1854. She was 
educated at Geneva (Ohio) normal institute, has 
contributed largely to periodicals, and has pub- 
lished in book-form 44 A New Year's Masque, and 
other Poems" (Boston, 1885) ; 44 The Round Year" 
(1886) ; and 44 Lyrics and Sonnets " (1887). 

THOMAS, Edward Harper, clergyman, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 11 April, 1811 ; d. in Lancaster, 
Pa., 18 Sept., 1869. He was apprenticed at the age 
of nine years, but succeeded by self-applicat ion un- 
der great difficulties in his early life in securing a 

good education. In 1830, having become a inem- 
er of the Church of God. a religious denomina- 
tion organized by Rev. John Winebrenner, he 
was ordained to the work of the ministry, and for 
more than twenty years served as an itinerant. 
In 1854 he took editorial charge of the 44 Church 
Advocate," the official paper of his church, and 
removed to Lancaster, Pa., where he resided until 
his death.— His son, Robert Harper, journal- 
ist, b. in Philadelphia, 28 Jan., 1834, received a 
good English education, served as aide with the 
rank of colonel on the staff of Gov. Andrew G. 
Curtin, and was commissioner of internal revenue 
from 1802 till 1860. In 1870 he purchased the 
"Valley Democrat," of Mechanicsburg, changing 
the name to the *• Independent Journal," and sub- 
sequently to the "Farmer's Friend and Grange 
Advocate." He was commissioner from Pennsyl- 
vania to the World's industrial and cotton centen- 
nial exhibition at New Orleans in 1884-'5, and also 
to the American exposition at London in 1887. 



THOMAS, Elteha Smith, P. E. Bishop, b. in 
Wickham, Mass., 2 March, 1884. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1858, and at Berkeley divinity- 
school, Middletown, Conn., in 1861, was ordered 
deacon in June, 1861, and priest soon afterward. 
He was at once put in charge of St. Paul's church, 
New Haven, where he remained three vears. In 
1804 he was elected rector of Seabury ftall, Fari- 
bault, Minn., and professor of Old and New Tes- 
tament exegesis there. On the resignation and 
removal of Dr. James L. Breck, he succeeded him 
in the secretaryship of the Seabury mission. He 
spent the year 1869 abroad, studying the Se- 
mitic languages and attending lectures on New 
Testament exegesis. On his return he was elected 
rector of St. Mark's church, Minneapolis, Minn., 
where he remained five years. On 1 July, 1876, hr. 
became rector of St. Paul's church, St. Paul, Minn. 
He was deputy from the diocese to three succes- 
sive general conventions, and also a member, and 
for several years president, of the diocesan stand- 
ing committee, trustee of the Bishop Seabury 
mission, and of St Mary's Hall and the Breck 
mission and farm. He was instrumental in found- 
ing two missions in connection with his own parish, 
and built mission churches at Warsaw and Morris- 
town. He was consecrated assistant bishop of 
Kansas, in St. Paul's church, St. Paul, Minn., 4 
May, 1887, and received the degree of D. D. from 
Yale the same year. 

THOMAS, Francis, governor of Maryland, b. 
in Frederick county, Md., 8 Feb., 1799; d. near 
Frankville. Md., 22 Jan., 1876. He was graduated 
at St. John's college, Annapolis, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1820, and began practice in 
Frankville. He was a member of the state house 
of representatives in 1822. 1827, and 1829, being 
speaker the last year, was elected to five consecu- 
tive congresses, serving from 5 Dec., 1831, till 3 
March, 1841, was president of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal company in 1839- 40, and governor 
of Maryland in 184l-'4. During his canvass for 
the governorship he fought a duel with William 
Price. He was a member of the State constitutional 
convention in 1850. and was instrumental in hav- 
ing a measure adopted that weakened the power of 
the slave-holding counties. He was again in con- 
gress from 1801 till 1809. During the civil war 
Mr. Thomas supported the Union cause, raised a 
volunteer brigade of 3,000 men, but he refused a 
command. He was a delegate to the Loyalist con- 
vention of 1866, and subsequently opposed Presi- 
dent Johnson. He was appointed collector of in- 
ternal revenue for the Cumberland district, and 
served from April, 1870, till he was appointed min- 
ister to Peru, 25 March, 1872. He held this post 
till 9 July, 1875. and afterward retired to his farm 
near Frankland, where he was killed by a locomo- 
tive while walking on the rail road- track. 

THOMAS, Gabriel, author, lived in the 17th 
century. He was a member of the Society of 
Friends, and resided in Pennsylvania and western 
New Jersey from 1682 till 1097. He wrote 44 An 
Historical and Geographical Account of the Prov- 
ince and County of Pennsylvania and of West New 
Jersey" (London, 1698). A lithographed fac-simile 
of the book was printed privately by James Austin 
Brady (New York, 1848). 

THOMAS, Sir George, bart., royal governor of 
Pennsylvania, b. in England about 1705; d. in 
London, England, 11 Jan., 1775. He was a wealthy 
planter of Antigua and a member of the council 
of that island, and in 1737 was appointed governor 
of Pennsylvania. He was detained in England in 
defending the proprietary rights against the claims 



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that were raised by Lord Baltimore to the juris- 
diction over the lower counties of the province, 
and did not assume the governorship till 1738. 
The territorial dispute with Maryland was pro- 
visionally arranged by each governor's assuming 
jurisdiction over the people from his own province 
who were settled in the debatable district until the 
boundary-line should be drawn. At first he was 
unpopular in consequence of his arbitrary admin- 
istration, especially when he attempted to use his 
authority to organize the militia at the beginning 
of the Spanish war, although the legislature had 
refused to vote supplies for the purpose. He 
roused the intense opposition of the Quakers by 
refusing to sign bills, but afterward he adopted a 
conciliatory policy, and in the end became very 
popular, and his resignation of the office in 174? was 
received with general regret From 1752 till 1766 
he was captain-general and governor-in-chief of 
the Leeward and Caribbee islands. He was cre- 
ated a baronet 6 Sept., 1766. 

THOMAS, George Henry, soldier, b. in South- 
ampton county, Va., 31 July* 1816; d. in San Fran- 
cisco, CaL. 28 March, 1870. He was descended, 
on his father's side, from Welsh ancestry, and, on 
his mother's, from a French Huguenot family. 
Not much is known of his youth. He was early 
distinguished for the thoroughness with which 
he mastered everything he undertook. His home 
life was pleasant and genial, and he was carefully 
educated in the best schools and academies of the 
region. At the age of nineteen he began the study 
of law, but the next year he received an appoint- 
ment as cadet at the U. S. military academy. At 
the academy he rose steadily in rank, from 26th 
at the end of the first year to 12th at graduation. 
He was nicknamed, after the fashion of the place, 
** George Washington," from a fancied resemblance 
in appearance and character to the great patriot. 
He was graduated and commissioned 2a lieu- 
tenant in the 3d artillery, 1 July, 1840, and en- 
tered upon duty at New York, but was soon sent 
to Flonda to take part in the Indian war, where, 
in 1841, he gained a brevet for gallantry. After a 
short stay at various posts on the south Atlantic 
coast, he was, in the autumn of 1845, sent to 
Texas. When the Mexican war began, he accom- 
panied the column under Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
distinguishing himself at Monterey, where he was 
brevetted captain, and at Buena V ista, 22 and 28 
Feb.. 1847. bore a more decisive part The success 
of that battle was largely due to the artillery. 
•* Without it'* says Gen. John E. Wool in his re- 
port, ** we would not have maintained our position 
a single hour." Capt. Thomas W. Sherman said : 
" Lieut Thomas more than sustained the reputation 
he has long enjoyed as an accurate and scientific 
artillerist." He was again brevetted for gallantry, 
thus earning three brevets in a little more than six 
years after entering the service. The citizens of 
his native county in the following July presented 
him with a superb sword. He remained on duty in 
Mexico and Texas till 1849, and was again sent to 
Florida. In 1851 he was detailed as instructor of 
artillery and cavalry at the military academy, where 
he remained until 1 May, 1854. Soon afterward 
two cavalry regiments were added to the army, 
and of one of them, the 2d, brevet Maj. Thomas 
was, on 12 May, 1855, appointed junior major. In 
the composition of this new regiment unusual 
care was taken in the selection of officers. Jeffer- 
son Davis was secretary of war, and the choice was 
dictated not merely by ability but also by locality. 
Of the fifty-one officers that served in it prior to 
the beginning of the civil war, thirty-one were 



from the south, and of these twenty-four entered 
the Confederate service, twelve of whom became 
general officers. Among these were Albert Sid- 
ney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, William J. Hardee, 
Earl Van Dorn, E. Kirby Smith, John B. Hood, 
and Fitzhugh Lee. 

In the seclusion of garrison life in Texas during 
the exciting period from 1855 to 1861, Major 
Thomas watched with increasing apprehension the 
gradual approach of the inevitable conflict In 
affection for and pride in his native state he was a 
Virginian of the Virginians ; but he never for a 
moment doubted where his duty lay. Early in 
November, 1860, he left Texas on a long leave of ab- 
sence. Before its expiration he was ordered, 11 
April, 1861, to take charge of his regiment, whieh 
had been treacherously surrendered in Texas, and 
was now arriving in New York. He obeyed the or- 
der with alacrity and conducted the regiment to 
Carlisle, Pa., barracks. On his way there, he heard 
of the assault on Fort Sumter, ana on reaching the 
place he renewed his oath of allegiance to the 
United Slates. On the 17th the Virginia conven- 
tion adopted the ordinance of secession, and Robert 
E. Lee, colonel of his regiment, tendered his resig- 
nation on the 20th. Hardee, Van Dorn, Kirby 
Smith, and Hood had already resigned. Thomas, 
unmoved, continued with ardor the preparations 
necessary to sustain the cause of his country. At 
the head of a brigade he soon crossed the Potomac 
into Virginia, where, on 2 July, he met and put to 
flight an insurgent militia force of his own state, 
under command of Col. Thomas J. Jackson, drawn 
up to resist his movements. From that day till 
the end of the war he did not have or seek a single 
hour's respite from exacting labors in the field. 
He led the advance of Patterson's column to- 
ward Winchester prior to the battle of Bull Run, 
and at the close of that campaign he was appointed, 
17 Aug., 1861, brigadier-general of volunteers, and 
assigned to duty in the Department of the Cum- 
berland, which included Kentucky and Tennessee. 
He found the whole of Kentucky in a turmoil, 
when, on 10 Sept, he entered upon his work at 
Camp Dick Robinson, 100 miles south of Cincin- 
nati. The Confederate army had occupied Colum- 
bus in spite of the formal protest of legislature 
and governor, and Thomas was menaced with per- 
sonal violence. The camp was swarming with un- 
organized Kentucky regiments and crowds of 
refugees from east Tennessee, eager to be armed 
and led back to drive the enemy from their homes. 
For the first few months Gen. Thomas was fully 
occupied in instructing the raw recruits. It re- 
quired infinite patience to work over these inde- 
pendent backwoodsmen into any semblance to 
soldiers. Little by little the task was accomplished, 
and the troop so organized became the first bri- 
gade of the Army of the Cumberland. 

Gen. Robert Anderson was soon relieved from 
duty on account of failing health, and. after a 
short interregnum, Gen. Don Carlos Buell was 
placed in command of the department Under 
his orders. Gen. Thomas continued his preparations 
for a movement in east Tennes>ee. Early in 
January, 1862. he placed the head of his column 
at Somerset fifty miles south of Camp Dick Rob- 
inson, and on the night of the 18th encamped at 
Logan's Cross-Roads, ten miles from the enemy's 
position, with seven regiment? of infantry, one 
squadron of cavalry, and two batteries. At early 
dawn the next morning he was attacked by a force 
consisting of nine regiments of infantry, two squad- 
rons and two companies of cavalry, and two bat- 
teries. After a stout resist ance Gen. Thomas suc- 



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oeeded in placing one of his regiments on the flank | 
of the enemy's line, when a charge was ordered, i 
and the whole Confederate force was driven in con- 
fusion from 
the field, with I 
the loss of its | 
leader. Gen. 
Felix K. Zol- 
licoffer. Pur- 
suit was con- 
tinued till 
dark, when 
the enemy's 
works were 
reached. Dur- 
ing the night 
that follow- 
ed, most of 
the Confed- 
erate army escaped across the river, leaving guns, 
small-arms, and other spoils. This contest, which 
is known as the battle of Mill Springs, was the first 
real victory for the National cause since the dis- 
aster at Bull Run. six months before. The loss 
was 89 killed and 207 wounded on the National 
side, against 125 Confederates killed and 809 
wounded. Immediately afterward the whole army 
entered upon the movements that culminated in 
the battle of Shiloh and the expulsion of the Con- 
federate armies from the entire region between the 
Cumberland mountains and the Mississippi. Qen. 
Thomas shared in all these operations. On 25 
April, 1862, he was made major-general, and was 
assigned to the command of Gen. Grant's army, the 
latter being made second in general command un- 
der Halleek, and thus virtually retired from active 
command for the time being. Soon after the oc- 
cupation of Corinth, Gen. Thomas returned to his 
old command, and with it went through the ex- 
hausting campaign by which, at the end of Sep- 
tember, Gen. Buell's whole army, save the isolated 
garrison at Nashville, was concentrated at Louis- 
ville, prepared to give battle to Gen. Bragg, who 
had audaciously leu his army from Chattanooga to 
the Ohio river. At Louisville, on 29 Sept.. the 
command of the National army was offered to Gen. 
Thomas, but he declined it. On 80 Oct Gen. 
Buell was superseded by Gen. William S. Rose- 
crans, and Gen. Thomas wa« placed in command 
of five divisions, forming the centre of the army. 
On 81 Dec, 1862, the contending forces, under 
Kosecrans and Bragg, met in bloody conflict on 
the banks of Stone river, near Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
By an impetuous and overwhelming charge of the 
enemy at dawn, the whole right wing of the Na- 
tional army was swept back three miles, and its 
▼err existence was imperilled. But the centre, 
under Thomas, firmly held its ground and repelled 
every assault till nightfall. The contest was re- 
newed on 2 Jan., 1808, when, by a bold and fiery 
attack of a part of Thomas's force on the enemy s 
right, the Confederate position was endangered, 
and Bragg, in the night of the 3d, retreated. The 
National irmy lay nearly motionless until June, 
when it entered on that series of brilliant flanking 
movements which, without any serious conflict, 
drove the enemy from Tennessee and compelled 
the abandonment of Chattanooga on 8 Sept, The 
terrible battle of Chickamauga followed, when, on 
19 and 20 SepL, the Confederate army, re-enforced 
by Longst reel's corps from Virginia and some 
troop* from Mississippi put forth almost super- 
human efforts to overwhelm the National forces in 
detail, and thus secure, once more, the prize of 
Chattanooga, the gateway to the heart of the Con- 



federacy. Again, as at Stone river, the right was 
swept away, carrying with it the commander of 
the army and two corps commanders. Gen. Thomas 
was thus left, with but little more than six out of 
thirteen divisions to maintain his ground against 
five corps flushed with seeming victory and eager 
with the hope of making him an easy prey. From 
noon till night the battle raged. Every assault of 
the enemy had been repelled, the National troops 
were full of confidence and ardor, and the final 
assault of the day was made by a National brigade 
following up with the bayonet a retreating Con- 
federate division. In the night, by orders of the 
army commander, Gen. Thomas fell back to Ross- 
ville, five miles, and there awaited all the next day 
the expected attack; but the enemy was in no 
condition to make it. For the only time in its his- 
tory, the Army of the Cumberland left the enemy 
to bury its dead. Gen. Daniel H. Hill, command- 
ing a Confederate corps in that battle, who had 
served in both eastern and western armies, said : 
44 It seems to me the Man of the southern soldier 
was never seen after Chickamauga. That barren 
victory sealed the fate of the southern Confederacy/' 

Following this great battle. Gen. Thomas on 19 
Oct was placed in command of the Army of the 
Cumberland. Its affairs were in a most critical con- 
dition. All communication with its base of supplies 
was cut off, an almost impassable river was in its 
rear, from the heishts of Lookout mountain and 
Mission ridge the enemy looked down on the be- 
leaguered force, slowly starving in its stronghold. 
Immediate measures were taken for its relief, and 
from every quarter troops were hurried toward 
Chattanooga, both to o|>en communications and to 
re-enforce the army for active operations. Two 
corps from the Potomac and two from Mississippi 
were speedily forwarded, and all were placed under 
command of Gen. Grant. To his almost despair- 
ing message to Gen. Thomas to hold the place, 
came the cheering reply, 44 We will hold the, town 
till we starve." Thomas had then in store six days* 
supplv for 50,000 men. Preparations were at last 
completed, and on 28 Nov. the forces from Missis- 
sippi, aided by a division from Thomas, attacked 
the northern end of Mission ridge, and gained 
some ground. On the 24th Lookout mountain was 
captured by the forces from the Potomac, strength- 
ened by two of Thomas's brigades. On the 25th, 
under Thomas's leadership, the Army of the Cum- 
berland, released from its long imprisonment, 
stormed and carried the three lines of rifle-pits 
at the base, midway, and on the summit of Mis- 
sion ridge, and drove the Confederate army, in 
utter rout, from the fortified position it had held 
so confidently for two months. As the jubilant 
National troops reached the summit of the ridge, 
the whistle of the first steamboat, loaded with sup- 
plies, told that the siege was indeed ended. 

In the spring of 1864 Gen. Thomas entered upon 
the Atlanta campaign, at the head of 05.000 veter- 
ans, being two thirds of the grand army com- 
manded by Gen. Sherman. He occupied the centre 
of the line. From Chattanooga to Atlanta it was 
an almost continuous battle of a hundred days. 
The relative amount of work done by each of the 
three armies is indicated by the losses. The Army 
of the Cumberland lost, in killed and wounded, 82 
per cent., the Army of the Tennessee 26 per cent,, 
the Army of the Ohio 10 per cent. On 1 Sept., at 
Jonesboro', the 14th army corps of Thomas's army 
made a successful assault, completely driving from 
the field the enemy's right, ana on the 2d the 20th 
corps, also of Thomas's command, entered Atlanta, 
and the campaign was ended. 



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81 



When Gen. Hood placed his whole force across 
the railroad north of Atlanta, and, turning his 
cavalry loose in Tennessee, threatened to cut off 
supplies from Sherman's anny, Gen. Thomas was 
sent to Nashville, while Gen. Sherman prepared 
for his march to the sea. At the end of October 
the 4th and 23d corps were sent to Tennessee, with 
instructions to Gen. Thomas to use them in guard- 
ing the line of the river during Shermans ab- 
sence. It was supposed that Hood would follow 
Sherman's army through Georgia, but it was soon 
found that the entire force that had confronted 
Sherman on his way to Atlanta was now threaten- 
ing Thomas. All the available troops were concen- 
trated, and Hood's advance was resisted to the ut- 
most. After a series of escapes from desperate 
hazards, a part of the two National corps under 
Gen. John M. Schofield, on the afternoon of 30 
Nov., 1864, at Franklin, Tcnn., signally defeated 
the repeated assaults of Hood's army, inflicting 
upon it irreparable losses, including six generals 
killed and a large number wounded. That night 
the National force retired to Nashville, where it 
was re-enforced by a corps from Missouri and a 
division from Chattanooga. Hood boldly advanced 
to the vicinity and fortified himself. Nearly all 
Thomas's mounted force had accompanied Sher- 
man, leaving all the remaining cavalry to be re- 
mounted. The troops from Missouri and Chatta- 
nooga were destitute of transportation. Thus in 
midwinter, at 200 miles from the main base of 
supplies, and in the presence of a bold and active 
enemy, be had thrust upon him a task that at any 
time was almost overwhelming. Some called him 
** slow," yet, within two weeks from the day when 
his unsupplied and dismounted army reached 
Nashville, it was ready to take the field. But 
Gen. Grant at City Point grew so impatient over 
what he considered needless delay, that he issued 
an order dismissing Gen. Thomas from command, 
and directing him to report to one of the corps 
commanders. After a fuller explanation of the 
causes of the delav, this unexampled order was sus- 
pended, but Gen. Grant himself set out for the scene 
of operations. A terrible storm of sleet and rain, 
freezing as it fell, came up on 9 Dec, rendering all 
movement impossible. On the 14th a thaw began. 
On the 15th and 16th, in exact accordance with 
the detailed order of battle, the confident troops 
of Gen. Thomas, who had never lost faith in their 
leader, by skilful and energetic movements, com- 
pletely overthrew the last organized Confederate 
army in the southwest. A feeble remnant, de- 
spoi led of guns and transportation, came together 
some weeks later at Tupelo, Miss., nearly 250 miles 
distant. As an army it never again took the field. 

What Gen. Thomas accomplished in this cam- 
paign, and with what means, cannot be better told 
than in the words of his despatch to Gen. Hal leek 
on 21 Dec. : " I fought the battles of the 15th and 
16th with the troops but partially equipped; and 
notwithstanding the inclemency 'of the weather 
and the partial equipment, have been enabled to 
drive the enemy beyond Duck river, crossing two 
streams with my troops without the aid of pon- 
toons, and with but little transportation to bring 
up supplies of provisions and ammunition. . . . 
Too much must not be expected of troops that 
have to be reorganized, especially when they have 
the task of destroying a force, in a winter cam- 
paign, which was enabled to make an obstinate 
resistance to twice its numbers in spring.and sum- 
mer." Following this great victory came the opera- 
tions of the cavalry as organized by Gen. Thomas 
in Alabama and Georgia, resulting in the taking of 

TOL. VI.— 6 



Selma and the capture of Jefferson Davis. But 
the battle of Nashville was substantially the end 
of the rebellion in that quarter. For it he received 
the appointment of maior - general in the U. S. 
army, accompanied by the assurance of the secre- 
tary" of war that " no commander has more justly 
earned promotion by devoted, disinterested, and 
valuable services to his country." He also received 
the thanks of congress and of the legislature of 
Tennessee, together with a gold medal presented 
to him by the latter body on the first anniversary 
of the battle. 

With the close of the war, Gen. Thomas bent all 
his energies to the restoration of peace and order 
throughout his command. In May. 1869, he was 
placed in command of the military division of the 
Pacific, and held it until his death. Though he 
had seen more continuous, varied, and active ser- 
vice than anv officer of his age and rank in the 
army, Gen. Thomas was emphatically a lover of 
peace. His whole nature and disposition were 
orderly, gentle, and kindly. He abhorred war, not 
merely because of its cruelty, but also because of 
the turmoil and disorder it occasioned. Though a 
lover of home life, he never was allowed to remain 
long in one place, the average length of time that 
he was stationed at any one post being less than 
five months. He enjoyed the calm and peaceful 
life of nature, 
loving treesand 
flowers and the 
open air. His 
range of read- 
ing was not 
very wide, but 
he was well ac- 
quainted with 
natural science, 
was a good ge- 
ologist, expert 
in woodcraft, 
and well versed 
in botany. The 
museums of the 
Smithsonian in- 
stitution con- 
tain rare and 

curious specimens contributed by him. In his own 
profession he was thoroughly trained in all depart- 
ments, so that, when he was placed in command of 
a corps, he had had personal experience of every 
arm of the service. When the war ended he was 
the only general officer of high rank and distinc- 
tion (except Sheridan and Hancock) who had 
served uninterruptedly in the army. He had care- 
fully studied military and international law, and 
especially the constitution of the United States, 
and was a thorough believer in the ideas on which 
the government was based. No man was ever 
more scrupulous to subordinate the military to the 
civil power. The general of the army, bis class- 
mate and life-long friend, in announcing his death, 
said : " The very impersonation of honesty, integ- 
rity, and honor, he will stand to posterity as the 
beau-ideal of the soldier and gentleman. Though 
he leaves no child to bear his name, the old Army 
of the Cumberland, numbered by tens of thousands, 
called him father, and will weep* for him in tears of 
manly grief." He was buried with all the honors 
of his rank at Troy, N. Y., on 8 April, 1870. A 
fine equestrian statue, in bronze, by J. Q. A. Ward, 
erected by the soldiers of his old army, perpetuates 
his appearance and features in the capital of the 
country. (See illustration.) His biography has been 
written by Thomas B. Van Home (New York, 1882). 




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82 



THOMAS 



THOMAS 



See also John W. De Peyster's u Sketch of G. H. 
Thomas** (1870) and James A. Garfield's 44 Oration 
before the Society of the Army of the Cumber- 
land," 25 Nov., 1870 (Cincinnati, 1871). 

THOMAS, Henry Uoddard, soldier, b. in Port- 
land, Me., 5 April, 1887. He was graduated at 
Amherst in 1858, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar. He enlisted as a private in the 5th Maine 
volunteers in April. 1861, and was captain in that 
regiment from June till August, when he was given 
that rank in the 11th regular infantry. He was 
present at the first battle of Bull Run and the ac- 
tion at Snicker's Gap, Va., was appointed colonel 
of the 2d U. S. colored regiment in February, 1868, 
and engaged in the actions of Bristol Station, Rap- 
pahannock Station, and Mine Run, Va. He then 
organized the 19th V. S. colored regiment, and be- 
came its colonel in December, 1863. In February, 
1864, he was in command at Camp Birney, Ma., 
and he led a brigade in the 9th corps. Army of the 
Potomac, from May, 1864, till November, being 
engaged at the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl- 
vania, Petersburg, and Hatcher's Run. He was 
made brigadier-general of volunteers, 30 Nov., 
1864, transferred to the Army of the James, led a 
brigade and division in the 25th corps of that 
army, and temporarily commanded the corps. 
During the war ne received the brevets of major, 
12 May, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services 
in the battle of Spottsylvania: lieutenant-colonel, 
30 July, 1864, for services at Petersburg; and colo- 
nel, brigadier-general, and major-general of vol- 
unteers. 13 March, 1865, for services during the 
war. He was honorably mustered out of the vol- 
unteer service in 1866, but remained in the Unit- 
ed States army, and is now paymaster, with the 
rank of major. Gen. Thomas was the first regu- 
lar officer to accept a colonelcy of colored troops. 
—His brother. William Wldrery, diplomatist, b. 
in Portland, Me,, 26 Aug.. 1839, was graduated at 
Bow do in in 1860. He studied law, was admitted 
to the bar, appointed in 1862 U. S. vice-consul at 
Galatx, Moldavia, and the same year l\ S. consul 
at Gothenburg, Sweden, where he remained in 
charge till I860. He was one of the board of com- 
missioners for the settlement of the public lands of 
Maine in 1869, and in 1870, as commissioner of 
emigration for Maine, went to Sweden to recruit a 
colony. Or his return he founded New Sweden in 
the forests of northern Maine, which is now one 
of the most flourishing agricultural settlements of 
New England. He was a member of the house of 
representatives of the Maine legislature in 1873-'5. 
and its «|**ker in lH74-'5. became a member of 
the state senate in 1879, and was U. S. minister to 
Sweden and Norway in lHH3-'5. On the occasion 
of his presentation he addressed the king in a 
sj>eech in the Swedish language. He ha* publi>hed 
"The I>ast Athenian," translated from the Swedish 
of Victor Rydliorg (Philadelphia, 1869), and has 
now almost completed "Sweden and the Swedes." 
which is to be i>sued simultaneously in New York 
and Stockholm, Sweden. 

THOMAS, Isaac, scout, b. in Virginia about 
1735; d. in Sevicrville. Tcnn.. in 1*19. He early 
engaged in trading with the Indians, and altout 
17.m located among the Cherokees. in the vicinity 
of Fort Loudon. He was a man of imineiw 
strength and courage, and these qualities secured 
him great res|»ect among the Indians. It is related 
that he once interfered in a feud between two 
Cherokee braves who had drawn their tomahawks 
to hew each other in niece*. He wrenched the 
weapons from their hands, when both set upon him 
at once, and he cooled their heated valor by lifting 



one after the other into the air and tossing them 
into Tellico river. One of these braves subse- 
quently saved his life at the Fort Loudon massa- 
cre, of which it is said that he and two others 
were the sole survivors. When peace returned he 
again settled among the Cherokees, having his 
home at their capital, Echota, where, in a log- 
cabin, he kept the traders usual stock of powder 
and lead, {runs, traps, and other articles of value 
to the Indians. He was in high favor with Nancy 
Ward, the Cherokee prophetess, who was very 
friendly to the white settlers. She informed him 
early in 1776 of the hostile designs of the Indians, 
and'on the 30th of May said to him : " Send mv 
white brothers word to be ready, for the bolt will 
fall very soon, and at midnight." He sent off at 
once a trusty messenger to John Sevier and James 
Robertson at Watauga, but remained behind till 
the actual outbreak of hostilities. At midnight 
on 7 July, 1776, Naricy Ward came again to his 
cabin to urge his immediate departure for the set- 
tlements. At the imminent risk of his life he made 
the journey, and a few days later was with the lit- 
tle garrison of forty that repelled the attack of 
Oconostota on the fort at Watauga. It is ques- 
tionable if Sevier could have resisted the overpow- 
ering force that was brought against him if he 
had not received timely warning through Isaac 
Thomas. Soon afterward he piloted the expedi- 
tion that laid waste the Indian country, and sub- 
sequently, for twenty years, he acted as guide to 
Gen. Sevier in nearly all of his many campaigns 
against the Creeks and Cherokees. Soon after the 
Revolution he relinquished trade with the Indians, 
and settled upon an extensive farm in Sevier coun- 
ty. He called the settlement which grew up about 
his station Sevierville, in honor of his general, and 
the place is now one of the most beautiful locali- 
ties in the state of Tennessee. 

THOMAS, Isaiah, printer, b. in Boston. Mass., 
19 Jan.. 1749 ; d. in Worcester, Mass., 4 April, 1831. 
At the age of six years he was apprenticed to Zach- 
ariah Fowles, a ballad-printer, and was employed 
setting type. Af- 
ter eleven years' 
apprenticeship he 
t ravel led from the 
West Indies to 
Nova Scotia, and, 
returning to Bos- 
ton, entered in 

[ 1770 into part- 
nership with his 

( former master in 

J the publication of 

1 the ** Massaehu- 

1 setts Spy." In 
three months this 

i relationship was 
dissolved, and he 
continued the pa- 
per alone, choos- 
ing for his motto 
"Open to all par- ' 
ties but influ- 
enced by none." As he was a Whig, the policy of 
the pa|>er gradually changed, and it became the 
organ of that party, publishing manv spirited at- 
tacks on the British government, tn 1771 Gov. 

\ Thomas Hutchinson ordered the attorney-general 
to prosecute Thomas; but the grand jury failed to 
find cause, f<>r indictment. As the Tories became 
more incensed against the independence of the 
"Spy." a few days before the battle of Lexington, 

, in which he participated, he packed his press and 




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THOMAS 



types and took them by night to Worcester. His 
otner property was destroyed. On 18 April he en- 
gaged with Paul Revere and his associates in giv- 
ing information of the march of the British, and he 
afterward resumed the publication of the 44 Spy " in 
Worcester, where it is still (1888) published. In the 
year 1776-7 it was issued in Boston. Mr. Thomas 
was connected with the paper until 1801. In 1786 
he procured from Europe the first font of music- 
type that was brought to this country, and he was 
the first printer here to use such type. He was en- 
gaged at Walpole, N. H., in book-publishing and 
printing the 44 Farmer's Museum, and in 1788 
opened a book-store in Boston under the firm-name 
of Thomas and Andrews, also establishing branches 
of his publishing business in several parts of the 
United States. The 44 Massachusetts Magazine" 
was published by the firm in eight volumes, from 
1780 till 1796. He printed at Worcester a folio 
edition of the Bible (1791), Watts's 44 Psalms and 
Hymns," and most of the Bibles and school-books 
that were used in this country at that date. In 1812 
he founded the Antiquarian society of Worcester, 
of which he was president and a liberal patron. He 
gave from his important collection nearly 8,000 vol- 
umes to its library, besides tracts, and one of the 
most valuable files of newspapers in the country, 
and he presented land and a hall, with a provision 
equal to $24,000 for its maintenance. The library 
now contains about 90,000 volumes, including the 
Mather collection. William Lincoln, in his "His- 
tory of Worcester " (1887), says of him : 44 His repu- 
tation in future time will rest, as a patriot, on the 
manly independence which eave — through the in- 
itiatory stage and progress of the Revolution—the 
strong influence of the press he directed toward the 
cause of freedom, when royal flattery would have 
seduced and the power of government subdued its 
action." Thomas also published the 44 New Eng- 
land Almanac," which had something of the flavor 
of Benjamin Franklin's 44 Poor Richard." It ap- 
peared in 1775, and was continued under several 
titles until 1817. Alleghany college, Pa., gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1818. He was the author of 
a valuable 44 History of Printing " (2 vols., Worces- 
ter, Mass.). See a memoir of him by his grandson, 
Benjamin F. Thomas (Boston, 1874). — His nephew, 
Ebeneier Smith, journalist, b. in Lancaster, Mass., 
in June, 1780; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in August, 
1844, learned printing with his uncle in Worcester, 
and in 1795 established himself as a bookseller in 
Charleston, S. C, where, from 1810 till 1816, he 
edited the 44 City Qazette," He removed to Balti- 
more in 1816, served in the Maryland legislature in 
1818-'19, and went in 1829 to Cincinnati, where he 
edited the 14 Daily Advertiser " from that year till 
1835. and then the 44 Evening Post " till 1839. He 
was the author of 44 Reminiscences of the Last Sixty- 
five Years, commencing with the Battle of Lexing- 
ton, etc., and Sketches of his own Life and Times " 
(2 vols., Hartford, 1840), and 44 Reminiscences of 
South Carolina" (2 vols., 1840).— Isaiah's grandson, 
Benjamin Franklin, jurist, br in Boston, Mass., 
12 Feb., 1818 ; d. in Salem, Mass., 27 Sept., 1878, 
was graduated at Brown in 1830, studied law in 
Cambridge, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. 
He served in the legislature in 1842, and was pro- 
bate judge for Worcester county from 1844 till 
1848, m which year he was a presidential elector on 
the Whiff ticket He was a judge of the supreme 
court of Massachusetts from 1853 till 1869, when 
he resigned and resumed his practice. He was in 
congress from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1863, serv- 
ing on the judiciary committee and the special 
committee on the bankrupt law. In 1868 he 



THOMAS 83 

was nominated by the governor for chief justice 
of Massachusetts, but tne nomination was not 
confirmed by the council. He was president of 
the American antiquarian society, and received 
the degree of LL. D. from Brown in 1853 and 
from Harvard in 1854 Judge Thomas pub- 
lished a ''Digest of the Laws of Massachusetts 
in Relation to the Powers, Duties, and Liabilities 
of Towns and of Town Officers" (Worcester, 
1845), and several pamphlets, including* besides 
the memoir of his grandfather mentioned above, 
44 A Few Suggestions upon the Personal Liberty 
Law and 4 Secession,* in a Letter to a Friend" 
(1861).— Ebenezer Smith's son, Frederick Will- 
iam, journalist, b. in Charlestons. C, in 1811; 
d. in Washington, D. C, 30 Sept, 1866, became a 
cripple at the age of four years. He was educated 
in Baltimore, Md., where he studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1828. In 1830 he removed 
to Cincinnati and assisted his father in editing the 
44 Advertiser," in which appeared his song, 44 'Tis 
said that absence conquers love." He became an 
associate editor of the 44 Democratic Intelligencer " 
in 1834, and of the 44 Evening Post " in 1835. From 
1841 till 1850 he was a clerk in the treasury de- 
partment in Washington, D. C, for which he se- 
lected a library. In 1850 he returned to Cincin- 
nati, entered the ministry of the Methodist Episco- 
pal church and preached in that city. Subsequently 
he was professor of rhetoric and English literature 
in the University of Alabama, and in 1858 re- 
sumed the practice of law in Cambridge, Md. In 
1860 he took charge of the literary department of 
the Richmond 44 Enquirer," and afterward became 
editorially connected with the 44 South Carolinian M 
of Columbia. He travelled extensively through 
the southern states, was a successful lecturer, and 
occasionally took part in politics. In addition to 
contributions to magazines, in prose and verse, he 
was the author of 44 The Emigrant, or Reflections 
when descending the Ohio, a Poem " (Cincinnati, 
1833); 44 Clinton Bradshaw, a Tale" (Philadelphia, 
1835) ; 44 East and West, a Novel " (1836) ; 44 Howard 
Pinckney, a Novel " (1840) ; 44 The Beechen Tree, a 
Tale told in Rhyme, and other Poems " (New York, 
1844) ; 44 Sketches of Character, and Tales founded 
on Fact " (Louisville, 1849) ; and 44 John Randolph 
of Roanoke, and other Sketches of Character, m- 
cluding William Wirt ; together with Tales of Real 
Life" (Philadelphia, 1853).— Another son of Ebe- 
nezer Smith, Lewis Foulke, poet, b..in Baltimore 
county, Md., in 1815; d. in Washington, D. C, 26 
May, 1868, assisted his brother in conducting the 
44 Commercial Advertiser," and the 44 Evening Post," 
in Cincinnati, and, after the latter was discontinued 
in 1838, studied law. He then edited the 44 Daily 
Herald " in Louisville, Ky., removed in 1841 to St. 
Louis, Mo., and subsequently to Washington, D. C,, 
where he practised law until his death. He was 
the author of 44 Inda, and other Poems," the first 
book of poetry that was published west of the Mis- 
sissippi (St Louis, 1842) and two tragedies— 44 Os- 
ceola, ' which was successfully Derformed in Cin- 
cinnati, St Louis, and New Orleans (1838), and 
"Cortez, the Conqueror" (Washington, 1857). — 
Ebenezer Smith's daughter, Martha McCannon, 
author, b. in Baltimore, Md., 15 Nov., 1823, is the 
author of 44 Life's Lesson " (New York, 1846), and 
44 Capt Phil, a Story of the Civil War" (1882).— 
Another daughter, Mary yon Erden, author, b. 
in Charleston, S. C, 8 Dec., 1825, has been a com- 
puter in the office of the U. S. coast and geodetic 
survey in Washington, D. C, since 1854. She is 
the author of a novel entitled 14 Winning the Bat- 
tle " (Philadelphia, 1882). 



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84 THOMAS 

THOMAS, James, governor of Maryland, b. in 
St. Mary's county, Md., 11 March, 1785; d. there, 
25 Dec., 1845. His father, William, served as a 
private in the ** Maryland line," and was ior many 
years president of the state senate. The son was 
educated at Charlotte Hall academy, and was 
graduated at the Philadelphia medical college in 
1807. In April, 1812, he was commissioned major 
of the 4th volunteer cavalry, and he afterward 
became major-general of Maryland militia. Sub- 
sequently he served in the state senate, and in 
1883-'6 was governor of Maryland. 

THOMAS, Jane, heroine, b. in Chester county, 
Pa., in the 18th century. She was the wife of 
John Thomas, colonel of the Spartan regiment of 
South Carolina. On hearing that a lar$e party 
was approaching to seize the ammunition that 
Gov. Jonn Rutledge had intrusted to his keeping, 
Col. Thomas fled with his band of twenty-five men, 
taking with him a part of the powder. Two men 
and two women were left in charge of the house, 
which was attacked by the Tories. Mrs. Thomas 
and her companion loaded the guns for the men, 
and a continual firing was kept up until the assail- 
ants withdrew. It is said that the ammunition 
that she saved through her courage was the main 
supply for Sumter's command in the skirmishes at 
Rockv Mount and Hanging Rock. 

THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, senator, b. in Hagers- 
town, Md., in 1777; d. in Mount Vernon, Ohio, 4 
May, 1853. He was a descendant of Lord Balti- 
more. He removed to the west in 1779, studied 
law with his brother, Richard Symmes Thomas, 
in Bracken county, Ky., went to Lawrenceburg, Ind., 
in March, 1808, and practised his profession. In 
January, 1805, he was elected delegate to the legis- 
lature of Indiana territory at Vincennes, and he 
was speaker of the house in 1805-'8. He was ter- 
ritorial delegate to congress in 1808-'9, then moved 
to Kaskaskia, and, upon the organization of the 
territory of Illinois, 7 March, 1809, was appointed 
bv President Madison one of the judges of the 
U. S. court. In July, 1818, he was a delegate from 
St. Clair county to the convention that framed 
the state constitution, and was its president. At 
the first session of the legislature he was elected 
U. S. senator, and held that post from 4 Dec., 
1818, till 3 March, 1829. In 1820 he introduced 
the " Missouri Compromise " and secured its adop- 
tion. In 1824 he strongly advocated the nomina- 
tion of William H. Crawford for president, and 
was delegate to the convention at Columbus in 
1840 that nominated his friend, William Henry 
Harrison. He afterward removed to Mount Ver- 
non. Ohio, where he committed suicide. — His great- 
nephew, Jesse Burgess, clergyman, b. in Edwards- 
ville, 111., 29 July, 1832, is the son of Jesse Burgess 
Thomas (1806-1850), who was for many years a 
judge of the circuit and supreme courts of Illinois. 
After graduation at Kenyon college, Qambier, 
Ohio, in 1850, the son studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar of Illinois in 1852. In 1853-'4 he studied 
in Rochester theological seminarv, but was forced 
to leave, owing to impaired health, and engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Chicago. He entered the 
Baptist ministry in 1862, and was pastor of a church 
in Waukegan, 111., in 1802-'4, of the Pierrepont 
street church in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1864-'8, of the 
1st church in San Francisco, Cal., in 1868-'9, and 
of the Michigan avenue church in Chicago from 
1869 till 1874, when he became pastor of the 1st 
Baptist church in Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1887 he ac- 
cepted a professorship in the theological seminary 
at Newton Centre, Mass. The University of Chi- 
cago gave him the degree of D. D. in 1866. He is 



THOMAS 



the author of " The Old Bible and the New Sci- 
ence" (New York, 1877), and "The Mould of Doc- 
trine" (Philadelphia, 1888). 

THOMAS, John, soldier, b. in Marshfield, Mass., 
in 1725; d. in Chambly, near Montreal, Canada, 2 
June, 1776. He was educated in his native town, 
studied medicine under Dr. Cotton Tufts, of Med- 
ford, and practised in his native town and after- 
ward at Kingston, Mass., where he attained note- 
in his profession. In 1746 he was appointed surgeon 
to a regiment that was sent to Annapolis Royal, 
Nova Scotia, and in 1747 he served on the medical 
staff of Gen. William Shirley's regiment, but 
changed this post for that of lieutenant In 1759 
he became a colonel of provincials, and was em- 
ployed with his corps in Nova Scotia. In 1760 he 
commanded a regiment under Gen. Jeff rev Amherst 
at Crown Point, headed the left wing of the detach- 
ment that Amherst sent under Col. William Havi- 
land from Lake Charoplain in August, 1760, to co- 
operate with the other division of the army moving 
against Montreal, and was present at the capture 
of that city. He then returned to his practice in 
Kingston, where he remained until the beginning 
of the Revolution. He joined the Sons of liberty, 
raised a regiment of volunteers, and on 9 Feb., 
1775, was appointed a brigadier-general by the 
Provincial congress. Being overlooked in promo- 
tion, he withdrew, but, on the receipt of letters 
from Gen. Charles Lee and Gen. Washington and 
a resolution from congress that he should have 
precedence of all brigadiers in the armv, Gen. 
Thomas returned to his command. Gen. Washing- 
ton in his letter to congress, under date of 10 July, 

1775, said : " Gen. Thomas is much esteemed, and 
most earnestly desired to continue in the service ; 
and, as far as my opportunities have enabled roe to 
judge, I must join in the general opinion that he 
is an able, good officer, and his resignation would 
be a public loss." During the siege of Boston he 
commanded a brigade on the Roxbury side, nearest 
the British lines. On the evening of 4 March, 

1776, with 8.000 men and a supply of intrenching 
tools, he took possession of Dorchester heights, 
and before dawn formidable works had been thrown 
up, which movement caused the British to evacuate 
the town on 17 March, 1776. On 6 March, 1776, he 
was appointed major-general. After the death of 
Gen. James Montgomery he was intrusted with 
the command in Canada, and joined the army be- 
fore Quebec on 1 May ; but as he found the force 
less than 1,000 men, 300 of whom, being entitled 
to discharge, refused to serve, and as the small-pox 
was raging among the troops, and the enemy had 
been re-enforced, ne determined that they were not 
in a condition to risk an assault The disabled 
soldiers were removed to Three Rivers, and the 
American troops retreated from one post to another 
until by 18 June they had e vacua tea Canada. Be- 
fore reaching Chambly, on the river Sorel, Gen. 
Thomas was fatally attacked by small-pox. 

THOMAS, John, founder of a sect, b. in Lon- 
don, England, 12 April, 1805; d. in Jersey City, 
N. J., 5 March, 1871. He was educated in Lon- 
don, and became demonstrator of anatomy at St. 
Thomas's hospital in that city. In 1850 he came 
to this country and joined the Campbellite Bap- 
tists, but left this sect to found another, whose 
members he called Christadelphians. In 1860 he 
returned to England, where he delivered lectures, 
gaining many converts to his theories there as 
well as in this country. He edited the " Apostolic 
Advocate" from 1832 till 1837, in 1845-7 the 

Herald of the Future Age," and from 1851 till 
1861 the '» Herald of the Kingdom." In addition 



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to numerous pamphlets, he published "El pis 
Israel " (London, 1848), and " Eureka," an exposi- 
tion of the Apocalypse (3 vols., 1860). Robert 
Roberts, of Birmingham, England, whom he ap- 
pointed to be his successor, visited this country in 
1888, and delivered lectures in various towns. 

THOMAS, John Addison, soldier, b. in Ten- 
nessee in 1811 ; d. in Paris, France, 20 March, 1858. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1833, assigned to the 3d artillery, served in 
garrison and as' assistant instructor of infantry 
tactics, and became 2d lieutenant on 1 Dec., 1835, 
and 1st lieutenant, 30 June, 1837. In 1840-1 he 
was assistant professor of fjeographv, history, and 
«thics at West Point, and in 1842- 5 he was com- 
mandant of cadets and instructor of infantry 
tactics. He was made captain on 19 ,Nov., 1843, 
and resigned on 28 May, 1846, to practise law in 
New York city. On 23 July, 1846, he became 
colonel of the 4th New York regiment, which had 
been raised for the war with Mexico, but was not 
mustered into service. He was chief engineer of 
New York state in 1853-'4, and from 19 April, 
1853, to 15 Jan., 1854, was advocate of the United 
States in London, England, under the convention 
of 8 Feb.. 1853, with Great Britain for the adjust- 
ment of American claims. From 1 Nov., 1855, till 
4 April, 1857, he was assistant U. S. secretary of 
state in Washington, D. C. He gained reputation 
by his report of the convention with Great Britain, 
and by other state papers. 

THOMAS, John R., song-writer, b. in Newport, 
Wales, in 1830. He came to this country at an 
early age, and for several years taught music in 
Brooklyn and New York city and frequently sang 
in oratorios. About 1852 he appeared with the 
Seguin opera company, and afterward he joined a 
troupe of negro minstrels. He has composed many 
songs that have become popular, including "The 
Cottage by the Sea," "Happy be thy Dreams," 
44 Some One to Love," "Tis but a Little Faded 
Flower," "Mother Kissed me in my Dreams," 
44 Beautiful Isle of the Sea," " Angel Voices," " Land 
of Dreams," "Flag of the Free," "The Mother's 
Prayer," "The Voice of Effle Moore," "Eileen 
Alanna," "Seek, and Ye shall Find," " No Crown 
without the Cross." 

THOMAS, Lorenzo, soldier, b. in New Castle, 
Del., 26 Oct., 1804; d. in Washington, D. C, 2 
March, 1875. His father, Evan, was of Welsh ex- 
traction, and served in the militia during the war of 
1812, and one of his 
uncles was a favor- 
ite officer of Gen. 
Washington. He 
was at first des- 
tined for mercan- 
tile pursuits, but 
received an ap- 
pointment to the 
U. S. military acad- 
emy, and was grad- 
uated there in 1823. 
He served in the 
4th infantry in 
Florida till 1831, 
and again in the 
Florida war of 
1836 -'7, and as 
chief of staff of the 
army in that state 
in 1889-'40, becom- 
ing captain, 23 Sept, 1886, and major on the staff 
and assistant adjutant-general. 7 July, 1838. He 
there did duty in the last-named office at Washing- 




ton till the Mexican war, in which he was chief of 
staff of Gen. William 0. Butler in 1846-'8, and of 
the Army of Mexico till June, 1848, and received 
the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at 
Monterey. He was then adjutant-general at army 
headquarters, Washington, till 1853, and chief of 
staff to Gen. Winfield Scott till 1861, when he was 
brevetted brigadier-general on 7 May, and made 
adiutant-general of the army on 3 Aug., with the 
full rank of brigadier-general. Here he served till 
1863, when he was intrusted for two years with 
the organization of colored troops in the southern 
states. When President Johnson removed Edwin 
M. Stanton from his post as secretary of war he 
appointed Gen. Thomas secretary ad interim, 21 
Feb., 1868, but, owing to Stanton's refusal to va- 
cate, Thomas did not enter on the office. He was 
brevetted major-general, United States army, on 
13 March, 1865, for services during the civil war, 
and on 22 Feb., 1869, he was retired. 

THOMAS, Philemon, soldier, b. in North 
Carolina in 1764; d. in Baton Rouge, La., 18 Nov., 
1847. He received a public - school education, 
served in the war of the Revolution, and removed 
to Kentucky, where he was sent to the legislature. 
Afterward he settled in Louisiana, and headed the 
insurrection in West Florida against the Spanish 
government in 1810-'ll. He was major-general of 
Louisiana militia in 1814— '15, and was afterward 
elected to congress, serving from 5 Dec., 1831, till 
3 March, 1835. 

THOMAS, Philip Evan, merchant, b. in 
Mount Radnor, Montgomery co., Md., 11 Nov., 
1776; d. in Yonkers, N. Y.. 1 Sept, 1861. His 
ancestor, Philip, came to this country from Wales 
in 1651, and was a member of the Society of 
Friends. The son settled in Baltimore, Md., and 
in 1800 established himself in the hardware busi- 
ness. He was president of the Mechanics' bank 
for many years, and president of the Maryland 
Bible society. He was a member of the Indian 
committee from the Baltimore yearly meeting of 
Quakers to the Indians at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 
1804, and through his efforts the intrigues of the 
Ogden land company with the chiefs to dispossess 
the remnant of the Six Nations of their reserva- 
tions in western New York were defeated, the chiefs 
were deposed, and a republican form of govern- 
ment was established. Mr. Thomas was an origi- 
nator of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, resigning 
his post as director of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
canal to rive his attention to this enterprise. He 
was the first president of the company, wnich office 
he resigned in 1836. 

THOMAS, Philip Francis, governor of Mary- 
land, b. in Easton. Talbot co.. Md., 12 Sept, 1810; 
d. in Baltimore, Md., 2 Oct.. 1890. He was a connec- 
tion of Sir Philip Francis, the supposed author of 
the 44 Junius Letters/' for whom he was named. 
After receiving his education at Dickinson college, 
Carlisle, Pa., he studied law, was admitted to the bar 
in 1831, and practised in his native town. He was 
a member of the State constitutional convention 
in 1836, and served in the legislature in 1838, and 
again in 1843-'5. Being elected to congress as a 
Democrat, he served from 2 Dec, 1839, till 3 March, 
1841, and declined a renomination to the 28th 
congress, and resumed the practice of law. He 
was governor of the state from 1848 till 1851. He 
was judge of the land-office of the eastern shore 
of Maryland, and in 1851 was made comptroller of 
the treasury, an office that was created by the con- 
stitution adopted in that year, but resigned in 1858 
and accepted the place of collector of the port of 
Baltimore. During the Mormon war he was of- 



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fered the governorship of the territory, which he 
declined, and he also declined the post of treasurer 
of the United States which was tendered him by 
President Buchanan. On 16 Feb., 1860. he was 
appointed commis- 
sioner of patents, 
and in December, 
1860, he succeeded 
Howell Cobb as 
secretary of the 
treasury in Bu- 
chanan^ cabinet, 
serving until 11 
Jan., 1861. He was 
elected a member 
of the house of 
delegates of Mary- 
land in 1866, and 
during the session 
was elected to the 
U. S. senate, but 
y _ was refused a seat 

" having given aid 
and comfort to the rebellion," but in 1874 he was 
chosen to the house of representatives as a Demo- 
crat, and served from 6 Dec., 1875. till 8 March, 1877. 
In 1878 he was again elected to the legislature, and 
after serving one term resumed the practice of his 
profession in Easton. 

THOMAS, Robert Ball/, editor, b. in West 
Boylston, Mass.. 24 April, 1*66; d. there, 19 May, 
1846. Annually he prepared for the press the 
** Farmer's Almanac * (Boston, 1793-1846), which 
was exceedingly popular and has been continued 
since his death, attaining a circulation of 225,000. 

THOMAS, Seth, manufacturer, b. in Plymouth 
Hollow (now Thomaston), Conn.. 1 Dec. 1816; d. 
in Thomaston, Conn., 28 April, 1888. His father, 
Seth (1786-1859), for whom Thomaston was named, 
was employed as a joiner in the clock-factory of 
Eli Terry (q. v.) in Plymouth, and afterward began 
the manufacture of metal-movement clocks. The 
son enlarged the factory at Thomaston and intro- 
duced his clocks into all parts of the world, includ- 
ing China and Japan, llis boast was that he had 
manufactured every kind of time-piece, from a 
delicate watch to a tower-clock. 

THOMAS. Stephen, soldier, b. in Bethel, Wind- 
sor co., Vt., 6 Dec. 1809. He received a common- 
school education, and was apprenticed to the trade 
of woollen manufacturing. He served in the legis- 
lature in 1838-'9. 1845-'6. and 1860-'l, was a dele- 
gate to the State constitutional conventions of 
1844 and 1851, state senator in 1848-*9, register of 
the probate court of Orange count v in 1842-'6,and 
judge of the same in ltM?-?. On 12 Nov., 1861, 
he was appointed colonel of volunteers, and en- 
listed a regiment of infantry and two batteries. 
He was mustered into the U. S. service on 21 Jan., 
1862, commanding the 8th Vermont regiment and 
was mustered out on 21 Jan., 1865. On 1 Feb., 
1865, he was appointed brigadier- general of volun- 
teers and served until 24 Aug.. 1865. In 1867-*8 
he was lieutenant-governor of Vermont, From 
1870 till 1877 he was U. S. pension-agent, and since 
then has engaged in farming in Vermont 

THOMAS, Theodore, musician, b. in Esens, 
Hanover, Germany. 11 Oct. 1885. He received 
his musical education principallv from his fa- 
ther, who was a violinist of ability, and at the 
age of six years he played the violin in public 
concert*. In 1845 he came to this country with 
his parents, and for two years played violin solos 



at concerts in New York city. Subsequently he 
joined the orchestra of an Italian opera company, 
and visited most of the large cities of the country. 
He then became first violin in the orchestra that 
accompanied Jenny Lind in 1850. Henrietta Son- 
tag in 1852. and GiuliettaGrisi and Giuseppi Mario 
in 1854, and finally became conductor of both Ger- 
man and Italian operas. Mr. Thomas also led the 
orchestras that accompanied La Grange, Piccolo- 
mini, and Thalberg through the country. Mean- 
while, in 1855. with himself as first violin, Joseph 
Mosenthal, second violin, George Matzka, viola, 
Carl Bergmann, violoncello, and William Mason as 
pianist, he began a series of chamber music soirees 
which were given at Dodworth's academy, and 
continued for several years. After 1861 ne de- 
voted himself to the organization of his own or- 
chestra, and began at Irving hall in 1864 a series 
of symphony concerts that came to be regarded as 
among the musical institutions of New York city, 
and were continued until 1878. In 1866 he began 
his summer - ni/Efht concerts in Terrace garden, 
which were continued at the Central park garden. 
In order to keep his orchestra together, he trav- 
elled with it during the winter season. At these 
concerts he introduced Wagner's music to the 
American people, and to him, more than to any one 
else in this country, is due the present appreciation 
of the modern school of German music. In 1872 
he was the leading spirit in founding the New York 
Wagner union, which was established for the pur- 
pose of aiding in the festival performance of the 
** Nibelungen King " at Baireutn in 1875, and he or- 
ganized the chorus society which gave the Wagner 
memorial concert after the death of the composer. 
Mr. Thomas accepted in 1878 the directorship of 
the newly established College of music in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, but he resigned that post in 1881. He 
joined the Philharmonic society in 1858, but in 
1858 resigned his membership. Soon after the 
death of Carl Bergmann in 1876 he was chosen con- 
ductor of the society, which office he has since 
held, except during his absence in Cincinnati. 
Under his leadership the Philharmonic has had an 
unbroken record 
of prosperity and 
has steadily pro- 
gressed in furnish- 
ing a higher class 
of music to its pa- 
trons. The Brook- 
lyn Philharmonic 
society has also 
been under his di- 
rection almost con- 
tinuously since 
1862. Mr. Thomas 
has conducted all 
of the Cincinnati 
Mav festivals since 
187fc, also that of 
Chicago in 1882, 
and the great fes- 
tival of New York 
that was held in the 7th regiment armory in 1882. 
He was conductor of the American opera company 
in 1885-'7,and in the same years organized a series 
of popular concerts in New York city, which are 
still continued. During the summer of 1888 he 
gave a series of concerts in Chicago, at the close 
of which he disbanded his orchestra, saying that, 
as New York city failed to provide a suitable hall, 
a permanent orchestra was impossible. 

THOMAS. Theodore Gal Hard, physician, b. 
on Edisto island, S. C, 21 Nov., 1831. He was 




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educated at Charleston college, received his medi- 
cal degree there in 1852, and removed to New York 
city in that year and served at Bellevue hosmtal. 
He has also been professor of obstetrics and dis- 
eases of women in the College of physicians and 
surgeons in New York city, surgeon to the Wom- 
en's hospital in New York, and consulting physi- 
cian to the Nursery and child's hospital and St. 
Mary's hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1871) he was 
president of the American gynecological society, 
and he is an honorary member of the ol>stctrical 
society of Ixmdon and a corresponding secretary 
of that of Berlin. Dr. Thomas has contributed 
largely to medical literature, and is the author of 
a " Practical Treatise on Diseases of Women," 
which has been translated into several foreign lan- 
guages (Philadelphia, 1868). 

THOMAS, Thomas, soldier, b. in 1755; d. in 
Harrison, Westchester co., N. Y., 29 May, 1824. 
He commanded a regiment in 1776, and partici- 
pated in the battles of Harlem and White Plains. 
In the autumn of 1776 the enemy burned his house, 
took his aged father a prisoner to New York, and 
confined him in the provost jail, where he died 
through their inhuman treatment. Col. Thomas 
was an active partisan officer till the peace, except 
during a brief term of captivity ; and was after- 
ward frequently a member of the legislature. 

THOMES, William Henry, author, b. in Port- 
land, Me., 5 May, 1824. He was educated in the 
public schools of Boston, worked in a printing- 
office, and was afterward connected witn various 
journals as reporter and editor. He went to Cali- 
fornia in 1843, and again in 1849, subsequently 
visiting Honolulu, the East Indies, and Australia, 
and contributing articles upon his travels to vari- 
ous magazines. Mr. Thomes was the first presi- 
dent of the New England society of California pio- 
neers. He is the author of "The Gold-Hunters 
of Australia" (Boston, 1869); "Life in the East 
Indies" (1870); "A Whaleman's Adventures" 
(1871); "The Gold-Hunters in Europe" (1872); 
"A Slaver's Adventures" (1873); "Running the 
Blockade" (1874); "The Belle of Australia" 
(1885); "On Land and Sea" (1886); and " Lewey 
and I" (1887). 

THOMPSON, Albert, artist, b. in Woburn, 
Mass.. 18 March, 1853. He became a pupil of 
William E. Norton in 1873, and in 1872 and 1875 
travelled in Europe. During 1880-' 1 he studied 
in Paris under Jules J. Lefebvre and Gustave R. C. 
Boulanger, at Julien's academy, and also anatomy 
at the Ecole des beaux arts. Among his works, 
mainlv landscapes and cattle-pieces, are " After the 
Shower" (1876); "Clearing up" (1877); "More 
Wind than Rain/* in Woburn public library (1885); 
and " Changing Pasture " and " An October After- 
noon " (1886). He is the author of " Principles of 
Perspective * (Boston, 1878). 

THOMPSON, Alexander Ramsay, soldier, b. 
in 1794 ; d. in Manatee county, Fla., 25 Dec., 1837. 
His father was Alexander Thompson, who served 
in the artillery during the Revolutionary war, was 
retained as captain in the peace establishment, and 
attached in 1794 to the artillery and engineer 
corps, and after his discharge in 1802 till his death, 
28 SepL, 1809, was military store-keeper at West 
Point The son was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1812, and during the war with 
Great Britain took part in Gen. James Wilkinson's 
expedition down the St. Lawrence and in the de- 
fence of Plattsburg and other operations on Lake 
Champlain. being promoted captain of infantry on 
1 May, 1814. He was retained on the reduction of 
the army, promoted major on 4 April, 1832, served 



in the Black Hawk expedition, became lieutenant- 
colonel on 0 Sept.. 1837, and in the war with the 
Seminole Indians was killed at the battle of Okee- 
chobee while leading his regiment in a desperate 
charge.— His nephew. Alexander Ramsay, cler- 
gyman, b. in New York city. 16 Oct., 18*22. was 
graduated at the University of the city of New 
York in 1842, and at Princeton theological semi- 
nary in 1845, and was ordained, and after holding 
various charges became jwstor of the Presbyterian 
church in Stapleton, Staten island, in 1851-9, the 
Reformed Dutch church, 21st street. New York 
city, in 1862-'73, first as colleague of the Rev. 
George W. Bethune, then as his successor, and the 
Nortn Reformed Dutch church in Brooklyn. N. Y., 
from the latter date to 1884. In 1885 he became 
acting pastor of Bethany chapel in Brooklyn. He 
was chaplain of the &ew England hospital in 
1863-'5 and of the Roosevelt hospital in New York 
from 1873 till 1884. The degree of D. D. was con- 
ferred on him by the University of the city of New 
York in 1865, which made him a member of its 
council in 1872. Among various sermons he pub- 
lished ** Tribute to the Memory of the Rev. George 
W. Bethune " ; " Casting down Imaginations," a 
sermon (1874); "Christian Patriotism: the Points 
of Similarity between the Struggle for Independ- 
ence in America and that of our Holland Ances- 
tors," in "Centennial Discourses" (1876). He also 
assisted in compiling " H vmns of the Church " 
(New York, 1869), and "Hymns of Prayer and 
Praise " (1874). 

THOMPSON, Alfred Wordsworth, artist, b. 
in Baltimore, Md., 27 May, 1840. During 1862-'4 
he studied in Paris, first under Charles Gleyre, and 
later with Albert Pasini and in the £co)e des 
beaux arts. He first exhibited at the salon in 1865, 
and in 1868 returned to the United States, settling 
in New York. He was elected an associate mem- 
ber of the National academy in 1873, and an 
academician two years later, and in 1877 became a 
member of the Society of American artists. He 
has travelled at various times in all parts of Eu- 
rope, Asia Minor, and northern Africa, and his 
pictures cover a wide range of subjects. Oriental 
and American, including landscapes, genre pieces 
and military scenes. Thev include " Desolation " 
and "Lost in the Forest (1872); "Annapolis in 
1776," owned by the Buffalo fine arts academy, 
and "A Twilight in Corsica" (1875); "Review at 
Philadelphia, 1777 " (1878) ; " The Market- Place in 
Biskra" (1884); "The Hour of Prayer"; "Re- 
turning from a Boar Hunt, Tangier"; "The Ad- 
vance of the Enemy " (1885) ; " The Departure for 
the War, 1776 " ; and "A Sabbath-Day in Troublous 
Times." To the Paris exposition of 1878 he sent 
"The School-House on the Hill." 

THOMPSON. Aognstus Charles, clergyman, 
b. in Goshen, Conn., 30 April, 1812. He entered 
Yale with the class of 1835, but feeble health com- 
pelled him to leave before graduation. The col- 
lege gave him the honorary degree of A. M. in 
1841. He was graduated at the Hartford theo- 
logical seminary in 1838. studied in the University 
of Berlin in 1838-'9, and on 27 July, 1842, was or- 
dained pastor of a Congregational church at Rox- 
bury, Mass., where he still remains. He was as- 
sociated with Rev. Dr. Rufus Anderson in a 
deputation to the missions of the American board 
in India in 1854-5, and was a delegate to the 
London missionary conference of 1878. Am- 
herst gave him the degree of D. D. in 1860. Dr. 
Thompson has lectured on foreign missions at An- 
dover seminary in 1877-80, at Boston university 
in 1882, and at Hartford theological seminary in 



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1885-'6, and has published "Songs in the Night w 
(Boston, 1845) ; 44 Young Martyrs " (2d cd., 1848) ; 
"Lambs Fed** (1849; translation into Mahrathi, 
Bombay, 1853) ; 44 Liist Hours " (1851) ; The Poor 
Widow, a Memorial of Mrs. Anna J. Waters" 
(1854 ; translation into Tamil, Jaffua, Ccvlon, 
1855); "The Better Land "(1854); "The Yoke in 
Youth: a Memorial of H. M. Hill" (1856); "Gath- 
ered Lilies" (1858); "Eliot Sabbath-School Me- 
morial " (1859) ; " Morning Hours in Patmos " 
(1800) ; "Lyra Ccelestis " (1803) ; " The Mercy-Seat " 
(1863) ; " Our Little Ones " (1867) ; " Christus Con- 
solator" (1867); "Seeds and Sheaves" (1868); 
" Discourse Commemorative of Rev. Hufus Ander- 
son, D. D. " (1880) ; " Moravian Missions " (New 
York, 1882); "Happy New Year" (1883); and 
44 Future Probation and Foreign Missions." 

THOMPSON, Cephas artist, b. in Middlebor- 
ough, Mass., 1 July, 1775; d. there, 6 Nov., 1856. His 
profession was that of a portrait-painter, and he 
made yearly tours in the south, painting in all the 
cities from Philadelphia to New Orleans. When 
about fifty years of age, he settled in his home in 
Middlcborough. Among his portraits were those 
of John Marshall, Stephen Decatur, David Ramsay 
of South Carolina, John Howard Payne, and George 
Washington Parke Custis, who was his Dupil. — 
His son, Cephas Giovanni, artist, b. in Middle- 
borough, Mass., 3 Aug., 1809; d. in New York 
city 5 Jan., 1888, had some instruction from his 
father but was comparatively self-taught. At the 
age of nineteen he began to paint portraits in Plym- 
outh, Mass., and two years later he was working 
in Boston. During 1837-'47 he was in New York, 
and in 1852 he went to Europe, where he spent 
seven years in Rome. During this period he painted 
numerous Italian subjects, and executed some ad- 
mirable copies of the old masters, notably one of 
" Beatrice Cenci." While in Italy he was intimate 
with Nathaniel Hawthorne, who complimented him 
in the 44 Marble Faun." In 1860 he settled in New 
York, and he was elected an associate of the Na- 
tional academy the following year. Before going 
abroad he painted the portraits of Henrv W. Long- 
fellow, Charles Fenno Hoffman (owned by the New 
York historical society), William Cullen Bryant 
and other well-known authors. His portrait of 
Hawthorne has been engraved. Other works by 
him are 44 The Guardian Angels," " Prospero and 
Miranda," "St Peter delivered from Prison," and 
*• Spring and Autumn." — His two sons, who died 
before him, were Hubert Ogden, commissioner 
of public works. New York city, and Edmund 
Francis, captain in the U. S. army.— Another son 
of Cephas, Jerome, b. in Middleborough, Mass.. 30 
Jan., 1814; d. in Glen Gardner. N. J., 1 May, 1886, 
had also little or no regular instruction in art. He 
displayed artistic tastes at an earlv age, painted 
portraits for several years at Cape Ood, and at the 
age of seventeen went to New York, where he after- 
ward lived and always had his studio. In 1852 he 
went to Europe, where he remained two years. He 
painted both landscapes and figures with success, 
his best -known wonts being "Reminiscences of 
Mount Mansfield," "The Old Oaken Bucket," 
" Home, Sweet Home," " Woodman, spare that 
Tree," " Hiawatha's Homeward Journey with 
Minnehaha," "The Home of My Childhood/' 44 Com- 
in* thro' the Rye,** "The Land of Beulah," and 
"The Voice of* the Great Spirit," Most of his 
works were never exhibited by him, but several 
of them have become well known to the public 
through engravings and chromos. Some of the 
finest of his latest works are in Paris, and others 
are in England. 



THOMPSON, Charles C. B„ naval officer, b. 
in Virginia in 1786 ; d. in Hot Springs. Va., 2 Sept, 
1832. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 22 
Dec., 1802, and was promoted to lieutenant, 15 Feb., 
1809. During the war of 1812 he rendered distin- 
guished service in the defence of New Orleans, 
where he commanded the ship " Louisiana," 8 Jan., 
1815. He was promoted to master-commandant, 27 
April, 1816, served at Philadelphia navy-yard in 
1816-*17, commanded the frigate "Guerriere " in the 
Mediterranean squadron in 1818-'20, and was on 
shore duty at Philadelphia and Boston in 182l-'6. 
He was promoted captain, 3 March. 1825, and com- 
manded the Pacific squadron in 1828-'31. 

THOMPSON, Charles Lemuel, clergyman, b. 
in Cooperstown, Lehigh co., Pa., 18 Aug., 1839. 
He was graduated at Carroll college, Wis., in 1858, 
and at McCormick theological seminary, Chicago, 
in 1861, after spending two years (1859-'60) in 
Princeton seminary. He then entered the Pres- 
byterian ministry, and after holding pastorates in 
Juneau and Jancsville, Wis., Cincinnati, Ohio, 
Chicago, 111., Pittsburg, Pa., and Kansas City, Mo., 
was called in 1888 to the Madison avenue church 
in New York city. He received the degree of D. D. 
from Monmouth college. 111, in 1876, and in May, 
1888. was moderator of the general assembly of his 
church in Philadelphia. Dr. Thompson was editor 
of " Our Monthlv in Cincinnati in 1870-'l, and 
in 187»-'82 of 44 The Interior " at Chicago, with 
which he is still connected as an editorial writer. 
Besides contributions in prose and verse to current 
literature, he has published "Times of Refreshing: 
a Historv of American Revivals" (Chicago. 1877). 

THOMPSON, Charles Oliver, educator, b. in 
East Windsor Hill. Conn.. 25 Sept., 1836; d. in 
Terre Haute. Ind., 17 Marc h, 1885. He was gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth in 1858, and then taught in the 
Peacham academy for six years except during a 
part of 1860-'l, when he devoted himself to prac- 
tical work as a surveyor and civil engineer in 
Piermont, N. Y. In 1864 he became principal of 
the Cotting public high-school in Arlington, Mass. 
He was chosen principal of the Worcester free in- 
stitute of industrial science in 1868. and, besides 
holding the chair of chemistry, was charged with 
the development of a scientific and practical course 
of instruction which had no recognized type in 
this country. After spending eight months in 
Europe in visiting similar institutions he returned 
to Worcester and established the course that hat 
since prevailed in that institution. In founding 
the Rose polytechnic institute, the different tech- 
nical schools of the country were carefully studied 
by its founder, Chauncey Rose, and the plan of the 
Worcester institute wasjgiven the preference. Ac- 
cordingly, in 1883 Mr. Thompson was called to the 
presidency of the new institute, and continued to 
hold that place until his death. The degree of 
Ph. D. was conferred on him in 1870 by Dartmouth, 
and he was a member of scientific societies, includ- 
ing the American association for the advancement 
of science and the American institute of mining 
engineers. He was the author of numerous papers 
on technical instruction. 

THOMPSON, Daniel Pierce, author, b. in 
Charlestown (now a part of Boston), Mass., 1 Oct., 
1795 ; d. in Montpelier. Vt. 6 June, 1868. He waa 
the grandson of Daniel, who was a cousin of Ben- 
jamin Thompson, Count Rumford, and was killed 
at the battle of Lexington. He was brought up 
on a farm, prepared himself for college under 
difficulties, taugnt for one winter, and then en- 
tered Middlebury college, where he was graduated 
in 1820. Going to Virginia as a family tutor, he 



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studied law there, and was admitted to the bar in 
1823, after which he returned to Vermont and 
settled in Montpelier. He was register of probate 
in 1824, and clerk of the legislature in 1830-'3, and 
was then appointed to compile the " Ijaws of 
Vermont from 1824 down to and including the 
Year 1834" (Montpelier, 1835). He was judge of 
probate from 1837 till 1840, from 1843 till 1845 
clerk of the supreme and county courts, and from 
1853 till 1855 secretary of state. Prom 1849 till 
1856 he edited a weekly political paper called the 
44 Green Mountain Freeman." He was a popular 
lecturer before lyceums and orator on nublic occa- 
sions. Mr. Thompson began to contribute poems 
and sketches to periodicals while he was in college, 
and continued to write frequently for the news- 
papers and magazines, besides publishing political 
pamphlets, lie took part in the anti - Masonic 
controversy, and published a satirical novel on the 
subject, entitled "The Adventures of Timothy 
Peacock, Esa., or Freemasonry Practically Illus- 
trated," which appeared under the pen-name of " A 
Member of the Vermont Bar" (Middlebury, 1835). 
In 1835 he wrote for the *• New England Galaxy," 
of Boston, a prize tale called " May Martin, or the 
Money- Diggers," which was issued in book-form 
<Montj>elier. 1835), and reprinted in London. Next 
appeared 44 The Green Mountain Boys," a romance, 
in which the principal men connected with the his- 
tory of Vermont in the Revolutionary period are 
brought into the plot (Montpelier, 1840; repub- 
lished in Boston and London); 44 Locke Atnsdcn, or 
the Schoolmaster" (Boston. 1845); 44 Lucy llosmer, 
or the Guardian and the Ghost " (1848) ; and 44 The 
Hangers, or the Tory's Daughter " (1851). His later 
romances are 44 Tales of the Green Mountains" 
(1852); 44 Gaut Gurlev, or the Trappers of Lake 
Umbagog" (1857); 44 ^he Doomed Chief, or Two 
Hundred Years Ago." based on the story of King 
Philip (Philadelphia, 1860); and " Centeola, and 
other Tales " (New York, 1864). He was also the 
author of a 44 History of Montpelier, 1781-1860, 
with Biographical Sketches" (Montpelier, 1860). 
In later life he published monographs on topics 
of American history and on biographical subjects 
in various magazines. A novel, with the title of 
** The Honest Lawyer, or the Fair Castaway," was 
left unfinished. 

THOMPSON, David, Canadian explorer, b. in 
the parish of St John, Westminster, England, 30 
April, 1770; d. in Longueil, near Montreal, 16 Feb., 
1857. He was educated at Christ's hospital school, 
Ijoudon, and at Oxford, and when he was nineteen 
years old entered the service of the Hudson bay 
company. He was afterward employed in explora- 
tion, and on 27 April, 1798, discovered Turtle lake, 
which he claimed to be the source of the Missis- 
sippi, as it is from this spot that the river takes its 
most direct course to the sea. His course in reach- 
ing the head-waters of this river is well delineated 
on his 44 Map of the Northwest Territory of the 
Province of Canada, made for the Northwest Com- 
pany in 1813-'14." He also surveyed the south 
shore of Lake Superior in 1798, in June, 1807, 
crossed the Rocky mountains by what is now known 
as the Howse pass, and in the spring of 1811 as- 
cended Columbia river from the junction of Canoe 
river to its source, and then descended it to its 
mouth, where he arrived on 16 July the same year. 
On 27 May, 1812, he reached Red Deer lake, or Lac 
la Biche, which Schoolcraft, who visited it in 1832, 
claimed to be the true source of the Mississippi, 
and the same year resurveyed the north shore of 
Lake Superior to Sault Ste. Marie. He left the 
service of the Hudson bay company, 23 May, 1797, 



and entered that of the Northwest company, in 
which he was for many subsequent years a partner. 
From 1816 till 1826 he was engaged in surveying 
and defining the boundary-line on the part of Great 
Britain between Canada and the United States, 
being employed in 1817 on the St. Lawrence. Pro- 
ceeding westward around the shores of the great 
lakes, he reached the Lake of the Woods in 1825. 
In 1834 he surveyed Lake Francis, in 1837 he made 
a survey of the canoe route from Lake Huron to 
Ottawa river, and a few years later a survey of 
Lake St. Peter. His last years were spent either 
in Glengarry county, Ont, or in Longueil. Of the 
early explorers, few rendered more valuable services 
or estimated their achievements more modestly. 

THOMPSON, David, Canadian member of par- 
liament, b. in Wainfleet, Welland co., Ont., 7 Dec.. 
1836. His father, the son of a Scotchman, repre- 
sented Haldimand from 1841 till 1851. The son 
was educated at Upper Canada col lege, and became 
a flour and grain merchant He represented Hal- 
dimand in the Canada assembly from 1863 till the 
union, was elected to the Dominion parliament in 
1867, re-elected by acclamation in 1872 and 1874, 
and chosen again in 1878 and 1882. He is actively 
connected with various financial and industrial or- 
ganizations, is major of volunteers, a Liberal in 
politics, and favors a prohibitory liquor law. 

THOMPSON, Edward R., naval officer, b. in 
Pennsylvania about 1808 : d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
12 Feb., 1879. He entered the navy as a midship- 
man on 1 Dec, 1826, became a lieutenant on 8 
March, 1837, served during the Mexican war on 
the brig 44 Porpoise " and the frigate "Potomac" 
in the Gulf of Mexico, cruised on the coast of 
Africa in the "Porpoise" in 1851-'2, and in com- 
mand of the "Dolphin" in 1856-'7, having been 
promoted commander on 14 Sept., 1855. He had 
charge of the steamer "Seminole" in the early 
part of the civil war, but, being unfit for further 
active service, was placed on the retired list on 3 
Dec., 1861. On 4 April, 1867, his rank was raised 
to that of commodore. 

THOMPSON, Edwin, reformer, b. in Lynn, 
Mass., in July, 1809; d. in East Walpole, Mass. 22 
May, 1888. He was of Quaker descent, and early 
interested himself in the anti-slavery movement. 
At the suggestion of Wendell Phillips, he became 
a public speaker in its furtherance, travelling 
through the state, often on foot, lecturing in 
churches and school-houses, and winning a reputa- 
tion as an orator by his fluency and great fund of 
anecdotes. While speaking in New Bedford, he 
roused Frederick Douglass to take up active work 
in behalf of his race. He was also interested from 
an early period in the temperance reform, which he 
did much to promote. Mr. Thompson was ordained 
as a Universalist clergyman in 1840, and afterward 
resided at East Walpole. 

THOMPSON, Egbert, naval officer, b. in New 
York city, 6 June, 1820: d. in Washington, D. C, 
5 Jan., 1881. He entered the navy as a midship- 
man, 13 March, 1837, served in Com. Charles 
Wilkes's exploring expedition in 1838-'42, and be- 
came a passed midshipman, 29 June, 1843. As ex- 
ecutive officer of the schooner 44 Bonita," in the 
Gulf squadron during the Mexican war, he partici- 
pated m the expedition against Frontera, and the 
capture of Tobasco, Tampico, Vera Cruz, and Tus- 
pan. His vessel covered the landing of Gen. Win- 
field Scott's army at Vera Cruz, and captured sev- 
eral prizes during the war. He served in the 
steamer 44 Michigan " on the lakes in 1847-'50, and 
at Philadelphia navy-yard in 1850-'!. He was 
commissioned a lieutenant, 27 Sept, 1850, and was 



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THOMPSON 



THOMPSON 



in the steamer ** Fulton " in 1859 when she was 
wrecked. When the civil war began he was at- 
tached to .the steamer " Powhatan," which went to 
Pensacola navy-yard, and contributed to the relief 
of Fort Pickens. He commanded the river iron- 
clad steamer" Pittsburg," in the Mississippi flotilla, 
in which he participated in the battle of Fort 
Donelson, when he was obliged to run her ashore 
to keep from sinking. He was commended for 
gallantry in running the batteries of Island No. 10, 
for which ho received the thanks of the navy de- 
partment, and he took part in the attacks on Fort 
Madrid and Fort Pillow, and the battle with the 
Confederate rams. Ho was commissioned a com- 
mander, 16 July, 1802, served at the rendezvous 
at Philadelphia in 1863-'4, and commanded the 
steamer " McDonough " in the South Atlantic 
blockade in 18G4-'5, and the steamer *• Dacotah," 
of the South Pacific squadron, in 1800-7. He was 
commissioned captain. 26 July, 1807, and was com- 
mandant of the naval station at Mound City, 111., 
in 1869-' 71. ne commanded the steam sloop 
** Canandaigua," of the North Atlantic squadron, 
in 1871-2. and was retired on 6 Jan., 1874. 

THOMPSON, Elizabeth, philanthropist, b. in 
Lyndon, Vt., 21 Feb., 1821. She is the daughter 
of Samuel Rowcll, a poor farmer, and at the age 
of nine went to aid in the household duties of 
a neighbor's family as a maid of all work, receiv- 
ing as wages twenty-five cents a week. Her edu- 
cation was chiefly self-acquired, but she was re- 
markably handsome, and, while on a visit to Bos- 
ton in 1843, so impressed Thomas Thompson, a 
well-known millionaire of that city, that he sought 
her acquaintance. Early in 1844 they were mar- 
ried, and until his death in 1869 spent much of 
their income for charitable purposes. The use of 
the entire income of his immense estate was then 
left to Mrs. Thompson. She has given large sums 
to the cause of temperance, and 44 Figures of Hell," 
a tract written by her and filled with much sta- 
tistical information, has been widely circulated. 

Mrs. Thompson 
has given more 
than $100,000 to- 
ward providing 
with business pur- 
suits the heads of 
families, hundreds 
of whom have 
been enabled to 
establish them- 
selves by her boun- 
ty. Among her 
many charities is 
the gift of $10,000 
which wasexpend- 
ed by a commis- 
sion authorized by 
congress to inves- 
tigate the yellow 
fever. She found- 
ed the town of Long Mont, at the foot of the 
Rocky mountains, ana gave 640 acres of land with 
$300 to each colonist in Saline county, Kan. Mrs. 
Thorn peon contributed largely to the purchase of 
the Vassar college telescope, and gave to the Con- 
cord school of philosophy the building in which its 
summer assemblies are held. She suggested the 
idea of a song-service for the poor, and incurred 
large expense in putting it into practical operation 
in many of the large cities of this country. Fran- 
cis B. Carpenter's painting of the 44 Signing of the 
Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln in the Pres- 
ence of his Cabinet " was purchased by her and 




presented to congress. In consequence of this she 
was granted the freedom of the floor of the house, 
a right which no other woman, not even the presi- 
dent's wife, possesses. She gave $1,000 to the 
American association for the advancement of sci- 
ence in 1883, and was made its first patron. In 
188.5 she placed in the hands of a board of trustees, 
chosen for that purpose, $25,000, to be devoted to 
the advancement and prosecution of scientific re- 
search in its broadest sense. This trust, known as 
the "Elizabeth Thompson science fund," is to be 
controlled by the International scientific congress. 
Mrs, Thompson has agitated the question of the 
possibility of an international republic, or a world 
governed by laws emanating from an intelligent 
community. The value of this idea has been rec- 
ognized by statesmen at home and abroad. The 
publication of a journal in England advocating her 
views has been announced by George J. Holyoake. 

THOMPSON, George, English reformer, b. in 
Liverpool, England, 18 June, 1804; d. in Leeds, 
England, 7 Oct.. 1878. He entered actively into the 
agitation against slavery in the British colonies, 
and contributed largely to its downfall, and subse- 
quently to that of the apprentice system. After- 
ward he joined the Anti-corn-law league, and also 
took an active part in forming the India associ- 
ation. In 1834, at the request of William Lloyd 
Garrison and others, he came to the United States 
to speak in behalf of the abolition of slavery. He 
addressed meetings in various parts of the north- 
ern states, and his efforts led to the formation of 
more than 150 anti-slavery societies; but he was 
often threatened by mobs, and finally in Boston, 
Mass., escaped death only by fleeing in a small 
row-boat to an English vessel and going to St. 
John, New Brunswick, whence he sailed for Eng- 
land in November, 1835. Mr. Thompson's visit 
created such excitement that President Jackson 
denounced him in a message to congress. He made 
a second visit to this country in 1851, and another 
during the civil war, when a public reception was 
given to him in the house of representatives, at 
which President Lincoln and his cabinet were pres- 
ent. He aided greatly in preventing the recogni- 
tion of the southern Confederacy by the British 
government Mr. Thompson was also concerned 
in the work of the National parliamentary reform 
association. In 1847 he was chosen a member of 
parliament for the Tower Hamlets. About 1870 a 
testimonial fund was raised for him by his ad- 
mirers in this country and England. 

THOMPSON, George Washington, lawyer, 
b. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, 14 May, 1806; d. near 
Wheeling, W. Va., 24 Feb., 1888. He was gradu- 
ated at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1824, studied law 
in Richmond, Va., was admitted to the bar, and 
began practice in his native town, but afterward re- 
moved to western Virginia. He was U. S. district 
attorney in 1849, and was elected to congress as & 
Democrat in the following year, serving from 1 
Dec., 1851, till 30 July, 1852, when he resigned to 
accept a seat on the bench of the circuit court of 
his state. He was re-elected in 1860. but, declining 
to take the test oaths that were required by the 
reorganized government of Virginia, retired 'from 
pnblic life. He had previously served on the com- 
mission that was appointed to determine the boun- 
dary between Virginia and Ohio. He was a fre- 
quent contributor to the Boston "Quarterly Re- 
view" in 1889-'42, and, besides numerous legal, 
political, and educational addresses, has published 
44 Dissertation on the Historical Right of Virginia 
to the Territory Northwest of the Ohio " : 44 Life of 
Linn Boyd " ; 44 The Living Forces of the Universe " 



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(Philadelphia, 1866) ; and " Deus Semper." When 
he was eighty years old he wrote " The Song of 
Eightv," a poem (printed privately, 1886). 

THOMPSON, Hngh Miller, P. E. bishop, b. 
in County Londonderry, Ireland. 5 June, 1830. 
While he was yet a child his parents remoTed to 
the United States and settled in Ohio. He re- 
ceived his aca- 
demical education 
in the schools of 
Cleveland, and his 
theological course 
was taken at Nash- 
otah House, Wis. 
He was ordered 
deacon at Nasho- 
tah, 6 June, 1852, 
by Bishop Kem- 

ger, and priest, in 
t. John's church, 
Portage, Wis., 31 
Aug., 1856. Dur- 
ing his diacon- 
ate he had charge 
of Grace church, 
Madison, Wis. He 
removed in 1853 
to Maysville, Kv., 
but remained only one year. In August, 1854, he 
took charge of mission work in Portage and Bara- 
boo, Wis., and immediately on his ordination to 
the priesthood he became rector of St. John's 
church, Portage. At Easter, 1857, he engaged in 
mission work m the city of Milwaukee, and organ- 
ized the Church of the Atonement. In 1858 he 
was elected rector of St Matthew's church, Keno- 
sha, and after one year removed to Galena, 111., and 
became rector of Grace church. In 1860 he was 
made professor of ecclesiastical history at Nasho- 
tah, and founded Kemper hall. In the same year he 
became editor-in-chief of "The American Church- 
man " at Chicago, and he continued in this office 
until the paper was merged into "The Church- 
man" at Hartford, Conn. In 1871 he became 
rector of St. James's church, Chicago, which was 
burned in the great fire. In January, 1872, he re- 
moved to New York and took the rectorship of 
Christ church and the editorship of " The Church 
Journal and Gospel Messenger. In 1875 he be- 
came rector of Trinity church, New Orleans, La., 
where he remained until he was consecrated assist- 
ant bishop of Mississippi, 24 Feb., 1883. Four years 
later, on the death of Bishop Green, he succeeded 
to his office. Bishop Thompson attended the third 
Pan- Anglican conference in London in 1888, and 
in August of that year delivered in Westminster 
Abbey the funeral sermon of Bishop Harris of 
Michigan. Hobart conferred upon him the degree 
of S. T. D. in 1863. He is the author of " Unity and 
its Restoration " (New York, 1860) ; " Sin and its 
Penalty" (1862); "First Principles" (1868); "Ab- 
solution" (1872); "Copy "(1872): "Is Romanism 
the Best Religion for the Republic t" (1878): 
" The Kingdom of God " (1873) ; " The World and 
the LogosT* a volume of lectures (1885); and "The 
World and the Kingdom " (1888). 

THOMPSON, Jacob, cabinet officer, b. in Cas- 
well county, N. C, 15 May, 1810 ; d. in Memphis, 
Term., 24 March, 1885. He was graduated at the 
University of North Carolina in 1831, admitted 
to the bar in 1834. and settled in the Chickasaw 
country, Miss., where he practised law with success. 
In 1838 he was chosen to congress as a Democrat, 
and be served by continued re-election from 1839 
till 1857, advocating the repudiation by Missis- 



sippi of part of the state bonds and opposing the 
compromise measures of 1850, on the ground that 
they were not favorable enough to the south. 
While he was in congress he held for some time 
the chairmanship of the committee on Indian 
affairs, and in 1845 he refused an appointment 
that was tendered him by the governor of Missis- 
sippi to a vacancy in the U. S. senate. President 
Buchanan made him secretary of the interior in 
1857, and he held that office till 8 Jan., 1861. when 
he resigned, giving as his reason that troops had 
been ordered to re-enforce Fort Sumter contrary 
to an agreement that this should not be done 
without the consent of the cabinet. In acknowl- 
edging his letter the president reminded him that 
the matter had been decided in a cabinet meeting 
six days before. In December, 1860, while still in 
office, he had been appointed by the legislature of 
Mississippi a commissioner to urge on North Caro- 
lina the adoption of an ordinance of secession. 
In 1862-'4 he was governor of Mississippi, and 
afterward he served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Beau- 
regard. In the summer of 1864 he was sent as a 
Confederate commissioner to Canada, where he 
promoted the plan to release the prisoners of war 
at Camp Douglas, near Chicago, and to seize that 
city. He has also been charged with instigating 
plots to burn northern cities and commit other 
outrages. After the war he returned to the United 
States. At his death an order of Sec. Lucius Q. C. 
Lamar to fly the National flag at half-mast over 
the buildings of the interior department caused 
much excitement at the north. 

THOMPSON, James, jurist, b. in Middlesex, 
Butler co., Pa., 1 Oct., 1806 ; d. in Philadelphia, 
28 Jan., 1874. After receiving a good education, 
he began life as a printer, subsequently studied 
law, and in 1829 was admitted to the bar. He 
was chosen to the legislature in 1832, 1833, and 
1834, during the latter year serving as speaker of 
the house, although he was the youngest member. 
He was a presidential elector in 1836, voting for 
Martin Van Buren, in 1838 a delegate to the Con- 
stitutional convention of Pennsylvania, and in 
1839 was appointed president-pudge of the 6th 
judicial district of the state, in which office he 
served . until 1844, when he was elected by the 
Democrats to congress, being re-elected in 1846 
and 1848. In 1855, against his desire, he was 
again elected to the legislature, where he remained 
one term, and after that declined nominations for 
both the legislature and congress. In 1857 he 
was elected to the supreme court of the state, and 
served nine years as justice and six years as chief 
justice. On the expiration of his term he was re- 
nominated by the Democrats, but failed of an elec- 
tion, though running ahead of his ticket He 
mingled with his judicial qualities warm affections 
and genial manners. His judicial opinions are 
found in the supreme court reports, from vol. xxx. 
to vol. lxxii. inclusive. After his retirement he re- 
sumed the practice of law in Philadelphia, and his 
death occurred suddenly while he was engaged in 
arguing a cause before the same court over which 
he had so recently presided, his opponent in the 
cause being his predecessor in the office of chief 
justice, George W. Woodward. 

THOMPSON, John, political writer, b. in 
1777; d. in Petersburg, Va,, in 1799. He was the 
author of articles signed " Casca " and " Gracchus " 
in the Petersburg " Gazette," in which he attacked 
John Adams's administration, and also of letters 
signed " Curtius," addressed to Chief-Justice John 
Marshall in 1798, which were issued in book-form 
(1804). His life was written by George Hay. 



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THOMPSON. John Burton, senator, b. near 
Harrodsburg, Ky., 14 Dec, 1810 ; d. in Harrods- 
burg, 7 Jan., 1874. His ancestor came to Virginia 
from England as a captain in the royal navy. 
John was educated at private schools, studied law 
under his father, and succeeded to his extensive 
practice at Harrodsburg. He served as common- 
wealth'? attorney, was chosen to the legislature in 
1835 and 1836, and in 1840 was elected to congress 
as a Whig to fill a vacancy, serving from 7 Dec, 
1840, till 3 March, 1843. He raised a company of 
cavalry for the Mexican war, but more than the 
necessary number of volunteers from his state 
offered themselves, and it was not accepted. He 
served again in congress in 1847-'51, and in the 
latter year, when Archibald Dixon was nominated 
by the Whigs for governor, Thompson, who had 
been a candidate for the office, was given second 
place on the ticket Dixon was defeated, but 
Thompson was elected by a large majority, and in 
1853 was sent to the U. S. senate, where he served 
a full term. In that body he was a member of 
the committees on private land-claims and pen- 
sions. Mr. Thompson was especially eminent as a 
jury lawyer, and was also a successful orator. His 
most noted political speech was that on the Cuban 
question. He was a man of broad culture, quiet 
and even reserved in manner. In politics he was 
a Clay Whig till the disruption of the party just 
before the civil war, when he became a Unionist. 

THOMPSON, John Reuben, author, b. in 
Richmond, Va., 28 Oct., 1823; d. in New York 
city, 30 April, 1878. He was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia in 1844, afterward studied law 
there, and settled in Richmond, with cverv pros- 
pect of success in his profession. But he nau al- 
ways been a lover of literature and a keen student 
of it, and these proclivities became more domi- 
nating after he had completed his education. % Ac- 
cordingly, in 1847, he accepted the editorship of 
the 44 Southern Literary Messenger/* This maga- 
zine was a power in its day, and did no little to 
foster a literary spirit among the younger race of 
southern men. Mr. Thompson brought a great 
deal of zeal and 
energv into the ed- 
itorial chair, and 
during the twelve 
years in which he 
successfully car- 
ried forward his 
literary work in 
connection with 
this monthly he 
imparted to it such 
a character as no 
southern maga- 
zine has ever had 
before ' or since. 
He did much to 
ff SI bring southern tal- 

44 Southern Mes- 
senger" Donald O. Mitchell first published his 
** Reveries of a Bachelor " and 44 Dream Life." 
Here too appeared the early writings of John 
Eaten Cooke. Philip Pendleton Cooke, Paul H. 
Hayne, and Henry Timrod. In 1854 Mr. Thomp- 
son went to Europe in search of health. During 
this absence he wrote papers for the "Southern 
Messenger," which long afterward he collected in 
book-form. One copy had been sent to the author, 
and the edition, except this, was burned in the pub- 
lishing-house. His health continued so delicate 




that in 1859 he resigned his editorship in Rich- 
mond and went to Augusta, Ga., where he edited 
the 14 Southern Field and Fireside." In 1863 he 
went abroad again in such delicate health that his 
friends did not expect him to reach the farther 
shore alive ; but the sea- voyage revived him, and he 
rapidly improved. He chose London as his resi- 
dence, where he was regularly engaged on the 
staff of the 44 London Index," and contributed to 
44 Blackwood's Magazine." Some time after the 
civil war he returned home in broken health and 
dispirited. Finding it impossible to do anything 
in the way of literature in the south, he became 
literary editor of the 44 New York Evening Post," 
continuing as such for several years, until his health 
failed again. He made a last effort to restore it by 
going to Colorado in 1872, where he spent the 
winter, returning in the spring, only to die. Mr. 
Thompson was a polished and graceful writer, both 
of prose and verse, but he did his most effective 
work as a literary editor. Many of his lyrics are 
household words in the south, especially in his 
native state, and his influence in fostering the tal- 
ents of writers that have since distinguished them- 
selves was decided. He was greatly beloved for 
his genial and refined nature. Among his most 
admired poems are 44 The Burial of Latane," 44 The 
Death of Stuart," and 44 The Battle Rainbow." 

THOMPSON, Sir John Sparrow David, Cana- 
dian jurist, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 10 Nov., 
1844. His father was a native of Waterford, Ireland, 
for some time queen's printer, and subsequently 
superintendent of the money-order system of Nova 
Scotia. The son was educated at the common 
school and at Free-church academy, Halifax, stud- 
ied law, was called to the bar in July, 1865, and 
appointed a queen's counsel in May, 1879. He 
was counsel on behalf of the U. S. ' government, 
acting with the American law vers before the fish- 
ery commission at Halifax under the Washington 
treaty. He was made a member of the executive 
council and attorney-general of Nova Scotia on 
22 Oct, 1878. and was premier and attorney-gen- 
eral of the same province from 25 Mav until 25 
July, 1882, when he was appointed a judge of the 
supreme court. He resigned on 25 Sept., 1885, 
and was made minister of justice and attorney-gen- 
eral of Canada. He was a member of the house of 
assembly of Nova Scotia from December, 1877, un- 
til July, 1882. Mr. Thompson was elected to the 
Dominion parliament on 16 Oct., 1885, and re- 
elected in February, 1887. He was attached to the 
British commission, which arranged the fishery 
treaty at Washington, D. C, in 1888, and was 
knighted for his sen-ices on that occasion. 

THOMPSON, Jonathan, merchant b. in Sag- 
tikos Manor, Long Island, N. Y., 7 Dec, 1773; d 
in New York city, 80 Dec., 1846. He was the 
eldest son of Judge Isaac Thompson and Mary, 
daughter of Col. Abraham Gardiner. He was a 
merchant in the city of New York in 1795, of the 
firm of Gardiner, Thompson and Co., in partnership 
with his cousin, Nathaniel Gardiner, an officer in 
the Revolutionary army. They were engaged in 
the West India business, and had extensive ware- 
houses in Brooklyn. Mr. Thompson had great in- 
fluence in the councils of the Democratic party, 
being the chainnan of its general committee for 
ten years. He was collector of direct taxes and 
internal revenue for the state of New York during 
the war of 1812-'15. and afterward, when that 
office was abolished, was appointed collector of cus- 
toms of the port of New York, and served from 
1820 to 1829. At the time of his death he was 
president of the Bank of the Manhattan company. 



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He was widely known socially, and numbered 
among his friends nearly all the statesmen and 
politicians of the country. 

THOMPSON, Joseph Fairish, scholar, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Aug., 1819; <L in Berlin, 
Germany, 20 Sept, 1879. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1888, studied theology for a few months in 
Andover seminary, and then at Yale from 1839 till 
1840. when he was ordained as a Congregational 
minister. He was pastor of the Chapel street 
church in New Haven from that time till 1845, 
and during this period was one of the founders of 
the "New Englander." From 1845 till his resig- 
nation in 1871 he had charge of the Broadway 
tabernacle in New York city. Dr. Thompson de- 



voted much time to the study of Egyptology, in 
which he attained high rank. In 1852-'$ he visited 
Palestine, Epypt, anu other eastern countries, and 
from that time he published continual contribu- 
tions to this branch of learning in periodicals, the 
transactions of societies, and cyclopaedias. He 
lectured on Egyptology in Andover seminary in 
1871, and in 187»-'9 resided in Berlin, Germany, 
occupied in oriental studies, took an active part in 
the social, political, and scientific discussions, and 
was a member of various foreign societies, before 
which he delivered addresses, and contributed es- 
says to their publications. These have been issued 
under the title of 44 American Comments on Euro- 
pean Questions" (New York, 1884). In 1875 Dr. 
Thompson went to England to explain at public 
meetings 44 the attitude of Germany in regard to 
Ultramontanisra," for which service he was re- 
warded by the thanks of the German government, 
expressed in person by Prince Bismarck, and Dr. 
Thompson originated the plan of the Albany Con- 
gregational ist convention in 1852, and was a mana- 
ger of the American Congregational union and the 
American home missionary society. He also aided 
in establishing the New York 44 Independent." 
Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1856, 
and the University of New York that of LL. D. 
in 1868. He published "Memoir of Timothy 
Dwight " (New Haven, 1844) ; 44 Lectures to Young 
Men*'(New York, 1846): 44 Hints to Employers * 
(1847} ; 44 Memoir of David Hale " (1850) ; 44 Foster 
on Missions, with a Preliminary Essay" (1850); 
M Stray Meditations" (1852; revised ed., entitled 
- The Believer's Refuge," 1857) ; 4 * The Invaluable 
Possession" (1856); 44 Egypt, Past and Present" 
(Boston, 1856): 44 The Early Witnesses" (1857); 
44 Memoir of Rev. David T. Stoddard " (New York, 
1858) ; 44 The Christian Graces " (1859) ; 44 The Col- 
lege as a Religious Institution" (1859); 44 Love 
and Penalty" (1860); 44 Bryant Gray* (1863); 
"Christianity and Emancipation" (1868); 44 The 
Holy Comforter" (1866); "Man in Genesis and 
Geologr" (1869); "Theology of Christ, from His 
Own Words" (1870); "Home Worship" (1871); 
** Church and State in the United States" (1874); 
44 Jesus of Nazareth: His Life, for the Young" 
(1875); "The United States as a Nation," lectures 
(1877); and 44 The Workman: his False Friends 
and his True Friends" (1879). 

THOMPSON, Joseph Peter, A. M. E. Zion 
bishop, b. in Winchester, Va., 20 Dec., 1818. He 
acquired a common-school education, and at the 
age of twenty was licensed as a local preacher. In 
1848 he joined the New York annual conference of 
the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church, and 
be was ordained deacon in 1845 and elder in 1847. 
After serving as a missionary in Nova Scotia and 
holding pastorates in and near New York city, he 
was elected and ordained a bishop on 4 July, 1876, 
In the general conference in Louisville, Ky. Bish- 




op Thompson organized a conference in the Baha- 
ma islands in 1878, and in 1882 was a delegate to 
the Methodist ecumenical council in London. He 
has studied and practised medicine successfully, 
having received his medical degree from Jefferson 
university in Philadelphia in 1858. 

THOMPSON, Lannt, sculptor, b. in Abbeyleix. 
Queen's co., Ireland, 8 Feb., 1833. At the age of 
fourteen he went to Albany, N. Y., and there 
entered the office of a professor of anatomy. 
While there he occupied nis leisure hours with 
drawing, but later entered a 
medical college. When Eras- 
tus D. Palmer, the sculptor, 
offered to receive him as his 
pupil, he gladly availed him- 
self of the opportunity, and 
abandoned medicine for art. 
He worked in Palmer's studio 
for nine years, producing sev- 
eral portrait-busts and ideal 
heads of some merit, and in 
1858 removed to New York 
city. Here, having shown a 
remarkable talent for medal- 
lion portraits, he found ample 
employment. He became an 
associate of the Academy of 
design in 1859, and three years 
later his bust, "The Trapper," 
secured his election as an acade- 
mician. In 1868-'9 he was in 
Rome, and in 1875 he went again to Italy, remain- 
ing until 1881, in which year he returne'd to New 
York. In 1874 he was vice-president of the Nation- 
al academy. Among his works are "Elaine," a 
bust; 44 Morning Glory," a medallion: statues of 
Abraham Pierson, at Yale college (1874), repre- 
sented in the accompanying illustration ; Napoleon 
I., at Milford, Pa.; Gen. John Sedgwick, at West 
Point (1869) ; Winfteld Scott, at the Soldiers' home, 
Washington, D. C. ; Charles Morgan, in Clinton, 
Conn, (about 1871); and Ambrose E. Bumside. an 
equestrian statue, at Providence, R. I. (1887) ; 44 The 
Color-Bearer," at Pittsfield, Mass. ; a medallion por- 
trait of John A. Dix, made for the sanitary fair ; 
and portrait-busts of William C. Bryant, in the 
Metropolitan museum. New York; James Gordon 
Bennett, the elder; Robert B. Minturn; Capt 
Charles H. Marshall ; Edwin Booth as 44 Hamlet " ; 
Stephen H. Tyng (1870); and Charles L. Elliott 
and Samuel F. B. Morse (1871). Yale conferred on 
him the honorary degree of M. A. in 1874. 

THOMPSON, Lewis 0, clergyman, b. in 
Bergen, Norway, 18 March, 1889; d. in Henry, 
111., 16 July, 1887. He came with his parents in 
boyhood to Chicago, 111., was graduated at Beloit 
in 1863, and at Union theological seminary, New 
York city, in 1866, and after being licensed to 
preach, and becoming, in 1866, a professor at 
Northwestern university, Watertown, Wis., be was 
ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian 
church, 28 Jan., 1869. In the spring of that year 
he became president of Northwestern university, 
and in 1875 he became pastor of a church in Pe- 
oria, 111., but in July, 1882, failing health forced 
him to resign. After 1886 he was in charge of a 
church at Henry, 111., till his death by drowning. 
He published 44 The Presidents and tneir Admin- 
istrations" (Indianapolis, Ind., 1878); "Nothing 
Lost" (New York, 1876); "The Prayer-Meeting 
and its Improvement " (Chicago, 1878) ; 44 How to 
conduct Prayer-Meetings" (Boston, 1879); and 
"Nineteen Christian Centuries in Outline" (Chica- 
go, 1882) ; and left several uncompleted works. 



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THOMPSON, Maurice, author, b. in Fairfield, 
Ind., 9 Sept., 1844. His parents, who were south- 
erners, removed to Kentucky, and thence to the 
hill-region of northern Georgia. The son was edu- 
cated by private tutors, and early became interested 
in the study of out-door life. He served through 
the civil war in the Confederate army, and at its 
close went to Indiana, became a civil engineer on 
a railway survey, and in due season rose to be chief 
engineer. He then studied law, and opened an 
office at Crawf ordsville. He was elected in 1879 to 
the legislature, and appointed in 1885 state geolo- 
gist of Indiana and chief of the department of natu- 
ral history. He has written much for periodicals, 
and has published in book-form " Hoosier Mosaics " 
(New York, 1875); *• The Witchery of Archery" 
(1878); A Tallahassee Girl " (Boston, 1882) ; "His 
Second Campaign " (1882) ; 44 Songs of Fair Weath- 
er" (1883); "At Love's Extremes" (1885); "By- 
wavs and Bird Notes" (1885); "The Boys' Book 
of Sports" (1886); "A Banker of Bankersville " 
(1886); "Svlvan Secrets" (1887}; "The Story of 
Louisiana, in the 44 Commonwealth Series " (1888) ; 
and " A Fortnight of Folly" (New York, 1888). 

THOMPSON. Merrlwether Jeff, soldier, b. in 
Harper's Ferry, Va., 22 Jan., 1826 ; d. in SL Joseph, 
Mo., in July, 1876. He was educated in the com- 
mon schools, was mayor of the city of SL Joseph, 
Mo., in 1859, and was appointed brigadier-general 
in the Missouri state guards early in 1861, and in 
the Confederate army in October of that year. He 
was a most successful scout and partisan officer, 
and achieved frequent successes by strategy and 
daring against greatly superior forces. He was 
held in high regard by Gen. Sterling Price and 
Gen. Leon id as Polk, under both of whom he served. 
He recruited his command personally, and, as a 
rule, clothed, armed, and subsisted them without 
expense to the Confederate government. He was 
the inventor of a hemp-break, which is now in gen- 
eral use, and an improved pistol-lock. He sur- 
veyed, as civil engineer, the greater part of the 
Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad and parts of the 
Kansas and Nebraska road. 

THOMPSON, Richard Wlgglnton, secretary 
of the navy, b. in Culpeper county, Va., 9 June, 
1809. He received a gtxxl education, and removed 
in 1831 to Kentucky, whence, after serving as a 
store-keeper's clerk 
in Louisville, he 
went to Lawrence 
county, Ind. There 
he taught for a few 
months, and then 
returned to mer- 
cantile business, at 
the same time stud- 
ying law at night 
He was admitted 
to the bar in 1834, 
began to practise 
in Bedford, Ind., 
and served in the 
lower house of the 
legislature in 1834- 
'6, and in the upper 
house in 1836-U 
He was for a short 
time president, pro 
Umport, of the state 
senate, and acting 
lieutenant-governor. He was a presidential elector 
on the Harrison ticket in 1840, zealouslv supporting 
Gen. Harrison in public speeches and by his pen, 
served in congress in 1841-*3, having been chosen 




as a Whig, and was a defeated candidate for elec- 
tor on the Clay ticket in 1844. He served again in 
congress in 1847-'9, declining a renomination, and 
also refused the Austrian mission, which was of- 
fered him by President Taylor, the recordership of 
the land-office, which Fillmore tendered him, and 
a seat on the bench of the court of claims, which 
President Lincoln urged him to accept. He was 
again a presidential elector, on the Republican 
ticket, in 1864, and delegate to the National con- 
ventions of that party in 1868 and 1876. In the 
latter he nominated Oliver P. Morton for the presi- 
dency*. In 1867-9 he was judge of the 18th circuit 
of the state. On 12 March, 1877. Mr. Thompson 
entered President Hayes's cabinet as secretary of 
the navy, and he served nearly through the admin- 
istration, resigning in 1881 to become chairman of 
the American committee of the Panama canal com- 
pany. He is also a director of the Panama rail- 
road. He has written many political platforms, 
and obtained a reputation for his ability in formu- 
lating party-principles. He has published "The 
Papacy and the Civil Power" (New York, 1876), 
and a " History of the Tariff " (Chicago, 1888). 

THOMPSON, Robert Ellis, educator, b. in 
Lurgan, Ireland, in the spring of 1844. Coming to 
this country in his thirteenth year, he settled with 
his parents in Philadelphia, and. entering the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, was graduated in 1865, 
and in 1868 received the degree of A. M. In 1867 
he was licensed to preach by the Reformed presby- 
tery of Philadelphia, and in 1868 was chosen pro- 
fessor of Latin and mathematics in the University 
of Pennsylvania. He became professor of social 
science in 1871, and in 1881 professor of history 
and English literature, which chair he still holds. 
Since 1870 he has given instruction in political 
economy, and he is well known as an advocate of 
protection to home industry. In 1884-'5 he lec- 
tured at Harvard on protection and the tariff, and 
in 1886-'7 he delivered a similar course at Yale, 
In 1870 he became editor of the 44 Penn Monthly," 
then newly established, and continued such for ten 
years. In 1880 a weekly supplement of notes on 
current events was begun, which in October of that 
year was expanded into 44 The American," a weekly 
journal of literature, science, the arts, and public 
affairs, which is still published in Philadelphia un- 
der his editorship. In 1883-'5 he edited the first 
two volumes of the 44 Encyclopedia Americana," a 
supplement to the ninth edition of the 44 Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica," but, his health failing, he was 
obliged to resign the remaining two volumes to 
other hands. In 1870 Hamilton college conferred 
on him the degree of Ph. D., and in 1887 he re- 
ceived that of S. T. D. from the University of Penn- 
sylvania. Prof. Thompson is the author of 44 Social 
Science and National Economy " (Philadelphia, 
1875 ; revised ed., 1876 ; partly rewritten, under the 
title of 44 Elements of Political Economy," 1882), 
and 44 Protection to Home Industry," his Harvard 
lectures (New York, 1886). 

THOMPSON, Smith, jurist, b. in Stanford, 
Dutchess co., N. Y., 17 Jan., 1768; d. in Pouch- 
keepsie, N. Y., 18 Dec., 1843. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1788, studied law with Chancellor 
James Kent in Pouphkeepsie, teaching part of the 
time, and was admitted to the bar in 1792. He 
practised for some time in Troy, but, on the re- 
moval of Chancellor Kent from Poughkeepsie to 
New York, Mr. Thompson returned to the former 
place. In 1800 he was chosen to the legislature, 
and in 1801 he was a delegate to the State consti- 
tutional convention. In the latter year he was 
I appointed attorney for the middle district of New 



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York, but declined. From 1802 till 1814 he was 
associate justice of the state supreme court, mean- 
while declining the mayoralty of New York city, 
and in the latter year 
he became chief jus- 
tice, which post he 
held till he was called 
in 1818 to the port- 
folio of the navy in 
President Monroe's 
cabinet In 1823 he 
was raised to the 
bench of the U. S. 
supreme court, to 
succeed Judge Brock- 
hoist Livingston, 
where he remained 
till his death. Judge 
Thompson was inter- 
ested in many benev- 
olent enterprises, and 
at the time of his 
death was the oldest 
vice-president of the 
American Bible society. He made a reputation for 
sound legal learning on the bench of his native 
state, which he sustained in the U. S. supreme 
court. His funeral sermon, which was delivered by 
Rev. A. M. Mann, in the Reformed Dutch church, 
Poughkeepsie, was published in pamphlet-form 
(Poughkeepsie, 1844). The vignette of Judge 
Thompson is copied from the original painting by 
Asher B. Durand. Yale and Princeton gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1824 and Harvard in 1835. 

THOMPSON, Thomas, philanthropist, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 27 Aug.. 1798 ; d. in New York city, 
28 March, 1869. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1817, and studied divinity under William EDery 
Channing, but abandoned it to devote himself to 
the fine arts. His first collection of pictures, which 
was said to be the finest in Boston at that time and 
valued at $92,000, was destroyed in the burning of 
Trernont Temple in 1852. He gathered another 
collection worth $500,000, and, besides this, pos- 
sessed property valued at nearly $1,000,000. He 
had bequeathed this to form a fund the income of 
which should be used to aid poor needle-women of 
Boston, but because his property was taxed in that 
city at what he thought an exorbitant rate, he re- 
moved to New York about 1860, cancelled his will, 
and made another in favor of the needle- women 
of Brattleboro', Vt., and Rhinebeck, N. Y. Mr. 
Thompson's mode of life was eccentric, and it is 
said that before his removal from Boston he had 
never travelled on a steamboat or a railroad. 

THOMPSON, Thomas W, senator, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 15 March, 1766 ; d. in Concord, N. H., 
1 Oct, 1821. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1786, studied law, was admitted to the bar. and 
practised in Salisbury from 1790 till 1810, when 
be removed to Concord. He was a member of the 
state house of representatives, and its speaker in 
1813-'14, served in congress in 1805-7, and was 
treasurer of his state in 1809. He was appointed 
U. S. senator to fill the unexpired term of Nicholas 
Oilman, deceased, and served from 19 Sept, 1814, 
till 3 March, 1817.— His grandson, John Leverett, 
soldier, b. in Plymouth, N. H., 2 Feb., 1835; d. in 
Chicago, III, 81 Jan., 1888, was the son of William 
C. Thompson. He studied at Dartmouth and 
Williams, and read law in Worcester, Mass., and 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and then at Harvard law- 
school, where he was graduated in 1858. He was 
admitted to the bar at Worcester, and continued 
his studies in Berlin, Munich, and Paris. In 1860 



he settled in Chicago, and at the opening of the 
civil war enlisted as a private of artillery. He rose 
to be corporal, and was made lieutenant in the 1st 
Rhode Island cavalry, in which he was commis- 
sioned captain, 3 Dec, 1861 ; major, 3 July, 1862 ; 
lieutenant-colonel on 11 July; and colonel on 4 
Jan., 1863. In March, 1864, he took command of 
the 1st New Hampshire cavalry. He served first 
with the Army of the Potomac, and in 1864 with 
Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, taking part in 
many engagements, and at the close of the war re- 
ceived the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers. 
In 1866 he formed a law-partnership with Norman 
Williams. Gen. Thompson was connected with 
the work of the Citizens' association, and was presi- 
dent of the Union league club of Chicago. 

THOMPSON, Waddv, lawyer, b. in Pickens- 
ville, S. C, 8 Sept, 1798; d. in Tallahassee, Fla., 
23 Nov., 1868. He was graduated at South Caro- 
lina college in 1814 and admitted to the bar in 
1819. He was a member of the legislature from 
1826 till 1830, when he became solicitor of the west- 
ern circuit During the nullification excitement 
in 1835 he was elected by the legislature brigadier- 
general of militia. From 1835 till 1841 he was a 
member of congress, and was active in debate as a 
leader of the Whig party, and serving in 1840 as 
chairman of the committee on military affairs. In 
1842 he was appointed minister to Mexico. Dur- 
ing his mission, he made two important treaties, 
and procured the liberation of more than 200 
Texan prisoners, many of whom were sent home 
at his own charge. On his return he published 
" Recollections of Mexico," which is valuable as a 
calm estimate of that country written on the eve 
of the war with the United States (New York, 1846). 
He was a cotton-planter in Florida, but spent most 
of his time after his return from Mexico on his 
estate near Greenville, S. C. 

THOMPSON, William, soldier, b. in Ireland 
about 1725; d. near Carlisle, Pa., 4 Sept., 1781. 
He emigrated to Pennsylvania, and in the French 
and Indian war was captain of a troop of mounted 
militia. When a battalion of eight companies was 
recruited in Pennsylvania, after the fight at Lex- 
ington, he was placed in command, with the rank 
of colonel. They were the first troops that were 
raised on the demand of the Continental congress, 
and they arrived at the camp in Cambridge, Mass., 
before 14 Aug.. 1775. On 10 Nov. this regiment 
drove back a British landing-party at Lechmere 
point Thompson was made a brigadier-general 
on 1 March, 1776, and on 19 March he relieved 
Gen. Charles Lee of the command of the forces at 
New York. In April he was ordered to Canada to 
re-enforce Gen. Jonn Thomas with four regiments, 
which were afterward increased to ten. He met 
the remnant of the Northern army on its retreat 
from Quebec, and assumed the chief command 
while Gen. Thomas was sick, yielding it up on 4 
June to Gen. John Sullivan, by whose orders, two 
days later, he made a disastrous attack on the 
enemy at Trois Rivieres. He was there taken pris- 
oner, and in August returned to Philadelphia on 
parole, but was not exchanged for two years. 

THOMPSON, William Tappan, humorist, b. 
in Ravenna, Ohio, 31 Aug., 1812; d. in Savannah, 
Ga., 24 March, 1882. His father was a Virginian 
and his mother a native of Dublin, Ireland, and 
the son was the first white child that was born in 
the Western Reserve. He lost his mother at the 
a^e of eleven, and removed to Philadelphia with 
his father, who died soon afterward, ana the lad 
entered the office of the Philadelphia Chronicle." 
This he left to become secretary to James D. Wes- 



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cott, territorial governor of Florida, with whom he 
also studied law, but in 1835 he went to Augusta, 
Ga.. and became associated with Judge Augustus 
B. Longstreet in editing the ** States Rights Senti- 
nel." He served as a volunteer against the Semi- 
noles in 1835-'6, and in the autumn of the latter 
year established at Augusta the 44 Mirror," the first 
purely literary paper in the state. It was not a 
financial success, and was merged in the 44 Family 
Companion" at Macon, whither Mr. Thompson 
removed. Afterward he conducted the 44 Miscel- 
lany " in Madison, Ga., to which he contributed his 
44 Major Jones Letters," which first won him a repu- 
tation, and which were afterward collected in book- 
form as 44 Major Jones's Courtship " (Philadelphia, 
1840 ; unauthorized ed., entitled 44 Rancv Cottem's 
Courtship, by Major Joseph Jones"). In 1845 he 
became associated with Park Benjamin in the pub- 
lication at Baltimore of the 44 Western Continent," 
a weekly, of which he was afterward sole editor and 
proprietor, but he sold it in 1850, and, removing to 
Savannah, founded the "Morning News," with 
which he remained connected till his death. Dur- 
ing the civil war he was aide to Gov. Joseph E. 
Brown, and in 1864 he served in the ranks as a vol- 
unteer He was at one time one of the wardens of 
the port of Savannah, sat in the State constitu- 
tional convention of 1877, and was a delegate to the 
National Democratic convention of 1868. His po- 
litical editorials were forcible and often bitter, out 
in private life he was simple and genial. His hu- 
morous works at one time were widely popular. 
Besides the one mentioned above, they include 
"Major Jones's Chronicles of Pineville" (1843: 
new and unauthorized ed., entitled 4 * Maior Jones's 
Georgia Scenes"); "Major Jones's Sketches of 
Travel " (1848); 44 The Live Indian," a farce ; and a 
dramatization of 44 The Vicar of Wakefield," which 
was produced with success in this country and 
abroad. He also edited " Hotchkiss's Codification 
of the Statute Laws of Georgia " (1845). After his 
death another collection of bis sketches was pub- 
lished by his daughter, Mrs. May A. Wade, with 
the title 44 John's Alive, or the Bride of a Ghost, 
and other Sketches" (Philadelphia, 1888). 

THOMPSON, Zadoc, naturalist, b. in Bridge- 
water. Vt., 23 May, 1796; d. in Burlington, Vt., 19 
Jan., 1856. He was graduated at the University 
of Vermont in 1823, and became a tutor there in 
1825. In addition to his teaching, he edited in 
1828 the 44 Iris and Burlington Literary Gazette," 
and in 1832 44 The Green Mountain Repository." 
He issued an almanac as early as 1819, and subse- 
quently made the astronomical calculations for the 
"Vermont Registers," also for thirty-four years 
those of "Walton's Registers." He" removed in 
1833 to Hat lev, Canada, and then to Sherbrooke, 
where he taught, and, after studying theology, was 
in 1835 made a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal 
church. He returned to Burlington, Vt., in 1837, 
and was given a chair in the Vermont Episcopal 
seminary. Subsequently in 1845-'8 he hela the of- 
fice of state geologist of Vermont and gathered in 
Burlington a collection of more than 3.000 speci- 
mens of the productions of the state, which on his 
death became the property of the university. In 
1851 he was called to the professorship of chemis- 
try and natural history in the University of Ver- 
mont, and in 1858 he was directed to make a survey 
of the state, including its physical geography, 
geology, mineralogy, botany, and general zoology, 
upon which he was engaged at the time of nis 
death. He was sent as a commissioner from Ver- 
mont to the World's fair in London in 1851, and 
exhibited a collection of American woods, classified 



according to their useful properties, for which he 
received a bronze medal. In June, 1850, he deliv- 
ered the annual address before the Boston society 
of natural history on the 44 Geology of Vermont, 
Besides several text-books, Prof. Thompson pub- 
lished * 4 Gazetteer of the State of Vermont " (Mont- 
pel ier, 1824) ; 44 History of the State of Vermont to 
1832 " (Burlington, 1838); "History of Vermont, 
Natural, Civil, and Statistical " (1841-53) ; " Guide 
to Lake George, Lake Champlain, Montreal, and 
Quebec " (1845) ; and the 44 Geography and Geology 
of Vermont " (1848). 

THOMSON, Alexander, jurist, b. in Frank- 
lin county. Pa., 12 Jan., 1788 ; d. in Chambereburg, 
Pa., 2 Aug., 1848. He was the son of Archibald 
Thomson, a soldier in the war of the Revolution. 
His parents having died when he was a child, he 
was apprenticed at the age of fifteen to his uncle, 
Andrew Thomson, a sickle-maker. Meanwhile he 
found time for private study, and at the end of his 
apprenticeship had a fair knowledge of Latin and 
Greek, and English literature. His attainments 
came under the not ice of the Rev. Mr. Grier, father 
of Justice Robert C. Grier of the U. S. supreme 
court, whose family he entered as tutor, at the same 
time pursuing his own studies. At the end of three 
years he left Northumberland for Bedford, where 
he taught, and studied law. After his admission 
to the bar he rose rapidly in his profession, was 
elected to the Pennsylvania house of representa- 
tives, and afterward chosen to congress to fill a va- 
cancy, serving from December, 1824, till his resig- 
nation in May, 1826. During his term he gave 
much attention to the interests of the District of 
Columbia, in recognition of which his portrait was 
placed in the Washington city-hall. After his res- 
ignation he was appointed city jud^e of Lancas- 
ter, and soon afterward president- judge of the 
16th judicial district, which post he occupied un- 
'til 1838. Judge Thomson was also professor in 
the law-school of Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa. 
—His son, William, surgeon, b. in Chambereburg, 
Pa., 28 Jan., 1833, was educated in the Academy 
of Chambereburg and under private tutors, and 
was graduated at Jefferson medical college in 1855. 
Soon afterward he had a lucrative practice at Lower 
Merion, near Philadelphia, which he relinquished 
in 1861 in order to enter the regular array as assist- 
ant surgeon. He was with the Army of the Poto- 
mac throughout the civil war, either in the field or 
at Washington. For his services after the battle of 
South Mountain he received the thanks of Presi- 
dent Lincoln. He originated two reforms for im- 

C roving the medical field service: the system of 
rigade supplies, and the division hospital system. 
Both these reforms were extended to all the armies 
by the war department He was raised to the post 
or medical inspector of the Department of Wash- 
ington in 1864, received two brevets, and after the 
war was sent to Louisiana, but he resigned from the 
armv, 25 Feb., 1866. Dr. Thomson introduced the 
local use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant in the 
treatment of wounds, published an article on the 
treatment of hospital gangrene by bromine, and 
was the first, in conjunction with "Dr. William F. 
j Norris, successfully to apply the negative process 
I of photography by wet collociion in clinical micros- 
copy. The Army' medical museum has been large- 
ly indebted to Dr. Thomson for its success, and in 
its catalogue he is mentioned as the largest con- 
tributor both of papers and specimens. Since his re- 
tirement from the army Dr. Thomson has practised 
his profession in Philadelphia. He was elected vice- 
president of the ophthalmologic^ section of the 
International medical congress that met in Philadel- 



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THOMSON 



THOMSON 



97 



phia in 1876, has lectured at Wills hospital on dis- 
eases of the eye for many years, and was elected 
its emeritus surgeon in 1877. He has been clinical 
lecturer on diseases of the eye and ear in Jefferson 
medical college since 1873, and ophthalmic sur- 

feon to the college hospital since 1877. Among 
is important contributions to medical literature 
are a series of papers published in the 44 American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences," in conjunction 
with Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, on the use of the ophthal- 
moscope in the diagnosis of intracranial tumors, 
and clinical reports of cases of severe and pro- 
longed headache, dependent upon astigmatism, 
which have been relieved by the correction of opti- 
cal defects. He revised the section on diseases and 
injuries of the eye in Dr. Samuel D. Gross's "Sys- 
tem of Surgery," and has invented a new method 
of diagnosing and correcting ametropia by means 
of a simple instrument, which is now in general 
use among ophthalmologics! surgeons in this coun- 
try and Europe. — Alexander's youngest son, Frank, 
railway superintendent, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., 
5 July, 1841, was educated at Chambersburg acad- 
emy, and in 1858 began to learn the railway busi- 
ness in the Pennsylvania railroad company's shops 
at Altoona, Col. Thomas A. Scott appointed him 
to a responsible position in the U. S. military rail- 
way system early in 1861, and he was sent to Alex- 
andria, Va,, where he assisted in rebuilding bridges 
and restoring shops, machinery, and rolling stock. 
On 1 July, 1862, he was transferred to Gen. Don 
Carlos Buell's army, but, after accompanying it 
during its march through Kentucky, he returned 
to the Array of the Potomac. He was then en- 
gaged in directing the lines of railroad that played 
an important part in the Antietam campaign, and 
was subsequently made assistant superintendent of 
the lines south of Acquia creek. He co-operated 
with CoL Scott in removing the 11th and 12th 
corps, with their full equipment of artillery and 
wagons, to Chattanooga, and was afterward given 
control of the lines south of Nashville, which he 
rendered capable of transmitting sufficient re-en- 
forcements and supplies to relieve the National 
army from its embarrassments, and enable it to 
assume the offensive, lie resigned from the mili- 
tary service in 1864, and on 1 June of that year 
became superintendent of the eastern division of 
the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. While hold- 
ing this office he organized a system of track-in- 
spection which was adopted by the entire road, 
and made improvements in the construction of the 
roadway. In 1873 he was made superintendent of 
motive power on the Pennsylvania railroad, and in 
1874 became its general manager. 

THOMSON, Charles, patriot, b. in Maehera, 
County Derry, Ireland, 29 Nov., 1729; d. in Lower 
Merion, Montgomery co., Pa., 16 Aug., 1824. He 
was brought to this country with three other 
brothers by his father in 1740. The father died 
just in sight of land, and the young Thomsons 
were thrown on their own resources when they 
landed at New Castle, Del. An elder brother, who 
had emigrated before them, gave them such aid as 
he could, and persuaded a countryman. Dr. Francis 
Allison, to take Charles into his seminary in New 
London, Pa. Here he made rapid progress, and while 
yet little more than a boy ne was chosen to con- 
duct a Friends' academy at New Castle. He often 
visited Philadelphia, met Benjamin Franklin there, 
and was brought to the notice of many other emi- 
nent men. His reputation for veracity was spread 
even among the Indian tribes, and when the Dela- 
wares adopted him into their nation in 1756 they 
called him in their tongue 44 man of truth." Rev. 

VOL. TI.—1 




Ashbel Green, in his autobiography, says that it 
was common to say that a statement was 44 as true 
as if Charles Thomson's name was to it." He was 
one of the first to take his stand with the colonists, 
and he exercised immense influence, owing to the 
confidence of the peo- 
ple in his ability and 
integrity. He travel- 
led through the coun- 
try ascertaining the 
wishes of the farmers, 
and trying to learn 
whether they would 
be eoual to the ap- 
proaching crisis. 44 He 
was the Sam Adams 
of Philadelphia," said 
John Adams, 44 the life 
of the cause of liber- 
ty." He had i ust come 
to Philadelphia in 
September, 1774, with 
his bride, a daughterof 
Richard Harrison, of 
Pennsylvania, when 
he learned that he 
had been unanimously 

chosen secretary of the 1st Continental congress. 
44 He was the soul of that political body," says 
Abbe Robin, the chaplain of Rochambeau. He 
would receive no pay for his first year's services, 
and congress presented his wife with a silver urn. 
which is still preserved in the family. He remained 
in this post under every congress up to 1789, not 
only keeping the records but taking copious notes 
of its proceedings and of the progress of the Revo- 
lution. When he retired into private life he made 
these notes the basis of a history of the Revolution, 
but he destroyed the manuscript some time before 
his death, as he feared that a description of the 
unpatriotic conduct of some of the colonists at that 
period would give pain to their descendants. Mr. 
Thomson wrote 44 An Enquiry into the Causes of 
the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawaneese 
Indians, etc., with Notes by the Editor on Indian 
Customs" (London, 1759), and "The Holy Bible, 
containing the Old and New Covenant, commonly 
called the Old and New Testament; translated 
from the Greek [the Old Covenant from the Scptu- 
agint]" (4 vols., Philadelphia, 1808). This work is 
now very rare. It contained the first English ver- 
sion of the Scptuagint that had been published at 
the time, and was considered by biblical scholars 
in Great Britain to have reflected high honor on 
American scholarship His own copy of this trans- 
lation, with his last manuscript corrections, is in 
the Philadelphia library. He also published "A 
Svnopsis of the Four Evangelists, or a Regular 
History of the Conception, Birth, Doctrine, Mira- 
cles, Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Jesus 
Christ, in the Words of the Evangelists" (Phila- 
delphia, 1815), and left in manuscript "Critical 
Annotations on Gilbert Wakefield's Works," which 
were presented in 1832 by John F. Watson to the 
Massachusetts historical society. — His relative, 
William, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania in 1727; d. 
in Sweet Springs, Va., 22 Nov., 1796, is said in 
some Irish biographies to be the brother of Charles, 
to have been born in Maghera, Ireland, about 1726, 
and about fourteen years old when he arrived in 
this country. He was taken to South Carolina by 
some friends of his family, was brought up as a 
frontiersman, and became famous in the district 
for his skill with the rifle. He fought against the 
Regulators in 1771, at the head of a regiment under 



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98 THOMSON 

Gov. William Tryon. He was sheriff of Orange- 
burg in 1772, and was elected a member of the first 
provincial legislature, and the first state conven- 
tion. He was appointed oolonel in 1775 o/ the 3d 
South Carolina regiment, which was known as the 
Rangers. His soldiers were all skilful marksmen, 
and he dispersed the guerillas of Gen. Robert 
Cunningham, the Tory leader. He fought at its 
head at Charleston in 1776, driving the English 
back from the eastern side of Sullivan's island, and 
was formally thanked for this service by Gov. John 
Rutledge and congress. He also served with Gen. 
Robert Howe in Georgia, was engaged with his 
command in the attack on Savannah under Count 
d'Estain^ and Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and was 
taken prisoner after the capture of Charleston. He 
served afterward under the command of Gen. 
Nathanael Greene. He displayed the greatest 
bravery during the war, and at the end of it was 
broken both in health and fortunes. He was elected 
sheriff of Orangeburg a second time, and was a 
member of the State constitutional convention. 
Thomson was engaged in the occupation of an 
indigo-planter until 1786, when, seeking to benefit 
his declining health, he visited the mineral springs 
in Virginia, where he died. 

THOMSON, Charles West, poet, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., in 1788; d. in York, Pa., 17 April, 1879. 
He was of Quaker parentage, but became a minis- 
ter of the Protestant Episcopal church, and in 
1849 he was appointed rector of the church in 
York, Pa^ which post he resigned in 1866. His 
principal works are " The Limner," prose sketches 
(Philadelphia, 1822); "The Phantom Barge, and 
other Poems " (1822) ; " Ellinor, and other Poems " 
(1826); "The Sylph, and other Poems "(1828); and 
" The Love of Home, and other Poems " (1845). 
He was also a contributor to periodicals. 

THOMSON, Edward, M. E. bishop, b. in Portsea, 
part of Portsmouth, England, 12 Oct, 1810 ; d. in 
Wheeling, W. Va., 21 March, 1870. When he was 
seven years old his parents emigrated to the United 
States and settled in Wooster, Ohio. His father 
was a druggist, and this directed Edward's atten- 
tion to the study of medicine, which he pursued at 
the University of Pennsylvania. He united with 
the Methodist church, 29 April, 1882, the next 
vear was licensed to exhort, and in the following 
Duly was recommended for admission into the an- 
nual conference. He was received in September 
and united with his former pastor upon the Nor- 
walk circuit From the first his great abilities 
were apparent In 1836 he was stationed at De- 
troit, where Lewis Cass, governor of the state, 
though a Presbyterian, was among his hearers. 
While there he married a daughter of Mordecai 
Bartley, member of congress, and afterward gov- 
ernor of the state. In 1837 he became principal 
of a seminary at Norwalk, where his success was 
so great that in 1843 he was offered the chancellor- 
ship of Michigan university, and the presidency 
of Transylvania college. In 1844 he was elected 
editor of the " Ladies' Repository " by the general 
conference. He was re-elected to this post in 1848, 
but was immediately called to the presidency of 
Ohio university, where he remained until 1860, 
when he was elected editor of the " Christian Advo- 
cate." Here he remained for four years, success- 
ful in spite of much opposition. In 1864 he was 
elected bishor, which office he filled until his death. 
He attained 'liigh rank as a lecturer and editor, 
and wrote much for periodicals and papers. He 
was a profound student, very absent-minded, and 
preferred the seclusion of a college to the episcopal 
office ; but, notwithstanding this, he was among 



THOMSON 



the most eminent of those that have filled it 
Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1846, and Wesleyan 
that of LL. D. in 1855. Bishop Thomson pub- 
lished " Educational Essays " (new ed., Cincinnati, 
1856); "Moral and Religious Essays" (1856); 
"Biographical and Incidental Sketches" (1856); 
" Letters from Europe " (1856) ; and " Letters from 
India, China, and Turkey " (2 vols., 1870). 

THOMSON, Elihu, electrician, b. in Manches- 
ter, England, 29 March, 1853. He came to this 
country in 1858, and was graduated at the Central 
high-school in Philadelphia in 1870. He studied 
chemistry in an analytical laboratory, but was 
soon called to assist in the chemical department of 
the high-school, which place he held until 1876, 
when he was made full professor of chemistry and 
physics in that institution. Meanwhile, in 1875, he 
had been chosen professor of chemistry in the Ar- 
tisan's night-school in Philadelphia, and during 
the winter of 1876-7 he began a series of lectures 
on electricity at the Franklin institute. For sev- 
eral years he studied very closely the subject of 
electricity, with its special application to artificial 
illumination, and in 1880 he was appointed elec- 
trician to the American electric company of New 
Britain, Conn. He at once devoted himself to in- 
venting, and nearly 200 patents relating to arc 
lighting, incandescent lighting, motor work, induc- 
tion systems, and similar applications have resulted. 
For the development of these inventions the Thom- 
son-Houston electric company was organized, and 
located its plant in Lynn, Mass. Prof. Thomson 
has also invented the system of electric welding, 
which he placed in the hands of a corporation, and 
it has now become an established industry. He is 
a member of the American philosophical society 
and the American academy of arts and sciences, 
and vice-president of the American institute of 
electrical engineers, and has contributed technical 
papers to the societies of which he is a member. 

THOMSON, Frederick Bordlne, missionary, 
b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 5 Nov., 1809 ; d. in 
Berne. Switzerland, 3 March, 1847. He was gradu- 
ated at Rutgers in 1831, and at New Brunswick 
theological seminary in 1834, and in 1837 sailed 
for Singapore as a missionary of the Dutch Re- 
formed church. He remained there till 1839, was 
then in Batavia, Java, till 1841, and afterward in 
Karangan, Borneo, till 1846, when feeble health 
forced him to leave his post He published a 
" Dyak Hymn-Book," the first printed book in that 
language (1844), and "Brown's Catechism " in Dyak 
(1845), and translated into the same tongue the 
gospel of St. Matthew and the first twenty chap- 
ters of Genesis. He left an unfinished work on 
" The Economy of Missions." 

THOMSON, James Bates, educator, *b. in 
Springfield, Vt, 21 May, 1808; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. T., 22 June, 1883. He worked on his father's 
farm in summer, attending a district school in 
winter, till 1824, when he began to teach. He was 
graduated at Yale in 1834, and was principal of an 
academy at Nantucket, Mass., from 1885 to 1842. 
He then went to Auburn, N. Y., and at the request 
of President Day, of Yale, published an abridg- 
ment of Day's algebra for the use of schools. He 
began in 1843 to organize and extend teachers' 
institutes and similar gatherings, and was actively 
engaged in this work for the next four or five 
years. In 1845 he assisted in the organization of 
the New York state teachers' association, and was 
elected its president He removed to the city of 
New York in 1846, and resided there and in Brook- 
lyn till 1868, when he took up his permanent reei- 



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THOMSON 



deuce in the latter city. He received the degree 
of LL. D. from Hamilton college in 1858, and from 
the University of Tennessee in 1882. Mr. Thomson 
attained considerable reputation as a conchologist 
He published a very successful series of mathemati- 
cal works, his arithmetical works alone having a 
sale of about 100,000 copies annually. His books 
include School Algebra" (New Haven, 1848); a 
series of arithmetics (New York, 1845-'52) ; and 
44 Arithmetical Analysis" (1854). 

THOMSON, John Edgar, civil engineer, b. in 
Springfield, Delaware co., Pa,, 10 Feb., 1808; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 27 May, 1874. He was the son 
of John Thomson, the engineer who planned the 
first experimental railroad in the United States, and 
was thoroughly trained and educated in the pro- 
fession by his father. In 1827 he began his own 
career in the engineering corps that was employed 
upon the original surveys of the Philadelphia and 
Columbia railroad, having received his appoint- 
ment from the secretary of the board of canal com- 
missioners of Pennsylvania, and three years later 
he entered the service of the Camden and Am boy 
railroad as principal assistant engineer of the east- 
ern division. In 1832 he was appointed chief en- 
gineer of the Georgia railroad, which then con- 
trolled the longest fine under a single company in 
this country, and later he was its general manager. 
In 1847 he became chief engineer of the Pennsyl- 
vania railroad, and in 1852 he was made its presi- 
dent, which office he held until his death. Mr. 
Thomson took chief charge of the road before it 
was finished, and during the twenty-eight years of 
his administration dividends were regularly paid 
on the stock with the exception of a single semi- 
annual dividend in 1857. When his presidency 
began, the Pennsylvania company ownea 246 miles 
of road and had a capital of $18,000,000; and it 
has since become a corporation controlling 2,846 
miles of railroad and 66 miles of canal, with a capi- 
tal of $150,000,000. Mr. Thomson possessed re- 
markable engineering ability and executive skill. 
He was connected with other railroad enterprises in 
various parts of the country, and was a director in 
many companies. 

THOMSON, John Renshaw, senator, b. in 
Philadelphia. Pa., 25 Sept, 1800; d. in Princeton, 
N. J., 18 Sept, 1862. He studied for some time at 
Princeton, but left without taking his degree, in 
order to pursue a commercial career. He went to 
China in 1817, and in 1820 had regularly estab- 
lished himself in the Chinese trade, and opened a 
house in Canton, where President Monroe appoint- 
ed him U. S. consul in 1823. He returned to the 
United States in 1825, married a sister of Com. 
Robert F. Stockton, and resided at Princeton. He 
was appointed a director of the Camden and Am- 
boy railroad in 1835, which office he held during 
bis lifetime. He canvassed the state in 1842 in 
support of the Constitutional convention that met 
in 1844, and was nominated the same year for gov- 
ernor by the Democratic party, but was defeated. 
On the resignation of Com*. Stockton as U. S. sena- 
tor in 1853, Mr. Thomson was elected for the re- 
mainder of the term, and he was re-elected in 1857 
for six years. His second wife was a daughter of 
Gen. Aaron Ward, and after Mr. Thomson s death 
she married Gov. Thomas Swann of Maryland. 

THOMSON, Mortimer, humorist b. in Riga, 
Monroe co., N. Y„ 2 Sept, 1832; d. in New Yorjc 
city, 25 June, 1875. He was taken to Ann Arbor, 
Mich., by his parents in childhood, and entered the 
University of Michigan, but was expelled, with 
about forty others, for belonging to college secret 
societies. After going on the stage, and then travel- 



THOMSON 99 

ling as a salesman for a New York firm, he adopted 
journalism as a profession. He was first brought 
into notice by his letters from Niagara Falls, in the 
New York ** Tribune," and he also wrote rhymed 
police-court reports, and a series of sketches of New 
York fortune-tellers, which was afterward pub- 
lished in book-form as "The Witches of New 
York " (New York, 1859). His report of the Pierce- 
Butler sale of slaves at Savannah, Ga., about 1859, 
occupied several pages of the " Tribune," and was 
reprinted in the other daily papers, translated into 
several foreign languages, and circulated by the 
Anti-slavery society as a tract During about eight 
years he delivered many popular lectures, includ- 
ing one in rhyme on " Pluck " and one on " Cheek " 
in prose. His wife was a daughter of Mrs. Parton, 
" Fanny Fern." Thomsons books, as well as most 
of his fugitive writings, appeared under the pen- 
name of " Q. K. Philander Doesticks, P. B.," which 
had been given him by the editor of a university 
magazine to which his earliest contributions were 
made. Thomson afterward asserted that it signi- 
fied "Oueer Kritter, Philander Doesticks, Perfect 
Brick. His works include *' Doesticks — What he 
Says " {New York, 1855) ; " Plu-ri-bus-tah : a Song 
that's by No Author, a travesty of Longfellow's 
"Hiawatha "(1856): "History and Records of the 
Elephant Club," with "Knight Russ Ockside, 
M. D." (Edward F. Underhill) ; "Nothing to Say, 
being a Satire on Snobbery " (1857) ; and several 
smaller humorous collections. 

THOMSON, Samuel, physician, b. in Alstead, 
N. H., 9 Feb., 1769; <L in Boston, Mass., in 1848. 
He was the originator of the so-called Thomso- 
nian system of medicine. He published " Materia 
Medica and Family Physician^' (Albany) ; " New 
Guide to Health, and Family Physician ,f (new ed., 
London, 1849) ; and his " Life and Medical Dis- 
coveries " (Boston, 1825 ; enlarged ed., 1882). 

THOMSON, William McCIure, clergyman, b. 
in Springfield (now Spring Dale) near Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 31 Dec., 1806. He was graduated at Miami 
university, Ohio, in 1826, studied at Princeton theo- 
logical seminary in 1826-'7, and was ordained as 
an evangelist by the presbytery of Cincinnati on 
12 Oct, 1831. He was sent as a missionary to 
Svria and Palestine in 1838, remained there until 
1849, and was afterward again in the Holy Land 
from 1850 till 1857 and from 1859 till 1876. He 
is at present a resident of New York city. Dr. 
Thomson is accepted as an authority in the de- 
partment of archaeological research, to which he has 
devoted himself. His works, besides being great 
aids to the verification of facts that are related in 
the Scriptures, and giving evidence of profound 
learning and critical acumen, have a decided liter- 
ary value from his skill in reproducing the local 
color and types and working them into artistic 
pictures of tne past and present life of the Holy 
Land. He has written " The Land and the Book, 
or Biblical Illustrations drawn from the Manners 
and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy 
Land" (2 vols., New York, 1859; London, 1860; 
new ed., with the results of recent explorations, 8 
vols., 1880-'<3,and " The Land of Promise: Travels 
in Modern Palestine, illustrative of Biblical His- 
tory. Manners, and Customs " (New York, 1865), 
ana has contributed articles to the 44 Bibliotheca 
Sacra " and the " American Biblical Repository." 
—His cousin, Samuel Harrison, clergyman, b. 
in Nicholas countv, Ky., 26 Aug., 1818; d. in 
Pasedena, Cal., 2 'Sept, 1882. was graduated at 
Hanover college, IncL, in 1837, and was elected 
professor of mathematics there in 1844. In 1857 
he was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian 



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THORBURN 



THOREAU 



church, and the rest of his life was devoted to 
teaching in the colleges of his denomination or to 
literary pursuits. He published " The Mosaic Ac- 
count of the Creation ,f (1852) ; " Geology an Inter- 
preter of Scripture " ; and pamphlets on " Human 
Depravity " (1874) and 41 Our Fall in Adam*" (1876). 

THORBURN, Grant, merchant, b. in Dalkeith, 
near Edinburgh, Scotland, 18 Feb., 1778; d. in 
New Haven, Conn., 21 Jan., 1868. He early en- 
tered his father's business of nail-making, and be- 
came so expert that he is said to have made with 
his own hands in a single day. between 6 a. k. 
and 9 p. m., 3,221 nails. In 1792 he became in- 
volved in a political movement concerning parlia- 
mentary reforms, and was charged with treason, 
but he was released on bail ana soon afterward 
emigrated to New York, where he arrived on 16 
June, 1794. At first he continued his old trade of 
nail-making, but in 1801 he engaged in the grocery 
trade, and he finally established himself in the seed 
business in Newark, N. J. This proved unsuccess- 
ful, but, on removing his business to New York 
city, he acquired a handsome fortune. In 1854 he 
retired from active trade and settled at first in 
Astoria, N. Y., and then in Winsted, Conn. The 
house he founded is continued under the style of 
James M. Thorburn and Co. He was noted for 
his charity, and during the epidemic of yellow 
fever in 1798 he and his wife remained in the city, 
devoting themselves to the care of the victims. Un- 
der the pen-name of Lawrie Todd he contributed 
to the " Knickerbocker Magazine," the " New York 
Mirror," and more than twenty other papers, prin- 
cipally concerning his reminiscences of New York 
citv at the beginning of the present century. His 
publications in book-form included *' Forty Years' 
Residence in America " (Boston, 1884); " Men and 
Manners in Great Britain" (New York, 1884); 
44 Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York " (1845) ; 
44 Lawrie Todd's Hints to Merchants, Married Men, 
and Bachelors" (1847); 44 Lawrie Todd's Notes on 
Virginia, with a Chapter on Puritans, Witches, and 
Friends" (1848); "Life and Writings of Grant 
Thorburn " (1852) ; and 44 Supplement to the Life 
of Grant' Thorburn " (1858). His experiences fur- 
nished the novelist John Gall with the incidents 
described in his 44 Lawrie Todd, or Settlers in the 
New World " (London, 1880). See 44 A Bone to 
Gnaw for Grant Thorburn," by William Carver 
(New York, 1886). 

THORBURN, James, Canadian physician, b. 
in Queenston, Ont, 21 Nov., 1880. His father 
was for many years a member of the Dominion 
parliament. The son was educated at Toronto 
university and at Edinburgh university, where he 
was graduated as a physician in 1855. He has 
practised in Toronto, where he is surgeon-major 
of the Queen's own rifles, and professor of phar- 
macology and therapeutics in Toronto university. 
He is also consulting surgeon of Toronto general 
hospital, physician of the boys' hospital, and con- 
nected with other institutions, both charitable and 
financial, in his capacity as a physician. He has 
contributed articles on medical and other subjects 
to journals, and published "Manual of Life In- 
surance Examination " (Toronto, 1887). 

THORBURN, John, educator, b. near Biggar, 
Lanarkshire, Scotland, 10 Oct, 1880. He was edu- 
cated at Edinburgh university in 1855, became 
classical master in the Western institution in that 
city, and came to Canada in 1856. In 1860 he was 
appointed principal of St Francis college, Rich- 
mond, and its professor of classics, and in 1862 he 
became head master of the grammar-school (now 
the collegiate institution) at Ottawa, which post he 




held for about twenty years. In 1882 he was ap- 
pointed librarian to the geological and natural 
history survey of Canada, and the same year he 
was appointed by the government a member of the 
board of civil-service examiners. He was president 
of the Ottawa literary and scientific society, pre- 
pared for the department of militia a scheme for 
entrance examination into the military college at 
Kingston, and has been active in other respects as 
an educator. He received the degree of M. A. from 
McGill university in 1860, and that of LL. D. from 
Queen's university, Kingston, in 1880. 

THOREAU. Henry David, author, b. in Con- 
cord, Mass., 12 July, 1817; d. there, 6 May, 1862. 
His grandfather, John Thoreau, came from St. 
Helier, a parish in the island of Jersey, about 1778, 
and moved from 
Boston to Concord 
in 1800. Henry, 
the third of four 
children, went to 
school in Boston 
for a little more 
than a year, then at- 
tended: the schools 
in Concord, fitted 
for college at a 
private school, en- 
tered Harvard in 
1 888, and was grad- 
uated in 1887, a 
fair scholar but 
not eminent The 
family being in 
humble circum- 
stances, the father 
was assisted in paying his small expenses by the 
boy's aunts, his elder sister, who was then teaching, 
the beneficiary fund of the college, and Henry 7 s 
own exertions at school-keeping. Thoreau after- 
ward led a literary life, writing, lecturing, reading, 
and meeting his modest physical needs by surveying, 
pencil-making, engineering, and carpentering. He 
was never married, and never left Concord except 
for a lecturing-tour, or a pedestrian excursion. 
Cities he disliked ; civilization he did not believe in. 
Nature was his passion, and the wilder it was the 
more he loved it. He was a fine scholar, especially 
in Greek, translated two of the tragedies of iBschy- 
lus, was intimate with the Greek anthology, and 
knew Pindar, Simonides, and all the great lyric 
poets. In English poetry he preferred Milton to 
Shakespeare, and was more familiar with the writers 
of the 17th century than with modern men. He 
was no mean poet himself ; in fact, he pos 
the essential quality of the poet — a soaring i 
nation. He possessed an eye and an ear for 
beauty, and had he been gifted with the power of 
musical expression, would nave been distinguished. 
No complete collection of his pieces has ever been 
made or could be* but fragments are exquisite. 
Emerson said that his poem on "Smoke sur- 
passed any by Simonides. That Thoreau was a 
man of aspiration, a pure idealist, reverent spirit- 
ual, is plain from his intimacy with Bronson Al- 
cot ana Emerson, the latter of whom spoke these 
words at his funeral : " His soul was made for the 
noblest society ; he had in a short life exhausted 
the capabilities of this world; wherever there is 
knowledge, wherever there is virtue, wherever there 
is beauty, he will find a home." His religion was 
that of the transcendental ists. The element of 
negation in it was large, and in his case conspicu- 
ous and acrid. Horace Greeley found fault with hit 
" defiant pantheism," and an editor struck out the 



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THOREAU 



following passage from a contribution : *' It [the 
pine-tree] is as immortal as I am, and, perchance, 
will go to as high a heaven, there to tower above 
me still." His doctrine was that of individualism. 
Therein he differed from Emerson, who was sympa- 
thetic and began at the divine end. Thoreau began 
with the ground and reasoned up. He saw beauty in 
ashes, and " never chanced to meet with any man 
so cheering and elevating and encouraging, so in- 
finitely suggestive, as the stillness and solitude of 
the Well-meadow field." He aimed at becoming 
elemental and spontaneous. He wrote hymns to 
the night quite in the pagan fashion. His very 

Sttitudes brought him in contact with the earth, 
is aspect suggested a faun, one who was in the 
secret of the wilderness. Mr. Sanborn, his friend 
and biographer, thus describes him : 44 He is a little 
under size, with a huge Emersonian nose, bluish- 
gray eyes, brown hair, and a ruddy weather-beaten 
lace, which reminds one of some shrewd and hon- 
est animal's — some retired philosophical woodchuck 
or magnanimous fox." Another friend mentions 
his sloping shoulders, his long arms, his large hands 
and feet ** I fancy," he wrote, " the saving that 
man was created a little lower than the angels 
should have been a little lower than the animals." 
He built a hut on the shore of Walden pond in 1840, 
and lived there, with occasional absences, about two 
years and a half. Ho, built on Emerson's land, 
though he had wished to build elsewhere. The house 
had no lock to the door, no curtain to the window. 
It belonged to nature as much as to man, and to 
all men as much as to any one. When Thoreau 
left it, it was bought by a Scotch gardener, who 
carried it off a little way and used it as a cottage. 
Then a farmer bought it, moved it still farther 
away, and converted it into a tool-house. A pile of 
stones marks the site of Thoreau's hut. He went 
into the woods, not because he wished to avoid his 
fellow-men, as a misanthrope, but because he want- 
ed to confront Nature, to deal with her at first 
hand, to lead his own life, to meet primitive con- 
ditions ; and having done this, he abandoned the 
enterprise, recommending no one to try it who had 
not 44 a pretty good supply of internal sunshine. 
... To live alone comfortably, he must have that 
self-comfort which rays out of Nature— a portion 
of it at least" At Walden he labored, studied, 
meditated, edited his first book, the " Week," and 
gauged his genius. He redeemed and consecrated 
the spot The refusal to pay taxes, and his conse- 
quent imprisonment, were due to a more specific 
cause— namely, his dissent from the theory of 
human government and from the practice of the 
American state, which supported slavery. He stood 
simplv and plainly on the rights and duty of the 
individual. The act was heroic as he performed 
it and, when read by the light of his philosophy, 
was consistent Thoreau was anything but sour, 
•urly, or morose. He could sing, and even dance, 
on occasion. He was sweet with children; fond of 
kittens ; a sunbeam at home ; the best of brothers, 
gentle, patient helpful. Those he loved he gave 
His heart to, and if they were few it was perhaps 
because his affections were not as expansive as they 
were deep. But he showed little emotion, having 
learned, like the Indian, to control his feelings. 
He cultivated stoicism. He had the pride as well 
as the conceit of egotism, and while the latter gave 
most offence to those who did not know him well, 
the former was the real cause of his conduct Tho- 
reau had no zeal of authorship, yet he wrote a great 
deal, and left a mass of manuscripts, mostly in 
prose, for he produced very few verses after he was 
thirty years old. The 44 Dial," the 44 Democratic Re- 



THORFINN 101 

view," 44 Graham's Magazine," 44 The Union Maga- 
zine," 44 Putnam's Magazine," the 44 Atlantic Month- 
ly," the 44 Tribune," all contained contributions 
from him. Every volume of the 44 Dial " had some- 
thing; the third volume many articles. The essay 
on "Resistance to Civil Government " was printed* 
in 44 ^Esthetic Papers." Only two of the seven vol- 
umes of his printea works appeared in his lifetime — 
44 A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers n 
(Boston, 1849) and 44 Walden, or Life in the Woods" 
(1854). The others are 44 Excursions in Field and 
Forest," with a memoir by Ralph Waldo Emerson 
(1868) ; 44 The Maine Woods " 0864) ; " Cape Cod " 
(1866); 44 Letters to Various Persons," with nine 
poems (1865) ; and 44 A Yankee in Canada," with 
anti-slavery and reform papers (1866). His life 
has been' written by William Ellery Channing un- 
der the title 44 The Poet-Naturalist * (1878), and by 
Franklin B. Sanborn in the 44 American Men of 
Letters " series (1882). The former is a rhapsody 
rather than a biography, and is largely composed" 
of extracts from Thoreau's journals, which had 
never seen the light before. It also contains a full 
list of his publications. 

THORrINN, Scandinavian navigator, b. in 
Norway ; d. in Gloembceland, Iceland, after 1016. 
He was surnamed Karlsefn, which signifies one 
that is destined to become a great man. He was 
one of the wealthiest and most powerful nobles of 
the three northern kingdoms, and several of his 
ancestors had been kings. He went to Greenland 
from Norway in 1006, bringing with him two ves- 
sels. Here he married Gudrida, the widow of 
Thorstein, who persuaded him to organize an ex- 
pedition to Vinland. With three snips and 160 
men and women, besides a supply of cattle, Thor- 
finn and his companions set sail from Ericsflord 
in the spring of 1007, and finally were driven by 
the polar current and a north wind toward Hel- 
luland (probably Newfoundland). They next came 
in sight of Markland (Nova Scotia), and then of 
an island (probably Anticosti), on which some 
of them landed and killed a bear. Therefore they 
called it Bjarnar, or Bearsland. The sagas are 
somewhat vague as to the route that they fol- 
lowed afterward, but it is probable that in their 
search after the grave of Thorvald they sailed 
along the New England coast They touched at 
Cape Kjalarnes, for mention is made of the keel 
which was set up there three years before; but 
they did not discover the tomb of the son of Eric, 
although some of his companions must have been 
among the crew of Thorflnn. After leaving 
Kjalarnes they sailed past Cape Cod, which they 
called Furdustrandir, or Wonderstrands, becaw > 
they saw there sand-hills and long and narrow 
shores, and it was 44 long to sail by." Thorflnn 
soon put two scouts on shore, who were ordered to 
explore the oountrv to the southwest They re- 
turned after three days, bringing some bunches of 
grapes and ears of wheat Next the Northmen 
anchored in a deep bay, which they called Straumf- 
jord, on aocount of its currents, and they .then 
reached an island frequented by eider-ducks in 
great numbers. They named it Straumey, and it 
is supposed to be either Martha's Vineyard or Nan- 
tucket They wintered at Straumf jord. and, re- 
solving to plant their settlement on its shores, 
landed their flocks, built booths, and spent the 
spring in cultivating the land, fishing, ana explor- 
ing tne country. But when the next winter came 
their resources were nearly exhausted, and Thor- 
flnn was deserted by some of his companions. 
With his two remaining vessels he sailed for Leifs- 
budir, probably in Mount Hope bay, and estab- 

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THOBPINN 



THORNDIKE 



lished there the settlement of Thorflnnsbudrr. One 
morning, about a fortnight afterward, he saw the 
bay crowded with little boats, containing men of a 
blackish color, with flat faces and big eyes. They 
were the Skraelings (Esquimaux), say the sagas. 
They raised aloft long poles with which they made 
a hissing sound by moving them rapidly in the 
air. " What do you think of this t " said Thorflnn 
to Snorre. 14 1 think it means peace, and the 
white shield should be held up.'* So the white 
shield of peace was raised. The Esquimaux ap- 
proached, gazed curiously a moment on the North- 
men, and then disappeared behind the promon- 
tory. But they returned in the spring of 1009 
in such numbers that the bay looked to their 
eyes as if covered with lumps of coal. The whites 
traded with the natives, bartering red cloth for 
skins and furs, and, when the cloth was gone, 
Thorflnn directed the women to offer the savages 
milk porridge, which pleased them so well that 
they no longer wished for any other food, "and 
so/says the saga of Thorflnn, "they carried in 
their bellies the results of a barter that the Scan- 
dinavians put carefully aside to load their ships 
with." Meanwhile, to be ready for a surprise, ne 
surrounded the little colony with a palisade. In 
the autumn there was born to Thorflnn a son, who 
was named Snorre, and was in all probability the 
first child of European parentage born within the 
limits of the present United States. The Skrae- 
lings did not return until the beginning of winter, 
but they came then in larger numbers than usual, 
and laid down their merchandise before receiving 
the price of it, contrary to their custom. As soon 
as the milk porridge was brought to them thev 

took up their 
bundles and 
flung them 
over the pali- 
sade. Profit- 
ing by the con- 
fusion that 
ensued, they 
rushed in and 
attempted to 
seize the arms 
of the Scandi- 
navians ; but 
as soon as they 
saw one of 
their number slain they took to flight, abandon- 
ing both merchandise and porridge. They re- 
turned in still larger numbers soon afterward, and 
the Northmen raised the red shield of war in reply 
to their fierce cries. There was trouble with the 
natives in the ensuing winter, hostilities began, and 
the Northmen, after fighting bravely for a time, 
fled, believing that ^hey saw a host in their rear. 
They soon recognized that they had been the vic- 
tims of mirage, which, according to Prof. Edward 
Hitchcock, in his " Report on the Geology of Mas- 
sachusetts" (Amherst, 1833), still occurs on that 
coast ; but Thorflnn resolved to leave the country. 
First he explored the coast in the neighborhood of 
Mount Hope bay, visiting several narbors and 
making inquiries as to the productions of the soil. 
He is believed by some to have ascended the Poto- 
mac. He then passed the winter in Straumfjord, 
when the turbulence of his followers forced him to 
sail homeward. One ship was lost, so that of the 
three vessels that left Encsfjord in 1007 only that 
of Thorflnn returned in 1011. He carried his mer- 
chandise to Norway, where he was received with 
great* distinction, but in 1016 he sailed for Gloem- 
boeland, in Iceland, where he spent the rest of his 




days. The illustration represents a ship of that 
period. The remains of such a ship were discov- 
ered in 1880 in a mound at Gogstad, Norway, and 
are now to be seen in a good state of preservation 
at Christiania. The erection of the tumulus is 
ascribed by antiquarians to the most ancient iron 
age, or the 10th century of our era— most proba- 
bly to the age of Harold the haired, founder of the 
Norwegian state. 

THORN, Frank Manly, superintendent of the 
coast survey, b. in Collins (now North Collins), 
N. Y., 7 Dec., 1836. He was educated at common 
schools in Erie county and at the Fredonia acade- 
my. After studying law he held the office of clerk 
of the surrogate's court in Erie county, N. Y., in 
1857-'60. Subsequently he was occupied with pro- 
fessional work and as a journalist until 1871. when 
he was chosen a member of the county board of 
supervisors, continuing as such until 1880, except 
during 1876. In July, 1885, he was appointed chief 
clerk in the bureau of internal revenue in Wash- 
ington, and a few weeks later was made superin- 
tendent of the U. S. coast and geodetic survey, 
which office he still fills. 

THORN BOROUGH, Sir Edward, English na- 
val officer, b. in England in 1758 ; d. 3 April, 1834. 
He held the rank of 1st lieutenant on board " The 
Falcon," one of the vessels that took part in the 
attack on Bunker Hill in 1775. He afterward en- 
deavored to take a schooner out of Cape Ann har- 
bor, but was wounded in the attempt. He was on the 
** Flora " frigate, which captured " La Nymphe " in 
1780, was promoted to the rank of commander for 
his gallantry on the occasion, and became post-cap- 
tain in the following year. He was wrecked in 
1782 in the " Blonde " while bringing a captured 
vessel into Halifax. He distinguished himself in 
subsequent campaigns, was thanked by the British 
parliament, and became admiral of the white. 

THORNBURGH, Thomas T., soldier, b. in 
Tennessee about 1843 ; d. near White river agency, 
Wyoming, 29 Sept., 1879. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy, and promoted 2d lieu- 
tenant in the 2d artillery in 1867. At the open- 
ing of the civil war and prior to his admission to 
West Point he enlisted in the 6th east Tennes- 
see volunteers in 1861, and passed rapidly through 
the grades of private, sergeant-major, lieutenant, 
and adjutant. He took part in the battle of Mill 
Spring, Morgan's retreat to the Ohio, and of Stone 
River. As an officer of artillery he served in gar- 
rison in California (excepting a tour of duty at the 
artillery-school) until 1870, and as professor of 
military science at East Tennessee university till 

1878, having been promoted 1st lieutenant in April, 
1870. In April, 1875, he was appointed paymaster 
with rank of major, serving m that department 
until May, 1878, when he exchanged into the 4th 
U. S. infantry, with the same rank. He command- 
ed the post of Fort Fred Steele, Wyoming, until 

1879, when he was killed while in command of an 
expedition against the Ute Indians. 

THORNDIKE, George Qolncy, artist, b. in 
Boston, Mass., about 1825 : d. there in December, 
1886. He was graduated at Harvard in 1847, and 
then went abroad, studying for some time in Paris. 
After his return to the United States he settled in 
Newport, R. I. He was made an associate of the 
National academy in 1801. His landscapes showed 
many of the characteristics of the French school, 
and James J. Jarves wrote of him : " Thorndike is 
so thoroughly French in style and motive that his 

{rictures require naturalization before being popu- 
arly welcomed at heme." His better-known works 
include " The Wayside Inn," " Swans in Central 



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THORNDIKE 



Park," M The Lily Pond." " The Dumplings, New- 
port," and " View near Stockbridge, Mass. ' 

THORNDIKE, Israel, merchant, b. in Bever- 
ly. Mass., in 1757 ; d. in Boston. Mass., 10 May, 
1832. He was educated in the common schools, 
on 80 Oct, 1776, was appointed captain of the 
privateer " Warren " by the government of Massa- 
chusetts, and made several captures during the 
Revolutionary war. When peace was concluded 
he engaged extensively in commerce with China 
and the East Indies, and also in manufacturing. 
His enterprises were all skilfully planned, and he 
soon became wealthy. He was elected to the 
Massachusetts convention that ratified the consti- 
tution of the United States, and for many years 
sat in the Massachusetts legislature. He settled 
in Boston in 1810, and in 1818 purchased for the 
use of Harvard the library of Prof. Christoph 
Daniel Ebeling, of Hamburg, which consists of 
4.000 volumes, and is remarkably rich in works on 
American history and antiquities. 

THORNE, Charles R., actor, b. in New York 
city. 11 June, 1840; d. there, 10 Feb., 1888. When 
a child he made journeys with his father and 
mother, who were popular actors, and managed 
travelling theatrical companies. The son made 
his first appearance on the stage in San Francisco 
at the age of twelve. He was afterward sent to 
learn a trade, but soon returned to the stage, and 
in 1862 began to acquire popularity. He was 
in China subsequently, and erected a theatre at 
Shanghai, which was moderately successful. Af- 
ter a visit to Egypt and a tour thence round the 
world, he returned to New York in 1878 and be- 
came a member of the Union square company. 
One of his best characters was Daniel Rochat, in 
Sardou's play of that name. 

THORNTON, Anthony, soldier, b. in the fam- 
ily homestead, Ormsby, Caroline co., Va., 1 Feb., 
1748; d. in Paris, Bourbon co., Ky., 21 Dec, 
1828. He was a thorough patriot during the 
Revolutionary war, and commanded a regiment 
of minute-men in the contest, being present at 
the head of his regiment at the siege of Yorktown. 
His brother Presley commanded a company of 
horsemen, and another brother was an aide to 
Gen. Washington. Col. Anthony raised a large 
family, whose descendants are scattered through- 
out the United States. His sword which he used 
during the Revolutionary war is still preserved 
by his grandchildren at Paris, Bourbon co., Ky., 
to which place he moved with his family in 1806 
and engaged in agriculture.— His grandson, James 
Banknead, b. in Mount Zephyr, Caroline co., Va., 
28 Aug., 1806; d. in Memphis, Tenn., 12 Oct, 
1867, was the son of James B. Thornton. He rep- 
resented his district in the Virginia senate m 
1838-'40, and was one of the prime movers in the 
establishment of the Military institute at Lexing- 
ton, Va. He was educated at William and Mary 
college, and subsequently studied law, located at 
Warrenton, Fauquier co., afterward at Bowling 
Green, Caroline co., and in 1847 in Memphis, Tenn., 
where he continued to practise his profession. He 
was the author of a " Digest of the Conveyancing, 
Testamentary, and Registry Laws of the States of 
the Union " (Philadelphia, 1847), and a work on "As- 
signments," the manuscript of which was burned 
accidentally before its publication. While engaged 
in active practice he contributed to current litera- 
ture. In politics he was a Democrat, and in the 
civil war he was identified with the southern cause. 
—James Bankhead's son, Gustavo* Brown, sani- 
tarian, b, in Bowling Green, Va., 22 Feb., 1885, 
was graduated at the Memphis medical college in 



THORNTON 103 

1858. and at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of New York in 1860. At the beginning 
of the civil war he served as a surgeon in tne Con- 
federate army, and in 1862-'5 was chief surgeon of 
a division. In 1868 he was appointed physician in 
charge of the Memphis city hospital, and continued 
so until in 1879, when he became president of the 
Memphis board of health ; also since 1880 he has 
been a member of the Tennessee state board of 
health, both of which appointments he still holds. 
Dr. Thornton acquired reputation by his heroism 
and skill during the three great yellow-fever epi- 
demics In Memphis in 1873-'8 and 1879. He is a 
member of various sanitary and medical societies, 
and was in 1882 president of the Tennessee state 
medical society. In addition to his official reports 
as president of the Memphis board of health, he 
has contributed numerous memoirs on sanitary 
subjects to the "Proceedings of the American 
Public Health Association " and to the transactions 
of other societies of which he is a member. These 
include "Yellow Fever, Pathology and Treatment" 
(1880); "Memphis Sanitation and Quarantine in 
1879 and 1880 r ' (1880); "The Negro Mortality of 
Memphis " (1882) ; " Sanitation of the Mississippi 
Valley "(1884); "Gulf Coast Quarantine " (1884); 
and " Six Years' Sanitary Work in Memphis "(1886). 

THORNTON. Sir Edward, British diplomatist, 
b. in London, England, 17 July, 1817. He is the 
son of Sir Edward Thornton, minister to Portugal, 
who was created Count de Cassilhas by the Portu- 
guese monarch, John VI. The son was graduated 
at Cambridge in 1840. and became an honorary 
fellow of Pembroke college, became a member of 
the diplomatic service in 1842 at Turin, was paid 
attache in Mexico in 1845, succeeded to the Portu- 
guese title in 1850, and in 1851 was appointed sec- 
retary of legation to the republic of Mexico. He 
was secretary to the special mission to the river 
Plate, under the late Sir Charles Hot ham, from 
April, 1852, till October, 1858, and in May, 1854, 
became charge d'affaires and consul-general in 
New Grenada, but was transferred to Uruguay in 
September following. He became minister to the 
Argentine Confederation in 1859, and was engaged 
on a special mission to the court of Brazil in July, 
1865, where he was appointed minister in the Au- 
gust ensuing. In September, 1867, he was selected 
to represent England at the court of Portugal, but 
before he could take possession of the office he was 
transferred in December to Washington. He was 
made a companion of the Bath (civil division) on 
9 Feb.. 1868, knight commander on 9 Aug., 1870, 
and a privy councillor, 19 Aug., 1871. He was a 
member of the joint high commission on the " Ala- 
bama " claims in 1871, and an arbitrator of the 
American and Mexican claims commission in 1878, 
also of the boundaries of Ontario in 1878. He was 
transferred as ambassador to St. Petersburg in 
May, 1881, and to Turkey in December. 1884, and 
was made a G. C. B. on 21 Aug., 1888. The degree 
of D. C. L. was conferred upon him by Oxford in 
1877, and that of LL. D. by Harvard in 1879. On 
1 Jan., 1887, he was retired with a pension. 

THORNTON, Elixa B, poet, b. in North 
Hampton, N. H., 28 July. 1795; d. in Saoo, Me^ 
27 July, 1854. She was a direct descendant of Gen. 
Daniel Gookin, and married James B. Thornton, of 
Scarboro, Me., on 20 Jan., 1817. Mrs. Thornton 
was for many years a contributor of poetry to the 
"Southern Literary Messenger," the "Christian 
Mirror," and other periodicals. Her best-known 
piece is " The Mayflower."— Her son, John Win- 
gate, historian, b. in Saoo, Me., 12 Aug., 1818; d. 
there, 6 June, 1878, was graduated at the Harvard 

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THORNTON 



law-school in 1840, and practised in Boston, Mass. 
He was a founder of the New England historic- 
genealogical society, and has been vice-president of 
the American statistic association and of the Pnnce 

fmblication society. He is the author of " Genea- 
ogical Memoir of the Gilbert Family in both Old 
and New England" (printed privately, Boston, 
1850) ; 44 Lives of Isaac Heath and John Bowles, 
and of Rev. John Eliot, Jr." (printed privately, 
Roxburv, 1850) ; 44 Mementoes of the Swett Family " 
(printed privately, 1851) ; 44 The Landing at Cape 
Anne, or the Charter of the First Permanent Colony 
on the Territory of the Massachusetts Company, 
now Discovered and first Published from the Origi- 
nal Manuscript, with an Inquiry into its Authority, 
and a History of the Colony, 1624-1628 " (Boston, 
1854) ; 44 Ancient Peraaquid : an Historical Review " 
(printed privately, Portland, 1857) ; 44 Peter Oliver's 
4 Puritan Commonwealth ' Reviewed " (Boston, 
1857); "The First Records of Anglo-American 
Colonization: their History" (printed privately, 
Boston, 1859) ; 44 The Pulpit of the American Revo- 
lution, or the Political Sermons of the Period of 
1776, with an Historical Introduction, Notes, and 
Illustrations " (Boston, 1860) ; 44 Colonial Schemes 
of Popham and Gorges," being a speech at the 
Popham celebration (Boston, 1863); and 44 The His- 
torical Relation of New England to the English 
Commonwealth " (printed privately, Boston, 1874). 

THORNTON, James Shepard, naval officer, b. 
in Merrimack, N. H., 25 Feb., 1826; d. in German- 
town, Pa., 14 May, 1875. He entered the navy as 
a midshipman, 15 Jan., 1841, served in the sloop 
" John Adams " in the Gulf squadron during the 
Mexican war, and became a passed midshipman, 10 
Aug., 1846. He resigned from the navy, 9 May, 
1850, but was reinstated in 1854, promoted to 
master, 14 Sept., 1855, and to lieutenant the next 
day. During the civil war he served in the brig 
44 Bainbridge " on the Atlantic coast in 1861, was 
executive officer of the flag-ship 44 Hartford " at the 
passage of the forts and batteries below New Or- 
leans, and in the engagement with the Confederate 
fleet, with the ram 44 Arkansas " and the batteries 
at Vicksburg, during which he served with great 
credit. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 
16 July, 1862, and had charge of the steam gun- 
boat 44 Winona " in engagements at Mobile, where 
he made a reconnaissance of Fort Gaines in sound- 
ing approaches under Are, and destroyed several 
Confederate steamers. He was the executive 
officer of the 44 Kearsarge " in the flght with the 
44 Alabama," off Cherbourg, and was given a vote 
of thanks, and advanced thirty numbers in his 
grade for his gallantry in this victory. He served 
at the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1866-7, 
was promoted to commander, 25 July, 1866, and 
commissioned captain, 24 May, 1872. 

THORNTON, Matthew, signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, b. in Ireland about 1714; d. 
in Newburyport, Mass., 24 June, 1803. When he 
was two or three years old his father, James, emi- 
grated to New England, residing for a few years 
at Wiseasset, Me., and afterward at Worcester, 
Mass., where the son received a classical education. 
He studied medicine in Leicester, practised in 
Londonderry, N. H., and soon became wealthy. He 
accompanied the New Hampshire troops in the ex- 
pedition against Louisburg in the capacity of sur- 
geon. He was appointed a justice of the peace, 
and before the Revolution was a colonel. Taking 
an active part in the overthrow of the royal govern- 
ment in New Hampshire, Dr. Thornton was chosen 
president of the Provincial convention when it as- 
sembled in 1775. He was chief justice of the court 




of common pleas, and from 1776 till 1782 a judge 
of the superior court of New Hampshire. He was 
elected speaker of the assembly on 5 Jan., 1776, 
and on 12 Sept. the legislature chose him as a 
delegate to the 
Continental con- 
gress. As in the 
case of the dele- 
gates from Penn- 
sylvania, he was 
allowed to affix 
his name to the 
engrossed copy 
of the Declara- 
tion of Indepen- 
dence, although 
he was elected 
after its passage, 
and did not take 
his seat till 4 
Nov., 1776. In 
December he was * r~77~ ^ 

again chosen to ^a^^^*^Vi^w 
represent New 

Hampshire in congress for another year. He re- 
moved to Exeter in 1779, and shortly afterward 
settled on a farm at Merrimack, relinquishing 
medical practice. He was elected a member of 
the general court, then a state senator, and in 1785 
was appointed a member of the council. From 
the adoption of the state constitution till his death 
he was a justice of the peace. He wrote political 
articles for the newspapers, even after the age of 
eighty, and in his last days composed a meta- 
physical work on the origin of sin, which was 
never published. In 1887 the legislature of New 
Hampshire voted $1,000 for a monument to be 
placed over his grave in Merrimack. 

THORNTON, Seth Barton, soldier, b. near 
Fredericksburg, Va., in 1814 ; d. in San Augustin, 
Mexico, 18 June, 1847. He was educated at the 
common schools, was of an active and adventurous 
nature, and after a narrow escape from death by 
shipwreck was appointed in June, 1836, 2d lieu- 
tenant in the 2d U. S. dragoons, serving with credit 
in Florida against the Seminoles, becoming 1st lieu- 
tenant in 1837 and captain in 1841. In command 
of his squadron he exchanged the first shots with 
the enemy in the Mexican war at La Rosia, 25 
April, 1846, and was severely wounded and cap- 
tured with the greater part of his force after a gal- 
lant resistance oy 40 d racoons against 500 lancers. 
At the close of Gen. Winfield Scott's campaign, 
while at the head of his squadron in advance of 
Worth's division at the village of San Augustin, 
near the city of Mexico, Thornton was struck in 
the breast by a round shot and instantly killed. 

THORNTON, Thomas C. clergyman, b. in 
Dumfries, Va., 12 Oct., 1794; d. in Mississippi, 23 
March, 1860. He was educated in his native place, 
became an exhorter in the Methodist Episcopal 
church at the age of sixteen, and was received into 
the Baltimore conference three years later. In 
1841 he was appointed president of a college in 
Mississippi. He left the Methodist church in 1845, 
and attached himself to the Protestant Episcopal 
church, but returned to his former connection in 
1850, and in 1853 was readmitted to the Mississippi 
conference. He was the author of 44 Tnauiry into 
the History of Slavery in the Unitea States" 
(Washington, 1841), in which he replied to the anti- 
slavery arguments of William E. Channing, and of 
44 Theological Colloquies." 

THORNTON, William, superintendent of the 
patent-office, b. in Tortola, W. I. ; d. in Washing- 



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THORPE 



105 



ton, D. C in 1827. He was educated as» a physi- 
cian, and lived for many years in Philadelphia, 
where he was well known in the circle of scientific 
men, being chosen a member of the American 
philosophical society on 19 Jan., 1787. He was a 
skilled architect, and designed the Philadelphia 
library building, which was completed in 1790. 
He removed to Washington, D. C, when the seat 
of government was transferred to that place, and 
drew the plans and superintended the erection of 
the first capitol building in its early stages. He 
was one of the first to act as commissioner of put> 
lie buildings, and was the first head of the patent- 
office, being appointed superintendent in 1802, and 
serving till the time of his death. He published 
" Cadmus, or the Elements of Written Language " 
(Philadelphia, 1793). 

THORNTON, Sir William, English soldier, b. 
in England about 1775 ; d. near Han well, Eng- 
land, 6 April, 1840. He was commissioned as 
ensign in the British army on 21 March, 1796, 
and had risen to the rank of major in August, 
1807, when he was appointed military secretary to 
Sir James II. Craig, lieutenant-governor of Lower 
Canada. He returned to England in 1811, and in 
1813 was assigned to the command of the 85th 
regiment He served in Spain and southern France, 
took part in the battle of the Nive, was afterward 
sent to this country, in May, 1814, commanded the 
brigade of light infantry that formed the advance- 
guard of Gen. Robert Ross's expedition up the 
Chesapeake, and was seriously wounded and made 
prisoner at Bladensburg. Being exchanged for 
Com. Joshua Barney, he went with the army that 
was sent against New Orleans in the following 
October, commanded the advance on the landing 
of the troops, took part in the chief operations, ana 
in the general attack on the American lines com- 
manded a detached force on the west bank of the 
Mississippi, and was severely wounded^ He at- 
tained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1838. 

THORNTON, William A., soldier, b. in New 
York state in 1803 ; d. on Governor's island, New 
York harbor, 6 April, 1866. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1825, and assigned 
to the artillery. He was made captain of ordnance 
on 7 July, 1838, commanded the ordnance depot in 
New York and the Watervliet and St. Louis ar- 
senals, served on boards for the trial of small arms 
and cannon, and was inspector of contract arms in 
1858-'61. He was promoted major on 28 May, 1861, 
and was commander of Watervliet arsenal till 1863, 
and subsequently inspector of contract arms and 
ordnance till his death, being promoted lieutenant- 
colonel of ordnance on 8 March, 1863, colonel on 
15 Sept, 1863, and brigadier-general by brevet on 
13 March, 1865. During the last year of his life 
he was commandant of the New York arsenal on 
Governor's island. 

THORN WELL, James Henley, clergyman, b. 
in Marlborough district, S. C, in 1812; a. in Char- 
lotte, N. C, 1 Aug., 1862. He was graduated at 
South Carolina college in 1829, and entered upon 
the study of the law. which he soon abandoned: to 
devote himself to the ministry in the Presbyterian 
church. He was chosen, in 1836, professor of logic 
and belles-lettres in South Carolina College, in 
1842 professor of the evidences of Christianity and 
chaplain, and in 1852 its president. In 1856 he 
became a professor in the Presbyterian theological 
seminary at Columbia. For a short time he was 
pastor of the Glebe street Presbyterian church in 
Charleston. Dr. Thorn well was one of the ablest 
men that the south has ever produced. To logical 
and metaphysical faculties of a high order he 



added a fine literary style, and an easy and effect- 
ive address. He was an uncompromising cham- 
pion of the old-school Presbyterian theology, and 
in politics advocated extreme southern views. He 
was the author of several published sermons and 
addresses, 44 Arguments of Romanists Discussed 
and Refuted " (New York, 1845) ; i4 Discourses on 
Truth "(1854); "Rights and Duties of Masters " 
(1861); "The State of the Country " (1861) ; and 
numerous articles in defence of slavery and seces- 
sion in the 44 Southern Presbvterian Review." His 
collected works were edited by Rev. John B. Adger 
(2 vols., Richmond, 1874). 

THORPE, Rose Hartwick, poet. b. in Misha- 
waka, Ind., 18 July, 1850. When she was ten 
years old her parents settled in Litchfield, Mich., 
where she received a common-school education. 
Her most popular poem, the ballad entitled "Cur- 
few Must not Ring To-Night," was written while 
she was a school-^irl. When it was published in 
a Detroit paper in 1870 it obtained a wide cir- 
culation. An illustrated edition has been issued 
(Boston, 1882). She married Edmund C. Thorpe 
in September, 1871. In 1881 she edited three Sun- 
day-school papers in Chicago, III Subsequently 
she settled with her family in Pacific Beach, San 
Diego co., Cal. Mrs. Thorpe has been a contribu- 
tor to journals and magazines since 1880. She has 
written 44 The Station-Agent's Story," 44 Remember 
the Alamo," and other popular poems. Her pub- 
lications include 44 Fred s Dark Days," a story for 
children (Chicago, 1881) ; " The Yule Log," a book 
of poems (1881) ; " The Penton Family " (Philadel- 

ghia, 1884); "Nina Bruce " (1886) ; "The Chester 
\ir\a " (1887) ; 44 Temperance Poems " (Pent Water, 
Mich., 1887) ; and 44 Ringing Ballads " (Boston, 1887). 

THORPE, Thomas Bangs, author, b. in West- 
field, Mass., 1 March, 1815 ; d. in New York city in 
October, 1878. He was for three years at Wesley- 
an university, and 
while at college 
gave evidence of 
literary and artis- 
tic talent One of 
his early paint- 
ings, "The Bold 
Dragoon ."adapted 
from Washington 
Irving's story, was 
highly commend- 
ed. After leaving 
college on account 
of his health, Mr. 
Thorpe made a 
tour of the south- 
west, and 
settled in 
ana in 1886. His 
first literary production of note, " Tom Owen, the 
Bee-Hunter," was widely quoted, and his next 
contribution to periodical literature— the mirth- 
provoking sketch entitled 44 The Big Bear of Ar- 
kansas "—placed him in the foremost rank of 
early American humorists. He was for a time 
editor of a Whig newspaper in New Orleans. In 
1844 he edited the 44 Concordia Intelligencer," and 
in 1846 established "The Conservator" at Baton 
Rouge, but sold the paper a few years later, and 
in 1859 became the editor and publisher of the 
New York 44 Spirit of the Times." Mr. Thorpe 
served in the Mexican war, and attained the rank 
of colonel. His contributions to periodical litera- 
ture, particularly 44 Black wood's/ the " Knicker- 
bocker," and "Harper's Magazine," show versa- 
tile talent of a high order, and several of his 




Louis£ €7&C<r^ ^3 c/ZCia^ls 



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106 



THORVALD 



THROCKMORTON 



paintings, notably " Niagara as it Is," display 
ability. His published works include 44 Our Anny 
of the Rio Grande" (Philadelphia, 1846); "Mys- 
teries of the Backwoods" (1846); M Our Army 
at Monterey " (1847) ; 44 Lynde Weiss, an Autobi- 
ography n (1854); "The Hive of the Bee-Hunter" 
(New York, 1854); "A Voice to America" (1855); 
"Scenes in Arkansaw" (1858); and "Reminis- 
cences of Charles L. Elliott" 
THORVALD, Ericsson, Scandinavian navi- 

fator, d. in Massachusetts in 1004. He was the 
rother of Leif, the son of Eric the Red, who per- 
suaded him to visit Vinland, giving him the ship 
that he had bought from Biarn Heriulfson, and 
many wise directions as to his course. Thorvald 
selected thirty men, and sailed westward in 1002. 
He reached what has been thought to be the coast 
of Rhode Island, and passed the winter in Leifs- 
budir (Leif s house), some wooden huts which Leif 
is supposed to have built at the mouth of Pocasset 
river, near the present site of Providence. In the 
spring of 1003 he went on a voyage of discovery 
along the southern coast His men saw a lovely 
count nr covered with forests, which were separated 
from the shore only by a thin border of white sand. 
The sea was enamelled with little islands, in one of 
which they discovered a wooden barn. The others 
appeared without any trace of men or animals. 
After obtaining a glimpse of an island that lay 
toward the west supposed to be Long Island, they 
returned in the autumn to Leifsbudir. In the fol- 
lowing summer Thorvald determined to explore 
the northern coast, but a violent storm damaged 
the keel of his ship. He stopped for some time, 
refitting in the neighborhood, and when about to 
put to sea he said to his companions : ** Let us 
raise on this point of land the keel of a ship, and 
let us call it Kialarnes " (Keel cape). Rafn, Kohl, 
and other scholars that are interested in the ante- 
Columbian discovery of the American continent, 
think that the Kialarnes of Thorvald is Cape Cod. 
Then Thorvald sailed westward and anchored near 
a promontory, which has been supposed to be 
Gurnet point or Cape Alderton. The country ap- 
peared so beautiful that after landing he said: 
44 This country is very fine ; 1 would like to build 
my house here." After returning to the vessel, the 
Northmen saw three dark points on the b*ach that 
looked like hillocks. They were three "carabos" 
(canoes of wickerwork, covered with skins), each 
containing three men. The Northmen mixed and 
killed eight of the savages, but the ninth escaped. 
Thorvald then landed, explored the promontory, 
and discovered elevations, which he took for hu- 
man habitations. The Northmen returned to their 
vessel at nightfall, but they were soon awakened 
from their sleep by cries of vengeance. The vessel 
was surrounded by a crowd of canoes that came 
to exact reparation for the assassinations of the 
morning. They were manned by the Skrsllings, 
or Esquimaux, who appear to have dwelt at that 
time farther south than they did in the 16th cen- 
tury. These savages discharged a shower of ar- 
rows on the Northmen, and fled. Thorvald asked 
his companions if they were wounded, and all re- 
plied in the negative. 44 But I am," he said ; 44 this 
arrow, after rebounding from my buckler, entered 
under the armpit 1 advise you to depart quickly 
from this land and leave me on the promontory 
where I wished to build my house. I have pro- 
phesied my destiny, for there shall I dwell. You 
shall bury me in this place, and put two crosses 
on my tomb, one at my head and the other at ray 
feet so that henceforward this promontory shall 
be called Krossarnes " (Promontory of the Crosses). 



A skeleton was discovered late in the 18th cen- 
tury on Rainsford island, and with it the hilt of 
an iron sword. Some antiquarians have conclud- 
ed that the skeleton was that of an ancient Scan- 
dinavian, and that the workmanship of the hilt 
proved it to be not later than the 15th century. 
After the burial of Thorvald, the Northmen re- 
turned to Leifsbudir, and in 1005 sailed for Green- 
land. See 44 Decouverte de l'Am^rique par les Nor- 
mands au X* siecle," by Gabriel Gravier (Paris 
1874); 44 Antiquitates Americana?." bv Carl Chris- 
tian Rafn (Copenhagen, 1837); 44 DenKmller Grdn- 
iands," by the same (8 vols., 1838-'45) : *• Etude sur 
les rapports de 1' A men que et de l'ancien continent 
avant Christophe Colorab," by M. Gaff arc 1 (Paris, 
1869); 44 Historia Vinlandia? Antiqua?," by Th. 
Torfaeus (Copenhagen, 1711); "The Heimskringla 
of Snorre Sturlesons, or Chronicles of the Kings of 
Norway," translated into English by Samuel losing 
(London, 1844); and "Discovery of America by 
Northmen," bv Eben N. Horsford (Boston, 1888). 

THRASH £R, John 8., journalist b. in Port- 
land, Me., in 1817; d. in Galveston, Tex., 10 Nov.. 
1879. While he was a youth his parents removed 
to Havana, Cuba, where he followed for some time 
a successful mercantile career, but abandoned it 
for journalism, purchasing, in 1849, the 44 Faro In- 
dustrial," which was then the only Liberal news- 
paper. In September, 1851, his paper was sup- 
pressed, and he was condemned by court-martial to 
ten years* imprisonment with hard labor at Ceuta 
and perpetual banishment from Cuba. After sev- 
eral months the U. S. minister at Madrid secured 
his release. He afterward established in New Or- 
leans a Sunday journal called the 44 Beacon of Cuba," 
and in 1858-'5 was an active member of the junta 
that organized a filibustering expedition to be led 
by Gen. John A. Quitman. Wnen the U. S. au- 
thorities prevented the departure of this expedi- 
tion, Thrasher went to New York city. For sev- 
eral years he travelled in Central and South Ameri- 
ca as a newspaper correspondent, and edited the 
44 Noticioso de Nuevo York," a journal devoted to 
the interests of Spanish- American countries. Mar- 
rying a ladv whose property was in Texas, he re- 
moved to the south, and remained there during 
the civil war, acting as agent for the associated 
press at Atlanta. After the war he edited for 
several years Frank Leslie's 44 Ilustracion Ameri- 
cana " in New York city, and afterward resided in 
Galveston. He published a translation of Alexan- 
der von Humboldt s 44 Personal Narrative of Trav- 
els," with notes and an introductory essay (New 
York, 1856), also many essays on the social, com- 
mercial, and political conditions of Cuba. 

THROCKMORTON, James Webb, governor 
of Texas, b. in Sparta, Tenn.. 1 Feb., 1825. He 
accompanied his father to Texas in 1841, became 
a lawyer, and entered the legislature in 1861. serv- 
ing continuously in one branch or the other till 
the beginning of the civil war. He was a member 
of the convention that passed the ordinance of se- 
cession, against which he voted, with six others, 
but he joined the Confederate army in the spring 
of 1861, and served as a captain, and afterward as 
a major till November, 1868, when he resigned in 
order to take his seat again in the state senate. In 
1864 he was appointed a brigadier-general of state 
troops, and in May, 1864, was placed by the state 
military authorities in command on the north- 
western border of Texas, where he made treaties 
with the Comanches, Cheyennes, and other tribes, 
returning from the plains in June, 1865, after Lee's 
surrender at Appomattox. He was a member of 
the Constitutional convention that was called in 



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TH HUSTON 



107 




accordance with President Johnson's proclamation 
in 1865, and was elected its president In 186*0 he 
was chosen governor for four years, but in 1867 
he was removed from office by Gen. Philip H. 
Sheridan's orders. He was elected to congress, 
taking his seat on 6 Dec, 1875, and served through 
two terms. On 3 Dec, 1883, he re-entered the 
house, and in 1885 he was re-elected. 

THBOOP. Enos Thompson (troop), governor 
of New York, b. in Johnstown, Montgomery co., 
N. Y M 21 Aug., 1784 ; d. on his estate of Willow- 
brook, near Auburn, N. Y., 1 Nov., 1874 He re- 
ceived a classical education, studied law at Al- 
bany, and was admitted to the bar in 1806. Dur- 
ing his residence at 
Albany, he became 
acquainted with Mar- 
tin Van Buren, then 
also a law-student, 
and this acquaint- 
ance ripened into 
friendship. After ad- 
mission to the bar. Mr. 
Throop began prac- 
tice at Auburn, soon 
became active in poli- 
tics as a member of 
the Republican par- 
ty, and was appoint- 
ed postmaster of the 
village, and in 1811 
_ , # county clerk of Ca- 

S&^y%4*ZZ,d> yuga county. In 1814 
C>~ y . S rfl/ZrZr/C<' he was elected a mem- 
ber of congress, as a 
supporter of the war measures of the administra- 
tion. He took part in the debates upon the impor- 
tant measures to which the close of the war and the 
prostration of public and private credit gave rise. 
He also supported and voted for the act changing 
the compensation of congressmen from six dollars a 
day to $1,800 per annum, a course which temporari- 
ly clouded his political fortunes. Popular dissatis- 
faction with his action was such that he was defeated 
at the election of 1816, which was held in April of 
that year, and thereupon resigned his seat for the 
remainder of his unexpired term. In April, 1828, 
he was appointed one of the eight circuit judges 
for which the constitution of 1821 provided, in 

1828, induced chiefly by the solicitation of Martin 
Van Buren, Judge Throop consented to be placed 
upon the state ticket, as the Democratic candidate 
for lieutenant-governor, with Mr. Van Buren as 
the candidate for governor, a step which rendered 
it necessary for him to resign his judicial office. It 
was expected that Andrew Jackson would be elect- 
ed president at the same election, in which event 
Van Buren would be made secretary of state ; and 
the latter desired to leave the office of governor and 
the leadership of the partv in the hands of a friend. 
These expectations were fulfilled, and Mr. Throop 
succeeded to the office of governor on 12 March, 

1829. He was re-elected governor in 1880. Dur- 
ing his first term the construction of the Chenango 
canal became one of the chief questions of state 
policy. He declared himself, in his message to the 
legislature, unalterably opposed to the plan. This 
step raised such a vehement opposition to him in 
the localities through which the proposed canal 
would pass, that in 1882 he declined to be present- 
ed as. a candidate for a third term. In 1888 he 
was appointed by President Jackson naval officer 
at the "port of New York, which office he held un- 
til 1888, when President Van Buren appointed him 
charge* d'affaires of the United States to the king- 



dom of the Two Sicilies (Naples), where he remained 
until he was superseded in 1842. After spend- 
ing two years in Paris, he returned to the United 
States, and resided upon an estate on the banks of 
Owasco lake near Auburn, N. Y. In 1847 he 
removed to Michigan, where he purchased a farm 
of 800 acres, ana became noted among agricul- 
turists. Advancing years compelled him to give 
up farming, and in 1857 he returned to his former 
home, removing in 1868 to New York city, but a 
few years later again returning to his residence 
near Auburn. — His nephew, Montgomery Hunt, 
lawyer, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 26 Jan., 1827, was 
educated in Geneva, Switzerland, and Naples, Italy, 
and at Hobart college ; studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1848. He practised in Utica, 
N. Y., from 1851 till 1864, first in partnership with 
his uncle, Ward Hunt, and after 1856 with Roscoe 
Conkling, then in New York city till 1870, when 
he was appointed a commissioner to revise the 
statutes or the state. He acted as chairman of 
the commission, which prepared the New York 
code of civil procedure that was enacted partly in 
1877 and partly in 1880. Since 1878, when the 



published " The Future : a Political Essay H (New 
York, 1864) ; " Treatise on the Validity of Verbal 
Agreements " (Albany, 1870) ; " Annotated Code of 
Civil Procedure " (1880) ; ** The New York Justice's 
Manual" (1880); *' Digest of the Decisions of the 
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts " (1887) : 
and " Revised Statutes of the State of New York * 
(8th ed., 1888> 

THRUSTON, Charles Mynn (throo'-ston), sol- 
dier, b. in Gloucester county, Va., in 1788; d. near 
New Orleans, La., in 1812. He was educated at 
William and Mary college, and after prosecuting 
his theological studies in England was ordained to 
the ministry of the Episcopal church in Gloucester 
county. Subsequently he removed to Clarke coun- 
ty, and officiated in a church, near Shenandoah 
river, that is still standing. At the beginning of 
the Revolution he raised a company, was commis- 
sioned as captain, and badly wounded at Trenton. 
On his recovery he was appointed colonel, being 
known as the " warrior parson." After the war be 
was a judge and a member of the legislature, and 
in 1808 removed to Louisiana. — His son, Buckner, 
jurist, b. near Winchester, Va., in 1768 ; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 80 Aug., 1845, received a classical 
education, emigrated in early life to Kentucky, 
and there studied law and was admitted to the bar. 
He practised in Frankfort, taking an active part 
in public affairs, and was elected U. S. senator in 
I860, declining the post of U. S. judge of the terri- 
tory of Orleans, to which he had been appointed 
immediately before. On 1 July, 1809, he resigned 
his seat in the senate to accept the appointment 
of U. S. judge for the District of Columbia, which 
office he held until his death. — Buckner's son, 
Charles Mynn, soldier, b. in Lexington, Ky., 22 
Feb., 1789; d. in Cumberland. Md., 18 Feb., 1878, 
entered the U. S. military academy in 1818, and in 
July, 1814. was commissioned as lieutenant of ar- 
tillery, and assigned to duty on Governor's island, 
New York harbor, where he was engaged in erect- 
ing fortifications till the close of the war with 
Great Britain. He became adjutant of his regi- 
ment in 1821, and during the Florida war in 1885-'6 
was acting adjutant-general of the Florida army. 
Resigning on 81 Aug- 1886, he settled on a farm 
at Cumberland, Md. He became president of a bank 
in 1888, and mayor in 1861. At the beginning of 



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THURMAN 



THURSBY 



the civil war he entered the volunteer service as 
brigadier-general, and served in guarding the Bal- 
timore ana Ohio railroad till April, 1862, when he 
resigned.— Buckner's grandson, Gates Phillips, 
soldier, b. in Dayton, Ohio, 11 June, 1885, was 
graduated at Miami university in 1855, studied 
law, and began practice in Dayton, where he en- 
tered the volunteer service at the beginning of the 
civil war as a captain in the 1st Ohio infantry. He 
was promoted major and assistant adjutant-general 
on 4 Sept, 1863, and subsequently lieutenant-colo- 
nel, for special acts of gallantry at Shiloh and 
Stone River, and was brevet ted colonel and briga- 
dier-general of volunteers for gallantry at Chicka- 
mauga. Since the war he has followed his profes- 
sion at Nashville, Tenn. He is corresponding sec- 
retary of the Tennessee historical society, has con- 
tributed articles on military history and other 
subjects to northern and southern magazines, and 
has in preparation an illustrated work on the 
mound-builders, describing recent discoveries in 
the vicinitv of Nashville and elsewhere. 

THURMAN, Allen Granbery, statesman, b. 
in Lynchburg, Va., 18 Nov., 1813. His father was 
the Rev. Pleasant Thurman, a minister of the 
Methodist church, and his mother the only daugh- 
ter of Col. Nathan- 
iel Allen, nephew 
and adopted son of 
Joseph Hewes. one 
of the signers of the 
Declaration of In- 
dependence. His 
parents removed to 
Chillicothe in 1819, 
and he made that 
place his home until 
he settled in Colum- 
bus, in 1853, where 
he has since resided. 
His education was 
in the Chillicothe 
academy, and at the 
hands oi his mother. 
At the age of eight- 
een he assisted in 
land-surveying and 
at twenty-one he was private secretary* to Gov. 
Lucas, studied law with his uncle, Qov. William 
Allen, afterward was admitted to the bar in 1835, 
and in a few years was employed in almost every 
litigated case in Ross county. In 1844 he was 
elected by the Democrats to congress, and he en- 
tered that body, 1 Dec, 1845, as its voungest mem- 
ber. Preferring the practice of the law, he de- 
clined a renomination to congress, and remained 
at the bar until 1851, when he was elected to the 
supreme bencn in Ohio. From December, 1854, 
till February, 1856, he served as chief justice, and 
on the expiration of his term he refused a re- 
nomination. His opinions, contained in the first 
five volumes of the state reports, are remarkable 
for the clear and forcible expression of his views 
and the accuracy of his statements of the law. 
In 1867 he was the choice of his party for gov- 
ernor of Ohio. Rutherford B. Hayes, his oppo- 
nent was elected by a majority of fewer than 
8,000 votes, though the Republican majority in 
1866 was more than 43,000. Mr. Thurman was 
then elected to the senate to succeed Benjamin F. 
Wade. He took his seat. 4 March, 1869, and from 
the first was recognized as the leader of the Demo- 
cratic minority. He was a member of the commit- 
tee on the judiciarv and on the accession of his 
party to power, in the 46th congress, he was made 




its chairman, and also chosen president 

pro tem- 
pore, of the senate, owing to the illness of Vice- 
President Wheeler. In 1874 he was elected to the 
senate for a second term, and in his twelve years 
of service, ending 4 March, 1881, he won a reputa- 
tion for judicial fairness and readiness, dignitv and 
power in debate, especially upon questions of con- 
stitutional law. Besides his labor in the judi- 
ciary committee he rendered valuable service in 
the committee on private land claims. He was 
the author of the act to compel the Pacific rail- 
road corporations to fulfil their obligations to the 
government, since known as the •* Thurman act," 
the passage of which he forced in spite of the 
combined influence of those companies. His ar- 
guments against the constitutionality of the civil- 
rights bills have since been sustained by the U. S. 
supreme court in language that is almost identical 
with that of his speeches. Efforts to secure for 
the rebellious states the most favorable recon- 
struction legislation, in which he vigorously per- 
sisted while in the senate, led to a charge that he 
had disapproved the war for the integrity of the 
Union. His true position he thus defined in a 
letter to a friend : " I did all I could to help to 
preserve the Union without a war, but after it be- 
gan I thought there was but one thing to do, and 
that was to fight it out. I therefore sustained all 
constitutional measures that tended, in my judg- 
ment, to put down the rebellion. I never believed 
in the doctrine of secession." Mr. Thurman re- 
tired from the senate not alone with the high re- 
spect of his partisan associates, but also with that 
of senators of opposite political views, one of 
whom, James G. Blaine, with whom he often con- 
tended in debate, savs, in his " Twenty Years of 
Congress " : " Mr. Thurman's rank in the senate 
was established from the day he took his seat, and 
was never lowered during the period of his sen* ice. 
He was an admirably disciplined debater, was fair 
in his method of statement logical in his argument, 
honest in his conclusions. He had no tricks in 
discussion, no catch-phrases to secure attention, but 
was always direct and manly. ... His retire- 
ment from the senate was a serious loss to his par- 
ty — a loss, indeed, to the body." Gen. Garfield, 
before his election to the presidency, had been 
chosen to succeed Mr. Thurman in the senate; 
but the contest had not interrupted friendly rela- 
tions of many years' standing, and, as a mark of 
his regard, the new president soon after his inau- 
guration, associated Mr. Thurman with William 
M. Evarts, of New York, and Tiinothv 0. Howe, 
of Wisconsin, on the commission to tne Interna- 
tional monetary conference to be held in Paris. In 
the Democratic national convention of 1876 Mr. 
Thurman received some votes as a presidential 
candidate. In 1880 the first ballot {rave him the 
entire vote of the Ohio delegation, with consider- 
able support from other states. In 1884 he was a 
delegate-at-large to the National convention, was 
again put in nomination for the presidency, and 
stood next to Cleveland and Bayard upon the first 
ballot In the convention of 1888 he was nominat- 
ed for vice-president by acclamation. See " Lives 
and Public Services of 'Grover Cleveland and Allen 
G. Thumtan," by W. U. Hensel and George F. 
Parker (New York, 1888). 

THURSBY, Emma Cecilia, singer, b. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y.. 21 Feb., 1857. She had her first in- 
struction of Julius Meyer, and subsequently studied 
with Achille Errani and Erminia Ruoersdorff. 
In 1878 she went to Italy, where she studied for a 
short time under Francesco Ijamperti and San 
Giovanni. On her return she sang in the Broad- 



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THURSTON 



way tabernacle. New York. In 1876 she made her 
first concert-tour with Patrick S. Gilmore's orches- 
tra, and in 1877 she travelled with Theodore 
Thomas. In the same year Maurice Strakosch 
signed a six-years' engagement with her. and un- 
der his management she made several tours in the 
United States and in Europe, meeting with great 
success. Miss Thursby has appeared only in con- 
cert and oratorio, and has rejected the most flat- 
tering offers that were made her while abroad to 
appear in opera. Her forte is sacred music, and 
in rendering the soprano parts of Handel's and 
Haydn's oratorios she is unexcelled. 

THURSTON, Asa, missionary, b. in Fitehburg, 
Mass., 12 Oct, 1787 ; d. in Honolulu, Hawaii, 11 
March, 1868. He worked at the trade of scythe- 
making till he was twenty-two years old, then fit- 
ted himself for college, was graduated at Yale in 
1816, and passed through the course of theological 
instruction at Andover seminary. On his gradua- 
tion in 1819 he was ordained as a missionary, and 
on 28 Oct. sailed with his wife for the Sand- 
wich islands. He established himself at Kailua, 
Hawaii, where he resided for more than forty years, 
retiring to Honolulu when incapacitated by paraly- 
sis for continued active work. He was a pioneer 
among the missionaries to the Sandwich islands, and 
instructed two of the kings while they still resided 
at Kailua. He also translated a large part of the 
Bible into the Hawaiian language. — His wife, Lucy 
Good ale, b. in Marlborough, Mass., 29 Oct., 1795; 
d. in Honolulu, Hawaii, 13 Oct., 1876, was edu- 
cated at the academy in Bradford, Mass., and 
taught until she married and went to the Sand- 
wich islands. She left an autobiography which 
was completed by Persis G. Taylor, her daughter, 
and Rev. Walter Freer, and published under the 
title of " Life and Times of Mrs. Lucy G. Thurston " 
(Ann Arbor, 1876).— Their son, Thomas Gairdner, 
was graduated at Yale in 1862, studied theology, 
and returned to Hawaii, where he preached until 
the time of his death in 1884. 

THURSTON, John Mellen, lawyer, b. in 
Montpelier, Vt., 21 Aug., 1847. In 1854 his family 
removed to Madison, and two years later to Beaver 
Dam, Wis. He was graduated at Wayland uni- 
versity in 1867, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1869, and in the same year removed to 
Omaha, Nebraska. He was appointed city attor- 
ney in 1874, and, while holding that office, was 
elected in 1875 to the legislature, in which he acted 
as chairman of the Judiciary committee. He re- 
signed the attorneyship in 1877 to become assist- 
ant attorney of the Union Pacific railroad company, 
of which he became general attorney in 1888. tn 
1875 he was defeated as a candidate for the district 
judgeship. He was a presidential elector in 1880, 
and in 1884 chairman of the delegation to the Na- 
tional Republican convention. He was again at 
the head of the delegation in 1888, and was select- 
ed by the convention at Chicago for temporary 
chairman. His address in calling that body to or- 
der won him a national reputation as an orator. 

THURSTON, Laura H., poet, b. in Norfolk, 
Litchfield co., Conn., in December, 1812; d. in 
New Albanv, Ind., 21 July, 1842. Her maiden 
name was Hawley. She was educated for the pro- 
fession of teaching at the Hartford female semi- 
nary, and taught in Philadelphia, Pa., and New 
Milford and Hartford, Conn., removed to New Al- 
bany in order to take charge of an academy, and 
in September, 1889, married Franklin Thurston, a 
merchant of that place. She contributed to news- 
is and magazines over the signature of '* Vio- 
Her poems, some of which were descriptive 



THURSTON 109 

of nature and some didactic, were highly esteemed, 
and many of them are preserved in Rufus W. Gris- 
wold's and other collections of American poetrv. 

THURSTON, Robert Lawton, mechanical' en- 
gineer, b. in Portsmouth, R. I., 13 Dec, 1800 ; d. 
in Providence, R. I., 18 Jan., 1874. He early de- 
veloped talent as a mechanic, and on attaining his 
majoritv began to learn the trade of a machinist 
His skill attracted the attention of John Babcock, 
who invited his assistance in the manufacture of 
an experimental steam-engine which was placed 
in a small ferry-boat for use near Fall River. Its 
success led to the construction of engines for the 
" Rushlight " and the " Babcock," which ran be- 
tween Providence and New York. He then en- 
tered the iron business in Fall River, but in 1880 
returned to Providence, where, with the son of 
John Babcock, he founded in 1884 the first steam- 
engine building establishment in New England, 
known as the Providence steam-engine company. 
They purchased the Sickles patent for the '* drop 
cut-off" for steam-engines, and were the first either 
in America or in Europe to manufacture a stand- 
ard form of expansion steam-engine. For a series 
of years they were engaged in litigation with George 
H. Corliss, against whom they brought suit for in- 
fringement of the Sickles patent. This case, which 
was one of the most noted patent suits that was 
ever tried, called for the services of several of the 
most eminent lawyers and mechanical experts of 
the time. The Greene engine, which they intro- 
duced, is now claimed by many engineers to be 
one of the best of modern steam-engines. In 1868 
the unsettled condition of affairs resulting from 
the civil war, with incidental lack of business, led 
to Mr. Thurston's withdrawal.— His son, Robert 
Henry, mechanical engineer, b. in Providence, 
R. I., 25 Oct, 1889, received his early training in 
the workshops of his father and was graduated in 
the scientific course at Brown in 1859. After two 
years' experience with his father's company, he en- 
tered the U. S. navy as third assistant engineer, 
and served on various vessels during the civil war. 
He was present at the battle of Port Royal and at 
the siege of Charleston, and was attached to the 
North and South Atlantic squadrons until 1865, 
when he was detailed as assistant professor of natu- 
ral and experimental philosophy at the U. S. na- 
val academy in Annapolis, where he also lectured 
on chemistry. In 1870 he visited Europe for the 
purpose of studying the British iron manufactur- 
ing districts, and on 1 April, 1872, he resigned 
from the navy, after attaining the rank of 1st as- 
sistant engineer. Meanwhile, in 1871, he had been 
called to the chair of mechanical engineering at 
the Stevens institute of technology, where he re- 
mained until 1885, when he was appointed director 
of the Sibley college of Cornell university with the 
professorship of mechanical engineering. In 1871, 
on behalf or a committee of the American insti- 
tute, he made a series of experiments on steam- 
boilers, in which for the first time all losses of heat 
were noted, and, by condensing all the steam that 
was generated, the quantity of water " entrained " 
by the steam was measured. Prof. Thurston was 
appointed a member of the U. S. commission to 
the World's fair in Vienna in 1873. and, besides 
serving on the international jury, edited the " Re- 
port*? of the United States Commissioners to the In- 
ternational Exhibition, Vienna, 1878" (4 vols., 
Washington, 1875-'6), which includes his own spe- 
cial " Report on Machinery and Manufactures." 
He was a member of the U. S. commission on the 
causes of boiler-explosions, and of the U. S. board 
to test iron, steel, and other metals. His exten- 



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HO THURY 

sive knowledge of matters connected with mechan- 
ical engineering has led to his being called upon 
frequently to testify in court on disputed points as 
an expert. The degree of doctor of engineering 
was conferred on him by Stevens institute of tech- 
nology in 1885, and he is a regular, honorary, or 
corresponding member of various scientific and 
technical societies at home and abroad. He was 
vice-president of the American association for the 
advancement of science in 1877-8 and 1884, vice- 
president of the American institute of mining en- 
gineers in 1878-D, and president of the American 
society of mechanical engineers in 1880- '8. Prof. 
Thurston has invented a magnesium burning-lamp, 
an autographic- recording testing-machine, a new 
form of steam-engine governor, an apparatus for 
determining the value of lubricants, and various 
other devices. He is the author of about 250 pa- 
pers, including contributions to M The Popular Sci- 
ence Monthly, u Journal of the Franklin Institute," 
"Van Nostrand's Magaxine," "Science," "The 
Forum," and like periodicals, and addresses before 
scientific and other societies. His books are 44 His- 
tory of the Growth of the Steam-Engine " (New 
York, 1878); "Friction and Lubrication " (1879); 
"Materials of Engineering" (3 vols., 1884-'6); 
" Friction and Lost Work m Machinery and Mill 
Work" (1884); "Text-Book of the Materials of 
Construction * (1885) : " Stationary Steam-Engines 
for Electric Lighting Purposes " (1884) ; "Steam- 
Boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice" 
(1887); and "A Manual of Steam Boilers: their 
Design, Construction, and Management " (1888). 

TH CRY, Pierre (tu-ry), French missionary, b. 
in Bayeux, France, about 1650 ; d. in the Penob- 
scot mission. Me., or in Nova Scotia, 8 June, 1699. 
He studied for the priesthood in France, and, hav- 
ing volunteered for the American missions, went 
to Quebec, where he was ordained on 21 Dec, 1677. 
In 1684 he was sent bv Bishop Laval to labor 
among the Indians of Acadia. After devoting a 
year to the exploration of the country, he founded 
the mission of St Croix in 1685. In 1688 he was 
transferred to the Penobscot, where he fathered 
together an Indian colony at Panawaniski. His 
converts became noted for the fervor of their piety 
and devotion to the French, and in 1689 did the 
latter good service at the attack on Fort Pemaquid. 
He prepared prayers and hymns for their use in 
the Abnaki language. He was afterward sent to 
instruct the Indians of Nova Scotia. He returned 
to Maine and died there, according to some ac- 
counts, but others assert that he spent the rest 
of his life in Nova Scotia. See John O. Shea's 
"American Catholic Missions" (New York, 1854); 
Shea's "The Church in the Colonies" (1887); and 
Diereville's - Voyage " (Paris, 1708). 

TH WAITES, Beaton Golt, antiquary, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 15 May, 1858. In 1866 he removed 
to Oshkoah, Wis., where he studied in the intervals 
of farm-work, and, after teaching for a year, be- 
came editor of a newspaper in 1872. Subsequently 
he took a post-graduate course at Yale. From 
1877 till 1886 he was connected with the " Wiscon- 
sin State Journal " as associate and afterward as 
managing editor, and conducted a news bureau at 
Madison. Having given much attention to the 
study of western history, especially that of Wis- 
consin, he was elected in 1887 corresponding secre- 
tary of the Wisconsin historical society, ana editor 
of it* publications. He is the author of " Historic 
Waterways : Six Hundred Miles of Canoeing down 
Rock, Fox, and Wisconsin Rivers" (Chicago, 1888). 

TH WING, Charles Franklin (twing), clergy- 
man, b. in New Sharon, Me^ 9 Nov., 1858. He was 



TICHENOR 



graduated at Harvard in 1876 and at Andover theo- 
logical seminary in 1879, and was pastor of a Congre- 
gational church in Cambridge, Mass., till 1886, when 
he took charge of the Plymouth church in Minneap- 
olis, Minn. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Chicago theological seminary in 1888. Dr. Thwing, 
who is associate editor of the " Bibliotheca Sacra/' 
has been a contributor to magazines, and has pub- 
lished many sermons, and, in book-form, " Ameri- 
can Colleges: their Students and Work" (New 
York, 1678); "Reading of Books: its Pleasures, 
Profits, and Perils" (Boston, 1883) ; in collaboration 
with Mrs. Carrie F. Butler-Thwing, " The Family : 
an Historical and Social Study" (1886); and "The 
Working Church" (New York, 1888). 

TIB BITS, George, merchant, b. in Warwick, 
R. I., 14 Jan., 1768; d. in Troy, N. Y., 19 July, 
1849. He established himself in business at Lan- 
singburg, N. Y., at the age of twenty-one. and in 
1797 removed to Troy. He was a member of the 
legislature in 1800, and two years later was 
elected to congress, serving from 17 Oct., 1808, till 
8 March, 1805. From 1815 till 1818 he sat in the 
state senate, and he was the author of the financial 
plan that was adopted for raising means to build 
the Erie canal. In 1816 he was defeated as the 
Federalist candidate for lieutenant-governor. In 
1824 he was a member of a commission on state 
prisons which reported in favor of the Auburn sys- 
tem, and during the next five years he acted on the 
commission that had charge of the construction 
of Sing Sing prison, and remedied abuses in the 
management of penitentiaries. From 1880 till 1886 
he was mayor of Troy. He delivered addresses on 
agricultural subjects, and was one of the earliest 
American advocates of the economical policy of 
protection in essays that appeared in the Philadel- 
phia "Inquirer" over the signature of "Cato." 
He published also "Memoir on Home Markets" 
(Philadelphia, 1827) and "Finances of the Canal 
Fund of the State of New York Examined " (Al- 
bany, 1829). — His grandson, William Badger, 
soldier, b. in Hoosick, N. Y., 81 March, 1887; d. in 
Troy, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1880, was graduated at Union 
in 1859, began the study of law, and engaged in 
manufacturing. At President Lincoln's first call 
for troops he recruited a company, and was mus- 
tered into the service as captain on 14 May, 1861. 
He was engaged at Big Bethel, Fair Oaks, Malvern 
Hill, Bristow Station, and the second battle of Bull 
Run, was promoted major of the 2d New York vol- 
unteer infantry on 18 Oct., 1862, participated in 
the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellors vi lie, 
and, when his term of service expired, raised a regi- 
ment that was called the Griswold light cavalry, of 
which he was made colonel, his commission dating 
from 20 Nov., 1868. He served under Gen. Julius 
Stahel, first encountering the enemy at New Mar- 
ket on 15 May, 1864. He was present at Piedmont 
on 5 June, was constantly engaged during the 
following three months, taking part in numerous 
actions, and was b revetted brigadier-general of 
volunteers on 17 Nov. At the close of the war he 
was ordered to the west with bis command. He 
was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 18 
March, 1865, commissioned as brigadier-general on 
18 Oct, 1865, and mustered out on 15 Jan., 1866, 
returning to Troy with health impaired by injuries 
received in the service. 

TICHENOR, Isaac, jurist, b. in Newark, N. J., 
8 Feb., 1754; d. in Bennington, Vt, 11 Dec, 1888. 
He was graduated at Princeton in 1775, began the 
study of law in Schenectady, N. Y., and in 1777 
was appointed assistant commissary-general and 
stationed at Bennington. He remained there, was 

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TICKNOR 



TICKNOR 



111 



admitted to the bar, practised law, and took an 
active part in public affairs, serving as a member 
of the Vermont house of representatives in 1781-4, 
agent of the state to congress in 1782, a state coun- 
cillor in 1787-92, a commissioner for the arrange- 
ment of the territorial dispute with New York in 
1791, and a member of the state board of censors 
from 1792 till 1813. In 1791 he was appointed a 
judge of the supreme court of Vermont, becoming 
chief justice in 1795. In the following year he re- 
signed to take his seat in the United Mates senate 
on 6 Dec., 1796. He was elected governor of Ver- 
mont, retiring from the senate on 10 Nov., 1797, 
and was continued in that office by re-election till 
1807. In 1808 he was again elected governor and 
served one more term. In 1815 he was sent to the 
United States senate a second time, taking his seat 
on 4 Dec. of that year and serving till 3 March, 
1821. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him 
by Dartmouth in 1789. 

TICKNOR, Caleb B., physician, b. in Salisbury, 
Conn., in 1805 ; d. in New York city, 19 Sept., 1840, 
He was educated for his profession in the Berk- 
shire medical institution, and adopted the homoeo- 
pathic system of medicine. In addition to many 
medical papers, he published 44 The Philosophy of 
Living, or tne Way to Enjoy Life and its Comforts " 
(New York, 1836); u Popular Treatise on Medical 
Philosophy" (Andover, 1838); and "Guide to 
Mothers and Nurses " (1839). — Ilis brother, Bena- 
j ah, also studied medicine, and was a surgeon in 
the U. S. navy from 10 July, 1824, till his death, 
which occurred 20 Sept., 1857. 

TICKNOR, Ellsha, educator, b. in Lebanon, 
Conn., 25 March, 1757; d. in Hanover, N. H., 22 
June, 1821. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1783, and was connected with various schools, be- 
coming in 1788 head master of Franklin grammar- 
school. Boston. After filling this post for several 
years, he resigned on account of his health. He 
made one of the earliest efforts to improve female 
education in Massachusetts, and onginated the 
scheme for primary schools in Boston, proposing 
them at a town-meeting in 1818. He became a 
successful merchant in Boston, and founded the 
first insurance company and the first savings-bank 
in the city. In 1818 he presented a plan to pre- 
vent the causes and perfect the cure or pauperism 
in Boston.— His son, (ieorge, author, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 1 Aug., 1791 ; d. there, 26 Jan., 1871. From 
a very early age he 
showed a passion for 
reading, which, under 
the judicious nurture 
that he received at 
home, became still 
stronger as he grew in 
years. While yet a 
boy he passed his ex- 
amination for admis- 
sion into Dartmouth, 
where he took his de- 
gree in 1807. On re- 
turning home he gave 
three years more to 
his favorite studies. 

rv When he was nineteen 

N>\. V,&? years old, Mr. Ticknor 

£M-*> O vOIWJVT) entered the office of a 
lawyer in Boston, and 
after the usual term of preparation was admitted 
to the bar in 1813. But he was satisfied that his 
vocation, or at least his taste, lay in the direction 
of letters rather than of law. His father's circum- 
stances were, fortunately, such as to enable the 




young student to consult his taste in the selection 
of his profession. In 1815 he went to Europe for 
study. Two years he passed at GOttingen, attend- 
ing the lectures of the university and devoting 
himself to philological studies, especially to the 
ancient classics. Two years longer he remained 
in Europe, chiefly on the continent, passing most 
of his time in the capitals, as afforoing obvious 
advantages for a critical study of the national 
literatures. During his absence he was, in 1817, 
appointed to fill the chair of modern languages 
and literature in Harvard. In 1819 he returned 
to the United States, bringing with him a valu- 
able library. This in time grew to be one of the 
largest private collections in the country, and, for 
the rarity and importance of the books, was unsur- 
passed, in some of its departments. This is espe- 
cially true of the collection of Spanish literature, 
which rivalled the best private ones in Europe. 
Mr. Ticknor, during his connection with the univer- 
sity, gave long and elaborate courses of lectures on 
French and Spanish literature. He also entered 
into a critical analysis of such writers as Dante, 
Goethe, Milton, and Shakespeare. The audience of 
the lectures, instead of being confined to students, 
was increased by persons without the walls of the 
college, who were attracted not merely by the in- 
terest of the subject, but by the skill of tne critic, 
his luminous and often eloquent diction, and his 
impressive delivery. After nolding his office for 
fifteen years, Mr. Ticknor resigned it in 1835, pre- 
paratory to another visit to Europe, where he pro- 
posed to spend several years with his family. His 
labors haa been attended with signal benefit to 
the university. He was the first professor on the 
Smith foundation, and the duty devolved on hiin 
of giving a complete organization to the depart- 
ment, which includes several teachers. Moreover, 
during his connection with Harvard, he suggested 
valuable improvements in the system of discipline, 
for which he had derived the hints from the Ger- 
man universities. Finally, he had greatly extend- 
ed the range of intellectual culture among the 
students at the university, where literary instruc- 
tion had hitherto been confined to the classics. 
Mr. Ticknor was a founder of the Boston public 
library, and president of its board of trustees in 
1864- 6, and gave to it his Spanish library. Mr. 
Ticknor spent three years in his second visit to 
Europe, and after his return set about the prepa- 
ration of his great work. At the close of 1849 the 
44 History of Spanish Literature" made its appear- 
ance in England and the United States. Hum- 
boldt, in a letter dated 19 June, 1850, shortly after 
its publication, pronounced its panegyric in a sin- 
gle sentence, declaring it 44 a masterly work." The 
judgment of the illustrious German was speedily 
confirmed both in Europe and in this country. 
The nature of the subiect, it might bo thought, 
would have restricted the demand for the book to 
a comparatively small number of readers. But 
the extent of the sales proved the contrary, con- 
firming the remark of the "Edinburgh Review" 
(October, 1850), that, perhaps of all compositions of 
the kind, Mr. Ticknor's work has the most success- 
fully combined popularity of style with sound 
criticism and extensive research within its own 
department. The edition that was published in 
England met with the most cordial reception from 
the scholars of that country, while in Germany 
and in Spain translations soon appeared, under the 
auspices of eminent men of letters, who have added 
to the value of their labors by their own annota- 
tions. Although purporting to be simply a history 
of literature, the work exhibits vividly the social 



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TICKNOR 



TIDBALL 



civilization of the peninsula ; and, independently 
of its stores of bibliographical information for the 
use of the scholar, it will be no less serviceable 
to the student of history who would acquaint 
himself with the character and condition of the 
Spaniard, and see in what manner they have been 
affected by the peculiar institutions of the country. 
The first edition of the M History of Spanish Litera- 
ture" (3 vols., New York and London, 1849) was 
followed by a second (3 vols., 1854) and bv a third 
American edition, corrected and enlarged (3 vols., 
Boston, 1863). A fourth edition, containing Mr. 
Ticknor's last revisions, has appeared since his 
death. To these are to be added the following 
translations: " Historia de la Literature Espa- 
nola, por M. G. Ticknor ; traducida al Castellano, 
con Adiciones y Notas criticas, por Don Pascual de 
Gayangos y Don Enrique de Vedia " (4 vols., Mad- 
rid, 1 851-7) ; " Geschichte der schOnen Literatur 
in Spanien, von Georg Ticknor ; Deutsch mit 
Zusfttzen, herausgegeben von Nicholaus Heinrich 
Julius'* (2 vols, Leipsic, 1852). Mr. Ticknor's 
great work was preceded by several minor publica- 
tions, including "Syllabus of a Course of Lectures 
on the Historv and Criticism of Spanish Litera- 
ture " (Cambridge, 1823) ; " Outline of the Principal 
Events in the Life of General Lafayette " (Boston, 
1825 ; London, 1826 ; in French, Paris, 1825) ; " Re- 
marks on Changes lately proposed or adopted 
in Harvard University " (Cambridge, 1825) ; 44 Re- 
port of the Board of Visitors on the United States 
Military Academy at West Point for 1826 " ; " The 
Remains of Nathan Appleton Haven, with a Me- 
moir of his Life " (1827) ; and other publications. 
He also published a "Life of William Hickling 
Preecott A (Boston, 18641 See his Life, Letters, 
and Journals " (2 vols., Boston, 1876). 

TICKNOR. George, journalist, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 14 April, 1822 : d. in Keene, N. H., 25 Dec, 
1866. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1847, 
studied law in Franklin, N. H., was admitted to 
the bar in 1850, and began practice in Hanover, 
but in the following year removed to ClaremonL 
He was solicitor for Sullivan county from 1855 till 
1859, and about 1860 settled in Keene and pur- 
chased a large interest in the "New Hampshire 
Sentinel," which he edited during the remainder 
of his days. He published "Gazetteer and Bio- 
graphical Sketches of New Hampshire." 

TICKNOR, William DaTls, publisher, b. in 
Lebanon, N. H., 6 Au*., 1810: d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 10 April, 1864. In youth he was employed in 
the office of his uncle, Benjamin, a money-broker, 
and he afterward became teller in the ola Colum- 
bian bank of Boston. He began the business of a 
publisher in Boston in 1882, in connection with 
John Allen, under the firm-name of Allen and 
Ticknor, successors of the old publishing-house of 
Carter, Hendee, and Co. In the following year Mr. 
Allen retired, leaving Mr. Ticknor to carry on the 
business for twelve years. This he did under his 
own name, which will be found on the title-pages 
of the early American editions of Tennyson and 
many New England authors. In 1845 John Reed 
and James T. Fields became his partners, and the 
imprint was changed to Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 
but the legal firm-name remained William D. 
Ticknor and Co. during Mr. Ticknor's lifetime. 
On the retirement of Mr. Reed, in 1854, the style 
became Ticknor and Fields, continuing as such for 
about ten Tears, During this period the last-named 
firm purchased and continued to publish the " At- 
lantic Monthly" and the "North American Re- 
view." On the death of Mr. Ticknor his interest 
was continued in behalf of his son, Howard M., and 




James R. Osgood. Among the important events 
of this epoch were the establishment of "Our 
Young Folks" (1864), edited by Howard M. Tick- 
nor, and of " Every Saturday * (1866), edited by 
Thomas Bailey Al'drich. In 1868 the vounger 
Ticknor retired, and a new copartnership was 
formed among the other members, under the firm- 
name of Fields, Osgood, and Co. In 1870 Benja- 
min H. Tick- 
nor was ad- 
mitted, and 
in 1871 Mr. 
Fields with- 
drew, when 
the firm be- 
came James 
R. Osgood and 

Co. In 1885 'JtAJ*/ ^ ^frW ft 
it became •^ ?a ^^-'-'^^^ SK *^ Fi ™ i ' 

Ticknor and 
Co., consist- 
ing of Benja- 
min H. and 
Thomas B. 

Ticknor and George F. Godfrey. From the be- 
ginning the publications of the house were char- 
acterized by intrinsic merit and by the neatness 
and correctness of their typography. The interests 
of American writers met with unusual considera- 
tion, and it became a mark of distinction for young 
writers to have secured them as publishers. Will- 
iam D. Ticknor was one of the first of American 
publishers to make payment for the works of for- 
eign authors, beginning with £100 to Tennyson in 
1842. The house always continued this custom, 
and it is probably not too much to say that its ex- 
ample did more than any other one thing to estab- 
lish a principle that is now so generally recognized 
and acted upon. For three decades the curtained 
office of their establishment in the quaint old build- 
ing at the comer of Washington and School streets, 
seen in the illustration, was the resort of Dickens, 
Emerson, Hawthorne, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell, 
Sumner, Thackeray, Whipple, and Whittier. This 
building (the oldest but one now standing in Bos- 
ton), one of the landmarks of the city, was built 
immediately after the great fire of 1711, and was 
occupied for various domestic and mercantile pur- 
poses, at one time being an apothecary-shop kept 
by the father of James Freeman Clarke, until in 
1828 it became the book-store of Carter, Hendee, 
and Co., from whom it passed to Allen and Tick- 
nor. It remained in the hands of William D. 
Ticknor and his immediate successors until 1866, 
when increasing business required their removal to 
Tremont street ; but it is still a book-store. 

TIDBALL, John Caldwell, soldier, b. in Ohio 
county. Va. (now W. Va.), 25 Jan., 1825. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848, 
being assigned to the 3d artillery. He served at 
the various stations of his regiment until 1861, 
when, having attained the rank of captain, he was 
placed in command of a battery, ana engaged in 
the principal actions of the Army of the Potomac 
from the battle of Bull Run until and including 
the battle of Gettysburg in 1863. During the lat- 
ter part of the campaign in Pennsylvania Capt. 
Tidball commanded a brigade of horse artillery. 
He was appointed colonel of the 4th New York 
volunteer artillery, 28 Aug., 1863, and commanded 
the artillery of the 2d corps of the Army of the 
Potomac during the Richmond campaign, includ- 
ing the battles of the Wilderness and the siege of 
Petersburg. He was commandant of cadets at 
West Point from 10 July till 22 Sept, 1864, and 



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led the artillery of the 9th corps from 9 Oct., 1864, 
till 2 April, 1865, in the operations that terminated 
in the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. After he 
was mustered out of the volunteer service he com- 
manded his battery at the presidio of San Fran- 
cisco until his promotion in February, 1867, to 
major of the 2d artillery, thence serving in com- 
mand of the district of Astoria and Alaska, and 
the post of Raleigh, N. C, and as superintendent 
of artillery instruction at the U. S. artillery-school 
at Fort Monroe, Va., till January, 1880. He was 
then appointed aide-de-camp to the general of the 
army, with rank of colonel, serving until 8 Feb., 
1884. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d ar- 
tillery, 30 June, 1882, and colonel of the 1st artil- 
lery, 22 March, 1885, and has commanded the ar- 
tillery-school and post of Fort Monroe since 1 Nov., 
1883. In 1889 he will be retired from active service. 
He has received the brevets of brigadier-general of 
volunteers for gallant and distinguished services 
at Spottsylvania, major-general of volunteers for 
services at Fort Sedgwick, major in the regular 
army for Gaines's Mills, lieutenant-colonel for An- 
tietam, colonel for gallantry at Fort Stedman, and 
brigadier-general, 13 March, 1865, for gallant and 
meritorious services during the rebellion. Gen. 
Tidball is the author of a " Manual of Heavy Ar- 
tillery Service " which has been adopted by the 
war department (Washington, 1880). 

TIEBOUT, Cornelius, engraver, b. in New 
York in 1777; d. in Kentucky about 1830. At an 
early age he exhibited a taste for drawing, and 
while an apprentice with a silver-smith made some 
attempts at engraving on copper. In 1794 he en- 
graved several heads for William Dunlap's ** Ger- 
man Theatre." The next year he went to London 
to receive instruction in the art from James Heath, 
being the first Americau to go abroad to study 
engraving, and returned at the end of two years 
very much improved. He chose Philadelphia for 
his residence, and there he published his chief 
works. He worked in the stipple or chalk man- 
ner, and was an artist of no mean merit. Among 
his folio plates are portraits of Washington, Gen. 
Horatio Gates, John Jay, and Bishop White, after 
Gilbert Stuart ; and Thomas Jefferson, after Rem- 
brandt Peale. After accumulating some property, 
Tiebout engaged in business ventures for which 
he was not fitted by experience or education, and 
lost all. He then removed to Kentucky. 

TIERNAN, Lnke, merchant, b. in County 
Meath, Ireland, in 1757; d. in Baltimore, Md., 10 
Nov., 1&39. He came in 1787 to the United States, 
and settled first at Hagerstown, Md., but soon re- 
moved to Baltimore, where he engaged in the 
shipping business, being the first in that city to 
engage in the direct trade between Baltimore "and 
Liverpool. He took a deep interest in the pros- 
perity of his adopted citv and in politics. He was 
a Whig, and a warm personal friend of Henry 
Clay, who frequently visited his house, and spoke 
of him as the patriarch of the Whig party in Mary- 
land. He was a presidential elector, voting for 
John Quincy Adams in 1824, and one of the found- 
ers of the Hibernian society of Maryland, and for 
many years its president. In 1826-'7 he was one 
of a committee to urge upon the legislature of 
Maryland the incorporation of the Baltimore and 
Ohio railroad company, the first railroad company 
incorporated in tnis country, and he was also a 
member of the committee of the Washington 
monument of Baltimore. 

TIFFANY, Alexander Ralston, jurist, b. in 
Niagara. Upper Canada, 16 Oct., 1796; d. in Pal- 
myra, Mich., 14 Jan., 1868. He learned the print- 
▼ol. vi. — 8 



er's trade in the office of the " Canadian Constella- 
tion," published by his father, Sylvester, and re- 
moved with him to Canandaigua, N. Y., previous 
to the war of 1812. He studied law, was admitted 
to the bar, and practised at Palmyra, Wayne co.. 
N. Y., and became associate judge* of the county. 
He removed to Palmyra, Mich., in 1832, became 
prosecuting attorney of Lenawee county in 1834, 
was elected judge of probate in 1836 and in 1840, 
county judge of Lenawee county in 1844, re-elected 
in 1848, and served until this court was abolished 
by the constitution of 1850. He was a member of 
the Constitutional convention of 1850, and of the 
legislature, where he was chairman of the judiciary 
committee in 1855. He published "The Justice's 
Guide" (Detroit, 1855); "Criminal Law" (1860); 
and " Form-Book for A ttorne vs in M ich igan " ( 1 860). 

TIFFANY, Charles Louis, jeweler, b. in Kil- 
lingly. Conn., 15 Feb., 1812. He received an aca- 
demic education, and then entered the cotton-mill 
of his father. In 1837 he came to New York city 
without means, and established with John B. Young 
a fancv-goods and stationery store at 259 Broad- 
way. 'The capital for the enterprise, $1,000, was 
lent to the 
young men by 
Mr. Tiffany's 
father. They 
invested their 
money in va- 
rious novel 
goods, in- 
cluding Chi- 
nese curiosi* 
ties. Success 
favored the 
new house, 
and in 1841 
the firm be- 
came Tiffany, 
Young, and 
Ellis, by the 

admission of the latter as a partner. During the 
same year Mr. Young was sent abroad to select 
novelties and establisn closer relations with Euro- 
pean houses. The firm moved to 271 Broadway 
in 1847, and then began the manufacture of gold 
jewelry. During the disturbances in Europe in 
1848, diamonds declined fifty per cent in Paris, 
and, taking advantage of this, they made large 
purchases. In 1851 they began the manufacture 
of sterling silver ware. Various changes in the 
firm resulted in the establishment of a Paris 
branch, and the firm-name in New York became 
Tiffany and Co. The salesrooms were moved to 
550 Broadway in 1851, and during the civil war a 
large business was carried on in Die manufacture 
of swords and similar articles. At the World's 
fair in Paris in 1867 their exhibit received the 
first award. The building which they now occupy 
on Union square was erected for their accommo- 
dation in 1867, and the firm was incorporated as 
a stock company in 1868. The products of their 
manufacture received the highest honors at the 
World's fairs in Philadelphia in 1876, and again 
in Paris in 1878. Mr. Tiffany has been honored 
with testimonials by foreign powers, and he has 
been decorated by the French and Russian gov- 
ernments. He is active in the affairs of New 
York city, and is a liberal patron of art. His resi- 
dence, among the finest in the country, is situ- 
ated on Madison avenue near Central park, and 
is represented in the accompanying illustration. 
—His son. Louis Comfort, artist, b. in New 
York, 18 Feb., 1848, studied under George Inness 




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114 



TIFFANY 



TILDEN 



and Samuel Colman, subsequently under Leon 
Bailly in Paris, and during five years travelled and 
sketched in Europe and Africa. In 1870 he be- 
came a member of the Water-color society ; the 
following year he was elected an associate of the 
NationaFaeademy, and he became an academician 
in 1880. He is also a member of the Society of 
American artists. Among his works in oil are 
44 Fruit- Vender, under the Sea- Wall at Nassau" 
(1870); 44 Market - Dav, Morlaix," and 44 Duane 
Street, New York" (i878); and "Bow-Zarea, Al- 
giers." His water -colors include "Meditation" 
h872): "Shop in Switzerland," 44 Old and New 
Mosques at Cairo," and " Lazv Life in the East " 
(1870); 44 Algiers" (1877); and "Cobblers at Bori- 
farik" (1878). He devotes much time to decora- 
tive work, and has furnished many cartoons and 
designs for windows for the TifFany'glass company, 
of which he is the founder. The interior work of 
his fat her's house in New York was executed under 
his supervision. 

TIFFANY, Osmond, author, b. in Baltimore, 
Md., 16 Julv, 1823. He was educated at Baltimore 
and studied at Harvard in 1840-'2, but was not 
graduated. He afterward engaged in mercantile 
and literary work, was ordnance clerk at the U. S. 
armory in Springfield, Mass., in 1802-'3, and pay- 
master's clerk in the U. S. army in 180&-'4, and 
has been custom-house liquidating clerk at Balti- 
more since 1H09. He has contributed to periodi- 
cals and published "The Canton Chinese, or the 
Americans' Sojourn in the Celestial Empire" (Bos- 
ton, 1K49); "Brandon, a Talc of the American 
Colonies " (New York, 1851); and "Sketch of the 
Life of Gen. Otho H. Williams" (Baltimore, 1851). 
He has edited " Patriarchs and Prophets of Bibli- 
cal Storv " (Springfield, Mass., 1800). 

TIFFIN, Edward, statesman, b. in Carlisle, 
England, 10 June, 1760: d. in Chillieothe, Ohio, 
9 Aug., 1829. After receiving an ordinary Eng- 
lish education, he began the study of medicine, 
and continued it after his removal to Charlestown, 
Va.. in 1784, receiving his degree at the University 
of Pennsylvania in 17*9. In the same year he 
married Mary. *i«*ter of Gov. Thomas Worthington. 
In 1790 he united with the Methodist church, and 
soon afterward he became a local preacher, being 
ordained deacon, by Bishop Asbury. 19 Nov.. 1792. 
In 1796 he removed to Chilliest he", Ohio, where he 
continued both to preach and to practise medicine. 
At Deer Creek, twelve miles distant, he organized 
a flourishing congregation, long before that part 
of the country was visited by travelling preachers. 
In 1799 he was chosen to the legislature of the 
Northwest territory, of which he was elected 
speaker, and in 1802 he was president of the con- 
vention that formed the constitution of the state 
of Ohio. He was elected the first governor of the 
state in lMitt. and re-elected two years later. Dur- 
ing his second term he arrested the expedition of 
Aaron Burr, near Marietta, Ohio. After the ex- 
piration of his service he was c hosen V. S. senator, 
to succeed his brother-in-law. Thomas Worthing- 
ton, and took his seat in December, 1807, but early 
in the following vear his wife died, and on li March, 
1H09. he resigned from the senate and retired to 
private life. Shortly afterward he married again, 
and was el<*cted to the legislature, serving two 
term* as si nker. In the autumn of 1810 he re- 
Minml the practice of medicine at Chillicothe, and 
in 1*<12. on the creation by act of congress of acorn- 
mis^iorn'r^hip «>f the general land -office, he was 
appointed by Pre-ident Madison as its first incum- 
bent. He removed to Washington, organized the 
system that has continued in the land-office till the 



present time, and in 1814 was active in the removal 
of his papers to Virginia, whereby the entire con- 
tents of his office were saved from destruction by 
the British. Wishing to return to the west, he 

f>roposed toJosiah Meigs, surveyor-general of pub- 
ic lands northwest of Ohio river, that they should 
exchange offices, which was done, after the con- 
sent of the president and senate had been obtained. 
This post he held till 1 July, 1829. when he re- 
ceive*!, on his death-bed, an order from President 
Jackson to deliver the office to a successor. Dr. 
Tiffin continued to preach occasionally in his later 
years. Three of his sermons were published in the 
"Ohio Conference Offering" in 1851. In a letter 
of introduction to Gen. Arthur St. Clair, Gen. 
Washington speaks of Dr. Tiffin as being 44 very 
familiar with law." 

TILDEN, , poet, b. in 1680; d. about 

1700. He was the author of 44 Tilden's Miscellane- 
ous Poems on Divers Occasions, chiefly to animate 
and rouse the Soldiers" (1750). This little volume 
of thirty pages was one of the first of the produc- 
tions that were written with a view to stimulate 
the soldiers in the French war. A corn- of this 
rare book was in the library of George Ticknor, of 
Boston, and the whole of it ap{>eared in the New 
York "Historical Magazine" for November and 
December, 1859. and January, 1800. 

TILDEN, Saninel Jones, statesman, b. in New 
Leltanon, N. Y., 9 Feb., 1814; d. at his country- 
house, Graystone, Westchester co., N. Y., 4 Aug., 
1880. The name of an ancestor, Nathaniel Tilden 
of Tenterden, yeoman, and that of Lydia, his wife, 
i with seven ehil- 
| dren and seven 
| servants, head the 
I list of "such per- 
I sons as embarked 
themselves in the 
I good ship called 
| the 4 Hercules,' 
I ... to be therein 
| transj>orted to the 
' plantation called 
I New England in 
I America. ' from 
the port of Sand- 
wich. England, in 
March, 10**. This 
Nathaniel Tilden 
had been mayor 
of Tenterden, as 

had been his uncle John before him. and as was his 
| cousin John after him. He settled with his familv 
; at Scituate. whence the second generation of Til- 
; dens migrated to Ivcbanon, Conn. To Isaac Til- 
I den. the creat-grandfather of Samuel J., was born 
! at this place, in 1729, a son named John, who set- 
! tied in what was afterward called New Lebanon, 
j Columbia co., N. Y. Samuel J.'s father, Elam. the 
| youngest of John Tilden's seven children, was bom 
| in 17*1, and in 1802 married Polly Y. Jones, a de- 
| scendant of William Jones, lieutenant-governor of 
j the colony of New Haven. Eight children were 
] born of this union, of whom Samuel J. was the fifth. 
■ The l>oy early developed great activity of mind and 
a remarkable command of language. His father, 
a farmer, who also carried on a mercantile business, 
was an intimate friend of Martin Van Buren, and 
the |K>litical controversy of the time was part of the 
very atmosphere of the Tilden household. In his 
eighteenth year Samuel prepared an address, which 
I was adopted as a Party manifesto by the Demo- 
1 crats. in retard to tne issues of the finding stAte 
I election. In the same year he entered Yale col- 




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TILDEN 



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115 



lege, but almost at the outset his studies were 
interrupted by feeble health. He resumed them 
in 1834, when he entered the University of New 
York. Here he completed his academic educa- 
tion, and devoted himself to the study of law. 
While in college he wrote a series of papers in 
defence of President Van Buren's policy in re- 
gard to the United States bank. He made a more 
elaborate plea for the independent treasury sys- 
tem, as opposed to the union of bank and state,* in 
a speech delivered to his neighbors at New Leban- 
on in October, 1840. 

On his admission to the bar, Mr. Tilden began 
practice in New York city, but continued to take 
an active part in politics. He was elected to the 
assembly in 1845, and while there was chairman 
of a committee unpointed to inquire into the causes 
of the anti-rent disorders, and the masterlv report 
on the whole subject of the great leasehold estates 
and their tenants was almost entirely his work. 
He was a member of the Constitutional" convention 
of 1846. The three most memorable cases in which 
he was employed as a lawyer were the trial of the 
contested election of his friend, Azariah C. Fla^g. 
as comptroller of New York city, the opposition 
on the part of the heirs of the murdered Dr. Bur- 
dell to Mrs. Cunningham's application for letters 
of administration on his estate, and the defence of 
the Pennsylvania coal company to the claim of the 
Delaware and Hudson canal company for payment 
of extra tolls. The hearing of the last-named con- 
sumed seventy days, and Mr. Tilden's argument in 
the case was a marvel of analytical ingenuity and 
constructive ability. From 1855, more than half of 
the great railway corporations north of the Ohio and 
between the Hudson and Missouri rivers were at 
some time clients of Mr. Tilden's. He was the 
author of many of the plans of reorganization 
that were rendered necessary by the early financial 
necessities of these companies. He took part in 
the Free-soil revolt within the Democratic party 
in 1848. In 1851 he made a strong plea for respect 
to the constitution in dealing with the question 
of improvements on the state canals. In 1855 he 
was the candidate for attorney-general on the 
ticket of the " Soft-Shell " Democrats. Through- 
out the civil war he maintained that the struggle 
against the Confederacy could be successfully 
waged without resorting to extra-constitutional 
modes of action. By 1808 Mr. Tilden had definite- 
ly assumed the leadership of the Democratic party 
in New York state. To the enactment of what 
was known as ** the Tweed charter " of 1870, which 
confirmed the control of a corrupt ring over the 

f)vernment and revenues of New York city, Mr. 
ilden offered the most determined opposition. 
To the side-partners of Tweed, the almost equally 
notorious persons who were engaged, by the aid of 
courts, in "plundering the stockholders of the Erie 
railway, Mr. Tilden had made himself similarly 
obnoxious. He was one of the founders of the Bar 
association, which was an organized protest agaiust 
the perversion of the machinery of justice accom- 
plished by judges George G. Barnard and Albert 
C'ardozo and their allies. In the impeachment 
proceedings against these judges in 1872 Mr. Til- 
den's was the directing mind, and it was mainly 
for this purpose that he agreed to serve as a member 
of the assembly. On the exposure of the methods 
of plunder of the Tweed ring, which was made in 
the columns of the New York " Times " in July, 
1871. Mr. Tilden undertook, through an examina- 
tion of the bank-accounts of the chief members of 
the combination, a legal demonstration of the share 
of the spoil received by each, and the tables pre- 



sented with his affidavit furnished the basis of the 
civil and cnminal proceedings brought against the 
ring and it* agents. He threw all his energy into 
the prosecution of suits in the name of the state 




against the men who had seized the machinery of 
local justice, and he resisted successfully the efforts 
of the ring and the politicians in its service to re- 
tain their nold on trie state Democratic organiza- 
tion in the autumn of 1871. In 1874 he was the 
Democratic candidate for governor, and was elect- 
ed by a plurality of 50,000 over Gov. John A. Dix. 
His special message to the legislature on the ex- 
travagance and dishonesty that had characterized 
the management of the canals made a deep im- 
pression. During his administration the new capi- 
tol building at Albanvwas begun (see illustration), 
which has cost $17,000,000, but is not finished. 

In June, 1876, the National Democratic conven- 
tion, assembled at St. Louis, nominated him for the 
presidency. (For an account of the elec tion and 
its results, see Hayes, Rutherford B.) As finally 
declared, the electoral vote was 185 for Mr. Hayes 
and 184 for Mr. Tilden. The popular vote, as 
counted, gave Tilden 4.284,205 ; Hayes. 4,033,295 ; 
Cooper, 81,737; Smith, 9,522. Mr. tilden was op- 
posed to the electoral commission, declaring his 
belief in •* the exclusive jurisdiction of the two 
houses to count the electoral votes by their own 
servants and under such instruction as" they might 
deem proper to give." From that time till the end 
of his life he was first among the leaders of the 
national Democracy, and the pressure for his re- 
nomination in 1880 became so great that his friends, 
who knew his fixed determination not to be a can- 
didate, appealed to him for a formal announce- 
ment of his resolution, addressed to the delegates 
from his own state. Four vears later this declara- 
tion had to be repeated. ll is last important con- 
tribution to the history of his time was a commu- 
nication addressed to" John G. Carlisle, speaker of 
the house of representatives, in regard to the ur- 
gent necessity of liberal appropriations for such a 
system of coast defences as would place the United 
States in a position of comparative safety against 
naval attack. Under the provisions of Mr. Til- 
den's will, the greater portion of his fortune (which 
was estimated at $5,000,000) was devoted to public 
uses, the chief of which was the establishment and 
endowment in the city of New York of a free pub- 
lic librarv ; but the will was contested by his rela- 
tives, lie never married. His life was written 
by Theodore P. Cook (New York, 1876), and his 
writings edited by John Bigelow (2 vols., 1885). — 
Mr. Tilden's elder brother, Moses Y. (1812-'76), 



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TILGHMAN 



TILGHMAN 



was a member of the legislature in 1869, and be- 
came known by his persistent opposition to the 
Tweed ring. With his Drother he built the Lebanon 
Springs railroad. 

TILGHMAN, James, lawyer, b. at the Hermit- 
age, his family-seat, on Chester river, Md., 6 Dec., 
1716; d. in Chestertown, Md., 24 Aug., 1793. He 
was the grandson of Richard Tilghman, an eminent 
surgeon of London, who was one of those that peti- 
tioned for the life of King Charles I. and who emi- 
grated to Maryland in 1660 and settled the Hermit- 
age, which has ever since remained in the posses- 
sion of his descendants. James studied law and 
entered on its practice at Annapolis, Md., whence 
he removed to Philadelphia about 1760. He was 
asked by John Penn in 1765 to become secretary 
of the land-office of Pennsylvania. Stipulating 
for a salary of £800 besides certain fees, he ac- 
cepted the post and held it until the Revolution. 
He was chosen a common councilman of Philadel- 
phia in 1764, and in 1767 became a member of the 
provincial council, which office he also held until 
the Revolution. At its beginning his views were 
liberal. He wished a repeal of the obnoxious acts 
of parliament, and thought the Boston port bill an 
outrage, but condemned the "Boston tea-party," 
and finally came to be regarded as a loyalist. On 
the approach of the British toward Philadelphia, 
he among others was placed under arrest by the 
authorities of the state and gave his parole. Per- 
mission was granted him, 31 Aug., 1777. to visit 
his family in Maryland and return within a month, 
before the end of which the British occupied Phila- 
delphia, so he remained in Maryland. On 16 May, 
1778, he was discharged from parole. — James's 
brother, Matthew, patriot, b. at the Hermitage, 
Queen Anne county, Md., 17 Feb., 1718; d. there, 4 
May, 1790, in 1741 married his cousin, Anne Lloyd, 
and was commissioned commander of a troop of 
horse for protecting the outlying settlements from 
the Indians, and also one " of the worshipful, the 
commissioners and justices of the peace for Talbot 
county." He was elected delegate to the general 
assembly of Maryland in 1751, and continued to be 
a member of the house of delegates until the pro- 
vincial government was superseded by the state 
organization, 5 Feb.. 1777. He was a member of 
the committee that was appointed in May, 1768, 
by the general assembly of Maryland to draft an 
address to the kine protesting against the stamp- 
act. He was speaker of the house of delegates in 

1773-'5 and presi- 
dent of the Revo- 
lutionary conven- 
tion which from 
1774 till 1777 con- 
trolled the prov- 
ince and directed 
its government. 
He was the chair- 
man of the com- 
mittee on cor- 
respondence that 
was appointed in 
December, 1774, 
and of the coun- 
cil of safety of 
July, 1775, and 
was chairman of 
every delegation 
that was sent by 
the convention of 
Maryland to the Continental congress. In June, 
1776, he was summoned from his seat in congress 
to attend the convention at Annapolis, and was 




president of the convention that framed the first 
constitution for the new state of Maryland. This 
circumstance alone prevented him from attaching 
his name to the Declaration of Independence, 
which he advocated both at Philadelphia and at 
Annapolis. He continued to represent his state 
in congress until 1777. when he resigned to accept 
the post to which he had been elected as senator 
from Talbot county in the senate of Maryland. 
He was re-elected in 1781, but* resigned before his 
term had expired. His wisdom, courage, purity 
of character, and ability won for him (he name 
of the patriarch of Maryland, and his influence 
was second to that of no man in forming the in- 
stitutions and organizing the government of the 
new state. By his contemporaries he was consid- 
ered one of the firmest and ablest advocates of civil 
and religious liberty of his time. — James's son, 
William, jurist, b. in Talbot county, Md., 12 Aug., 
1756; d. in Philadelphia, 30 April, 1827, studied 
law under Benjamin Chew, after the family had 
removed to Philadelphia, and was admitted to the 
Maryland bar in 1783 and sat in the legislature for 
several years after 1788. He began to practise in 
Philadelphia in 1793. was appointed chief judge of 
the U. S. circuit court, 3 March, 1801, but resumed 
practice when the law establishing the office was 
repealed in the following year. In July, 1805, he 
was appointed president of the court of common 
pleas in the first district, and in February, 1806, he 
oecame chief justice of the state supreme court. 
He was elected president of the American philo- 
sophical society in 1824. By direction of the legis- 
lature he prepared in 1809 a report of the English 
statutes in force in Pennsylvania. He published 
44 Eulogium in Commemoration of Dr. Caspar Wis- 
tar," delivered before the Philosophical society of 
Philadelphia (1818), and "Address before ' the 
Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture" 
(1820). — Another son of James Tench, soldier, 
b. in Talbot county, Md., 25 Dec, 1744; d. in Bal- 
timore, Md., 18 April, 1786, began life as a mer- 
chant in Philadelphia, but at the beginning of 
the Revolution became lieutenant in a company 
from Philadelphia that was known as the Ladies' 
light infantry. He was appointed secretary and 
treasurer to the commission that was sent by con- 
gress, 13 July, 1775, to treat with the Six Nations 
and other northern Indians, joined the army under 
Washington early in 1776 as captain of a company 
of infantry from Pennsylvania, and in August, 
1776, became military secretary and aide upon the 
commander-in-chief's staff. He served in this post 
to the end of the war, participating in all the 
principal battles in which the army was engaged. 
On 80 May, 1781, he was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel, to take rank from 1 April, 1777, having, 
with great delicacy, declined to rank from an ear- 
lier date to which he was entitled, because he 
would thereby take precedence of his seniors in the 
service. On the surrender of Cornwallis he was 
selected by Washington to bear his despatch to 
congress announcing that event. Leaving York- 
town, 19 Oct., he reached Philadelphia at midnight 
on 23 Oct., when his news that "Cornwallis is 
taken " was immediately proclaimed by the watch- 
man. He was voted the thanks of congress, a sword, 
and a horse with accoutrements, for this service. 
After the war he became a merchant in Baltimore. 
He married Anna Maria, daughter of his uncle 
Matthew. — William's cousin, Edward, lawyer, b. 
in Wye, Md., 11 Dec, 1750; d. 1 Nov., 1815, was 
educated in Philadelphia and studied in the Mid- 
dle Temple, London, in 1772-'4. He was for many 
years a successful practitioner at the Philadelphia 



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117 



bar, and on the death of Chief- Just ice Edward 
Shippen the office was tendered to him. He de- 
clined it, but recommended for the office his kins- 
man, William. — Matthew's great-grandson, Lloyd, 
soldier, b. in Talbot county, Md., in 1816; d. near 
Vicksburg, Miss., 16 May, 1863, entered the U. S. 
military academy, was graduated in 1836, and as- 
signed to the 1st dragoons. He became full 2d 
lieutenant, 4 July, 1836, but resigned on 30 Sept. 
and entered on the business of a civil engineer. He 
was division engineer of the Baltimore and Sus- 
quehanna railroad in 1836-7, of the Norfolk and 
Wilmington canal in 1837- 8, the Eastern Shore 
railroad of Maryland in 1838-'9, and the Baltimore 
and Ohio railroad in 1839-'40. He served in the 
war with Mexico as volunteer aide to Gen. David 
E. Twiggs at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca 
de la Pal ma, and was captain of the Maryland and 
District of Columbia battalion of volunteers from 
14 Aug., 1847, until it was disbanded, 13 July, 1848. 
He then served as principal assistant engineer of 
the Panama division of the Isthmus railroad, and 
was engineer on southern railroads till 1859. He 
joined the Confederate army in 1861, was commis- 
sioned brigadier-general in 1862, and surrendered 
at Fort Henry in Februarv of that year. He was 
exchanged in Julv, and killed at the battle of 
Champion Hill. — Tench, soldier, great-grandson of 
James s brother Richard, b. in Plimhimmon, Talbot 
co., Md., 25 March. 1810: d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 
Dec., 1874, was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1832, and was assigned to the 4th artil- 
lery, but resigned, 30 Nov., 1833, and was a farmer 
at Oxford, Md., till his death. He was brigadier- 
general of Maryland militia in 1837-'60 and maior- 
general in 18G0-'l, state commissioner of public 
works in 1841-*51, and superintendent of the mili- 
tary department of the Maryland military acade- 
my, Oxford, in 1847-57. In 1849- 50 he was U. S. 
consul at Mavaguez, Porto Rico. He projected the 
Maryland anil Delaware railroad, was unwearied in 
his efforts to build it, and served as its president in 
1855-'61. In 1858-'60 he was president of the Na- 
tional agricultural society. Gen. Tilghman was 
for many years at the head of the Maryland Society 
of the Cincinnati, and at his death he was also 
treasurer-general of the order in the United States. 
From 1857 till 1860 he was collector of customs for 
the port of Oxford, Md.— His kinsman, Richard 
Lloyd, naval officer, CTeat-grandson of James's 
brother. William, b. in Kent county, Md., 20 April, 
1810; d. in 1867, entered the U. S. navy as a mid- 
shipman, 27 Oct., 1830, promoted to lieutenant, 8 
Sept., 1841, and during the Mexican war served 
with Com. Robert F. Stockton in the Pacific in the 
" Congress " and Cyane," and participating in the 
conquest of California, the capture of Mazatlan, 
G nay mas, and La Paz, and in the operations inci- 
dent to these victories. He commanded the brig 
~ Perry " on the Brazil station from 1857 till 1800, 
during the Paraguayan war. He returned home 
during the excitement before the civil war, on 23 
April, 1861, resigned from the navy, and died soon 
after the close of the war. 

TILLEY, Jean Le tiardenr. Chevalier de, 
French naval officer; b. in Quelle, Canada, in 
1740; (1. in Canada after 1792. His family were 
Canadian pioneers, and had served with credit in 
the wars against the Iroquois and the English. A 
I/c Oardcur de Tilley was a missionary among the 
Illinois in 1G60, and another was a member of the 
council of Bishop Ijaval Montmorency. A mem- 
ber of another branch. Ix? Gardeur de Saint Pierre 
(a. v.) was on Ohio river in 1753. Tilley entered 
the navy early in life and rose rapidly in the ser- 




vice, being a commander at the beginning of the 
war for independence. He served from 1778 till 
1783 under De Guichen, De Grasse, La Motte-Pic- 
quet and Vaudreuil, and commanded in a cruise 
along the Canadian coast, securing many prizes. 
In 1781 he was in command of the squadron that 
pursued Benedict Arnold in Chesapeake bay, and 
ne took the »• Romulus " and several transports. 
He was promoted knight of Saint Louis and 
brigadier-general of the naval forces after the con- 
clusion of peace, and rose afterward to the rank of 
chef d'escadre, commanding in 1789 the squad- 
ron at Rochefort In 1791 ne left France and re- 
turned to Canada, where he died. 

TILLEY, Sir Samuel Leonard, Canadian 
statesman, b. in Gagetown, Queen's co.. New Bruns- 
wick, 8 May, 1818. His father was Thomas Mor- 
gan Tilley, and his grandfather, Samuel, was a 
loyalist, who, at the 
close of the American 
Revolution, left Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., and settled 
in New Brunswick, 
becoming a grantee of 
the city of St. John. 
The family is of Dutch 
extraction. Young 
Tilley was educated at 
the county grammar- 
school, but at the age 
of twelve ho was 
obliged to leave his 
home and seek em- 
ployment. He went 
to St. John and en- 
tered a drug-store as 
an apprentice. After < 
duly serving his time 
he went into business 
on his own account with Thomas W. Peters. He 
joined a debating society, and became a warm and 
uncompromising exponent of the temperance cause. 
Throughout his life he has remained a total ab- 
stainer. In 1849 Mr. Tillev's name first appears in 
connection with the politics of his native province, 
when, espousing the side of the protectionists of 
that day. he nominated and aided in electing a 
candidate for the legislature. Toward the close 
of the year he took an active part in forming the 
New Brunswick railway league, which had for its 
object the construction of a line of railway from 
St. John to Shediac. At the general election of 
1850 he was nominated a candidate for St. John 
in the reform interest In June he was elected to 
a seat in the house of assembly. In 1851, however, 
the Liberals experienced a serious reverse, two of 
the leading members of their party having desert- 
ed to the other side. Mr. Tilley and two of his 
friends resigned, and he did not return to public 
life until 1854, when his old constituency re-elected 
him. In November he entered the cabinet of the 
Liberal administration, and from that day to the 
present time (1888) he has enjoyed, save' in two 
periods of a few months' duration, uninterrupted 
power as minister or governor. In 1856 he was 
beaten at the polls on the prohibitory liquor-law 

Question, when his ministry made the subject a 
irect issue. The new government repealed the 
act, but was unable to maintain itself in office 
longer' than a year, when, a dissolution occurring, 
the Liberals were again returned to power, and Mr. 
Tilley was reinstated in his old post as provincial 
secretary. Shortly afterward he became premier. 
From June, 1857, till March, 18C5, Mr. Tilley re- 
mained leader. In 1804 he went to Charlottetown, 



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118 



THJjEY 



TILLINGHAST 



Prince Edward island, to attend the conference of 
maritime parliamentarians, with a view to forming 
a legislative union of the three provinces by the 
sea — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince 
Edward island. Several members of the Canadian 
government, among whom was Sir John A. Mae- 
donald, being on a visit to the lower provinces and 
hearing of the proposed meeting, expressed a de- 
sire to oe present. Invitations were sent to them ; 
they attended, and succeeded in inducing the dele- 
gates to abandon the smaller scheme and meet later 
in the year at Quebec, where a grander union would 
be proposed and discussed. The greater assembly 
accordingly met on 10 Oct., and sat with closed 
doors until the 27th of the month, when the famous 
** Quebec scheme " was completed. In the framing 
of those resolutions, which now form the basis of 
the British North America act, Mr. Tilley took an 
active part. In March, at the general elections, 
Mr. Tilley submitted the question to the people; 
but he and his party suffered defeat. Notwith- 
standing the premier's strong personal popularity 
in his own constituency, the majoritv of votes cast 
against him in 1865 was very large, but in the fol- 
lowing year the new government resigned, and 
the majority was reversed. Delegates from Onta- 
rio, Quebec* Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were 
sent to London to complete the terms of union, 
and at this conference Mr. Tilley ably represented 
his province. For his services he was made a com- 
panion of the Bath (civil) by the queen, and on 
resigning his seat in the New Brunswick house of 
assembly for a seat in the house of commons at 
Ottawa he was sworn in as a member of the Cana- 
dian priw council, and appointed minister of cus- 
toms in tne first cabinet of the Dominion. From 
November, 1808, till April, 1809. he was acting 
minister of public works, and on 22 Feb., 1873, he 
was made minister of finance in succession to Sir 
Francis Hincks. This important portfolio he held 
until the fall of the Macdonald government on 5 
Nov. of the same year. Before leaving office Sir 
John Macdonald appointed his colleague lieutenant- 
governor of New Brunswick, which office he filled 
with great acceptance until 11 July, 1878, and 
though it is said a second term was offered to him 
by the MacKenzie administration, he declined it, 
and accepted the nomination of the Conservative 
party for a seat in the house of commons. He ran 
in his old constituency, St. John, and narrowly 
escaped defeat, his majority being but nine votes. 
This was doubtless due to* the stand that he took 
on the tariff question, which was declared to be a 
high protective one, and framed to protect the 
Canadian manufactures. The platform of the Con- 
servatives obtained throughout the country, and 
Sir John Macdonald, on l>eiug asked to form a gov- 
ernment, invited Mr. Tilley to resume his old post. 
On presenting himself for re-election, he was re- 
turned by acclamation. In due time he formulated 
the national policy of the ministry on the floor of 
the hou.se in one of the ablest speeches that he had ! 
ever made. Though the measure was hotly dis- 
cussed, it finally passed, and has ever since been 
the policy of the country. On 24 May, Mr. Tilley j 
was created a knight commander of St. Michael ; 
and St. George by the Marquis of Lome, then 
governor-general of Canada. He also holds a pat- 
ent of rank and precedence from the queen as an 
ex-councillor of New Brunswick. He held the 
office of finance minister of the Dominion until 
October, 1885, when his health failed, and he re- 
tired from parliament and the ministry to accept, 
for a second term, the less laborious office of lieu- 
tenant-governor of New Brunswick, which post he 



still holds. As a speaker he is fluent and elo- 
quent Many important public measures owe their 
inception to him, chief of which, however, is the 
act dealing with the readjustment and reorgani- 
zation of the customs tariff. 

TILLING HA ST, Nicholas, educator, b. in 
Taunton, Mass., 22 Sept., 1804 : d. in Bridge water, 
Mass., 10 April, 1856. He was the son of Nicholas 
Tillinghast, who was several times representative 
to the general court of Massachusetts between 1795 
and 1816. The son was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1824. and entering the U. S. 
army as 2d lieutenant in the 7th infantry, served 
for two years on garrison duty at Fort Gibson in 
the Indian territory. Afterward he returned to 
the military academy, where, in 1827-'34 he was 
successively assistant professor of chemistry, min- 
eralogy, and geology, and of geography, history, 
and ethics. He was promoted captain on 1 June, 
1835. and joined his regiment at Fort Gibson, but 
resigned on 31 July, 1836. Capt. Tillinghast then 
settled in Boston,* where he received pupils in 
mathematics. In 1840 he was appointed principal 
of the state normal school at Bridgwater, and he 
continued to fill this post until failing health com- 
■ pelled his resignation in Julv, 1853. His onlv 
I publications were " Elements of Plane Geometry w 
(Concord, N. H., 1841) and "Prayers for Schools" 
(Boston, 1852).— His son, William Hopkins, b. 20 
I March, 1854, was graduated at Harvard in 1877, 
I and since 1882 has been an assistant in the li- 
brary of Harvard university. He has published 
a translation, with additions, of Carl Ploetz's " Epit- 
ome of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern History" 
(Boston, 1884). 

TILLINGHAST, Pardon, clergyman, b. in 
Seven Cliffs, near Beaehy Head (now Eastl>orn), 
Sussex, England, in 1622: d. in Providence, R. I., 
19 Jan., 1718. ne was a soldier under Cromwell, 
and a participant in the battle of Marston Moor. 
He settled in Providence, Ii. I., 19 Nov., 1645, was 
admitted a resident of the town with a quarter in- 
terest of the original proprietors of the Providence 
purchase, and founded a numerous family, whose 
members are now found in nearly every state and 
territory of the United States. lie was pastor of 
the 1st Baptist church in Providence from 1678 
till his dealn, preaching and officiating in that ca- 
pacity for about forty years without remuneration. 
At his own expense, in* 1700. he built the first meet- 
ing-house of this religious society, the oldest in 
America of its denomination. Mr. Tillinghast in 
1711, *' for and in consideration of the love and good- 
will " he bore the church over which he was then 
pastor, executed "to them and their successors in 
the same faith and order" a deed of the meeting- 
house and the lot on which it stood. In the deed 
of conveyance he describes the faith and order of 
the church by quoting Hebrews vi., 1, 2, showing it 
to be the same as that now held by the Six Princi- 
ple Baptists. In addition to his pastoral duties 
and his occupation of a merchant, ne found time 
to serve the infant colony many times as member 
of the house of deputies, and the town of Provi- 
dence tvventv-five years, in various posts of honor 
and trust. — "His great-grandson, Tlioiuas, jurist, 
b. in East Greenwich, R. I., 21 Aug., 1742; d. 
in East Greenwich, L. I., 26 Aug., 1821, was a 
meml>er of the legislature from 1772 till 1780, and 
one of the committee that it appointed in 1777 to 
estimate the damage done by tiie British soldiers 
on the islands of Conanieut and Rhode Island dur- 
ing the war of the Revolution. In 1779 he was 
elected judge of the court of common pleas for 
Kent county, and a member of the council of war. 



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TILLMAN 



TILTON 



119 



In September, 1780, he was chosen associate justice of 
the supreme court, which post he held by annual elec- 
tions until 1787, sitting in the famous paper-money 
case of Trevett vs. Weeden. His firmness and de- 
cision in thiscase, notwithstanding its unpopularity 
in the state at the time, ought, says a writer, " to 
cause his name to be inscribed in letters of gold." 
lie was again a judge of the supreme court from 
1791 until his resignation in December, 1797, in 
which year he was elected a member of congress, 
serving from 13 Nov., 1797, till 4 March, 1799, and 
in 1801-3.— Joseph Leonard, lawyer, fifth in 
descent from Pardon, b. in Taunton, Mass., in 1790; 
d. in Providence, R. I., 30 Dec., 1844, studied law, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1811. In 1819 he 
received the honorary degree of A. M. from Brown, 
of which he was elected a trustee in 1833. He 
filled many other public stations, was for many 
years a member of the general assembly, and was 
repeatedly elected speaker of the house, where he 
was the earnest advocate of public instruction and 

i'udicial reform. Elected to congress as a Whig, 
te served from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1843. 
In congress he was one of the most useful mem- 
bers, few men equalling him in the extent of his 
political information. At the age of eighteen he 
published in the Providence "Gazette." over the 
signature 44 Dion," a series of political essays that 
attracted wide attention ; and lie also contributed 
poetry toiournals over the signature of ** Carroll." 

TILLMAN, Samuel Dyer, lawyer, b. in Utica, 
N. Y., 1 April, 1815; d. in New York city, 4 Sept., 
1875. lie was graduated at Union in 1834. and then 
studied law in Canandaigua, where he was admit- 
ted to the bar. Several years later he settled in 
Seneca Falls, N. Y.. where he continued in the prac- 
tice of his profession, and also was repeatedly elect- 
ed president of the town council. About 1850 he 
retired from legal practice and settled in New York 
city. He was soon elected a member of the Ameri- 
can institute, by which organization he was made 
professor of science and mechanics. Imter he l>e- 
came its corresponding secretary and edited the 
* Transactions " of the institute/published by the 
state. Prof. Tillman's knowledge in every depart- 
ment of science was extensive. He invented a ro- 
tating planisphere to serve as a substitute for the 
artificial glol>e, for the use of schools, and also a 
revolving musical scale, called the tonometer, de- 
signal to illustrate the theory of temperament and 
exhibiting visibly the relations between the true 
and tempered notes in every key. The degree of 
I'll. I), was conferred on him by Union college in 
1875, mid he wa* a member of various scientific 
societies, including the American association for 
the advancement of science. His writings were 
chiefly essays on technical subjects, and included 
A Treatise on Musical Sounds and an Explana- 
tion of the Tonometer" (New York, 18(H)). 

TILLSON, Havis, soldier, b. in Rockland. Me., 
14 April, 1830. He entered the U. S. military 
academy in 184!), but two years later, having in- 
jured his foot so that it required amputation, he 
resigned. In 1857 he was elected to the Maine 
legislature, and in 1858 l>ecame adjutant-general 
of the state. On the inauguration of President 
Lincoln he was appointed collector of cu>toms of 
the Waldoboro district, which place he resigned in 
1H4J1 to become captain of the 2d Maine Uittery. 
He went to Washington in April, 1802 (having 
been detained in Maine during the winter, owing 
to the threatened difficulty with England on ac- 
count of the "Trent " affair), and was assigned to 
the Army of the Rappahannock under (Jen. Irvin 
McDowell. On 22 May he was promoted major 



and made chief of artillery in Gen. Edward 0. C. 
Ord's division. After the battle of Cedar Moun- 
tain, 9 Aug., 1862, he was assigned to Gen. McDow- 
ell's staff as chief of artillery, in which capacity he 
served during the three days' artillery fight at 
Rappahannock Station, and then at the second bat- 
tle of Bull Run. Subsequently, until April, 1863, 
he was inspector of artillery, and in January was 
made lieutenant-colonel, anil on 29 March was or- 
dered to Cincinnati, having been commissioned 
brigadier-general to date from 29 Nov., 1862, and 
made chief of artillery for fortifications in the De- 
partment of the Ohio. He had charge of the de- 
fences of Cincinnati and the works on the Louis- 
ville and Nashville railroad, and raised and organ- 
ized two regiments of heavy artillery. In Decem- 
ber, 1863, he was ordered' to Knoxville, Tenn., 
where he supervised various works and was given 
a brigade in the 23d army corps, which he com- 
manded in several engagements with Confederate 
cavalry and irregular troops during the winter of 
1863-*4. He continued in charge of the works in 
this district, which were officially commended as 
the best in the military division of the Mississippi, 
and also organized the 1st U. S. heavy artillery of 
colored troops and the 3d North Carolina mounted 
infantry. Subsequently he had command of the 
District of East Tennessee until early in 1865, when 
he was transferred to the 4th division of the De- 
partment of the Cumberland, and held that com- 
mand until the close of the war. lie then offered 
his resignation ; but his services were retained, and 
he remained on duty until 1 Dec, 1866, in charge 
of the freedmen's bureau at Memphis, and subse- 

Suently in Georgia. For a year he remained in 
eorgia after his resignation, engaged in cotton- 
planting, but then disposed of his interests there 
and returned to Rockland, Me., where he has since 
been engaged in the granite business. 

TILTON, James, physician, b. in Kent county, 
Del., 1 June, 1745; d. near Wilmington, Del., 14 
May, 1822. He received a classical education at 
Nottingham academy, Md., under Rev. Samuel 
Finley, who was afterward president of Princeton. 
On leaving school, he entered the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, where he 
was graduated in 177li six years after its organiza- 
tion. He at once settled at Dover. Del., where he 
remained until the beginning of the Revolutionary 
war. His sympathies being warmly enlisted in 
the patriot cause, ho abandoned a lucrative prac- 
tice to enlist, and became 1st lieutenant in a com- 
pany of light infantrV. Subsequently he was ap- 
pointed surgeon in a T)ela\vare regiment, and served 
in the battles of Long Island and White Plains, 
accompanying the army in its retreat to the Dela- 
ware river. In 1777 he was in charge of the mili- 
tary hospital at Princeton, N. J., where there was 
much suffering among the troops in consequence 
of the system of placing all the sick in one hospital. 
Dr. Tilton himself narrowly escaped death from 
an attack of fever that he contracted there. In 
the winter of 1779-'HO the sufferings of the sick in 
the tent hospitals was very great. To Dr. Tilton, 
then stationed at Trenton, N. J., has l>een ascril>ed 
the suggestion of the erection of the new buildings 
that were ordered by the authorities with the hap- 
piest results. These were log huts, roughly built 
so as to admit of free ventilation through the crev- 
ices, with floors of hardened clay, each being in- 
tended to accommodate not more than six patients. 
' In September, 1781. chiefly through the exertions 
of Dr. Tilton, an act was passed by congress pro- 
viding for promotion by seniority in the medical 
I corps. He was soon afterward elected a professor 



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120 



TILTON 



TIMM 



in the University of Pennsylvania, but declined, 
being unwilling to leave the service. In 1782, af- 
ter the surrender of Cornwallis, he began to prac- 
tise again in Dover. In 1783-'5 he was a delegate 
to the Continental congress, and he sat for several 
sessions in the legislature. He removed to Wil- 
mington for his health, from 1785 till 1801 was 
government commissioner of loans, and on the 
declaration of war with Great Britain was appoint- 
ed surgeon-general of the army. He found the 
hospitals on the northern frontier, and especially 
the one at Sackett's Harbor, filthy and neglected. 
He moved the latter to Watertown, N. Y., intro- 
duced better regulations into all of them, and was 
rewarded by an immediate improvement in the 
health of the army. Purchasing a farm near Wil- 
mington, he devoted his time thereafter chieflv to 
its cultivation. In 1857 his remains were disin- 
terred, and now lie in the Wilmington and Brandy- 
wine cemetery beneath a monument erected by the 
Delaware state medical society. Dr. Tilton pub- 
lished his graduation essay, 44 De Hydrope " (Phila- 
delphia, 1771), and an elaborate plan for hospital 
organization, entitled 4 * Economical Observations 
on Military Hospitals, and the Prevention and Cure 
of Diseases incident to the Army " (Wilmington, 
1813). His papers include 44 Observations on the 
Yellow Fever, 44 Letter to Dr. Duncan on Several 
Cases of Rabies Canina," 44 Observations on the 
Curculio," 44 0n the Peach-Tree and its Diseases," 
44 A Letter to Dr. Rush approving of Bleeding in 
Yellow Fever," and an oration m 1790 as presi- 
dent of the Delaware Society of the Cincinnati. 

TILTON. John Roll in, artist, b. in Loudon, 
N. H.,in 1833; d. in Rome, Italy, 22 March, 1888. 
His professional life was spent in Italy, and he was 
a close student of the Venetian school of paint- 
ing. Many of his landscapes are in private col- 
lections in England ana the United States. 
Among his paintings are 4 * The Palace of Thebes," 
which was shown at the Royal academy, London, 
in 1873 ; 44 Como"; 44 Venice"; and 44 Venetian 
Fishing- Boats " and 44 Rome from Mount Aven- 
tine," both of which are in the Corcoran gallery, 
Washington. His 44 Lagoons of Venice," and 
44 Komombo " were at the Philadelphia exhibition 
of 1876 Henry T. Tuckerraan says of him that 
4 * while some cntics compare him with Claude and 
Turner, others, like Jarves, unjustly declare him 
a 4 weak sentimentalist in color, having no solid 
foundation of knowledge or inventive force. ' " 

TILTON, Theodore, journalist, b. in New York 
city, 2 Oct., 1835. He was graduated at the Col- 
lege of the city of New York in 1855, was em- 
ployed for a year on the New York 4 * Observer," 
and then became an editor of the 44 Independent," 
continuing on the staff from 1856 till 1871, the 
latter part of the time as editor-in-chief. He edited 
also, about six months of the last year, the Brook- 
lyn 44 Union." He then established the 44 Golden 
Age," an independent political and literary weekly, 
but retired from it at the end of two years. In 
1874 he charged Henry Ward Beecher with crimi- 
nal intimacy with his wife (see Bekcher), and the 
case, tried by Plymouth church and the public 
courts, attracted wide attention. Mr. Tilton has 
written many political and reformatory articles, 
which have been reprinted in pamphlets. He has 
. gained much reputation as an orator, being a con- 
stant and eloquent speaker in behalf of woman's 
rights, and, before the civil war, in opposition to 
slavery. For twenty years he was a lyceum lec- 
turer, speaking in nearly every northern state and 
territory. He went abroad in 1883, and has since 
remained there. Among his works are 44 The Sex- 



ton's Tale, and other Poems" (New York, 1867): 
44 Sancta Sanctorum, or P roof-Sheets from an Edi- 
tor's Table" (1869); "Tempest Tossed," a romance 
(1873 ; republished in 1883) ; 44 Thou and I," poems 
(1880): and 44 Suabian Stories," ballads (1882). 

TIMBY, Theodore Haggles, inventor, b. in 
Dover, N. Y., 5 April, 1822. He received a common- 
school education, and spent his youth on a farm. 
At an early age he developed inventive faculty, and 
in 1836 made a practicable working model of a float- 
ing dry-dock, which was condemned by nautical 
experts as impracticable in tidal waters. The first 
sight of the circular form of Castle Williams on 
Governor's island, in the harbor of New York, sug- 
gested to him the idea of the revolving plan for de- 
fensive works, and in April, 1841, he went to Wash- 
ington and exhibited a model and plans of a revolv- 
ing battery, to be constructed of iron, to the chief of 
engineers and chief of ordnance of the U. S. army. 
This model and plans were also submitted to John 
C. Calhoun and other officials in Washington. In 
January, 1843, he made a model of a marine tur- 
ret, ana at that time filed a caveat in the U. S. 
patent-office for a metallic revolving fort, to be 
used on land or water, and to be revolved by pro- 
pelling engines located within the same, acting 
upon suitable mechanism. From January, 1841, 
till 1861 Mr. Timby urged the importance of his 
plans upon the proper authorities at Washington 
and elsewhere, but without satisfactory results, 
although in 1848 a favorable report was made to 
the secretary of war and indorsed by the chief of 
the ordnance bureau. Meanwhile, in 1856, he ex- 
hibited his plans to Napoleon III., and received 
some encouragement, but without practical result. 
In September, 1862, after developing many modifi- 
cations of his original idea, he took out letters-pat- 
ent covering the broad claim for 44 a revolving 
tower for defensive and offensive warfare, whether 
placed on land or water," and in the same year he 
entered into a written agreement with the con- 
tractors and builders of the original "Monitor" 
for the use of his patents, covering the revolving 
turret, by which they agreed to pay him a royal- 
ty of $5,000 on each turret that they constructed. 
These facts show beyond a doubt that Mr. Timby 
is the original patentee of the revolving turrets, 
and that he was recognized as such by Jonn Erics- 
son, the designer of the "Monitor" and similar 
iron-clad vessels. Among the elaborations and de- 
velopments of the original idea of the revolving 
tower which he has perfected from time to time 
are the cordon of revolving towers across a chan- 
nel (1861); a mole and tower system of defence 
(1880); the planetary system of "revolving towers 
(1880); the subterranean system of defence (1881); 
and the revolving tower and shield system (1884), 
all of which he nas patented in this and other 
countries. Mr. Timby invented and patented in 
1844 the American turbine water-wheel, which was 
a success, and in 1861 he devised the method, now 
in universal use, of firing heavy guns by electricity, 
as well as other inventions of practical utility. 
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by 
Madison university in 1866. and that of S. D. by the 
University of Wooster, Ohio, in 1882. Mr. Timby 
founded in February, 1888, * 4 Congress," a monthly 
journal, in Washington, D. C, and has prepared 
for the press a collection of didactic and philo- 
sophicarprose and verse entitled ,4 Beyond." 

TIMM, Henry C., musician, b. in Hamburg, 
Germany, 11 July, 1811. He was baptized as 
Christian Heinrich, but, on coming to the United 
States, he adopted his present name. He had some 
instruction on the piano from Albert Gottlieb 



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TIMON 



TIMROD 



121 



Methfessel, and Jacob Schmitt, and came to this 
country in 1835. In the same year he appeared 
at the Park theatre, New York, as a pianist, and 
obtained an engagement to play second horn in 
the orchestra, and occasional piano solos. Dur- 
ing this time he was also organist at Grace church. 
About a year later he became musical director of 
an opera troupe at the Charleston theatre. In 
1838 he returned to New York, where he settled 
permanently. When the National opera-house was 
built he became chorus-master and trombone- 
player ; but the theatre was soon burned. In 1843 
tie became president of the Philharmonic society, 
which post he held for sixteen years. During his 
presidency he frequently appeared as the piano 
soloist at the society's concerts, and for eight years 
was trombone-player in the orchestra. He became 
well known as an excellent piano-teacher, and his 
services as an accompanist were much in demand. 
His published compositions are few, the most nota- 
ble being the second piano part for Johann B. 
Cramer's eighty-four "Etudes." 

TIMON, Jonn, R. C. bishop, b. in Conewago, 
Pa., 12 Feb., 1797; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 16 April, 
1867. In 1802 he removed with his family to Balti- 
more. He assisted his father, who was a merchant, 
in his business, and was engaged in trade in Balti- 
more, Louisville, and St. Louis till 1823, when he 
entered the Lazarist seminary at the Barrens near 
St Louis. He was ordained a sub-deacon in 1824, 
and accompanied Father (afterward Archbishop) 
Odin in a missionary journey through Texas. He 
was raised to the priesthood the following year, 
appointed professor in the Barrens, and became a 
member of the Lazarist order. He also did mis- 
sionary work throughout a large district, and be- 
came famous as a controversialist, sometimes meet- 
ing as many as six clergymen of other creeds in 
public debate. But his great achievement was es- 
tablishing his order in the United States. Serious 
differences had arisen between Bishop Rosati and 
the Lazarists with regard to tbe tenure of property, 
and Father Timon snowed great tact in bringing 
about a settlement. In 1835, at the assembly of 
Lazarist deputies in Paris, it was decided to erect 
the American mission into a province of the order, 
and Father Timon was elected its first visitor. He 
rdieved the order from financial embarrassment, 
reduced to submission many members who had be- 
come disaffected, prevailed on others who had left 
the community to return, and acquired property 
of great value in St. Louis and other cities. In 
18JJ8, at the request of Bishop Rosati, he took 
charge of the missions in Texas. He offered the 
first mass in Galveston, and erected the first altar 
in Houston. In 1839 he was appointed coadjutor 
bishop of St. Louis, but earnestly asked the court 
to be allowed to decline, and the nomination was 
cancelled. In 1840 Texas was separated from the 
Mexican diocese of Monterey, and Father Timon 
w&« appointed prefect apostolic of the republic, 
where he took measures to secure the restoration of 
the church pro[>erty that had been confiscated by 
the Mexican government. He went to Paris in 
1H41 on business connected with the Lazarists of 
the United States. His energy appeared to increase 
with advancing years. Seminaries were given into 
his charge in every part of the United States, which 
he supplied with professors from the memlicrs of 
his community. A narrative of the length of the 
journeys that he undertook in many western and 
southern states, and of the difficulties that he over- 
came, would seem incredible. The career of Father 
Timon was marked by many acts of courage as well 
as personal sacrifice and charity. His rescue of the 



Sisters of the Visitation from a flood in Kaskaskia 
had all the elements of romantic bravery. When 
he was appointed bishop of Buffalo in 1847 he 
showed reluctance to accept the office, but he 
yielded to the pressure that was brought to bear 
on him, and was consecrated by Bishop Hughes 
in the cathedral of New York on 17 6ct., 1847. 
At the beginning of his administration he de- 
manded the transfer of the title of the property 
of St. Louis's church, Buffalo, to himself. This 
being refused by the' trustees, they were excom- 
municated, and he laid the church under an in- 
terdict. The controversy, after being the subject 
of discussion in the legislature, was finally settled 
by his submission to the trustees in 1855. He in- 
troduced the Sisters of Charity in 1848, began St 
Joseph's boys' orphan asylum in 1851, and after- 
ward the New Catholic reformatory for bovs. He 
began the Foundling asylum in 1853, and subse- 
quently founded the Deaf and dumb asylum, St. 
Mary's German orphan asylum, the Providence 
lunatic asylum, and many other charities. Among 
the educational and religious institutions that he 
founded or aided in establishing are the Seminary 
at Suspension Bridge, the College and convent of 
the Franciscan Fathers, the College of St. Joseph, 
the Redemptorist convent of St. Mary, the Commu- 
nity of missionary Oblate Fathers, and several sis- 
terhoods. See his life by C. E. Deuther (1868). 

TIMROD, Henry, poet. b. in Charleston, S. C, 
8 Dec., 1829; d. in Columbia, S. C, 6 Oct., 1867. 
His grandfather was a German, who emigrated to 
this country before the Revolutionary war and 
settled in Charleston. His father, William (1792- 
1838), was a me- 
chanic, but a man 
of very poetic 
temperament,who 
wrote some fine 
lyrics. He com- 
manded a corps 
in the Seminole 
war, composed of 
Germans and men 
of German de- 
scent residing in 
Charleston, and 
from the exposure 
and hardships of 
the service con- 
tracted a disease 
that resulted final- 
ly in his death. 
Henry was edu- 
cated" at the Uni- 
versity of Georgia, but took no degree. He was of 
scholarly tastes, and was a writer of verses from his 
childhood. After leaving the university he studied 
law in the office of James L. Petigru, but his enthu- 
siasm for literature interfered with his studies, and 
he finally abandoned them and fitted himself for a 
college professor. William Gilmore Simms, who 
was then in the height of his fame, was in the habit 
of gathering round him those of the young men 
of Charleston that had literary proclivities, and he 
did much to foster the genius of Timrod, Paul II. 
Haync, and other young southern writers. Tim- 
rod's first volume of poems (Boston, 1800) con- 
tained such fine work that it was hailed as an 
earnest of great excellence. In 1861 he began to 
write that series of war lyrics which made his 
name popular throughout the south. In 1862 a 
project was formed for having a volume of Tim- 
rod s poems brought out in London ; but the 
pressure of great events interrupted this scheme. 




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122 



TIMS 



TINKER 



and it was never put into execution. His deli- 
cate health forbade active service in the field, but 
his pen was never idle. He was at the battle of 
Shiloh as war-correspondent of the Charleston 
44 Mercury." In 1864 he went to Columbia, the 
capital of the state, where he edited the 44 South 
Carolinian." He lost everything when the city 
of CoLurabia was burned in February, 1865. He 
said of himself that he and his family were brought 
to beggary, starvation, and almost death — that 
they had eaten up all the family silver and nearly 
all their furniture, and were reduced to despair. 
He writes in 1865 : 44 1 would consign every line I 
have written to eternal oblivion, for one hundred 
dollars in hand." But the struggle against such 
fearful odds, with his failing health, proved too 
much for him ; life perceptibly ebbed away, and 
early in October, 1867, he died. His brother-poet 
and life-long friend, Paul H. Hayne, afterward 
published a volume of his collected works, pref- 
aced by a very pathetic sketch of his life (New 
York, 1873). The south has probably never pro- 
duced a poet of more delicate imagination, of 
greater rhythmic sweetness, of purer sentiment, 
and more tender emotion than this young man, 
who passed away before he had time or opportu- 
nity to attain that high standard of excellence 
which his undoubted genius fitted him to reach. 
His best-known poem is a short ode written for 
Memorial-day, 1867. 

TIMS, Thomas Dillon, Canadian official, b. in 
Castle Pollard, Ireland, 6 Jan., 1825. lie engaged 
for many years in commercial pursuits, entered 
the civil service of Canada in 1858, in 1803 was ap- 
pointed a commissioner to inquire into prison-man- 
Kgement at Montreal, and in 1865 became govern- 
ment superintendent of the engraving and print- 
ing of the first issue of legal-tender notes. lie vis- 
ited Washington the same vearon official business, 
and in 1867 reported to the government upon a 
financial system for the province of (^ucl)ec, and 
was placed in charge of Dominion affairs at Hali- 
fax. With other commissioners he was appointed 
in 1868 to inquire into the management of govern- 
ment railways in Nova Scotia. rVom 1868 till 1872 
he was engaged in the organization of the financial 
department and savings banks in Nova Scotia and 
New Brunswick. and in 1872-'3 established branches 
of the finance department and savings banks in 
British Columbia and Manitoba. He was appoint- 
ed financial inspector for the Dominion in 1870, 
and is inspector of Dominion savings banks, and 
sub-treasurer and auditor of government railways. 

TINCKER, Mury Agnes, author, b. in Ells- 
worth, Me., 18 .July, 1833. She was educated at 
the high-school in Ellsworth, and at Blue Hill 
academy, embraced the Catholic faith at the age of 
twenty/and during the civil war nursed the sick 
and wounded in one of the military hospitals at 
Washington, D. C. Since 1873 she has lived in 
Italy. She has published novels entitled "The 
House of Yorke" (Now York, 1*72): "A Winged 
Word"(lS73); "Grapes and Thorns " (1874) : "Six 
Sunny Months" (187M); "Signor Monaldini's 
Niece." in the "No-Name Scries" (Boston, 1875J): 
" Hv the Ti!>er" (1881); "The Jewel in the Lotus" 
(1884); and " Aurora" (18S5). 

T1NUEY, Thomas (pronounced with g soft), 
naval officer, b. in London. England, 11 Scot., 1750; 
d. in Washington, D.C., 23 Feb., 1N20. He. served 
in the British navy, but came to this country be- 
fore the Revolutionary war, and owned ships that 
were engaged in the East India trade. During 
the war he served in the Continental navy. He 
was selected as one of the six captains that were 




appointed on the organization of the U. S. navy on 
3 Sept, 1798, and given the ship 44 Ganges," twenty- 
four guns, with the 44 Pinckney " and 44 South Caro- 
lina,^ forming a squadron, to guard the Mona 
passage in the West 
Indies during the 
war with France. 
During July, 1799, 
he captured the 
French ships 44 Le 
Vainqueur," 44 Ije 
Rabateuse," 44 L'Eu- 
gSne," and 44 L'Espe- 
rance." In the same 
vear, while off Cape 
Nicola Mole, he was 
boarded by a boat 
from the British frig- 
ate "Surprise," and 
all the Englishmen 
on board were de- 
manded and also per- 
mission to examine 
the protections of the 
American seamen. Capt. Tingey answered : " A 
public ship carries no protection for her men but 
tier flag. I do not expect to succeed in the con- 
test with you ; but I will die at my quarters before 
a man shall be taken from the ship." The crew 
gave three hearty cheers, hastened with alacrity 
to their guns, and called for 44 Yankee Doodle, 1 * 
The captain of the 44 Surprise," on hearing the 
determination of the Americans, chose rather to 
pursue his course than to battle for dead men. 
Capt Tingey was discharged under the permanent 
naval-establishment act, but was reinstated on 23 
Nov., 1804, after which he had command of the 
navy-yard at Washington until his death. When 
the capital was captured by the British, in the 
summer of 1814, the secretary of the navy ordered 
Com. Tingey to fire the navy-yard, which, with the 
sloop-of-war 44 Argus," five armed barges, two gun- 
boats, and all the naval stores, was consigned to 
the flames. In this connection he writes to his 
daughter, under date of 17 Sept., 1814 : 44 1 was the 
last officer who quitted the city after the enemv 
had possession of it, having fully performed afl 
the orders received, in which was included that of 
myself retiring, and not to fall into their posses- 
sion. I was also the first who returned and the 
only one who ventured in on the day on which 
they were peaceably masters of it." For fifty years 
he was connected with the navy of this country and 
for nearly thirty years had command of the Wash- 
ington navv-vard. 

TINKEft," Reuben, clerevman, b. in Chester, 
Mass*.. « Aug., 1799; d. in Wcstficld, Chautauqua 
co., N. Y„ 20 Oct., 1854. He entered a mercantile 
house in his native town in 1813. but afterward en- 
tered Amherst ami was graduated in 1827, having 
supported himself during his college career by 
teaching and manual labor. He l>ecame a student 
in Auburn theological seminary the same year, and 
was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian church 
at Chester in 1830. Resolving to devote himself 
to foreign missions, he sailed for the Sandwich isl- 
ands in Decemlier, IN30, and reached Honolulu on 
28 June, 1831. He was chaplain for seamen at tai- 
haina until June, 1832. when he went with other 
missionaries on an exploring expedition to the 
Marquesas islands, with the view to founding mis- 
sions. In 1834 he was appointed to edit a semi- 
monthly religious journal in the native language, 
which he did up to 1838. In 1840 he returned to 
the United States, where he had charge of a con- 



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TIPTON 



TLALHUICOLE 123 



gregation in Madison, Ohio, for four vears, and 
then of one in Westfield, N. Y., till his death. See 
** Sermons by Rev. Reuben Tinker, Missionary at 
the Sandwich Islands; with a Biographical 
Sketch " (Buffalo, 1856). 

TIPTON, John, senator, b. in Sevier county, 
Tenn., 14 Auk., 1786; d. in Logansport, Ind.,*5 
April, 1830. His father, Joshua, removed from 
Maryland to eastern Tennessee, where he was mur- 
dered by Indians on 18 April, 1793. The duty of 
supporting the family was thus thrown on John's 
shoulders at an age when he should have been at 
school. At the same time he began to be known 
as an Indian fighter, believing that to avenge his 
father's murder was a sacred duty. In 1807 he 
removed with his family to Indiana, settling on a 
farm of fifty acres on Brinley's Ferry, Harrison co., 
which he paid for out of money that ho earned by 
splitting rails at fifty cents a hundred. The dis- 
trict was infested by counterfeiters and horse- 
thieves, but Tipton inspired them with such fear 
that they abandoned the neighborhood. In 1809 
he joined the 44 Yellow Jackets," a military com- 
pany commanded by Capt. Spier Spencer, and soon 
afterward became ensign, serving through the cam- 
paign that terminated with the battle of Tippecanoe, 
7 Nov., 1811. He kept a journal of his campaign 
of seventy-four days, which, notwithstanding its 
singular met hod of "spelling, is said to be the fullest 
and most vivid narrative of those operations. The 
44 Yellow Jackets" lost their captain and their two 
lieutenants at Tippecanoe, and Tipton took com- 
mand of the company. After this he reached the 
rank of brigadier-general of militia. In 1815 he 
was elected sheriff of Harrison county, and held 
this office by re-election until 1819, when he was 
sent to the legislature. He was one of the com- 
missioners that were appointed by that body in 
1820 to select a site for a new capital for Indiana, 
and it was on his motion that Fall Creek was 
chosen. He wrote a journal describing minutely 
his trips to different points in search of a suitable 
locality, and it shows a marked advance in spell- 
ing and style over the one in which he relates Har- 
rison's campaign. He was re-elected in 1821. and 
soon afterward appointed a commissioner to deter- 
mine with another commissioner from Illinois the 
boundarv-line between the two states. He was ap- 
pointed U. S. Indian agent for the Pottawattamie 
and Miami tribes in March, 1823, and in 1826 made 
arrangements with them by which valuable public 
lands were thrown open to settlers. In 1831 he 
was elected U. S. senator, to fill the vacancy caused 
by the death of Gen. James Noble, and he was re- 
elect ed for a full term in 1833, Although his po- 
litical opinions were, on the whole, similar to those 
of Gen. Jackson, he was his strenuous opponent on 
the V. S. bank question. He was specially inter- 
ested in the progress of Indiana, organized the Eel 
river seminary society at Logansport, raised money 
for teachers, built school-houses, and constructed 
mills. He made extensive purchases of land in 
Bartholomew county, sixty acres of which he gave 
for the erection of public buildings. The city of 
Columbus was built on this property, and for a 
time was called Tintonia in his honor. It received 
its present name wnen his political opponents were 
elected to office in the county. Gen. Tipton held 
high office in the Masonic fraternity, becoming 
final lv grand-master. 

TIPTON, ThoniOH W., senator, b. in Cadiz, 
Ohio, 5 Aug., 1817. He was graduuted at Madison 
college. Pa., became a lawyer, and was elected to the 
legislature of Ohio in 1845, but, after some time, 
settled in Nebraska. He was elected a delegate to 



the Constitutional convention there, and became in 
1860 a member of the territorial council. Subse- 
quently he studied for the ministry, was appointed 
chaplain in the National army, and served during 
the civil war. He was U. S. senator from Nebraska 
from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 1875. 

T1TC0MB, Jonathan, soldier, b. in Newbury, 
Mass., in 1728 ; d. there in 1817. He was a mem- 
ber of the committee of safety and the Provincial 
congress in 1774-'5, colonel of a regiment in the 
Rhode Island expedition in 1778, and a member of 
the State convention in 1780. Some time afterward 
he was appointed brigadier-general of militia. He 
was naval officer of the port of Newburyport, Mass., 
from 1789 till 1812. 

TIZOC, Mexican king, d. in 1482. He suc- 
ceeded his brother Axayacatl on the throne in 
1477, having been general of his predecessor's 
armies. According to the historical paintings of 
his time, he conquered during his brief reign four- 
teen cities, some in the valley of Toluca, and as- 
sisted King Netzahualpitl, of Texcoco, to subdue 
the revolution of his brothers allied with the re- 
public of Huexotzingo. Tizoc began the magnifi- 
cent temple in honor of Huitzilopochtli, the god 
of war, but before its conclusion was poisoned by 
instigation of Techotlalla, cacique of Ixtapalapan, 
who was afterward executed in the public square 
of Mexico in presence of the allied kings. 

TLALHUICOLE (tlal- we -co'- lay), Tlaxcaltec 
warrior, d. in 1518. He was regarded as the most 
formidable hero of his country, and commanded 
the Tlaxcaltec forces in the civil war in 1516 be- 
tween the partisans of Cacamatzin and Ixtlilxo- 
chitl. He was taken prisoner by stratagem by 
Tlaxpanquizqui and brought to the city of Mexico ; 
but his braverv and character had made such an im- 
pression on Montezuma that he ordered the cap- 
tive's release, an act that had no precedent in Mexi- 
can history. But Tlalhuicole refused to profit by 
the monarch's generosity. He said to Montezuma 
that it would be infamous for him to return to his 
country after being conquered, and insisted on 
undergoing the fate of the other prisoners. Monte- 
zuma, wishing, at any cost, to save his life, offered 
him the command of an army about to be sent to 
drive back the Tarascos, wno had invaded his 
frontiers. Tlalhuicole accepted, hoping to meet a 
glorious death in the ensuing battle, lie advanced 
at the head of the Mexican troops to the city, 
Tangimoroa, called by the Mexicans Tlaximalovan, 
cut through the Tarascan army, which made a 
desperate resistance, and defeated them several 
times. He returned to Mexico, laden with spoils and 
accompanied by a long train of captives. Monte- 
zuma lavished fresh honors on him, but failed to 
persuade him to accept the perpetual office of 
commander-in-chief or to return to his native 
country. He refused constantly, alleging that to 
do the first would be treason to his country, and 
to do the second would be a stain on his glory. 
At last Montezuma consented to satisfy the desire 
of his general, and ordered him to be tied to the 
stone of the gladiators. He was armed in the usual 
fashion, and Montezuma, with all his court, was 
present at the spectacle. Eight famous warriors 
of Anahuac attacked him one after the other, end 
were all disabled: the ninth, however, stunned him 
with a blow, and he was then put to death, with 
the customary ceremonies. See 44 Histoire des na- 
tions civilizes du Mexique ct de I'Amenque Cen- 
trale durant les siecles anterieurs a\ Christophe 
Colomb," by the Abbe Brasseur de Hoiirbourg (4 
vols., Paris, 1859), and " Monarquia Indiana, by 
Juan de Torquemada (Seville, 1015). 



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124 TLAXPANQUIZQUI 



TOCQUEVILLE 



TLAXPANQUIZQUI (tlas - pan - keeth' - kee), 
Mexican soldier. He lived in trie latter half of 
the 15th and the first half of the 16th century. 
During the struggle between Cacamatzin and 
Ixtlilxochitl for the kingdom of Texcoco, which 
began in 1516, he commanded the troops of his 
native state, Huexotzingo, now in support of one 
claimant, now of another. He had been convicted 
of adultery with the wives of two other chiefs of 
high rank. This was an almost unknown crime 
in the annals of the Aztecs, and was punishable 
with death. But as the culprit was very power- 
ful, the husbands appealed to Montezuma, who 
promised to take the matter in hand. This oc- 
curred at the time when the republic of Huexot- 
zingo, which was then in alliance with Montezuma 
and Cacamatzin, was invaded by the Tlaxcal- 
tecs, who favored Ixtlilxochitl. The Tlaxcaltecs 
were commanded by Tlalhuicole, their greatest 
hero. Tlaxpanquizqui profited by the occasion to 
efface the stain of his crime by a glorious feat of 
arms. He succeeded in drawing Tlalhuicole into 
an ambuscade and made him prisoner. The Tlax- 
caltecs fled in a panic, and the victory of the 
Huexotzingos was complete. Their leader led his 
captive to Mexico and presented, him to Monte- 
zuma, who not only pardoned the conqueror, but 
loaded him with favors. See "Histoire des na- 
tions civilisees du Mexique et de l'Ame>ique Cen- 
trale durant les siecles anterieurs a Christophe 
Colomb," by the Abbe" Brasseur de Bourbourg (4 
vols., Paris, 1859), and 44 Monarquia Indiana," by 
Juan de Torqueinada (Seville, 1615). 

TO BAR, Juan, clergyman, b. in Tezcoco, Mexi- 
co, in 1543 ; d. in Mexico in 1623. He was canon 
of that country when the first Jesuits landed in 
the kingdom, and entered their order soon after 
their arrival. He spent more than fifty-three years 
in efforts to convert the Indians. He wrote, by 
order of the viceroy, Martin Enriquez de Aim ansa, 
44 Historia antigua de los Reinos de Mexico, Acol- 
huacan, y Tlacopan." Jose de Acosta acknowledges 
in his 44 Historia natural y moral de las Indias" 
(Seville, 1590) that a considerable part of his ma- 
terial was derived from the work of Tobar. 

TOCORNAL Y UREZ, Manuel Antonio (to- 
cor-nal), Chilian statesman, b. in Santiago, 12 June, 
1817: d. there in 1867. He studied law in the 
National institute, and in 1839 was admitted to the 
bar. In 1841 he was one of the founders of the 
University of Chili, and he became in the same 
year editor of 44 El Conservador," but in 1842 re- 
tired from the press. In 1844 he travelled through 
Europe, and in the last year was elected deputy 
to congress, where he forced the government to 
recognize ministerial responsibility. In 1848 he 
opposed the severe press law, and in 1849 was 
elected deputy by the opposition for Valparaiso, 
and called to form part of the new cabinet as sec- 
retary of justice. In 1851 he accompanied Gen. 
Bulnes in the campaign of the south as jiidge-ad- 
vocate-general ; but on the accession of President 
Manuel Montt he retired, refusing a nomination 
as minister to the United States, a seat on the 
supreme bench, and the presidency of the com- 
mission to revise the criminal code. He continued 
his opposition in congress, but in 1857 was defeat- 
ed in the election for Santiago. From 1802 till 
1863 he was secretary of the interior under Gen. 
Perez, but he resigned when war began between 
Peru and Spain. Prom 1865 till his death ho was 
rector of the university. 

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis Charles Henri 
Cle>el, Count de, French statesman, b. in Paris, 29 
July, 1805 ; d. in Cannes, 16 April, 1859. He passed 



his early youth at his father's castle of Verneuil, 
near Mantes, received his education in the College 
of Metz, and studied law in Paris in 1823-'6, being 
graduated as licencii in the latter year. Through 
the influence of his family he was named, 5 April, 
1827, judge auditor at the tribunal of Versailles, 
and soon afterward assistant judge. Later he be- 
came deputy assistant district attorney of the same 
city, and made the acquaintance of Gustave de 
Beaumont, with whom ne was sent in 1831 to the 
United States by the secretary of the interior to 
study the penitentiary system of the country. They 
landed at Boston on 12 May, and remained in the 
United States till March, 1832, visiting the princi- 
pal prisons. They returned to France with six 
folio volumes of documents. Tocqueville published 
a few weeks later M Note sur le systeme p£niten- 
tiaire et sur la mission confiee par M. le Ministre 
de Fintfrieur a MM. de Beaumont et de Tocque- 
ville" (Paris, 1832), which attracted considerable 
attention. Tocqueville, becoming dissatisfied with 
his legal duties, resigned on 21 May, 1832, and 
opened an attornev's office. His 44 Du systeme 
penitentiaire aux fitats-Unis et de son application 
en France" (Paris, 1832 ; 2d ed., with additions, 
2 vols., 1836) was written in association with Gus- 
tave de Beaumont, and translated into several 
languages, including an English version by Francis 
Lieber (Philadelphia, 1833). The authors approved 
the solitary svstem as practised in the penitentiary 
of Cherry hill, in Philadelphia, and they caused the 
penitentiary system of France, and eventually of 
the continent, to be entirely remodelled. The 
French academy awarded them a Montyon prize, 
and the success of their work was then considered 
as unprecedented in the annals of literature. He 
then visited England, married there in 1835, and 
in January of the latter year published the first 
part of his 44 De la Democratic en Am£rique " (2 
vols., Paris, 1835), which procured for the author 
an extraordinary prize of eight thousand francs 
from the French academy. In the report of award 
it is called 44 one of the most remarkable works pub- 
lished in the nineteenth century, and such as the 
academy has seldom been called upon to crown." 
It was followed by the second part early in 1840. 
The work was translated into several languages, 
including an English version by Henry Reeve, en- 
titled 4 * Democracy in America,* with a preface and 
notes by John Spencer (4 vols.. New York, 1839-'40J. 
Reeve's translation has been edited by Francis 
Bowen (2 vols., Cambridge, 1862), and there is also 
an abridgment, entitled 44 American Institutions 
and their Influence" (New York, 1856). The au- 
thor was created a knight of the Legion of honor, 
6 June, 1837, elected a member of the French 
academy of moral sciences, 6 Jan., 1838, and given 
a seat in the Academic Francaise, 23 Dec., 1841. 
In parliament, where he served in 1839-*48, Tocque- 
ville advocated the abolition of slavery, and urged 
the colonization of Algiers, which he visited in 1841 
and 1846. Being returned to the constituent assem- 
bly after the revolution of 1848, he was chosen a 
member of the committee on legislation, elected 
vice-president of the assembly in 1849, and, after 
attending the diplomatic conferences in Brussels 
upon Ital ian affairs, was secretary of foreign rela- 
tions from 2 June till 31 Oct., 1849, and strongly 
supported the French expedition to Rome. He was 
arrested at the coup d'etat of 2 Dec, 1851, and 
afterward retired to private life. Besides those 
already cited, his works include ,4 £tat social et 
jK>litique de la France," written at the invitation 
of John Stuart Mill, who translated and published 
it in the ,4 Westminster Review " for April, 1836 ; 



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44 Me*moire sur le pauperisme " (Cherbourg, 1886) ; 
" Liettre sur le svsteme penitentiaire " (Paris, 1838) ; 
" Lettre a Lord Brougham sur le droit de visite " 
(1848) ; " Le droit au travail " (1843) ; and " L'ancien 
regime et la revolution" (1856; translated into 
English, New York, 1856). Tocqueville's inedited 
works and correspondence were published by his 
friend, Gustave de Beaumont (2 vols., Paris, 1861 ; 
2 vols., English translation, Boston, 1861) ; and the 
latter also published a complete edition of Tocque- 
ville's works (9 vols., Paris, 1861-5). 

TOD, George, lawyer, b. in Suffield, Conn., 11 
Dec., 1773; d. in Warren county, Ohio, 11 April, 
1841. He was graduated at Yale in 1795, and 
settled in Georgetown, Ohio, in 1800. He was 
elected state senator in 1804, served as judge of 
the state supreme court from 1806 till 1809, was 
presiding judge of the 3d judicial circuit of Ohio 
from 1815 till 1834, and was afterward prosecuting 
attorney for Warren county. He was appointed 
lieutenant-colonel in the war of 1812, and served 
with credit at the defence of Fort Meigs in May, 
1813.— His son, David, statesman, b. in Youngs- 
town, Mahoning co., Ohio, 21 Feb., 1805 ; d. there, 
13 Nov., 1868, was educated by his father, and 
admitted to the bar in 1827. He practised his pro- 
fession in Warren for fifteen years, was elected to 
the state senate in 1838, and canvassed the state 
for Martin Van Buren in 1840. He was nominated 
for governor in 1844, but was defeated by 1,000 
votes. He was appointed by President Polk min- 
ister to Brazil in 1847, and represented the United 
States there till 1852, when he returned, and took 
part in the canvass which resulted in the election 
of Franklin Pierce. In 1860 he was elected a dele- 
gate to the Charleston convention, was made first 
vice-president of that bodv, and presided over it 
when the southern wing of the Democratic party 
withdrew. He was an advocate of compromise at 
the opening of the civil war, but was a firm sup- 
porter of the government, and in 1861 was nomi- 
nated for governor of Ohio by the Republicans, and 
elected by a majority of 55,000. During his term 
of two years, beginning 1 Jan., 1862, he gave much 
aid to the National administration. 

TODD, Alpheos, Canadian author, b. in Eng- 
land in 1821 ; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 22 Jan., 1884. 
He removed to Canada in 1833, and prior to the 
union of Upper and Lower Canada was assistant 
librarian to the legislative assembly of the former 

f>rovince. He was continued in this office by the 
egislature of the united provinces till 1858, when 
he was appointed chief librarian. When he became 
librarian there were but 1,000 volumes in the libra- 
ry ; now (1888) there are more than 200,000, most 
of which were collected, arranged, and classified 
under his supervision. He published " The Prac- 
tice and Privileges of the Two Houses of Parlia- 
ment" (Toronto, 1839); "Brief Suggestions in 
Regard to the Formation of Local Governments 
for Upper and Lower Canada, in Connection with 
a Federal Union of the British North American 
Provinces," a pamphlet (Ottawa, 1866) ; and " Par- 
liamentary Government in England: its Origin, 
Development, and Practical Operation" (2 vols., 
London, 1867- 9).— His brother, Alfred, b. in Eng- 
land in 1821 ; d. in Ottawa, 6 June, 1874, came to 
Canada in 1833, and became chief clerk of the pri- 
vate-bill office of the legislative assembly of Cana- 
da. He published 44 A Treatise on the Proceedings 
to be adopted in conducting or opposing Private 
Bills in the Parliament of Canada*' (Quebec, 1862). 

TODD, Charles Burr, author, b. in Redding, 
Conn., 9 Jan., 1849. He was educated at the com- 
mon schools, and was fitted for college, but failure 



of eyesight prevented him from entering. After 
teaching for some time, he devoted himself to lit- 
erary pursuits, and has contributed to American 
magazines. He was appointed in May, 1877, com- 
missioner for erecting a monument on the winter 
quarters of Gen. Israel Putnam's division of Con- 
tinentals in Redding, Conn., which was authorized 
by act of the Connecticut legislature. He is the 
author of " A General History of the Burr Family 
in America" (New York, 1878): "A History of 
Redding, Conn." (1880); "Life and Letters of 
Joel Barlow" (1886); and "The Story of the City 
of New York "(1888). 

TODD, David Peek, astronomer, b. in Lake 
Ridge, N. Y., 19 March, 1855. He entered Colum- 
bia, but was graduated at Amherst in 1875, and 
appointed chief assistant to the U. S. transit of 
Venus commission in Washington. For three 
years he was engaged in reducing the observations 
of the transit of 1874, and his result for the paral- 
lax of the sun — 8".883 — was the first that was de- 
rived from the American photographs of that 
transit. When at Amherst ne began a series of 
observations of the satellites of Jupiter, which was 
assiduously maintained for twelve years, or during 
an entire revolution of the planet. His observa- 
tions on those bodies led him to begin theoretical 
researches on their orbits, and he published "A 
Continuation of De Damoiseau's Tables of the Sat- 
ellites of Jupiter to the Year 1900" (Washington, 
1876). These are now used in the preparation of 
the "American Ephemeris," the "Berliner astro- 
nomisches Jahrbuch," and elsewhere, and they were 
also extended backward by him to 1665. In 1877 
he began to study the possibility of an extra-Nep- 
tunian planet, from the discrepancies in the motion 
of Uranus; after which he spent several months 
in the optical search for it, and he is at present 
examining the photographic evidence of its exist- 
ence. In 1878 he was sent to Texas in charge of 
the U. S. government expedition to observe the 
total eclipse of the sun on 29 July, and on his re- 
turn was appointed assistant to Simon Newcomb 
in the preparation of the " American Ephemeris 
and Nautical Almanac," remaining in that office 
until 1881. He then accepted the chair of as- 
tronomy at Amherst, with the directorship of the 
observatory, which appointment he still holds, 
and in 1881-7 he was professor of astronomy and 
higher mathematics at Smith college, where in 
18e5-'7 he was intrusted with the planning and 
construction of the new observatory. Prof. Todd 
was invited by the trustees of the James Lick es- 
tate to direct the observations of the transit of 
Venus in 1882 from the Lick observatory, and in 
1887 he was placed in charge of the expedition to 
Japan under the auspices of the National academy 
of sciences and the U. S. navy department to ob- 
serve the total solar eclipse of *19 Aug. After that 
event he organized an expedition to the summit of 
Fujiyama, the sacred mountain of Japan, 12,500 
feet in elevation. Astronomical and meteorologi- 
cal observations were made from the summit, which 
have an important bearing on the occupation of 
such peaks for scientific purposes. The degree of 
Ph. D. was conferred on nim by Washington and 
Jefferson college in 1888, and he is member of sci- 
entific societies both at home and abroad. His 
writings include contributions to the transactions 
of societies of which he is a member and reports 
to the government. 

TODD, Ell, physician, b. in New Haven, Conn., 
22 July, 1769; d. in Hartford, Conn.. 17 Nov., 1833. 
He was graduated at Yale in 1787. and sailed for 
the West Indies shortly afterward, intending to 



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travel in Europe and Asia, but was prevented by 
sickness at Trinidad. Having lost the fortune left 
him by his father, he was obliged to prepare for a 
profession, and, selecting that of medicine, he be- 
gan to nractise, after the required course of medi- 
cal stuuy, in Farmington, Conn. He removed to 
New York about 1810, but returned to Farming- 
ton, and remained there until 1819, when he went 
to Hartford, where he soon became the chief con- 
sulting physician. In 1821 there was a notable 
increase in the number of insane persons in Hart- 
ford and the neighborhood. Dr. Todd appreciated 
the difficulty of treating them in private practice, 
and it was principally due to him that the atten- 
tion of the profession and public was awakened to 
the necessity of having a special institution for 
their care. He was principally instrumental in 
founding the Retreat for the insane at Hartford, 
one of the earliest of the kind, was elected its 
superintendent, and presided over it till his death. 
Under him it became one of the best- managed in- 
stitutions either in this country or Europe. Dr. 
Todd was repeatedly elected president and vice- 
president of the Medical society of Connecticut, 
lie was the author of several professional mono- 
graphs and some occasional addresses. 

TODD, John, soldier, b. in Montgomery county, 
Pa., in 1750; d. at the Blue Licks, Ky., 19 Aug., 
1782. He took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, 
Va., in 1774, as adjutant-general to Gen. Andrew 
Lewis. He settled as a lawyer in Fineastle, Va., 
but, with his brothers, emigrated to Fayette eoun- 
tv. Ky., in 1775, took part in the organization of 
the Transylvania colonial legislature that year with 
Daniel Boone, and penetrated southwest as far as 
Bowling Green, Kv. In 1776 he settled near Lex- 
ington and was elected a burgess to the Virginia 
legislature, being one of the first two repre:>enta- 
tives from Kentucky county, where he served as 
county lieutenant and colonel of militia. He ac- 
companied Gen. George Rogers Clark to Vincennes 
and Kaskaskia, and suceee< led him in command of 
the latter place. In 1777 he was commissioned by 
Gov. Patrick Henrv. of Virginia, to be colonel and 
commandant of Illinois county, and served two 
years. He organized the civil government of this 
county, which afterward became the state of Illi- 
nois. Col. Todd went to Virginia in 1779, and was 
a member of the legislature in 17*0, where he pro- 
cured land-grants for public schools, and intro- 
duced a bill for negro emancipation. Afterward 
he returned to his family in Kentucky. While 
there he, as senior colonel, commanded the forces 
agaiiift the Indians in the tattle of Blue Licks, 
where he was killed.— Levi, brother of John, was a 
lieutenant under George Rogers Clark in the expe- 
dition of 1778, and one of the few survivors of the 
Blue Licks; and Levi's son, Robert S., was the 
father of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. 

TODD, John, author, b. in Rutland, Vt.. 9 Oct., 
1800; d. in PittsftVld. Mass., 24 Aug., 1H?:J. His 
boyhood was (>a*.scd in |>overty. but he fltU-d him- 
self for college, and was graduated at Yale in 1822. 
He siient the following year in teaching, then en- 
tered Andover theological seminary, and in 1827 
was ordained a minister of the Congregational 
church in Groton. Maxs. He became pastor of the 
church in Northampton in 1H33, of the 1st Con- 
gregational church in Philadelphia in 1*36, and of 
the M Congregational church in Pittsfield in 1842. 
Here he remains! as pa»tor until May, lt<?2, when 
hi> strength was impaired bv old age. In 1845 he 
received the degree of D. l3. from Williams. Dr. 
Todd tiN>k a warm interest in the progress of edu- 
cation, and the Holyoke female ^minary partly 




owes its existence to him. He was a voluminous 
and popular writer. Besides his contributions to 
the " Congregationalist " and other religious peri- 
odicals, and his ser- 
mons, lectures, and 
orations, he pub- 
lished about thirty 
volumes,all of which 
were re - issued in 
England, and sever- 
al of them have been 
translated into Ger- 
man, French, mod- 
ern Greek, Dutch, 
Danish, Italian, Ara- 
bic, Armenian.Turk- 
ish, and Tamil. His 
"Lectures to Chil- 
dren " have been 

{>rinted in raised 
etters for the blind, 
and used as a school- 
book in the colony 
of Sierra Leone ; of 
someof his books sev- 
eral hundred thou- 
sand copies have 
been sold, and several of his shorter pieces, notably 
** Hafed's Dream," were for many years favorites 
' for school readers. His publications include " Lec- 
I tures to Children " (Northampton, 1834 ; 2d series, 
| 1858); "Student's Manual" (1835; revised ed., un- 
der the title "Student's Guide," with preface by 
\ Rev. Thomas Binnev, London, last ed., 186*9) ; " In- 
j dex Rerum" (1835);' "Truth made Simple" (1839): 
I "Great Cities" (1841); "The Lost Sister of Wyo- 
ming" (1841); "Hints to Young Men" (1843); 
"Simple Sketches" (Pittsfield, 1843); "Summer 
| Gleanings " (Ixmdon, 1852) ; " Daughter at School " 
, (Northampton, 1854); "The Angel of the Iceberg, 
and other Stories" (1859); " Future Punishment " 
| (New York, 1803); "Mountain Gems" (4 vols., 
! Boston, 1864) ; " The Water- Dove, and other Gems" 
(Edinburgh. 1868); "Sketches and Incidents, or 
Summer Gleanings" (1866); "Nuts for Boys to 
Crack" (New York, 1866); " Polished Diamonds" 
(Boston, I860); "Hints and Thoughts for Chris- 
tians" (New York, 1867): "Serj»ents in the Dove's 
Nest " (Boston, 1867); "Woman's Rights" (1867), 
which elicited from Gail Hamilton a reply entitled 
"Woman's Wrongs: a Counter-Irritant" (1868); 
"Hints and Thoughts for Christians" (London, 
1869); "The Sunset Land, or the Great Pacific 
Slope" (Boston, 1869): "Missions" (1869); and 
I " Old-Fashioned Lives" (1870). 

TODD, John Blair Smith, soldier, b. in Lex- 
( ington, Kv., 4 April 1814; d. in Yankton, Dakota, 
5 Jan., 18^2. He went with his |wrenla to Illinois 
! in 1827, and from that state to the l\ S. military 
! academy, where he was graduated in 1837 and as- 
signed to the 6th infantry. He was made 1st lieu- 
i tenant on 25 Dec., served with his regiment in the 
l Florida war from 1837 till 1840, was on recruiting 
I service during |>art of 1841, and in active service 
in the Florida war during the remainder of that 
I year and part of 1842. He was made captain in 
1843, and was on frontier duty in Indian territory 
I and Arkansas until 1846. lie served in the war 
t with Mexico in 1847, taking part in the siege of 
| Vera Cruz and the battles of Cerro Gordo and 
Amaz«xiue. He was on garrison and frontier duty 
till lKVi, when he was engaged in the action of 
Blue Water against the Sioux Indians. He re- 
signed on 16 Sept., 1H56, and was an Indian trader 
, at Fort Randall, Dakota, from that date till 1861, 



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when he took his seat as a delegate to congress, 
having been chosen as a Democrat. He served in 
the civil war as brigadier-general of volunteers 
from 19 Sept., 1861, till 17 July, 1862, and was in 
command of the North Missouri district from 15 
Oct. to 1 Dec, 1861. He was again a delegate in 
congress in 1863-'5, was elected speaker of the 
house of representatives of Dakota in 1867, and 
was governor of the territory in 1869-'71. 

TODD, Thomas, jurist, b. in Kin* and Queen 
county, Va., 23 Jan., 1765 ; d. in Frankfort, Ky., 7 
Feb., 1826. His father died when he was an in- 
fant, and he had some difficulty in obtaining an 
education. He abandoned his studies to serve in 
the army in the latter part of the Revolution, and 
entered the Manchester troop of cavalry during 
the invasion of Virginia by Arnold and 'Phillips. 
In 1786 he was tutor in the family of a cousin in 
Danville, Ky., studying law at night. He began 
the practice of his profession toward the end of the 
year, took part in the agitation that had for its ob- 
ject the admission of Kentucky as a state, and 
was appointed clerk of all the conventions that 
p receded that event He was made clerk of the 
U. S. court for the district of Kentucky, and when 
it became a state in 1799 he was appointed clerk 
of the court of appeals. He was made fourth 
judge of the same court in 1801, and chief justice 
in 1800. He was appointed an associate of the U. S. 
supreme court on 7 Feb., 1826. While he was an 
appellate judge of Kentucky he gave great atten- 
tion to its peculiar system of land laws, originally 
an act of the assembly of Virginia, and his labors, 
both in the state court and the supreme court, were 
instrumental in establishing them on principles of 
law and equity. — His son, Charles Scott, soldier, 
b. near Danville, Ky., 22 Jan., 1791 ; d. in Baton 
Rouge, La., 14 May, 1871, was graduated at Will- 
iam and Mary, Va., in 1809. began the study of 
law under his father, and afterward attended lec- 
tures at Litchfield, Conn. He opened a law-office 
in Lexington in 1811, but volunteered in June, 
1812, for military service. In December he be- 
came division judge - advocate of the Kentucky 
troops, and in this capacity was sent by Gen. Will- 
iam rlenry Harrison with private instructions to 
Gen. James Winchester. On his return to Ken- 
tucky he was recommended for a captaincy in the 
regular army by Gen. Harrison, and was appointed 
to a vacancy in the 17th regiment of infantry in 
May. 1813. He was soon afterward transferred to 
the 28th infantry, and appointed aide to Gen. Har- 
rison. He was mentioned in the report of the 
campaign of 1813 as one of the four aiaes that had 
rendered Harrison "the most important services 
from the opening of the campaign. He was made 
deputy inspector of the 8th military district on 1 
Not., 1813, and he also acted as adjutant-general in 
the summer of 1814 under Gen. Duncan McArthur, 
who in his report of the expedition into Canada 
attributed much of its fortunate issue *« to the mili- 
tary talents, activity, and intelligence of Major 
Tocld." He was appointed inspector-general on 2 
March, 1815, with the rank of colonel, but resigned 
in June, and opened a law-office in Frankfort, Ky. 
He was appointed secretary of state by Gov. Madi- 
son in 181/, but resigned and sat in the legislature 
in 1817-'18. In 1820 he was sent on a confidential 
mission to the republic of Colombia. He returned 
to the United States in 1821. but resumed his du- 
ties in South America in 1822, taking with him the 
recognition of its independence by his government. 
Declining several offices, he retired for a time to 
his farm in Shelby county. He was a delegate to 
the Presbyterian general assembly at Philadelphia 



in 1837-'8, and for several years vice-president of 
the State agricultural society. He was a friend of 
Henry Clay, and sustained his claims to the presi- 
dency, but on his withdrawal as a candidate in 
1835 he supported Harrison : and in 1840, on the 
invitations of the states of Ohio and Kentucky, he 
prepared, in conjunction with Benjamin Drake, of 
Cincinnati, a sketch of his civil and military career 
(Cincinnati, 1840). To support Harrison's candi- 
dature he soon afterward took charge of the " Cin- 
cinnati Republican." His relations with Harrison, 
who designed him for the mission to Vienna, were 
confidential. He was sent as U. S. minister to 
Russia by President Tyler, and reached St. Peters- 
burg in November, 1841. He was popular with 
the court and people, and was elected a member of 
the Imperial agricultural society, from which for- 
eigners had heretofore been carefully excluded. 

TOE B BE, Augustus Mary, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Meppen. Hanover, 17 Jan., 1829; d. in Covington, 
Ky., 2 May, 1884. He was educated in the gym- 
nasium of Meppen, and, after completing his col- 
legiate course, was for several years engaged in 
mercantile pursuits. He emigrated to the United 
States in 1851, entered the theological seminary 
of Mount St. Mary's, Cincinnati, in 1852, was or- 
dained priest in 1854, and in the following year 
became pastor successively at New Richmond and 
Cumminsville, Ohio. He* was -appointed in 1857 
assistant pastor of St. Philomena's church, Cin- 
cinnati, and in 1865 pastor. In 1866 he was a 
member of the council of theologians in Baltimore 
to prepare matters for discussion in the second ple- 
nary council. He was consecrated bishop of Cov- 
ington, 9 Jan., 1870. Bishop* Toebbe found the 
finances of his diocese in a state of disorder, but 
he showed great administrative ability, and gradu- 
ally raised the debt that had been contracted dur- 
ing the episcopate of his predecessor. He intro- 
duced the Sisters of the Good Shepherd and the 
Sisters of Notre Dame. His death was owing to an 
ailment that he contracted while he was engaged in 
ministerial labors among the workingmen on the 
Cincinnati Southern railroad. During his episco- 
pate the number of churches increased from thirty- 
eight to fifty-two, and the priests from thirty- 
three to fifty-five. He founded several parochial 
schools, which were attended by 6,225 children at 
the time of his death. 

TOICT, Nicolas (twat), clergyman, b. in Lille, 
France, in 1611; d. in Paraguay in 1680. He is 
called Del Techo by Spanish writers on the latter 
country. He became a Jesuit in 1630, went to 
Paraguay in 1649, and, on account of his zeal and 
ability, was made superior of the Jesuits in that 
province. He wrote "Nicolai del Techo Societatis 
Jesu Historia Provincial Paraguarire" and " Ite- 
latio Triplex de Rebus lndicis" (Antwerp, 1654). 

TOLEDO, Antonio Sebastian de (to-lav -do), 
Marquis de Mancera, viceroy of Mexico. He was 
a grandee of Spain and chamberlain to the queen, 
and had been ambassador in Venice and Germany, 
when in 1664 he was appointed viceroy of Mexico, 
and took possession of the government on 15 Oct. 
of that year. In the following year St. Augustine, 
of Florida, then depending from the viceroyalty 
of Mexico, was sacked by buccaneers and the 
depredations of Sir Henry Morgan on the Spanish 
colonies began, and Toledo hastened to send means 
to Florida for providing fortifications and to re- 
enforce the fleet. He sent two expeditions to Cali- 
fornia, but did not obtain any noteworthy results. 
In 1667 some English privateers presented them- 
selves in front of Vera Cruz, but, finding strong 
fortifications, entered Alvarado river and corn- 



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mitted depredations. In the same year the interior 
of the cathedral was finished after ninety-five years 
of work, and the building was consecrated a second 
time. Tired of the responsibilities of his office, 
Toledo solicited his relief after the conclusion of 
his usual term of office in 1670, but the measures 
that he had adopted during his government found 
such approval that the oueen regent insisted in 
prolonging his term for three years. In this time 
the final subjugation of the Tarahumaro Indians 
by the capture of the principal caciaues took place. 
On his way to Spain in 1673 Toledo lost his wife in 
Tepeaca, near Mexico. 

TOLEDO, Fernando Alvarez de, Spanish 
soldier and author, lived in the last half of the 16th 
century and the first half of the 17th. He was a 
private soldier, but by feats of daring rose to the 
rank of captain in Chili. He wrote a poem called 
** Pur£n Indtfmito," which, after having been lost 
for more than two centuries, was discovered by 
Diego Barros Arana and published by him, forming 
the first series of the M Bibliotheque Aralricaine" 
(Paris, 1862). The work deserves attention not for 
its literary qualities, but for being a history of the 
Spanish solaiers who conquered Chili, by one of 
themselves. The author is very candid in his pic- 
tures of the corruption and cruelty of his countrv- 
men. Alfonso de Ovalle, in his " Historica Relacion 
del Reynode Chile "(Rome, 1646), quotes the poem 
as an authority. He adds that Diego Resales, au- 
thor of a voluminous history of Chili, written 
about 1650, has followed the narrative of Toledo 
page by page. Gonzalez Barcia, in his " Histori- 
adores primitivos de Indias," quotes the " Puren 
Indomito " in the chapter that is devoted to the 
histories of Chili ; but it afterward sank into oblivi- 
on until it was discovered in the library of Madrid. 

TOLEDO, Francisco de, viceroy of Peru, b. in 
Andalusia about 1520; d. in Seville about 1583. 
He belonged to the noble family of Oropesa, and 
in 1569 was appointed viceroy of Peru, taking 
charge of the government in Lima on 26 Nov. of 
that year. When the grandson of Huaina-Capac, 
Tupac-Amaru, who, after the death of his brother, 
Sayri-Tupac, was considered by the natives as the 
heir to tne crown, refused to surrender, Toledo, 
under the pretext of forwarding re-enforcements 
to Chili, sent in 1572 an expedition of 250 men into 
the mountains of Vilcabamba, where the young 
inca was in hiding with some followers. Martin 
de Loyola, with a small force, surprised the prince, 
who was carried prisoner to Cuzco, and, after a mock 
trial by the iudge, Loarte, was judicially murdered 
by order of tne viceroy. Toledo was a legislator and 
statesman of considerable ability and industry, and 
future viceroys referred to his enactments as au- 
thority. He arranged that the Indians should be 
governed by chiefs of their own race, and fixed the 
tribute to be paid by them, exempting all men 
under the age of eighteen and over fifty, thus 
putting a stop to arbitrary demands. He virtually 
abolished the old system of mita, or forced native 
labor, although, in deference to the demands of the 
colonists, he enacted that a seventh part of the 
adult male population of every village should still 
be obliged to work for the Spaniards, but limiting 
the distance they might be taken from their homes 
and fixing a reward for their services. The Indians 
admitted that the country had not been so well 
governed since the time of Inca Yupanaui. He 
was recalled in 1581, and on 28 Sept. of tnat year 
delivered the government to his successor, Martin 
Enriquez de Alraansa, returning to Spain, where 
he was arrested on the charge of malversation of 
public funds, and died in prison. 



TOLEDO, Garcia de, Spanish missionary, b. in 
Oropesa, Spain, about 1510; d. in Talavera, Spain, 
about 1588. He accompanied the viceroy, Mendoza, 
to Mexico in 1535. After a short but brilliant ca- 
reer as statesman, he entered the convent of St. 
Dominick in Mexico. On the demand of his fami- 
ly he was sent back to Spain, where he became the 
spiritual director of St. Teresa, and his frequent 
conversations with this eminent, woman only made 
him more anxious to devote his life to the service of 
the Indians. In 1569 his cousin, Francisco de To- 
ledo, was named viceroy of Peru, and invited the 
Dominican to accompany him as spiritual adviser. 
He was beginning to exercise his ministry in Lima 
when the viceroy asked him to be his confidential 
adviser on a tour of the provinces. This journey 
was followed by several others, during one of which 
he converted a tribe of Indians, among whom he 
founded a city to which he gave the name of Oropesa. 
Among the advantages that the Peruvians drew 
from these visits were a number of ordinances ap- 
proved by the great council of the Indies. These 
ordinances were drawn up by him, and for a long 
time formed the basis of the civil law and the rule 
of Peruvian society. In 1577 he was elected provin- 
cial of Peru. In spite of his great age and infirm- 
ities, he visited every part of his province, founded 
several convents, ana repaired old ones. He was in 
a certain sense the second founder of the University 
of Lima. He obtained from his cousin the funds 
needed for the construction of new buildings, as the 
old ones had become too small for the increasing 
number of students. In 1581 he returned to Spain. 

TOLON, Miguel Tenrbe (to-lone ), Cuban au- 
thor, b. in Pensacola, Fla., in 1820: d. in Havana, 
Cuba, in 1858. When he was a child his parents 
went to Matanzas, Cuba, where he received his 
education and passed a £reat part of his life. In 
1847 his comedy •* Una Noticia" was performed at 
Matanzas, and in the following year tie produced 
another, " Un Caserio.'* In 1848 he was forced to 
emigrate to New York, his political opinions being 
in opposition to the Spanish government. In 
New York he devoted his time to teaching and to 
literary labors, contributing to several newspa- 
pers. He returned to Cuba in 1857, where he died 
soon afterward. He is the author of " Preludios," 
a collection of poems (Matanzas. 1841) ; " Aguinal- 
des Matanzeros " (1847) ; " El Laud del Desterra- 
do" (New York, 1852); "Elementary Spanish 
Reader and Translator" (1852); "Leyendas Cu- 
banas " (1856) ; and " Flores y Espinas," poems 
(Havana, 1858). 

TOLSA, Manuel, Spanish engineer and sculptor, 
b. in Enguera, Valencia, about 1750; d. in Mexico 
about 1810. He studied architecture and sculpture 
in the Academy of San Carlos of Madrid, and became 
a member of the Academy of fine arts of San Fer- 
nando. In 1781 he went to Mexico as government 
architect, and as such he has left numerous marks of 
his genius in various public buildings, directing the 
erection of the towers of the cathedral in 1787-'91, 
and of the College of mines, for which he made the 
plans and began the building in 1797 ; but after- 
ward he had to modify the plan, to add a second 
story, which was begun in 1799. In 1798 he be- 
came director of the Academy of San Carlos ; but 
his chief fame rests on the equestrian statue of 
Charles IV., ordered in 1795 by the viceroy, Mar- 
cjuis de Branci forte, of which a temporary model 
in plaster was erected in 1796. After the working 
model was completed by Tolsa, the statue was cast, 
under his own direction, on 4 Aug.. 1802, with- 
out an accident, notwithstanding that it contains 
thirty tons of bronze. The statue is 15} feet high, 



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TO-MO-CHI-CRI 129 




and was erected on a 20|-foot stone pedestal, on 
the queen's birthday, 9 Dec, 1803, in the main 
square of Mexico. 
In 1822 it was re- 
moved to the uni- 
versity, and since 
1852 it has stood 
on the Paseo de 
Bucareli, at the 
crossing of the 
Calzada de la Re- 
forma. It is one 
of the finest in 
America, and, ac- 
cording to Hum- 
boldt, second only 
to the statue of 
Marcus Aurelius 
in Rome. When 
England declared 
war against France 
and Spain in 1803, 
Tolsa established a 
foundry in Mexico where many cannon for coast 
defence were successfully cast. 

TOM (known as Blind Tom), musical prodi- 
gy, b. near Columbus, Muscogee co., Ga., 26 May, 
1849. He is of pure negro blood. His parents 
were slaves, and called him by the name of a mem- 
ber of their former owner's family, Thomas Greene 
Bethune. He was born blind, and the only sign 
of intelligence he gave in infancy was the interest 
he showed in sounds, such as the cries of animals, 
the moaning of the wind, the rushing of waters, 
and the pattering of rain. He could speak at an 
earlier age than other children, and with greater 
distinctness; but his words had no meaning for 
him, and while he was able to repeat entire conver- 
sations, he expressed his own wants by inarticulate 
sounds. When he was four years old a piano was 
brought to his master's house for the use of the 
young ladies of the family, and one night they 
were awakened by hearing him play one of their 
pieces. This was his first effort, yet he played 
with both hands, using the black and white keys. 
After this he was allowed the use of the instru- 
ment, and in a short time he was able to render 
with accuracy all the airs he heard. He also made 
some essays in original, or rather imitative, compo- 
sition, ite would run about the yard or fields, re- 
turn to the piano, and, when asked what he was 
playing, would reply: "What the birds said to 
me," or What tne trees said to me." He has 
sometimes been compared to Mozart in childhood, 
but there is no instance recorded in musical his- 
tory comparable to Blind Tom's attainments in 
phonetics and the power of reproduction and re- 
tention of sound at the same early age. Tom was 
brought to the north by his master, and made his 
first appearance in New York, at Hope chapel, 15 
Jan., 1881, since which time he has travelled widely 
in this country and Europe. His musical feats, 
whether they are the result of mnemonic and imi- 
tative powers, or a genius for music, are astonish- 
ing. He plays one air with his right hand, accom- 
panies it by another air in another key with his 
left, and sings a third air in a third key at the 
same time ; and he can name any combination of 
notes that he hears struck on the piano, no matter 
how disconnected and puzzling the intervals. Not 
only can he play from memory any piece of music, 
however elaborate, after a single hearing, but he 
imitates the improvisation of another, note by 
note, then gives nis own idea of it, and accompa- 
nies that with variations. His capacity for the 
vol. tl — 9 



most difficult musical performances since he was 
first brought to the north by his master has been 
subjected to the severest tests. He can only play 
what he hears or improvises ; but he has about 5,000 
pieces at the disposal of his memory, embracing 
the most difficult selections from Bach, Beethoven, 
Chopin. Gottschalk, and Thalberg. During his per- 
formances he indulges in curious antics, and he ap- 
plauds himself at the end by clapping his hands. 
He recites with ease in Greek, Latin, French, and 
German, besides imitating numberless musical in- 
struments and all sorts of sounds. He has par- 
tially acquired the power of vision, and can now 
see a luminous object within a very small space. 
But while Tom's powers of memory, manual dex- 
terity, and imitative faculties are ^reat, his render- 
ings are devoid of color and individuality. 

TOMES, Robert, physician, b. in New York 
city, 27 March, 1817; d. in Brooklyn, N.Y., 28 
Aug., 1882. He was graduated at Washington 
(now Trinity) college in 1835, and, after spending 
some time in the medical schools of Philadelphia, 
went to the University of Edinburgh, where he 
received the degree of' M. D. in 1840. He then 
studied in Paris, and on his return to the United 
States settled in the practice of his profession in 
New York, but after a few years was appointed 
surgeon on a vessel belonging to the Pacific mail 
steamship company, and made several voyages be- 
tween Panama and San Francisco. In 1865 ne was 
appointed U. S. consul at Rheims, France, which 
office he filled until 1867. Returning to the United 
States, he spent most of his life in literary occupa- 
tion. He wrote for journals and magazines, and 
his series of papers in 44 Harper's Magazine " on 
American manners and society were widely popu- 
lar. He published 44 The Bourbon Prince " (New 
York, 1858) : 44 Richard the Lion-Hearted " (1854) ; 
"Oliver Cromwell" (1855); 44 Panama in 1855" 
(1855); "The Americans in Japan" (1857) ; "The 
Battles of America by Sea and Land" (3 vols., 
1861); "The Champagne Country" (1867): and 
44 The War with the South : a History of the Great 
American Rebellion" (3 vols., 1864-'7; German 
translation, 2 vols., 1864-'7). Dr. Tomes also trans- 
lated works from the French and German. 

TOML1NSON, Gideon, senator, b. in Strat- 
ford, Conn., 31 Dec., 1780 ; d. in Fairfield, Conn., 
8 Oct., 1854. His grandfather was an officer at 
the capture of Ticonderoga. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1802, became a lawyer, and practised at 
Fairfield. He was elected a member of congress 
in 1818, serving from 1819 till 1827. He was chosen 
governor of Connecticut in that year, and con- 
tinued in this office till 1831, when he resigned 
and was elected U. S. senator, serving till 1837. 

T0-M0-CH1-CHI, Indian chief, b. in Georgia 
about 1642; d. there, 5 Oct., 1789. He was the 
chief of a tribe of Creeks that dwelt near Yarna- 
craw bluff, the site of Savannah. He met Gen- 
James Oglethorpe in 1733 at the fort that the lat- 
ter built on Savannah river, and with the aid of an 
interpreter satisfactory arrangements were made 
with the neighboring tribes by which the English 
acquired sovereignty over the country that lies be- 
tween Savannah and Altamaha rivers and extends 
westward as far as the tide-waters. The Creek 
chief is represented as ninety-one years old at the 
time, dignified and grave in manner. Although 
he had been expelled by the lower Creeks, he was 
still very influential throughout the confederacy, 
and this influence he exercised then, and during 
the remainder of his life, in favor of the English 
settlers. He presented Oglethorpe with a buffalo- 
skin on which the head and feathers of an eagle 



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130 



TOMPKINS 



TOMPKINS 




were painted, and explained that these symbols 
were significant of the swiftness, strength, love for 
the Indian, and power to protect him, which were 
English characteristics. He visited England in 
1734 in company 
with Oglethorpe, 
five other chiefs, 
and members of 
his family. As 
thev were the first 
InJians in Lon- 
don since the ap- 
pearance of the 
Iroquois chiefs 
with Peter Schuy- 
ler in 1710, they 
were objects of 
wonder and admi- 
ration, and were 
treated with great 
distinction. To- 
mo-chi-chi and 
his queen were robed in scarlet and gold, and were 
conveyed to an audience with King George in a 
ooach drawn by six horses. He was received gra- 
ciously, and assured of the friendship and protec- 
tion of the English monarch. After a stay of four 
months, during which he received many costly 
presents, he was conveyed with his family in royal 
carriages to the ship on which he embarked "for 
Savannah. His funeral ceremonies were very im- 
posing. His body was accompanied to the tomb 
by a long train of Indians, magistrates, and inhab- 
itants of Savannah amid discharges of musketry. 
A pyramid of stone was ordered to be erected over 
his grave in the centre of the citv bv Oglethorpe. 

TOMPKINS, Daniel D., vice-president of the 
United States, b. in Fox Meadows (now Scarsdale). 
Westchester co., N. Y., 21 June. 1774 ; d. on Staten 
island. N. Y., 11 June, 1825. His father was Jona- 
than G. Tompkins, a farmer, who performed ser- 
vices useful to his country during the Revolution- 
ary conflict. The son was graduated at Columbia 
in 1795, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
New York city in 1797, gained rapid success in his 
profession, and soon began to take part in politics, 
being elected to the State constitutional conven- 
tion of 1801. and in the same year to the assembly. 
He was a leader of the Republican party in his 
state, and in 1H04 was elected to the National house 
of representatives, but resigned on 2 July, before 
the meeting of congress, in order to take' his seat 
on the bench of the supreme court of New York, 
having been nominated an associate justice on the 
promotion of James Kent to the chief justiceship. 
On 9 June. 1807, he resigned in order to become 
the candidate for governor of the Democratic wing 
of his party in opposition to Morgan Ix»wis. He 
was elected by a majority of 4.000 votes, and found 
himself in accord with the legislature in his sup- 
port of the foreign policy of the Jefferson admin- 
istration. He was continued in the office by the 
reunited Republican factions at the elections of 
1809 and 1811. In 1812. in order to prevent the 
establishment of the Bank of North America in 
New York citv as the successor to the defunct 
United States bank of Philadelphia, he resorted to 
the extraordinary power of proroguing the legisla- 
ture that the constitution then gave him. which 
no governor ever used except himself in this in- 
stance. The charter of the t»ank had been approved 
by the house, a part of the Republicans voting with 
the Federalists, and when the legislature reassem- 
bled it was at once passed. In the election of 1813 
his majority was reduced from 10,000 to 4,000, and 



there was a hostile lower house in the next legisla- 
ture. Nevertheless, his bold act made him very 
popular with the common people, and his active 
patriotism during the war with Great Britain in- 
creased their admiration. He placed the militia 
in the field, and did more than the Federal gov- 
ernment for the success of the operations on the 
Canadian bonier, pledging his personal and official 
credit when the New York banks refused to lend 
money on the security of the U. S. treasury notes 
without his indorsement. He advanced the means 
to maintain the military school at. West Point, to 
continue the recruiting service in Connecticut, and 
to pay the workmen that were emploved in the 
manufactory of arms at Springfield. He bought 
the weapons of private citizens that were delivered 
at the arsenal in New York city, and in a short 
time 40,000 mditia were mustered and equipped 
for the defence of New York. Plattsburg, Sackett's 
Harbor, and Buffalo. When Gen. John Armstrong 
retired from the secretaryship of war after the 
sacking of Washington, President Madison invited 
Tompkins to enter the cabinet as secretary of state 
in the place of James Monroe, who assumed charge 
of the war department; but he declined on the 
ground that he could be of more service to the 
country as governor of New York. He was re- 
elected in 1815. and in April, 1816, was nominated 
for the vice-presidency of the United States. His 
talents and public services were more conspicuous 
than those of James Monroe, but the northern 
Democrats were not strong enough to command 
the first place on the ticket. Before resigning the 
governorship and entering on the office of vice- 
president, to which he was elected bv 183 out of 
217 votes, he sent a message to the legislature, dated 
28 Jan., 1817, recommending that a dav be fixed 
for the abolition of slavery within the \x>unds of 
the state, and the assembly, acting on his sugges- 
tion, decreed that all slaves should be free on and 
after 4 Julv, 1827. He was re-elected vice-presi- 
dent by 215 of the 228 votes that were cast in 1820, 
and in the same 
vear was proposed 
by his friends as a 
candidate for gov- 
ernor; but his |M)p- 
ularity had dimin- 
ished, and charges 
of dishonesty were 
made in connection 
with his large dis- 
bursements during 
the war with Great 
Britain. He was 
a delegate to the 
State constitution- 

I al convention of 

I 1821. The suspi- 

I cion of embezzle- 

| ment, which were 

! due to a confusion 

I in his accounts, un- 
balanced his inind 

1 and brought on 

I melancholy from which he sought escape in intoxi- 
cating drinks, thereby shortening his life. He was 
one of the founders' of the New York historical 
society, one of the corporators of the city schools, 

• and a repent of the State university. — Daniel's 
nephew, Pan lei D., soldier, b. in Sew York in 

| 1799; d. in Brooklvn, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1803, was 

1 graduated at the l'. S. military academy in 1820, 
enteral the ordnance corps, and on the reorgani- 

i ration of the army was made 2d lieutenant of 




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TOMPSON 



TONE 



131 



artillery, the ordnance department being at that 
time merged in the artillery, with commission dat- 
ing from 1 July, 1821 He was promoted 1st lieu- 
tenant on 1 March, 1825, and captain on 31 Dec., 
1835, and in the Florida war against the Seminole 
Indians distinguished himself in the skirmish at 
San Velasco, in the battle of Wahoo Swamp, and 
in other actions, and was bre vetted major on 11 
Sept, 1836. He was appointed captain and assist- 
ant quartermaster on 7 July, 1838, became a major 
on the staff on 22 July, 1842, and during the Mexi- 
can war had charge of the forwarding of supplies 
from Philadelphia, receiving the brevet of lieuten- 
ant-colonel on 30 May, 1848, for meritorious per- 
formance of duties connected with the prosecution 
of the war. He was made a full lieutenant-colonel 
on 16 Sept., 1851, and colonel and assistant quar- 
termaster-geueral on 22 Dec., 1856, and from the 
beginning of the civil war till the time of his 
death he served as depot quartermaster in New 
York city, furnishing supplies to the armies in the 
field.— A son of the second Daniel D., Charles 
H., soldier, b. in Fort Monroe, Va., 12 Sept., 1830, 
was educated at Kinsley's school at West Point, 
N. Y., and for two years at the U. S. military acad- 
emy, but resigned without completing the course. 
He entered the service in 1856 in the dragoons, and 
after an enlistment of three years on the frontier, 
during which he passed through the principal non- 
commissioned grades, he was appointed 2d lieuten- 
ant in the 2d U. S. cavalry, 23 March. 1861, and 
was promoted 1st lieutenant in April of the same 
year. While commanding a squaaron of his regi- 
ment, the 5th cavalry, within the defences of Wash- 
ington, he made a dashing reconnoissance in the 
direction of Fairfax Court-House, Va., 31 May, 
1861. It was at night and resulted in the capture 
of two outposts of the enemy, with an estimated 
loss of twenty-five Confederates. Lieut. Tompkins 
charged three times through the town, losing sev- 
eral men and horses, including two chargers which 
were shot under him. As one of the first cavalry 
affairs of the war, it attracted wide attention. Sub- 
sequently he served in the battle of Bull Run and 
upon the staff of Gen. George Stoneman. He was 
appointed captain and assistant quartermaster, 
served for a few months as colonel of the 1st Ver- 
mont cavalry, as lieutenant-colonel and quarter- 
master of volunteers in 1865-'6, and colonel and 
quartermaster in 1866-'7. He was made deputy 
quartermaster-general in the regular army in 1866, 
and assistant quartermaster-general with rank of 
colonel, 24 Jan., 1881. He participated in the 
operations of Gen. Nathaniel r. Banks and Gen. 
John Pope in the Shenandoah campaign, and was 
recommended for the appointment of brigadier- 
general of volunteers for conspicuous services at 
the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. He has served from 
1865 till 1888 as chief quartermaster of the prin- 
cipal military divisions of the army, and was at the 
last-named date chief ouartermaster of the divis- 
ion of the Atlantic. He was bre vetted major for 
Fairfax Court-House, lieutenant-colonel for the 
Shenandoah campaign, and colonel and brigadier- 

feneral, 13 March, 1865, for meritorious services 
uring the war. 

TOMPSON, William, clergyman, b. in Lan- 
cashire. England, in 1598 ; d. in Braintree, Mass., 
10 Dec., 1666. He emigrated to this country about 
1634, and became first pastor of the church at 
Braintree (now Quincy). He went on a mission to 
Virginia in 1642, but was silenced for non-conform- 
ity and compelled to return to New England. He 
was an acceptable preacher, and described by Cot- 
ton Mather as a "pillar of the American church" ; 



but he was subject to fits of depression, and in one 
of them committed suicide. His contemporaries 
describe him as "an author of reputation," but, 
with the exception of several prefaces to the books 
of others, his publications have all perished. — His 
son, Benjamin, educator, b. in Braintree, Mass., 
14 July, 1642; d. 13 April, 1714, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1662, became master of the Boston 
Latin-school in 1667, and three years later took 
charge of the Cambridge school, preparatory to 
Harvard, which post he held for nearly forty years. 
He probably died in Cambridge, but is buried in 
RoxDury. The inscription on his tombstone de- 
scribes him as " a learned school-master and phy- 
sician, and y* renowned poet of New England." 
He wrote an " Elegy on the Rev. Samuel Whit- 
ing, of Lynn. Mass.," which is printed in Cotton 
Mather's " Magnalia," and a poem of some merit 
descriptive of King Philip's war, entitled " New 
England's Crisis " (Cambridge, 1675). — Benjamin's 
son. Edward, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 
April, 1665 ; d. in Marshfield, Mass., 10 March, 
1705, was graduated at Harvard in 1684, taught 
for several years at Newbury, and from 14 Oct., 
1696, until his death was pastor of the church at 
Marshfield, Mass. On his tombstone is inscribed : 
" Here in a tyrant's hand doth captive lie 
A rare synopsis of divinity." 
His last sermons, entitled " Heaven the Best Coun- 
try," were published (1712). 

TONE, William Theobald Wolfe, soldier, b. 
in Dublin, Ireland, 29 April, 1791 ; d. in New York 
city, 10 Oct., 1828. He was the eldest son of the 
Irish patriot and French general, Theobald Wolfe 
Tone. After the tragic death of his father he 
was declared an adopted child of the French re- 
public by the Directory, and educated with his 

frounger brother in the Prytaneum and Imperial 
yceum at the national expense. During this 
period he wrote a work on the legislation of the 
Goths in Italy, which was favorably noticed by 
the institute. He was appointed a cadet in the 
Imperial school of cavalry on 3 Nov.. 1810, and 
remained there until January, 1813, when he was 
promoted to be sub-lieutenant in the 8th regiment 
of chasseurs. He distinguished himself in the 
engagements of that year, and received six lance 
wounds at the battle of Leipsic. He was then 
made lieutenant on the staff, aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Bagneres. and member of the Legion of honor. 
After the fall of Napoleon he gave himself to 
literary and antiquarian studies. But, when Louis 
XVIII. left the kingdom, he considered himself ab- 
solved from his allegiance, and served again under 
Napoleon, and was employed by him in organizing 
defensive forces on the Rhine and on the Spanish 
frontier. He left the French army after the battle 
of Waterloo, and came to the United States in 
1816. He studied law for some time, and wrote 

f>apers on military tactics. He was appointed 2d 
ieutenant of light artillery on 12 July, 1820, and 
was transferred to the 1st artillery on 1 June, 
1821, but resigned on 31 Dec., 1826, and mar- 
ried a daughter of W'illiam Sampson. He pub- 
lished "L'fitat civil et politique de l'ltalie sous 
la domination des Goths (Paris, 1813) ; " Life of 
Theobald Wolfe Tone, written bv Himself and con- 
tinued by his Son : with his Political Writings, 
etc. ; edited by his Son, William Theobald Wolfe 
Tone, with a Brief Account of his own Education 
and Campaigns under the Emperor Napoleon" 
(2 vols., Washington, 1826; London, 1827); and 
" School of Cavalry, or a System for Instruction, 
etc., proposed for the Cavalry of the United States " 
(Georgetown, D. C, 1824). 



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132 TONER 

TONER, Joseph Meredith, physician, b. in 
Pittsburg, Pa., 30 April, 1825. He received his clas- 
sical education at Western Pennsylvania university 
and Mount St. Mary's college, was graduated at 
Vermont medical college in 1890 and Jefferson 
medical college in 1853, and, after a short resi- 
dence in Summitsville, Pa., and Harper's Ferry, 
Va., settled in Washington, D. C, in 1855. He was 
a founder of Providence hospital and of St. Ann's 
infant asylum, to which he is a visiting physician, 
and since 1856 has been the attending physician to 
St. Joseph's orphan asylum. Aware of the per- 
ishable character of much of the early medical lit- 
erature of this country, he devised a scheme for a 
repository of medical works that should be under 
the control of that profession in the United States 
and located at Washington, D. C. His resolution 
on that subject was adopted by the American medi- 
cal association in 1868, and resulted in the estab- 
lishment of the library of the American medical 
association. The collection is placed in the Smith- 
sonian institution, and has reached the number of 
6,000 volumes, including pamphlets. In 1871 he 
founded the Toner lectures by placing $3,000 (which 
has grown to $5,000) in the hands of trustees, who 
are charged with the duty of annually procuring 
two lectures that contain some new fact valuable 
to medical science, the interest on the fund, save 
ten per cent, which is added to the permanent 
fund, being paid to the authors of the essays. 
These lectures are included in the regular list of 
the publications of the Smithsonian institution. It 
is the first attempt that has been made in this 
country to endow a course of lectures on such con- 
ditions. He gave in 1875 and three subsequent 
years the Toner medal at Jefferson medical college, 
to be awarded to the best thesis that embodies the 
results of original investigation. For many years 
he has given a similar medal to the University of 
Georgetown. He was president of the American 
medical association in 1873 and of the American 
health association in 1874, a vice-president of the 
International medical congress in 1876, and a vice- 
president and registrar of the International medi- 
cal congress in 1887. Dr. Toner has devoted much 
time and research to early American medical litera- 
ture, and has collected over 1,000 treatises pubr 
lished before 1800, and, besides publishing numer- 
ous monographs, has in preparation a " Biographi- 
cal Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians," 
of which more than 4,000 sketches are completed. 
He is an authority in the medical, biographical, 
and local history of the District of Columbia, and 
has devised a system of symbols of geographical 
localities, which" has been adopted by the U. S. 
post-office department. In 1882 he gave his entire 
library, including manuscripts, to the U. S. gov- 
ernment. It consisted of 26,000 books and 18,000 
pamphlets. He is a member of numerous medical, 
historical, and philosophical associations, has pub- 
lished more than fifty pamphlets, which include 
" Maternal Instinct " (Baltimore, 1864) ; 44 Compul- 
sory Vaccination " (1865) ; 44 Medical Register of the 
District of Columbia " (1867) ; " Necrological No- 
tices of Deceased Surgeons in the Rebellion " (Wash- 
ington, 1870) ; 44 Medical Register of the United 
States" (Philadelphia, 1874); 44 Dictionary of Ele- 
vations and Climatic Register of the United States " 
(New York, 1874); 44 Annals of Medical Progress 
and Medical Education in the United States" 
(1874); "Medical Men of the Revolution " (Phila- 
delphia, 1870) ; 44 Rocky Mountain Medical Associa- 
tion " (1877) ; and 44 Memorial Volume, with a Biog- 
raphy of its Members" (Washington, 1877). See 
life by Thomas Antisell (Washington, 1878). 



TONYN 



TONTY, or TONTI, Chevalier Henry de, Ital- 
ian explorer, b. in Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 ; d. in Mo- 
bile, La. (now Ala.), in September, 1704. His father, 
Lorenzo, was the inventor of the system of annui- 
ties that is called the Tontine. Henry took part 
in several naval and military engagements when 
quite young, in one of which he lost a hand. Its 
place was supplied by an iron one, which he used 
skilfully. On the recommendation of the Prince 
de Conti, the Sieur de La Salle took him into his 
sen-ice, and he embarked with the latter for Que- 
bec on 14 July, 1678. He completed the fort at 
Niagara, which had been designed by La Salle, and 
garrisoned it with thirty men. In 1679 he visited 
several of the Indian tribes, went to Detroit in ad- 
vance of La Salle, having first taken steps to 
strengthen and provision his garrison, and ad- 
vanced into the country of the Illinois, whom he 
won to the side of the French ; but this alliance 
proved unfortunate for the Illinois, who were at- 
tacked by the Iroquois on account of it and de- 
feated with loss almost under the eyes of Tonti. 
In 1680 he was ordered by La Salle to build a fort 
on the river of the Illinois, but, learning that Fort 
Crevecceur was threatened by the Iroquois, he 
marched to its aid. There he met the Indians and 
had some parleying with them, during which he 
was wounded by an Onondaga warrior. Believing 
that the fort was not defensible, he retired in Sep- 
tember with the five men that constituted its gar- 
rison. He sailed up the Illinois, experiencing some 
losses in the voyage, and wintered in the Bay of 
Lake Michigan "(Green bay) in 1681. He was sent 
by La Salle the same year to finish the fort on the 
Illinois which was begun the preceding year, to 
which he gave the name of St. Louis. He de- 
scended the Mississippi with La Salle, but on 15 
May, 1682, was despatched by the latter, who had 
fallen sick, to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 
he was at Fort St. Louis and repelled an attack of 
the Iroquois. In 1686 he went to the mouth of 
Mississippi river by way of Chicago and Fort Louis 
to seek tidings of La Salle, and on his return to 
Montreal he was sent to the Illinois country to col- 
lect a large force of Illinois Indians for the Seneca 
campaign. He was able to bring; only eighty to 
Detroit, with whom he took part in the expedition 
of Denonville. Disheartened by the death of La 
Salle and of almost all the companions of his early 
adventures, he spent the last years of his life 
among the Illinois, who became much attached to 
him. He was discovered there by Iberville in 1700, 
supporting himself by hunting and trading in furs. 
A work purporting to be Tonti's memoirs was pub- 
lished in Paris in 1697, entitled "Dernieres d6- 
couvertes de la Salle dans l'Araerique septentri- 
onale" (English translation, London, 1698; New 
York, 1814). Tonti declared to Iberville as well as 
to Father Marest that he had no hand in this work, 
which is full of errors and exaggerations. The 
real memoirs of Tonti have been published by Pierre 
Margry in 44 Origines Francaises des pays d'outre- 
raer* (Paris, 1877-9). Vol. i. contains "Voyages 
et £tat des Francs sur les lacs et le Mississippi 
sous les ordres de MM. de la Salle et de Tonty de 
1678 a 1684," and vol. iii. 44 Lettres de Henri de 
Tonty sur ce qu'il a appris de M. de la Salle, le 
voyage qu'il a fait pour Taller chercher et son de- 
part prochain pour marcher contre les Iroquois, 
1686-1689." Tonti wrote in 1693 a memoir ad- 
dressed to Count de Pontchartrain, which is also 
published in Margrv's 44 Origines " (1867). 

TONYN, Patrick. British soldier, b. in 1735; 
d. in London, England, 30 Dec, 1804. He became a 
captain in the 6th dragoons in 1751, with which regi- 



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133 



ment he served in Germany in 1758, was made 
lieutenant-colonel of the 104th regiment in 1761. 
and in 1775-'83 was governor of East Florida. On 
1 Jan., 1798, he became general. 

TOOKE, John Home, English politician, b. in 
Westminster, England, 25 June, 1736 ; d. in Wim- 
bledon, England, 18 March, 1812. He changed his 
name from Home to take an estate that was be- 
queathed him by William Tooke in 1782. He was 
a minister of the established church, a follower of 
John Wilkes, and in 1768 a founder of the Society 
for the support of the bill of rights. He bitterly 
opposed the coercion of the American colonies, ana, 
after the battles of Ijexington and Concord, adver- 
tised for a subscription for 44 the widows and or- 
phans of the American soldiers who were murdered 
by the king's troops." The ministry prosecuted 
him for libel, and he was tried at Guilford hall in 
July, 1777. He conducted his own defence, that he 
might personally attack the government, and was 
condemned to one year's imprisonment, and to pay 
a fine of £200. While in jail he published his cele- 
brated 44 Letter to Mr. Dunning, in which he criti- 
cally explained the case of the King vs. Lawley, 
which had been used as a precedent against him- 
self on his trial. He served in parliament in 1801-'2, 
and was an important factor in the Liberal party. 
His numerous publications are included in 44 Me- 
moirs of John Horne Tooke, together with his valu- 
able Speeches and Writings, by John A. Graham 
(New York, 1828). See 44 Memoirs of John Horne 
Tooke, with Original Documents," by Alexander 
Stephens (2 vols., 1818). 

TOOMBS, Robert, senator, b. in Wilkes county, 
Ga., 2 July, 1810 ; d. in Washington, Ga., 15 Dec, 
1885. He studied at the University of Georgia, 
was graduated at Union college in i828, attended 
lectures in the law 
department of the 
University of Vir- 
ginia the next year, 
and in 1830, by a 
special act of the 
legislature, was ad- 
mitted to the bar 
before he had at- 
tained his majority. 
He then settled in 
his native county, 
subsequently attain- 
ingareputationsuch 
as few lawyers ever 
enjoyed in the state. 
When the war with 
the Creek Indians 
began in 1836 he 
raised a company of 
volunteers, lexl them 
as their captain, and served under Gen. Winfleld 
Scott until the close of hostilities. He was in the 
legislature in 1837-40, and in 1842-'3 took an ac- 
tive part in politics, and wns a leader of the so-called 
44 State-rights Whigs." He supported William H. 
Harrison for the presidency in 1840. and Henry 
Clay in 1844, and in the latter year was chosen to 
congress as a Southern Whig. His first speech in 
the house of representatives was on the Oregon 
question, and placed him among the first debaters 
and orators in that body. He was active in the 
compromise measures in 1850, and greatly con- 
tributed to their passage. After eight years' ser- 
Tice in the house he took his seat in the U. S. senate 
in March, 1853, holding office by re-election till 
1861. As a senator he was intolerant, dogmatic, 
and extreme, but able and eloquent. He believed 




in the absolute sovereignty of the states, and that 
it was a necessity for tne south both to maintain 
and extend slavery. He advocated disunion with 
all the force of his oratory, and after the election 
of Abraham Lincoln to the' presidency made a series 
of speeches in Georgia in which he asserted that 
the north would no longer respect the constitu- 
tional rights of the south, and that secession was 
the only remedy. When the State convention met 
in 1861, he was mainly instrumental in securing 
the majority of votes on the resolution to secede. 
He resigned his seat in the U. S. senate in January, 
1861, and in March was formally expelled from that 
body. He was a member of the Confederate con- 
gress at its first session, and but for a misunder- 
standing might have been chosen president of the 
Confederacy. After the election of Jefferson Davis 
he became secretary of state, but resigned in a few 
weeks to take the commission of brigadier-general 
in the army. He fought at the second battle of 
Bull Run and at the Antietam, but resigned and 
returned to Georgia. In 1864 he commanded the 
militia, of which Tie was brigadier-general. After 
the war he eluded arrest as apolitical prisoner, and 
passed two years in Cuba, France, and England, 
but returned on the restoration in 1867 of the privi- 
lege of hubeas corpus, resumed practice, and ac- 
cumulated an estate that was estimated at about 
$500,000. As he refused to take the oath of alle- 
giance to the U. S. government, he was debarred 
from all the rights and privileges of citizenship. 
He was a member of the Georgia Democratic 
state convention in 1872, and advocated Horace 
Greeley as a candidate for the presidency. In 1874 
he began the railroad war, to which he devoted his 
energies until his death. The legislature of that 
year had passed a law taxing railroads as all other 
property was taxed. The railroads resisted, and 
Gen. Toombs, in behalf of the state, took the mat- 
ter into court, established the principle that they 
should pay the same taxes as other property, and 
collected $300,000, including some arrears of taxes. 
In the State convention of 1877 he introduced a 
resolution providing for the appointment of three 
commissioners who should have the power to over- 
see the business of the roads, to make and unmake 
rates, and to order improvements. In accordance 
with this provision, tne next legislature adopted 
what is known as the commission railroad law. He 
continued his hostility to the United States govern- 
ment until his death. 

TOPETE, Jnan Bautista (to-pay'-tay), Span- 
ish naval officer, b. in Tlacotalpan, Mexico, 24 
May, 1821. His parents retired to Spain after the 
country had won its independence, and he entered 
the Spanish navy as a midshipman. In 1865 he 
was tK>st-captain, commanding one of the ships of 
the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, and after the sui- 
cide of Admiral Jose de Pareja, when Admiral 
Mendcz Nuflez assumed command. Topcte became 
second commander of the expedition with the rank 
of commodore, and participated in the bombard- 
ment of Valparaiso, 31 March, 1866, and in the 
attack on Callao, 2 May. 1866, where he was danger- 
ously wounded. When Admiral Nunez sailed in 
the 44 Numancia " on a voyage round the world, 
Topete assumed command of the rest of the fleet, 
which he brought back to Spain in 1867. He was 
promoted rear-admiral and commander of the iron- 
clad squadron at Cadiz, and pronounced against 
the government, 17 Sept., 1868, with Gen. Prim, 
who arrived on board the fleet on 19 Sept. He 
became a member of the provisional government 
as secretary of the navy on 8 Oct., and was later 
returned to the constituent cortes by the city of 



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134 



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TORBERT 



Madrid. During his administration he took vigor- 
ous measures against the insurgents in Cuba, and 
obtained, in April, 1869, supplementary credits for 
that ourpose. He was a stanch supporter of the 
candidacy of Montpensier, left the cabinet in No- 
vember, 1869, to become vice-president of the 
cortes, was again secretary of the navy, 10 Jan., 
1870, and secretary for the colonies in Sagasta's 
cabinet in December, 1871. Under Serrano's re- 
gency he was provisional president of the cabinet 
till 3 June, 1872, secretary of the navy and war till 
the suspension of constitutional guarantees, 24 
June, 1872, and during the republic retired from 
service. After the virtual fall of the republic he 
held again, from 3 Jan. till 12 May, 1874, the port- 
folio of the navy under Serrano, and accompanied 
him to the seat of war, taking part in the relief of 
Bilbao, 25-27 March, 1874, where he was severely 
wounded. After the accession of Alfonso XII., 12 
Dec., 1874, he retired to private life. 

TOPP, Alexander, Canadian clergyman, b. near 
Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland, in 1815 ; a. in Toronto, 
Canada, 6 Oct., 1879. He was educated at Elgin 
academy and King's college, Aberdeen, and was 
licensed to preach in 1836. He was pastor of Elgin 
church in 1836-'52; of Roxburgh church, Edin- 
burgh, in 1852-'8; and in 1858 took charge of 
Knox church, Toronto, Canada, where he remained 
until his death. In 1868 he was elected moderator 
of the general assembly, was one of the chief agents 
in consummating the union of the Presbyterian 
churches in Canada in 1875, and was again elected 
moderator of the general assembly in 1876. In 1877 
he attended the Pan-Presbyterian council at Edin- 
burgh. In 1870 he received the degree of D. D. 
from the University of Aberdeen. 

TOPPAN, Robert Noxon, author, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 17 Oct., 1836. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1858 and at Columbia law-school in 
1861, and became a practising lawyer, afterward 
removing to Cambridge, Mass. He is a member 
of various historical and antiquarian societies, 
served on the international coinage committee of 
the American social science association, and was a 
delegate in 1878 to the International congress for 
the nullification of weights, measures, and money. 
He has translated Theodore Simon Jouffroy's 
«* Ethics " (New York, 1862). and is the author of 
" Historical Succession of Monetarv Metallic Stand- 
ards," a pamphlet (1877) ; '* Some Modem Monetary 
Questions," a pamphlet (Philadelphia, 1881) ; 44 His- 
torical Summary of Metallic Money" (Boston, 
1884); and " Biographical Sketches of Old New- 
bury " (Newburyport, 1885). 

TORAL, Francisco de, Mexican R. C. bishop, 
b. in Ubeda, Spain, in 1502: d. in Mexico, 20 April. 
1571. He received his education at Seville, and 
when nineteen years old became a Franciscan friar. 
In 1525 he went to Santo Domingo, and later he 
was sent to New Spain, where he learned Aztec and 
the difficult Totonaca language, and became pro- 
fessor of Indian dialects in the convent of his or- 
der at Mexico. After years of labor he invented 
a new method of teaching the Indian dialects, and 
afforded aid to the conquerors. Later he was sent 
to Yucatan, where he founded large and prosper- 
ous missions and gained the confidence of the 
Indians to such an extent that he became their 
legislator. He was appointed in 1549 superior of 
the convent of Tecamachalco, assisted in the gen- 
eral assembly of the Franciscan order at Salamanca 
in 1553, returning to Mexico in the following year 
with thirty-six new missionaries, and was appointed 

Provincial of the province of Tlaxcala. Early in 
562 he was made first bishop of Yucatan, and 




being consecrated at Mexico, 15 Aug., 1562, fixed 
his residence at Merida. During the following years 
he did much to improve and organize his diocese, 
founded benevolent institutions for the benefit of 
the Indians, and built at Merida a cathedral, a 
seminary, and a hospital. In 1565 he assisted at 
Mexico in the synod of the Mexican bishops under 
Archbishop Montufar. He died suddenly in Mexi- 
co during a journey that he undertook' to confer 
with the archbishop. Toral's works include " Arte 
y Vocabulario de la lengua Totonaca" (Salamanca, 
1553) and "Tratado de la lengua Mexicana" (1554). 
The 44 Cartas de Indias," a recent state publication, 
contains letters and memoirs of Bishop Toral. 

TORBERT, Alfred Thomas Archimedes, sol- 
dier, b. in Georgetown, Del., 1 Julv. 1833; d. at 
sea. 30 Sept., 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1855, assigned to the 5th in- 
fantry,' served on frontier duty during the next 
five years in Tex- 
as and Florida, 
on the Utah ex- 
pedition, and in 
New Mexico, be- 
ing promoted 1st 
lieutenant, 25 
Feb., 1861. In 
April, 1861, he 
was sent to mus- 
ter in New Jer- 
sey volunteers, 
and was made 
colonel, on 16 
Sept., of the 1st 
New Jersey regi- 
ment. On 25 
Sept., 1861, he 
was promoted to 
captain in the 
£>tn U. S. infantry. Col. Torbert served through 
the peninsula campaign, was given a brigade in 
the 6th corps on 28 Aug., 1862, and fought in the 
battle of Manassas on the two following days. 
He also took part in the Maryland campaign, 
and was wounded at the battle of Crampton's 
Gap, 14 Sept., where he made a brilliant bayonet 
charge. He was commissioned brigadier-general 
of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and was at Gettys- 
burg. He fought his last battle in the infantry 
at Kappahannock station, 7 Nov., 1863, and in 
April, 1864, was placed in command of the 1st 
division of cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, 
participating in the skirmishes at Milford station 
and North Anna river. He commanded at Hano- 
vertown, and then participated in the cavalry bat- 
tle at Hawes's shop, 28 May, 1864, for which he 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army. He 
also repelled the enemy at Matadequin creek. 30 
May, and drove them close to Cold Harbor. He 
took that place on the 31st with cavalry alone, 
after a severe fight, before the arrival of the infant- 
ry, and held it the next day against repeated as- 
saults. He was now ordered by Gen. Sheridan, with 
another division, to make a raid to Charlottesville, 
had the advance, and commanded at Trevillian 
station on 11 June. On 8 Aug., 1864, Gen. Torbert 
was made chief of cavalry of the middle military 
division, and given command of three divisions 
when Gen. Sheridan took command of the Army 
of the Shenandoah. When Sheridan was closely 
pressed at Winchester, Torbert was specially active 
with the cavalry and aided in putting the enemy 
to flight, for which he was brevetted colonel on 19 
Sept., 1864. He had been brevetted major-general 
of volunteers on the previous 9 Sept. Returning 



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TORIBIO 



through the valley, he halted after several actions 
at the command of Gen. Sheridan, and fought the 
cavalry battle at Tom's river on 9 Oct., completely 
routing Gen. Thomas L. Rosser's command, and 
pursuing it many miles. On 10 Oct., at Cedar 
Creek, Gen. Torbert assisted the 0th corps in hold- 
ing the pike to Winchester against desperate as- 
saults. He commanded at Liberty Mills and Gor- 
donsville on 22-23 Dec., 1864, when his active ser- 
vice ended. After his return from a leave of ab- 
sence on 27 Feb., 1865, he was in command of the 
Army of the Shenandoah, 22 April till 12 July, 
1865, of the district of Winchester till 1 Sept., and 
of southeastern Virginia till 31 Dec. On 18 March, 

1865, he was b revetted brigadier -general, U. S. 
army, for Cedar Creek, and major-general for gal- 
lant and meritorious services during the war. He 
was mustered out of the volunteer service, 15 Jan., 

1866, and resigned from the regular army, 31 Oct, 
1866. He was appointed in 1869 minister to San 
Salvador, transferred as consul-general to Havana 
two years later, and filled the same post at Paris 
from 1873 till his resignation in 1878. He lost his 
life, while on his way to Mexico as president of a 
mining company, on the steamer "Vera Cruz," 
which foundered, off the coast of Florida. 

TORIBIO, Saint, or MONGROYEJO, Tori- 
bio Alfonso, Spanish -American archbishop, b. 
in Mayorga, Spain, 6 Nov., 1538 ; d. in Sana, Peru, 
23 March, 1606. After finishing his studies in 
Valladolid, he led a life of the severest asceticism, 
until he was summoned to a professorship in the 
College of San Salvador in 1575. He became a 
favorite with Philip II., and, after occupying many 
important offices, was made chief magistrate of 
Granada. In 1580 the Spanish monarch nominated 
him to the vacant see of Lima, although he was 
at the time a layman. At first he refused, but it 
was believed that Toribio was needed in America 
to bring about a reformation in the lives of the 
Spanish colonists, whose profligacy was making the 
conversion of the natives almost impossible. He 
received, therefore, all the holy orders requisite 
for a priest on four successive Sundays, was af- 
terward consecrated bishop, sailed for Peru, by 
way of Panama, entered Lima on 24 May, 1581, 
ana soon afterward made a formal visitation of 
his immense diocese, which extended along the 
coast for nearly 400 miles, and was almost desti- 
tute of means of communication. He proclaimed 
himself the protector of the natives, and resumed 
the contest with their persecutors, from which 
Las Casas had retired in despair. In 1583 he 
held a provisional council at Lima, in which the 
plans that he suggested for the reformation of 
morals and for the amelioration of the condition of 
the Indians met with violent opposition from sev- 
eral of his suffragan bishops. He had also serious 
difficulties with Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, vice- 
roy of Pent, and his conduct was censured bv 
Philip II. Nevertheless he continued to befriend 
the Indians. His charity was without bounds, and 
not only his money, silver plate, etc., were devoted 
to the relief of the needy, out he was often known 
to take the shirt from his back and bestow it on 
a native. He learned at an advanced age several 
of the Indian idioms, and spoke Quechua, the 
language of the incas, as it has been called. He 
established missions in the most remote and inac- 
cessible places, and founded several churches, semi- 
naries, and institutions for the poor and sick. He 
was on his third diocesan visitation when he learned 
that part of his diocese, several hundred miles from 
Lima, was devastated by the plague. Hurrying 
thither to give the sufferers spiritual and physical 



TORNOS 135 

aid, he over-exerted himself, and fell a victim to 
exhaustion in Sana. His body was taken to Lima, 
he was beatified in 1679 bv Pope Innocent XI., and 
canonized by Benedict XIII. in 1726. His life was 
written by Antonio Leon Pinelo (Madrid, 1653). 

TORICES, Manuel Rodriguez (to-re -thaysX 
Colombian patriot, b. in Cartagena, 24 May, 1788 ; 
d. in Bogota, 5 Oct., 1816. He received his edu- 
cation in the College of Rosario in Bogota, where 
he was graduated in law, but, being fond of scien- 
tific investigations, he did not practise his profes- 
sion, and, retiring to his native city, devoted himself 
to meteorological observations. When the revo- 
lution of 1810 began, the governing junta com- 
missioned him, with Fernandez Madrid, to edit 
the patriotic paper 44 Argos Americano." He was 
elected a member of the municipal council in 1811, 
and in 1812 president of the constituent assembly 
of the state, and, in consequence of the governor s 
resignation, was elected by the assembly, 25 March, 
1812, to the executive, with dictatorial powers. 
When Santa Marta declared in favor of the Span- 
iards, Torices sent state troops, under command of 
the French adventurer Laoatout, to retake the 
city, which was occupied on 6 Jan., 1813 ; but on 
5 March a counter-revolution put the place again in 
the hands of the Spaniards. Torices now marched 
at the head of re-enforcements against Santa 
Marta, but was defeated on 10 and 11 May. Af- 
ter the defeat and capture of Narifio by the Span- 
iards in 1814, the Federal congress of Tunja re- 
solved to confide the national executive to a trium- 
virate, consisting of Restrepo, Rovira, and Tori- 
ces, and in January, 1815, the last-named went to 
Bogota, and was elected to the presidency of the 
triumvirate. He commissioned Bolivar to march 
against Santa Marta ; but, the state government of 
Cartagena refusing to co-operate, the expedition 
was prevented, and Bolivar sailed for Jamaica on 
8 May, the royalists obtaining great advantages 
for want cf combined action by the patriot chiefs. 
In November of that year the triumvirate was su- 
perseded by the election of Dr. Camilo Torres as 
president ; but Torices, as vice-president, remained 
one of his principal advisers, and when, after the 
defeat of Garcia Rovira at Cachiri, and the ap- 
proach of the royalist troops, the evacuation of the 
capital was decided upon, Torices fled with Torres 
And others, was captured at Buenaventura, taken 
to Bogota, and shot by order of Gen. Morillo. 

TORNOS, Alberto de, educator, b. in Carifiena, 
Araffon, Spain, 9 April, 1821 ; d. in New York city, 
22 March, 1887. His father, Andres de Tornos y 
Beltran, was a well-known lawyer. The son became 
a teacher, and, after holding several offices in Spain, 
went to Porto Rico in 1845, where he was appointed 
by royal order director of the seminary of teachers 
of the island^ On 19 May, 1845. he received his 
diploma as a graduate of the normal school at Mad- 
rid, with the title of professor and director of nor- 
mal schools of the kingdom of Spain. As director 
of the Central military academy of Porto Rico he 
was given the title of captain. After occupying 
many posts in Porto Rico, Cuba, and Mexico, he 
came to the United States about 1848. He held 
the office of professor of languages at Spring Hill 
college. Ala., for three years, and a similar post at 
the University of Louisiana, where he remained 
for many years. He wrote for the press on educa- 
tional topics, and did much to promote public in- 
struction. He was professor of Spanish at the New 
York evening high-school about twenty years. He 
published 44 De Tornos'sCombined Spanish Method," 
and of which more than 20,000 copies have been 
sold (New York, 1867), wrote a book of Spanish 

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TORO 



TORRES 



and English correspondence, as well as two novels 
in Spanish, and several text-books for acquiring 
foreign languages. — His son. Manuel Alberto, b. 
in New York city, 2 June, 1862, was educated in 
the public schools, and since 1881 has been secre- 
tary of the Spanish consulate-general in New York 
city. Having rendered important services to the 
Spanish representatives in this country, in 1888 he 
was decorated by the queen regent of Spain with 
the cross of the order of Caballero de la Real orden 
de Isabel la Cat61ica. He has published '* Spanish 
Tariffs, with Extracts from the Custom -House 
Regulations" (New York, 1888). 

TORO, Fermin, Venezuelan statesman, b. in 
Caracas in 1807; d. there in 1865. He received an 
excellent private education, but was never gradu- 
ated. After being employed in his early Years in 
the national treasury, he was promoted collector of 
the island of Margarita, and in 1831 was elected, 
before the legal age, to congress, where he soon be- 
came known as an orator. He was also a member 
of the constituent congress, and was called to the 
cabinet by Gen. Soublette as secretary of state and 
provisionally of the treasury, also representing his 
country as minister in Bogota and Madrid. In 
1845-'6, with Juan M. Cajigal, he edited 41 El Correo 
de Caracas." In 1858 he was one of the intimate ad- 
visers of Gen. Castro, and under Gen. Paez formed 
part of his cabinet He published " Los Mart ires," 
a romance (Caracas, 1834) : " Disertacion sobre la 
ley de 10 de Abril de 1834" (1835); "America y 
Europa" (1836); and many poems published by 
his friend, Manuel Cafiete, under the pen-name of 
Emiro Kastos (Paris, 1847). He left in manuscript 
M La Sibila de los Andes," a novel, and 44 La Heca- 
tonfonia " and " El veinticuatro de Enero," poems. 

TORO ZAMBRANO, Mateo de, president of 
Chili, b. in Santiago in 1724; d. there, 26 Feb., 
1811. During the Spanish reign he occupied sev- 
eral public offices, and contributed to the construc- 
tion of the breakwater in Santiago, and of a bridge 
across Mapocho river. He equipped at his own ex- 
pense a company apainst tne Araucanian revolt, 
the command of which he gave to his son, Jose 
Gregorio. In 1762 he was appointed acting presi- 
dent during the absence of Juan Balmaceda, and. 
when President Manuel A mat went to Peru as 
viceroy in 1768, Toro Zambrano occupied his place 

Erovisionally. Charles III. created him Count de 
i Conquista in 1771, and in 1809 the central junta 
of Seville gave him the rank of brigadier. When 
in 1810 the opposition against President Carrasco 
began, the audiencia, alarmed by the popular dem- 
onstrations, caused the latter to resign, and ap- 
pointed in his stead Toro Zambrano on 16 July. 
But the excitement continued, and on 18 Sept. 
Toro convoked a meeting of the authorities and 
citizens, before whom he re-signed the presidency, 
and was elected again president of the new popular 
junta, of which Juan Martinez Rozas was the chief 
spirit, Toro Zambrano's aj;e and feeble character 
prevented him from taking an active part in the 
government, and he died before the complete sepa- 
ration of the country from Spain. 

TOR4J1/EMADA, Juan de (tor-kay-mah -dah), 
Spanish historian, b. in Valladolid about 1550; d. 
in Mexico about 1625. He went to Mexico in his 
youth as an officer, but assumed there the habit of 
St Francis, and, besides studying theology, took 
a course in the Aztec language, history, and an- 
tiquities under the direction of the Indian cacique, 
Antonio Yaleriano. who whs one of the teachers at 
the College of Santiago de Tlaltelolco. He became 
a professor in Tlaltelolco. and finally superior of , 
the college, meanwhile continuing assiduously his 



studies in ancient history, and after twenty years 
of labor published his great historical work. In 
1614 he was elected provincial of his order at the 
general chapter in Xochimilco, and during his ad- 
ministration he constructed one of the great cause- 
ways that leads to the city of Mexico, wnich is now 
called San Cristobal. Besides some ecclesiastical 
biographies, he wrote 44 Monarquia Indiana, com- 
puesta de 22 Libros" (3 vols., Seville. 1615; Mad- 
rid, 1723), which, notwithstanding his ecclesiasti- 
cal prejudices, is considered fairly impartial and 
truthful, although it has been greatly improved by 
Carlos de Sigtienza's " Anotaciones. 

TORRANCE, Frederick William, Canadian 
jurist, b. in Montreal in July, 1823. He was the 
son of a Scotch merchant of Montreal, and was 
educated at Paris and at Edinburgh university, 
where he received the degree of M. A. in 1844. On 
his return to Canada he studied law, was called to 
the bar in 1848, became professor of Roman law 
in McGill university in 1854, and was appointed 
puisne judge of the superior court in 1868. He 
aided in establishing the *• Lower Canada Jurist," 
and managed it several years. McGill university 
gave him the degree of B. C. L. in 1856, and since 
1870 he has been one of its governors. 

TORRE, Jos6 Maria de la (tor -ray), Cuban 
archwologist, b. in Havana in 1815; d. there in 
1873. He studied law in his native city, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1841, but he never practised 
as a lawyer, devoting himself instead to teaching. 
He published a remarkable map showing the dis- 
tricts into which the island was divided before its 
discovery by Columbus, accompanied by learned 
researches and notes on the history of Cuba, and 
made numerous contributions to the geography, 
history, and archaeology of the island. In 1848 he 
was commissioned to travel in the United States 
and Europe to study improvements in agriculture 
and the industrial arts, and to introduce them 
into Cuba. The results of this journey were very 
useful. He was a member of the Royal academv 
of history of Madrid, and other scientific and anti- 
quarian societies. His works are 44 Mana an- 
tiguo de Cuba" (Havana, 1837); "Gran Cuadro 
Sinoptieo de la Monarquia Espafiola " (1845); 44 Lo 
que iuimos v lo que somos," a history of Havana 
(1857); "Ef Robinson Cubano " (1860); and nu- 
merous text-books for schools. 

TORRE, Toman de la, Spanish missionary, b. 
in Salamanca about 1510; d. in Chiapa, Mexico, in 
1567. He studied at the Dominican college of San 
Esteban, in Salamanca, and when twenty years of 
age entered the order and was attached to the mis- 
sions of Santo Domingo, lie became there one of 
the most trusted assistants of Bishop Burtolome 
de Las Casas in his exertions in behalf of the con- 
quered Indians, and incurred the hostility of the 
Spanish authorities by his fearless denunciation of 
their cruelties. Las Casas therefore ordered him 
to Guatemala in 1544. and he travelled for three 
years through the country preaching the gospel, 
lie became in 1547 viear of Cinacautlau, prior of 
the convent of Guatemala in 1550, and provincial 
of the order in 1553. He founded the convents of 
Chiapa and Copanahaxt la ami schools for the In- 
dians, and built churches and colleges. He left a 
valuable manuscript, "Ilistoria de los principios 
de la Provincia de Chiapa y Guatemala, del orden 
de Santo Domingo," which was used by Father 
Antonio de Remesal in his 44 Ilistoria de las Pro- 
vineias de Chiapa v Guatemala" (Madrid. 1019). 
1 TORRES. Camilo (tor -rays). Colombian states- 
, man, b. in Popavan, 22 Nov., 1766; d. in Bogota, 
( 5 Oct., 1816. lie received his education in his 



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TORRE-TAGLE 137 



Dative city, where he studied Latin, Greek, and 
philosophy, and was graduated in law. He served 
on several commissions for his government, and 
was considered at that time the first jurist of New 
Granada. On 20 July, 1810, he joined the patriot 
cause. The congress of Leiva nominated him, 4 
Oct, 1812, president of the federation, but Anto- 
nio Narifio did not acknowledge the authority of 
congress, and refused to enter the confederacy. In 

1814, during the triumvirate, he was president of 
congress, and as such assisted Bolivar to subdue 
the. unitarian government of Bogota and to prepare 
an expedition against Santa Marta and Venezuela. 
After the landing of Gen. Pablo Morillo in July, 

1815, congress elected Torres supreme chief of the 
nation on 15 Nov., but, on the approach of Morillo 
and Calzada, he saw the hopelessness of resistance, 
and resigning, 14 March, 1816, fled to the south. 
He was captured by the Spaniards in Buenaventura, 
whence he was expecting to sail for Buenos Ayres, 
transported to Bogota, and, with three other lead- 
ers, shot by order of Morillo. 

TORRES, Diego de, Spanish missionary, b. in 
Spain in 1551 ; d. in La Plata, South America, in 
1638. He was a Spanish nobleman who became a 
Jesuit in Valladolid in 1571, and spent most of his 
life in Peru, where he governed several colleges 
and convents. He was also the founder of the mis- 
sions of Paraguay. Torres was sent to Rome as 
procurator of his province in 1602, and availed 
Himself of this circumstance to publish his work 
entitled 44 Relatione Breve del P. Diego de Torres 
della Compagnia di Giesu, procurator della Pro- 
vincia del Peru circa il frutto che si raccoglie con 
gli Indiani di quel Regno" (Rome, 1603; Spanish 
translation, 1603 ; Latin, 1604 ; French, Paris, 1604; 
Polish, Dantzic, 1603). 

TORRES CAICEDO, Jos6 Maria, South Amer- 
ican publicist, b. in Bogota, New Granada, 30 
March, 1830. He began, when seventeen years 
old, to compose verses and to write for newspa- 
pers, and was afterward managing editor of 44 El 
Progreso " and 44 El Dia " in opposition to the gov- 
ernment, which retaliated by inciting a riot, in the 
course of which his printing-office was broken 
open and the type destroyed. Later he was elected 
to the Colombian congress, was afterward secretary 
of legation at London and Paris, intendant for the 
states of Bolivar and Magdalena, secretary of an 
embassy to Washington, and Venezuelan consul- 
general and charge d'affaires in France and the 
Netherlands, but he retired in 1864 to devote him- 
self exclusively to literature, and has since lived 
in Paris. In" January, 1872, he became eharg£ 
d'affaires of the republic of San Salvador in France 
and Belgium. Torres Caicedo was elected on 4 
May, 1872, a corresponding member of the Paris 
academy of moral and political sciences. He has 
been for years a contributor to European journals, 
and has published " Religion, Patria y Amor," a 
collection of poems (Paris, 1862) ; *• Ensayos Bio- 
graficos y de Critica Literaria" (2 volsl, 1863); 
** Union Latino-Americana" (1864); 44 Mis Ideas y 
mis Principios" (3 vols., 1865); and •* Les prin- 
cipes de 1789 en Amerique" (1869). 

TORRES Rl BIO, Diego de, South American 
educator, b. in Valencia, Spain, in 1547; d. in 
Chuquisaca, Bolivia, 13 April, 1638. He entered 
the Society of Jesus, and went to Peru in 1579. 
He devoted himself almost entirely to the study 
of the native dialects, which he taught in Chuqui- 
saca for thirty years. He published 44 Grammatica 
et Vocabulanum linguarum Avraane, et (juichua?, 

auarum est usus in Peruvio" (rtome, 1603); 44 Arte 
e la lengua Aymara," which is very rare and 



commands a high price (Lima, 1616); and 44 Arte 
de la lengua Quechua" (1619). 

TORRES Y AYALA, Laureano, Marquis of 
Casa-Torres, Spanish soldier, b. in Havana, Cuba, 
in 1645 ; d. in Spain in 1722. He went as a boy to 
Spain, where he entered the army, and in 1693 was 
appointed governor of Florida. After a few years 
he returned to Spain, and from 1704 till 1707 took 
part in the first war of the succession. In the last- 
named year he was appointed governor-general of 
the island of Cuba. He filled this office until 1711, 
when he was suspended during an investigation of 
his acts that was ordered by the Madrid govern- 
ment; but he was appointed again to the same post 
in 1713, his administration lasting till 1716. Un- 
der his rule the tobacco industry was developed 
greatly, and the plant began to be cultivated ex- 
tensively in the district that is known as 44 Vuelta 
Abajo." He founded the city of Santiago del 
Bejucal, and established a foundling-hospital at 
Havana, and other charitable institutions. 

TORRES Y RUEDA, Marcos de, viceroy of 
Mexico, b. in Almanza, Spain, in 1591 ; d. in Mexi- 
co, 22 April, 1649. He was graduated at the 
University of Alcala, and, after obtaining holy or- 
ders, was professor of theology in Osma and Val- 
ladolid. Later he became canon of the cathedral 
of Burgos and rector of the College of San Nicolas 
in the same city, when in 1644 he was presented 
by Philip IV. to the bishopric of Yucatan, and 
confirmed in the same year by Pope Innocent X. 
He was consecrated by the bishop of Puebla, and 
in November, 1646, arrived in Campeche, taking 
possession of his see in Merida in the next month. 
He was scrupulous 
in his visitations 
of his diocese, es- 
pecially in the in- 
vestigation of the 
irregularities of 
the clergy, who in 
consequence clam- 
ored against him 
at court. There- 
fore, in 1647, on 
the promotion of 
the Count of Sal- 
vatierra to the vice- 
royalty of Peru, 
he received orders 
to take charge of 
the vice royalty of 
Mexico, with the 
title of governor 
and president of 
the royal audien- 
cia. He left Merida in December of that year, and, 
the outgoing viceroy being detained for some time, 
he took charge of the government, 13 May, 1648. 
He finished the cathedral of Puebla, sent re-en- 
forcements to Porto Rico, and recommended the 
erection of a university in Guatemala ; but his ad- 
ministration was chiefly noteworthy for the 44 auto 
da f6" that was celebrated by his orders, 11 April, 
1649. It was one of the largest that was ever cele- 
brated by the Inquisition of Mexico, 13 persons be- 
ing burned and 107 flogged and otherwise punished ; 
but the governor had already been stricken with 
the sickness of which he died a few days afterward. 

TORRE-TAGLE, Jose Bernardo, Marquis de, 
president of Peru, b. in Lima, 21 March, 1779; d. 
in Callao in 1825. He belonged to one of the best 
families of Spain, attained the rank of colonel of 
the army, and, bein£ elected deputy to the cortes, 
was sent to Spain in 1813 with special recommen- 




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TORREY 



TORREY 



d at ion for his good services. Being promoted 
brigadier, he was appointed inspector of the army 
of Peru and intendant of the department of Trujif- 
lo. When Gen. San Martin landed in Peru, Torre- 
Tagle was the first Peruvian officer to hoist the 
national flag in the north, and on 24 Dec., 1820, 
proclaimed independence in Trujillo. On 26 July, 

1822, he was appointed provisional president by 
San Martin when the latter went to meet Bolivar 
in Guayaquil. After the departure of San Martin 
for Chili, on 20 Sept., Torre-Tagle was elected mem- 
ber of the triumvirate under La Mar. In January, 

1823, congress appointed him president ; but a mili- 
tary mutiny deposed him and proclaimed Riva 
AgQero on 28 Feb. After the deposition of the 
latter and his retreat to Trujillo, Torre-Tagle was 
appointed president by Sucre on 20 July, and 
elected by congress on 16 Aug., and Bolivar, who 
on his arrival, 1 Sept., had been proclaimed dicta- 
tor, left him in charge of the government. When 
the garrison of Callao revolted, 5 Feb., 1824, for 
arrears of pay, and, Torre-Tagle failing to provide 
the necessary means, pronounced for Spain, Boli- 
var sent Gen. Necochea to arrest him, and congress 
deposed him on 10 Feb. Fearing to be shot by 
order of a court-martial, he fled to Callao, where 
the rebels kept him a prisoner, and on the reoccu- 
pation of Lima by the Spaniards, he was offered 
the place as governor of the capital, but declined, 
preferring to remain a prisoner of war. After the 
beginning of the siege of Callao. he tried several 
times to be admitted on board the blockading 
Chilian fleet, but Admiral Blanco Encalada refused 
to receive him except as a prisoner, and he perished 
with his whole family by the disease tnat was 
caused by the famine due to the protracted siege. 
Although he was not a traitor to his country, as 
charged by his enemies, he caused great misfor- 
tunes bv h"is want of energy and vacillating policv. 

TORREY, Bradford, essayist, b. in Weymouth. 
Mass., 9 Oct.. 1843. He was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of his native town, taught for two years, 
md subsequently en raged in business in Boston. 
.Since 1X86 he has been an assistant editor of the 
" Youth's Companion," and a frequent contributor 
-o periodicals. Mr. Torrey has devoted much time 
to the study of birds, their habits, peculiarities, and 
domestic traits. He has written numerous papers 
on this subject, and published ** Birds in the Bush " 
(Boston. 1hs.>). 

TORREY, Charles Tnrner, reformer, b. in 
Scituate. Mass., in 1813; d. in Baltimore, Md., 9 
May, 1K4G. His arnvstor. James, was an early set- 
tler of Scituate. (See Torrkv. William.) Charles 
was graduated at Yale in 1830, studied theology, 
and occupied Congregational pastorates in Prince- 
ton, N. J., and Salem. Mass., but soon relinquished 
his professional duties to devote himself to anti- 
slavery labors in Maryland. In 1843 he attended a 
slaveholders' convention in Baltimore, reported its 
proceedings, and was arretted and put in jail. In 
1*44. having l*n»n detected in his attempt to aid in 
the escape of several slaves, he was tried, convicted, 
and sentenced to a long imprisonment in the state 
penitentiary, where he died of consumption that 
was brought on by ill usage. His UhIv was taken 
to Boston, and hi« funeral attended from Tremont 
temple bv an immense concourse of people. The 
story of nis suffering and death excite! eager in- 
tttvst both in this countrv and in Kun»|>e. ami 
•'Tt»rrey's blood eri»»th out v ' became a watch-word 
of the Abolition partv. giving new irn|»etus to the 
anti-tlaverv oau«**. He published a "Memoir of 
William It Saxton" (Boston. 1SHH>. and "Home, 
or the Pilgrim's Faith Revived," a volume of 



sketches of life in Massachusetts, which he pre- 
pared in prison (1846). See *• Memoir of the Martyr 
Torre v " (1847). 

TORREY, John, botanist, b. in New York city, 
15 Aug., 1796; d. there, 10 March, 1873. His father, 
Capt William Torrey, served during the Revo- 
lutionary war. The son received his early edu- 
cation in public schools in New York city. In his 
youth he showed a fondness for mechanics, and at 
one time determined to become a machinist, but, 
coming under the influence of Amos Eaton, he was 

: taught the structure of flowers with the rudiments 
of botany, and a knowledge of mineralogy and 

I chemistry. In 1815 he began the study of medi- 
cine with' Dr. Wright Post, and was graduated at 
the College of physicians and surgeons. He opened 
an office in New York city, and engaged in the 
practice of medicine, at the same time devoting 
his leisure to botany and other scientific pursuits. 
The medical profession was not congenial to him, 
and on 5 Aug., 1824, he entered the U. S. army as 
assistant surgeon, serving at the U. S. military 
academy as acting professor of chemistry, mineral- 
ogv, anil geology until his resignation, 31 Aug., 
18*28. In 1827 he was chosen professor of chemis- 
try and botany in the College of physicians and 
surgeons in New York city, and he continued in 
that place untiPl855, when he was made professor 
emeritus. He was also professor of chemistry at 
Princeton in 1830- '54, and of chemistry, mineral- 
ogy, and botanv at the University of the citv of 
New York in 1832-*3. In 1853, on the establish- 
ment of the U. S. assay-office in New York city. 
Dr. Torrey was appointed assayer, which office he 
continued to fill until his death. He was frequent- 
ly consulted by the treasury department on mat- 
ters pertaining to the coinage and currency, and 
was sent on sj>ecial missions at various times to 
visit the different mints. In 1856 he was chosen a 
trustee of Columbia, and in 1860. having presented 
the college with his herbarium, numbering about 
50,000 sj»ecimens, he was made emeritus professor 
of chemistry and 
botany. On the con- 
solidation of the 
College of physi- 
cians and surgeons 
with Columbia in 
1860, he was chosen 
one of its trustees, 
and his emeritus 
professorships con- 
tinued. His ad- 
vice was frequently 
sought on scientific 
subjects by various 
corruptions. Dr. 
Torrey 's earliest 
publications in the 
" American Journal 
of Science " treat of 
mineralogy. In 1817 
he lx*came one of 
the founders of the 
New York lvceum 
of natural history (now the New York academy of 
science), and one of his first contributions to this 
bodv is a •* Catalogue of Plants growing s|M»ntane- 
ously within Thirty Mile* of the City of New York " 
(Albany. 1819). Its publication gained for him the 
recognition of foreign and native botanists. He 
undertook in 1820 the examination of the plants 
that had been collected around the head-waters 
of the Mississippi by Prof. David B. Douglass, 
and during the same year the collections made 




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139 



by Dr. Edwin James, while with the expedition 
that was sent out to the Rocky mountains under 
Maj. Stephen H. Lon^, were "submitted to him. 
His report was the earliest treatise of its kind in 
this country that was arranged on the natural sys- 
tem. Dr. Torrey, in the mean time, had planned 
"A Flora of the Northern and Middle United 
States, or a Systematic Arrangement and Descrip- 
tion of all the Plants heretofore discovered in 
the United States North of Virginia,'* and in 1824 
began its publication in parts, but it was soon 
suspended owing to the general adoption of the 
natural system of Jussieu in place of that of Lin- 
naeus. In 1836, on the organization of the geologi- 
cal survey of New York, he was appointed bota- 
nist, and required to prepare a flora of the state. 
His report, consisting of two quarto volumes, was 
issued in 1843, and no other state in the Union has 
yet produced a flora to compare with it He be- 
gan in 1838, with Asa Gray, - The Flora of North 
America," which was issued in nu mbers irregu- 
larly until 1843, when they had completed the 
44 Composite," but new botanical material accumu- 
lated at such a rapid rate that it was deemed best 
to discontinue it. Subsequently Dr. Torrey pub- 
lished reports on the plants that were collected by 
John C. Fremont in the expedition to the Rocky 
mountains (1845); those gathered by Maj. William 
H. Emory on the reconnoissance from Fort Leaven- 
worth, Mo., to San Diego, Cal. (1848); the speci- 
mens secured by Capt. Howard Stansbury on his 
expedition to the Great Salt Lake of Utah (1852) ; 
the plants collected by John C. Fremont in Cali- 
fornia (1853); those brought back from the Red 
river of Louisiana by Capt. Randolph B. Marcy 
(1853) ; and the botany of Capt. Lorenzo Sitgreaves s 
expedition to the Zuni and Colorado rivers (1854); 
also memoirs on the botany of the various ex- 
peditions for the purpose of determining the most 
practicable route for a Pacific railroad (1855-'60). 
He also reported on the Botany of the Mexican 
Boundary Survey" (1859), that of the expedition 
upon the* Colorado river of the West under Lieut. 
Joseph C. Ives (1861), and, in association with Asa 
Gray, the botanical collections of the Wilkes ex- 
ploring expedition. The last was in his hands at 
the time of his death, its publication having been 
delayed by the civil war. The Torreya taxifolia, 
an ornamental shade-tree in the southern states, 
was named in his honor, and the Torreya Califor- 
nia of California, the Torreya nucifera of Japan, 
and the Torreya grandis of northern China, bear 
his name. The association of botanists that origi- 
nally met at his residence were chartered as trie 
Torrey botanical club, and he was its first presi- 
dent Besides being the last surviving charter- 
member of the Lyceum of natural history, he held 
its vice- presidency for several years, and was presi- 
dent in 1824-'6 and 1838, holding the same office 
in the American association for the advancement 
of science in 1855, and he was one of the original 
members of the National academy of science, being 
named as such by act of congress in 1863. The 
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Yale in 
18*23, and that of LL D. by Amherst in 1845. His 
bibliography is extensive, including contributions 
on botanical subjects to scientific periodicals and 
to the transactions of the societies of which he 
was a member. A sketch of his life by his pupil 
and life-long associate, Asa Gray, was contributed 
to the "Biographical Memoirs of the National 
academy of sciences (Washington, 1877). 

TORfcEY, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Rowley, 
Mass., 2 Feb., 1797 ; d. in Burlington, Vt, 26 Nov., 
1867. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1816, 



and at Andover theological seminary in 1810, and 
was pastor of a Congregational church in Royal- 
ton, Vt, in 1824-'7. He was professor of Greek and 
Latin in the University of Vermont in 1827- ? 42, of 
intellectual and moral philosophy in 1842-'67, and 
its president in 1862-'o. (See illustration below.) 
Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1850. He 
is the author of a posthumous volume of lectures 
entitled A Theory of Fine Art " (New York, 1874) ; 
edited " Remains of President James Marsh " (1848) 
and "Select Sermons of President Worthington 




Smith " (1861), to both of which he prefixed me- 
moirs ; and translated Neander's u General History 
of the Christian Religion and Church," which may 
be considered the principal work of his life (5 vols., 
Boston, 1854). — His daughter, Mary Cutler, au- 
thor, b. in Burlington, Vt., 28 May, 18131, was edu- 
cated in private schools and by her father. She is 
the author of " America," a dramatic poem (New 
York, 1863), and has edited Joseph Torrey's "The- 
ory of Fine Art" and his revised edition of Nean- 
der's "Church History" (Boston, 1872), herself 
preparing the index volume (1881). 

TORREY, Joseph William, rajah of Amboy 
and Mavoodu, Borneo, b. in Bath, Me., 22 April, 
1828; d. near Boston, Mass., in March, 1884. He 
was educated in Roxbury, became a reporter on the 
Boston " Times," and was subsequently connected 
with Benjamin P. Shillaber in the publication of 
the " Carpet-Bag." He became a clerk in a com- 
mercial house in Melbourne, Australia, in 1853, 
and went to Hong Kong in 1857, where he was a 
partner in the firm of Montgomery, Parker and 
Co., and editor and manager of the " Hong Kong 
Times" and the "China Mail." He was subse- 
quently appointed vice-consul in Siam, and prac- 
tised law with success in that country. He founded 
the American trading company of Borneo in 1864. 
At that time the whole of Borneo was under the 
absolute sway of the sultan, but the Trading com- 
pany settled upon about 20,000 square miles in the 
provinces of Amboy and Mavoodu. In J865, the 
sultan's power being threatened by the encroach- 
ment of foreign nations, he made an ally of the 
company by recognizing Mr. Torrey as rajah or 
governor of all the territory that it occupied, the 
company paying him a small yearly tribute. As 
chief executive of the provinces, Torrey exercised 
the rights of an absolute sovereign, with power of 
retaining his office for life and of naming his suc- 
cessor. He occupied that post for fourteen years, 
and then became secretary to the U. S. legation in 
Siam. He returned to this country in 1883, and a 
few weeks before his death was appointed by the 
king of Siam his chief adviser, but died before de- 
ciding whether to accept or decline that office. 

TORREY, William, colonist b. in Combe, St 
Nicholas, Somersetshire, England, in 1590; d. in 
Weymouth, Mass.. about 1675. He was descended 
from an eminent English family, and carefully 
educated. He emigrated to this country in 1632 



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TORRUBIA 



TOTTEN 



with his brother James, who settled in Scituate, 
William went to Weymouth, took an active part in 
the affairs of the colony, became a magistrate, and 
captain of the train-band, which at that time was 
the highest local military office, and for many 
years represented the town in the general court, 
where, owing to his accomplishments as a penman, 
he was always either clerk or secretary. He was 
also a member of all the town educational and 
literary committees, and in the latter capacity was 
appointed to examine and report on John Eliot's 
Indian Bible. He is the author of a work on the 
millennium entitled "A Discourse Concerning 
Futurities," which was published, with a biographi- 
cal notice of him, by Thomas Prince (1757).— His 
son, Samuel, clergyman, b. in England in 1631 ; 
d. in Weymouth, Mass., 10 April, 1707, was edu- 
cated at Harvard, but left before taking his degree, 
studied theology, and in 1656 became pastor or the 
church at Weymouth, which post he held for fifty- 
one years. He preached the election sermon in 
1674, 1683, and 1689, and was a "person of such 
deep and extensive views that the governor and 
council would send for him to come fifteen miles 
to aid them with his advice and wise observations." 
He declined the presidency of Harvard in 1686, 
but for many years was a fellow of the corporation. 

TORRUIUA, J o»6, Spanish naturalist, b. in 
Granada, Spain, late in the 17th century; d. in 
Rome, Italy, in 1768. He entered the order of the 
Barefooted Franciscans, in the convent of St. 
Peter of Alcantara, in Granada, went as mission- 
ary to the Philippine islands, and was secretary to 
the commissary-general of the religious orders in 
Mexico. When this official attempted to reform 
some of these orders, thev rose against him, and 
after his death in 1748 '1'orrubia was imprisoned 
for four months, when he was releasea by the 
syndic-general of the Franciscans, who sent him 
to Cadiz. He went to Rome, was appointed presi- 
dent of the Franciscan chapter of the province of 
Mexico, and filled several other posts of responsi- 
bility in his order. He travelled through various 
Asiatic countries, and spent some time in every 
Spanish province in South America. He knew 
several Indian languages, while his acquaintance 
with those of Asia and Europe acquired for him a 
great reputation, both in Italy and Spain, and 
scientists of note visited him in his cell. He pub- 
lished many works, of which the most important are 

Disertacion hist/)rica geografica sobre la America 
del Sur" (Madrid, 1742); " Descripcion poetica de 
la planta Gia que se halla en los campos de la 
Haoana" (1744); and "Aparato para la historia 
natural de la Nueva Espafta" (1754). 

TOTEPEHU (to-tay-pay-hoo), fourth king of 
Tollan, Mexico; d. in 927. He was the son of 
Huetzin, whom he succeeded on the throne in 
875, and under his reign arts and agriculture flour- 
ished in Tula or Tollan, which was the cradle of 
culture for the plateau of Mexico. Thence, after 
the destruction of the Toltec kingdom, civilization 
spread on its southward march to Tehuantepec, 
Central America, and probably Yucatan. Tote- 
pehu was succeeded by his son, Nacaxoc. 

TOTIRI, Stephen (to-tee' -ree), Indian convert, 
lived in the first half of the 17th century. He re- 
sided in the town of St. Joseph, where he was re- 
garded as a saint. When missionaries came to his 
village in 1641 he offered his cabin for a chapel, ; 
and, after their departure, instructed the catecnu- ' 
mens in Christian doctrine. In 1643 he accom- [ 
panied Father Jogues. and was captured with him I 
by the Iroquois, but he eluded their vigilance and 
escaped to his own country, where he preached the | 



gospel in every direction. The French mission- 
aries, having been forced to discontinue their work 
among the Attiwandaronks, a tribe known as the 
" neutral nation," in 1644, Totiri went thither. He 
explained the Christian doctrine by means of sym- 
bols, and the curiosity that he excited resulted in 
his making many converts. He returned to his 
tribe in 1646. On one occasion, after vainly trying 
to save an Iroquois prisoner that was about to be 
put to death, he instructed him in the Christian 
faith, and, although threatened with death by his 
kinsmen, baptized the Iroquois before he was sent 
to the stake, A number of his tribe remained 
heathens, and he several times nearly lost his life. 
But his calmness and courage eventually prevailed, 
and the village gradually submitted to nis control. 

TOTOaUIYAUHTZIN(to-to-ke-yah-oo-tseen'), 
king of Ilacopan, or Tacuba, Mexico, d. in 1469. 
He was a grandson of Tetzotzomoc, king of Azca- 
potzalco, by his son Tayatzin, and when the latter, 
who had been aided by Chimalpopoca, king of 
Mexico, was murdered by his brother, Maxtla, 
Tayatzin's orphan son was fostered by Izcohuatl. 
When the latter defeated Maxtla in 1430, and de- 
stroyed the capital and monarchy of Azcapotzalco, 
he erected part of the conquered territory into a 
kingdom, wnich he gave, with the assent ol Netza- 
hualcoyotl, to Totoquiyauhtzin. fThe latter was 
succeeded in 1469 by his son, whom, in memory 
of his father's first protector, he had named 
Chimalpopoca. — His grandson, Totoquiyauhtzin 
II., succeeded his father in 1487, and was in turn 
succeeded in 1503 by his son, the unfortunate 
Tetlepanquetzal. 

TOTTEN, Benjamin J., naval officer, b. in the 
West Indies in 1806; d. in New Bedford, Mass., 
9 May, 1877. He entered the navy as a midship- 
man, 2 March, 1823, became a passed midshipman, 
20 Feb., 1830, was promoted to lieutenant, 29 
March, 1834, and was commissioned a commander, 
14 Sept., 1855. He was in charge of the sloop 
44 Vincennes " in 1858-'60 on the coast of Africa to 
suppress the slave-trade, and the * 4 Brandywine " of 
the North Atlantic squadron, 1862-'3, most of the 
time being stationed at Hampton Roads, Va. He 
was placed on the reserved list in July, 1862. and 
served at the naval rendezvous at New Bedford, 
Mass., during the rest of the war after May. 1863. 
He was retired, 1 Oct., 1864, and promoted to 
commodore on the retired list, 4 Apnl, 1867, after 
which he was governor of the naval asylum at 
Philadelphia for two years. He was the author of 
"Totten's Naval Tex t- Book " (Boston, 1841; re- 
vised eds.. New York, 1802 and 1864). 

TOTTEN, George Muirson, civil engineer, b. 
in New Haven, Conn., 28 May, 1809; d. in New 
York city, 8 June, 1884. He was educated in Capt. 
Alden Partridge's military academy in Middletown, 
Conn., and began work as a civil engineer on the 
Farmington canal in 1827. Subsequently he went 
to Pennsylvania and was there employedupon the 
Juniata canal. In 1831 he was one of the engineers 
of the Delaware and Raritan canal in New Jersey, 
and in 1835 he was engaged in building the rail- 
road from Reading to Port Clinton. For several 
years following he was emploved in building rail- 
roads in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Caro- 
lina. In 1843 he was appointed engineer-in-chief 
of the canal del Dique, which connects Magdalena 
; river with the harbor of Carthagena in Colombia. 
' He was appointed in 1850 engineer-in-chief of the 
! Panama railroad, and spent twenty-five years 
j amoiijr difficulties of every sort in the* completion 
of this arduous task. In 1879 he was associated 
I with Ferdinand de Lesseps on the commission that 



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went to the isthmus to decide on the canal project. 
Later he went to Venezuela, where he was engaged 
in the survey of a railroad, and he afterward be- 
came consulting engineer of the Panama railroad. 

TOTTEN, James, soldier, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 
11 Sept, 1818 ; d. in Sedalia. Mo., 1 Oct., 1871. He 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1841, became 1st lieutenant in 1847, engaged in 
the Florida war against the Seminole Indians in 
1849-'50, and became captain in 1855. He aided 
in quelling the Kansas disturbances in 1857-'8, and 
in expelling intruders from the Indian reserves in 
Kansas and Arkansas in 1860. While in com- 
mand of Little Rock arsenal in February, 1861, he 
was compelled to evacuate that post by a superior 
Confederate force under Gov. Henry M. Rector. 
He served under Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and Gen. 
John C. Fremont in the military operations in 
Missouri as chief of artillery, was engaged at Camp 
Jackson, Booneville, and Wilson's Creek, and in 
June was brevetted major in the U. S. army for 
Camp Jackson, and lieutenant-colonel in August, 

1861, for ''gallant and meritorious service" in all 
these actions. He became major in the 1st Mis- 
souri volunteers, 19 Aug., 1861, lieutenant-colonel 
the next month, and assistant inspector-general, 
with the rank of major, in November. On 12 Feb., 

1862, he became brigadier-general of Missouri 
militia, in command of the central district of the 
state. He then engaged in several actions on the 
frontier and in pursuit of the enemy beyond Bos- 
ton mountains, Ark., became inspector-general of 
the Department of the Missouri in May, 1863, and 
chief of artillerv and chief of ordnance in 1864. 
He was brevettecl colonel, U. S. army, on 13 March, 
1865, " for gallant and meritorious conduct during 
the siege of Mobile, Ala.." and on the same day 
briffadier-general in the U. S. army 44 for gallant 
and meritorious service in the field " during the 
civil war. He was inspector-general of the Mili- 
tary division of the Atlantic from 15 Aug., 1865, 
till' 27 Aug., 1866, and became lieutenant-colonel, 
U. S. array, and assistant inspector-general, 13 June, 
1867. In 1870 he was retired. — His son, Charles 
Adiel Lewis, inventor, b. in New London, Conn., 
3 Feb., 1851, was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1873, was professor of military science 
and tactics in the Massachusetts agricultural col- 
lege at Amherst in 1875-'8, and occupied a similar 
chair in St. Paul's cathedral school, Garden City, 
N. Y., in 1883- 6. He is now 1st lieutenant in the 
4th artillery. He served in the Bannock campaign 
in 1878, and in the Chiricahua campaign in 1881. 
In 1877 he patented an improvement in explosives, 
one in collimating sights, one in signal-shells, and 
several minor inventions. He patented "Strate- 
gos," a war-game, in 1880, a system of weights and 
measures in 1884, and improvements in linear and 
other scales in 1885. Trinity gave him the degree 
qf A. M. in 1885. He has written extensively on 
pyramid explorations, lectured in favor of Prof. 
Piazzi Smyth's pyramid theories, and for several 
years was chairman of the committee on pyramid 
exploration in the International institute for pre- 
serving Anglo-Saxon weights and measures. His 
publications include "Strategos, the American 
War-Game" (2 vols., New York, 1880); "An Im- 
portant Question in Metrology," a pica for the 
Anglo-Saxon against the metric system (1883) ; and, 
under the pen-name of Ten A lcott, 44 Gems, Talis- 
mans, and Guardians, the Facts, Fancies, Legends, 
and Jjore of Nativity " (1887). 

TOTTEN, Joseph Gilbert, soldier, b. in New 
Haven, Conn., 23 Aug., 1788; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 22 April, 1864. He received his earliest 




education under the direction of his maternal uncle, 
Jared Mansfield, by whom he was brought up after 
the death of his mother. After his uncle's occu- 
pation of the chair of mathematics at the U. S. 
military academy the boy received an appointment 
from Connecticut 
as cadet. In 1805 
he was graduated 
and promoted 2d 
lieutenant in the 
corps of engineers. 
Meanwhile Capt. 
Mansfield, having 
been made survey- 
or-general of Ohio 
and the western ter- 
ritories, obtained 
the services of his 
nephew as secretary 
of the first syste- 
matic survey of any 
of the new states of 
the Union. While 
holding this place 
he resigned in 1806 
from the armv, but 
returned to the engineering corps two years later, 
and began his career as a military engineer under 
Col. Jonathan Williams. His first work was on 
the construction of Castle Williams and Fort Clin- 
ton in New York harbor, of which he had special 
supervision in 1808-'12; and in July, 1810, he was 

Eroraoted 1st lieutenant. During the war of 1812 
e served as c hief engineer of the army under Gen. 
Stephen Van Rensselaer on the Niagara frontier, 
and participated in the battle of Queenstown. Sub- 
sequently he was chief engineer of the army under 
Gen. Henry Dearborn in 1813, and of that under 
Gen. Alexander Macomb in 1814. His services 
gained for him promotion to captain, and the 
brevets of major in 1813 and lieutenant-colonel 
for his conduct at Plattsburg in 1814. At the 
close of the war he returned to duties in connec- 
tion with the National coast defences and served 
chiefly at Newport, R. I., where he had charge of 
the construction of Fort Adams until 7 Dec, 1838, 
when, having passed through the grades of major 
in 1818 and lieutenant-colonel in 1828, he was ap- 
pointed colonel and chief engineer of the U. S. 
army. In connection with the labors incidental 
to this office, he was intrusted with the inspector- 
ship and supervision of the U. S. military academy, 
which duties he filled until his death. At the be- 
trinning of the Mexican war he was called by Gen. 
WinfieTd Scott to take charge of the engineering 
operations of the army that was to invade Mexico. 
In this capacity he directed the siege of Vera Cruz, 
for which he was brevetted brigadier-general. He 
then returned to his official duties in Washington, 
and, in addition to his regular work, was a member 
of the light-house board in 1851-'8 and 1860-'4, 
also serving in 1855 as a state commissioner for 
the preservation of the harbor of New York, and 
later in similar capacity in Boston. In 1859-'61 
he made a reconnoissance of the Pacific coast of 
the United States to determine the requisites for 
its defence, and inspecting fortifications. After 
the beginning of the civil war he had charge of 
the engineer bureau in Washington, and acted on 
various military commissions. When the corps 
of engineers and that of topographical engineers 
were consolidated in 1863, he was made brigadier- 
general on 3 March, and for his long, faithful, 
and eminent services was brevetted major-general 
on 21 April, 1864. He was one of the regents of 



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TOTTEN 



TOUCHIMBERT 



the Smithsonian institution from its establishment I 
in 1846 until his death. Gen. Totten was inter- 
ested in natural science and was an authority on 
the conchology of the northern coast of the United 
States, publishing occasional papers in which he 
described hitherto unknown species. The Gemma 
Tottenii and the Succinea Tottenii were so named 
in his honor. He also published papers on miner- 
alogy* The degree of A. M. was conferred on him 
by Brown in 1829, and. in addition to membership 
in other scientific societies, he was named by act of 
congress in 1863 one of the corporate members of 
the National academy of sciences. He published 
papers on scientific subjects, which appeared in 
transactions of societies of which he was a member, 
and various reports on national defences ; and 
translated from the French " Essays on Hydraulic 
and Other Cements " (New York, 1842). See a sketch 
by Gen. John G. Barnard in 44 Biographical Me- 
moirs of the National Academy of Sciences" 
(Washington, 1877). 

TOTTEN, Silas, cle rgyman, b. in Schoharie 
county, N. Y., 26 March, 1804 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 
7 Oct., 1873. He was graduated at Union college in 
1830, and ordained to the ministry of the Protestant 
Episcopal church in Connecticut by Bishop Brown- 
ell in 1833. In the same year he was elected pro- 
fessor of mathematics ana natural philosophy in 
Washington (now Trinity) college, from which 
chair after four years he was elevated to the presi- 
dency. During the eleven years for which he held 
this office (1837-*48) a new building— Brownell hall 
— was erected for the accommodation of the stu- 
dents. The name of the institution was changed, 
at the request of the alumni, to Trinity college, the 
graduates were organ ixed into a house of convoca- 
tion as a constituent part of the academic body, 
additions were made to the scholarship funds, and 
a library fund was established. A chapter of the 
Phi Beta Kappa society was also established in the 
college, of which Dr. Totten was the first president. 
On retiring from the presidency of Trinity college. 
Dr. Totten accepted the professorship of belles- 
lettres in William and Mary college, Va., which 
he resigned in 1859, to become chancellor of the 
University of Iowa. In 1864 he accepted the rec- 
torship of a parish in Decatur, 111., from which 
place ne removed in 1866 to Lexington, Ky., where 
ne occupied himself in teaching for the remainder 
of his life. Dr. Totten received his honorary de- 
gree in divinity from Union college in 1838. and 
that in laws from William and Mary college in 
1860. He was the author of ** New Introduction 
to Algebra" (New York, 1836); "The Analogy of 
Truth " (1848); and a letter about Jubilee Col- 
lege "(1848). 

TOrCEY, IftMC, statesman, b. in Newtown, 
Fairfield co., Conn.. 5 Nov., 1796; d. in Hartford, 
Conn., 30 July, 18C9. He was descended from 
Thomas, first Congregational minister of Newtown. 
He received a private classical education, studied 
law, and was aamitted to the bar in 1818 at Hart- 
ford, where he afterward practised. He was state's 
attorney for Hartford county in 1822- '5, a repre- 
sentative in congress from the first Connecticut 
district in lKi.V'9. and was again state's attorney 
for Hartford county in 1842- '4. He was unsuc- 
cessful as the Democratic candidate for governor 
of Connecticut in 1H45, and in 1846, there being 
no choice by the people, was elected by the legis- 
lature, but he was again defeated in 1847. He 
was ap|Miint«l attorney-general of the United 
States, serving from 21 June. 1848, till 8 March, 
1849, and was also for part of this time acting 
secretary of state. He was a member of the state 



senate in 1850, and of the state house of repre- 
sentatives in 1852, and was elected a U. S. senator 
from Connecticut as a Democrat, serving from 14 
May, 1852, till 3 March, 1857. Mr. Toucey was 
appointed bv President Buchanan secretary of the 
navy, served from 6 March, 1857, till 3 March, 
1861, and afterward returned to Hartford and re- 
sumed the practice of his profession. He was 
charged with favoring the cause of the seceding 
states while secret ary of the navy by deliberately 
sending some of the best vessels of the navy to 
distant seas to prevent their being used against 
the Confederates. This was denied, but he was 
generally thought to sympathize with the south 
and to be opposed to prosecution of the war. 

TOUCH A RD, Lonia Charles (too-shar). naval 
j officer, b. in New Orleans in 1741; d. at sea, 12 
April, 1782. He received his education in Mar- 
tinique, entered the marines in 1755, and took part 
in several campaigns in the Gulf of Mexico. As 
lieutenant he commanded in 1769 a scientific ex- 
pedition to the South sea and determined the geo- 
graphical position of points along the Patagonian 
coast, the Strait of Lemaire, and Tierra del Fuego. 
While attached to the station of Cayenne in 1772 
he conducted hostilities against corsairs, who were 
then numerous in the Atlantic ocean between 
I South America and Africa, and, being promoted 
, commander in 1777. participated in the victory of 
1 Count d'Orvilliers off Ouessant, 27 July, 1778. He 
| was sent afterward with two frigates to the West 
I Indies, joined D'Kstaing's naval force, and assisted 
I in the attack on St. Lucia and St. Vincent and 
, the capture of Granada. As captain he served un- 
\ der De Guichen, and in 1781 under De Vaudreuil. 
I When De Grasse and Vaudreuil left for York- 
| town he remained with the Marquis de Bouille, 
assisted in the capture of St. Eustatius, and rav- 
aged the English colonies of Bahama. When 
chased by a superior force he ^ave battle oft 
\ Havana and escaped capture. Joining De Grasse 
again in 1782, he took command of the " Pluton," 
the sister ship of the " Ville de Paris," the admi- 
' ral's flag-ship, and made strenuous efforts to re- 
! lieve the admiral, when he was surrounded by 
superior forces. When he himself was attacked by 
two English men-of-war, he captured one, but was 
killed in the moment of victory. His vessel re- 

t'oined Vaudreuil's division, and he was buried with 
lonors in Martinique. 

TOUCHIMBERT, Eloi Angel lane Prevost 
Sansae, Marquis de (too-sham bair). West Indian 
magistrate, b. in Basse- Terre, Guadeloupe, 29 Sept,, 
1786: d. at sea, 5 May, 1839. He emigrated with 
his parents to New Orleans, but after the coup d'etat 
of 1799 returned to Guadelouj»c, and during the 
English invasion raised a regiment among his 
slaves, led them to the field, and was severely 
wounded in the attack on Morne Bel- Air, 3 Feb., 
1810. and publicly praised by Capt.-Gen. Ernouf. 
After the surrender of the colony he was appointed 
by Lord Cochrane judge of the supreme court of 
Guadeloupe, and later confirmed by Ixmis XVIII. 
| He was also made a gentleman of the king's pri- 
vate chamber, and president of the grand electoral 
college of the colony. Marquis de Touchimbert — 
who Moneed to one of the most illustrious French 
families, being the lineal descendant of that fa- 
mous Count de Sansae of whom King Francis I. 
said, ** There are only three real gentlemen in 
France, Sansae. Saint-Andre, and I' — was never- 
| theless a Liberal, and always advocated the en- 
| franchisement of the slaves. As a member of the 
, colonial assembly of Guadclou|>e, he alone sup- 
1 ported the motion of the crown for freeing tne 



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negroes for a liberal consideration, and, as a mem- 
ber of the privy council of the governor, he en- 
forced the rights of the slaves. Failing health 
induced him to set out for France, and he died 
when in sight of land. 

TOULMIN, Henry, author, b. in Taunton, Eng- 
land, in 1767; d. in Washington county, Ala., 11 
Nov., 1823. He was the son of the eminent Dr. 
Joshua Toulmin, and was a dissenting minister 
for several years at Chorobert, Lancashire. He 
came to Norfolk, Va., in 1793, and was president 
of Transylvania university in 1794-'6. He was 
secretary of state of Kentucky in 1790-1804, and 
appointed judge of the U. S. district court of Mis- 
sissippi in 1804. During his latter years he re- 
sided in Alabama, assisted in framing the consti- 
tution of that state, and served in the legislature. 
He published "Description of Kentucky ' (1792); 
*' Magistrate's Assistant " ; 44 Collection of the Acts 
of Kentucky" (Frankfort, 1802); " Review of the 
Criminal Law of Kentucky," with James Blair 
(1804) ; and ** Digest of the Laws of the State of 
Alabama " (Cahawba, 1823). 

TOUR, Charles (or Claude) Tnrgis de St 
Etienne, Sieur de la, b. in France ; d. in Nova 
Scotia after 1635. While on his way to the latter 
country in 1629 to join his son, who held command 
of the fort at Cape Sable, he was captured by the 
English and carried as a prisoner to London. He 
married a lady of rank at the English court, and 
was made a baronet of Nova Scotia. He was won 
over to the English government by this honor, and 
promised to put them in possession of the post that 
his son held in Acadia. On this assurance two 
war vessels were given him, and he embarked with 
his wife in 1630. His efforts to persuade his son 
to surrender failed, and an attack on the fortress 
was repelled. He thus found himself in a position 
of great difficulty ; he could not return to either 
England or France, and finally decided, with the 
consent of his wife, to throw himself on the mercy 
of his son. The latter replied that he would cheer- 
fully give him an asylum, but could not permit 
him to enter his forts. With the consent of the 
English commander, he landed with his wife and 
servants. A house was built for him at some dis- 
tance from the fort by his son, who took care of 
his support. The Sieur Denys says, in his " De- 
scription geographique,"that he met I^a Tour and 
his family there about 1635, and that they were 
very comfortably situated. — His son, Charles 
Amador de St. fctienne, b. in France; d. in 
Nova Scotia about 1665, was made commandant of 
Fort St. Louis at Cape Sable, and a part of the 

gminsula was bequeathed to him by Biencourt 
outrincourt. His resistance to the attack of the 
English under his father in 1630 has been dcscril>ed. 
Two ships arrived shortly afterward from France 
to support him. He was made in February, 1631, 
lieutenant-general of Acadia, where his authority 
was limited to Fort St. Louis and Port de la Tour, 
and wrote a letter to his father urging him to re- 
turn to his duty. Some time lie fore this he had 
founded Fort Pentagoet, on Penobscot bay, near 
the present Castine, Me. After the restoration of 
Acadia to France in 1632 he received important 
grants on the St. John's river, where he founded 
settlements in 1635, and in 1038 he was not only 
secured in these possessions, but was made lieuten- 
ant-general on the coast of Acadia from the mid- 
dle of the main-land of the Bay of Fundy to Cum- 
ceaux, as well as what is now known as Nova 
Scotia. Complaints were made of him at>out this 
time to the trench court, which appeal's to have 
suspected his loyalty. On 13 Feb., 1641, Aulnay de 



Charnise\ his bitter enemy, obtained an order to ar- 
rest him and send him to France. But De la Tour, 
who commanded a body of soldiers that were fullv 
equal in numbers and devotion to those of Charnise*, 
refused to surrender. The latter went to France to- 
ward the end of the year, and obtained a new com- 
mission on 22 Feb., 1642, and additional powers. 
Meanwhile, De la Tour invoked the aid of John 
Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, and entered 
Boston harbor in an armed vessel on 12 April, 
1643. After several discussions, some of them on 
religious subjects, he was allowed to raise volun- 
teers, and with these auxiliaries forced Charnise to 
withdraw from Fort St. John and retreat to Port 
Royal, whither he pursued him and inflicted some 
damage on him. A short time afterward La Tour 
went to Quebec, and Charnise besieged and took 
the fort in his absence in April, 1645. (For the 
heroic defence of the fort by his wife, see Char- 
nisk.) La Tour then retired to Newfoundland, and 
in August. 1646, to Quebec In 1648 he went to 
France and described the tyranny of Charnise so 
effectively to the French court that, on the death 
of the latter, he was appointed governor and lieu- 
tenant-general in A each a. The wife and children 
of Charnise were about to oppose his authority 
with arms, but in 1653 an arrangement was made 
between the opposing factions, which was con- 
firmed by the marriage of De la Tour with the 
widow of Charnise, his own wife having died soon 
after the surrender of Fort St. John. He was 
forced to vield this fortress in 1654 to a detach- 
ment of New England troops, commanded bv Rob- 
ert Sedgwick, from want of provisions, tie ob- 
tained from Oliver Cromwell an extensive grant of 
territory in Acadia in favor of himself and two 
Englishmen. But his different enterprises had in- 
volved him in pecuniary embarrassment, and he 
sold out to his co-proprietors. 

TOUR, Le Blond de la, French soldier, b. in 
France; d. in New Orleans, La., about 1725. He 
had some skill in engineering, and went to New 
France as chief of a party, erecting Fort Alibamon 
(or Alibama) in Louisiana in 1713. He surveyed the 
site of New Orleans in 1717, and immediately built 
a fort on piles at Balize (or North-East Pass) to 
guard the entrance. When Bienville was sum- 
moned to France in 1724, La Tour was ordered to 
take command until the return from Illinois of 
Duguc de Boisbriand, the governor ad interim. 

TOURGEE, Albion Winegar (toor-zhav ), au- 
thor, b. in Williamsfield, Ohio, 2 May, 1838. He 
is the son of a farmer of Huguenot descent. After 
studying at Rochester university in 1859-'61, he 
served in the National armv "in 1861-'5, was 
wounded at Bull Run and at rerryville, and was 
a prisoner in the hands of the Confederates for 
four months. After the war he settled as a law- 
yer, farmer, and editor at Greensboro', N. C. He 
opposed the plan of reconstruction that was 
adopted, favoring instead the establishing of ter- 
ritorial governments in the seceding states. At 
the Loyalists' convention in Philadelphia. Pa., in 
1866, he prepared the report on the condition of 
the southern states. He was an active meml)er of 
the North Carolina constitutional conventions of 
1868 and 1875, and was one of the commission 
ap|K)inted to codify and revise the state laws. In 
April, 1868, he was elected judge of the superior 
court for the seventh judicial district of North 
Carolina, his term expiring in 1874; and in Febru- 
ary, 1876, he was appointed pension agent for that 
^♦ate. His judicial district included the counties 
where the Ku-klux clan was most powerful and 
aggressive, and several unsuccessful raids were 



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TOUSSAINT 



planned for his capture. In 1866-'7 he published 
at Greensboro' the 44 Union Register," and in 1882 
he established "The Continent, ' a literary weekly, 
in Philadelphia, which was discontinued in 1885. 
He is well known as a lecturer, and has published 
44 North Carolina Form- Book " (1869) ; 44 Toinette " 
(New York, 1874); 44 The North Carolina Code, 
with Notes and Decisions" (1878) ; 44 A Digest of 
Cited Cases " (1879) ; 44 Statutory Decisions of the 
North Carolina Reports " (1879) ; 44 Figs and This- 
tles" (1879); 44 A Fool's Errand, by one of the 
Fools," of which 135,000 copies were sold (1879) ; 
44 Bricks without Straw " (1880) ; 44 Hot Plowshares " 
(1883); 44 An Appeal to Ctsar" (1884); 44 Black 
Ice" (1887); and "Button's Inn" (Boston, 1887). 

TOURGEE, Eben, musician, b. in Warwick, 
R. I., 1 June, 1834. At seventeen years of age he 
was clerk in a Providence music-store, and at nine- 
teen a music-dealer at Fall River. He also taught 
in the public schools, and edited the 44 Massachu- 
setts Musical Journal." In 1859 he founded a 
musical conservatory at East Greenwich, and in 
1864 he projected a larger institution at Provi- 
dence, which was removed to Boston in 1867, and 
incorporated in 1870. The building that is occu- 
pied by the conservatory has a concert-hall, con- 
taining a large pipe-organ and stage and seats for 
1,500 persons. Besides a library, reading-room, and 
offices, it has rooms for 500 students, and cost, with 
all its appointments, more than $700,000. 

TOt'RO, Judah, philanthropist, b. in Newport, 
R. 1., 16 June, 1775; d. in New Orleans, La., 18 
June, 1854. Leaving Newport in 1798. where his 
father, Isaac Touro, a native of Holland, was min- 
ister of the synagogue, he entered commercial life 
in Boston, and settled as a merchant in New Or- 
leans in 1802. Here he acquired great wealth 
through his thrift and industry. He volunteered 
under Gen. Jackson when the British marched 
against New Orleans, and was wounded in battle 
on 1 Jan., 1815. Being saved by the bravery and 
care of Rezin Davis Shepherd, Touro bequeathed 
to him a large share of his property. He was a 
steady and generous giver to charities, Jewish and 
Christian, and endowed several svnagogues and 
churches throughout the country, tie gave $10,000 
toward Bunker Hill monument. His remains are 
buried in the Newport Jewish cemeterv. 

TOt'SEY, Sinclair, publisher, b. in'New Haven, 
Conn., 18 July, 1818; d. in New York city, 16 June, 
1887. He received the rudiments of a common- 
school education, and was employed on farms and 
as a clerk till 1836, when he came to New York 
and became a newspaper-carrier. He was subse- 
quently an aarent till 1840, and established ind 
published in Louisville, Ky., the 44 Daily Times," 
the first penny paper that was issued west of the 
Alleghany mountains. He engaged in farming in 
New York state in 1840-'53. and in the autumn of 
the latter year became partner in a news agency in 
Nassau street. In May, 1860, Mr. Tousey became 
sole proprietor of the agencv, the business of which 
had increased fmm $150,060 to $1,000,000 per an- 
num. The American news company was organized. 
1 Feb., 1864, and he was elected president, which 
office he held till his death. He joined the Repub- 
lican party at its organization, was an enthusiastic 
Abolitionist, writing and shaking against slavery, 
was at one time a vice-president of the Union 
league club, and took an active interest in philan- 
thropic schemes and organization*. He published I 
44 Papers from over the Water" (New York, 1K69). 1 

TOUSSAINT, Dieadonne Gabriel (too-sang), 1 
Austrian naturalist, b. in Vienna in 1717; d. in 
Schoenbrunn in 1 799. He was the son of a chan- I 



cellor of the French legation, studied in Vienna and 
Prague, and, devoting himself afterward to botany, 
was made in 1759 imperial botanist by the Empress 
Maria Theresa, and shortly afterward appointed 
professor in the University of Prague. After the 
general peace of 1763 he was sent on a scientific 
mission to South America, and from 1764 till 1771 
visited several of the West Indies. By special 
permission of Charles III. of Spain, he also went 
to Mexico and both Upper and Lower California, 
being detained a prisoner for several weeks by 
Indians in the neighborhood of the present city 
of Los Angeles. The valuable collections that he 
formed are preserved in the museum at Vienna. 
Toussaint's works include 44 Sertura Mexicanum " 
(Vienna, 1778); 44 Prodomus flora? Mexicans?, ex- 
hibens characteres plant arum, nova genera et 
species novas vel minus cognitas " (4 vols., 1773-'7) ; 
and 44 Bibliotheca botanica, continens genera plan- 
um m in America Meridionali crescentmm "(1779). 
His name has been given to a Brazilian plant of 
the family Polygals?, 

TOrSSAINT, Dominique Francois, best 
known as Toussaint L'Ouvkrturk, Haytian sol- 
dier, b. in Breda, near Cape Francais," in 1743; 
d. in the castle of Joux, near Pontarlier, France, 
27 April, 1803. He 
was a slave, and his 
master employed 
him as coachman, 
and subsequently 
made him overseer, 
in which office he 
was honest and effi- 
cient, but was se- 
vere toward his 
fellow-slaves. In 
1790, when the mu- 
lattoes appealed to 
the negroes for 
help in enforcing 
their rights, Tous- 
saint refused to 
join them, but for- 
warded supplies se- 
cretly to his friend, 
Jean Biassou, the 
leader of the insur- 
gents. After the 
general massacre 
of the whites in Au- 
gust, 1791, Tous- 
saint protected the flight of his master, and then 
joined the forces of Jean Francois, being appointed 
by the latter chief surgeon of the army. He soon 
became very popular in the negro army, but in- 
curred the enmity of Francois, who imprisoned 
him in the fortress of La Vailiere in 1793; but 
Biassou liberated him. Soon Toussaint turned 
against his benefactor, and supported the candidacy 
of Jean Francois as supreme chief. When news 
came of the execution of Louis XVI., Francois, 
followed by Toussaint, accepted a colonel's com- 
mission in the Spanish-Dominican forces, and went 
to the Spanish part of the island. Re-enforced 
by a Spanish division, Toussaint invaded French 
territory, defeated Brandicourt, and occupied im- 
portant' posts, among them Gonaives. Meanwhile 
the English had taken Port au Prince, and the 
whole island was in confusion, French, English, 
Spaniards, mulattoes, and negroes all contending 
for supremacy. After unsuccessful negotiations 
with tne French agents, fetienne Polverel and 
Felicite Sonthonax, he heard that the French gov- 
ernment had decreed the freedom of the slaves, 




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TOUSSAINT 



TOUSSAINT 



145 



and Gen. Ijaveaux, Polverel's successor, having 
promised him the rank of brigadier he joined the 
French forces. His successes against the Spanish 
and English were immediate and great. "Cet 
homme fait done l'ouverture partout," exclaimed 
Laveaux, and afterward Toussaint was given the 
surname of L'Ouverture. Some authorities say 
that he adopted the title to declare himself the 
liberator of nis people. Laveaux distrusted him. 
and was seeking an opportunity to dismiss him ; 
but in March, 1795, there was an insurrection in 
Cape Francais, and Toussaint, relieving Laveaux, 
was appointed lieutenant-general and deputy gov- 
ernor-general, and caused the negroes to lay down 
their arms. Being confirmed in his offices by the 
Directory through Sonthonax, Laveaux's successor, 
in April, 1790, Toussaint formed and disciplined 
another army, with the purpose of making himself 
master of the province, and entering Cape Francais 
in August, at the head of a strong party of cavalry, 
compelled Sonthonax to leave for France. He 
then assumed the government, acknowledging only 
the authority of the Directory. The latter body, 
aware of the extraordinary influence that he ex- 
ercised over the blacks, feigned to approve his 
acts, but sent a new commissioner, Gen. H6dou- 
ville, to Santo Domingo. Meanwhile the English 
general, Maitland, had received orders from the 
home government to evacuate Santo Domingo, 
and he sought to conciliate Toussaint. It is now 
demonstrated, through the documents published by 
Pamphile Lacroix, that a treaty was concerted be- 
tween Maitland and Toussaint which recognized 
the latter as king of Santo Domingo, England 
pledging also the acceptance of the other powers, 
on condition that an exclusive right of commerce 
in the island be conceded to the English, who 
should maintain forever an armed fleet for the 
protection of Santo Domingo. The sudden land- 
ing of Gen. Hedouville terminated the negotia- 
tions, and Maitland surrendered to Toussaint Port 
au Prince. St. Marc, Jeremie, and Mole St. Nicolas. 
Hedouville, aware of Toussaint's intrigues, sought 
to overthrow him, but the latter organized through 
his agents a rebellion in Cape Francais, and He- 
douville was compelled to return to France. Be- 
fore sailing he appointed Gen. Andre Rigaud his 
lieutenant, and the mulattoes, dissatisfied with 
Toussaint's rule, rallied around Rigaud. A fierce 
war ensued, in which Toussaint was almost defeated, 
but finally drove Rigaud to Les Caves in Decem- 
ber. 1799. At this juncture new commissioners, 
sent by Bonaparte, brought to Toussaint a commis- 
sion of commander-in-chief, and determined Rigaud 
to sail for France. Toussaint then proclaimed 
a general amnesty and issued his famous decree, 
which, though acknowledging the enfranchisement 
of the negroes, compelled them to work for five 
years for their old masters without other remuner- 
ation than a fourth part of the net income from 
the land that was thus cultivated. He also organ- 
ized his military household with pomp and cere- 
mony, formed a guard, built palaces, and began 
to direct his attention to the prosperity of the 
country, fostering agriculture and commerce. He 
used to sav, 41 1 am the Bonaparte of Santo Domin- 
go," and it is said that he headed his correspond- 
ence to the first consul, " The first among t he blacks 
to the first among the whites." At the beginning 
he selected an administrative council composed 
of eight whites and one black. Toward the close 
of January, 1801, he subdued, without effort, the 
Spanish part of the island, which had been ceded 
to France by the treaty of Basles. His next act 
was to promulgate a constitution the first article 
yoL. vl— 10 



of which made him president and commander-in- 
chief of Santo Domingo for life, with the privilege 
of choosing his successor and of appointing all 
military and civil officers. This provoked harsh 
criticism, and there were riots in several cities, 
which Toussaint subdued with his usual vigor. In 
the north he defeated the rebels on 4 Nov.. and 
ordered his own nephew, Hvacinthe Moyse, to be 
shot without trial. On 26 Nov. he issued a decree 
recalling the emigrated proprietors and providing 
severe penalties for larceny and other offences 
against the common law. Bonaparte just then 
directed his attention to Santo Domingo. It is 
now conceded that he had less in mind to subdue 
Toussaint than " to get rid of 60,000 soldiers," the 
partisans of Gen. Moreau, as he said to Gen. Fair- 
fait, who dissuaded him from sending an expedi- 
tion to perish by yellow fever in Santo Domingo. 
A powerful fleet, carrying an army under command 
of Gen. Victor Leclerc, appeared on 29 Jan., 1802, 
in the Bay of Samana, and, dividing his forces into 
four divisions, the general-in-chief made sail for 
Cape Francais. Toussaint's army numbered then 
20,000 trained soldiers, twice Leclerc's forces, yet 
he did not oppose the landing, but instructed Henry 
Christophe to set fire to the town, 6 Feb., 1802. 
The whole island readily accepted the French rule, 
yet nothing was gained so long as Toussaint re- 
fused to make his submission. Leclerc tried hard 
to conciliate him, choosing as his ambassadors 
Toussaint's two sons, who had been brought from 
school in France to deliver to their father a letter 
from the first consul, commending Toussaint's ad- 
ministration and maintaining him in the office of 
commander-in-chief. But as Toussaint demanded 
that the French forces should re-embark immedi- 
ately, the captain-general proclaimed him an out- 
law on 17 Feo. A sanguinary conflict ensued with 
varying success, the French holding the seaports 
and the blacks defying them in their mountain- 
fastnesses, and Leclerc, finding it impossible to con- 
quer the island by force, sought to win over' the 
negro generals, and succeeded in part, Christophe 
and Dessalines making their submission. Leclerc, 
nevertheless, was most anxious to treat, as out of a 
total of 23,000 men, 5,000 were already dead and up- 
ward of 6,000 in the hospitals. He consented, there- 
fore, to pardon Toussaint, and assigned him for resi- 
dence his estate of Sancey, near Gonaives, 1 May, 
1802. It was alleged by the French authorities that 
Toussaint was continuing to conspire against them, 
and a correspondence with his former adjutant, 
Joseph Fontaine, which has never been published, 
having been seized, Leclerc resolved to arrest him. 
Gen. Brunet invited Toussaint to a conference at 
Gorges, and both parties went, accompanied by 
twenty guards, but the negroes were easily over- 
come, and Toussaint was embarked on the frigate 
" La Creole " and transported to Cape Francais, 
There he was transferred on the ship M Le He- 
ros " and sent with his family to France, arriving 
at Landerneau, 10 Aug., and at Paris, 17 Aug., 
1802. There he was met by Gen. Caffarelli, an 
aide-de-camp of Bonaparte, transported to the cas- 
tle of Joux, and closely confined. Stories of harsh 
treatment have been circulated ; it has even been said 
that he was subjected to the intense cold with in- 
sufficient clothing and food, and that finally he died 
from hunger dunng an absence of the governor of 
the castle, or, as some say, from poison ; but there 
is no positive proof of alf this. It must be borne in 
mind that Toussaint was at that time sixty years 
old, that he had never before left Santo Domingo, 
and was unaccustomed to the severe winters of 
the Jura mountains. Moreover, the governor of 

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TOUSSARD 



TOWLE 



the castle not only had special orders for the wel- 
fare of his prisoner, but became his friend, as is 
shown by Toussaint's correspondence. Toussaint 
probably 'died from apoplexy, provoked by anger, 
resentment, mid huiniliiition at his ill fortune. In 
|mt^»ii Toussaint whs short of stature and of un- 

I>re|»os>c-siiig appearance. He was temperate and 
mnly. often riding fifty leagues without stopping, 
and sleeping but two hours. In his army he main- 
tained the strictest discipline, and his soldiers 
looked on him as a superior being. His life has 
been written bv C harles de St. Rcmv (Paris, 1850), 
bv John It. Beard (Ixmdon, 1853), bv Charles W. 
Elliot vNew York, 1855), and by James Redpath 
< Boston, 1803), and he forms the subject of one of 
Wendell Phillips's most celebrated lectures. Tous- 
saint's familv was transported to France with him, 
and assigned a residence in Agen with a pension 
from the government. His wife died there in May, 
1816, and his third son soon afterward. The two 
eldest, Isaac and Placide, having tried to escape in 
1805, were imprisoned in Belle-Isle till 1815. They 
settled afterward in Bordeaux. Placide, who died 
in 1843, published •* Vie de Toussaint l'Ouverture" 
(Bordeaux. 1825). Isaac died in 1850. 

T01SSARD, LouU (toos-sar). Chevalier de, 
French soldier, b. in Burgundy in 1749 ; d. in New 
Orleans, La., in 1821. lie studied at the school of 
artillery of La Pere, and was a lieutenant when he 
resigned at the beginning of the war for independ- 
ence and came to this country with Chevalier de 
Loyante through means that were furnished by 
Caron de Beaumarchais. In June, 1777, upon Si- 
las Dcane's recommendation, he received a lieuten- 
ant's commission and was attached to Washing- 
ton's staff. Later he was aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Ijafayette, assisted in the battle of the Brandy- 
wine.* and lost an arm during the retreat from 
Rhode Island in the autumn of 1778. Soon after- 
ward he was brv vetted lieutenant - colonel and 
awarded by congress a pension for life. He as- 
sisted in the capture of Yorktown in 1781, and 
fought in the south with Ijafayctte till the conclu- 
sion of |»eace. In 1784 he was made a knight of 
Saint Ixmis, a colonel in the French service, and 
appointed ins|»ect or of the artillery of the French 
West Indies. Ho was at Santo Domingo at the 
beginning of the troubles in 1790, and fought on 
the royalist side. In 171*4 he fell into the hands 
of the negroes, but through the intervention of the 
L\ S. consul was placed on U»ard a vessel bound 
for New Orleans. He petitioned congress for his 
reinstatement in the army, which was granted, and 
in February, 171)5, he was made major of the 2d 
artillery licing promoted its lieutenant - colonel 
early in INK). The regiment was disltanded in 
January. 1802, and he retired to private life. In 
1812-'15 lie held the oflicc of French consul at 
New Orleans His works include "American Ar- 
tillerist's Companion" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1809; 
n viMHl ed.. 1*21). 

TOWER, Fajett* Bartholomew, civil engi- 
neer, b. in Waterville, N. Y., 29 Jan., 1817: d. 
then'. 10 Feb.. 1S57. He received such education 
a* tlie I** al schools afforded, and chose the profes- 
sion of civil engineering. In 1837 he was appoint- 
ed on theCroton aqueduct, and he continued on 
that work until its completion in 1842. During 
the ensuing five vears he made Waterville his 
residence, and at that time prepared his " Illustra- 
tions of the Croton Aqueduct," consisting of a 
series of twentv-one plates, with text (New York, 
1843L About 1848 his health led him to seek a 
miMer climate, and he settled in Cumlierland, Mil. 
He was chosen to the Mar) land legislature, and 



later was elected mayor of Cumberland. His health 
continued to fail, and in 1856 he returned to 
Waterville and died soon afterward. 

TOWER, Zealous Bates, soldier, b. in Cohasset, 
Mass., 12 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1841, first in a class of fifty- 
two, among whom were Horatio G. Wright, Thomas 
J. Rodman, Nathaniel Lyon, and Don Carlos Buell. 
He was promoted 2d lieutenant in the corps of 
engineers, 1 July, 1841, assigned to duty as as- 
sistant to the board of engineers, and in 1842 
as principal assistant professor of engineering 
at West Point During the years 1843-*6 he was 
engaged on the defences of Hampton Roads. He 
servexl with great credit in the war with Mexico in 
1846-'8, especially at Cerro Gordo, Contreras (where 
he led the storming column), Chapultepec (where 
he was wounded), and in the final assault and cap- 
ture of the city of Mexico. He became 1st lieu- 
tenant in April, 1847, and captain, 1 July, 1855. 
During 1848-'61 he was engaged upon river and 
harbor improvements, on the building of the San 
Francisco custom-house, and on the board to pro- 
ject the defences of the Pacific coast. He was pro- 
moted major of engineers, 6 Aug., 1801, and as- 
signed as chief engineer of the defence of Fort 
Pickens, For his conduct there he was appointed 
a brigadier-general of volunteers, 23 Nov., 1861, 
the date of the bombardment. lie participated, 
in command of troops, in the operations in north- 
ern Virginia, under Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks and 
Gen. John Pope, until the second battle of Bull 
Run, 30 Aug., 1862, where he was severely woundi 
ed. Upon his recovery he served as superintend- 
ent of the U. S. military academy at W est Point 
from July till September, 1864, when he rejoined 
the armies in the field as chief engineer of the de- 
fences of Nashville, took part in the I wit tie, and 
held responsible staff offices in the military divis- 
ions of the Mississippi and Tennessee until the 
close of the war. He was promoted lieutenant- 
colonel of engineers in 1805, and mustered out of 
volunteer service, 15 Jan., 1866. Thereafter Gen. 
Tower was employed in the supervision of the work 
of improving the great harbors, both for commer- 
cial and military purposes, until 13 Jan.. 1874, 
when he was promoted colonel of engineers, and, 
having served more than forty years, was, at his 
own request, retired from active service. He re- 
ceived eight brevets for •* gallant and meritorious 
service" in war — from 1st lieutenant, 18 April, 
1847, for Cerro Gordo, to major-general, U. S. army, 
13 March, 1865. Gen. Tower Is one of the original 
members of the Aztec club, founded in the city of 
Mexico, 13 Oct, 1847, by the officers of Gen. Sett's 
army. Heistheauthorof " An Analytical Investiga- 
tion of the Possible Velocitv of the Ice- Boat," pub- 
lished in " Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine." 

TOWLE, George Makepeace (tole). author, b. 
in Washington, D. C. 27 Aug., 1841. Ho was 
graduated at Yale in 1861 and at the Harvard law- 
school in 1863, and practised in Boston in 18(^-'5. 
He was l\ S. consul at Nantes, France, in 1860- "8, 
and in the latter year was transferred to the con- 
sulate at Bradford, Kngland, where he remained 
until his return to Boston in 1870. He l>ccamc 
president of the Papyrus club in 1880, and was a 
delegate to the Republican national convention at 
Chicago in 18X8. He was managing editor of the 
Boston " Commercial Bulletin in 1870-'!, was 
foreign editor of the Boston "Post" in 1871-HJ, 
and became a contributor to manv foreign and 
American periodicals. He haspublished "Glimpses 
of History % '( Boston, 1865); "The History of Henry 
the Fifth, King of England" (New York, 1866); 



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TOWLER 



44 American Society " (2 vols., London, 1870) ; " The 
Eastern Question : Modern Greece " (Boston, 1877); 
"Principalities of the Danube: Servia and Rou- 
roania " (1877) ; " Beaconsfleld " (New York, 1878) ; 
** Young Folks' Heroes of History," including 
44 Vasco da Gama," 44 Pizarro," 44 Magellan," 44 Marco 
Polo," 44 Raleigh," and 44 Drake " (6 vols.. Boston, 
187&-"82) ; 44 Modern France, 1851-'79 " (New York, 
1879) ; 41 Certain Men of Mark " (1880) ; 44 England 
and Russia in Asia " (1885) ; 44 England in Egypt " 

(1885) ; "Young People's History of England" 

(1886) ; and 44 Young People's History of Ireland" 

(1887) . He has translated several French works 
into English. 

TOWLER, John, educator, b. in Rathmell, 
Yorkshire, England, 20 June, 1811. He was edu- 
cated at the Giggles wick grammar-school and was 
admitted a member of St John's college, Cam- 
bridge, in 1833. After coming to this country he 
was elected in 1850 professor of modern languages 
and literature in Geneva (now Hobart) college, at 
whose medical department he was graduated in 
1855. From 1853 till 1872 he was its professor of 
chemistry, toxicology, and medical jurisprudence, 
and dean of the medical faculty. Subsequently, 
when this institution was merged into the Syracuse 
school of medicine, he was given the chair or anato- 
my, and in 1868 was transferred to the chair of 
civil engineering and chemistry in Hobart. These 
places he resigned in 1882 to become U. S. consul at 
Trinidad. British West Indies, where he remained 
until 1886. Since that time he has devoted his at- 
tention to literary work at Orange, N. J. Prof. 
Towier was co-editor of Hilpert's 44 German and 
English Dictionary " (4 vols., Carlsruhe, 1846), and 
he also edited after Hilpert's death an abridged 
edition of the 44 Dictionary " (2 vols., Pforzheim, 
1846-'7). He was editor of 44 Humphrey's Journal 
of Photography and the Allied Arts and Sciences " 
and 44 The American Photographic Almanac" in 
1864-*7, and for five years subsequent to 1867 he 
wrote an article each month for the "Philadel- 

Shia Photographer." He published translations of 
chiller's 44 Don Carlos," 44 Die Braut von Messina," 
and 44 Die Rauber " in the same metre as the origi- 
nal (Carlsruhe, 1845-'8), and made translations of 
German war songs. His other works include 44 Der 
kleine Englander" (Carlsruhe, 1845): "The Silver 
Sunbeam ,r (New York, 1863) ; 44 Dry Plate Photog- 
raphy" (1865); "The Porcelain Picture" (1865); 
"The Magic Photography" (1866); "The Nega- 
tive and the Print " (1866) ; 44 The Tannin Process " 
(1867); and "The Photographer's Guide" (1867); 
and ne has translated Karl Friedrich Rammels- 
berg's " Guide to a Course of Quantitative Chemi- 
cal Analysis" (Geneva, 1871). 

TOWLES, Catherine Webb, author, b. in Char- 
lemon t, Mass., 25 Oct., 1823. She was the daugh- 
ter of Rufus Barber, of Worcester, Mass., and nas 
been a teacher. She began to write verses for the 
newspapers at an early date, and at the death of 
her father in 1846 she removed to the south. She 
was editor of the "Family Visitor" in Madison, 
Ga., in 1840-'52, in 1861 became connected with the 
44 Southern Literary Companion," and in 1866 be- 
came editor and proprietor of "Miss Barber's 
Weekly," which she continued till her marriage to 
John C. Towles, of Lafayette, Ala., in 1867. In 
1884 she married Jett T. McCoy, who has since 
died. She now resides at Columbus, Ga. She has 
received honorary degrees from southern colleges. 
She has published 44 Tales for the Freemason's Fire- 
ride" (New York, 1859); "The Three Golden 
Linka " (Cassville. Ga^ 1857) : and 44 Poor Claire, or 
Life Among the Queer" (1888)/ 



TOWNSEND 147 

TOWN, Ithlel, architect, b. in Thompson, Conn., 
in 1784; d. in New Haven, Conn., 18 June, 1844. 
He became associated with Alexander J. Davis in 
1829, and the two opened an office in New York. 
Among the more important of their works were 
the state capitol in New Haven, the city-hall in 
Hartford, Conn., and the capitols of Indiana and 
North Carolina. Town also built several bridges, 
including one over the James river, near Rich- 
mond, Va. He was the possessor of a fine library 
of books on art, a portion of which went to Yale 
college. He was one of the original members of 
the Academy of design, New York, and travelled 
in Europe in 1829-'30. He published "Descrip- 
tion of nis Improvements in the Construction of 
Bridges" (Salem, 1821); "School-House Architec- 
ture ; "Sir George Collier's Journal in the 'Rain- 
bow,' 1776-'0" (New York, 1835); and 41 Atlantic 
Steamships: On navigating the Ocean with Steam- 
ships of Large Tonnage " (1838). 

TOWN, Salem, educator, b. in Belchertown, 
Mass., 5 March, 1779 ; d. in Greencastle, Ind., 24 
Feb., 1864. He resided at Aurora, N. Y., was for 
forty years a teacher in New York state, and at 
one time a member of the New York senate. He 
died while on a visit to Greencastle. He was the 
author of 44 System of Speculative Masonry " (New 
York, 1822);*" An Analysis of Derivative Words 
in the English Language " (1830); and other school- 
books. With Nelson M. Holbrook, he published 
a series of school-readers, of which many millions 
of copies have been sold. 

TOWNS. George Washington Bonaparte, 
statesman, d. in Wilkes county, Ga., 4 May, 1801 ; 
d. in Macon, Ga., 15 July, 1854. His father, John, a 
Virginian and a soldier of the Revolution, served 
with credit at the battles of Cowpens and Eutaw. 
The son began life as a merchant, but afterward 
studied law, and, removing to Alabama, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1824. After editing a political 
newspaper there, he returned to Georgia in 1826, 
settled in Talbot countv, where he practised law, 
and served in both branches of the legislature. He 
was elected to congress, and served from 1835 till 
1839 and from 1845 till 1847. In the latter year 
he was elected governor of Georgia for two years, 
and at the end of his term he was re-elected. 

TOWNSEND, Edward Davis, soldier, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 22 Aug., 1817. His paternal grand- 
father, David was a surgeon in the Massachusetts 
line during the Revolution, and his maternal grand- 
father was Elbridge Gerry. His father, David S. 
Townsend, was an officer of the U. S. army and lost 
a leg at the battle of Chrysler's Field in the wcr 
of 1812. Edward was educated at Boston Latin- 
school and at Harvard, and was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1837. He became 2d 
lieutenant in the 2d artillery, 1 July, 1837, was 
adjutant in 1838-'46, promoted 1st lieutenant in 
1838, assistant adjutant-general with brevet rank 
of captain in 1846, captain in 1848, brevet major 
in 1852, lieutenant-colonel, 7 March, 1861, colonel, 
3 Aug., 1861, and adjutant-general with rank of 
brigadier-general, 22 Feb., 1869. He served dur- 
ing the Florida war in 1837-'8, on the northern 
frontier during the Canada border disturbances in 
1838-'41, and thenceforward in the office of the 
adjutant-general of the army and as chief of staff 
to Lieut-Gen. Scott in 186*1. He was brevetted 
brigadier - general, U. S. array, 24 Sept, 1804, 4 *for 
meritorious and faithful service during the rebel- 
lion," and major-general, 13 March, 1865, for "faith- 
ful, meritorious, and distinguished services in the 
adjutant-general's department during the rebel- 
lion." He was retired from active service, 15 June, 



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1880. During the entire civil war Gen. Townsend 
was the principal executive officer of the war de- 
partment, and was perhaps brought into more inti- 
mate personal contact with President Lincoln and 
Sec. Stanton than any other military official. As 
adjutant -general of the army he originated the 
plan of a U. S. military prison, urged legislation 
on the subject, and established the prison at Fort 
Leavenworth, Kan. Gen. Townsend is a member 
of the Society of the Cincinnati. He is the author 
of •* Catechism of the Bible — The Pentateuch " 
(New York, 1859); "Catechism of the Bible— Judges 
and Kings " (1862) ; and " Anecdotes of the Civil 
War in the United States" (1884). 

TOWNSEND, Frederick, soldier, b. in Albany, 
N. Y., 21 Sept., 1825. He was graduated at Union 
college in 1844, and admitted to the bar. Having 
a leaning toward military matters, he became ad- 
jutant-general of the state in 1850. He found the 
militia in a most disordered condition and ad- 
dressed himself to the task of making it what it 
ought to be, He prepared an annual report from 
this department for the first time, and he was re- 
appointed by the next governor of the state. To 
his efficiency is due the fact that the state of New 
York sent so raanv troops to the field in the civil 
war. He declined a reappointment as adjutant- 
general in 1861, and organized a regiment, being 
commissioned colonel. He took part in the battle 
of Big Bethel, but soon afterward he was com- 
missioned a major in the regular army and re- 
signed his colonelcy. As major his duties led him 
to organize troop in Columbus, Ohio. Afterward 
he participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone 
River, ana other engagements at the west. In 1863 
he was detailed as assistant provost-raarshal-gen- 
eral in Albany, which position he filled for several 
years. In 1867 he was ordered to California and 
made a thorough inspection of all the military 
posts in Arizona. In 1868 he resigned from the 
army, and he has resided in Albany since that 
time. In 1878 he was appointed a brigadier-gen- 
eral in the state militia, and he afterward became 
adjutant-general of the state under Gov. Alonzo 
B. Cornell. In this post he again addressed him- 
self to the condition of the citizen soldiers and in- 
creased their numbers to 12,000 effective men. He 
successfully urged the adoption of a state service 
uniform and a state military camp. — His brother, 
Howard, physician, b. in Albany, N. Y., 22 Nov., 
1823; d. there, 16 Jan., 1867, was graduated at 
Union in 1844, and at the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1847. Estab- 
lishing himself in his native city, he was surgeon- 
creneral of the state in 1851-'2, and afterward pro- 
fessor in the Albany medical college. Dr. Town- 
send was the author of "The Sunbeam and the 
Spectroscope " (Albany. 1864) ; " Food and its Di- 
gestion" (1866); and "Sinai Bible" (1866). 

TOWNSEND, George Alfred, author, b. in 
Georgetown, Del., 30 Jan., 1841. His father, the 
Rev. Stephen Townsend, a Methodist clergvman 
for half a century, studied and practised medicine 
at the age of fifty, and at seventy obtained the 
degree of Ph. D. by actual universitv study. The 
son was educated mainly in Philadelphia, where 
he began writing for the press and speaking in 
public, and in 18G0 adopted the profession of 
journalism. In 18G2 he was a war-correspondent 
of the New York "Herald," describing for that 
journal McClellan's peninsula campaign and Pope's 
campaign in northern Virginia. Later in the year 
he went to Europe, where he wrote for English 
and American periodicals, and lectured on the 
civil war. In 1864 he became war-correspondent 



of the New York " World," was permitted to sign 
his letters, and quickly made a reputation as a 
descriptive writer. After the war he became a 

f>rofessional lecturer, continuing also his miscel- 
aneous writing for the press, and, going to Europe, 
described the Austro-Prussian war o f 1866. II is 
pen-name. "Gath," was first used in 1868 in letters 
to the Chicago "Tribune." In 1885 he built a 
house on the battle-field of Crampton's Gap, South 
Mountain, Md., where a small village has since 
sprung up, to which he gives the name Gapland. 
His publications in book-form are "The Bohemi- 
ans,' a play (New York, 1862); " Campaigns of a 
Non-Combatant" (1865); "Life of Garibaldi" 
(1867); "Real Life of Abraham Lincoln " (1867) : 
" The New World compared with the Old " (1868); 
"Poems" (1870); "Washington Outside and In- 
side" (1871); "Mormon Trials at Salt Lake" 
(1872); "Washington Re-builded " (1873) ; "Tales 
of the Chesapeake" (1880); "Bohemian Davs" 
(1881); "Poetical Addresses" (1883); "The En- 
tailed Hat" (1884); "President Cromwell." a 
drama (1885); " Katy of Catoctin," a novel (1886); 
and a campaign life of Levi P. Morton (1888). He 
is now writing a romance entitled " Dr. Priestley, 
or the Federalists." 

TOWNSEND, John Kirk, naturalist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Aug., 1809 : d. in Washington, 
D. C M 16 Feb., 1851. He was educated at the 
Friends' school, and in the West Town boarding- 
school. When he £rew older he developed a fond- 
ness for natural history, and was associated with 
John J. Audubon in the preparation of his "Ameri- 
can Ornithology," in which manv of the descriptions 
are from his pen. During 1833-'7 he made exten- 
sive journeys in the western states and across the 
Rocky mountains with Thomas Nuttall. Subse- 
quently he visited the Sandwich islands and South 
America, and then for some years had charge of 
the department of birds in the Smithsonian institu- 
tion. While in Washington he practised dentistry, 
and so acquired the title of aoctor. He was a 
member of the Philadelphia academy of natural 
sciences, and a contributor to its proceedings. Dr. 
Townsend was the author of "A Narrative of a 
Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Co- 
lumbia River" (Boston, 1839), published in Eng- 
land under the title "Sporting Adventures in the 
Rocky Mountains" (London, 1840), and of "Or- 
nithology of the United States," only the first part 
of which was issued (Philadelphia, 1*839). 

TOWNSEND, Luther Tracy, clergyman, b. in 
Orono, Me., 27 Sept., 1838. He was graduated at 
Dartmouth in 1859 and at Andover theological 
seminary in 1862. and ordained to the ministry of 
the Methodist Episcopal church. During the civil 
war he was adjutant of the 16th New Hampshire 
volunteers. He was professor of exegetical theolo- 
gy in Boston university in 1867-'8 and of historical 
theology in 1869-73, and since the last date has 
occupied the chair of practical theology. Dart- 
mouth gave him the decree of D. D. in 1871. He 
has published several addresses and sermons, be- 
came an associate editor of "Our Day" in 1888, 
and is the author of "True and Pretended Chris- 
tianity " (Boston, 1869): "Sword and Garment" 
(1871)'; " God-Man " (1872) ; " Credo " (1873) ; " Out- 
lines of Theology " (New York, 1873) ; "Arena and 
Throne" (Boston, 1874); "The Chinese Problem" 

(1876) ; "The Supernatural Factor in Revivals" 

(1877) ; "The Intermediate World " (1878); "Ele- 
ments of General and Christian Theology" (New 
York, 1879); "Fate of Republics" (Boston, 1880); 
"Art of Speech" (1880); "Studies in Poetry and 
Prose " (1880) ; " Studies in Eloquence and Logic " 



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(1881); "Mosaic R**cord and Modern Science" 
(1881); "Bible Theology and Modem Thought" 
(1883); " Faith-Work. Christian Science, and other 
Cures" (1885); " I land- Honk upon Church Trials" 
(1885); "The Bible and other Ancient Literature 
in the Nineteenth Century" (1885); and "Pulpit 
Rhetoric "(1880). 

TOWNSEND, Martin Ingham, lawyer, b. in 
Hancock, Mass., 6 Feb., 1810. He was graduated 
at Williams in 1833, studied law, and established 
himself, after admission to the l>ar, in Troy. N. Y. 

lie was district 
attorney of Rens- 
selaer countv in 
1842-5. and in 
1807-'8 he was a 
meml>er for the 
state at large of 
the Constitution- 
al convention. 

was elected to 
congress as a Re- 
publican for two 
successive terms, 
serving from 6 
Dec, 1875, till 3 
March, 1879. ITe 
was a member 
of various im- 
portant commit- 
tee**, and among the ablest debaters in that body. 
Declining a renomination, he was appointed dis- 
trict attorney for the northern district of New 
York, which office he held for nearly eight years. 
He received the degree of LL. D. in 1800 from 
Williams.— His brother, Randolph Wanton, law- 
yer, b. in Hancock, Mass., 4 May, 1812, was gradu- 
ate! at Williams in 1830, studied law, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1838, and settled in New York 
city, soon attaining a good standing at the bar, 
where he has practised successfully for half a cen- 
tury. Mr. Townsend served for six years on the 
Metropolitan board of education, is one of the 
managers of the Presbyterian hospital, and has 
been for many years counsel for the Importers' and 
trailers' bank.' of which he is also a director. 

TOWNSEND, Mary Ashley, author, b. in Ly- 
ons, N. Y., about 1830. Her maiden name was Van 
Voorhis. She was educated in her native town, 
married Gideon Townsend, of New Orleans. Ija., 
and resides in that city. She began to write for 
publication about 1850, and under the pen-name 
of " Xariffa " made a reputation as the author of 
" Qui I lot y pes," a series of humorous papers that 
appeared in the New Orleans " Delta * and were 
widely copied by the southern and western press. 
Her other works are " The Brother Clerks " (New 
York, 1859); "Poems" (Philadelphia, 1870); "The 
Captain's Story" (1874); and 44 Down the Bayou, 
ana other Poems " (Boston, 1884). Her most im- 
portant short poems are " Creed," " A Woman's 
Wish," "The Bather." and "The Wind." She was 
officially appointed to deliver the poem on the 
opening of the New Orleans exposition in 1884, 
and that at the unveiling of the statue of Qen. 
Albert Sidney Johnston in 1887. 

TOWNSEND, Penn, merchant, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 20 Dec., 1051 ; d. there, 21 Aug., 1727. His 
father, William, came to Boston in 1030. Penn 
was a wine-merchant, an active member of the 
council, a representative in 108G-'98, and later 
speaker of the house and chief judge of the Suffolk 
superior court. He was afterward captain of the 
Ancient and honorable artillery company, and in 
1708 was colonel of the Boston regiment In 1707 he 



was an agent to superintend the military forces that 
were sent against Port Royal. He married a daugh- 
ter of Gov. John Ijeverett, was a patron of art and 
literat ure, and a public-spirited citizen. — 1 1 is grand- 
son. Alexander, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., in 
1784; d. there. 13 April, 1835. was graduated at 
Harvard in 1802, and studied law. He liecame a 
large owner of real estate, was active in city poli- 
tics, and delivered many addresses in Paneuil nail. 
In 1810 he was appointed by the authorities to de- 
liver the Fourth-of-July oration. — Alexander's sis- 
ter, Eliza, poet. b. in Boston in 1789; d. there, 12 
Jan., 1854, was educated in her native city, and 
began her literary career by contributing anony- 
mous rural and religious essays to the " Monthly 
Anthology," " Unitarian Miscellany," and " Port- 
folio." She was the first native woman poet in her 
state to receive the praise of judicious crit ics. ller 
writings include verses on "The Incomprehensi- 
bility of God " : an " Occasion Ode " (1809). in which 
she commented severely on the career of Napoleon, 
who was then at the' summit of his greatness; 
" Lines to HoWrt Sou they " (1812) : and the " Rain- 
bow " — all of which appeared in magazines. Her 
"Poems and Miscellanies" were collected by her 
sister Mary P. Townsend, and printed privately 
(Boston, 1850). 

TOWNSEND, Robert, naval officer, b. in Al- 
bany, N. Y., in 1819; d. at sea, off Shanghai, 
China, 15 Aug., 1800. He wns graduated at Union 
in 1835, and' entered the U. S. navv the same 
year as a midshipman. He served in the Mexican 
war in 1840-'7, was engaged in the capture of 
Vera Cruz, liecatne 1st lieutenant in 1850, and 
resigned from the navy in 1851. At the beginning 
of the civil war he re-entered the service as acting 
lieutenant, participated under Admiral David G. 
Farragut in the passage of the forts below New 
Orleans, and the taking of that city, and did effi- 
cient service in command of the "Miami" in the 
sounds of North Carolina. He was restored to 
the regular navy in 1802, with the rank of com- 
mander, was in charge of the iron-clad " Essex "at 
the siege of Port Hudson, and was subsequently 
division commander under Admiral David D. Por- 
ter, and in the Red river campaign. He became 
captain in 1800, and afterward was ordered to the 
East Indian squadron, where his conduct of affairs 
at Newchwang, China, preserved the peace of the 
port, and at the same time did not interfere with 
the authority of the native officials. 

TOWNSEND, Thomas 8., compiler, b. in New 
York city, 27 Aug., 1829. His father, John R., 
was a well-known member of the New York bar. 
The son received a classical education, and at an 
early age entered the mercantile firm of Lawrence, 
Trimble and Co., New York city. In 1800 he de- 
termined to form a chronological history of every 
important occurrence in connection with the im- 
pending civil war by preserving from the newspa- 
pers every statement of value relating to any cir- 
cumstance that directly or indirectly led to seces- 
sion, to national complications growing out of the 
struggle, to the cause, conduct, and results of the 
rebellion, to personal records of soldiers from the 
lowest to the highest rank, and to the military and 
civil history of the Union and the Confederacy. 
This journalistic record comprises about 120 vol- 
umes containing 00.000 pages. William Cullen 
Bryant said of it : " The age nas given birth to few 
literary undertakings that will bear comparison 
with this work. The forty academicians who ccm- 
piled the dictionary of the French language had a 
far less laborious task." This collection is now in 
Columbia college library, New York city. He has 



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delivered numerous lectures and addresses on the 
subject of the war. including an oration on Memo- 
rial day, 1885. in Brooklyn, N. Y., on " The Empire 
State in the Rebellion. " 

TOWNSEND, Virginia Frances, author, b. in 
New Haven, Conn., in 1836. She has passed her 
life in literary pursuits, edited "Arthur's Home 
Magazine " for several years, and has contributed 
much to journals and magazines. Her writings in- 
clude " While it was Morning" (New York, 1859); 
" Buds from Christmas Boughs" (1859); - By and 
Bv" (1859); "Amy Deane, and other Tales" (1862): 
•♦The Well in the Rock, and other Tales" (1863); 
"The Temptation and Triumph, and other Tales" 
(Cincinnati, 1863); "The Battle-Fields of Our Fa- 
thers" (New York, 1864): "Janet Strong" (Phila- 
delphia, 1865) ; " Darryl Gap " (Boston, 1866) ; " The 
Hollands" (1869): "Max Meredith's Millennium" 
(1870); "One Woman's Two Lovers" (1872); " Eliza- 
beth Tudor" (1874); "Only Girls" (1876); and 
"Six in All" (1878). 

TOWNSHEND, George, first Marquis, soldier, 
b. in Norfolk, England, 28 Feb., 1724; d. 14 Sept, 
1807. He was the eldest son of the third Viscount 
Townshend, whom he succeeded in May, 1767. He 
entered the British armv at an early age, and took 

Sart in the battles of ftettingen, Fontenoy, Cullo- 
en, and Laffeldt In 1747 he entered parliament 
He went out to Canada in 1759 as brigadier-gen- 
eral, and commanded a division under Wolfe, suc- 
ceeding that officer in command when Wolfe fell 
at Quebec Five davs later he received the capitu- 
lation of the city, tie then returned to England, 
was present at the battle of Fellinghausen in 1761, 
and served in Portugal in 1762. He became a 
privy councillor after succeeding to the title, and 
was lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 till 1772. 
He was master-general of the ordnance in the lat- 
ter year, and was created Earl of Leicester in 1784 
and Marquis Townshend in 1787. He was a man 
of "quick perception but unsafe iudgment" He 
is said to have received the capitulation of Quebec 
as though the achievement had been his own, and 
in his official report of the battle he omitted the 
name of Wolfe, whom he indirectly censured. 
Hurrying away from the citadel, which he be- 
lieved to be untenable, he returned home, and was 
soon engaged in assisting his brother Charles in 
the latter's attempt to make the colonies submit 
to an odious system of taxation. — His brother, 
Chariest, statesman, b. in England, 29 Aug.. 1725 : 
d. there, 4 Sept, 1767, entered parliament when only 
twenty-two years old, and soon achieved a brilliant 
reputation as an orator and a supporter of the 
Pel ham administration. He was appointed a com- 
missioner of trade and plantations in 1749, and a 
commissioner for executing the office of lord hi^h 
admiral in 1751 ; was a lord of the admiralty in 
1754, and treasurer of the chamber and member of 
the privy council in 1756. From 1761 till 1768 he 
was secretary of war, and in February of the latter 
year be was made first lord of trade and planta- 
tions. He was subsequently paymaster of the 
forces and chancellor of the exchequer. From the 
period of his introduction to office through the , 
commission for the colonies, Townshend made a , 
sjwcial study of American affairs. His plan for ' 
governing the American colonies was to extract as , 
large a revenue as possible from them by onerous 
imposts levied without the slightest regard to their 
right*. In 1765 he had heartily supported Gren- 
vflle's stamp-act although he subsequently voted 
for its repeal, and was in favor of burdening the 
colonies with an expensive civil list and a stand- 
ing army. He was also of opinion that the various 



charters that had been granted to them at differ- 
ent times, and which every ministry of Charles IL 
had spared, should be annulled, a uniform system 
of government set up in their stead, and the* royal 
governors, judges, and attorneys made independent 
of the people. *• I would govern the Americans,** 
he said, "as subjects of Great Britain. 1 would 
restrain their trade and their manufactures as 
subordinate to the mother country. These, our 
children, must not make themselves our allies in 
time of war and our rivals in peace." The eclipse 
t of Chatham in March. 1767, left Townshend, who 
» had been chancellor of the exchequer since the pre- 
ceding August and whom Chatham had vainly en- 
, deavored to have dismissed from office, " lord of 
| the ascendant" From that moment he ruled the 
< ministry in all matters relating to America, and 
j succeeded in carrying through parliament a bill 
taxing the colonies that was far more burdensome 
than the stamp-act that had nearly created a revo- 
lution. Thus the latter left the civil officers de- 
pendent on the local legislatures, and preserved 
the proceeds of the American tax in the ex- 
chequer. The revenue collected under Town- 
shend's bill, on the other hand, was to be un- 
der the sign manual at the king's pleasure, and 
could be burdened at will by pensions to English- 
men. By providing an independent support for 
the crown officers, it virtually did away with the 
necessity for colonial legislatures, as governors 
would have little inducement to call them, and an 
angry minister might dissolve them without in- 
convenience. When it was suggested to Town- 
shend that the army might perhaps be safely with- 
drawn from America, in which case expense would 
cease and no revenue be necessary, ne replied : 
" The moment a resolution shall be taken to with- 
draw the army, I will resign my office and have no 
more to do in public affairs. I insist it is abso- 
lutely necessary to keep up a large army there and 
here. Townsnend only lived a few months after 
the successful passage of his bill, which, by its tax 
on tea and similar imports, lost England her colo- 
nies, and was about to be intrustea with the for- 
mation of a new ministry, when he was suddenly 
carried off by a fever at the early age of fortv-one. 
" He was," savs Bancroft, " a man of wonderful 
endowments, Jashed with follies and indiscretion. 
Impatient of waiting, his ruling passion was pres- 
ent success. ... In the house of commons his 
brilliant oratory took its inspiration from the pre- 
vailing opinion ; and, careless of consistency, heed- 
less of whom he deserted or whom he joined, he 
followed the floating indications of the loudest 
cheers." He had been courted by all parties, but 
never possessed the confidence of any. If his in- 
discretion forbade esteem, his gooa humor dis- 
sipated hate. He had clear conceptions, great 
knowledge of every branch of administration, and 
indefatigable assiduity in business. Burke styled 
him " the delight and ornament of the house of 
commons, and the charm of every private society 
that he honored with his presence." Macaulay 
refers to him as " a man of splendid talents, of lax 
principles, and of boundless vanity and presump- 
tion," who " would submit to no control." See his 
" Essay on the Earl of Chatham " and Charles 
Townshend, Wit and Statesman," by Percy Fitz- 
gerald (London, 1866). — Another brother, Roger, 
British soldier, b. in England about 1730; d. near 
Ticonderoga, N. Y„ 25 July, 1759, entered the army 
at an earlv age, and became a lieutenant-colonel on 
1 Feb M 17&8. He served as adjutant-general of the 
expeditionary force that was sent against Louis- 
burg, was deputy adjutant-general of Gen. Sir 



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Jeffrey Amherst's expedition against Fort Ticon- 
deroga, and was killed there in the trenches by a 
cannon-ball, and taken to Albany for burial. 

TOWNSHEND, Norton Strange, educator, b. 
in Clay-Coton, Northamptonshire, hnglaud, 25 Dec., 
1815. He came to this country in 1830, and settled 
with his parents in Avon, Ohio, whore he attended 
school and also taught. Subsequently he began 
the study of medicine, and was graduated in 1840 
at the College of physicians and surgeons in New 
York. He then went abroad, and, after attending 
the World's anti-slavery convention in London in 
July, 1840, as the delegate of the Anti-slavery soci- 
ety of Ohio, he studied in the hospitals of Paris, 
Edinburgh, and Dublin. In 1841 lie returned to 
Elyria, Ohio, where he settled in the practice of 
his profession, but in 1848 he was elected to the 
Ohio legislature, where he was active in securing a 
repeal of the black laws " of that state and the 
return of Salmon P. Chase to the U. S. senate. He 
was a member of the convention that in 1850 framed 
the present constitution of Ohio, and in the same 
year was elected as a Democrat to congress, serving 
from 1 Dec., 1851, till 3 March, 1853. At the end 
of his term he was elected to the Ohio senate, where 
he introduced measures that led to the founding 
of an asylum for training imbecile youth, of which 
institution he was a trustee for twenty-one years. 
Later he was active with Dr. John S. Newberry 
and others in the movement that aimed to estab- 
lish an agricultural college in Ohio. In 1858 he 
was chosen a member of the board of agriculture 
and served till 1863, also in 1868-'9. Early in 1863 
he was appointed medical inspector in the U. S. 
army, and ne served in that capacity until the end 
of the civil war. In 1867 he was named a member 
of the committee that was appointed to examine 
and report upon the system of wool appraisement 
and duties in the custom-houses of Boston, New 
York, and elsewhere, prior to the tariff revision of 
that year. He was appointed professor of agricul- 
ture in Iowa agricultural college in 1869, but re- 
signed a year later to accept the appointment of 
trustee and assist in founding the Agricultural and 
mechanical college of Ohio, in which institution, 
now known as the University of Ohio, he has held 
since 1873 the chair of agriculture. 

TOWNSHEND, Richard Wellington, mem- 
ber of congress, b. in Prince George county, Md., 30 
April, 1840. He was educated in public* and pri- 
vate schools at Washington, D. C., removed in 
1858 to Illinois, and, after teaching for some time 
in Fayette county, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar at McLeans borough in 1862. He was 
clerk of the county court of Hamilton county 
from 1863 till 1868, and district attorney for the 
next four years. He was a delegate to the National 
Democratic convention in 1872. He settled in 
Shawneetown in 1873, was elected a member of 
congress in 1876. and has since been continuously 
re-elected, serving in the congress which began its 
sessions on 5 March, 1887, as chairman of the com- 
mittee on military affairs. He was the author of 
the proposition to secure the establishment of an 
American Zollverein, which was embodied in a bill 
passed by congress in 1888. 

TOWSON, Nathan, soldier, b. near Baltimore. 
Md., 22 Jan., 1784; d. in Washington, D. C, 20 
July, 1854. He was educated at the common 
schools, and at the beginning of the war with 
Great Britain was appointed captain in the 2d 
U. S. artillery, 12 March, 1812. He was trans- 
ferred to the corps of artillery in May, 1814, and 
to the light artillery, 17 May, 1815. He served 
with distinction during the war of 1812, par- 



ticularly in the capture of the brig "Caledonia" 
from under the guns of Fort Erie. 8 Oct., 1812, for 
which he was brevetted major, and for gallantry at 
the battle of Chippewa, 5 July, 1814, he was brevet- 
ted lieutenant-colonel. In the assault upon Fort 
Erie in August of the same year he again distin- 
guished himself, and received the recognition of 
the government as a brevet colonel. lie was ap- 
pointed paymaster-general of the army in 1819, 
and in 1821 colonel of the 2d artillery. The senate 
failed to confirm the president's nomination, and 
Col. Towson was reappointed paymaster-general, 
8 May, 1822. He was brevetted brigadier-general, 
30 June, 1834, and maior-generaJ, 30 Mav, 1848. for 
meritorious conduct during the war with Mexico. 

TOY, Crawford Howell, educator, b. in Nor- 
folk, Va., 23 March, 1836. He was graduated at 
the University of Virginia in 1856, studied at the 
University of Berlin in 1866-'8, was professor of 
Hebrew in the Southern Baptist theological semi- 
nary at Greenville, S. C, and Louisville, Ky., in 
1869-'79, and since 1880 has occupied that chair at 
Harvard. Besides articles on Semitic philology 
and biblical criticism he has published " History of 
the Religion of Israel " (Boston, 1882), and *• Quota- 
tions in the New Testament " (New York, 1884). 

TRACY, Marquis Alexandre De Pronville 
de, governor of Canada, b. in France in 1603 : d. 
there in 1670. He was a lieutenant-general in the 
French army, and in 1655 retook Cayenne from 
the Dutch, and brought several of tne adjacent 
islands under French authority. In 1664 he was 
appointed viceroy of Canada, which at that time 
was an object of considerable attention at the 
French court, especially in what was known as the 
parti divot. So, when Tracy set sail, a throng of 
young nobles embarked with him, and the king 
gave him 200 soldiers, and promised that 1,000 
more should follow. All Quebec was on the land- 
ing-place when he arrived, 30 June, 1665, and he 
debarked with a pomp and ceremony such as the 
city had never before seen. He soon won the fer- 
vent admiration of the inhabitants by his piety, 
and at the same time he betrayed a lack of no 
qualities needful in his position. After a severe 
campaign, he subdued the Iroquois Indians, con- 
cluding a peace with them that lasted nearly 
twenty years. He then went on an expedition 
against the Mohawks, at the head of a force of 
1,200 French soldiers, and laid their country waste, 
taking possession, in the name of the king, of all 
their lands. The Mohawks sued for peace, and re- 
ceived Jesuit missionaries. The English, hearing 
of Tracv's advance, claimed the country he invad- 
ed, and Sir Richard Nicolls, governor of New York, 
wrote to the New England governors, begging 
them to join him against the French. But the 
New England governors were not prepared for war, 
and, fearing that their Indian neighbors might 
take part with the French, hesitated to act. The 
treaty of Br6da in 1667 secured peace for a time 
between the rival colonies. Tracy returned to 
France in 1667. " The Jesuits," says Parkman, 
"resumed their hazardous mission to the Iroquois, 
and Tracy's soldiers having made peace, the Jesuits 
were the rivets to hold it fast. Of all the French 
expeditions against the Iroquois, that of Tracy was 
the most productive of gooa." 

TRACY, Charles, lawyer, b. in Whitestown, 
Oneida co., N. Y., 17 Feb., 1810; d. in New York 
city, 1 June, 1885. He was graduated at Yale in 
1832, admitted to the bar in 1835, and passed his 
earlier professional life in Utiea, N. Y. He re- 
moved to New York city in 1849, and continued in 
active practice there until his death, and for many 



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rears in partnership with his brother William. 
With great capacity and ability for work he early 
achieved a front rank at the bar, especially as 
counsel for several charitable societies. In l879-'82 

he was president 
of the New York 
association of 
Yale alumni, and 
for many years 
took an active 
part in the annu- 
al conventions 
of the Protest- 
ant £pisco|>al 
church of the 
diocese of New 
York. He mar- 
ried Louisa, 
daughter of (Jen. 
Joseph Kirk- 
land, of Utica, 
N. Y. A fine 
memorial build- 
ing in connec- 
tion with St. (ienrge's church. New York city, was 
completed in Ikhn bv his son-in-law, John Pier- 
pont Morgan. Mr. Tracy published "The True 
and the Fal*e," an oration before the ♦ B K society 
of Yale college (New Haven, 1862), and 44 Yale Cof- 
lege. Sketches from Memory " (New York. 1880). 

TRACY, Charles Chapln. missionary, b. in 
East Smithfi* Id, Pa., 31 Oct., 1838. He was gradu- 
ated at Williams in 1864 and at Union theological 
seminary in 1*67, was ordained to the ministry of 
the Presbyterian church, and the same year sailed 
for Turkev in Asia as a missionary. He lattored at 
Mnrsova for several years, and was subsequently 
settled in Constantinople, where he established 
the first illustrated child's paper that was ever pub- 
lished in the empire. In 18?2 he returned to Mar- 
si »va, where he has since resided, occupying a chair 
in the theological seminary, and engaging in mis- 
sionary work. He has published " Letters to Ori- 
ental Vami lies'* (New York. 1874), and translated 
into Turkish a 44 Commentary on the Hebrews and 
Daniel " and Bishop Butler's " Analogy." 

TRACY, Joaepn, clergvman, b. in Hartford, 
Vt., 3 Nov., 1794; d. in Beverly, Mass., 24 March, 
1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1814, 
studied divinity, and was pastor of the Congrega- 
tional churches* in West Tnetford and West Fair- 
lee, Vt.. from 1821 till 1829. He su»»seouently 
edited the "Chronicle" at Windsor, Vt., for five 
years, and the Boston 44 Recorder " for one year. 
He then became secretary of the Massachusetts 
colonization society, and of the American coloniza- 
tion society for Massachusetts, which posts he held 
until his death. The University of \ ermont gave 
him the decree of D. D. in 1H59. He was asso- 
ciated with Prof. Henry B. Smith for several years 
in the editorship of the " American Theological 
R>view." He published "Three Last Things" 
(Boston. 1839) ; " The Great Awakening, a History 
of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards 
and Whitefield" (New York, 1842); "History of 
the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions" (1842); " Refutation of Charges against 
the Sandwich Island Missionaries" (Boston. 1844); 
and " A Memorial of the Semi-Centennial Anni- 
versary of the American Colonization Society" 
(1867V— H Is brother, Ebenezer Carter, editor, b. 
in Hartford. Vt., 10 June. 1796; d. in Windsor, 
Vt.. 15 May, 1862, wa« graduated at Dartmouth in 
1819. and at A ndover theological seminary in 1822. 
He edited the "Vermont Chronicle" from 1822 till 



| 1 828, and again from 1K34 till his death. He was also 
editorially connected with the New York "Journal 
of Commerce " and the " Bo>ton Recorder." He 
published a "Life of Jeremiah Evarts" (Boston, 
1845). — Another brother, Ira, missionary, b. in 
Hartford. Vt., 15 Jan., 1806: d. in Bloomington, 
Wis.. 10 Nov.. 1875, was graduated at Dartmouth 
in 1829, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1832, was ordained a missionary in the same year, 
and held charges in China. Siam, and southern 
Hindostan from 1832 till 1841, but at the latter 
date he was compelled to return to this country, 
owing to the failure of his health. He was subse- 
quently a financial ag**nt of the American board, 
and held various Congregational charges in Ohio, 
Minnesota, and Wisconsin. He contributed many 
articles to the " Bibliotheca Sacra." and is the au- 
thor of " Dutv to the Heathen " (Boston. 1859). 

TRACY', Phlneas Lyman, congressman, b. in 
Norwich, Conn., 25 Dec., 1786 ; d. in Batavia, N. Y., 
23 Dec.. 1876. His father. Dr. Philemon Tracy, 
was a physician of Norwich. Phineas was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1806, admitted to the bar of Ctica, 
N. Y., in 1811, and in 1813 settled in Batavia, N. Y. 
He was chosen to congress in 1826 by the anti- 
Masonic party to fill a vacancy, and served by re- 
election till 1*833, when he declined a renomination. 
He was a presidential elector in 1840, became first 
judge of Genesee county in 1841, and held office 
till 1846, when he retired from professional life. 
—His brother, Albert Haller, jurist, b. in Nor- 
wich, Conn., 17 June, 1793; d. in Buffalo. N. Y., 12 
Sept,, 1859, began the study of medicine with his 
father, but soon abandoned it for the law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1815. and settled in Buffalo. 
He rose to a high place in the l»r of western New 
York. At the "age of twenty-four Mr. Tracy was 
elected a representative to the 16th congress, but he 
reached his twenty-fifth birthday anniversary be- 
fore the assembling of congress on 6 Dec, 1819, 
and was thereby not excluded by the constitutional 
limit as to age." He was returned to the 17th and 
18th congresses, and gained a reputation during 
his term of six years' service. In 1830 Mr. Tracy 
was chosen state senator, serving eight years. That 
body was then the court of errors. ^ Exercising the 
functions of a court of last resort, and as a member 
of this court, Mr. Tracy achieved his greatest dis- 
tinction. He was one of the ablest lawyers of the 
senate, and his opinions and decisions have been 
standard authority upon questions that were liti- 
gated then. Mr. Tracy was a candidate for U. S. 
senator in the famous election of 1839. After this 
contest he retired from public life. 

TRACY, Roger Sherman, sanitarian, b. in 
Windsor, Vt., 9 Dec.. 1841. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1862, and, after teaching for five years, 
took his medical degree at the College of physi- 
cians and surgeons of Columbia in 1868. For over 
a year he was house physician at Bellevue hospital, 
and in 1869 he was made inspector of prisons and 
hospitals for the department of charities and cor- 
rections in New York city. He was appointed sani- 
tary inspector in the health department in 1870, 
became chief of the corps in July, 1887, and in 
October of the same year registrar of vital statistics. 
Dr. Tracy has contributed numerous articles on 
sanitary science to " The Popular Science Monthly," 
the " New York Medical Journal," and similar 
periodicals ; also the articles on 44 Public Nui- 
sances," " Hygiene of Occupation," and 44 Village 
Sanitary Associations" to Albert H. Buck's 44 Hy- 
giene "(New York, 1879), and he is the author of 
" The New Liber Primus " (Boston, 1858), the 44 Ap- 
pendix on Hygiene " in the 44 Primer of Physiology " 



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TRAIN 



153 



(New York, 1884) ; also " Handbook of Sanitary In- 
formation for Householders" (1884); and " Ksscn- 
tials of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene " (1885). 

TRACY, Uriah, senator,' b. in Franklin, Conn., 
2 Feb., 1755; d. in Washington, I). C, 19 July, 
1807. He was graduated at Yale in 1778, admitted 
to the bar in 1781, and practised successfully in 
Litchfield for many years. He served in the legis- 
lature in 1788-'93,and in congress in 1793-'6, hav- 
ing been chosen as a Federalist. At the latter date 
he was elected to the U. S. senate in place of Jona- 
than Trumbull, who had resigned, serving until 
the time of his death. 

TRAFTON, Mark, clergyman, b. in Bangor, 
Me., 1 Aug., 1810. He had a limited education, 
was a shoemaker by trade, and at nineteen years 
of age began to preach. He joined the itinerant 
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in 
1830. aiid held pastorates in that denomination 
for fifty-two years. He was a member of congress 
in 1855-'7, having been chosen as an American. 
He was defeated for the next canvass, and has 
since held no political office. Weslevan gave him 
the degree of A. M. in 1850. His publications in- 
clude " Rambles in Europe " (Boston, 1852) ; " Safe 
Investment " (1856); "Baptism: its Subjects and 
Mode " (1870); and "Scenes in My Life" (1878).— 
His daughter, Adeline, author, b. in Sacarappa, 
Me., about 1845, was educated in public and private 
schools, and about 1870 began to write for publi- 
cation. Her novels were first printed as serials 
in magazines. They include " An American Girl 
Abroad " (Boston, 1872) ; " Katherine Earle " (1874) ; 
and "His Inheritance" (1878). 

TRAILL, Catherine Parr Strickland, Cana- 
dian author, b. in Kent, England, 9 Jan., 1802. She 
is a member of the Strickland family, was educated 
at her home, Ryden Hall, Suffolk, and began to 
write when she was fifteen years of age. Her first 
book of tales for children was published in London 
in 1818, and she wrote many other juvenile works, 
which were published without her name, and com- 
manded a large sale. In 1832 she married Lieut 
Thomas Traill, of the Royal Scotch fusiliers, and 
soon afterward they emigrated to Canada and set- 
tled in Douro, Ont, in 1833. She subsequently 
lived at Peterborough, Rice Lake, and is now, and 
has been for many years, residing at Lakefield. 
Since going to Canada she has contributed to 
** Chambers s Journal," "Sharpens London Maga- 
zine," and other periodicals, and has published, 
among other works, " The Backwoods of Canada " 
(London, 1835); "Canadian Crusoes," edited by 
Agnes Strickland (New York, 1852); "Ramblings 
in the Canadian Forest" (1854): "Stories of the 
Canadian Forests " (New York, 1856) ; " Lady Mary 
and her Nurse, or a Peep into Canadian Forests'* 
(London, 1856) ; " Afar in the Forest, or Pictures of 
Life and Scenery in the Wilds of Canada" (Lon- 
don, 1869) ; and " Studies of Plant Life, or Floral 
Gleanings by Forest, Lake, and Plain " (Ottawa, 
1884). The illustrations in the last work are by 
Mrs. Agnes F. Chamberlaine, a daughter of Mrs. 
Susanna Moodie, who was a sister of Mrs. Traill. 
For some time past Mrs. Traill has been engaged 
in writing " A Family Record." 

TRAIN, Charles, clergyman, b. in Weston, 
Mass., 7 Jan., 1783; d. in Framingham, Mass., 17 
Sept., 1849. He was graduated at Harvard in 1805, 
licensed to preach as a Baptist in Newton in May, 
1806, and in the autumn of 1807 took charge of 
Framingham academy, at the same time preaching 
on alternate Sundays at Framingham ana Weston. 
He was ordained a minister in Framingham on 30 
Jan., 1811, and was appointed pastor of the Baptist 



churches in Weston and Framingham. In 1826 
the connection between the two brunches was dis- 
solved, and he became pastor of Framingham 
alone, in which town a new church was dedicated 
in 1827. He resigned his charge in 1839. A con- 
siderable part of his life was devoted to public 
affairs. lie was elected a member of the Massa- 
chusetts legislature in 1822, and continued to rep- 
resent his district for the following seven years, 
except during 1827, when his extreme views on 
temperance offended his constituents. In 1829 he 
was elected to fill a vacancy in the state senate by 
the two branches of the legislature, and in 1830 he 
was chosen senator by the people. He was the 
first to take steps for the formation of a legislative 
library, and to propose a revision of the laws affect- 
ing common schools, while Amherst college was 
largely indebted to his exertions for its charter. 
He acquired considerable celebrity as a preacher 
and public speaker, and published various ad- 
dresses, orations, and sermons between 1810 and 
1830.— His son, Charles Russell, lawyer, b. in 
Framingham, Mass., 18 Oct., 1817, was graduated 
at Brown in 1837, studied law at Harvard, and was 
called to the bar in 1841. He was elected a mem- 
ber of the Massachusetts legislature in 1847, and 
was U. S. district attorney for northern Massachu- 
setts from 1848 till 1851. He was a delegate to 
the State constitutional convention in 1853, a mem- 
ber of the governor's council in 1857-'8, and was 
elected to congress in 1859, serving until 1863. He 
was a volunteer aide on the staff of Gen. George 
H. Gordon, and took part in the battle of Antie- 
tam. He was again in the Massachusetts legislature 
from 1868 till 1871, and was attorney-general from 
1871 till 1878. He published, in conjunction with 
Franklin F. Heard, " Precedents of Indictments, 
Special Pleas, etc., adapted to American Practice, 
with Notes" (Boston, 1855). — His eldest son, Ar- 
thur Savage, clergyman, b. in Framingham. Mass., 
1 Sept., 1812 ; d. there, 2 Jan., 1872, was graduated 
at Brown in 1833, and remained there as tutor for 
two years, pursuing at the same time theological 
studies unaer the direction of Francis Wayland. 
He was ordained to the ministry in 1836, as pastor" 
of the Baptist church in Haverhill, Mass., and he 
continued in that relation for twenty- three years, 
resigning his pastorate to accept the professorship 
of sacred rhetoric and pastoral duties in Newton 
theological seminary. In 1866, after a service of 
seven years in the seminary, he resigned, and 
passed the remainder of his life with the church in 
Framingham. He received the degree of D. D. 
from Brown in 1855. 

TRAIN, George Francis, author, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 24 March, 1829. He is a son of Enoch 
Train. He engaged in business in Boston for sev- 
eral years ana then went to Australia in 1853, 
where he founded the house of Caldwell, Train, 
and Co. He travelled extensively, went to Eng- 
land, and made vigorous efforts to introduce street- 
railways into Birkenhead and London in 1859, 
but met with violent opposition and was unsuc- 
cessful. He lectured in Great Britain and Ire- 
land before large audiences, especially in the latter 
country, and, although his manner and language 
were singular, his sarcasms on English society were 
often incisive and eloquent ne returned to the 
United States in 1862, and since that time has 
been widely known on account of his eccentricity. 
He has written "An American Merchant in Eu- 
rope, Asia, and Australia" (New York, 1857); 
" Young America Abroad " (1857) ; " Young Ameri- 
ca in Wall Street" (1858); " Spread-Eagleisra " 
(1859 ; London, 1860); " Every Man his own Auto- 



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154 



TRALL 



TRAUTW1NE 



crat," chiefly biographical (1859); "Young Ameri- 
ca on Slavery" (I860); "Observations on Street- 
Railways" (Liverpool, 1800); "George Francis 
Train, Unionist, on Thomas Colley Grattan, Seces- 
sionist" (Ijondon, 1861); "Union Speeches deliv- 
ered in England during the Present American 
War" (Philadelphia and London, 4 vols., 1862); 
"Downfall of England" (1865); "Irish Independ- 
ency" (1865); and "Championship of Women" 
(Leavenworth, Kan., 1868). 

TRALL, Russell Thacher, physician, b. in 
Vernon, Tolland co., Conn., 5 Aug., 1812; d. in 
Florence, N. J., 23 Sept., 1877. He was brought 
by his parents to western New York when he was 
a child, and for several years worked on a farm, 
lie afterward studied medicine, began practice, 
and settled in New York city in 1840, where he 
became a hydropathist. In 1843 he founded an 
establishment in that city for the water-cure treat- 
ment, and opened, in connection with it in 1853, a 
medical school for both sexes, which was chartered 
in 1857 under the title of the New York hygeio- 
therapeutic college. It was afterward removed to 
Florence, N. J. He edited the " New York Organ," 
a weeklv temperance journal, and the " Hydro- 
pathic Review," a quarterly magazine, from 1845 
to 1848, was also the editor of other medical jour- 
nals, and the author of " Hydropathic Encyclo- 
paedia" (New York, 1852); "New Hydropathic 
Cook-Book " (1854) : "Prize Essay on Tobacco" 

(1854) ; "Uterine Diseases and Displacements" 

(1855) ; "Home Treatment for Sexual Abuses"; 
"The Alcoholic Controversy" (1856); "The Com- 
plete Gymnasium" (1857); "Illustrated Family 
Gymnasium " (1857) ; " Diseases of the Throat and 
Lungs " (1861) ; " Diphtheria" (1862) ; " Pathology 
of the Reproductive Organs " (1862) ; " The True 
Temperance Platform, or an Exposition of the 
Fallacy of Alcoholic Medication" (1864-'6): 
" Hand-Book of Hyg ienic Practice" (1865); "Sex- 
ual Physiology" (1866; London, 1867); "Water- 
Cure for the Million" (1867); "Digestion and 
Dyspepsia" (1874); "The numan Voice" (1874); 
and " Popular Physiologv" (1875). 

TRANCHEPAIN DE SAINT AUGUSTINE, 
Marie de, mother superior, b. in Rouen, France ; d. 
in New Orleans. La., 11 Nov., 1733. She belonged 
to an old Huguenot family, but became a Roman 
Catholic, and, shortly after her conversion in 1699, 
entered the Ursuline order. She conceived the 
idea of founding a convent in this country, and, 
although she met with great difficulties, Anally 

Srocured money and companions for her purpose, 
he sailed for Louisiana on 22 Jan., 1727, accom- 
panied by seven professed nuns, a novice, and two 
seculars, and reached New Orleans on 7 Aug. The 
Ursuline convent that she founded was not opened 
until 1734. The building is still standing, and is 
the oldest in the city. She also managed a hos- 
pital, an academy for young ladies, a school for the 
poor, an orphan asylum, and an institution for the 
religious instruction of negroes. 

TRASK, George, clergyman, b. in Beverly. 
Mass., 15 Aug., 1798 ; d. in Fitchburg, Mass., 25 
Jan., 1875. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1826, 
and at Andover theological seminary in 1829, was 
ordained, 15 Sept, 1830, and held pastorates in 
Framingham, Warren, and Fitchburg, Mass., till 
1850, after which he was a temperance agent in 
the last-named town until his death. Mr. Trask 
became specially known for his efforts against the 
use of tobacco, in opposition to which he labored 
earnestly with voice and pen. He delivered many 
lectures throughout the U nited States, and was the 
author of many anti-tobacco tracts. 



TRASK, William Blake, antiquary, b. in Dor- 
chester, Mass.. 25 Nov., 1S12. He is a descendant 
of Capt. William Trask, who emigrated to New 
England before John Endicott in 1628, and having 
settled at Salem, Mass., became subsequently an 
intimate friend of that governor, a deputy to the 
general court, and a commander in the Pequot 
wars. William Blake received an English educa- 
tion at the common schools, and in 1828 was ap- 
prenticed to a cabinet-maker. He worked at his 
trade in his native town until 1835, when he went 
to Pennsylvania; but he returned to Dorchester in 
1837. He served for three years on the school 
committee of Dorchester, and ' in 1850 became as- 
sessor. He was obliged to resign this post, owing 
to failing health, and soon afterward began to de- 
velop an interest in historical and antiquarian 
studies. He gave valuable aid to several writers 
by supplying them with the fruits of his investiga- 
tions. He copied the ancient town-records of Bos- 
ton and made fac-si miles of autographs for Sam- 
uel G. Drake's history of that city, and was of 
great aid to Gen. William H. Sumner in preparing 
a " History of East Boston " (Boston, 1858). He 
contributed to the " New England Historical and 
Genealogical Register," made copies of entire docu- 
ments from the Massachusetts archives for this 
publication, and prepared indexes of names as well 
as general indexes for the nineteen volumes from 
1851 till 1869. The " History of Dorchester" (Bos- 
ton, 1859) owed much to his researches, and 137 
pages, comprising a fifth of the work, were written 
by him. He published a " Memoir of Andrew H, 
Ward " (Boston, 1863), and edited " The Journal of 
Joseph Ware" (1852); "Bay lie's Remarks on Gen- 
eral Cobb" (1864); "The Bird Family" (1871); 
and "The Seaver Family" (1872). He has aided 
in preparing several genealogies, has been a mem- 
ber of the Historic-genealogical society since 1851, 
and was its historiographer from 1861 till 1868. 

TRAUTWINE, John Crenson, civil engineer, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 30 March, 1810; d. there, 
14 Sept., 1883. In 1828 he entered the office of 
William Strickland, then the chief civil engineer 
and architect in that citv, and soon afterward sub- 
mitted a design for the Penn township bank, which 
was accepted, and the execution of which he super- 
intended. Subsequently he assisted Mr. Strickland 
in the construction of the U. S. mint and other 
Philadelphia buildings. He was engaged on the 
Columbia railroad in 1831, was appointed principal 
assistant engineer of the Philadelphia, Wilming- 
ton, and Baltimore railroad in 1835, and in 1836 
became engineer of the Philadelphia and Trenton 
railroad, but during the latter part of the same 
year passed to the service of the Hiawassee railroad, 
from Tennessee to Georgia, of which he was chief 
engineer for six years. In 1844-'9 he was asso- 
ciated with George M. Totten in the construction 
of the canal del Dique, connecting the Magdalena 
river with the Bay of Carthagena, and again with 
Mr. Totten, in 1850. he made the surveys for the 
Panama railroad. On his return to Philadelphia 
in 1854 he published a report of his work. He 
next examined and reported on the harbor of Are- 
cibo, in Porto Rico, and then became engineer of 
the Coal Run railroad in northeastern Pennsyl- 
vania. He surveyed in 1856 the Lackawanna and 
Lanesborough railroad in Susquehanna county. Pa., 
and in 1857 the route for an interoceanic railroad 
through Honduras. He examined and reported on 
the harbor of Montreal in 1858, and arranged a 
system of docks for that city. After 1864 he 
gradually retired from the practice of his profes- 
sion, although continuing his consulting work, and 



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TREADWELL 



155 



he was frequently called upon to testify as an ex- 
pert on questions of engineering. Mr. Trautwine 
was a member of scientific bodies, and a contribu- 
tor of professional papers to technical journals. 
His works include 44 Method of Calculating the Cu- 
bic Contents of Excavations and Embankments" 
(Philadelphia, 1851); 44 Field Practice of Laying 
out Circular Curves for Railroads" (1851); and 
44 Civil Engineer's Pocket- Book " (1872). 

TRAVIS, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Maryland, 
13 Sept., 1786; d. in Mississippi, 16 Sept., 1858. 
He became an itinerant minister of the Methodist 
Episcopal church in 1806, and served in South 
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, and Tennessee. His 
"Autobiography" was edited by the Rev. Thomas 
O. Summers, D. D. (Nashville, 1850). 

TRAVIS, William Barrett, soldier, b. in 
Conecuh county, Ala., in 1811; d. near San Anto- 
nio, Tex., 6 March, 1836. He was admitted to the 
bar about 1830, and practised in Claiborne, Ala., 
but became financially embarrassed, and, leaving 
that place about 1832, went to Texas, where he 
afterward took up arms in the struggle for the in- 
dependence of that country. At the head of 140 
men he was besieged in the old mission station of 
San Antonio de valerio, which had been named 
Fort Alamo (see illustration), by Gen. Santa-Anna, 




with 4.000 Mexicans, on 23 Feb., 1886. The fort 
was defended for ten days, frequent assaults being 
repelled with great slaughter, while not a man in 
the fort was injured. Many appeals for re-enforce- 
ments were sent out, but only thirty-two men could 

Sit through the Mexican lines. Finally, on 6 
arch, three assaults were made, and in the hand- 
to-hand fight that followed the last, the Texans 
were overpowered. They fought desperately, with 
clubbed muskets, till only six were left, including 
Travis. David Crockett, and James Bowie. These 
surrendered under promise of protection ; but when 
they were brought before Santa-Anna he ordered 
them to be cut to pieces. In the bloody defeat of 
the Mexicans at San Jacinto shortly afterward, the 
Texan battle-cry was 44 Remember the Alamo." In 
person Travis was of fine stature, with regular 
features, blue eves, and auburn hair. 

TREADWELL, Daniel, inventor, b. in Ipswich, 
Mass., 10 Oct.. 1791 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 27 
Feb., 1872. He early displayed inventive talent, 
his first device, made when he was quite young, 
being a machine for producing wooden screws. 
In 1818 he devised a new form of printing-press, 
and in 1819 went to England, where he conceived 
the idea of a power-press. This was completed in 
a year after his return, and was the flrtt press by 
which a sheet was printed on this continent by 
other than hand power. It was widely used, and 
in New York city large editions of the" Bible were 
published by its means. In 1825 he was employed 
Dy the city of Boston to make a survey for the in- 
troduction of water, and in 1826 he devised a sys- 



tem of turnouts for railway transportation on a 
single track. He completed the first successful 
machine for spinning hemp for cordage in 1829. 
Works capable of spinning 1,000 tons a year were 
erected in Boston in 1831, and by machines that 
he furnished in 1836 to the Charlestown navy-yard 
all the hemp was spun and the cordage made" for 
some time for the U. S. navy. These machines 
were used in Canada, Ireland, and Russia, and one 
of them, called a circular hackle or lapper, has 
been generally adopted wherever hemp is .spun for 
coarse cloth. In 1835 he perfected a metnod for 
making cannon from wrought-iron and steel, re- 
sembling the process that was subsequently intro- 
duced by Sir William Armstrong. He patented it 
and received government contracts, but the great 
cost of his cannon prevented a demand for them. 
From 1834 till 1845 he was Rumford professor in 
Harvard, and in 1822, with Dr. John Ware, he es- 
tablished and conducted the •* Boston Journal of 
Philosophy and the Arts." His publications in- 
clude 44 The Relations of Science to the Useful 
Arts" (Boston, 1855); 44 On the Practicability of 
constructing a Cannon of Great Calibre" (Cam- 
bridge, 1856) ; and 44 On the Construction of Hooped 
Cannon," a sequel to the foregoing (1864). 

TREADWELL, John, statesman, b. in Farm- 
ington, Conn., 23 Nov., 1745; d. there. 19 Aug., 
1823. He was graduated at Yale in 1767, studied 
law, and began to practise in Farmington. Ho 
was elected a member of the legislature in 1776, 
and continued to take part in it until 1785, when 
he was appointed a member of the governor's coun- 
cil. He sat in the Continental congress from 1785 
to 1786. In 1789 he became judge of probate and 
of the supreme court of errors, which office he held 
until 1809. He afterward served as judge of the 
court of common pleas for three years. He was 
made lieutenant-governor of Connecticut in 1798. 
He was one of eight that were delegates both to 
the convention at Hartford that ratified the con- 
stitution of the United States in 1788, and of the 
convention, thirty years afterward, that formed the 
state constitution. In 1809-' 11 he was governor 
of Connecticut. Gov. Tread well took an active 
part in the management of the school fund of 
Connecticut, and was president of the American 
board of commissioners for foreign missions dur- 
ing the latter years of his life. He received the 
degree of LL. D. from Yale in 1800. 

TREADWELL, John Goodhue, physician, b. 
in Salem, Mass., 1 Aug., 1805; d. there, 6 Aug., 
1856. He was the son of a physician of Salem, 
from whom he inherited a large fortune. After 
his graduation at Harvard in 1825 he adopted the 
medical profession, and settled in his native town. 
Dr. Treadwell bequeathed his farm at Topsfield to 
the Essex county agricultural society, to be used 
for scientific experiments in agriculture, and to 
Harvard an estate valued at about $100,000, to be 
applied to the foundation and maintenance of a 
professorship of physiology and anatomy. He 
also left his medical library to the same institution. 

TREADWELL, Seymour Houghton, politi- 
cian, b. in Bridgeport, Conn., 1 June, 1795; d. in 
Jackson, Mich., 9 June, 1867. His parents removed 
in his infancy to Monroe county, N. Y., where he 
was educated. He taught in western New York 
and Ohio, and in 1830 engaged in trade in Albion, 
N. Y., where he began to attract notice as a tem- 
perance and anti-slavery advocate. He removed to 
Rochester in 1837, and went to Michigan in 1839 
to conduct the 44 Michigan Freeman," an anti-slav- 
ery organ, at Jackson. He took an active part in all 
the conventions and movements of the Abolition- 



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ists, supporting James G. Birney for president in 
1840 and 1844 and John P. Hale in 18X2. In 1854 
he was nominated by the Free-soil party for com- 
missioner of the state land-office and twice elected. 
He acquired note, especially by a remarkable state 
paper in which he denied the constitutionality of 
the jiaynient by the state of the expenses of the 
judges of the supreme court. The correctness of 
his views on the question was maintained by the 
state auditors in opposition to the attorney-gen- 
eral. He lived in retirement after 1850 on a farm 
near Jackson. He became first known to the pub- 
lic as the author of a work entitled "American 
Liberties and American Slavery Morally and Po- 
litically Illustrated" (Rochester, 1838). 

TREAT, Robert, governor of Connecticut, b. 
in England in 1622; d. in Milford. Conn., 12 July, 
1710. Early in the 17th century he came to Weth- 
ersfield, Coiin., with his fat her, "Richard, who died 
there in 1069. The latter was a deputy from 1644 
till 1658, assistant or magistrate from 1658 till 1665, 
and a patentee of the charter that was granted to 
Connecticut by Charles II. in 1662. His estate of 
about 900 acres in what is now Glastonbury was 
long known as the Treat farm. The son removed 
to Milford in 1639, and, although only eighteen 
years of age, was appointed one of nine men to 
survey and lay out the land, lie was a deputy 
in 1653-'9 ana again in 1665, and was assistant 
from 1659 till 1664. Mr. Treat was active in op- 
posing the movement for consolidation of Con- 
necticut and New Haven. The dissatisfied fac- 
tion of the New Haven colony determined to seek 
another settlement, and the result was the found- 
ing of Newark, N. J. Robert Treat went with 
them, and was the first town-clerk of the new set- 
tlement as well as a deputy to the 1st assembly 
from 1667 till 1672. He was also granted a home 
lot of eight acres there. In 1672 he returned to 
Milford, where he had been made lieutenant in the 
train-band in 1654, and promoted captain in 1661. 
He became major in 1673. In 1675 he was chosen 
commander-in-chief of the forces for the war with 
King Philip, and drove the Indians from North- 
field and Springfield. In their assault upon Had- 
ley he put them to flight, and he took an active 
part in the destruction of the fort of the Narra- 
gansetts, 19 Dec. 1675. Maj. Treat is said to have 
been the last to leave the fort. He was elected 
deputy governor of Connecticut in 1676, and served 
till 1(S83 V when he was elected governor. He was 
chosen again to the former post in 1698 and served 
till 1708. In 1683 he was elected governor and 
served till 1698, not including the two years under 
Sir Edmund Andros. In 1683 a dispute arose 
with the governor of New York, who claimed that 
Rye, Greenwich, and Stamford belonged to his ju- 
risdiction. Gov. Treat was chosen one of the com- 
missioners to settle the controversy, and a compro- 
mise was made by giving up Rye and retaining the 
two other towns. When King James II. deter- 
mined to withdraw their charters from the colonies 
and place them under a governor appointed by the 
crown, the loss of the liberties of the colony seems 
to have been a foregone conclusion from the very 
beginning to Mr. Treat's mind, and he determined 
to delay the calamity as long as possible. Accord- 
ing to the " instructions" that he drew up for the 
colony's agent, his duty was first to prevent if pos- 
sible the loss of the charter, and secondly, failing 
in this, to plead that the colony might not be di- 
vided and united to others, but allowed to remain 
intact Subsequently the hope was expressed that 
if Connecticut was to be united with some other 
colony, she might be annexed to Massachusetts 



rather than to New York. When Gov. Andros de- 
manded the surrender of the charter, the governor 
and council replied that thev could not comply 
with the request till they had heard from the king. 
Finally Andros went to 'Hartford on 31 Oct., 1687, 
to take charge of the government, and, according 
to Dummcr, an almost con tern porary writer, he 
'•seized their charter for the king." It is common- 
ly supposed that he did not obtain the churter. 
(See Andros.) There is no record that he ever de- 
manded it of the assembly. He had gained ms- 
session of the government, was loyally received by 
the people, and, moreover, the proceedings of the 
next day prove that Andros could have known 
nothing of the hiding of the charter from him. 
This act of disloyalty would certainly have caused 
trouble: but the hiding of a charter may have 
been strictly true, though there is no mention of it 
in the records or by contemporary writers. On 1 
Nov., Gov. Treat, though on various pretexts he 
had refused to surrender the charter for about two 
years, was made one of Gov. Andros's council, and 
within a week colonel of militia in New Haven 
county. Connecticut suffered less from the tyran- 
nical acts of Andros than any other of the colo- 
nies, doubtless owing to the guidance of Mr. Treat. 
On 9 May, 1689, after the rebellion against Andros, 
Gov. Treat and the old magistrates under the char- 
ter resumed the offices from which they had been 
deposed in 1687.— His son, Samuel, clergyman, b. 
in Milford, Conn., in 1648 ; d. in Eastham, Mass., 18 
March, 1717. was graduated at Harvard in 1669, 
received a call to Lastham, on Cape Cod, in 1672, 
and was ordained in 1675 at a salary of £50 a year, 
which was subsequently increased, besides several 
grants of land. He hail al>out 500 Indians under 
his pastoral care, whose affections he so effectually 
gained by visiting their wigwams and joining in 
their festivities that they looked upon him as a 
father. He translated the ** Confession of Faith " 
into the Nauset dialect for the use of the Indians. 
In 1678 and in 1713 he preached the election ser- 
mon, the former at Plymouth. He was the grand- 
father of Robert Treat Paine, the signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, and the great-grand- 
father of the Rev. James Freeman, the first Uni- 
tarian clergyman of Boston. — Samuel's great-grand- 
son, Joseph, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 8 Dec, 
1775; d. there, 27 Feb., 1853, became a civil engi- 
neer, but was commissioned captain in the 21st U. S. 
infantry on 12 March, 1812. Owing to the envy 
of some of his superior officers, he was accused of 
cowardice at the battle of Chippewa, 5 July, 1814; 
but upon trial he was honorably acquitted, none of 
his accusers appearing against him. He was mus- 
tered out in 1815, in 1817 and 1818 was a member 
of the general court of Massachusetts, and in 1820 
of the Maine constitutional convention. He after- 
ward became brigadier-general in the state militia. 
Gen. Treat published a pamphlet entitled ** The 
Vindication of CapL Joseph Treat, late of the 21st 
U. S. Infantry, against the Atrocious Calumnies 
Comprehendeu in Maj.-Gen. Brown's Official Re- 
port of the Battle of Chippeway" (Philadelphia, 
1815). — Samuel's descendant in the seventh genera- 
tion, John Harvey, author, b. in Pittsfield, N. H., 
23 July, 1839, removed to Andover, Mass., in 1856, 
and was graduated at Harvard in 1862, after which 
he engaged in business with his father in Law- 
rence, Mass. In 1869 and 1875 he travelled exten- 
sively in Europe and the East. He is a member of 
historical societies in this country and England. 
In 1888 he presented to Harvard a large collection 
of rare books and to its Museum of comparative 
xo5logy his large collection of entomological speci- 



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TREJO 



157 



mens. In addition to various privately printed 
pamphlets on theological and arch»ological sub- 
jects, he is the author of «• Notes on the Rubrics of 
the Communion Office, with a Review of the De- 
cisions of the Privy Council and Observations on 
Modern Ritualism, with an introductory letter by 
the Rev. Morgan Dix, S.T. D. (New York, 1882); 
"Truro Baptisms, 1711-1800" (Lawrence, 1886); 
44 The Catholic Faith, or the Doctrines of the Church 
of Rome Contrary to Scripture and the Teach- 
ing of the Primitive Church,*' with an introduc- 
tion by the Rev. James A. Bolles (Nashotah, Wis., 
1888); and has a "Genealogy of the Treat Fami- 
ly*' in preparation. — Josepn's descendant, Sam- 
uel, jurist, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 17 Dec., 1815, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1837, taught while 
studying law, and in 1839 became principal of an 
academy in Geneseo, N. Y. In 1841 he removed to 
St. Louis, Mo., where he was admitted to the bar, 
appointed judge of the court of common pleas in 
1849, and again held this office in 1851-7. On S 
March, 1857, he was appointed U. S. judge for the 
eastern district of Missouri, which office he re- 
signed on 15 Feb., 1887. Judge Treat was a cor- 
porator of Washington university, St. Louis, from 
which he received the degree of LL. D. in 1879. 
See " Proceedings of the St. Louis Bar on the Re- 
tirement of Hon. Samuel Treat " (St. Louis, 1887). 
— Samuel's cousin, Samuel Hubbel, jurist, b. in 
Plainfield, Otsego co., N. Y., 21 June, 1811 ; d. in 
Springfield, III., 27 March, 1887, was of the seventh 
feneration from Matthias Treat, and his grand- 
father, Theodore, served in the Revolutionary armv 
from 1775 till 1780. He worked on his father's 
farm and studied law in Richfield, where he was 
admitted to the bar. In 1834 he walked to Spring- 
field, 111., formed a law-partnership, and practised 
until 1839, when he was appointed judge of the 
state circuit court and held this office until 1841. 
He was transferred to the supreme bench in that 
year, and served till 3 March, 1855, when he was 
appointed bv President Pierce to the office of U. S. 
judge for the southern district of Illinois, which 
post he held at the time of his death. His library 
was one of the finest private collections in the 
state, and he was active in the diocesan convention 
of the Protestant Episcopal church in Illinois. 
With Walter B. Scates and Robert S. Blackwell 
he compiled, with notes, Illinois Law Statutes," 
embracing all of the general laws in force, 1 Dec.. 
1857 (2 vols., Chicago, 1858). 

TREDWELL, Thomas, jurist, b. in Smithtown, 
Long Island, N. Y., in 1742 ; d. in Platteburg, N. Y.. 
80 Jan., 1832. lie was graduated at Princeton in 
1704, and was a member of the New York provin- 
cial congress in 1774-'5 and of the State constitu- 
tional convention of 1770-7. In 1788 he was a 
delegate to the convention that ratified the consti- 
tution of the United States. He sat in the assem- 
bly from 1777 till 1783, and in the state senate in 
1780-'9 and 1803-7, was first judge of the court of 
probate in 1778-'H7, and surrogate of Suffolk coun- 
ty in 1787-'91. From 1791 till 1795 he was a mem- 
ber of congress. Judge Tredwell was an original 
proprietor of Plattshurg, N. Y., represented Clin- 
ton and Essex counties in the State constitutional 
convention of 1801. and was surrogate of Clinton 
county in 1807-'31. 

TREGO, William Henry, expressman, b. in 
Middleburg, Carroll co., Md., 18 Feb., 1837. He 
was educated at the Baltimore public schools, 
entered the service of Adams express eoiupany at 
Baltimore in 1852, and passed through various 
grades to the superin tendency in 1850. During 
the civil war he had charge of the transportation 



of express matter for troops in the southern states. 
In 1877 he projected and organized on the Balti- 
more and Ohio railroad svstem the first trunk-line 
railway express in the Cnited States, and he was 
intimately associated with its subsequent history. 
In 1887 he organized the railway express over the 
Erie system, allied with the Baltimore and Ohio 
express, and he brought about other railway express 
alliances which, under rulings of the U. S. supreme 
court, acquired an area rivalling that of corporate 
expresses, and advantages that seemed to menace 
the existence of the latter. Previously ail express 
business on railroads was done by express com- 
panies as separate corporations, paying the rail- 
roads a certain percentage of the earnings for haul- 
ing, usually forty per cent. Under the railway 
express system the railway company performed 
the service directly, and secured the entire profit. 
The large financial interests that were involved 
placed the wealthy corporate expresses on the 
defensive. The question promised: to become im- 
portant in American railway management The 
railway express that had been founded by Mr. 
Trego grew to great proportions in spite of a com- 
bined corporate opposition of ten years, when 
peculiar circumstances banished it as an institution 
from the United States. Early in 1887 a new 
management of the Philadelphia and Reading road 
sold that company's express to corporate interests. 
Later, the same year, embarrassments impelled the 
Baltimore and Ohio railroad to part with its express, 
and in 1888 the remaining railway express, the 
Erie, succumbed to allied pressure, and was sold. 

TREJO, Hernando de (tray -ho), Spanish ad- 
venturer, b. in Truxillo, Estremadura, about 1510; 
d. in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1555. He served 
in Italy, went to Mexico about 1540, and in 1550 
to La Plata with Juan de Salazar de Espinosa. 
They encountered heavy seas and hurricanes, and 
the adventurers became dissatisfied. Dissensions 
following between the chief pilot and Juan de Sa- 
lazar, the latter was deposed from the command 
and Trejo was elected in his place. But the latter, 
fearing that the adclantado of La Plata would 
punish him for his rebellion, landed Salazar at 
San Vicente and sailed to the south, intending to 
found a settlement. Driven by contrary winds, he 
landed early in 1551 in a bay a few miles north of 
Santa Catalina island and south of Cananea. There 
he founded the city of Snn Francisco and tried to 
explore the interior, but the warlike Indians 
checked his progress and cut off his supplies. The 
adventurers greatly suffering from want. Trejo 
determined in 1553 to altandon the colony and set 
out for Asuncion. Sailing up Itabucu river and 
otherwise following the route that had been ex- 
plored a few years before byCaln'za dc Vaca, ho 
entered the territory of the Uuaranis, where he was 
assailed by the Indians, but he defeated them and 
pursued his march toward Asuncion, suffering 
great hardships ami arriving at last in May, 1554, 
after a march of six months, lie was impris- 
oned there by Martinez de Irala, and, being re- 
leased by order of the court, was appointed gov- 
ernor of* the city, dying a few weeks later. 11c 
had married in San I«Vaiicisco one of the daughters 
of the dcrcosed adelan I ado-elect, Sauabria. — Their 
son. Hernando de Trejo y Sauabria, b. in San 
Francisco in 1553; d. in Kin de Janeiro in 1014, 
l>ccaine a Franciscan, ami is counted among the 
first apostles of lirazil. He was elected in 100a 
provincial of the latter country, and founded col- 
leges and built churches everywhere, interesting 
himself to the last in the welfare of the Indians, 
especially of the half-breeds, or Mamalucos. and 



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TRENCHARD 



became their legislator. He left a valuabje manu- 
script, "Arte ofe la lengua de los Mamalucos," 
which is preserved in the archives of Simancas. 

TREJO, Rafael de, Spanish soldier and histo- 
rian, b. in Estremadura in the last quarter of the 
15th century ; d. in Mexico about 1540. Little is 
known of his life except that he was an officer in 
the band of adventurers that accompanied Hernan 
Cortes to the conquest of Mexico. He seems to 
have been an educated man, as he wrote an ac- 
count of the accidents of the conquest, under the 
title of 44 Memorial de algunas cosas dignas de 
saberse en la conquista ae Nueva Espafla,*' the 
manuscript of which, according to Torque mada, 
who confesses that he used some of the contents, 
existed in the government archives of Simancas, 
but has not vet been found. 

TREMAfN. Henry Edwin, soldier, b. in New 
York city, 14 Nov., 1840. He was graduated at 
the College of the city of New York in 1860 and 
then entered Columbia law-school. On 17 April, 
1861, he enlisted in the 7th New York regiment as 
a private, and served through its two months' 
campaign about Washington, after which, on 13 
July, he entered the National volunteer service as 
1st lieutenant of the 2d New York ft re zouaves. 
During the peninsular campaign he was on Gen. 
Daniel E. Sickle's staff, and was in the battles of 
Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and Malvern Hill. He 
was then transferred to Gen. John Pone's army, 
and engaged at Bnstow Station and tne second 
battle of Bull Run, where he was captured while 
endeavoring to check a temporary panic and the 
rapid advance of the enem v. After several mouths' 
confinement in Libby prison he was exchanged, 
resumed duty on Gen. Sickles's staff as assistant 
inspector-general, and was present at Fredericks- 
burg and Chancellorsville, where he served as an 
aide to Gen. Joseph Hooker. Meanwhile, on 25 
April, 1803, he had been commissioned major, and 
was chief staff officer to pen. Sickles at the battle 
of Gettysburg. He was on Gen. Daniel Butter- 
field's staff at Chattanooga, and took part in the 
battles of Dalton and ltesaca. In 1804 he was or- 
dered to the Army of the Potomac and served suc- 
cessively on the staffs of Gen. David M. Gregg and 
Gen. George Crook, participating in the cavalry 
battles under the«*e officers, until the surrender of 
the Army of Northern Virginia. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 30 Nov., 1865. 
and continued on duty in the Carolinas until his 
discharge on 29 April, 1866. Gen. Tremain then 
resumed his law studies and was graduated in 1867, 
after which he entered into practice, forming in 
lmw the firm of Tremain and Tyler. From 1870 
till 18H5 he was usually retained either by or 
against the government in its legal controversies 
in New York, and he was connected with the Marie- 
Garrison litigation involving the title to the Mis- 
souri Pacific railroad. He has been active as a 
Republican in political canvasses, and for five terms, 
lieginning in 1H71, he has lieen president of the 
a»<K'iate alumni of the College of the city of New 
York. On 19 April. 18S7. he was elected colonel of 
the veterans of tne 7th regiment, the oldest organi- 
zation of its kind in this country. His camjwiign 
notes of " \j&st Hours of Sheridan's Cavalry " 
were edited bv .John Watts de Peyster (1H85). 

TREMAIN, Lyman, lawyer and statesman, b. 
in Durham. Greene co„ N. V., 14 June, 1819; d. 
in New York city, 30 Nov., 1878. After passing 
through college, he studied law, and was called to 
the bar in 1H40. He began practice in his native 
county, and continued it in A litany, was elected 
supervisor of Durham in 1842, and became district 



attorney in 1844 In 1846 he was elected surro- 
gate and county judge of Greene county, and in 
1858 he became attorney-general of the state of 
New York. He was sent to the assembly in 18G6~'8, 
and in 1872 was elected congressman as a Repub- 
lican over Samuel S. Cox, serving from 1 Dec, 
1878, to 3 March, 1875.— His son, Lyman, soldier, 
b. in Durham, Greene co., N. Y., in June, 1843; d. 
near Petersburg, Va., 6 Feb., 1865, entered Hobart 
in 1860, but abandoned his studies in 1862, and 
entered the National army. He was appointed ad- 
jutant of the 7th New York heavy artillery, served 
in the defences of Washington, and was afterward 
made assistant adjutant -general, with the rank of 
captain, on the staff, in Kilpatrick's division of the 
Army of the Potomac. In December, 1864, he 
was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 10th 
New York cavalry. He commanded this regiment 
at the battle of Hatcher's run, where he received 
the wound of which he died. 

TRENCHARD. Edward, naval officer, b. in 
New Jersey in 1784; d. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 3 Nov., 
1824. lie was descended from the English family 
of Trenchards, of Somersetshire and Wolverton, 
one of whom settled at Salem, N. J., and his 
grandfather, George Trenchard, was attorney-gen- 
eral of West New Jersey. Edward was appointed 
a midshipman in the U. S. navy on 30 April, 1800, 
and became lieutenant on 18 Feb., 1807; com- 
mandant, 24 July, 1813; and captain, 5 March, 
1817. During the war of 1812-15 he served with 
Col. Isaac Chauncey on Lake Ontario, and com- 
manded the "Madison" during some of her en- 
gagements on the lake, and rendered meritorious 
services in the blockade of Kingston, and other 
operations. He had the sloop "John Adams" in 
the Mediterranean squadron after the Algerine war 
in 1815-'17, was promoted to captain, 5 March, 
1817, and commanded the sloop "Cyane" on the 
coast of Africa in 1819-'22.— His son, Stephen 
Decatur, naval officer, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 10 
July, 1818, was appointed a midshipman in the 
U. S. navy, 23 
Oct., 1834, after 
making a cruise 
as acting mid- 
shipman in the 
European squad- 
ron in 1832. He 
was at the 
naval school 
in Philadelphia 
in 1839-40. be- 
came passed mid- 
shipman, 16 Ju- 
ly, 1840, and was 
on coast survey 
duty in 1845-'6\ 
During this ser- 
vice Trenchard 
was on board the 
brig " Washing- 
ton " when she 

was wrec ked off the coast of North Carolina, and 
was one of the few that were saved. He was made 
lieutenant, 27 Feb., 1847, was on the "Saratoga " in 
Mexico in that year, and while again on coast survey 
duty in 1853-7 rescued the British l>ark " Adieu 1 ' 
off Gloucester, Mass., when in great peril, saving all 
hands and the entire cargo, for which service he 
was presented with a sword by the queen of Eng- 
land, and a watch by the underwriters of the bark. 
He wa«* in the "Powhatan" on her diplomatic 
cruise to China and Japan in !H57-'60, and acted 
as aide, or flag- lieu tenant, to Com. JoMuh Tut null 




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and was with the commodore when he visited the 
British Admiral Hope. Lieut Trenchard was 
slightly wounded at the battle of Peiho River. 
During the civil war he was one of the first officers 
to go on duty, as he was ordered to command the 
"Keystone State" on 19 April, 1861. He went 
with that steamer to Norfolk navy-yard ; but the 
yard was burning when the "keystone State" 
arrived, and the vessel assisted in rescuing such 
property as was saved. Lieut. Trenchard was 
ordered on 19 June, 1861, to the " Rhode Island," 
which was first used as a supply and special despatch 
ship, but she was afterward converted into a 
heavily armed cruiser and ordered to the North 
Atlantic squadron. While the "Rhode Island" 
was towing the " Monitor " from Hampton Roads 
to Beaufort, N. C, the latter foundered off Cape 
Hatteras. but, through the exertions of the officers 
and crew of the M Rhode Island," the majority of 
the " Monitor's " crew were saved. His vessel was 
afterward attached to the special West Indian 
squadron to look after the " Alabama " and " Flori- 
da," and also to the South Atlantic squadron for 
a short time. During her early service as a cruiser 
she captured several valuable prizes. Trenchard 
was made commander in July. 1802, and took an 
active part in both bombardments of Fort Fisher 
and its capture, ne became captain in July, 1866, 
and commodore, 7 May, 1871, was on the examining 
board in 1871-'2, and served as light-house inspec- 
tor and on headquarters duty in 1873-'5. He was 
promoted rear-admiral, 10 Aug., 1875, and com- 
manded the North Atlantic squadron in 1876-'8. 
In 1876 Admiral Trenchard had twenty-one vessels 
in his squadron, which was t he largest since the war. 
He was retired, 10 Julv, 1880. — Stephen Decatur's 
son, Edward, artist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 
Aug., 1850, studied art with Peter Moran and 
others during 1864-'72, and afterward at the Na- 
tional academy and the Art students' league. His 
works include " The Passing Shower " (1874), " The 
Old Wreck " (1875), and "Sea, Sand, and Solitude" 
(1876), all exhibited at the Academv of design; 
"The Breaking Waves dashed high* (1876); "A 
Tropic Bench" (1*70): and "The Surf" (1882). 

TRENHOLM, George A., merchant, b. in South 
Carolina in 1806 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 10 Dec, 
1876. He was for many years a merchant in 
Charleston. Prior to the civil war his firm trans- 
acted a large business in cotton, and enjoyed almost 
nnlimited credit abroad. During the war they 
were engaged extensively in blockade-running, and 
were interested in many" daring attempts to obtain 
supplies from Nassau. He was a strong adherent 
of the Confederacy, and was appointed secretary 
of the Confederate treasury in 1864, which office 
he held until the close of the war. lie was taken 
prisoner by National troops and held until October, 
1865. when he was pardoned by President Johnson. 

TRESCOT, William Henrr, diplomatist, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 10 Nov., 1822. He was gradu- 
ated at the College of Charleston in 1840, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He also 
engaged in planting on one of the sea islands near 
Beaufort Mr. Trescott became U. S. secretary of 
legation at London in December, 1852, and assist- 
ant secretary of state in June, 1860, but he resigned 
that office upon the secession of his state. He was 
elected to the legislature in 1862, 18<tt, and 1866, 
and during that period was on the staff of Gen. 
Roswell S. Ripley and afterward a member of the 
executive council. He was selected by James L. 
Petigru to assist him in preparing the code of law 
for the state. At the close of the civil war he was 
sent to Washington to represent the state on cer- 



tain questions under the reconstruction acts. In 
June, 1877, he was appointed counsel for the 
United States on the fishery commission at Hali- 
fax, N. S. He was one of the plenipotentiaries 
to China to revise the treaties in April, 1880, and 
was appointed by Sec Evarts to continue and 
conclude the negotiations with the Columbian min- 
ister, and the protocol in reference to the rights of 
the United States on the Isthmus of Panama, in 
February, 1881. He was appointed special envoy to 
the belligerents in South America (Peru, Chili, and 
Bolivia) in November, 1881, and pleni]K>tentiary 
with Gen. Grant to negotiate a commercial treaty 
with Mexico in August, 1882. At present he is 
practising law in Washington, D. C, and is agent for 
the state of South Carolina for the settlement of di- 
rect tax questions. He is the author of " Thoughts 
on the Foreign Policy of the United States " (pri- 
vately printed, Charleston. 1849); "Diplomacy of 
the Revolution" (New York, 1852); "Letter to 
Andrew P. Butler on the Diplomatic System of the 
United States" (1853) ; " An American'View of the 
Eastern Question" (Charleston, 1854): "Diplo- 
matic History of the Administrations of Washing- 
ton and Adams" (Boston, 1857); a memoir of Gen. 
Johnson Pettigrew (1870) ; and various addresses, 
including one on Gen. Stephen Elliott, delivered 
before the South Carolina legislature. 

TRESSAN, Philippe Francois de la Renau- 
diere de, French geographer, b. in Vire, Nor- 
mandy, in 1781; d. in Paris in February, 1845. 
He was for several years president of the civil tri- 
bunal of his native city, but resigned in 1815 to 
devote himself to geographical researches, and be- 
came in 1823 editor of the noted collec tion " Les 
annales des voyages." Besides his contributions 
on South and North American scenery to this 

giriodical, he prepared a new edition of Malte- 
run's geography, and published, among other 
works, "Notice sur Mexico, suivie d'un coup d'o?il 
historigue sur les derniers cvencmcnts qui s y sont 
succedes depuis 1810 " (Paris, 1824); " Histo'ire du 
Mexique" (1829); "Voyages de Christ ophe Co- 
lomb (1836); " La guerre civile dans l'Amerique 
du Sud" (1840); and " lie Mexique" (1843). 

TRESSLER, David Loy. clergyman, b. in Lovs- 
ville, Perry co., Pa., 5 Feb.. 1839 ; d. in Carthage, 111., 
20 Feb., 1880. He was graduated at Pennsylvania 
college, Gettysburg, in 1800, with the highest hon- 
ors of his class. In the autumn of the same year 
he became principal of Loysville academv. In i8C2 
he raised a company of volunteers, and served" as 
captain for nine months in the civil war, partici- 
pating in the battles of South Mountain. Antietam, 
and Fredericksburg, where he received two severe 
wounds. He was admitted to the bar in 1864. and 
was engaged in the practice of his profession until 
1870, when he removed to Mendota, 111., and short- 
ly afterward entered the ministry of the Lutheran 
church, accepting a call to l^ena, 111. In 1872 he 
l>ccame professor of ancient languages in Curthiige 
college, ill., and its treasurer. In the following 
year he was elected president of the college, which 
post he occupied until his death. Under him the 
college was thoroughly organized, and prosj»eied. 
In 1876 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Wit- 
tenberg college, Springfield, Ohio. He published 
two baccalaureate sermons and occasional articles 
in the_periodicals of his church. 

TREVETT, John, naval officer, b. in 1747; d. 
in Newport, R. I., in November, 1823. In Novem- 
ber. 1775, he entered the Continental navy as a 
midshipman on board the "Columbus," and was 
soon promoted to be a lieutenant, in which capacity 
he served under Com. Esek Hopkins. In 1776 he 



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100 TREVETT 

was attached to the "Andrea Doria," commanded 
the marines in the " Providence," and was active 
in the capture of New Providence. He joined the 
frigate "Trumbull " in 1780, and lost his right eve 
in an engagement ; then went on a cruise in the 
44 Deane, but was taken prisoner and carried to 
St. John's, where he remained two years. 

TREVETT, Samuel Russell, soldier, b. in Mar- 
blehead, Mass., in 1751 ; d. there, 19 Jan., 1832. He 
served with coolness and courage at the battle of 
Bunker Hill, where he commanded a company of 
artillery, and again in the Rhode Island expedition 
in August, 1778. In 1812 he was captured by a 
British vessel as he was returning to this country 
from Sweden, where he had been engaged for four 
years in trade. Prom July, 1814, till nis death he 
commanded a U. S. revenue-cutter at Boston. — His 
son, Samuel Russell, surgeon, b. in Marblehead, 
20 Aug., 17& 4 i ; d. in Norfolk, Va., 4 Nov., 1822, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1804, and began prac- 
tice in Boston, but was soon afterward appointed 
to the navy. He served in the frigate 44 United 
States" when she captured the "Macedonian," 
and was in the 44 President " when that vessel was 
taken by the British in 1815. He distinguished 
himself by his bravery on the burning steamboat 
44 Phoenix 1 ' on Lake Champlain in September, 1819. 
After the war he was appointed surgeon of the navy- 
yard at Charleston, ana in 1822 he was detailed as 
surgeon on board the sloop-of-war 44 Peacock." For 
some time previous to his death he had been en- 
gaged in collecting materials for a biography of 
American physicians. — His son, Russell, educator, 
b. in Marblehead, Mass., 30 Dec, 1817 ; d. in North 
Salem, Westchester co., N. Y., 8 March, 1865, was 
graduated at Columbia in 1835, and entered the 
ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. He 
was professor of classics and history at St James's 
college, Md., in 1844-'55, and of ancient languages 
at St. John's college, Annapolis, Md., in 1855-'61, 
and was rector of St. James's church, North Salem, 
N. Y., from 1801 till his death. A volume of his 
sermons, with a sketch of the author by John B. 
Kerfoot, was published (New York, 1869). 

TRIGAND, Jacques Nicolas Bellln de (tree- 
pah ng), French geographer, b. in Paris in 1703 ; d. 
in Versailles, 21 March, 1772. He entered the em- 
ployment of the navy department, and was in- 
structed to make charts of all the oceans and seas. 
His 44 Neptune Francais " (Paris, 1753) contains 
charts of the coast of France, and his "Hydro- 
graphie Francaise" (1756) contains eighty cnarts 
of the coast of both Americas, Asia, and Africa. 
His 44 Petit atlas maritime " (5 vols., 1764) is spe- 
cially devoted to the coast of North and South 
America, and contains also the plan of most of 
the important harbors and maritime cities. He 
prepared also all the charts that are in Abbe Pre- 
vost's 44 Histoire g6n6rale des voyages," and con- 
tributed to the Academy of sciences several 44 Me- 
moires sur les cotes de l'Americjue Septentrionale," 
which were collected and printed (Paris, 1755). 
His works include also * 4 Essais geographiaues sur 
les iles Britanniques" (1768); "Essai sur la Guy- 
ane" (1757); "Geographie des Antilles" (1765); 
and 44 Essai sur Tile de Saint Domingue " (1766). 

TRIM ADEUC, Gui Plou vencal (tre-mah-duk), 
Baron de, French naval officer, o. in the castle of 
Trimadeuc, near Auray, Brittany, in 1720 ; d. there 
in 1784. He entered the maritime service when 
fourteen years old, assisted in the battle off Toulon 
in 1740, and, being promoted to the command of 
the brig 44 Pluto" in 1749, was attached to the sta- 
tion of Canada, and made an exploration of the 
northern coast of America. He escorted a convoy 



TRIMBLE 



I of troops from Brest to Quebec in 1756, sustained 
I afterward a successful engagement with a British 
division off Louisburg, which he relieved, and, 
being sent to the West Indies, defended the islands 
of Grenada and St. Vincent, and raised the block- 
ade of Cape Francais in Santo Domingo. He was 
promoted brigadier-general of the naval forces in 
1768, bre vetted chef d'escadre in 1778, and sent 
with a division to operate on the coast of North 
America. After ruining the cod-fisheries of New- 
foundland, he assisted in the siege of Savannah in 
1779, defeated Admiral Drake in the West Indies 
in 1780, and fought till the conclusion of peace in 
1788, when he was retired with the rank of com- 
mander of the order of Saint Louis. 

TRIMBLE, Allen, statesman, b. in Augusta 
county, Va., 24 Nov., 1783; d. in Hillsborough, 
Ohio, 2 Feb., 1870. His father, Capt James, re- 
moved in 1784 to Lexington, Ky., where he died 
in October, 1804. Allen then settled in Highland 
countv, Ohio, where he was clerk of the courts and 
recorder in 1809-'16. He commanded a mounted 
regiment under Gen. William Henry Harrison in 
1812-'18, was a state representative in 1816, state 
senator in 1817-'26, and speaker of the house in 
1819-*26. He was acting governor of Ohio in 
1821-2, governor in 1826-'30, and in 1846-'8 was 
president of the first state board of agriculture. 
While he was governor he did much to extend and 
improve the common-school system, encouraged 
manufacturing companies, and promoted peniten- 
tiary reform. — His brother, William A., senator, 
b. in Woodford, Ky., 4 April, 1786; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 13 Dec., 1821, was graduated at 
Transylvania college, studied law with Judge Rob- 
ert Trimble, was admitted to the bar in 1811, and 
began practice at Highland, Ohio. He was adju- 
tant of his brother Allen's regiment in the cam- 
paign against the Pottawattamie Indians in 1812, 
became major of Ohio volunteers, 7 May, 1812, and 
was taken prisoner at the capture of Detroit. He 
was appointed major of the 26th U. S. infantry, 
18 March, 1813, brevetted lieutenant-colonel, 17 
Sept., 1814. for gallantry at the sortie at Fort 
Erie, in which he was severely wounded, and be- 
came lieutenant-colonel of the 1st infantry, 80 Nov., 
1814. Col. Trimble was transferred to the 8th in- 
fantry, 17 May, 1815, and resigned, 1 March, 1819. 
He was then elected U. S. senator from Ohio, and 
served from 1819 till his death. He was a com- 
missioner with Gen. Lewis Cass in 1821 to treat 
with the northwestern Indians at Green Bay. 

TRIMBLE, David, manufacturer, b. in Fred- 
erick county, Va., about 1782 ; d. in Trimble's Fur- 
nace, Kv., 26 Oct., 1842. He was educated at Will- 
iam ana Mary college, studied law, and removed 
to Kentucky in 1804. He was engaged in the war 
of 1812, and served during two campaigns under 
Gen. William Henry Harrison. In 1817 he was 
elected to congress, where he served without inter- 
ruption till 1827, and was highlv esteemed for his 
integrity and devotion to his public duties. After 
retiring from congress he engaged in agriculture 
and iron manufacture, and in the latter industry 
did much to develop the resources of the state. 
—His nephew, Isaac Ridgeway, soldier, b. in 
Culpeper county, Va.. 15 May, 1802 ; d. in Balti- 
more, Md., 2 Jan., 1888, was the son of John Trim- 
ble, who removed to Kentucky in 1805 and settled 
on the military reservation at Fort Stirling. His 
uncle David procured him the appointment of 
cadet at the U. S. military academy, where he en- 
tered in 1818, making the entire journey on horse- 
back, and generally oy night, to avoid being at- 
tacked by Indians. He was graduated in 1822, 



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TRIMBLE 



TROLLOPE 



161 




and detailed to survey the military road from 
Washington to Ohio river. He also served at Bos- 
ton ana New York. He resigned in 1832, and 
pursued the profession of civil engineering. In 
1834 he became chief engineer of the Baltimore 
and Susquehanna railroad, which he completed to 
York, Pa., in 1837. He was also chief engineer of 
the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore rail- 
road, and of the Boston and Providence railroad. 

He was engaged in 
large railroad oper- 
ations in the West 
Indies when the 
civil war began in 
1801, and was on 
the point of set- 
ting out from Cuba 
when he was as- 
signed to the com- 
mand of the non- 
uniformed volun- 
teers that were or- 
ganized to defend 
Baltimore from 
northern troops. 
- ^ N * A He entered the mili- 

/rM//?'Sul~JrA ^rj service of the 
^ * ( S9***Utfi* 8 tate of Virginia in 
May, 1861, as colo- 
nel of engineers, and was ordered by Gen. Robert 
E. Lee to take charge of the construction of the 
field-works and forts for the defence of Norfolk. 
Upon their completion he was promoted brigadier, 
and ordered to report to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 
at Centreville, who directed him to locate and con- 
struct batteries at Evansport on Potomac river, so 
as to close that river against U. S. vessels. With 
them he effectually blockaded the river during the 
winter of 1861-'2." In November, 1861, he was as- 
signed to the command of the 7th brigade of 
E well's division, and when Gen. Ewell was ordered 
to report to Gen. Thomas J. Jackson in May, 1862, 
Trimble took an active part in the campaign that 
ensued against Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, Gen. John 
C. Fremont, and Gen. James Shields. He selected 
the Confederate position for the battle of Cross 
Keys, 8 June, 1862, with the consent of Gen. Ewell, 
who gives him credit for it in his report He led 
his brigade at the battle of Gaines's Mills and the 
subsequent seven days* battles. At the battle of 
Slaughter's Mountain. 12 Aug., 1862, between the 
armies of Gen. John Pope and Gen. Jackson, he 
did good service, and on the night of 27 Aug., 
1862, with the 21st North Carolina and 21st Geor- 
gia regiments, he captured Manassas Junction, 
with supplies of subsistence, clothing, and ammu- 
nition. For this Gen. Jackson recommended his 
promotion to be major-general. When Jackson 
was promoted to command a corps he selected Gen. 
Trimble to succeed him in command of his division. 
Trimble was wounded at the second battle of Bull 
Run, 28 Aug., 1862, was appointed major-general 
on 23 April, 1863, commanded a division of the 2d 
corps at Chaneellorsville, and in June, 1863, Gen. 
Lee offered him the command of the valley district 
to form the left wing of the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia. He was in Gen. George E. Pickett's charge 
on the third day of the battle of Gettysburg, where 
he was wounded and captured, and lost a leg. He 
remained in prison at Johnson's island twenty-one 
months, and was exchanged in April, 1865. Hast- 
ening to rejoin Gen. Lee, on reaching Lynchburg 
he found that Lee had surrendered the day before 
at Appomattox. He then returned to Baltimore, 
where he remained until his death. 
vol. vi.— 11 



TRIMBLE, Robert, jurist, b. in Berkeley coun- 
ty, Va., in 1777; d. 25 Aug., 1828. When three 
years old his parents removed to Kentucky. He 
was largely self-educated, taught for several years, 
studied law, and was licensed to practise in 1808. 
He settled in Paris, Ky., and the same year was 
elected to the legislature, but afterward would not 
permit himself to be nominated for any political 
office. Devoting himself exclusively to his profes- 
sion, he soon became known as an able jurist In 
1808 he was appointed second judge of the court 
of appeals, and in 1810 he was appointed chief 
justice of Kentucky. He became U. S. district at- 
torney in 1818, was district judge of Kentucky in 
1816-'26, and in the latter year was appointed a 
justice of the U. S. supreme court, which post he 
filled till his* death.— His brother, John, jurist, 
b. in Clark county, Ky., in 1783; d. in Harrison 
county, Ky., 17 June, 1852. received a classical 
education, studied law with his brother Robert, 
and was admitted to the bar. He became a circuit 
judge of Kentucky, and afterward a judge of the 
court of appeals. 

TRIPPE, John, naval officer, d. at sea, off Ha- 
vana, 9 July, 1810. He entered the navy as a sail- 
ing-master, 6 May, 1803, and sailed in the brig 
*• Vixen " to join Preble's squadron off Tripoli. In 
August, 1804, he was appointed acting lieutenant 
and placed in command of gun-boat No. 6. In the 
attack on the Tripolitan fleet he boarded one of 
the largest of the enemy's vessels, and had a hand- 
to-hand conflict with her commander, while he was 
armed with only a short pike. He received nine 
sabre-cuts across the head, but thrust his pike 
through his adversary, whereupon the Tripolitan 
crew surrendered. He also distinguished himself 
subsequently during the Tripolitan war, and re- 
ceived a vote of thanks and a sword from congress. 
He was promoted to lieutenant, 9 Jan., 1807, and 
in 1809 was lieutenant-commandant in command 
of the schooner " Enterprise," on which he died. 

TRIST, Nicholas Philip, lawyer, b. in Char- 
lottesville, Va., 2 June, 1800; d. in Alexandria, 
Va., 11 Feb., 1874. He was educated at the U. S. 
military academy, and was assistant professor of 
French there in 1818-'19, but resigned before he was 
graduated, adopting the profession of law, which 
he studied under Thomas Jefferson. He was 1st 
clerk in the U. S. treasury department in 1828, 
private secretary to President Jackson in 1829, and 
U. S. consul at Havana in 1884-'6. He became 
assistant secretary of state in 1845. and in 1848 was 
sent as peace commissioner to Mexico, where he ne- 
gotiated and signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hi- 
dalgo. He then resumed the practice of his pro- 
fession. In 1870 President Grant appointed trim 
postmaster at Alexandria, Va. Mr. Trist trans- 
lated a treatise on ** Milch Cows " from the French 
of M. F. Guenon (New York, 1857). 

TROLLOPE, Frances Milton, author, b. in 
Heckficld, Hampshire, England, about 1780; d. in 
Florence, Italy, 6 Oct., 1863. She was the daughter 
of Rev. William Milton, and in 1809 married An- 
thony Trollope, a barrister at law. The union 
proved unhappy, and in 1829 she came to this coun- 
try and endeavored to establish herself in business 
in Cincinnati, Ohio. Failing in this enterprise, 
she returned to England in 1831, and published 
" Domestic Manners of the Americans, in which 
rude and ludicrous phases of American character 
and habits were depicted in a broad but witty can- 
cat u re (2 vols., London, 1832). She subsequently 
led a career of great literary activity, travelled ex- 
tensively on the continent, and became among the 
most voluminous of English female writers. Her 



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162 



TROLLOPE 



TROUBAT 



first book was followed by a novel entitled "The 
Refugee in America " (1832), and The Adventures 
of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw" (1836), both il- 
lustrative of the vulgar side of American manners 
and character. Her other writings include numer- 
ous novels, and ** Belgium and Western Germany " 
(2 vols., London, 1834) ; 44 A Visit to Italy " (2 vols., 
1842); and "Travels and Travellers" (1846).— Her 
son, Thomas Adolphus, is a voluminous author, 
and was for many years Italian correspondent of the 
New York "Tribune." — Another son, Anthony, 
(1815-1882), was connected with the British postal 
service in 1834-'67, and was sent by the govern- i 
ment several times to this country to compare the 
English system with that in the United States. He I 
is best known by his numerous novels. He also 
published a book of travels in this country, entitled 
44 North America " (London, 1862), and his auto- 
biography appeared soon after his death (1883). 

TRdLLOrE, Sir Henry, British naval officer, 
b. in Norwich, England, in 1756: d. in Freshford, 
near Bath, England, 2 Nov., 1839. He entered the 
navy in 1770, participated in the battles of Lex- 
ington and Bunker Hill, and afterward in the siege 
of Boston, was with Lord Dunmore in Virginia, 
and assisted at the taking of Rhode Island. He 
became 3d lieutenant of the 44 Bristol " in 1777, as- 
sisted at the attack on Fort Montgomery and Fort 
Clinton, and subsequently served at Philadelphia 
and Mud island. He became a post-captain in 
1781, and was knighted for his participation in the 
victory of Camperdown. He became full admiral 
in 1812, and was a knight commander of the Bath. 

T ROOST, Gerard, mineralogist b. in Bo is Le 
Due, Holland, 15 March, 1776 ; d. in Nashville, 
Tenn.. 14 Aug., 1850. lie was educated at the 
universities of Leyden and Amsterdam, where he 
devoted special attention to chemistry, geology, 
and natural history. In 1801 he received the degree 
of master in pharmacy from the latter university. 
For a time he practised his art at the Hague and 
elsewhere, but soon went to Paris, where he became 
the pupil of the Abbe* HaQy. In 1809 he was ap- 
pointed by Louis Bonaparte! then king of Holland, 
scientific attache of a naval expedition to Java, 
but he was captured by an English privateer, and, 
after confinement in Dunkirk, returned to Paris. 
He then made his wav on an American sailing 
vessel from La Rochefie to Philadelphia, hoping 
thence to reach Java. Soon after his arrival in the 
United States, Louis Bonaparte relinquished the 
throne, and Java was surrendered to the English. 
In consequence he determined to remain in Phila- 
delphia, where, in 1812. he assisted in founding the 
Academy of natural sciences, and was its president 
in 1812- % 17. The first works in the United States 
for the manufacture of alum were organized by him 
in 1814 at Cape Sable, Md. ; but the enterprise was 
unsuccessful. He returned to Philadelphia, and in 
1821 was ap(»ointed professor of mineralogy in the 
Philadelphia museum. He delivered public lec- 
tures on that branch and on chemistry at the 
Philadelphia college of pharmacy, also making 
geological excursions into New Jersey, New York, 
and ♦> he where. In 1825 he removed "to New Har- 
mony, Ind., with Robert Owen and others, but, be- 
coming dissatisfied, settled in Nashville in 1827. 
He was ap|K>inted professor of chemistry, geology, 
and mineralogy in the University of Nashville in 
1828, which chair he held until his death, and in 
1831 he was made state geologist, an office he 
filled until 1*49. Prof. Troost gathered an exten- 
sive collection of minerals, including about 15,000 
specimens, as well as more than 5.000 geological 
specimens and various other articles, constituting 



a cabinet that at that time was considered the 
finest in the possession of a single individual in 
the United States. He was a member of many sci- 
entific and philosophical societies in the United 
States and Europe, and translated into Dutch 
Alexander von Humboldt's 44 Aspects of Nature.'* 
Besides numerous contributions to the transactions 
of learned societies, he published a "Geological 
Survev of the Environs of Philadelphia " (Phila- 
delphia, 1826), and nine 44 Annual Geological Re- 
ports of Tennessee " (Nashville, 1835-'48). 

TROTT, Nicholas, jurist b. in England in 
1668; d. in Charleston, S. C, in 1740. After a 
residence in the Bahamas, of which he was gover- 
nor, he emigrated to South Carolina about 1690, 
settling in Charleston. He became speaker of the 
assembly in 1700, was a councillor in 1703, and 
subsequently a judge. He was deeply versed in 
the Latin. Greek, and Hebrew languages and in 
the principles of jurisprudence, and during nearly 
forty years was among the chief men in the prov- 
ince*. He revised and published 44 Laws of South 
Carolina before 1734" (2 vols.. Charleston, 1736), 
and is the author of 44 Clavis Linguae Sancta? " 
(1719), and 44 Laws relating to the Church and the 
Clergy in America" (London, 1721). 

TROTTER, George, soldier, b. in Virginia in 
1779; d. in Lexington, Ky., 13 Oct., 1815. His fa- 
I ther, Lieut-Col. James Trotter, was a soldier in 
' the Revolution. The son entered the army in 1812, 
at the beginning of the second war with Great 
Britain, as a captain in a volunteer company of 
dragoons, was wounded in action with the Indians 
under Col. John B. Campbell on 18 Dec of that 
year, became lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky vol- 
unteers in 1813, and led a brigade from his state, 
with rank of brigadier-general, at the battle of the 
! Thames, 5 Oct, 1813. 

TROTTER, James Fisher, jurist, b. in Bmns- 
| wick county, Va., 5 Nov., 1802 : d. in Holly Springs, 
Miss., 9 March, 1866. He emigrated with his par- 
ents to eastern Tennessee at an early age, received 
1 a careful education, and in 1820 was admitted to 
[ the bar. He settled in Hamilton, Monroe co., Miss., 
in 1823, and soon established a reputation as a con- 
stitutional lawyer. After serving several terms in 
the legislature.' he was chosen, in 1837, a judge of 
the circuit court of his district, and in 1838 suc- 
ceeded Judee John Black in the U. S. senate, hav- 
' ing been chosen as a Democrat After serving 
from February to December of that vear, he re- 
signed to accept a seat in the court of appeals of 
Mississippi, which he held till 1840. He tnen re- 
sumed his profession, and was vice-chancellor of 
the northern district of the state in 1855-'7, and 
professor ol law in the University of Mississippi in 
1 lHO**-^. He ardent lv supported the southern 
cause during the civil war, out subsequently did 
1 much to promote f>eaceable submission to the U. S. 
I authorities. He l>ecame a circuit judge in 1860. 
1 TROTTER, Newbold Hough, artist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Jan., 1H27. He studied art in 
his native city during 1853-'5, and has devoted 
himself principally to {tainting pictures of animal 
life. Mr. Trotter is a metnlicr of the Academy of 
tine arts, and of various art societies in Philadel- 
phia. His more important works of this class 
1 include 44 Thev knew not the Voice of Strangers," 
44 They only fcnew the Voice of Strangers," "The 
1 Range of" the Bi«on," 44 After the Combat." 
4 - Grizzly Bears," - 4 The Last Stand," 44 E*-Mahdi," 
and 44 In the Soudan." 

TROUBAT, Frmnel* Joseph, lawver, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1802: d. near Paris. France. 8 
I Oct, 1868. He was graduated at the University of 



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TROUDE 



Pennsylvania in 1820, adopted the profession of 
law, and practised in his native city. He published, 
with William H. Haley, 44 Practice in Civil Actions 
and Proceedings in the Supreme Court of Penn- 
sylvania " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1825-'9) ; 44 Trea- 
tise on the Law of Limited Partnership in the 
United States" (1853): and 44 Treatise on the Law 
of Partnership " (London, 1867). He edited 44 Eng- 
lish Exchequer Reports" (6 vols., Philadelphia, 
1835); 4 -Chitty on Contracts" (1835); and. with 
Ellis Lewis and William McCandless, 44 The New 
Law Library" (15 vols., Harrisburg, 1845-'9). 

TROUDE, Aimable Gilles jtrood), French 
naval officer, b. in Cherbourg, France, 1 June, 
1762; died there, 1 Feb., 1824. He took part in 
two expeditions to Martinique in 1777, afterward 
served under D'Estaing at Newport and Boston, 
and was present in all the naval engagements un- 
der Guicnen and De Grasse. After the peace of 
1783 he entered the mercantile marine, but re- 
turned to the service of the state in 1792. He was 
appointed commander of the 44 Bergere " in 1795, 
and fought several battles on the coast of Cayenne, 
Brazil, and Guadeloupe. He took command of the 
44 Suffren " in 1805, and assisted in the capture of 
Dominica. In 1809 he commanded a squadron in- 
tended to carry troops and military stores to the 
West Indies, but, having been informed that 
Guadeloupe was blockaded by the English, he 
anchored at one of the Saintes islands, where he 
was discovered and blockaded by an English fleet. 
After some days he succeeded in forcing a passage, 
and, having eluded the English cruisers, gained 
the French coast. He was made rear-admiral in 
1811, and was retired in 1816. 

TROUP, George Mcintosh, senator, b. at Mc- 
intosh Bluff, on Tombigbee river, Ga., 8 Sept., 
1780; d. in Laurens county, Ga., 3 May, 1856. He 
was graduated at Princeton in 1797, adopted the 

{>rofession of law, and in 1803-'4 served in the 
egislature. He was chosen to congress in 1806 as 
a Jeffersonian Democrat, held his seat by re-elec- 
tion till 1815, and was an active supporter of the 
administrations of President Jefferson and Presi- 
dent Madison. He ardently opposed the compro- 
mise that was made by the Federalists with the 
Yazoo speculators, and sustained the war measures 
against Great Britain in 1812. He became U. S. 
senator in 1816, having been elected to All the va- 
cancy caused by the resignation of William W. 
Bibb, served two years, and in 1823 became gov- 
ernor of Georgia. The legislature of that year re- 

?|uired the executive to 44 use his exertions to obtain 
rom the United States the extinguishment of the 
Indian title to all their remaining territory in 
Georgia." Gov. Troup accordingly opened a cor- 
respondence with the secretary of war that resulted 
in the apfiointment of a commission that con- 
cluded a treaty with the Indians by which, in con- 
sideration of the payment of $27,401, the Creeks 
ceded to the state all their lands. During Gov. 
Troup's administration, Ijafayette visited Georgia, 
and was entertained by him with great hospitality 
in the executive mansion. Troup was returned to 
the U. S. senate in 1828, but retired before the cx- 
iration of his term, on account of the failure of 
is health. He was an able advocate of state sov- 
ereignty, and, under the conviction that popular 
rights were imperilled, declared in 1833 44 that he 
would have been carried from his death-bod to the 
capital rather than not have given his vote against 
the force bill." See his 44 Life," by Edward J. Har- 
den (Savannah, Ga., 1859). 

TROUP, Robert, soldier, b. in New York city 
in 1757; d. there, 14 Jan., 1832. He was gradu- 



TROW 163 

ated at Columbia in 1774, studied law under John 
Jay, and early in 1776 joined the Revolutionary 
army on Long Island as a lieutenant He became 
aide to Gen. Nathaniel Woodhull shortly after- 
ward, was taken prisoner at the battle of Long 
Island, and confined for some time in the 44 Jersey 
prison-ship, but in the spring of 1777 was ex- 
changed and joined the army in New Jersey, He 
became aide to Gen. Horatio Gates in August, and 
participated in the battle of Stillwater, and the 
surrender of Gen. Burgoyne, 17 Oct., 1777. In 
February, 1778. he was appointed by congress sec- 
retary of the board of war. On its dissolution in 
1779 he went to New Jersey and completed his law 
studies with Judge William Patterson. After the 
peace he became judge of the U. S. district court 
of New York, held office for several years, and was 
a member of the assembly. He was the warm per- 
sonal friend of Alexander Hamilton, and support- 
ed him in politics. During his latter years he re- 
sided in Geneva, N. Y., as principal agent of the 
great Pulteney estate. He published several pam- 
phlets, including 44 Vindication of the Claim of 
Elkanah Watson" (New York, 1821), and "Letter 
on the Lake-Canal Policy of New York " (1822). 

TROUSDALE, William, soldier, b. in Sumner 
county, Tenn., in 1790; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in 
March, 1872. He served as private and subse- 
quently as lieutenant in the Creek war under Gen. 
Andrew Jackson, participating in the battles of 
Tallahatchie and Talladega. During the latter 
part of the second war with Great Britain he took 
part in the capture of Pensacola and the battle of 
New Orleans. In 1836 he served in the Seminole 
difficulties as major-general of militia. During 
the war with Mexico he was a colonel of infantry, 
and engaged in all the battles in the valley of 
Mexico, being wounded at Molino del Rey, and 
again in the attack on Chapultepec. In 1849-*51 
he was governor of Tennessee, and in 1853-'7 he 
was U. S. minister to Brazil. After that service 
he did not again enterpublic life. 

TROU Vfc, Claude, French clergyman,!), in the 
diocese of Tours, France, in 1642 ; d. probably in 
Canada about the close of the 17th century. He 
was educated by the Sulpitians in Paris, was or- 
dained a subdeacon, and sent with Francois Salig- 
nac de la Motte Fenelon, the brother of the illus- 
trious archbishop of Cambrai, to Canada in June, 
1667. He was ordained a priest soon after his 
arrival. He was then appointed to take charge of 
an Iroouois mission at tne western extremity of 
Lake Ontario. He reached the village of Kcnte 
on 28 Oct., 1668, and began his labors. He was 
joined by other missionaries the following year, 
and, witn their aid, established missions at the 
villages of Gandaseteiagon and Gaueraskc. He was 
at Port Royal in 1690, when that town was taken 
by Sir William Phipps, and was brought as a 
prisoner to Boston, contrary to the terms of the 
capitulation. He was exchanged toward the end 
of the year, and returned to Canada, where he con- 
tinued his missionary lal>ors. 

TROW, James (tro), Canadian member of par- 
liament, b. in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales, 
16 Dec, 1827. He was educated at Welchpool, 
came to Canada in 1841, taught for seven years, 
and has liecn warden of the county of Perth for 
twenty years. He represented South Perth in the 
legislative assembly in 1867-71, was elected to the 
Dominion parliament in 1872, and re-elected in 
1874, 1878. 1882, and 1887. He is a banker, con- 
nected with various financial institutions, and is 
one of the leaders of the Liberals in parliament 
He wrote letters relative to the Franco-Prussian 



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154 TROW 

war, which were copied extensively in the Cana- 
dian press, and his contributions concerning the 
northwest territories were published in pamphlet- 
form, to the number of 80,000 copies, by the Do- 
minion government, although it was then under 
the control of his political opponents. 

TROW, John Fowler, printer, b. in Andover, 
Mass, 29 Jan., 1810 ; d. in Orange, N. J., 8 Aug., 
1880. He was apprenticed to a printer in his native 
town for seven years, and, on attaining his majori- 
ty, established the Nashua, N. H., Herald," which 
was unsuccessful. He settled in New York city in 
1888, formed a partnership in the printing business 
with John F. West, became sole owner of the es- 
tablishment in 1836, and in 1842 admitted Jona- 
than Leavitt into the firm, but returned to the 
conduct of the business alone about 1848. He was 
one of the first to introduce electro typing into 
the printing business, and adopted many inven- 
tions to facilitate type-setting and the manufac- 
ture of books. For many years he was active 
in the publication of directories, was interested in 
the " Wilson Business Directory " in 1849, and in 
1852 began to issue " Trow's New York City Direc- 
tory," which has since appeared vearly. In 1865 
he issued the 44 United States Business Directory," 
an undertaking of greater magnitude than had 
ever before been attempted in this country. In 
1855 he published a specimen-book of the typo- 
graphic art, for which the University of New York 
conferred on him the title of University printer. 

TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, lawyer, b. in New- 
ton, Mass., in 1709 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 2 
April, 1792. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1728, and for some time bore the name of Goff, 
after an uncle. " This Goff," wrote John Adams 
in 1759, " had been attorney - general for twenty 
years, and commanded the practice in Middlesex 
and Worcester and several other counties. He 
had power to crush, by his frown or his nod, any 
young lawyer in his country." He became attorney- 
general of Massachusetts m 1749, and was a mem- 
ber of the council several years, but lost favor with 
the popular party in 1766, on account of his luke- 
warmness in resisting British aggressions. He was 
elevated to the supreme bench or Massachusetts the 
next year, and, notwithstanding his loyalist princi- 
ples, is declared by all his contemporaries to have 
been the most profound lawyer in New England 
prior to the Revolution, and an honorable and up- 
right judge. In the trial of Capt. Thomas Preston 
and other British soldiers for nring on the people 
in State street, Boston, 5 March, 1770, his fairness 
and ability commanded universal praise. But, al- 
though he was attached to the royal government, 
he did not approve of all its measures, and in 1772, 
alarmed at the aspect of affairs, he resigned his 
office and retired to private life. As an executor 
of John Alfred, a wealthy merchant of Boston, he 
had the power of determining to what the latter's 
bounty snould be applied, and founded in Harvard 
the Alfred professorship of natural religion, moral 
philosophy, and civil polity. He was the last of 
the judges of the supreme court of Massachusetts 
that wore the scarlet robe and powdered wig. 

TROWBRIDGE, John, physicist, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 5 Aug., 1843. He was prepared for 
Harvard at the Boston Latin - school, but was 
graduated at the Lawrence scientific school of 
that university in 1866. After graduation he was 
made a tutor, and he continued so until 1869, when 
he was called to the assistant professorship of 
physics in Massachusetts institute of technology. 
In 1870 he returned to Harvard to establish a 
laboratory course of instruction in physics, out of 



TROWBRIDGE 



which has grown the Jefferson physical laboratory, 
which is now the largest of its kind in the United 
States. In order to secure this great means for 
advancing the study of physical science, Prof. 
Trowbridge did much in the way of personal so- 
licitation, and also by publishing, both in journals 
and as pamphlets, papers upon the necessity of a 
well - equipped physical laboratory. His original 
investigations gained for him in 1873 the degree 
of S. D. from Harvard, and in 1880 he was made 
professor of experimental physics. In 1888 he 
was advanced to the Rum ford professorship of 
the application of science to the useful arts, wnich 
chair he still (1888) holds. His scientific work has 
consisted largely of original investigations con- 
ducted under his direction and issued as 14 Contri- 
butions from the Physical Laboratory of Harvard 
College." His independent researches include 
papers on M Animal Electricity " (1872), in which he 
showed that the existence of the so-called muscu- 
lar electric current had not been proved, although 
generally accepted at that time. He has devised 
among other instruments " A New Form of Gal- 
vanometer " (1871) ; " A New Induction Coil ** 
(1875); and "A New Form of Mirror Galvanome- 
ter " (1876). His later papers have had much to 
do with electricity, ana among his memoirs on 
this subject is " On Telegraphing without a Cable 
(1884) and " Niagara Falls considered as a Source of 
Electricity" (1885). During 1887-'8 he instituted 
experiments that nave proved the presence of car- 
bon and platinum in the sun, and also a series 
which indicate the absence of oxygen-lines from 
the solar spectrum. Prof. Trowbridge, in addition 
to membership in many societies, was secretary of 
the American academy of arts and sciences in 
1879- , 84, and in the latter year presided over the 
physical section of the American association for 
the advancement of science. Then he delivered 
a vice-presidential address, on " What is Elec- 
tricity t " which was very rich in suggestions con- 
cerning the possibilities of that science. He was a 
member of the International congress of electri- 
cians that met in Paris in 1883, and was a delegate 
to the U. S. congress of electricians that convened 
in Philadelphia in October, 1884. In 1878 he was 
chosen to membership in the National academy of 
sciences. Prof. Trowbridge was one of the editors 
of the 44 Annals of Scientific Discovery for 1869" 
(Boston, 1870), and since 1879 has been an asso- 
ciate editor of the u American Journal of Science," 
with charge of the notices on physics. His scien- 
tific papers exceed fifty in number, and he has 
published "The New Physics" (New York, 1884). 

TROWBRIDGE, John Townaend, author, b. 
in Ogden, N. Y., 18 Sept, 1827. He was educated 
in the common schools, learned the elements of 
Latin, Greek, and French without a master, and, 
after teaching and working on a farm for one year 
in Illinois, settled in New York city, where he wrote 
for the journals and magazines. He removed to 
Boston about 1848, and in 1850, during the absence 
of Ben. Perley Poore in Washington, D. C, edited 
his paper, the " Sentinel," but wrote for it an edi- 
torial on the fugitive -slave law that nearly de- 
stroyed the popularity of the paper. He has since 
been connected with many magazines and news- 
papers, has led an active literary life, and was man- 

Sring editor of "Our Young Folks" in 1870- '8. 
e was one of the original contributors to the 
44 Atlantic Monthly " ; and the " Vagabonds," 44 At 
Sea," and the 44 Pewee " among his poems, and the 
popular short story 44 Coupon- Bonds," appeared in 
that magazine. John Burroughs says of him: 
44 He knows the heart of a boy and the heart of a 



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TROWBRIDGE 



man, and has laid them both open in his books. 
His 4 Neighbor Jack wood ' is the pioneer of novels of 
real life in New England, and the 4 Vagabonds ' is 
the first specimen, and one of the best, of what has 
come to be known as the Bret Harte school of 
poetry." Mr. Trowbridge has published numerous 
books of adventure, travel, and fiction, and his 
writings include 44 Father Brighthopes, or an Old 
Clergyman's Vacation " (Boston, 1853) ; 44 Burrcliff " 
(1858); "Hearts and Paces" (1853); 44 Home Life 
Unveiled " (1853) ; 44 Martin Merrivale, his X-Mark " 
(1854) ; " Ironthorpe " (1855) ; 44 Neighbor Jack wood, 
a Novel of New England Life" (1857); "The Old 
Battle-Ground " (1859); 44 The Vagabonds, and 
other Poems " (1869) ; 44 The Drummer-Bov " (18G3) ; 
44 Cudjo's Cave " (18G4) ; 44 The Three Scouts " (1865) ; 
44 Lucy Arlyn"(l866); "The South, a Tour of its 
Battle-Fieldsand Ruined Cities" (Hartford, 1866); 
44 Neighbors' Wives" (Boston, 1867); " The Story 
of Columbus " (1867) ; " Coupon Bonds, and other 
Stories" (1871): "The Jack Hazard Series" (5 
vols., 1871-5) ; 44 The Emigrant's Story, and other 
Poems" (1875); "The Silver Medal Series" (6 
vols., 1877-'82): 44 The Book of Gold, and other 
Poems" (New York, 1878); "A Home Idyl, and 
other Poems" (1881); and 44 The Tide-Mill Series" 
(6 vols., Boston, 1882-'7). 

TROWBRIDGE, William Petit engineer, b. 
in Oakland county, Mich., 25 May, 1828. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848 
at the head of his class, and promoted 2d lieu- 
tenant in the corps of engineers. During the 
last year of his course he acted as assistant pro- 
fessor of chemistry, and after graduation he spent 
two years in the astronomical observatory at 
West Point, preparing himself for duty in the 
U. S. coast survey, to which he was ordered at 
his own request In 1852 he was assigned to 
duty under Alexander D. Bache in the primary 
triangulation of the coast of Maine, which in 1852 
was placed under his immediate charge. Later 
he executed surveys of Appomattox river, in Vir- 
ginia, with a view to the improvement of its navi- 
gation, and also similar surveys of James river 
near Richmond. He also surveyed the Dutch gap, 
and recommended the 44 cut-off, or canal, that was 
subsequently constructed. In 1853 he was sent to 
the Pacific coast, where he conducted a series of 
tidal and magnetic observations extending through 
a period of three years along the coast from San 
Diego to Puget sound. He became 1st lieutenant, 
18 Dec, 1854, returned from the west in 1856, and 
resigned from the corps of engineers on 1 Dec. to 
accept the professorship of mathematics in the 
University of Michigan, which chair he held for a 
year. At the solicitation of Supt. Alexander D. 
Bache he accepted the permanent appointment of 
assistant on the coast survey, and was engaged in 
preparing for publication the results of the Gulf 
stream exploration. In 1860 he was sent to Key 
West to superintend the erection of a permanent 
self-registering magnetic observatory, and in 1861 
he prepared minute descriptions of the harbors, 
inlets, and rivers of the southern coast, for the use 
of the navy. Later he was ordered to execute a 
hydrograpmc survey of Narragansett bay, where 
there was a design to erect a navy-yard, but the 
results of the survey were not favorable to the 
project. Soon after the beginning of the civil war 
he was placed in charge of the engineer office in 
New York city, where his duties included the 
supply of materials for fortifications and other 
defences, and the construction and shipping of 
engineer equipage for armies in the field. He also 
was superintending engineer of the constructing of 



TRUE 165 

the fort at Willett's point. N. Y., of repairs of 
Fort Schuyler, N. Y., and in charge of works on 
Governor's island in New York harbor. In 1865 
he became vice-president of the Novelty iron-works 
in New York city, with direction of their shops, 
where he remained for four years. He was then 
elected professor of dynamical engineering in the 
Sheffield scientific school of Yale until 1876, when 
he was called to take charge of the engineering 
department of the School of mines of Columbia, 
which place he now holds. Prof. Trowbridge held 
various state offices while he was in New Haven, 
notably that of adjutant-general with the rank of 
brigadier-general on the governor's staff in 1872-'6. 
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by 
Rochester in 1856 and by Yale in 1870, that of 
Ph. D. by Princeton in 1879, and that of LL. D. 
by Trinity in 1880, and the University of Michi- 
gan in 1887. He is a member of scientific socie- 
ties, and vice-president of the New York academy 
of sciences, was vice-president of the American 
association for the advancement of science, presid- 
ing over the section of mechanical science in 1882, 
and in 1878 was elected to the National academy of 
sciences. In addition to many papers in scientific 
journals and the transactions of societies of which 
he is a member, he has published 44 Proposed Plan 
for building a Bridge across the East River at Black- 
well's Island " (New York. 1869) ; 44 Heat as a Source 
of Power" (1874); and "Turbine Wheels" (1879). 

TROYES, Pierre de f French soldier, b. in 
France; d. at Niagara in 1687. He had seen much 
service both in France and Canada, and commanded 
a troop of eighty men in the Hudson bay expedi- 
tion of 1686. He arrived at the head of Hudson 
bay on 20 June, and at once laid siege to Monsipi 
fort, on the Monsoni river, which he finally carried 
by assault He held a command of regulars in 
Denonville's campaign of 1687. He was sent the 
same year to take charge, with 100 men, of a fort 
which had been erected at Niagara. But sickness 
attacked the garrison, which, with its commander, 
perished in a short time, according to Charlevoix 
in his 44 Histoire de la Nouvelle France." La Hon- 
tan in his 44 Nouveaux voyages " (The Hague, 1708) 
says that some escaped. See also 44 Histoire de 
l'AmeYique Septentrionale," by De la Pothene. 

TRUDEL, Franqois-Xavier Anselme, Cana- 
dian journalist, b. in Sainte Anne de la rerade, 
Quebec, 29 April, 1888 ; d. in Montreal, 15 Jan., 
1890. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1861, and appointed queen's counsel in 1880. He 
was editor of 44 La Minerve " in Montreal in I860, 
founded 44 L'Etendard," a French daily, of which 
he was part-proprietor and editor, and was also ed- 
itor of 44 La Revue Canadienne " and 44 L'Ouvrier." 
He represented Cham plain in the Quebec assembly 
in 1871-73, and became a member of the Dominion 
parliament, 31 Oct., 1878. He was one of the au- 
thors of the "Programme Catholique" (1871), and 
wrote several political pamphlets. He was for sev- 
eral years president of the 44 Cercle literaire " and 
the 44 Union Catholique " of Montreal. 

TRUE, Charles Klttrldge, educator, b. in Port- 
land, Me., 14 Aug., 1809; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.,20 
June, 1878. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1882, and was subsequently pastor of various Meth- 
odist churches, and principal of the Amenia semi- 
nary, N. Y. He was professor of moral and intel- 
lectual philosophv at Wesleyan in 1849- , 60. Har- 
vard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1849. He 
edited the 44 Oregonian and Indian Advocate " in 
1889, in Boston, Mass., and was the author of 44 Ele- 
ments of Logic " (Boston, 1840) ; 44 Shawmut, or the 
Settlement of Boston" (1845); "John Winthrop 

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166 



TRUGUET 



TRUMBULL 



and the Great Colony " (New York, 1875): "Life 
and Times of Sir Walter Raleigh " (Cincinnati, Ohio, 
1878); "Life and Times of John Knox" (1878); 
" Memoirs of John Howard " (1878) : The Thirty 
Years* War " (1879) ; " Heroes of Holland - (1882)*; 
and " Life of Capt John Smith " (1882). 

TRUGUET. Laurent Jean Francois (troo- 
gay), Comte, French naval officer, b. in Toulon, 10 
Jan., 1752; d. in Paris, 26 Dec., 1839. He entered 
the nary in 1756. and had made eight cruises to 
the Gulf of Mexico and South America at the be- 
ginning of the war of 1778. He was then attached 
as lieutenant to the fleet of Count d'Estainr, took 
part in the assault on St. Lucia and in the en- 
gagement with Admiral Howe off Port Royal, 
Martinique, and at the siepe of Savannah in Sep- 
tember, 1779, saved D'Estaing's life. He was pro- 
moted captain, and assisted under De Guichen in 
the engagements with Admiral Byron off Do- 
minica, and served afterward under De Grasse and 
Vaudreuil to the end of the cruise. He was pro- 
moted rear-admiral in 1792, and vice-admiral in 
1794. He was secretary of the navy from Novem- 
ber, 1795, till May, 1797, and made strenuous 
efforts to pacify Santo Domingo and the French 
colonies in the Antilles. He was ambassador in 
Spain in 1797-*8, and obtained the release of all 
the French citizens arrested in South America as 
republicans. Truguet was state councillor in 1801 
and maritime prefect of Holland in 181 1-*14, and 
was made admiral of France, 19 Nov., 1831. 

TRUMAN, Benjamin Camming*, author, b. 
in Providence, R. I.. 25 Oct, 1835. He was edu- 
cated in Canterbury, Merrimack co., N. H., and 
adopted the profession of journalism. In 1862-'5 
he served on the staff of Andrew Johnson, then 
military governor of Tennessee, and as a volunteer 
participated in the battles of Stone River, Nashville, 
Mobile, and other engagements. He afterward 
became private secretary to President Johnson, and 
in 1865- 6 was special commissioner to the south- 
ern states to inquire into the condition of the ne- 
groes and poor white inhabitants. He was special 
agent of the post-office department for the Pacific 
coast in 1866-*9 and again in 1878-*9, was presi- 
dent and secretary of the Southern district agri- 
cultural society of California in 1873-7, and now 
(1888) is connected with the Pacific railroad com- 
pany. He has published " The South after the 
War" (New York, 1867); "Semi-Tropical Califor- 
nia n (1870) ; " Occidental Sketches " (1878) ; " Win- 
ter Resorts of California n (1880); "From the 
Crescent City to the Golden Gate * (1882); "The 
Field of Honor," a history of duelling (1884); and 
" Homes and Happiness in the Golden Gate " (1886). 

TRUMBULL, Benjamin, historian, b. in He- 
bron, Conn., 19 Dec^ 1735 ; d. in North Haven, Conn.. 
2Feb n 1890. He was graduated at Yale in 1759, and 
received his theological education under Rev. Elea- 
ter Wheelock, who delivered his ordination sermon 
in 1760, commending him to the people of North 
Haven as " not a sensual, sleepy, lazy, dumb dog, 
that could not bark back." He continued in that 
charge for nearly sixty years, his preaching being 
interrupted only by the Revolution, in which he 
served both as a volunteer and as chaplain. After 
the war he published a pamphlet sustaining the 
claim of Connecticut to the Susquehanna purchase, 
which influenced the decision of congress in her 
favor. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. in 1796. 
He published "Twelve Discourses on the Divine 
Origin of the Holy Scriptures'* (Hartford, 1790); 
" General History of the united States of America " 
(8 vola, Boston, 1760-1810); and "Complete His- 
tory of Connecticut from 1680 till 1718" (2 vola, 




Hartford, 1797). The manuscript collections from 
which this history is compiled are in the Yale 
library.— Benjamin's grandson, Lyman, senator, b. 
in Colchester. Conn., 12 Oct., 1813, began to teach 
at sixteen years of age, and at twenty was at the 
head of an acad- 
emy in Georgia, 
where he studied 
law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar 
in 1887. He remov- 
ed to Belleville, 111., 
and in 1841 was 
secretary of the 
state of Illinois. In 
1848 he was elected 
one of the justices 
of the state su- 
preme court In 
1854 he was chosen 
to represent his dis- 
trict in congress, ^ 
but before his term t^*** 
began he was elect- * 
ed U. S. senator, and took his seat, 4 March, 1855. 
Until that time he had affiliated with the Demo- 
cratic party, but on the question of slavery he took 
a decided stand against his party and his colleague, 
Stephen A. Douglas, especially on the question of 
"popular sovereignty. In 1860 he was brought 
forward by some Republicans as a candidate for 
president. He had no desire to be so considered, 
and when his friend, Abraham Lincoln, was nomi- 
nated, he labored with earnestness for his election. 
In 1861 he was re-elected to the U. S, senate, in 
which he did good service for the National cause, 
and was one of the first to propose the amendment 
to the Federal constitution for the abolition of sla- 
very. He was one of the five Republican senators 
that voted for acquittal in the impeachment trial 
of Andrew Johnson, and afterward he acted with 
the Democratic party, whose candidate for gov- 
ernor of Illinois he was in 1880. Since his retire- 
ment from congress he has had a lucrative law- 
practice in Chicago. 

TRUMBULL, James Hammond, philologist, 
b. in Stontngton, Conn., 20 Dec., 1821. He entered 
Yale in 1888, and though, owing to ill health, he was 
not graduated with his class, his name was enrolled 
among its members in 1850, and he was given the 
degree of A. M. In 1843-*3 he assisted the Rev. 
James H. Linsley in the preparation of catalogues 
of the mammalia, reptiles, fishes, and shells of Con- 
necticut He settled in Hartford in 1847, and was 
assistant secretary of state in 1847-52 and 1858-'61, 
and secretary in 1861-'4; also state librarian in 
1854. Soon after going to Hartford he joined the 
Connecticut historical society, was its correspond- 
ing secretary in 1849-68, and was elected its presi- 
dent in 1868. He has been a trustee of the Wat- 
kinson free library of Hartford, and its librarian 
since 1868 ; and has been an officer of the Wads- 
worth athena?um since 1864. Dr. Trumbull was 
an original member of the American philological 
association in 1869, and its president in 1874-'5. 
He has been a member of the American Oriental 
society since 1860, and the American ethnological 
society since 1867, and honorary member of many 
state historical societies. In 1872 he was elected to 
the National academy of sciences. Since 1858 he 
has devoted special attention to the subject of the 
Indian languages of North America. He has pre- 
pared a dictionary and vocabulary to John Eliot's 
Indian Bible, and is probably the only American 
scholar that is now able to read that work. In 



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TRUMBULL 



107 



1873 he was chosen lecturer on Indian languages of 
North America at Yale, but loss of health and 
other labors soon compelled his resignation. The 
degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Yale in 
1871 and by Harvard in 1887, while Columbia 
gave him an L. H. D. in 1887. He has been a large 
contributor of articles to the proceedings of socie- 
ties and to periodicals, notably on the significance 
of the word "Shawmut," tne supposed Indian 
name of Boston (1866), the significance of " Mas- 
sachusetts" (1867), and on the Algonkm name of 
"Manitou" (1870). His larger memoirs include 
" The Colonial Records of Connecticut " (3 vols., 
Hartford, 1850-'U) ; " Historical Notes on some 
Provisions of the Connecticut Statutes " (1860-'l) ; 
"The Defence of Stonington against a British 
Squadron, August, 1814" (1864); Roger Williams's 
" Key into the Language of America " (Provi- 
dence, 1866) ; " Thomas Lechford's 4 Plain Dealing, 
or Newes from New England, 1642'" (Boston, 
1867); "The Origin of McFingal'' (1868); "The 
Composition of Indian Geographical Names "(1870); 
"The Best Method of studying the Indian Lan- 
guages" (1871) ; "Some Mistaken Notions of Al- 
gonkm Grammar" (1871); "Historical Notes on 
the Constitution of Connecticut" (1872); "Notes 
on Forty Algonkin Versions of the Lord's Prayer " 
(1873); "On the Algonkin Verb" (1876); "The 
True Blue-Laws of Connecticut and the False 
Blue-Laws Invented by the Rev. Samuel Peters " 
(1876); "Indian Names of Places in and on the 
Borders of Connecticut, with Interpretations" 
(1881); and also edited "The Memorial History of 
Hartford County" (2 vols., Boston, 1886). The 
catalogue of Americana belonging to George Brin- 
ley was made by him at the time of the sale of the 
collection, 1879-'86, and gained for him the repu- 
tation of being perhaps the "most learned and 
acute bibliographer in America."— His brother, 
Henry Clay, author, b. in Stonington, Conn., 8 
June, 1831, was educated privately and for a time 
studied in Williston seminary. In 1851 he re- 
moved to Hartford and engaged in railroad busi- 
ness, but in 1858 was appointed Sunday-school 
missionary for Connecticut, which office he held 
until 1862. He was commissioned to the 10th Con- 
necticut regiment as a chaplain, ordained a clergy- 
man of the Congregational church, and served 
until the close of the civil war, except during a 
part of 1863, when he was in prison in South Caro- 
lina and Virginia, having been captured before 
Fort Wagner. In 1865 he was appointed missionary 
secretary of the American Sunday - school union 
for New England, and in 1872 normal secretary 
of the same. He settled in Philadelphia in 1875, 
where he has since edited "The Sunday-School 
Times." During 1881 he travelled through Egypt, 
Arabia, and Syria, and while crossing the desert 
of Arabia Petnea located the biblical site of Ka- 
desh Bamea on the southern boundary-line of Pal- 
estine, which had long been an object of research. 
He was Lyman Beecner lecturer at Yale in 1888. 
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Yale 
in 1866, and that of D. D. by Lafayette in 1881 and 
the University of the city of New York in 1882. 
His published books are many; the more recent 
have been republished in London, and include 
-Some Army Sermons" (Hartford, 1864); "The 
Knightly Soldier" (Boston, 1865); "A Useful Life 
and a Fragrant Memory" (Philadelphia, 1866); 
- Falling in Harness w (1867) ; " The Captured Scout 
of the Army of the James" (Boston, 1869); "Chil- 
dren in the Temple" (Springfield, 1869); "The 
Worth of an Historic Consciousness" (Hartford, 
1870); "A Model Superintendent "(New York, 1880); 



" Kadesh Bamea" (1884) ; " Teaching and Teach- 
ers " (Philadelphia, 1884); " The Blood Covenant " 
(New York, 1885) ; and " Yale Lectures on the Sun- 
day-School " (1888). — Another brother, Gordon, 
artist, b. in Stonington, Conn., 5 May, 1841, studied 
art under various teachers in Hartford, Conn., and 
also for a time under James M. Hart in New York. 
He is more successful in his paintings of flsh, his 
best-known pictures being " Over the Fall," " A 
Plunge for Life," and " A Critical Moment." His 
last work in art was the illustration of Mrs. Annie 
Trumbull Slosson's "The China Hunters' Club" 
(New York, 1878). Of late years he has devoted 
himself principally to the study of ornithology, and 
has written " Names and Portraits of Birds which 
interest Gunners, with Descriptions in Language 
undcrstanded of the People " (New York, 1888). 

TRUMBULL, John, poet. b. in Westbury (now 
Watertown), Conn., 24 April, 1750; d. in Detroit, 
Mich., 10 May, 1831. At five years of age, without 
the knowledge of any one but his mother, he began 
the study of Latin. In 1757 he passed his exami- 
nation for admission to Yale, but, in consequence 
of his youth, he did not enter, and spent six years 
in study. He was graduated in 1767, and witn his 
friend and fellow-student, Timothy Dwight, wrote 
papers in the style of the "Spectator," wnich they 
published in the Boston and New Haven journals 
in 1769. They became tutors at Yale in 1771, and 
Trumbull at tne same time studied law, which he 
was licensed to practise in 1778.. He published a 
poetical satire on the prevailing mode of education, 
entitled " The Progress of Dulness " (1772), edging 
the second and third parts a year later. In 1773 
he entered the law-office of John Adams in Boston, 
and recorded his impressions of the spirit of free- 
dom and resistance in an " Elegy on tne Tiroes," a 
poem of sixty-three 
stanzas on the port 
bill, and other colo- 
nial themes (Bos- 
ton, 1774). He re- 
turned to New Ha- 
ven in 1774, and, 
while practising 
law, wrote the first 
two cantos of " Mc- 
Fingal," a modern 
epic poem in Hudi- 
brastic verse, in 
which he described 
the American con- 
test and the char- 
acter and customs ^ ^ *7— * /to 
of the times, and Jfe^Jt (yi^ry^tocfy 
satirized the man- 
ner and extrava- ^ 

gances of both his own countrymen and the British 
(Philadelphia, 1774). He married Sarah, daughter 
of Col. Leveret Hubbard, in 1776, and returned to 
Westbury, whence he removed to Hartford in 1781. 
He there completed " McFinmd " (Hartford, 1782 ; 
6th ed., London, 1798 ; new ea., with notes, Boston, 
1826 ; revised and corrected, with notes by Benson 
J. Lossin?, New York, I860). Its popularity was 
great, and there were more than thirty pirated im- 
pressions of the poem in pamphlet ana other forms. 
Two or three couplets of McFingal that still circu- 
late as proverbs are generally credited to Samuel 
Butler, author of " Hudibras' 1 : 

" No man e'er felt the halter draw, 
With good opinion of the law," 




and, 



" But optics sharp it needs, I ween, 
To see what is not to be seen." 



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TRUMBULL 



After the peace, with David Humphreys, Joel Bar- 
low, and Lemuel Hopkins, he wrote a series of es- 
says that were designed to check, by the boldness 
of their satire, the then prevalent spirit of disor- 
ganization and anarchy. They were extensively 
copied in the newspapers, under the title of " Ameri- 
can Antiquities, Extracts from the 'Anarchiad' 
and Other Papers." H e became state's attorney for 
Hartford count v in 1789, served in the legislature 
in 1792 and 1800, and in 1801-19 was a judge of 
the superior court. In 1808 he received from the 
legislature the additional appointment of judge of 
the supreme court of errors, which he held till 1819. 
He was for several years treasurer of Yale, from 
which he received the degree of LL. D. in 1818. He 
removed to Detroit, Mich., in 1825, where he subse- 
quently resided for six years. 

TRUMBULL, Jonathan, patriot, b. in Leba- 
non, Conn., 12 Oct, 1710; d. there, 17 Aug., 1785. 
His ancestor came from England about 1639, and 
settled in Rowley, Mass.. leaving three sons. His 
father, Joseph, was a merchant and farmer. Jona- 
than was gradu- 
ated at Harvard 
in 1727, studied 
theology, and was 
licensed to preach, 
but in 1731 re- 
signed the minis- 
try to take the 

Clace of an elder 
rother in his fa- 
ther's store. He 
afterward adopt- 
ed the profession 
of law, was a mem- 
ber of the assem- 
bly in 1733 and its 
speaker in 1739, 
became an assist - 

/ y7/" ant in 1740, and 

JzL~ ^y^nJ&sjP was re-elected to 
S>^*»Z*zZ^ thAtoffieetwentv . 

w ***° two times. He 

was subsequently judge of the county court, assist- 
ant judge of thesuperior court, and in 1766-'9 chief 
justice of that body. He was deputy governor in 
1767-'8, and governor from 1769 till 1783, when he 
resigned. He refused to take the oath of office in 
1765 that was required of all officials to support 
the provisions of the stamp-act. Bancroft says of 
him in this period of his career (1767) : " He was 
the model of the virtues of a rural magistrate; 
profoundly religious, grave in manner, discrimi- 
nating in judgment, fixed in his principles." His 
opinion was formed that if 44 methods tending to 
violence should be taken to maintain the depend- 
ence of the colonies, it would hasten separation," 
that the connection with England could be pre- 
served 44 by gentle and insensible methods rather 
than by power and force.'* But on the declaration 
of war he threw his whole influence on the patriot 
side, co-operated with vigor in securing the inde- 
pendence of the colonies, and was the only colonial 
governor that espoused the people's cause. When 
Washington wrote to him of the weakness of his 
army in August, 1776, Trumbull convened his 
council of safety, and, although he had already 
sent out Ave Connecticut regiments, he called for 
nine more, and to those who were not enrolled in 
any train-band said: 44 Join yourselves to one of 
the companies now ordered to New York, or form 
yourselves into distinct companies, and choose cap- 
tains forthwith. March on ; this shall be your war- 
rant. May the Ocd of the armies of Israel be your 




leader." At these words the farmers, although 
their harvests were but half gathered, rose in arms, 
forming nine regiments, each of 350 men. and, self- 
equipped, marched to New York just in time to 
meet the advance of the British. In 1781, when 
Washington appealed to the governors of the New 
England states to "complete their Continental bat- 
talions." Trumbull cheered him with the words that 
he "should obtain all that he needed." He was 
the chosen friend and counsellor of Washington 
throughout the Revolution, who. says .Tared Sparks, 
"relied on him as one of his main pillars of sup- 
port, and often consulted him in emergencies." 
The epithet "Brother Jonathan." now applied as 
a personification of the United States, is supposed 
to owe its origin to Washington's habit of ad- 
dressing Gov. Trumbull, and to the phrase that 
he often used when perplexed : " Ix?t us hear what 
Brother Jonathan says.'* In 1783 he extolled Wash- 
ington's last address in a letter to him dated 10 
June of that year, as "exhibiting the foundation 
principles of an indissoluble union of the states 
under one federal head." In the next autumn, 
when he retired from public life after fifty years' 
service, he set forth to the legislature of Connecti- 
cut "that the grant to the Federal constitution of 
powers clearly defined, ascertained, and under- 
stood, and sufficient for the great purposes of the 
Union, could alone lead from the danger of anar- 
chy to national happiness and glory." Washing- 
ton wrote of him as "the first of patriots, in his 
social duties yielding to none." The Marquis de 
Chastellux, the traveller, who saw him when he 
was seventy vears of a^e, describes him as 44 pos- 
sessing all the simplicity in his dress, all the im- 
portance, and even all the pedantry, becoming the 
great magistrate of a small republic." Yale gave 
him the decree of LL. D. in 1779, and the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh the same in 1787. See his 
"Life" by Isaac W. Stuart (Hartford, 1857).— His 
son, Joseph, member of the Continental congress, 
b. in Lebanon, Conn., 11 March, 1737; d. there, 23 
July, 1778, was graduated at Harvard in 1756, 
served in the Continental congress in 1774-'5, was 
commissary-general of the Revolutionary army 
from 19 July, 1775, till 2 Aug., 1777, and a com- 
missioner of the board of war in 1777- '8, resigning 
in the latter year on account of the failure of his 
health. His services were highly eulogized in a 
report that was made to congress in 1779, and a 
commission on the sums he had disbursed was 
voted to his heirs. — Another son, Jonathan, states- 
man, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 26 March, 1740: d. 
there, 7 Aug., 1809, was graduated at Harvard in 
1 759, and for several vears previous to the Revo- 
lution was a member of the legislature and speaker 
of the house. At the beginning of the war ne en- 
tered the patriot army as a paymaster, and held 
that post till 1780, when he became aide-de-camp 
to Oen. Washington, with whom he remained 
until the peace. He was a member of congress in 
1789- '95, having been chosen as a Federalist, was 
speaker of the house for the last four years of his 
service, and became U. S. senator in 1795. in place 
of Stephen M. Mitchell, who had resigned, but he 
himself resigned the next year to become lieuten- 
ant-governor of Connecticut. From 1798 until his 
death he was governor. — Jonathan's son, John, 
artist, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 6 J une, 1 756 ; d. in 
New York city, 10 Nov., 1843, entered Harvard 
at the age of sixteen, and was graduated the fol- 
lowing year, 1773. As he has said himself, his 
44 taste for drawing began to dawn early." While 
at college he studied Brooke Taylor's "Jesuit's 
Perspective" and William Hogarth's "Analysis 



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TRUMBULL 



TRUMBULL 



169 




of Beauty," and after returning to Lebanon he 
painted the death of Paul us Emilius at Cannae. 
When the Revolutionary war opened, he joined 
the array as adju- 
tant His skill as 
a draughtsman 
enabled him to 
make drawings 
of the enemy's 
works at Boston, 
and Washington 
appointed him 
one of his aides- 
de-camp. He sub- 
sequently went 
northward with 
Gen. Horatio 
Gates as ad j u tan t, 
with the rank of 
colonel, but on 22 
Feb., 1777, being 
dissatisfied with 
the date of his 
commission as 
deputy adjutant- 
general, he re- 
signed and resumed his art-studies. His love for 
military life had not left him, however, and when, in 
1778, a plan was formed for the recovery of Rhode 
Island from the British, he joined Gen.* John Sul- 
livan during the enterprise as volunteer aide-de- 
camp. In May, 1780, he sailed for France, whence, 
after a short stay, he went to London, with a letter 
from Benjamin Franklin to Benjamin West. He 
was soon arrested for treason, but after an impris- 
onment of eight months he was released, on con- 
dition of leaving the kingdom, West and John 
Singleton Copley becoming his sureties. When the 
close of the war enabled him to go again to Eng- 
land in January, 1784, he resumed his studies with 
West He visited Paris in 1785, and there began 
the composition of his " Declaration of Independ- 
ence." After a journey through the countries wa- 
tered by the Rhine, he returned to London in the 
autumn of 1786. During this period he painted 
also his " Sortie from Gibraltar. ' f A sketch on pa- 
per of this subject now in the Boston athenaeum, 
was made in 1787. A small picture of this he pre- 
sented to West and a second one he sold. A third, 
finished in 1789, was purchased by the athensum 
at Boston. Another, also small, was painted for 
William Sharp to engrave from, and with the key 
in Trumbull's autograph is now in Philadelphia. 
In 1787 and 1789 he was again in Paris, where he 
painted the portrait of Thomas Jefferson. He was 
commissioned in the summer of 1790, by the cor- 
poration of New York city, to paint a full-length 
portrait of Washington, and in 1791 he executed 
a likeness of George Clinton. These are in the 
city-hall, New York. Another full-length portrait 
of Washington, representing him on the even- 
ing before the battle of Princeton, was painted 
for the city of Charleston in 1792. But, a picture 
of Washington as president being preferred, Trum- 
bull executed a second. The first now at Yale, 
was considered by the artist the best portrayal of 
him 44 in his heroic military character." He also 
executed in 1794 portraits of Gen. and Mrs. Wash- 
ington, in the National museum, Washington, D. C. 
During this time he was also collecting a valuable 
series of portraits for his historical paintings. In 
May, 1794, he returned to England as secretary to 
John Jay, and in 1796 he was appointed fifth com- 
missioner for carrying into execution the seventh 
article of the treaty of 1794 In June, 1804, he 



came again to the United States, settling in New 
York as a portrait-painter. At this time were 
painted the portraits of John Jay and Alexander 
Hamilton for the city of New York, and Timothy 
Dwight and Stephen Van Rensselaer, which are at 
Yale. In 1817 ne was commissioned by congress 
to paint historical pictures for the rotunda in the 
capitol. The subjects were "The Declaration of 
Independence," "The Surrender of Burgovne," 
" The Surrender of Cornwallis," and " The Resig- 
nation of Washington." The pictures were com- 
pleted in 1824, and exhibited in various cities. 
They have been made familiar by engravings (nota- 
bly the " Declaration." by Asher B. Durand), and 
have been the subject of much criticism. In 
1816-'25 he was president of the American acad- 
emy of fine arts. He subsequently projected a 
new series of historical pictures, but the paint- 
ings remained unsold. He was glad, therefore, 
to present his works to Yale, in return for an an- 
nuity of $1,000. In this final disposition of his 
works he made the condition that after his death 
the entire proceeds of the exhibition of the gal- 
lery were to be " perpetually appropriated toward 
defraying the expense of educating poor scholars 
in Yale college. A fire-proof gallery was erected 
by the college, and his pictures were arranged 
there under nis own direction. On the comple- 
tion of the new art-school building they were re- 
moved thither. He removed to New Haven in 
1887, but in 1841 returned to New York, where he 
remained until his death. Trumbull's fame rests 
mainly on the four paintings in the capitol, the 
" Battle of Bunker Hill," and " Death of Montgom- 
ery," which two pictures still stand unexcelled in 
American historical painting, and on such strong 

S»rtrait8 as those of Washington and Alexander 
amilton. The miniature likenesses in some of his 
pictures are at times more successful than his large 
portraits. His paintings comprise numerous copies, 
historical and scripture subjects, and portraits, in- 
cluding, besides those already mentioned, those of 
John Adams (1797); Jonathan Trumbull and Rufus 
King (1800); and Christopher Gore (1800). Several 
of his works, especially portraits, are in the New 
York historical society s rooms, the city-hall, New 
York, and other public institutions and private 
galleries, but most of them are in the gallery at 
Yale. There are five portraits of Trumbull — one 
by himself, painted in 1888, two by Samuel Waldo 
and Matthew H. Jouett, of which one is in the old 
gallery at Yale, beneath which he is buried, a good 
cabinet full-length by George W. Twibill, in the 
National academy, and one by Gilbert Stuart A 
bust by Ball Hughes is at Yale. The most interest- 
ing account of Trumbull's life is found in his " Au- 
tobiography " (New York, 1841). See also Eliza- 
beth B. Johnson's "Original Portraits of Wash- 
ington" (Boston, 1882), and an article by John 
Durand, in the "American Art Review" for 1881. 
William Dunlap's account, though full, is preju- 
diced and unjust Thomas S. Cummings, in his 
" Historic Annals of the "National Academy," gives 
a full account of the part Trumbull played in 
opposing the formation of that institution. — A 
grandson of the first Jonathan, Joseph, congress- 
man, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 7 Dec., 1782; d. m 
Hartford, Conn., 4 Aug., 1861, was graduated at 
Yale in 1801, admitted to the bar of Windham in 
1808, settled in Hartford the next year, and prac- 
tised his profession there till 1828, when he became 
president of the Hartford bank. He represented 
that city in the legislature in 1832-'48 and 1851, 
served in congress in 1884-V5, having been chosen 
as a Whig to fill the vacancy left by the resign s- 



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TRUSDELL 



TRUXTUN 



tion of William W. Ellsworth, and sat again in that 
body in 1839-'43. In 1849-*50 he was governor of 
Connecticut. Yale gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1849. He was active in fostering public inter- 
nal improvements, and in many educational enter- 
prises. During his later life ne was president of 
a railroad company. 

TRUSDELL, Charles Gregory, clergyman, b. 
in Montgomery, N. Y., 1 May, 1820. When he was 
eight years of age his father died, and the boy's 
educational advantages were limited to the com- 
mon school and academy. In 1857, after working 
in mechanical and commercial pursuits, he felt 
called to preach. He ministered to Methodist con- 
gregations in Iowa, and in 1805 was appointed pre- 
siding elder of the Iowa City district. He was 
subsequently appointed pastor of the Grant place 
Methodist church of Chicago, where he preached 
till he was selected to superintend the distribu- 
tion of money and other relief that was sent from 
all parts of the world for the sufferers of the great 
Chicago fire of October, 1871. That fund amounted 
to nearly $5,000,000. All of this and the many 
thousand dollars that are annually contributed by 
the people of Chicago for the relief of the deserv- 
ing poor have been distributed, and a detailed ac- 
count of the same kept under the direction of Mr. 
Trusdell as general superintendent of the Chicago 
relief and aid society. From 1 Oct., 1871, to 31 
Oct, 1887, this amount was $0,480,999.45. In 1885 
he was appointed presiding elder of the Chicago 
district of the Methodist church, and at the same 
time tendered his resignation as general superin- 
tendent, but it was not accepted. 

TRUTCH, Joseph William, Canadian states- 
man, b. in Bath, England, 18 Jan., 1820. He was 
educated at Exeter, England, studied civil engi- 
neering under Sir John Rennie, removed to the 
Pacific coast in 1849, and till 1850 practised as a 
civil engineer in California and Oregon. He was 
subsequently assistant engineer on the Illinois and 
Michigan canal and on the Illinois river improve- 
ment. In 1859 he removed to Victoria, British Co- 
lumbia, and till 1804 was employed in the con- 
struction of public works for the colony. Chief 
among these were the section through the cation of 
Eraser river, and the Grand Trunk railroad from 
Yale to Cariboo, including the Alexandria suspen- 
sion-bridge over Fraser river. He was chief com- 
missioner of lands and works and surveyor-general 
of British Columbia, and a member ex officio of 
the executive and legislative councils from 1804 
till 1871, when British Columbia entered the Do- 
minion. He was a delegate to Ottawa in 1870 to 
confer with the government of Canada as to the 
terms upon which British Columbia could enter 
the confederation, and in 1871 to Ottawa and Lon- 
don to settle finally the details of the arrangements 
for the union. Mr. Trutch was appointed, 5 July. 
1871, lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, and 
on 9 Dec., 1879, ne became resident agent of the 
Canadian government in British Columbia. In 
1877 he was appointed a companion of the order 
of St. Michael and St. George. 

TRUXTUN, Thomas, naval officer, b. on Long 
Island, N. Y., 17 Feb., 1755; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa,, 5 May, 1822. He began a seafaring life when 
he was twelve years old, as an apprentice in the 
English packet " Pitt," and was impressed in Eng- 
land to serve in the frigate " Prudent," whence he 
obtained his discharge through friends. He de- 
clined the offer of a midshipman's warrant, served 
in the merchant marine, and quickly rose to com- 
mand. In 1775 he had charge of the u Andrew 
Caldwell," in which he brought large quantities of 




powder to Philadelphia. In the latter part of 
that year he was seized off St. Kitt's by the frigate 
44 Argo," and his vessel was condemned under the 
restraining act. He made his way to Philadelphia, 
where he arrived in time to enter on board the 
44 Congress" as a lieutenant This was the first 
private armed ship 

that was fitted out 

by the colonies. In 
1770 several prizes 
were taken off Ha- 
vana, one of which 
he took to New 
Bedford. In 1777 
he aided in fitting 
out the ship 44 In- 
dependence." of 
which he took com- 
mand and cap- 
tured three large 
ships among other 
prizes off the 
Azores islands. 
One of these was 
much more pow- 
erfullyarmed than 
his own vessel. On 
his return he fit- 
ted out the ship 44 Mars," twenty guns, and made 
a cruise in the English channel, capturing many 
prizes, which he sent to France. He then com- 
manded the 44 Commerce" and other vessels, in which 
he brought needed cargoes of military stores for the 
army to Philadelphia. He had the ship 44 St. James " 
in 1781, and conveyed the U. S. consul-general 
to France, in this voyage disabling a British ship 
of thirty-two guns and returning with a valu- 
able cargo. He was uniformly successful in all en- 
gagements with British vessels. After the war he 
commanded several East Indiamen. Upon the or- 
ganization of the U. S. navy, he was selected as 
one of its six captains, 4 June, 1798, and assigned 
to command the frigate 44 Constellation," which 
was building at Baltimore. He was ordered with 
a squadron under his command to protect com- 
merce in the West Indies, where he made numer- 
ous prizes. On 9 Feb., 1799, off Hen's island, he fell 
in with the French frigate "L'Insurgente," fifty 
guns, which was much more powerful than his own 
ship. An engagement ensued of more than an 
hour, when the enemy surrendered, a perfect wreck, 
after having twenty-nine of her crew killed and 
forty-four wounded. Truxtun lost one killed and 
two wounded. The prize was refitted and added 
to the navy. For this brilliant victory the mer- 
chants of Lloyd's coffee-house, London, sent him a 
present of plate worth 000 guineas. In January, 
1800, he haa a severe encounter with the French 
frigate " La Vengeance," fifty guns, which surren- 
dered after a long engagement ; but before Trux- 
tun could secure the prize a squall came up and 
she escaped. For his gallantry in this action con- 
gress gave him a gold medal and a vote of thanks. 
In the same year he commanded the frigate 44 Presi- 
dent " and a squadron of ten vessels in the West 
Indies. In 1802 he was appointed to command the 
squadron that was fitting out for the Tripolitan 
war, and went to Norfolk to join the 44 Chesa- 
peake." He then asked to have a captain appoint- 
ed to command the flag-ship, which was declined, 
and Truxtun's letter was construed to mean his 
resignation, which was accepted contrary to his 
wishes. He resided in New Jersey on a farm after 
he left the service, and subsequently removed to 
Philadelphia, where he was sheriff of the county 



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in 1819-'21. The memory of Truxtun has been 
handed down in the navy as one of its most dis- 
tinguished officers, and the brig " Truxtun " was 
named after him. He was the author of a work 
entitled 44 Remarks, Instructions, and Examples re- 
lating to Latitude and Longitude " (Philadelphia, 
1794). Com. Truxtun had a large family, and 
eight of his grandsons were in the U. S. naval 
academy at one time. — His grandson, William 
Talbot, naval officer, b. in Philadelphia, 11 March, 
1824; d. in Norfolk, Va., 25 Feb., 1887, entered 
the navy as a midshipman, 9 Feb., 1841, attended 
the naval academy for one year, and was graduated 
as a passed midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847. He cruised 
in the frigate " Brandywine ' r in 1847-8 on the 
Brazil station, whence he returned in command of 
the prize-slaver " Independence." He served on the 
Pacific station in the ship " Supply " in 1849-'52, 
in the brig 44 Dolphin " in 1853 on special service in 
connection with laying the trans-Atlantic cable, 
and in 1854 with the Strain expedition to survey a 
route for a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Darien. 
He was promoted to master, 14 Sept, 1855. and to 
lieutenant the next day by action of the retiring 
board. He served in the brig " Perry " during the 
Paraguayan war in 1859-'60, and in the sloop 
"Dale," of which he succeeded in command in 
1861, in the North Atlantic squadron, where he con- 
tinued to serve throughout tne civil war. He was 
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, 
and had the steamers 44 Alabama," " Chocura," and 
** Tacony " in succession. He Darticipated in the 
operations in the sounds of North Carolina, in vari- 
ous engagements with the Confederate batteries, 
in the capture of Plymouth, N. C, and in both at- 
tacks on Fort Fisher. He was promoted to com- 
mander, 25 July, 1866, was superintendent of coal 
shipments for the navy in 1866-7, commanded the 
sloop "Jamestown" in the Pacific squadron in 
1868- , 70 on a special survey, and was ordnance of- 
ficer of the Boston navy-yard in 1871-'8. He was 
promoted to captain, 25 Sept., 1878, commanded 
the 44 Brooklyn/' of the North Atlantic squadron, 
in 1878-'4, and the flag-ship of the South Atlantic 
station, l874-'5. He was a member of the board 
of inspectors in 1876-7, and served at the navy- 
yards at Boston and Norfolk in 1877- 81. He was 
promoted to commodore, 11 May, 1882, and was 
commandant of the Norfolk navy-yard in 1885-'6. 
He was promoted to rear-admiral bj seniority, 
18 Feb., 1886, but action on his nomination was 
delayed, and he was retired by law as a com- 
modore, 11 March, 1886. 

TRYON, Dwight William, artist, b. in Hart- 
ford, Conn., 18 Aug., 1849. He was a pupil dur- 
ing 1876-*81 at the Boole des beaux arts, and un- 
der Louis Jacqueason de la Chevreuse, Charles F. 
Daubigny, and Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemot, in 
Paria. At the salon of 1881 he exhibited 44 Harvest 
Time in Normandy " and 44 On the Maas." Among 
his other works are 44 A New England Village," 44 A 
November Day," 44 Evening in Autumn," 44 Even- 
ing in a New England Village," 44 Starlight," and 
"Night" He was awarded sold medals at the 
American art association for nis 44 Daybreak" in 
1886, and 44 Moonlight " in 1887. He has been pro- 
fessor of art at Smith college, and director of the 
Hartford school of arts since 1885. 

TRTON, George Washington, conchologist, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 20 May, 1888; d. there, 5 
Feb., 1888. He was educated at the Friends' 
school in his native city, and then entered busi- 
ness, from which he retired in 1868. Thereafter he 
devoted his attention chiefly to his favorite study 
of oonchology. He was an active member of the 



TSCHUDI 171 

Philadelphia academy of natural sciences and be- 
gan the movement in 1865 to devise methods for the 
erection of its present building. Through his liber- 
ality the concnological section contributed $3,000 
to the work, and he gave an equal sum. In 1869 
he was elected a curator of the academy, and 
under his direction the library and the numerous 
collections of the museum were arranged in the 
new building in 1876. He became conservator of 
the conchological section of the academy in 1875, 
and continued in that office until his death. The 
present condition of this large collection is due 
to his skill and labor, and he bequeathed money to 
preserve the shell specimens of tne academy. Mr. 
Tryon was a member of various scientific societies, 
and edited in 1865-71 the 44 American Journal of 
Conchology." He was a prolific writer on his 
specialty, and prepared numerous memoirs, includ- 
ing 44 On the Mollusca of Harper's Ferry " (1861) ; 
"Synopsis of the Recent Species of Gastroch®- 
ni<&) " (1861) ; 44 Monograph of the Order of Phola- 
dacea" (1862); and 44 Monograph of the Terres- 
trial Mollusks of the United States" (1865); 44 List 
of American Writers on Conchology " (New York, 
1861); "Synopsis of the Species Strepomatids? " 
(1865). His larger works comprise "Land and 
Fresh-Water Shells of North America," including 
monograph on the genus StrepomatidaB (4 vols., 
Washington, 1878) ; 44 American Marine Concholo- 
gy " (Philadelphia, 1873) ; 44 Structural and System- 
atic Conchology" (8 vols., 1882); and "Manual 
of Conchology, including 44 Marine Shells," 9 vols., 
and 44 Land Shells," 8 vofs. (1879-'85). With Will- 
iam G. Binney he edited 44 The Complete Writings 
of Constantino S. Rafinesque on Recent and Fossil 
Conchology "(Philadelphia, 1864). 

TRYON, William, colonial governor, b. in Ire- 
land about 1725 ; d. in London, England, 27 Feb., 
1788. He received a good education, entered the 
British army, and served with credit as an officer. 
He married Miss Wake, a relative of the Earl of 
Hillsborough, secretary of state for the colonies, 
through whose influence he was appointed lieu- 
tenant-governor of North Carolina. He arrived 
there, 27 June, 1864, and on the death of Gov. 
Arthur Dobbs, 20 July, 1765, he succeeded him, 
and continued to administer the affairs of the col- 
ony till July, 1771, when he was appointed gov- 
ernor of New York. He suppressed the revolt of 
the 44 Regulators " in North Carolina, and treated 
the prisoners with great cruelty. At an expense 
of £15,000, which was voted by the assembly of 
that colony, he erected a magnificent residence at 
New Berne. He was detested by the patriots for 
his rigorous administration of the governments of 
the colonies over which he presided, and for the 
inhumanity he displayed on various occasions, es- 
pecially fof the destruction of Danbury, Fairfield, 
and Norwalk, Conn., by expeditions that he con- 
ducted in person. He resigned the governorship 
of New York, 21 March, 1778, and returned to 
England. He was made a colonel, 25 May, 1772; 
maior-general, 29 Aug., 1777; lieutenant-general, 
20 Nov., 1782; and colonel of the 29th foot, 15 
Aug., 1788. He received the degree of LL.B. 
from King's college in 1774. 

TSCHUDI, Johann Jakob von (choo'-de), 
Swiss traveller, b. in Glarus, 25 July, 1818. He 
studied the natural sciences and medicine in the 
universities of Neufchatel, Leyden, and Paris, and 
in 1888 sailed for Peru, where be sojourned five 
years, exploring the country and forming a rich 
collection of plants in the mountains of the inte- 
rior. He went to Vienna in 1848, visited Brazil 
and other countries of South America in 1857-*9, 

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TSONDATSAA 



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and in 1860 was appointed minister of the Swiss | 
republic to Brazil, which office he retained eight 
years, devoting most of that time to exploring the 
country and forming collections of plants for the 
museums of Neufchatel, Glarus, and Freiburg. In 
1868 he was promoted minister to Vienna. His 
works include 44 Untersuchungen tlbeV die Fauna 
Penis'* (St. Gall 1844-'7): 44 Peruanische Reise- 
skizzen wahrend der Jahro 1838-'42 " (2 vols., 1H46) ; 
•* Die Ketchuasprache " (2 vols., Vienna. 18X3) ; 
"Reise durch die Andes von SOdamerika " (Gotha, 
1860) ; 44 Die bnisilianische Provinz Minas-Geraes" 
(1863); and "Reisen durch SQdamerika " (5 vols.. 
Leipsic, 1866-'9). He also edited, in association with 
Dr. Mariano Eduardo de Rivera, 44 Antigfledades 
Peruana* " (Vienna, 1851; translated by Rev. F. 
L. Hawks, New York, 1853). 

TSONDATSAA, Charles, Indian convert, lived 
in the 17th century. He acted as pride to Father 
Brebeuf, and was converted to Christianity by that 
missionary. He was taken prisoner by the Iroquois 
in 1643, being one of the party that accompanied 
Father Jogues, but escapea to Three Rivers. He 
became the prop of the Christian religion among 
the Hurons, preached to them frequently, and made 
many converts. His pagan companions, on one 
occasion, induced him to enter an Indian vapor- 
bath. They then increased the heat, declaring that 
he must pronounce three words in favor of his titu- 
lar demon if he would escape suffocation. He re- 
fused, and was almost dead when he was released. 
His only revenge on his torturers after he recovered 
was to say to them : 44 You nearly killed me, but 
you could not make me sin." He continued to la- 
bor for several years among his countrymen, and 
eventually converted nearly all his persecutors, 

TUBMAN, Harriet abolitionist, b. near Cam- 
bridge, Dorchester co., Md., about 1821. She was 
the child of slaves of pure African blood, whose 
name was Ross. Her original Christian name of 
Araminta she changed to Harriet. When about 
thirteen years old she received a fracture of the 
skull at the hands of an enraged overseer, which 
left her subject during her wnole life to fits of 
somnolency. In 1844 she married a free colored 
man named Tubman. In 1849, in order to escape 
being sent to the cotton-plantations of the south, 
she fled by night, and reached Philadelphia in 
safety. In December, 1850, she visited Baltimore 
and Drought away her sister and two children, and 
within a few months returned to aid in the escape 
of her brother and two other men. Thenceforth 
she devoted herself to guiding runaway slaves in 
their flight from the plantations of " Maryland 
along the channels of the 44 underground railroad," 
with the assistance of Thomas Garrett and others. 
At first she conducted the bands of escaped slaves 
into the state of New York, but, when the fugitive- 
slave act began to be strictly enforced, she piloted 
them through to Canada. Sne made nineteen jour- 
neys, and led away more than 300 slaves. A re- 
ward of $40,000 was offered for her apprehension. 
Among the people of her race and trie agents of 
the 44 underground railroad " she was known as 
"Moses,** During the civil war she performed 
valuable service for the National government as a 
spy and as a nurse in the hospitals. 

TUCK, Joseph Henry, inventor, b. in Dorches- 
ter, Mass., 12 March, 1812. He is a grandson of 
John Tuck, who was a chaplain in the Revolution- 
ary army. Joseph was graduated at the Boston 
high-schooL and afterward apprenticed to a watch- 
maker. He was subsequently employed in a candle- 
factory, where he brought to perfection his first in- 
vention, the endless wick. He went to England 



in 1837, began business as an engineer in London- 
and for twenty-five years was constantly engaged 
in the invention andint rod notion of improved ma- 
chinery. He took out fifty-five patents in different 
countries. Among his inventions are a candle-ma- 
chine, wrought-iron and bitumen gas- and water- 
pipes, a ventilating-machine, a dredging-machinc, 
a rotary engine, a new system of breakwaters for 
harbors, and his steam-engine packing, the most 
profitable of his inventions. In spite of great op- 
position on the part of English engineers, he or- 
ganized a company to lay the first submarine elec- 
tric cable, between Dover and Calais, in 1848-'9. 
He derived no pecuniary advantage from this great 
enterprise, as he was defrauded of the profits by 
those whom he had aided in its promotion. He 
furnished plans for the excavation of the Suez 
canal, which were accepted by the contractors; but 
ill health forced him to abandon his connection 
with this enterprise, and he returned to the United 
States in 1865. His constitution had been so much 
injured bv his long-continued and severe labors in 
Europe that he was forced to live in retirement 
for several years, but he engaged in real-estate 
operations in Brooklyn in 1869. 

TUCKER, Henry Holcombe, clergyman, b. in 
Warren county, Ga., 10 May, 1819. He received 
his early education in Philadelphia, and entered 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1834, but finished 
his course in Columbian college (now university), 
Washington, D. C, where he was graduated "in 
1838. lie then studied law, was called to the bur 
in 1846, and practised his profession until 184S, 
when he entered Mercer university with the view 
of preparing himself for the Baptist ministry. He 
was appointed pastor of the Baptist church in 
Alexandria, Va., in 1854. but feeble health com- 
pelled him to resign in less than a year. Sinee 
that time he has held nopastorate, but has preached 
in various parts of the United States. In 1856 he 
was elected" professor of belles-lettres and meta- 
physics in Mercer university, which office he filled 
until 1862, when the university was for a time sus- 
pended by the war. In 1860 he received the de- 
gree of D. D. from Columbian university. He was 
elected president of Mercer university in 1866, and 
was principally instrumental in removing that in- 
stitution froni Penfield to Macon. He resigned 
in 1871, and spent a year in Eurojie, during which 
he assisted in the organization of a Baptist church 
in Rome, and officiated for several months in the 
American chapel in Paris, In 1874 he was elected 
chancellor of the University of Georgia, and he re- 
mained in this office until 187H, when he assumed 
the editorship of the 44 Christian Index " at Atlanta. 
He was the founder of the Georgia relief and 
hospital association, which rendered such great as- 
sistance to the sick and wounded of the south dur- 
ing the civil war. Besides a series of letters on 
44 Religious Liberty" to Alexander H. Stephens 
(1855), which were the subject of wide comment, 
and several sermons, he has published "The Gos- 
pel in Enoch, or Truth in the Concrete: a Doc- 
trinal and Biographical Sketch" (Philadelphia, 
1868), and 44 The Old Theology restated in Ser- 
mons " (1884). One of his sermons. 44 The Position 
of Baptism in the Christian System" (1882), has 
been translated into Armenian, German, Greek, 
Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. He is now editor 
and proprietor of the "Christian Index." 

TUCKER, John, clergyman, b. in Amesburr, 
Mass., 19 Sept., 1719; d. in Newbury, Mass., 22 
March, 1792. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1741, studied theology, and on 20 Nov., 1745, was 
ordained as colleague minister of Newbury, Mas?. 



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173 



His theological opinions were Arminian, and in his 
controversies with Calvinistic clergymen he en- 
livened argument with wit and satire. The dis- 
sident members of his congregation seceded to 
join the Presbyterian society of which Jonathan 
Parsons was pastor. Mr. Tucker received the de- 
gree of D. D. from Harvard in 1787. Among his 
publications were " Four Sermons" (1750); "On 
the Doctrines and Uncharitableness of Jonathan 
Parsons" (1757); "An Account of an Ecclesiasti- 
cal Council, to which is annexed a Discourse. l>eing 
a Minister's Appeal to his Hearers as to his Life 
and Doctrines (1767); and a Dudleian lecture at 
Harvard on " The Validity of Presbyterian Ordina- 
tion "(1778). 

TUCKER, Joshua Thomas, clergvman. b. in 
Milton, Mass., 20 Sept., 1812. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1833, and at Lane theological seminary, 
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1837, became pastor of a Pres- 
byterian church at Chester, 111., in the latter year, 
then of one in Hannibal, Mo., in 1840, and in 1846 
of a church in St. Louis, where in 1847-'8 he edited 
the " Herald of Religious Lilwrty." He took charge 
in 1849 of a Congregational church in Holliston, 
Mass., remaining till 1867. afterward preached in 
Chicopee Falls for ten years, and since 1877 has 
resided in Boston. He was editor of the " Boston 
Review," a Congregational magazine, in 1861 -'8, 
also of the " Boston Recorder" in 1863-'4, and in 
1871-'7 was an editorial writer on the Springfield 
" Daily Evening Union." The University of Iowa 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1875. Dr. Tucker 
is the author of a life of Christ, entitled " The Sin- 
less One, or the Life Manifested" (Boston, 1855), 
and "Christ's Infant Kingdom " (1870). 

TUCKER, Josiah, English clergyman, b. in 
Laugharae, Carmarthenshire, Wales, in 1711; d. 
in Gloucester, England, 4 Nov., 1799. He was 
graduated at Oxford and ordained a priest of the 
English church. He was appointed curate of St. 
Stephen's church, Bristol, in 1737, soon afterward 
promoted to be a minor canon of the cathedral, 
and was made rector of St. Stephen's in 1749. In 
1756 he was nominated prebendary of Bristol, and 
he became dean of Gloucester in 1758. Dr. Tucker 
was famous for his pamphlets on politics and po- 
litical economy in the latter half of the 18th cen- 
tury, but especially for his views on the relations 
of the American colonies to the mother country. 
He held that a separation would be no loss to the 
latter, and that the English parliament should by 
solemn act separate the colonics from the parent 
government and disregard any application for 
restoration to the rights and privileges of British 
subjects until by humble petition they should ask 
for pardon and rc-instateinent. During the war 
he was freciuently in conflict with Edmund Burke, 
who treated his views on the causes of the troubles 
between Great Britain and her colonies with little 
ceremony. In his pamphlets on political economy 
he anticipated some of the views of Adam Smith*. 
His most noteworthy works are "The Elements of 
Commerce and Theory of Taxes" (Bristol, 1753); 
" Four Tracts, together with Two Sermons, on Po- 
litical and Commercial Subjects" (Gloucester. 
1774); "Treatise concerning Civil Government" 
(London, 1781); "Cui Bono!" (1782); and "Re- 
flections on the Present Matters of Dispute be- 
tween Great Britain and Ireland" (1775). 

TUCKER, Lather, editor, b. in Brandon, Vt., 
7 May, 1802; d. in Albany, N. Y.. 26 Jan., 1873. 
He was apprenticed to the printer's trade when he 
was fourteen years of age, in Middlebury, Vt., and 
followed his employer to Palmyra, N. Y.. in 1817. 
On the expiration of his service he travelled as a 



journeyman through the middle and New Eng- 
land states. In 1825 he entered into partnership 
with Henry C. Sleight in Jamaica, L. I., where 
they published standard works for New York 
houses. Later he removed to Rochester, and on 
27 Oct., 1826, issued the initial number of the 
Rochester " Daily Advertiser," the first daily news- 
paper published west of Albany. The ab>ence of 
any suitable agricultural reading early impressed 
itself on his mind, and on 1 Jan., 1831, he estab- 
lished "The Genesee Farmer," which met with 
considerable success. In 1839 he sold the "Ad- 
vertiser," which is still continued under the title 
of the " Rochester Union and Advertiser." Mean- 
while he had purchased a farm near Rochester and 
devoted himself to its cultivation and the manage- 
ment of his paper, but in 1839 he was induced to 
combine "The Cultivator" of Albany with his 
journal, and accordingly in 1840 the two in one 
were issued from Albany as "The Cultivator: a 
Consolidation of Bucl's Cultivator and the Genesee 
Farmer." In 1853 he established "The Country 
Gentleman," weekly, with which "The Cultivator *' 
was finally combined in 1866 under the united 
titles, and it is still published by Mr. Tucker's 
sons.— His son, Willis Gaylord, educator, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 31 Oct., 1849, was graduated at the 
Albany academy in 1866, and at Albany medical 
college in 1870. A year later he became assistant 
in chemistry at the medical college, and he has 
since continued his relations with that institution, 
becoming full professor in 1876, and in 1887 pro- 
fessor of inorganic and analytical chemistry and 
toxicology. In 1881 he was one of the founders 
of the Albany college of pharmacy, and became 
professor of chemistry, in addition to which, since 
1883, he has been its president. Besides the fore- 
going he was professor of chemistry at the Albany 
academy, the Albany female academy, and the Al- 
bany high-school in 1876-'87, and has been lecturer 
on chemistry at St. Agnes's school since 1874. He 
was appointed analyst to the state board of health 
in 1881, and still holds that office, and he has been 
registrar of the Albany medical college since 1882, 
secretary of its alumni association since its organi- 
zation in 1874, member of the board of governors 
of Union university, and a member of the state 
board of medical examiners of the board of re- 
gents of the University of the state of New York. 
The honorary degree of Ph. G. was conferred on 
him by the Albany college of pharmacy in 1882, 
and that of Ph. D. by Union in 1882. He is a 
meml)cr of scientific societies, and has contributed 
largely to scientific journals and proceedings on 
chemical subjects. He was editor of the " Albany 
Medical Annals" in 1882-'7. 

TUCKER, Mary Eliza, author, b. in Cahawba, 
Ala., 6 Nov., 1838. Her maiden name was Perine. 
She was educated at a boarding-school in New 
York, and, after her return to the south, married 
John M. Tucker, of Mil ledge ville, Ga. Her hus- 
band and her father lost all their property during 
the civil war, and she came to New York to pro- 
cure a publisher for a volume of poems that she 
had written, and to obtain employment as a jour- 
nalist. After struggling with poverty for a time, 
she was entirely successful, and became a regular 
contributor to the " ledger " and other New York 
papers. Her first volume of " Poems " (New York, 
1867) was strongly colored by the writer's southern 
sympathies during the war. but was marked by 
sincerity and pathos. " Loew's Bridge, a Broadway 
Idyl " (1868) also attracted much attention. She is 
the author of a " Life of Mark M. Pomeroy " (1868). 
In 1871 she married Col. James H. Lambert, of the 



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174 TUCKER 

Philadelphia *' Press," and now resides in Philadel- 
phia, where she has edited several journals. 

TUCKER, Pomeroy, journalist, b. in Palmyra, 
N. Y M 10 Aug., 1802; d. there, 80 June, 1870. He 
was an apprentice to a printer in Palmyra, became a 
contributor to the Canandaigua " Messenger/' and 
in 1824 established the 44 Sentinel " as a Democratic 
organ. He was elected to the legislature in 1837, 
and was for several years postmaster, and at one 
time a canal collector. His journal espoused the 
cause of free soil in 1848, and he was offered, but 
declined, a nomination to congress. He published 
a work on the 44 Origin, Rise, and Progress of Mor- 
monism," containing biographies of the founders 
and a history of the church, with personal remem- 
brances (New York, 1867). 

TUCKER, Samuel, naval officer, b. in Marble- 
head, Mass., 1 Nov., 1747; d. in Bremen. Me., 10 
March, 1833. He was the son of a ship-master, and 
when eleven years old ran away and shipped in 
the English sloop-of-war 44 Royal George. He 
had command of a merchantman in 1768, and 
made many voyages before the Revolution as a 
captain. When the war began he was in London, 
and narrowly escaped compulsory service in the 
British navy. He returned as a passenger in a 
ship that was owned by Robert Morris, and on the 
voyage took charge of the vessel during a violent 
storm. Mr. Morris then introduced him to Gen. 
Washington, who commissioned him a captain in 
the navy, 20 Jan., 1776, and assigned him to com- 
mand the armed schooner 44 Franklin." While 
this vessel was fitting out he took command of a 
small schooner for a short cruise, and fell in with 
a British transport with troops and stores. After 
a desperate engagement for two and a half hours 
the transport surrendered. The stores were given 
to Washington's army, and arrived most oppor- 
tunely. Tucker received the thanks of Washing- 
ton and the army for this brilliant service. In 
March, 1776, he was transferred to command the 
schooner 44 Hancock," in which he captured two 
English brigs in Massachusetts bay on 17 April, 
the ship 4 * Peggy " on 29 July, a brig and a brig- 
antine on the following day,* and the brig 44 Live- 
ly" on 29 Oct., 1776. He captured more than 
thirty vessels in the 44 Franklin and 44 Hancock " 
in 1776. The list was- destroyed, but the prizes 
included several armed vessels, and some of them 
were very valuable. On 15 March, 1777. he was 
appointed to command the frigate 4 * Boston," in 
which he took out John Adams as minister to 
France in February, 1778. In June, 1779, after 
capturing five prizes on his return voyage from 
France, he convoyed a fleet of merchantmen from 
the West Indies to Philadelphia, loaded with 
clothing that had been bought in Holland for the 
American army. He was chased by the Brit- 
ish frigate 4 * Pole," but by a ruse obtained a com- 
manding position and compelled the enemy to 
surrender, without firing a gun. He next cruised 
in the 44 Boston " with the Frigate 44 Confederacy " 
also under his command, and captured several 
British privateers. In August, 1779, he sailed in 
company with the 44 Deane, under Com. Samuel 
Nicholson ; both ships captured several prizes, and 
the 44 Boston " took the sloop-of-war 4 * Thorn " 
alone. He sailed in the 44 Boston " in 1779 to join 
the squadron of Com. Abraham Whipple to assist 
in the defence of Charleston, S. C. The American 
squadron was captured by the British fleet on the 
surrender of Charleston, and Tucker was paroled, 
20 May, 1780. He went to Boston, effected his ex- 
change with Capt. Wardlaw, whom he had cap- 
tured in the 44 Thorn," and obtained command 



TUCKER 



of his former prize. He was highly successful 
on this cruise, and captured seven prizes. He 
endeavored to capture the enemy by stratagem 
whenever it was jpossible. In July, 1781, he was 
taken in the 44 Thorn" by the 'British frigate 
44 Hind " off the mouth of St. Lawrence river. He 
and his crew were carried to Prince Edward 
island, where they were kindly treated. He was 
permitted to go in an open boat to Halifax with 
some of his officers, instead of which he went to 
Boston, notwithstanding the peril of the under- 
taking. Upon his arrival he wrote to the British 
commissary at Halifax saying he and his officers 
considered themselves on parole, as their escape 
was not strictly proper. The British officer accepted 
the apology for the escape, and also granted tnem 
their parole. After the war Tucker received a 
vote of thanks from congress for his services. The 
country was without any navy from 1785 till 1797, 
and Tucker commanded several packets between 
the Atlantic ports and Europe. In 1792 he re- 
moved from Marblehead to a farm near Bristol, 
where afterward was the town of Bremen, Me. In 
1813 British privateers committed depredations 
on the coast of Maine, and the commodore was 
called on to command a schooner. Two brass 
cannon were borrowed from the fort at Wiscasset, 
and with improvised armament the schooner 
chased and captured a privateer after a desperate 
fight of two hours. The vessel proved to be the 
44 Crown," with valuable stores, wnich Tucker dis- 
tributed among the needy people of the district 
After his retirement from the sea he served as se- 
lectman of the town of Bristol, was elected to the 
Massachusetts legislature in 1814-'18, and was a 
member of the convention to form a constitution 
for the new state of Maine in October, 1819, after 
which he was a member of the Maine legislature in 
1820-'l. In 1820 he was a presidential elector. He 
had great difficulty in obtaining compensation for 
his services as a captain in the navy. His claim 
for pay was debarred by a statute of limitation, 
and in his old age he was in reduced circum- 
stances, as he had been defrauded of the fortune 
that came to him from his immense prizes. In 
March, 1821, he was granted a pension of $20 a 
month from 1 Jan., 1818. In June, 1832, this was 
increased to $600 per annum. At the time of 
his death he was, excepting Gen. Lafayette, the 
highest in rank of surviving officers of the Revo- 
lution. See 44 Life of Commodore Samuel Tucker," 
by John H. Sheppard (Boston, 1868). 

TUCKER, Sarah, Quaker preacher, b. in Ports- 
mouth, R. I., in 1779; d. in 1840. Her maiden 
name was Fish. She was a minister of the Society 
of Friends for thirty-seven years. Her autobiog- 
raphy was published, under the title of 44 Memoirs 
of the Life and Religious Experience of Sarah 
Tucker" (Providence, 1848). 

TUCKER, Thomas Tudor, member of the Con- 
tinental congress, b. in Port Royal, Bermuda, in 
1745; d. in Washington, D. C, 2 May, 182a He 
studied medicine, emigrated to South Carolina, 
and took the patriot side in the Revolution. He 
was a delegate to the Continental congress in 
1787-*8, and sat in the first two congresses under 
the Federal constitution. From 1 Dec, 1801, till 
the time of his death he was treasurer of the United 
States. He published an oration that was delivered 
in Charleston before the South Carolina Society of 
the Cincinnati (Charleston, 1795). — His brother, 
St. George, jurist, b. in the island of Bermuda, 
10 July, 1752: d. in Warminster, Nelson co., 
Va., 10 Nov., 1828, came to Virginia in 1771 
to complete his education, was graduated at Will- 



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iam and Mary in 1772, finished a course of law, 
and began practice in the colonial courts. In 
June, 1775, he returned to Bermuda, but he came 
again to Virginia in January, 1777, and bore 
aims in defence of the colonies, serving as lieu- 
tenant-colonel at 
the siege of York- 
town. In 1778 he 
married Frances 
Bland, mother of 
John Randolph. 
After the war he 
resumed the prac- 
tice of law, was 
made a judge of 
the general court 
of Virginia in 
1787, and in 1789 
professor of law 
in the College 
of William and 
- - ^ Mary, succeed- 

/^>/^y A ing Chancellor 

/ S / *J>»^ Geor &e Wythe. 
*S< /OC^yrc^y?^ He was appointed 

in 1804 president- 
judge of the Virginia court of appeals, and in 
1813 judge of the U. S. district court of Virginia. 
He was a member of the Annapolis convention 
of 1786 that recommended the convention by 
which the constitution was formed. He was a 
poet as well as a jurist. William and Mary col- 
lege gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1790, and 
he left dramas — tragedy and comedy — and several 
minor poems, some of them gems. The one en- 
titled " Resignation," beginning "Days of my 
youth," was highly praised by Jonn Adams. " The 
Probationary Odes of Jonathan Pindar, Esq., a 
Cousin of Peter's, and a Candidate for the Post of 
Poet Laureate, to the C. U. S. In Two Parts," is the 
title of a volume of political satires by Judge 
Tucker (1796). He also published "Dissertation 
on Slavery, with a Proposition for its Gradual 
Abolition in Virginia" (1796); "Letters on the 
Alien and Sedition Laws" (1799); an essav on the 
question " How far the Common Law of England 
is the Common Law of the United States f" an 
annotated edition of Blackstone's commentaries 
(Philadelphia. 1803); and a "Commentary on the 
Constitution," as an appendix to the last-mentioned 
work. — Another brother was Dr. Nathaniel, who, 
when very young, published a poem called "The 
Bennudian (London, 1774). — A relative, George, 
philosopher, b. in Bermuda in 1775 ; d. in Sherwood, 
Albemarle co., Va., 10 April, 1801, emigrated to Vir- 
ginia about 1787, and was educated under the direc- 
tion of St. George. He was graduated at William 
and Mary in 1797, studied law, and practised in 
Lvnchburg. He was a member of the Virginia house 
of delegates for some time, and was thrice elected to 
the National house of representatives, serving from 
6 Dec., 1819, till 3 March, 1825. On retiring from 
congress, in which he occupied a prominent posi- 
tion as a debater and a constitutional lawyer, he 
became professor of moral philosophy and i»olitieal 
economy in the University of Virginia, and filled 
that chair for twenty years. He contributed to 
many newspapers and magazines, wrote some of 
the pa|>ers*in William Wirt's "British Spy," sign- 
ing them " An Enquirer," was the author of " Let- 
ters on the Conspiracy of Slaves in Virginia " 
(Richmond. 1800); " Letters on the Roanoke Navi- 

fition" (1811); "Recollections of Eleanor Rosalie 
ucker" (Lynchburg, 1819): "Essays on Subjects 
of Taste, Biorals, and National Policy," by "A 



Citizen of Virginia" (Georgetown, 1822); "The 
Valley of the Shenandoah " (New York, 1824), a 
novel that was reprinted in England and translated 
into the German language ; a satirical romance en- 
titled "A Voyage to the Moon," under the pen- 
name of "Joseph Atterley" (1827); "Principles of 
Rent, Wages, and Profits" (Philadelphia, 1837): 
" Public Discourse on the Literature of the United 
States" (Charlottesville, 1887): "Life of Thomas 
Jefferson, with Parts of his Correspondence " (Phil- 
adelphia and London, 1837): "The Theory of 
Money and Banks Investigated" (Boston, 1839); 
" Essay on Cause and Effect " (Philadelphia, 1842) ; 
" Essay on the Association of Ideas " (1843) : " Pub- 
lic Discourse on the Dangers most Threatening to 
the United States" (Washington, 1843) ; " Progress 
of the United States in Population and Wealth in 
Fifty Years" (New York, 1843); "Memoir of the 
Life* and Character of Dr. John P. Emmet" (Phila- 
delphia, 1845); "Correspondence with Alexander 
H. Everett on Political Economy" (1845): " His- 
tory of the United States from their Colonization 
to the End of the Twenty-sixth Congress in 1841 " 
(4 vols., 1856-'8): " Banks or No Banks " (New York, 
1857) ; and " Essavs. Moral and Philosophical " 
(I860).— St. George's eldest son, Henry St George, 
b. in Williamsburg, Va., 29 Dec., 1780; d. in Win- 
chester, Va., 28 Aug., 1848, was educated at the 
College of William and Mary, and became a lawyer, 
settling at Winchester, Va., in 1802. He was a vol- 
unteer officer in the war of 1812, served as a member 
of the U. S. house of representatives from 1815 till 
1819, and in the Virginia senates from 1819 till 1823. 
He was appointed chancellor of the state in 1824, 
and served till 1831, when he was made president- 

i*udge of the Virginia court of appeals, which post 
le resigned in 1841, being then elected professor of 
law at the University of Virginia. This post he re- 
signed in 1845 because of feeble health. He was 
tendered the attornev-generalship of the United 
States by Andrew Jackson, but declined. While he 
was chancellor he established a successful private 
law-school at Winchester. William and Mary gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1837. He published 
"Commentaries on the Law of Virginia (2 vols., 
Winchester, 1836-'7) ; " Lectures on Constitutional 
Law" (Richmond, 1843); and " Lectures on Natu- 
ral Law and Government " (Charlottesville, 1844). — 
St. George's second son, Nathaniel Beverley, b. 
at Williamsburg. James City co., Va., 6 Sept, 1784 ; 
d. in Winchester, Va., 20 Aug., 1851, was generally 
known by his second name. He was graduated at 
William and Mary in 1801, studied law, and prac- 
tised in Virginia until 1815, when he moved to Mis- 
souri, where he was a judge in the circuit court till 
1830. Returning to Virginia, he was elected in 
1834 professor of Ihw in William and Mary, which 
post he filled with signal ability till his death. As 
a writer he excelled any of his Virginia contempo- 
raries. His most remarkable work is "The Par- 
tisan Leader: a Tale of the Future, bv Edward 
William Sydney" (2 vols., New York. 18130; Wash- 
ington. 1837). This was printed *ecretly, bearing 
the fictitious date 1850, and purjM)rted to be a his- 
torical novel of the events U'twccn 183G and that 
year. In its accurate delineation of events between 
1801 and 1805 it seems almost prophetic. It was 
reprinted with the title "A Key to the Disunion 
Conspiracv " (2 vols., New York, 1801). His other 
works include "George Balcomt»e," a novel (1830); 
•• Discourse on the Importance of the Studv of Po- 
litical Science as a Branch of Academic Education 
in the United States" (Richmond, 1840): "Dis- 
course on the Dangers that threaten the Free In- 
stitutions of the United States" (1841); "Lecture* 



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176 TUCKER 

intended to Prepare the Student for the Study of 
the Constitution of the United States" (Philadel- 
phia, 1845) ; and " Principles of Pleading " (Boston, 
1846). He left an unfinished life of his half-broth- 
er, John Randolph of Roanoke. He wrote a great 
number of political and miscellaneous essays, and 
was a large contributor to the " Southern Literary 
Messenger," of Richmoud, Va., and to the " Southern 
Quarterly Review." He corresponded with schol- 
ars and politicians, and the influence of his mind 
was felt Sy all such with whom he came in contact 
—Henry St. George's son, Nathaniel Bererley, 
journalist, b. in Winchester, Va., 8 June, 1820 ; d. 
in Richmond, Va., 4 July, 1890. was educated at 
the University of Virginia, founded the Washing- 
ton " Sentinel " in 1853, was elected printer to the 
U. S. Senate in December of that year, and in 1857 
was appointed consul to Liverpool, remaining till 
1861. He was sent by the Confederate government 
in 1862 to England and France, and in 1863-'4 to 
Canada, U) obtain commissary supplies. He went 
to Mexico after the civil war closed, was there till 
Maximilian's reign came to an end, then returned 
to the United States. He afterward resided in 
Washington, D. C, and Berkelev Springs, W. Va. 
— Another son, John Randolph, statesman, b. in 
Winchester, Va., 24 Dec., 1823, received his early 
education at a private school near his home, en- 
tered Richmond academy, and finished his studies 
at the University of Virginia, where he was gradu- 
ated in law in 1844 He was admitted to the 
bar in 1845, and began the practice of his profes- 
sion in Winchester. He was a presidential elector 
on the Democratic ticket in 1852 and 1856, was 
elected attorney - general of Virginia in May, 
1857, to fill an unexpired term, and was re-elected 
in 1859 and in 1863. He was dispossessed of this 
office by the results of the war. He was elected 
professor of equity and public law in Washington 
and Lee university, Lexington, in 1870, and con- 
tinued in this office until he was elected in 1874 to 
congress, of which he was a member till 1887. He 
was for a short time chairman of the ways and 
means committee, and was a member of that com- 
mittee for eight years. He was chairman of the 
judiciary committee in the 48th and 49th con- 
gresses. Mr. Tucker is an orator of much power, 
and has taken an active part in the debates on 
the tariff, in opposition to the protective policy. 
His speeches on other questions include those on 
the electoral commission bill, the constitutional 
doctrine as to the presidential count, the Hawaiian 
treaty in 1876, the use of the army at the polls, in 
1879, and Chinese emigration, in 1883. He deliv- 
ered an address before the Social science associa- 
tion in 1877, and one in 1887 before the law-school 
of Tale, which in that year gave him the degree of 
LL. D. — Another son, St. George, was a lawyer 
by profession, and was clerk of the Virginia legis- 
lature. He joined the Confederate army, held a 
lieutenant-colonel's commission, and died from ex- 
posure in the seven days* battles around Rich- 
mond. He was the author of " Hansford : a Tale 
of Bacon's Rebellion" (Richmond, 1853); u The 
Southern Crop " ; and the dedicatory poem of 
Washington's equestrian statue at Richmond. — 
Their kinsman, John Randolph, naval officer, b. 
in Alexandria, Va., 81 Jan., 1812 ; d. in Petersburg, 
Va., 12 June, 1883. He received his early educa- 
tion in his native city, and on 1 June, 1826, entered 
the U. S. navy as a midshipman. He became 
lieutenant, 20 Dec., 1837, served as executive officer 
on board the bomb-brig " Stroraboli " during the 
war with Mexico, and participated in the capture 
of Tabasco and other naval operations. During 



TUCKERMAN 



the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the 
command of the vessel. On 14 Sept., 1855, he re- 
ceived his commission as a commander, and was 
ordered to take charge of the receiving - ship 
"Pennsylvania" at Norfolk. His next post was 
that of ordnance-officer of the Norfolk navy-yard. 
He resigned his commission on 18 April, 1861, 
after the passage by Virginia of a secession ordi- 
nance, and on 21 April was appointed a commander 
in the Virginia navy. On 22 April he was directed 
by Gov. Letcher to " conduct the naval defences 
of James river," but on 3 June he was ordered to 
the command of the steamer ** Yorktown," which 
afterward became the "Patrick Henry." When 
Virginia joined the Confederate states, Tucker, with 
all other officers of the state navy, was transferred 
to the Confederate service with the same rank he 
had held in the U. S. navy. The " Patrick Henry " 
participated in the various conflicts in Hampton 
Roads, including the battle between the •* Merri- 
mac" and the 44 Monitor" on 9 March, and on the 
13th Tucker was placed in command of the wooden 
fleet. Soon after the repulse of the National 
squadron at Drewry's Bluff, in which his vessel took 
part, Tucker was promoted on 13 May, 1863, to the 
rank of captain, and ordered to Charleston, S. C, 
where he commanded the Confederate naval forces 
as flag-officer of the station. When Charleston 
was evacuated in February, 1865, Capt. Tucker re- 
turned to Drewry's Bluff, organized the naval bri- 
gade, and commanded it there until Richmond 
was evacuated, when he reported to Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, and was attached to Custis Lee's division 
of Gen. Ewell's corps, which formed the rear- 
guard of the Confederate army on the retreat from 
Richmond. In 1866 Capt. Tucker was appointed 
to the command of the Peruvian navy with the 
rank of rear-admiral. During the war between 
Peru, Chili, and Spain he commanded the com- 
bined fleets of the two republics. When that war 
ceased, his rank and emoluments were continued, 
and he was made president of the Peruvian hydro- 
graphic commission of the Amazon. His last ser- 
vice was the exploration and survey of the upper 
"Amazon and its tributaries. In a short time he 
returned to Petersburg. Va., where he died. 

TUCKER, Tilghman M., lawyer, b. in North 
Carolina; d. in Alabama, 80 April. 1859. He re- 
ceived a good education, studied law, and practised 
in Columbus, Miss. He was for many years a mem- 
ber of the legislature in one branch or the other, 
was governor of Mississippi in 1841-'8, and served 
a term in congress, which ended on 4 March, 1845. 

TUCKER, William Jewett, clergyman, b. in 
Griswold, Conn., 13 July, 1839. He was graduated 
at Dartmouth in 1861, and in 1863, after teaching 
for two years, entered Andover theological semi- 
nary, where he was graduated in 1866. After a 
ministry of eight vears in Manchester, N. H., where 
he became noted for the grace and eloquence of his 
sermons, he removed to New York city in 1875, 
and was pastor of the Madison square Presbyterian 
church until he entered on the professorship of 
sacred rhetoric at Andover seminary in 1879. He 
received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth in 
1875. 

TUCKERMAN, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 18 Jan., 1778 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, 20 
April, 1840. His father, Edward Tuckerman, a 
citizen of Boston, was one of the founders of the 
first fire insurance company in New England. The 
son was graduated at Harvard in 1798, where he 
was the classmate of William EUery Channing, and 
room-mate of Joseph Story. He entered the Uni- 
tarian ministry in 1801, and first settled in Chelsea. 

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TUCKERMAN 



TUCKERMAN 



177 



In 1826 he was appointed by the American Unita- 
rian association minister at large in Boston. The 
remainder of his life was devoted to a scientific 
study of pauperism and the administration of 
chanty. The philanthropy and practical wisdom 
that he brought to the work revolutionized the 
methods of dealing with the poor, and gained for 
him a great reputation. "To the system in- 
augurated by him," says Rev. Edward E. Hale, 
" Boston owes it that in every revulsion of busi- 
ness, or in any great calamity i her ordinary insti- 
tutions of charitable relief have proved sufficient 
for whatever exigency." Justice Story declared 
that his work "entitles him to a prominent rank 
among the benefactors of mankind." In France 
his principles were adopted by the celebrated Baron 
Degerando. In England they resulted in the Tuck- 
erinan institute of Liverpool, and other associations 
that still survive. He visited England in 1833 
and formed friendships with Lady Byron, Joanna 
Baillie, and others, with whom he maintained a 
constant correspondence. Harvard gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1824. He published numerous 
discourses, tracts, and reports, chiefly in further- 
ance of the work in which he was engaged. His 
principal writings, under the title of 44 Elevation of 
the Poor," have been collected (Boston, 1874). See 
memoirs of Dr. Tuckerman, by William E. Chan- 
ning. D. D. (Boston. 1841), and by Mary Carpenter 
(London, 1849).— His nephew, Henry .Theodore, 
author, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 April, 1813; d. in 
New York city, 17 
Dec., 1871, was pre- 
pared to enter col- 
lege, but thecondi- 
tion of his health 
compelled a cessa- 
tion of study, and 
in 1&33 he went 
to Europe, where 
he remained near- 
ly a year, passing 
most of the time 
in Italy. "The 
Italian Sketch- 
book " (Philadel- 
phia, 1835) was the 
truit of his so- 
journ abroad. His 
academical stud- 
ies were resumed 
on his return, but 
were again relin- 
quished, and he made a second voyage to Europe 
in 1837, remaining abroad unt il the summer of 1839. 
This journey embraced a tour of Sicily and length- 
ened residences in Palermo and Florence. The lit- 
erary outcome of this second trip was " Isabel, or 
Sicily : a Pilgrimage " (1839). With greatly im- 
proved health, he now devoted himself to letters, and 
was for years a regular and frequent contributor to 
periodicals. These writings were in due course col- 
lected and published at intervals. Scholarly taste, 
wide reading, and varied learning are displayed in 
these numerous compositions. The criticisms are 
well tempered and sympathetic ; the sentiments 
are wholesome; the style, if perhaps lacking in 
vigor, is graceful, melodious, and refined. In the 
works that relate especially to art and artist life a 
command of knowledge and just appreciation are 
clearly exhibited. Mr. Tuckerman 's prose writings 
are a valuable contribution to polite literature. 
The two volumes of poetry are not remarkable, 
though "Love and Fame, "Mary," and "The 
Apollo Belvidere " are still admired.' He was much 
vol. vl — 12 




beloved socially, in virtue of grace of manners and 
irreproachable personal worth. He spent many 
summers at Newport, where a pleasant memorial of 
him, presented by his sister, may be seen in the 
" Redwood Library," consisting of a complete set 
of Mr. Tuckerman s writings in a beautiful ebony 
case. His works, besides t hose mentioned above, in- 
clude " Rambles and Reveries" (1841); " Thoughts 
on the Poets," principally English (1846; German 
translation by Dr. Emile M tiller, Marburg, 185(5); 
"Artist Life, or Sketches of American Painters" 
(New York, 1847); "Characteristics of Literature * 
(Philadelphia, 1849 ; 2d series, 1851); "The Opti- 
mist," a volume of miscellaneous essays (New York, 
1850); "Life of Commodore Silas Talbot" (1851); 
"Poems" (Boston, 1851); "A Month in England" 
(1853); "Memorial of Horatio Greenough (New 
York, 1853); " Leaves from the Diary of a Dream- 
er" (1853); "Mental Portraits, or Studies of Char- 
acter" (London, 1853 ; revised and enlarged as " Es- 
says, Biographical and Critical, or Studies of Char- 
acter," Boston, 1857) ; " Essay on Washington, with 
a Paper on the Portraits of Washington" (New 
York, 1859); "America and Her Commentators" 
(1884) ; " A Sheaf of Verse " (1864) ; " The Criterion, 
or the Test of Talk about Familiar Things " (1866); 
" Maga Papers about Paris " (1867) ; " Book of the 
Artists," a study of the rise and progress of art 
in America (1867); and "Life of John Pendleton 
Kennedy " (1871). See addresses by Henry W. Bid- 
lows and Evert A. Duvckinck (New York, 1872). 
— Another nephew, Edward, lichenologist, b. in 
Boston, Mass.. 7 Dec., 1817; d. in Amherst, Mass., 
15 March, 1886, was graduated at Union in 1837, 
and at the Harvard law-school in 1839, after which 
for two years he continued at Cambridge, pursu- 
ing studies in law, and taking a special course 
at the divinity-school. In 1841 he went to Europe 
for further study, and in Upsala met Elias Fries, 
who confirmed his fondness for botany. On his 
return in 1842, he made with Asa Gray a botanical 
excursion in the White mountains, and contributed 
to the "American Journal of Science "a paper de- 
scriptive of the plants that he had collected. He 
had previously published several papers on the 
New England lichens, giving the results of his in- 
dividual experiences. In 1847 he took the A. B. de- 
gree at Harvard, having entered the senior class 
a year previous. He completed the course of study 
at the Harvard divinity-school in 1852. In 1854 
he was appointed lecturer on history in Amherst, 
and until 1873 he continued to give instruction in 
that branch, during a part of the time filling the 
chair of oriental history. He was appointed pro- 
fessor of botanv in 1858, which chair he then field 
until the end of his life, although during his later 
years he was relieved from class instruction. His 
botanical studies were various, but he made a 
specialty of lichenology, in which branch he had 
no superior in the United States. Prof. Tucker- 
man's papers on this subject number nearly fifty, 
and are devoted to descriptions of the lichens not 
only of New England, but of other parts of North 
America. Specimens collected by the U. S. ex- 
ploring expedition, the Pacific railroad surveys, 
and later by the U. S. geological surveys, were re- 
ferred to him for examination and classification. 
Early in life Thomas Nuttall dedicated to him the 
genus Tuckermania, one of the finest of California 
Composite, and several species have been named 
in his honor. Tuckerman's ravine, on Mount 
Washington, also bears his name. The degree of 
LL. D. was given him by Amherst in 1865, and 
he was a member of various scientific societies, 
among which were the American academy of arts 



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178 



TUCKERMAN 



TUFTS 



and sciences after 1865. and the National acade- 
my of sciences after 1868. Prof. Tuckerman con- 
tributed to the New York 44 Churchman," between 
1834 and 1841, numerous articles, under the titles 
of ' 4 Notitia Literaria " and 44 Adversaria," on sub- 
jects in history, biography, and theology. He 
also contributed short articles on antiquarian tonics 
to the 44 Mercantile Journal " in 1832, and in 1832-'3 
he aided Samuel G. Drake in the preparation of 
his 44 Book of the Indians "and "Indian Wars." 
Besides his paper on botany, he edited 44 New Eng- 
land's Rarities Discovered," bv John Josselyn (I860), 
and published "Genera LicWnum : An Arrange- 
ment of North American Lichens " (Amherst, 
1872) : 44 A Catalogue of Plants growing without 
Cultivation within Thirty Miles of Amherst Col- 
lege" (1882); and "A Synopsis of the North 
American Lichens " (part i., Boston, 1882). The 
second part of the last-named work, left by Prof. 
Tuckerman, has been issued, with an appentlix, by 
Henry Willev (New Bedford. 1888). See "Memoir 
of Edward Tuckerman" (Washington, 1887), bv 
William G. Farlow.— Edward's brother, Frederick 
Goddard, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 10 Aug., 
1821 ; d. there, 14 May, 1877, entered Harvard in 
the class of 1841. and, leaving before he had passed 
through the entire course, went to the law-school, 
where he was graduated in 1842. He was admitted 
to the Suffolk bar in 1845. Mr. Tuckerman pub- 
lished a volume of "Poems" (Boston, 1860; Lon- 
don, 1863), and was a contributor to the "Atlantic 
Monthly." — Henry Theodore's brother, Charles 
Keating, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 11 March, 
1821, was U. S. minister to Greece in 1868-72, and 
since his retirement from that post has resided in 
Europe. He has edited A. R. Itangabe's " Greece : 
Her Progress And Present Position " (New York, 
1867). and is the author of "The Greeks of To- 
day" (1873); and "Poems" (London, 1885).— His 
son, Arthur Lyman, architect, b. in New York. 
14 Sept., 1861, was prepared for his profession 
in Europe, and was appointed superintendent of 
the Metropolitan museum art-schools in 1888. Mr. 
Tuckerman has published a " History of Architec- 
ture" (New York, 1887).— Another cousin. Bay- 
ard, author, b. in New York, 2 July, 1855, studied 
in Europe, was graduated at Harvard in 1878, and 
has become a writer on historical and literary sub- 

i'ects. He is the author of " History of English 
'rose Fiction" (New York. 1882). and has in 
course of publication a " Life of General Lafay- 
ette." — Henry Theodore's cousin, Stephen Salis- 
bury, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Dec, 1830, at 
first engaged in business, but subsequently studied 
drawing in Birmingham, England, and on his re- 
turn to Boston became principal of the New Eng- 
land school of design. He went abroad again in 
1860, and studied in Paris for a year. After this 
he taught drawing in Boston until 1864, when he 
devotetl himself entirely to painting. Since 1872 
he has worked chiefly abroad. and he has exhibited 
in London, Paris, and in Holland, as well as in his 
native country. He is noted especially for his ma- 
rine views, among which are 44 Beach at Hastings" ; 
" U. S. Frigate 'Constitution' escaping from the 
British Fleet in 1812," which is in the Boston mu- 
seum of fine arts ; and 4 * Dutch Fishing - Boats 
Beaching in a Gale." — Stephen Salisbury's cousin, 
Samuel Park man, musician, b. in Boston, Mass., 
11 Feb., 1819, had his first instruction in music 
from Charles Zeuner, and was then for several years 
organist at St. Paul's church, Boston. During this 
time he published "The Episcopal Harp" (1844) 
and 44 The National Lyre " (1848), the latter with 
Silas A. B incroft and Henry K. Oliver. Ue went 



to England in 1849, and the degree of Mus. Doc 
was conferred on him by the archbishop of Canter- 
bury in 1853. In the preceding year he had re- 
ceived a diploma from the Academy of St. Cecilia 
in Rome. After returning to the United States he 
lectured on sacred music, and gave performances 
of church music of the period from tne 4th to the 
19th centuries. He went again to England in 1856, 
and a third time in 1868, returning in 1879. As a 
composer he has given his attention chiefly to 
sacred music, and he has compiled "Cathedral 
Chants" (London, 1852) and "Trinity Collection 
of Church Music" (1864). 

TUDOR, William, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 
28 March. 1750; d. there, 8 July, 1819. He was 

fraddated at Harvard in 1769, studied law with 
ohn Adams, and was admitted to the Suffolk bar, 
27 July, 1772, rising to a high rank in his profes- 
sion. He was attached to Gen. Washington s staff 
in l775-'8 as judge-advocate with the rank of colo- 
nel, was a member of both houses of the Massa- 
chusetts legislature, and in 1809-'10 served as sec- 
retary of state. Col. Tudor was vice-president of 
the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati in 
1816, and delivered an address before that body. 
Among his other published orations is one that he 
delivered on the anniversary of the "Boston Mas- 
sacre" (Boston, 1779), and one before the Massa- 
chusetts charitable fire society (1798). A memoir 
of Col. Tudor is printed in the 44 Collections " of the 
Massachusetts historical society, of which he was a 
founder.— His son. William, author, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 28 Jan., 1779: d. in Rio Janeiro, 9 March, 
1830, was graduated at Harvard in 1796, became 
a clerk in the employ of John Codman. and visited 
Europe on business. On his return he was active 
in founding the Anthology club, and wrote much 
for its magazine, the 44 Monthly Anthology," dur- 
ing its publication in 1803-'ll. In 1807 he was a 
founder of the Boston athenteum, which grew out 
of the club. In December, 1814, he projected the 
" North American Review," the first number of 
which appeared in May, 1815, under his editor- 
ship. Three fourths of the matter in the first four 
volumes were written by him. Mr. Tudor was for 
some time a member of the Massachusetts legis- 
lature, and he originated the present Bunker Hill 
monument. Hearing that the ground on which 
it stands was to be sold, he interested men of 
means in the purchase, and the work was begun by 
his suggestion. He was engaged in various Eu- 
ropean commercial transactions, and in November, 
1805. as the agent of his brother Frederic, went to 
the West Indies, where he founded the ice trade 
with tropical countries. In 1823 he was appointed 
U. S. consul at Lima, Peru, and in 1827 he be- 
came charge d'affaires in Brazil, where ho negoti- 
ated a treaty. Besides his contributions to current 
literature and separate orations and addresses, he 
wrote 44 Letters on the Eastern States "(New York, 
1820) ; " Miscellanies," from his contributions to 
the " Anthology " and the 44 North American Re- 
view" (1821); "Life of James Otis, of Massachu- 
setts" (1823) ; and "Gebel Teir." an anonymous 
political allegory, written at Rio Janeiro (1829). 
He left valuable unpublished manuscripts. 

TUFTS, Charles, donor, b. in Medford, Mass., 
16 July, 1781 ; d. in Somerville (formerly a part of 
Charlestown), Mass., 24 Dec, J 876. He received 
a common-school education, inherited a large prop- 
erty in land, became a manufacturer and active 
business man, promoted the prosperity of his town, 
and added to his fortune by sagacious investments. 
He was a liberal friend of education, and gave the 
site and seventy acres of valuable land to found 



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Tufts college, Med ford, Mass. It stands on a site 
that was purchased in 1000 by Peter Tufts, the 
emigrant ancestor. 

TUFTS, Cotton, physician, b. in Med ford, 
Mass., 80 May. 1734: d.* in Weymouth, Mass.. 8 
Dec, 1815. He was the grandson of Peter Tufts, 
who emigrated to this country in 1654 and died in 
Maiden. Mass., in 1700. aged eighty-two. Cotton 
was graduated at Harvard in 1749, studied medi- 
cine, and settled at Weymouth, where he was high- 
ly esteemed as a physician. He was one of the 
original mcml>ers of the Massachusetts medical 
society, its president in 1787-'95, and one of the 
founders of the Academy of arts and sciences. In 
1765 he wrote spirited and patriotic instructions 
to the representatives of Weymouth against the 
stamp-art. He was a representative of the state 
and a councillor, for many years an active member 
of the state senate, and supported in the conven- 
tion the adoption of the U. S. constitution. — His 
grandson, Quincy, b. in Weymouth, Mass., 4 July, 
1791 ; d. there. 18 April, 1872, was a citizen of Bos- 
ton, and distinguished for his lilierality. He left 
by his will $10,000 to Harvard for the education of 
indigent students, $2,000 each to Amherst college 
and Atkinson academv. N. H., for a like purpose, 
C I 0,000 to the town of Weymouth for a free library, 
$10,000 to the Massachusetts general hospital for 
free beds; and about $40,000 to be distributed 
among the charitable institutions of the citv. 

TUFTS, John, clergyman, b. in Bedford, 
Mass., 5 May, 1689; d. in Amesbury, Mass., Au- 
gust, 1750. He was graduated at Harvard in 1708, 
and was minister at Newbury, Mass., from 1714 till 
1738. He published " Introduction to the Singing 
of Psalm-Tunes, with a Collection of Tunes in 
Three Parts" (Boston, 1715). and a sermon, "Hum- 
ble Call to Archippus (1829). His work on the 
singing of psalm-tunes was the first publication of 
the kind in New England, if not in this country, 
and was regarded as a great novelty, since not 
more than four or five tunes were known in many 
of the con gregat ions, and those were sung by rote. 

TUIUG, John, K. C. bishop, b. in County Cork, 
Ireland, in 1820: d. in Altoona, Pa., 7 Dec, 1889. 
He entered the missionary college, and. emigrating 
to the United States, finished his theological course 
in St. Michael's seminary, Pittsburg. He was or- 
dained priest on 14 May, 1850, and placed >as 
assistant pastor at Pittsburg cathedral, being also 
appointed secretary to the bishop. In 1853 he 
organized the congregation of St. Bridget and 
erected a church. He was transferred the same 
year to the mission of Altoona, where he founded a 
school, placing it under the Sisters of Charity, built 
a pastoral residence, and enlarged the church. He 
was also in charge of several other missions at the 
fame time, and in 1869 was appointed vicar forane 
of the eastern part of the diocese. He then erected 
a new church, which was dedicated in 1875. He 
wa«* consecrated bishop of Pittsburg, 19 March, 
1H76, and soon afterward made administrator of 
the diocese of Alleghany. Bishop Tuigg's consti- 
tution gave way under the labors that were entailed 
by the government of these two dioceses, and in 
1*82 he had three strokes of paralysis. Although 
his life was despaired of, he recovered, and resumed 
hi 1 * episcopal duties. In 1KHH the united dioceses 
contained 212 priests, 140 members of male religious 
orders and 726 of female religious orders, 14 ecclesi- 
astical students, 133 churches and 44 chapels, 8 
monasteries. 55 convents, 3 colleges, 6 academies 
for girls, an industrial school and reformatory. 3 
orphanages, 2 hospitals, and 70 parochial schools, 
which were attended by 21,000 pupils. 



TITLANE, Paul, philanthropist, b. in Cherry 
Valley, near Princeton, N. J., in May, 1801 : d. in 
Princeton, 27 March, 1887. He was the son of a 
French emigrant, a native of Tours, who was en- 
gaged in the lumber trade between Philadelphia 
and the French West Indies. The office of probate 
judge of Tours was held by meml>ers of his family 
for 150 years. Paul Tulane had no taste for books, 
but a marked talent for trade from early youth. 
In 1818 he made a tour of the southwest with a 
wealthy cousin and namesake, and in 1822 emi- 
grated to New Orleans. It was a yellow-fever 
summer, and he went while the epidemic was at its 
height, because there were better o|>enings then for 
young men. His first ventures were marked with 
success, and he soon engaged in a general supply 
business which proved lucrative. In the latter part 
of his business career this was narrowed down to a 
trade in clothing. Until 1856 he continued in hc- 
tive business in New Orleans with unvarying suc- 
cess. In 1840 he visited France to see his father, 
who pointed out to him the decadence of Tours 
and Bordeaux due to the emancipation of the West 
India slaves, and warned him of a like probable 
fate to New Orleans. In consequence, from this 
time Mr. Tulane began to transfer a large part of 
his estate to the north, but he continued his resi- 
dence in New Orleans until 1873. when he perma- 
nently removed to Princeton. N. J. During his 
entire career in New Orleans he was looked up to 
as a man of great industry, sound judgment, and 
perfect integ- 
rity. His 
mode of life 
was unosten- 
tatious, but 
he was a gen- 
erous giver 
both to public 
and private 
charities, es- 
pecially fored- 
ueational ob- 
jects. His af- 
fection for the 
citv of New 
Orleans was 
strong and 

unwavering, and this took definite shape in an act 
of donation on 2 May, 1882, by which he conveyed 
his real estate in New Orleans to a board of seven- 
teen administrators for the higher education of the. 
white youth of Louisiana. This and .subsequent 
donations aggregated about $1,100,000, and he 
avowed his purpose of dedicating a large part of 
the residue of his estate, amounting to about $1.- 
000,000 more, to the same purpose ; but, as he died 
intestate, it fell to his legal heirs. The Tulane 
education fund has l>een used to found the Tulane 
university of Louisiana at New Orleans, which has 
had a rapid and prosperous development, and is 
now the first institution in the south in endowment 
and number of students. (See illustration.) 

TULLY, John, astrologer, b. in England. 9 
Sept., 1638; d. in Middletown. Conn., 5 Oct., 1701. 

| For twenty years, from 1681 till the time of his 
death, he was engaged in compiling almanacs, and 

i was popularly known as the " New-England astrolo- 
ger.' The first publication of his almanac pre- 

j ceded William Bradford's by six years, and Benja- 
min Franklin's bv half a centurv. 

i TULLY, William, phvsician. b. in Savbrook, 

| Conn., 18 Nov., 1785; d. "in Springfield, Mass., 28 

' Feb., 1859. He was graduated at Vale in 1806. 

I and, after studying medicine in Philadelphia, set- 




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tied in practice in Milford, Conn. Subsequently 
he removed to Upper Middletown (now Cromwell), 
where he b came intimate with Dr. Thomas Miner, 
whose views on the nature and treatment of 
spotted fever he adopted. In 1824 he was called 
to the presidency of the Vermont academy of 
medicine in Castleton, Vt M where he also lec- 
tured on the theory and practice of medicine. 
He removed to Albany in 1826, and was asso- 
ciated with Dr. Alden* March in the practice of 
medicine. In 1829 he settled in New Haven, where 
he was appointed professor of materia medica in 
the medical department of Yale, which chair he 
held until 1842, when he resigned. He removed to 
Springfield in 1851, and there spent the remainder 
of his life in poverty. Dr. Tully was distinguished 
as a botanist, and was regarded as one of the most 
learned and thoroughly scientific physicians in 
New England. He contributed to the medical 
journals of his time, and assisted in the revision of 
Webster's 44 Dictionary of the English Language " 
(editions of 1840 and 1847).. With Dr. Thomas 
Miner he published 44 Essays upon Fever and other 
Medical Subjects" (Middletown, 1823), and he was 
the author of 44 Materia Medica, or Pharmacology 
and Therapeutics " (Springfield, 1&57-8). 

TUOMEY, Michael, geologist, b. in Cork, Ire- 
land, 29 Sept., 1808; d. in Tuscaloosa, Ala., 30 
March, 1857. He came to the United States in his 
youth, and after an unsuccessful experience in 
farming was graduated at Rensselaer polytech- 
nic institute in 1835. Subsequently he taught in 
Somerset county. Md., and also followed civil en- 
gineering. In 1844 he was appointed state geolo- 
gist of South Carolina, and in 1847 he was called 
to the chair of mineralogy, geology, and agricul- 
tural chemistr^ in the University of Alabama. 
This professorship he held until his death, and in 
1848 he was appointed state geologist of Alabama. 
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him, and he 
was a member of the Boston society of natural his- 
tory and of the American association for the ad- 
vancement of science. His published reports in- 
clude 44 Geological and Agricultural Survey of the 
State of South Carolina" (Columbia, 1844); 44 Re- 
port on the Geology of South Carolina" (1848); 
** First Biennial Report on the Geology of Ala- 
bama" (Tuscaloosa, 1850); "Geological Map of 
Alabama" (1853); and 44 Second Biennial Report of 
the Geology of Alabama," edited by John W. Mal- 
lett (Montgomery, 1858). With Francis S. Holmes 
he issued 44 Fossils of South Carolina" (10 parts, 
Charleston, l&55-'7). 

TUPAC-AMARU (too'-pak-ah'-mah-roo), mem- 
ber of the Peruvian inca family, b. in Cuzco about 
1540; d. there in 1573. He was the second son of 
Manco Inca Yupanqui, who, after the execution of 
Atahualpa, had been recognized by Pizarro as suc- 
cessor to the throne. After his father's death the 
eldest son, Sayri-Tupac, submitted to the Spanish 
rule, and was baptized and rewarded by a tract of 
land and an Indian commandery at Urubamba; 
but Tupac-Amaru refused to renounce his family 
claims, and retired to the mountains of Vilca- 
bamba. When Sayri-Tupac died, the family claims 
devolved upon Tupac-Amaru, and as the Indians 
recognized him as the legitimate successor to the 
throne of the incas, the viceroy, Francisco de To- 
ledo, resolved to capture the prince. In 1572, 
under pretext of sending auxiliaries to Chili, he 
ordered 250 men to march against the district of 
Vilcabamba, where they began hostilities against 
Tupac-Amaru. The latter resisted in self-defence, 
and, after he had been defeated several times, and 
hisnieansof subsistence had been cut off, fled with 



his family and some followers to the mountain- 
fastnesses, where he thought himself secure. But 
receiving notice of his retreat, Capt. Martin de 
Loyola, with twenty men, crossed at night the 
mountain-stream that defended the inca's retreat, 
and captured the camp by surprise, carrying the 
unhappy prince with his family as prisoners to 
Cuzco, There the judge, Gabriel Lonrte, by the 
viceroy's order, began a criminal process against 
Tupac, under the pretext that he had incited an 
armed revolt, and he was condemned to death and 
beheaded at Cuzco, while his children were trans- 
ported as prisoners to Spain. — The name Tupac- 
Amaru II. was adopted by Jose Gabriel Condor- 
canqui. who, claiming to be a lineal descendant of 
the mcas, raised a rebellioo against the Spaniards 
in 1780. and was executed in 1781. 

TUPAC INCA YUPAN<{UI(too-pak-ing-kah- 
yoo-pang'-ke). eleventh inca of Perd, b. in Cuzco 
about 1420 ; d. there in 1483. He was a son of the 
inca Yupanqui and Mama Chimpu Ocllo, and suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne in 1453, beginning 
his reign by visiting the different provinces of his 
empire, in which undertaking he spent four years. 
After gathering 
an armv of more 
than 46.000 men 
at Cajamarca, he 
conquered the ter- 
ritories of Mova- 
bamba, Choc ha- 
poyas. Ay abaca, 
and Huancabain- 
ba, and, on his 
return to Cuzco, 
completed the 
construction of 
the famous fort- 
ress of Sacsah li- 
ana, which had 
been begun under 
the reign of his 
father. Some 
vears afterward 

he marched a^ain to the conquest of the northern 
tribes and subjugated Huanucoand theCafiari ter- 
ritory. In his old a^e he sent another army north- 
ward, but remained in Cuzco, giving the command 
to his eldest son, Huayna Capac, who conquered 
Quito and Pasto, and by whom he was succeeded. 

TUPPEB, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Stoughton, 
Mass., in August, 1738; d. in Marietta, Ohio, in 
June, 1792. He served as a soldier in the French 
war of 1756-'C3, and afterward taught. Soon after 
the battle of Lexington he was a major at Boston, 
and distinguished himself in a boat expedition at 
Castle island. Boston harbor. He became a lieu- 
tenant-colonel. 4 Nov., 1775, colonel of the 11th 
Massachusetts early in 1776, and in August of the 
same year commanded the gun-boats and galleys on 
the North river. He served under Gen. Horatio 
Gates at Saratoga, was at the battle of Monmouth 
in 1778, and was bre vetted a general before the 
close of the war. With Gen. liufus Putnam he 
originated the Ohio land company, was appointed 
in 1785 surveyor of Ohio lands, and serveu against 
Shays's rebellion in 1786. He settled at Marietta, 
Ohio, in 1787, and became a iudge in 1788. — His 
son, Edward W., was a brigadier-general of Ohio 
volunteers, and served under Gen. Harrison in 
1812. He died at Gallipolis, Ohio, in 1823. 

TUPPER, Charles, clergyman, b. in Corn- 
wallis, Nova Scotia, 6 Aug., 1704; d. in Aylesford, 
N. S.. 10 Jan., 1881. He was ordained to the work 
of the Baptist ministry, 17 July, 1817, and was 




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editor of the " Baptist Magazine " in 1832-'6. He 
was a liberal contributor to the press during the 
sixty-three years of his ministry, and gained a 
reputation for scholarly attainments In 1859 he 
had read critically the whole Bible in eight lan- 
guages and the tfew Testament in ten. Among 
nis published writings are "Scriptural Baptism ' 
(Halifax, N. S., 1850) and "Expository Notes 
on the Syriac Version of the Scriptures." — His 
son, Sir Charles, Canadian statesman, b. in Am- 
herst, Nova Scotia, 2 July, 1821, was educated at 
various private and public schools, and at Hor- 
ton academy, Wolfville, N. S. He studied medi- 
cine in Nova Scotia, and subsequently in Edin- 
burgh university, where he gained the highest 
honors, and in 1843 became a fellow of the Royal 
college of surgeons, immediately returned home, 
began to practise in his native town, and soon 
stood at the head of his profession, and was presi- 
dent of the Canadian medical association from its 
formation in 1857 till 1870. He was a Conserva- 
tive in politics, but took no active part in public 
matters until 1855, when he was elected to the 

I)rovincial legislature for the county of Cumber- 
and, his opponent being Joseph Howe, a Liberal. 
At once Tupper took a marked position in the 
legislature, and when in 1856 the Johnston cabi- 
net was formed he became provincial secretary 
of Nova Scotia, serving till 1860, and identified 
himself with such measures as the abolition of 
the monopoly in mines and minerals, representa- 
tion by population, and consolidation of the jury 
law. In 1858 he went to England on a mission 
connected with the Intercolonial railway, and 
while in that country he approached several 
statesmen on the subject of confederation of the 
British North American provinces. In 1864 Dr. 
Tupper became prime minister of Nova Scotia, 
which post he held until 1867. During those three 
years he passed the free-school law, which is still 
in operation in Nova Scotia. In 1864 Dr. Tupper 
was the artive spirit in the maritime union move- 
ment, and he went with his fellow-delegates to the 
conference at Charlottetown. Prince Edward isl- 
and, where he took a noteworthy part in the dis- 
cussions that followed. Later in the year he went 
to the conference at Quebec, where a broader 
scheme was debated, and where it was decided t?> 
unite Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and 
New Brunswick in one dominion, Prince Edward 
inland declining to enter the compact. Dr. Tup- 
per was also a member of the conference that met 
in London in 186(>-'7, where the terms of union 
were settled in detail. In London Dr. Tupper car- 
ried on a vigorous contest with Joseph Howe, who, 
abandoning the "dream of his boyhood" — con- 
federation — had become chief of the Nova Scotia 
anti-Confederates. Howe was answered by the 
pamphlets and speeches that he himself had" pub- 
lished in former years, and his famous pamphlet, 
"Confederation. Considered in Relation to the In- 
terests of the Empire," found its principal ques- 
tioner in Tapper's " Letter to the Earl of Carnar- 
von" (London, 1866). Dr. Tupper was created a 
companion of the Bath (civil) in 1867. Owing to 
press of duties, he declined re-election. Sir John 
A. Macdonald, in forming his first Canadian min- 
istry, offered Dr. Tupper a portfolio; but he de- 
clined it, and sat in the commons as a private mem- 
ber until June, 1870, when he entered the cabinet 
as president of the council. In 1868 he declined 
the chairmanship of the Intercolonial railway, and 
in the same year, in behalf of the Dominion gov- 
ernment, he went to Ixmdon to oppose Mr. Howe, 
who hod gene there to urge the imperial authori- 




ties to grant Nova Scotia permission to leave the 
confederacy. In 1872 Tupper became minister of 
inland revenue, which office he relinquished in 
the following year to assume the department of 
customs, holding 
it till November, 
when the Conser- 
vatives passed out 
of power. In Jan- 
uary, 1874, Tup- 
per was elected by 
his old constitu- 
ents for the ninth 
time. In 1878 he 
organized the can- 
vass for the coin- 
ing elections, the 
" National poli- 
cy " — protection 
to native indus- 
tries — proving his 
strongest battle- 
cry. The contest 
resulted in a re- 
turn of Sir John A. Macdonald to power, and in 
October Dr. Tupper took office as minister of pub- 
lic works. This portfolio he held until the passing 
of the act to divide that department in 1879, after 
which he was minister of railways and canals 
until 24 May, 1884. On 24 May. 1879. he was 
created a knight of the order of St. Michael and 
St. George by the Marquis of Lome, acting in be- 
half of the queen. In 1880 Sir Charles visited 
England with Sir John A. Macdonald and John H. 
Pope for the purpose of negotiating for the con- 
struction of the Canadian Pacific railway, the re- 
sult being that the compact was ratified by parlia- 
ment, and most of the subsequent acts that led to 
the completion of the road were introduced by 
him. In 1883, while yet minister of railways. Sir 
Charles was appointed high commissioner for Can- 
ada in London. The question arising as to the 
legality of his holding both posts »it the same time, 
an act was passed in parliament relieving him from 
penalties under the independence of parliament 
act. At the close of the session Sir Charles re- 
signed his seat in the cabinet and went, to London 
to resume his duties as high commissioner. He 
received a diploma of honor for special services in 
connection with the international fisheries exhibi- 
tion in London, and holds a patent of rank and 

Srecedcnce from the queen as an ex-councillor of 
ova Scotia. Party exigency soon demanded his 
return, and in response to the call of his chief he 
re-entered active politics, becoming a member of 
the house of commons for Cumberland county, and 
minister of finance, his appointment bearing date 
27 Jan., 1887. He was appointed executive com- 
missioner for Canada at the international exhibi- 
tion at Antwerp in 1885, and at the colonial and 
Indian exhibition at London in 1886. In Janu- 
ary. 1886. he received the grand cross of the order 
of St. Michael and St. George, and in 1887 he was 
appointed by the imperial government a commis- 
sioner to negotiate a treaty with the government 
of the United States in relation to the Canadian 
fisheries, his colleagues being Sir Lionel Sackville- 
West, British minister at Washington, and the 
Right Hon. Joseph Chaintorlain. The commis- 
sioners concluded their lal>ors in February, 1888. 
He carried a bill through the Canadian parliament 
for the ratification of the treaty, where it was 
passed in both houses without division. Sir 
Charles Tupper performed the duties of finance 
minister of Canada until 25 May, 1888, when he 



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resigned his office and scat in the house of com- 
mons and returned to London as high commis- 
sioner for Canada. This post he still (1889) holds. 
1 1 is county has regularly returned him to parlia- 
ment fourteen times. Sir Charles has identified 
himself with all the chief measures of the govern- 
ment, and has been instrumental in carrying 
through parliament the act prohibiting the manu- 
facture and sale of intoxicating liquors in the 
northwest territories the consolidation railway act 
of 1879. the act granting a charter to the Canadian 
Pacific railway company in 1881, the act of 1884 
granting a loan to that company, the railway sub- 
sidies acts of 18N:*-'4. the act of 1884 respecting an 
agreement l>etucen the province of British Colum- 
bia and the dominion of Canada, and the customs 
act of 1887, inaugurating a policy of protection and 

firomotion of the manufacture of iron and steel, 
n 1862 he was appointed by act of parliament a 
governor of Dalhousie college, Halifax, and re- 
ceived the degree of I). C. L. from Acadia college, 
N. S.. in 1882. and from Cambridge in 1886. 
On 29 Aug.. 1888 Sir Charles was created a baro- 
net of the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland, for services in connection with the 
fisheries treaty at Washington. — His son, Charles 
Hlhbert, b. in Amherst. Nova Scotia, 3 Aug., 
1855, was educated at McGill college university, 
Montreal, and at Harvard. In 1878 he was called 
to the bar of Nova Scotia, and entered politics for 
the first time in the Liberal-Conservative interest 
in June. 1882, when he was elected to the house of 
commons for the county of Pictou. In June, 1888. 
he was sworn as a memlier of the privy council of 
Canada, and invited by Sir John A. Macdonald to 
enter his government as minister of marine and 
fisheries. On presenting himself for re-election he 
was returned bv acclamation. 

TUPPER, Hour* Allen, clergyman, b. in 
Charleston, S. C. 20 Feb., 1828. His father, 
Tristram, a merchant of Charleston, was at one 
time president or the South Carolina railroad. 
The son was educated in part at Charleston col- 
lege, and was graduated at Madison university. 
N. Y., in 1848, and at its theological seminary in 
1S50. Having entered the ministry, he became, 
after three years' service in Graniteville. S. C. pas- 
tor of the Baptist church at Washington, Ga., in 
which relation he continued for nearly twenty years. 
During the civil war he was chaplain of the 9th 
Georgia regiment of the Confederate army. In 
1M?2 he was made corresponding secretary of the 
Foreign missionary board of the Southern Baptist 
convention, with nis residence in Richmond. Va. 
He still (188!)) holds this office, and is a trustee of 
Richmond college. In 1870 Madison university 
conferred on him the degree of I). I). Besides 
various published sermons ami addresses. Dr. Tup- 

1>er is the author of "The First Century of the 
*ir»t Baptist Church of Richmond. Va." (Phila- 
delphia, l*M)t, •* Foreign Missions of the Southern 
Baptist Convention" (I^m)); and "Truth in Ro- 
mance" (Baltimore, 1HN7|. 

TURCHIN. John Itatll. or Ivan Yasilevltch 
Titrrhininoir. soldier, b. in the province of Don, 
Ru->ia, 30 Jun.. 1*22. He entered the art illery- 
m Imn>1 at St. Petersburg in 1KW, wa« graduated 
in 1*41, and entcml the horse-artillery service as 
an ensign. He participated in the Hungarian 
campaign, in 1*4!> entered the military academy 
f>r officers of the general staff, was graduated in 
1**52. and was assiu'iied to the staff of the ImjK-rial 
guards. During t he < 'nrnean war he was promoted 
till he reached the grade of colonel, was senior 
st.iff-ofliccr of the active corps, and prcjmred the 



| plan that was adopted for the defence of the coast 
of Finland. He came to the United States in 
1856, and was employed in the engineer depart - 

I mentof the Illinois Central railroad company until 

' 19 June. 1801, when he was appointed colonel of 

| the 19th Illinois volunteers, lie served with his 
regiment in Missouri, Kentucky, and Alaltama. 
where he took an active part in the capture of 

I Huntsville and Decatur. He was promoted to l>e 
a brigadier-general of volunteers, 17 July, 1862, 
served in the cavalry of the Army of the Cumber- 
land, and resigned. 10 Oct., 1804. After the close 
of the war he was a solicitor of patents in Chicago 
till 1870, for the next three years was employed as 
a civil engineer, and in 1873 he established the 
Polish colony of Radone, in Washington county, 
111., where he now (1889) resides on a farm. He is 
an occasional contributor of scientific and military 
articles to periodicals. In January, 1865, he wrote 
** Military Rambles," a series of criticisms, issued 
monthly at Chicago, and he has also published 
"The Campaign and Battle of Chickumauga " 
(Chicago, 1888). 

Tl'RCOTTE, Joseph Edonord, Canadian 
member of parliament, b. in Nicolet in 1808: d. 
in Three Rivers, 20 Dec., 1864. He was admitted 
to the bar of Lower Canada in 1834, and was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the legislative assembly 
of Canada for the county of Nicolet, but afterward 
represented various constituencies in that body 
for many years. After having been solicitor-gen- 
eral, he was in 1862 elected sj>eaker of the legisla- 
tive assembly of Canada. Mr. Turcotte was noted 
for his eloquence as a parliamentary speaker. He 
was mainly instrumental in securing tne construc- 
tion of the Arthabasca branch railroad, planned a 
railway to connect the Grand piles on St. Maurice 
river with Three Rivers, and was an active agent 
in establishing the Radnor iron-works in the dis- 
trict of Three Rivers. — His son, Henry Rene Ar- 
thur, b. in Montreal. Canada, 19 Jan., 1846, was 
educated at the Jesuit's college in Montreal and at 
Stonyhurst college. England. He was admitted 
to the bar of (Quebec in June. 1807, and was ap- 
pointed queen's counsel in 1879. He has been 
mayor of Three Rivers, was sj>eaker of the legisla- 
tive assembly of the province of Quebec from 4 
June, 1878, till DecemixT. 1881, and was appointed 
a member of the executive council, 29 Jan., 1887. 
He carried through several measures amending 
the civil code and simplifying legal procedure. 

TURELL, Ebenezer, 'clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass.. 5 Feb., 1702 ; d. in Medford, Mass., 8 Dec, 
1778. He was graduated at Harvard in 1721. and 
was minister of Medford, Mass,, from 25 Nov., 
1724, till his death. He was eminent as a preacher 
and patriot. Mr. Turell published "Sermon at the 
Ordination of Rev. S. Cook" (DoMon. 1740); Dia- 

, logue A tout the Times " (1742) ; and ** Life and 
Character of the Rev. Benjamin Column " (1749) ; 
and he also collected and published |>oems by his 

| wife, with a memoir of her (Boston, 1735). A tract 
of his on " Witchcraft " is in the " Massachusetts 
Historical Collections." — His wife. Jane, daughter 
of Rev. Benjamin Colman. b. in Boston. Mass., 25 
Feb., 170H; d. in Medford. Mass.. 20 March, 17I15, 
displayed precocious mental {lowers at an early 
age, wrote poetry at eleven, and on 11 Aug., 1720, 
married Mr. Turell. She afterward wrote eulogies 
on Sir Richard Black inore's works, and on *• The 
Incomparable Mr. Waller," "An Invitation into 
the Country in Imitation of Horace." and some 
>ro*e articles. Her |>oems were collected and pnlv- 
ished by her husband, with a memoir of her life 
(Boston,* 1735). A notice of her by Prof. John 



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Wilson will be found in his " Noctes Ambro- 
sia me " (o vols.. New York, 1854). 

TURGEON, Pierre Flavian, R. C. archbishop 
of Quebec, b. in Quebec. Canada, 12 Nov., 1787; d. 
there, 25 Aug.. 1867. From 1808 till 1820 he was 
secretary to Bishop Joseph Octave Plessis, and on 
29 April, 1810, was ordained priest. For many 
Years he taught in the Seminary of Quebec until he 
became, by appointment and bulls of Pone Gregory 
XVI.. bishop and coadjutor of the archbishop of 
Quebec. He was consecrated, under the title of 
Sidy me in Quebec, on 11 May, 1884. In 1849-'50 
he was administrator of the diocese, and in the 
latter yeAr became archbishop, and was vested with 
the pallium on 11 June, 1851. He resigned his 
office in 1855, owing to impaired health. 

TURGOT, Anne Robert Joseph (toor-go). 
Baron de l'Aulne, French statesman, b. in Paris, 
10 May, 1727; d. there, 20 March, 1781. He stud- 
ied for the church and was prior of Sorbonne in 
1749, but resigned in 1751, was made deputy attor- 
ney-general and councillor in the parliament of 
Paris in 1752. a master of the tribunal of the re- 

?uests in 1753, and intendant of Limousin in 
761. He made many improvements in the ad- 
ministration of that province, and was named, 20 
July, 1774, secretary of the navy. During his 
short administration he devised a plan that after- 
ward gave a vigorous impulse to the prosperity of 
the French colonies in America. On 524 Aug., 
1774, he succeeded AbW Terray as comptroller of 
the finances. He set immediately to work to re- 
form abuses and put France upon a sound finan- 
cial basis. He found the greatest opposition at 
court and in the king's council to carrying on his 
proposed reforms that might have averted the 
revolution of 1789, and there were riots in Paris 
and other cities in May, 1775. Louis XVI., who 
said, "Only M. Turgot and I love the people," 
held a levee of justice at the parliament of Paris, 
12 May, 1776, and obliged that body to register 
Turgot's edicts on finance. The Count d'Artois, 
Louis XV I.'s aunts, and Count de Maurepas secured 
Turgot's dismissal, 12 May, 1776, and he retired to 
Paris, where he devoted himself to philosophical 
labors. Owing to his friendship for Benjamin 
Franklin and his love for the cause of freedom, 
he was in part instrumental in 1778 in bringing 
about the treaty of alliance with the United States, 
and composed, at the request of Richard Price, with 
whom he corresponded to the last, " Reflexions 
sur la situation des Americains des Etats-Unis " 
(Paris, 1779). At the request of Franklin he 
wrote " Traite" des vrais principes de l'imposi- 
tion" (1780). Turgot's principal works are 
** Lett re sur le papier monnaie" (1745): "Sur la 
tolerance" (1752): "Reflexions sur la formation 
et la distribution des richesses" (1771); and "Sur 
la liberie du commerce des grains" (1772). His 
life has been written by the Marauis de Condorcet 
(Tendon, 1786), and his complete works were 
edited by Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours 
(9 vols., Paris, 1808-'ll). 
TURGOT, fctienne Francois (toor-go). Mar- 

3uis de Coismont, French statesman, b. in Paris, 2 
une, 1721 ; d. there, 21 Oct., 1789. After serving for 
some time with the Knights of Malta, he was created 
on his return to France in 1764 brigadier of the 
armies of the king. He made a proposal to the 
French minister, Choiseul. to regenerate the colony 
of Cayenne by establishing in Guiana a new settle- 
ment under the name of " France e^uinoxiale,*' 
strong enough to resist, without any aid from the 
mother country, an attack from any quarter, and 
even to give succor to the other American colonies 



in case of need. Turgot expected that such a colony, 
if successful, would counterbalance the recent loss 
of Canada. The plan was adopted, and Turgot 
received the title of governor-general of French 
Guiana; but the measures for its execution were 
badly carried out, the colonists perished in crowds, 
and loud complaints met him on his arrival as 
to the oppression of the intendant of the new 
colony, Chauvallon. He arrested the latter and 
sent him a prisoner to France. Turgot remained 
about four months, during which he made fruit- 
less efforts to remedy the evils that preyed on the 
settlement. His health failed him, and he was 
forced to return to France, where he confirmed the 
reports that he A . already reached the government 
that it was impossible to realize the project 4 * so 
lightly adopted in such a country as Guiana. He 
was for some time imprisoned on the complaint of 
Chauvallon, and, on his release, lived in retirement. 
He wrote several works, memoirs, and pamphlets, 
among them " Memo ire sur la flore de la Guiane " 
(Paris, 1766) and "Observations sur l'espece de 
lysine e'lastique de l'tle de France, semblable 
a celle de Cayenne " (1769). 

TURINI, Giovanni (too-re*-ne), sculptor, b. 
near Verona, Italy, 28 May, 1841. He studied 
sculpture at Milan and Rome, and subsequently 
became professor in Milan. During the war with 
Austria in 1866 he served as a volunteer in the 4th 
regiment of Garibaldi's army. Later he came to 
this country and settled in New York. In 1867 he 
exhibited a' group of statuary entitled "Angelica 
and Medora at the World's fair in Paris, and in 
1882 he made a bust of Leo XIII. for the Vatican 
in Rome. The statue of Garibaldi erected in Wash- 
ington square by the Italians of New York city 
was designed by him. It was unveiled in June, 
1888, ana accepted by Mayor Abram S. Hewitt. 

TURNBULL, Laurence, physician, b. in Shotts, 
Lanarkshire, Scotland, 10 Sept., 1821. He was 
graduated at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy 
in 1842, taking as his thesis "Salicine." which he 
had found in the populiis tremu/oides, and then en- 
gaged in the business of manufacturing chemicals. 
For his success in the production of citrate of 
iron he received an award of merit from the 
Franklin institute, and he also discovered that 
bi borate of sodium would bleach colored oils and 
ointments. Entering the office of Dr. John K. 
Mitchell, he studied medicine, and was graduated 
at the Jefferson medical college in 1845. He was 
appointed resident physician of the Philadelphia 
hospital in 1845, and was out-door physician to the 
guardians of the poor in 1846-'8. also vaccine phy- 
sician to the city of Philadelphia in 1847-'50. 
Meanwhile, in 1848-'50, he was lecturer on chem- 
istry applied to the arts in Franklin institute, and 
from 1857 till 1887 he was physician to the depart- 
ment of diseases of the eye and ear in the Howard 
hospital. At the beginning of the civil war he was 
a volunteer surgeon in the nospital-departinent ser- 
vice on Potomac river, for the relief of the Penn- 
sylvania troops, in Emory hospital, and at Fort 
Monroe. Dr. Turnbull has made a specialty of dis- 
eases of the ear. and is aural surgeon of the Jeffer- 
son medical college hospital, and superintendent of 
the ear clinic in 1877-'88. Besides holding mem- 
bership in various medical societies, he presided 
over the section in otology of the American medi- 
cal association in 1880, and of the British medical 
association in 1881 ; and he was chosen delegate to 
the section in otology of the British medical asso- 
ciation in 1888, and to the congress of otology that 
convened in Brussels, Belgium, in September. 1888. 
Dr. Turnbull has contributed largely to medical 



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TURNBULL 



literature, and, in addition to memoirs 44 On the Use 
of Belladonna," and "On Whooping-Cough," he 
has published 44 The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, 
with an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, 
and Present Condition " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; 4 * De- 
fective and Impaired Vision, with the Clinical Use 
of the Ophthalmoscope in their Diagnosis and 
Treatment" (1859); ** Hints and Observations on 
Military Hvgiene" (1862); "Imperfect Hearing 
and Hygiene of the Ear" (1871); "The Nature and 
Treatment of Nervous Deafness," with an addi- 
tional translation of Duchenne's work on the same 
subject (1874); 44 A Clinical Manual of the Diseases 
of the Ear" (1881); and "A Manual of Anesthetic 
Agents and their Employment in the Treatment of 
Disease" (1885).— His son, Charles Smith, phy- 
sician, b. m Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Nov., 1847, was 
graduated at the Philadelphia centml high-school 
in 1868, and at the auxiliary department of the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1869. with the de- 
gree of Ph. D., also at the medical department of 
the same university in 1871. During tne following 
year he was surgeon to the U. S. geological survey 
in Wyoming and Montana territories, and in 
1873-'4 he was resident surgeon of the New York 
ophthalmic and aural institute. The years 1874-'5 
were spent in study in the ophthalmic and aural 
departments of the Imperial general hospital in 
Vienna, and on his return he settled in Philadel- 
phia, devoting his attention entirely to the practice 
of ophthalmology and otology. Dr. Turnbull is 
chief of the aural department of Jefferson medical 
college, and ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the 
Howard, St. Cnristopher, German, and Jewish hos- 
pitals, and the Home for incurables. He is a mem- 
ber of the county, state, and National medical so- 
cieties, and is a fellow of the Philadelphia college 
of physicians,. and is associate editor in charge of 
the department of otology in the 44 Annual of the 
Universal Medical Sciences" (Philadelphia, 1888). 
During his residence abroad he contributed letters 
to the " Medical and Surgical Reporter " of Phila- 
delphia, and he translated Arlt's 44 Injuries of the 
Eye and their Medico- Legal Aspects" (Philadel- 
phia, 1878); Gruber's 44 Tenotomy of the Tensor 
Tympani Muscle" (1879) ; and Bruner's "On the 
Methods of Connections of the Ossicles" (1880;. 

TURNBULL, Robert, clergyman, b. in White- 
burn, Linlithgowshire. Scotland, 10 Sept., 1809; d. 
at Hartford, Conn., 20 Nov., 1877. He was gradu- 
ated at Glasgow university, and studied theology 
under Dr. Thomas Chalmers at Edinburgh. While 
thus engaged he became a Baptist, and preached 
for a short time in Scotland and England. In 1833 
he came to this country, settling as pastor of the 
Baptist church in Danbury, Conn. After brief 
pastorates here, in Detroit, Hartford, and Boston, 
ne returned in 1845 to Hartford, as minister of 
the 1st Baptist church, which relation continued 
for twenty-four years. Leaving the pastorate in 
1869, he preached in various places, and served as 
secretary of the Connecticut Baptist state conven- 
tion. In 1851 he received from Madison university 
the degree of D. D. He was for several years joint 
editor of the 44 Christian Review," and, besides nu- 
merous contributions to the periodical press, was 
the author of "The Theatre" (Boston. 1840); 
•* Olympia Morata " (1842) ; Alexandre R. Vinet's 
44 Vital Christianity," translated, with an introduc- 
tion and notes (1846) ; " The Genius of Scotland " 
(New York, 1847) ; 44 The Genius of Italy " (1849): 
•* Theophany.orthe Manifestation of God in Christ " 
(Hartford, 1851); "Vinet's Miscellanies" (New 
York. 1852) ; 44 Pulpit Orators of France and Swit- 
zerland " (1853) ; " The Student Preacher " (1854) ; 



44 The World We Live in " (1855) : 44 Christ in His- 
tory, or the Central Power " (Boston, 1856); and 
*• Life Pictures, or Sketches from a Pastor's Note- 
Book " (New York, 1857). He also edited Sir Will- 
iam Hamilton's Discussions on Philosophy." 

TURNBULL, Robert James, political' writer, 
b. in New Smyrna, Fla., in January, 1775; d. in 
Charleston, S. C., 15 June, 1833. He was the son 
of a British physician, who obtained grants from 
the government in 1772 to establish a Greek colony 
in Florida. About 15,000 Greeks, Moravians, anil 
other inhabitants of the Mediterranean islands 
were induced to emigrate, and they founded New 
Smyrna, so named in honor of Mrs." Turnbull, who 
was of Greek descent and a native of Smyrna. 
The project was unsuccessful, and Dr. Turnbull 
forfeited his grants by adhering to the cause of the 
colonies during the Revolutionary war, when he 
settled in Charleston, S. C. The son was educated 
in England, and then studied law in Charleston and 
Philadelphia. After his admission to the bar he 
practised in Charleston until 1810, when he retired 
to a large plantation in the country. While in 
Europe he wrote a 44 Visit to the Philadelphia 
Penitentiary" (London, 1797), which was trans- 
lated into French (Paris, 1800), and attracted at- 
tention both at home and abroad. He became a 
leader in the nullification movement, and wrote 
a series of articles on that subject in 1827 for the 
44 Charleston Mercury," which were afterward issued 
as 44 The Crisis,'' and became the text-book of the 
nullification party. Mr. Turnbull was 44 reputed 
the ablest writer in favor of the principle of nulli- 
fication." He argued that 44 each state has the un- 
questionable right to judge of the infractions of 
the constitution, and to interpose its sovereign 
power to arrest their progress and to protect its 
citizens," which principle ne incorporated in his 
treatise on "The Tribunal of Dernier Ressort" 
(1830). In 1831 he was a member of the Free- 
trade convention that assembled at Columbia, S. C, 
and wrote the report of that body, and he was ac- 
tive in the similar convention in Charleston in 
February, 1832. He delivered an oration before an 
assemblage of the nullification party that showed 
its influence in the subsequent election, and in 
November of the same year he was a delegate to 
the convention of the people of South Carolina 
that passed the nullifying ordinance, and prepared 
the address of that convention to the people. After 
the proclamation of President Jackson was received 
in South Carolina he was the first to enlist when 
volunteers were called for, in addition to the or- 
ganized militia, to resist the National government. 
A monument was erected to his memory in Charles- 
ton by his political admirers and associates. 

TURNBULL, William, engineer, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 9 Oct., 1800: d. in Wilmington, N. C, 
9 Dec., 1857. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1819, and entered the army as 2d 
lieutenant in the artillery. After serving in garri- 
son at Fort McHenry for a year he was on topo- 
graphical duty until 1832. being made in 1831 as- 
sistant topographical engineer, with the brevet of 
captain. From 1832 till 1843 he was superintending 
topographical engineer of the construction of the 
Potomac aqueduct. This work, one of the earliest 
of the important undertakings of American engi- 
neers, gave Col. Turnbull a nigh rank among his 
professional associates. The piers of the aqueduct 
were founded by coffer-dams on rock, sometimes 
covered by twenty feet of mud, and nearly forty 
feet below the water surface. He was made major, 
7 July, 1838. and had charge of the repairs of the 
Potomac (long) bridge in 1841-'3. Subsequently he 



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185 




had charge of Lake Ontario harbor improvement, 
the extension of BufTalo harbor, and inspection of 
harbor improvements on Lake Champlain, Lake 
Ontario, and Lake Erie. In the war with Mexico 
he was topographical engineer of the army under 
Gen. WinfieTd Scott, and was engaged in the siege 
of Vera Cruz, the castles of Cerro Gordo, Ped regal, 

and Churu- 
busco, and 
the operations 
that ended 
with the cap- 
ture of the 
city of Mexi- 
co. His ser- 
vices gained 
for him the 
brevetsof lieu- 
tenant - colo- 
nel and colo- 
nel. During 
1848- 9 he had 
charge of the 
construction of the New Orleans custom-house, 
and he was assistant in the topographical bureau 
at Washington, D. C. in 1850-'2 and 1853-'4, 
where he examined into the practicability of bridg- 
ing Susquehanna river at Havre de Grace, and the 
expediency of an additional canal around the Falls 
of Ohio. He was light-house engineer for Oswego 
harbor, N. Y., in 1853-'5, in charge of harbor im- 
provements of Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, and 
the eastern part of Lake Erie in 185S-'6, and of 
the improvement of Cape Fear river, N. C, in 
1856-'7. The illustration shown above represents 
the Potomac aqueduct as designed by him. Among 
his various government reports that were published 
was one " On the Survey and Construction of the 
Potomac Aqueduct." with twenty-one plates (Wash- 
ington, 1838). — His son. Charles Nesbit, engineer, 
b. in Washington, D. C, 14 Aug.. 1832 ; d. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 2 Dec., 1874, was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1854, and made 2d lieutenant 
of topographical engineers. He was on the sur- 
vey of the boundary-line between the United States 
and Mexico in 1854-'6, on that of the northern 
lakes in 1850-'9. and at the U. S. military academy 
as assistant professor of mathematics in 18o9-'00. 
During the civil war he served at first on the staff 
of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler and in the Department 
of the Gulf, after which, in 1803-'4, he was with the 
Army of the Potomac. He received his promo- 
tion as captain of topographical engineers, 14 July, 
1862, and was transferred to the corps of engineers 
on 3 March, 18«3. In June, 1864, he was chief en- 

fineer of the cavalry corps, during Gen. Philip H. 
heridan's raid, ancl later chief engineer of the 
8th army corps. He received the brevets of major, 
lieutenant-colonel, and colonel for his services, and 
after the war served on the repairs of Fort Hamil- 
ton. Col. Turnbull resigned on 31 Dec.. 1865, and 
engaged in the commission business in Boston, 
Mass.. where he continued until his death. 

TURNBULL, William Paterson, ornitholo- 
gist, b. in Fala, Scotland, 20 June, 1830: d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 5 July, 1871. He was educated 
at the high-school in Edinburgh. For many years 
he occupied himself in collecting a complete library 
of works that relate to American ornithology, and 
also in securing manuscript letters and original 
drawings of Alexander Wilson. His home was in 
Philadelphia, where he was a meml>erof the Acad- 
emy of natural science*. He published " Birds of 
East Lothian " (Glasgow), and " Birds of East 
Pennsylvania and New Jersey" (1809). 



TURNER, Charles Coche, naval officer, b. in 
Virginia about 1805 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 4 March, 
1861. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 10 
May, 1820, was commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 
1828, and served in the sloop " Vandalia," suppress- 
ing piracy, and in the Seminole war in 1834-'5. 
He was in the sloop " Peacock " in the East Indies 
in 1836-'8, during which time he had a narrow 
escape on a reef in the Persian gulf, in which it 
was necessary to throw the guns overboard in order 
to save the "ship. He commanded the store-ship 
" Erie " in 1844-'7, visited the Mediterranean, 
African, and Pacific squadrons, and assisted in 
operations for the conquest of California during 
the Mexican war. He was promoted to master- 
commandant, 22 March, 1847, served on ordnance 
duty in Washington in 1849-'5l, was fleet-captain 
in the Mediterranean souadron in 1852-'8, and 
commanded the sloop "Levant" on the coast of 
Africa in 1853-'6. He was on waiting orders in 
1857, and served at the Washington navy-vard 
from 1857 till 1860. 

TURNER, Charles Yardley, artist, b. in Bal- 
timore, Md., 25 Nov., 1850. He came to New 
York in 1872 and studied at the Academy of de- 
sign for three years. He was one of the founders 
of the Art students' league, and remained there 
until 1878, in which vear ne went abroad. In Paris 
he studied under Jean Paul Laurens, Michael 
Munkacsy (forming, with some other students, the 
" Munkacsy school "), and Leon Bonn at In 1881 
he returned to New York and first exhibited at 
the National academy the following year. He 
gained the Hallgarten prize by the "Courtship 
of Miles Standisn " in 1883, was also elected an 
associate of the academy, and in 1886 was made 
an academician. His works in oil include "The 
Grand Canal at Dordrecht," "The Davs that are 
No More." and "Afternoon Tea" (1882); "Doro- 
thy Fox" and " Preparing for Yearly Meeting" 
(1883); and "The Last of the Montauks," "Han- 
nah Thurston," and " The Bridal Procession," from 
" Miles Standish " (1886). Of his water-colors the 
principal are " Dordrecht Milkmaid " (1882) ; " En- 
gaged " (1885) : " Martha Hilton " (1886) : and "At 
the Ferry" (1887). Mr. Turner has of late given 
much attention to etching. 

TURNER, Daniel, naval officer, b. in Rich- 
mond, Staten island, N. Y., in 1794 ; d. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 4 Feb., 1850. He entered the navy as 
a midshipman, 1 Jan., 1808, and was promoted to 
lieutenant, 12 March. 1813. He served on the lakes 
with Com. Oliver H. Perry, and commanded the 
brig "Caledonia" in the victory of 10 Sept., 1813, 
on Lake Erie, for which he received a silver medal 
from congress and a sword from the state of New 
York. In the next season, 1814, he served on Lakes 
Huron and Superior, where he commanded a boat 
expedition, ana captured two forts and several prize 
vessels. On 5 Sept., 1814. while he was in com- 
mand of the schooner " Scorpion " on Lake Huron, 
his vessel was captured by a stratagem, and he was 
slightly wounded. After the war he cruised in the 
frigate "Java" on the Mediterranean station in 
1815— *18. He commanded the schooner "Nonesuch" 
in the Mediterranean squadron in 1820-'4, was 
promoted to master-commandant, 5 March. 1825, 
was commissioned captain. 3 March, 1835, com- 
manded the " Constitution " on the Pacific station 
in 1839-'41, and was commodore of the Brazil 
squadron in 1843-'6. He had charge of the Ports- 
month navy-yard in 1840-'9. Capt. Turner was in- 
trusted with negotiations in various countries, and 
he received the commendation of the government 
for the manner in which his duties were performed 



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TURNER, Douglas Kellogg, clergyman, b. in 
Stockbridge, Mass.. 17 Dec.. 1823. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1843 and studied theology in An- 
dover theological seminary and Yale tlivinity- 
school. In 1840-'8 he taught in Neshaminy, Pa., 
and he was ordained on 18 April. 1848, as pastor 
of the Presbyterian church in Hartsville, Pa. He 
remained connected with this parish until his res- 
ignation in 1873. In 1873 he became correspond- 
ing secretary and librarian of the Presbyterian 
historical society. He has published -The His- 
tory of the Neshaminy Church from 1720 to 1870" 
(Philadelphia, 1870) and historical papers. 

TURNER, Edward, jurist, b. in Fairfax coun- 
ty, Va., 25 Nov., 1778; d. in Natchez, Miss., 23 
May, 1800. He was educated at Transylvania uni- 
versity and studied law. In 1802 he emigrated to 
Mississippi and settled in Natchez, where he began 
the practice of his profession. The governor of 
the territory appointed Turner his aide-de-camp, 
and soon afterward he became clerk of the terri- 
torial house of representatives, also acting as the 
governor's private secretary. In 1803 he was ap- 
pointed register of the land-office, and in 1811 he 
was elected to the legislature from Warren county. 
He was chosen city magistrate of Natchez and 
president of the board of select-men in 1813, and 
after 1815 was sent for several terms to the legis- 
lature as a representative from Adams county. In 
1818 he was elected to the first legislature that as- 
sembled under the state government, and. except 
for one year, when he was attorney-general of tne 
state, he continued a member of the house until 
1822, during which time he was twice elected 
speaker. He was appointed judge of the criminal 
court of Adams county in 1822, in 1824 judge of 
the supreme court of Mississippi, and in 1829 chief 
justice, which place he held until he was super- 
seded by the amended constitution of 1832. He 
was chancellor of the sUte from 1834 till 1839, in 
1840 was again elected judge of the supreme court, 
and at the expiration of his term in 1843 was 
chosen to the state senate. Judge Turner was ap- 
pointed in 1815 by the legislature to prepare a di- 
gest of the statute laws of the territory, which was 
completed and adopted in 1810. This digest con- 
tains all the statutes in force at that period, and 
is entitled "Statutes of the Mississippi Territory " 
(Natchez, 1810). 

TURNER, Henry McNeal. A. M. E. bishop, b. 
in Newberry Court- House, S. C, 1 Feb., 1833. He 
is of African descent. After he was licensed to 
preach in 1853 his native eloquence created quite 
a sensation, and in 1858 he was admitted into the 
Missouri conference of the African Methodist Epis- 
coj>al church, and transferred to the Baltimore 
conference. He studied four years as a non-ma- 
triculated student in Trinity college, and was sta- 
tioned at Israel church, Washington. D. C. in 1803. 
He greatly assisted in the organization of the 1st 
colore*! regiment, U. S. infantry, of which Presi- 
dent Lincoln commissioned him the chaplain. At 
the close of the civil war President Johnson com- ■ 
missioned him to a chaplaincy in the regular army, 
but he declined. He was sent into Georgia to as- | 
sist in the work of reconstruction, called the first 
Republican state contention, and was elected twice 
to the Georgia legislature. In 1809 he was ap- 
pointed postmaster of Macon, but resigned, and in 
the same year was madt coast inspector of customs. 
In 1870 he was elected book agent of his denomi- 
nation, and in 1880 he became bishop. His chief 
work is " Methodist Polity." | 

TURNER, J am eft, senator, b. in Southampton | 
county, Va., 20 Dec.. 1706; d. in Bloomsbury. i 



Warren co., N. C. 15 Jan.. 1824. He early re- 
moved with his parents to Bute (now Warren) 
county, N. C, and there received such education a> 
the common schools of that district afforded. Dur- 
ing the Revolutionary war he served with Na- 
thaniel Bacon in a company of North Carolina vol- 
unteers commanded by Col. John Macon. His 
public career bejsran by his election to the legisla- 
ture in 1798* with re-election in 1799 and 1800, 
and was continued by his service in the upper 
house in l801-'2. He was then chosen governor 
of North Carolina, which place he held until 1805. 
Gov. Turner was then elected as a Democrat to the 
U. S. senate, and served from 4 March, 1805, till 
1810, when he retired on account of failing health. 
— His son, Daniel, soldier, b. in Warren county. 
N. C, 21 Sept., 1790; d. at Mare island, Cal., 21 
July, 1800, was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1814, and entered the army as 2d lieu- 
tenant in the corps of artillerv. He served during 
the second war with England as acting assistant 
engineer in erecting temporary defences for New 
York city, after which he was ordered to Platts- 
burg. On the reduction of the army, he resigned 
on 17 May. 1815, and then spent two years at Will- 
iam and Mary college. He was elected to the 
lower branch of the North Carolina legislature, 
serving from 1819 till 1823. Mr. Turner was 
elected to congress, and served from 8 Dec., 1827, 
till 3 March. 1829. after which, in 1847-'54, he was 

Sri no i pal of the Warrenton. N. C, female seminary, 
[is last office was that of superintending engineer 
of the construction of the public works at Mare 
island navy-yard, San Francisco harbor, which he 
held from the establishment of that navy-yard in 
1854 till the time of his death. 

TURNER, John Wesler, soldier, b. in Saratoga 
county, N. Y.. 19 July, 1833. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1855, and assigned to 
the 1st artillery. He took part with his battery in 
the war against the Seminoles in 1857-'8, and served 
in garrisons till 1801, when he was promoted 1st 
lieutenant, and then captain and commissary of 
subsistence, in which capacity and in command of 
a breaching battery in the reduction of Fort Pu- 
laski he rendered* valuable service. He was ap- 
pointed colonel and chief of staff of the Depart- 
ment of the South, was active in the operations 
against Fort Wagner and Fort Sumter, and in Sep- 
tember, 1803, was appointed brigadier-general of 
volunteers. Gen. Turner assumed command of a 
division of the 10th corps. Array of the James, par- 
ticipating in the campaigns in front of Richmond 
till August. 1864. Subsequently he served as chief 
of staff in the Department of North Carolina and 
Virginia till March, 1805, when, in command of 
an independent division of the 24th corps, he was 
present in the closing incidents of the war, termi- 
nating in the surrender at Appomattox. Ho was 
brevet ted major "for gallant and meritorious 
services " at Fort Wagner, lieutenant-colonel for 
similar services "in action at the explosion of the 
Petersburg mine," colonel for the capture of Fort 
Gregg, major-general of volunteers "for gallant 
and meritorious service on several occasions before 
the enemy," and brigadier-general and major-gen- 
eral, U. S. army, for services " in the field during 
the rebellion." Gen. Turner was mustered out of 
the volunteer service in September, 1800, was depot 
commissary at St. Louis till 1871, and on duty in 
the Indian Department till 4 Sept. of that year, 
when he resigned from the army. Since that time 
he has been engaged as a civil engineer, and since 
1877 he has been a street commissioner and mem- 
ber of the board of public works of St. Louis, Mo. 



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TURNER 



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TURNER, Nat, insurgent, b. in Virginia about 
1800 ; d. in Jerusalem. Va.. 1 1 Nov.. 1831. He was 
a negro slave who believed himself chosen of the 
Lord to lead his people to freedom. For a long 
time he claimed to have heard voices in the air 
and to have seen signs in the sky. Portents were 
written on the fallen leaves of the woods and in 
spots of blood upon the corn in the field to inform 
him of a divine mission. In his Bible, which he 
knew by heart, he found prophecies of the great 
work he was called upon to do. He was regarded 
as having unusual mental power and resources, but 
he failed to make plans that promised success. 
Taking six men into his confidence in the autumn 
of 1831, he set out at an appointed time to go 
from house to house and kill every white person, 
irrespective of age or sex. to inspire universal ter- 
ror, and arouse the whole slave population. They 
began at Turner's own home, where they killed his 
master, and then, going to other plantations, were 
joined by other slaves. An advance -guard on 
horseback surrounded each house in turn, holding 
it until their followers on foot, armed with axes, 
scythes, and muskets, came up to complete the 
work of destruction, while the horsemen rode on 
to the next house. In forty-eight hours fifty- five 
white persons were killed without loss to the ne- 
jrroes, whose numbers had increased to sixty. The 
insurgents then moved toward Jerusalem, where 
they expected to find plenty of fire-arms and to be 
joined by large numbers : but they separated and 
were attacked by two bodies of white men and dis- 
persed. Turner escaped to the woods, and, after 
spending nearly two months in hiding, was cap- 
tured, taken to Jerusalem, and after a trial hanged. 
This outbreak, known as the Southampton insur- 
rection, resulted in the trial of fifty-three negroes, 
of whom seventeen were hanged, and many others, 
suspected of complicitv, were tortured, burned, 
shot, and mutilated. Terror spread through the 
states as far west as Kentucky, and south and 
southwest to Georgia and Louisiana; but no evi- 
dences were ever discovered of a concerted move- 
ment among the slaves. 

TURNER. Peter, naval officer, b. in Rhode 
Island. 17 Feb.. 1803; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 17 
Feb., 1871. He entered the navy as a midshipman. 
4 March, 1823, became a passed midshipman, 23 
March, 1829, and was commissioned lieutenant, 21 
June, 1832. During the Mexican war he was pres- 
ent at the fall of Vera Cruz, and participated in 
the boat expedition at Tuspan and the second ex- 

r edition at Tabasco, where he served with credit, 
le commanded the store-ship "Southampton" in 
the Pacific squadron in 1 S."> 1 — *2. He was placed 
o i the reserved list in 1855, and was on waiting 
orders until 18G1, whon he was commissioned com- 
mander on 1 July, and was governor of the naval 
asylum at Philadelphia during the civil war. He 
was promoted to commodore. 25 July, 18G2. 

TURNER, Philip, surgeon, b.* in Norwich. 
Conn., 25 Feb., 1740; d. in New York city, 20 
April. 1815. He was left an orphan at the age of 
twelve, and Adopted by Dr. Elisha Tracy, under 
whom he studied medicine and whose daughter he 
married. In 1759 he was appointed an assistant 
surgeon to a provincial regiment that served under 
Gen. Jeffrey Amherst at Fort Ticonderoga. After 
the peace of 1703 he settled in Norwich, where at 
the beginning of the Revolutionary war he was 
unrivalled as a surgeon. In 1775 he was the first 
surgeon of the Connecticut troops before Boston, 
and in 1776 he accompanied the Continental army 
to Now York, attending it at the battles of Long 
Island and White Plains. Dr. Turner was ap- 



pointed surgeon-general of the Eastern department 
in 1777, and filled that post with great ability 
till near the close of the Revolutionary war. He 
then resumed his private practice in Norwich, but 
removed in 1800 to New York city, and soon after- 
ward was appointed a surgeon to the staff of the 
U. S. army and stationed on Manhattan island. 
Dr. Turner was interred with military honors in 
the church-vard of St. Paul's in New York city. 

TURNER. Samuel Hul heart, clergyman, b. 
in Philadelphia. Pa., 23 Jan., 1700; d." in New 
York city, 21 Dec, 1861. He entered the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, was graduated in 1807. 
studied for the ministry in the Episcopal church 
for three years under Bishop White's direction, 
and was ordained deacon in St. Paul's church, 
Philadelphia, 27 Jan.. 1811, by Bishop White, and 
priest in 1814 by the same bishop. He accepted a 
call to the Episcopal church in Chestertown, Md., 
and served in that post in 1812-'17. He was 
appointed superintendent of the theological school 
in Philadelphia in 1818, and had Alonzo Potter 
(afterward bishop of Pennsylvania) as his first 
pupil. At the close of the same year he was ap- 
pointed professor of historic theology in the Gen- 
eral theological seminary of the Episcopal Church, 
toward establishing and endowing wnich efforts 
were then and subsequently made to good purpose. 
In 1820 the institution was removed to New Haven, 
Conn., but at the close of 1821 it was brought back 
again to New York city. The seminary was reor- 
ganized and Dr. Turner was appointed professor of 
biblical learning and interpretation of Holy Scrip- 
tures. He occupied this post until the time of his 
death. In 1830 he was appointed professor of the 
Hebrew language and literature in Columbia col- 
lege, but there was little or no call for active ser- 
vice at any time. The professor delivered in 1831 
a course of three lectures on the Hebrew language, 
which were afterward printed. Dr. Turner was 
always a diligent student, especially in his own de- 
partment, and published a large number of works 
in the way of scripture exposition and in defence of 
his views of theology and church principles. They 
include "Notes on the Epistle to the Romans'' 
(New York, 1824: enlarged ed., 1853); " Compan- 
ion to the Book of Genesis '* (1841) ; " Biographical 
Notices of the Most Distinguished Jewish Rabbis " 
(1847) : " Essay on our Lord's Discourse at Caper- 
naum, in St. John's Gospel, with Strictures on 
Cardinal Wiseman's Lectures on the Real Pres- 
ence" (1851): "Thoughts on the Origin. Charac- 
ter, and Interpretation of Scripture Prophecy " 
(1852); "St. Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews, Greek 
and English, with Commentary " (1852) ; " Epistle 
to the Ephesians, with Commentary" (1856); 
" Epistle to the Galat.ians, with Commentary " 
(1856); and "Spiritual Things compared to Spirit- 
ual "(1859). In conjunction with Rev. Dr. Will- 
iam R. Whittingham, he translated " Jahn's Intro- 
duction to the Old Testament" (1827) and "In- 
troduction to Sacred Philology and Interpretation, 
by Dr. Gottlieb J. Planck " (1834). He published 
also various sermons on special occasions, tractates, 
articles in reviews, etc. Shortly after his death 
whs published " Autobiography of Samuel II. 
Turner. D. D." (New York, 18<>3*). 

TURNER, Thomas, naval officer, b. in Wash- 
ington. D. C. 23 Dec. 1808; d. in Glen Mills, Pa.. 
24 March, 1883. He entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman. 21 April, 1825, became a passed midship- 
man, 4 June. 1831. and was commissioned a lieu- 
tenant. 22 Dec, 1835. He served in the frigate 
"Macedonian" in the exploring expedition of 
1837-'8, and in the frigate "Columbia," the flag- 



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188 



TURNER 



TURPIN 




ship of the East India squadron, in 1838-*41, dur- 
ing which time he participated in the destruction 
of the Malay pirates' towns of Quallat Bat too and 
Mucke, on the island of Sumatra. 1 Jan., 1830. He 
commanded the store-ship "Fredonia," of the Gulf 
squadron, from June 
till October, 1847. 
was then transferred 
to the sloop ••Al- 
bany," ana com- 
manded the schoon- 
er " Reefer" in the 
attack on Tuspan in 
April, 1847. lie was 
promoted to com- 
mander, 14 Sept., 
1855, and had charge 
of the sloop "Sara- 
toga," on the Home 
squadron, in 1858- 
•(K). On 6 March, 
1860, he captured 
at Vera Cruz the 
steamers *• Mira- 
mon " and " Mar- 
ques de Habana," 
which had been purchased in Spain by Gen. Mira- 
mon, and had attempted to blockade the port of 
Vera Cruz in the interests of the revolutionary 
party. He commanded the armored ship •* New 
Ironsides" in the South Atlantic squadron, and 
was highly commended for the skill and ability 
with which he handled this vessel in the attacks 
on the forts at Charleston, 7 April. 1863, and in 
other operations there until August, 1803. He was 
promoted to commodore, 13 Dec., 1862, and to rear- 
admiral, 24 June, 1868. and commanded the South 
Pacific squadron in 18G8-'70 during the great earth- 
quake in Peru, where he rendered timely assistance 
to the sufferers. He was retired, 21 April, 1870, 
after forty-five years of active service. 

TURNER, William Wadden, philologist, b. 
in London, England, 23 Oct., 1810; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 29 Nov., 1859. He came to New 
York in 1818, and, after a public-school education, 
was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, but sub- 
sequently became a printer. At the age of twen- 
ty-six he was master of French, Latin, German, 
and Hebrew. Afterward he studied Arabic with 
Prof. Isaac Nordheimer, and they proposed to write 
together an Arabic grammar, but, receiving no 
encouragement, they prepared instead "A Critical 
Grammar of the Hebrew Language " (2 vols., New 
York, 1838) ; and " Chrestomathy : or A Gram- 
matical Analysis of Selections from the Hebrew 
Scriptures, with an Exercise in Hebrew Compo- 
sition " (1838), also a •* Hebrew and Chaldee Con- 
cordance to the Old Testament" (1842). In or- 
der to superintend the printing of these books, 
Mr. Turner removed to New Haven, as the only 
sufficient supply of oriental type was to be found 
there and at Andover. He was engaged in setting 
the type during the day, and spent his evenings in 
preparing the manuscript. On the completion of 
the works, Mr. Turner added to his linguistic at- 
tainments a knowledge of Sanskrit and most of t he 
other chief Asiatic languages, and later he turned 
his attention to the languages of the North Amer- 
ican Indians. He edited a "Vocabulary of the 
Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon w (1853). 
and " Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Lan- 
guage " (1858), which was issued by the Smithso- 
nian institution. In 1842 he was elected professor 
of oriental literature in Union theological semina- 
ry, New York city, and he continued in that office 



until 1852. when he was called to Washington by 
the commissioner of patents to take charge of the 
library of that department. He was a member of 
the American oriental society, and secretary of 
the National institute for the promotion of science. 
Mr. Turner was considered in his dav the most 
skilful proof-reader in the United States. In 
addition to the literary labors that have been al- 
ready mentioned, he translated from the German 
Fried rich L. G. von Raumer's '* America and the 
American People " (New York, 1845), and was as- 
sociated with Dr. P. J. Kaufmann in the transla- 
tion of the 12th German ed. of Ferdinand Mackel- 
dey's "Compendium of Modern Civil Law" (Lon- 
don, 1845). He also translated William Freund's 
" Latin-German Lexicon " for Ethan A. Andrews's 
" Latin-English Lexicon : ' (New York, 1851). 

TURNE Y, Hopkins Lacey, senator, b. in Smith 
county, Tenn., 3 Oct., 1797 ; d. in Winchester, Tenn., 
1 Aug., 1857. He was apprenticed as a boy to the 
tailor's trade, and in 1818 served in the war against 
the Seminole Indians. When he became of age he 
was unable to write, but began the study of law, 
and, after admission to the bar, practised in Win- 
chester. In 1828 he was chosen to the legislature, 
and he was annually re-elected until 1838. He was 
then chosen as a Democrat to congress, and served 
from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1843, after which 
he was U. S. senator from Tennessee from 1 Dec, 
1845, till 3 March, 1851. 

TURPI E, David, senator, b. in Hamilton coun- 
ty, Ohio, 8 July, 1829. He was graduated at Ken- 
yon in 1848. studied law, was admitted to the bar 
in 1849, and began practice at Logansport. Ind. 
He was a member of the legislature in 1852, was 
appointed judge of the court of common pleas in 
lbo4, and of the circuit court in 1856, which post 
he resigned. He was again a member of the state 
house of representatives in 1858, and was elected 
to the U. S. senate from Indiana as a Democrat in 
place of Jesse D. Bright, who had been expelled, 
serving from 22 Jan. till 8 March. 1863. He was 
chosen for the full term in the spring of 1887. 

TURPIN, Lonis Georges Francois, French 
naval officer, b. in Nantes, 20 July, 1790; d. in 
Toulon, 7 Oct., 1848. He entered the navy as a 
cabin-boy when ten years old, was promoted mid- 
shipman in 1808, lieutenant in 1812, and in 1820-*2 
performed three remarkable voyages to the Wind- 
ward islands and Brazil, making valuable astro- 
nomical observations and preparing charts of the 
Gulf of Mexico and the South American coast, 
which are preserved in the archives of the navy de- 
partment at Paris. In 1822-'3 he participated as 
1st lieutenant in the expedition around the world 
under Bougainville, a giandson of the noted navi- 
gator, and he afterward commanded a sloop-of-war 
in the battle of Navarin. He became captain in 
1831 and commodore in 1837, and was second com- 
mander in 1838 under Baudin of the expedition to 
Mexico, taking part in the capture of San Juan de 
Ulna, 28 Nov., 1838. He was promoted rear- 
admiral, 5 Feb., 1843, and was afterward naval 
prefect of Toulon. 

TURPIN, Pierre Jenn Francois, French 
botanist, b. in Vire, Calvados. France, 11 March, 
1775: d. in Paris, 1 May, 1840. He enlisted when 
he was fourteen years old in the battalion of Cal- 
vados, and sailed with it for Santo Domingo in 
1794. There he made the acquaintance of the 
botanist Poiteau, who gave him lessons in botany. 
After studying, with great care, the flora of the 
island, he returned to France, but received permis- 
sion some time afterward to pay a second visit to 
i Santo Domingo. He next explored the flora of 



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TUTTLE 



189 



the island of Tortuga, funds for the purpose hav- 
ing been supplied by the consul of the United 
Slates. He spent more than a year there, and 
made a rich collection of plants and designs. 
Poiteau went to the United States in 1800, and 
Turpin was pharmacist to the French army in 
Santo Domingo during Leclerc's expedition, and 
then sailed for the United States, where he became 
a teacher in New Orleans and Philadelphia, and, 
meeting Baron von Humboldt, returned with him 
to France. He afterward executed the icono- 
graphic part of several of Humboldt's works. Tur- 

8 in wrote many works, among them " Lecons de 
ore" (Paris, 1819); "Essai d'une iconographie 
elemental re et philosophique des v6g6taux, avec un 
texte explicit if " (1820); and "Iconographie vege^ 
tale, ou organisation des vegetaux " (1841). 

TURREAU DE GARAMBOUVILLE, Louis 
Marie, Baron de Linieres, French soldier, b. in 
France in 1756; d. in Conches, department of the 
Eure, 15 Dec, 1816. He entered the army in 
youth, fought under Count Rochambeau for Ameri- 
can independence, and attained the rank of cap- 
tain. He served as a general of division in Ven- 
dee. Italy, and Switzerland, and in 1804 was made 
a baron. He was minister to the United States in 
1804-'ll, and vainly attempted to induce the gov- 
ernment of this country to adopt a French policy. 
After his return he published •* Apercu sur la situ- 
ation politique des Etats-Unis" (1815), a bitter cri- 
tique of the {government of the United States, 
which he says in the preface " the author has stud- 
ied eight years without being able to comprehend 
it" Some time before his death he retirea to his 
estate at Conches, in the department of the Eure. 
He also published " M£moires pour servir a l'his- 
toire de la guerre de la Vendee (1815). 

TUTHILL, Louisa Cornelia, author, b. in New 
Haven, Conn., 6 July, 1798; d. in Princeton, N. J., 
1 June, 1879. Her maiden name was Huggins, 
and in 1817 she married Cornelius Tuthill, lawyer, 
who was for two years editor of the *• Microscope " 
and died in 1825. During the last thirty years of 
her life she resided at Princeton. She contrib- 
uted anonymously to magazines, and among other 
works published " James Soinere, the Pilgrim's 
Son " (Boston, 1827) ; Mary's Visit to Boston " 
(1829) ; " Ancient Architecture " (New Haven, 
ia30); « Calisthenics" (Hartford, 1831); "Young 
Lady's Home " (New Havon, 1841) ; " I will be a 
Lady" (Boston. 1845); -I will be a Gentleman" 
(1846) ; " A Strike for Freedom " (1848) ; a series of 
** Tales for the Young " (1844-'50) ; a new series 
for the young (1852-'4) ; " True Manliness, or 
the Landscape Gardener " (1865); and " The Young 
Lady at Home and in Society " (New York, 1869). 
With others she prepared "The Juvenile Library 
for Boys and Girls, and edited " Young Lady's 
Reader" (New Haven, 1840); "Mirror of Life" 
(Philadelphia, 1848); and "Beauties of De Quin- 
cey " (Boston, 1861). Many of her books were re-r 
published in England.— Her daughter, Cornelia, 
o. in New Haven, Conn., 9 April. 1820 ; d. in New 
York, 11 Aug., 1870, married John L. Pierson, of 
New York, in 1866, and published many popular 
books for the young. 

TUTTLE, Albert Henry, naturalist, b. in Cuya- 
hoga Falls, Ohio, 19 Nov., 1844. He was gradu- 
ated in the scientific course at the State college of 
Pennsylvania in 1868, and during the two years 
following was professor of natural sciences in the 
State normal school in Platteville, Wis. In 1870 
he became instructor of microscopy in Harvard, 
and in 1874 he was called to the chair of zoOlogy 
and comparative anatomy in Ohio state university, 



where he remained for fourteen years. As a mem- 
ber of the faculty of that institution from its or- 
ganization, in addition to establishing one of the 
earliest laboratories for biological work in the 
western states, he took a large part in the devel- 
opment of the university and in fixing its policy, 
as well as devoting considerable labor to trie de- 
termination and establishment of intimate rela- 
tions between it and the public schools of the 
state. In 1888 he was elected professor of bi- 
ology and agriculture at the University of Vir- 
ginia. Prof. Tuttle was elected a fellow of the 
Royal microscopical society of London in 1882, 
ana in the same year was a vice-president of the 
American association for the advancement of sci- 
ence, having charge over the section of microscopy. 
He has written for scientific and educational peri- 
odicals, and is the author of reports of state com- 
missions of which he has been a member. 

TUTTLE, Charles Wesley, astronomer, b. in 
Newfield, Me., 1 Nov., 1829 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
17 July, 1881. He was educated in the schools of 
his native town arid in Dover, where he learned the 
trade of a carpenter with his uncle, devoting his 
leisure to study. While still a lad he constructed 
a telescope, which was a remarkable piece of mech- 
anism considering that he had never seen such an 
instrument. He removed to Cambridge in 1849, in 
1850 entered the observatory at Harvard as a stu- 
dent, and was in 1851 appointed assistant observer. 
Owing to impaired eyesight, he was forced to re- 
sign his post, and then studied law at Harvard. 
He was admitted to the bar in 1856, and practised 
in Newbury port, and afterward in Boston until his 
death. In 1855 he was sent to England in charge, 
with his friend Sidney Coolidge, of a chronometric 
expedition of the U. S. coast survey for determin- 
ing the difference of longitude between Liverpool 
and Cambridge. Harvard gave him the degree of 
A. M. in 1854, and Dartmouth that of Ph. D. in 
1880. His leisure was devoted to historical and 
antiquarian research, and he won a high reputation 
as an original investigator. He was active in pro- 
curing the act of incorporation of the Prince so- 
ciety, of which he was treasurer and corresponding 
secretary, and was a member of various historical 
societies, before which he frequently read papers. 
He delivered the bi-centennial address before the 
New Hampshire historical society in 1880, in com- 
memoration of the establishment of the first civil 
government over that province in 1680. He fre- 
quently delivered lectures upon astronomy, and 
contributed largely to astronomical journals. He 
was the author of a monograph on "Capt. John 
Mason, the Founder of New Hampshire, edited, 
with historical illustrations, by John Ward Dean, 
and published by the Prince society (Boston, 1887). 
—His brother, Horace Parnell, astronomer, b. in 
Newfield, York co., Me., 24 March, 1889, was edu- 
cated by his brother in Cambridge. He entered 
the U. S. navy, and became acting assistant pay- 
master, 17 Feb., 1863, assistant paymaster, 2 July, 
1864, paymaster, 4 May, 1866, and' was honorably 
dismissed on 8 March. 1875. In 1857 he invented 
a method of inserting a steel rifled core into brass 
or iron cannon, which method is extensively used 
by European governments, but a patent for which 
was refused by the U. S. patent-office. In 1861 he 
devised a method of signalling at long distances 
by using flashes made by a Drummond light, to 
correspond with the dots and dashes of the Morse 
telegraph system. He discovered thirteen comets 
between 1857 and 1866, and in 1861-2 the asteroids 
Mala and Clytie. At present he is assistant com- 
puter in the U. S. naval observatory. Mr. Tuttic 



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TUTTLE 



TWACHTMAN 




has computed " Pay Tables of the United States ! 
Navy " (\Va>hinu'ton, 1872>. 

TtTTLE, Daniel Sylvester, P. E. bishop, b. 
in Windham, Greene co., N. Y., 20 Jan.. 1*37. He 
was graduated at Columbia in 18.17, entered the 
General theological seminarv. New Vork. and com- 
pleted his course in 1802. lie was ordered dea<*on 
by Bi>hop Hora- 
tio Potter.29 Jan., 
180*2, and ordain- 
ed priest in Zion 
church, Morris, [ 
Otsego co., X. Y., 
in which parish 
he had served 
during hisdiacon- 1 
ate. by the same 
bishop, 19 July. 
1K03. He remain- 
ed rector of this 
church until his 
consecration to ' 
the . episcopate. 
He received the 
degree of S. T. D. 
/u h fir\ from Columbia in 

UmikWihrrtnTl Dr. Tuttle 

JVUUtf.lAMAAW was consecrated 
J ' missionary bishop 

of Montana, Idaho, and Utah, in Trinity" chapel, 
New York, 1 May. 1807. In 180* he was elected to 1 
the bishopric of Missouri, but declined. In 1880 1 
Montana was set off as a separate missionary juris- I 
diction, and Idaho and Utah remained under the ' 
charge of Hishop Tuttle. In 1884 Columbia college ! 
appointed him as its representative at the tercente- 
nary of the University of Edinburgh. For years 
Bishop Tuttle has been active in the discussion of j 
the Mormon question in Utah. On the death of 
Hishop Robertson, of Missouri, which occurred 1 j 
May. 1886, Hishop Tuttle was again elected to the ' 
episcopate, and was transferred, becoming the third I 
bishon of Missouri. 

TITTLE, Herbert, educator, b. in Benning- 1 
ton, Vt., 29 Nov., 1810. He was graduated at the 
University of Vermont in 18(51), followed journal- 
ism till 1880, was a lecturer in the University of 
Michigan in 1HS()-*1, and has since l>ecn associate i 
professor of the history and theory of politics | 
and of international law in Cornell. " He has pub- j 
lished "German Political Leaders" (New York and I 
London, 1870): "History of Prussia to the Acces- \ 
sion of Frederic the Great" (Boston. 18*4): and 
"History of Prussia under Frederic the Great" 
(2 vols.. N'ew York, 1888). 

TUTTLE, Hudson, author. b. in Berlin Heights, 
Erie co.. Ohio. 4 Oct., 1830. He was educated at 
the common schools and the Homoeopathic college, 
Cleveland, Ohio. He has contributed extensively 
to spiritualistic papers and to secular and sci- 
entific journals, and has made original observa- 
tions in microscopy. He has published 44 Life in 
the Spheres" (New York, 18.V5); "Arcana of Na- 
ture" (Boston, 18 r >9); "Career of the God-Idea" 
(1809); "Career of the Christ-Idea" (1809); "Ca- 
reer of Religious Ideas " (New York, 1809) ; "Ori- 
gin and Development of Man" (Boston, 1871); 
"Stories for Children" (Toledo. 1874): "The Cross 
and Steeple" (187-*)); and several novels, including 
" Clair, a Tale of Mormon Perfidy" (Chicago, 1881); 
" Heloise: Love or Religion" (18*82); and "Camile, 
or Love and Labor" (1882).— His wife. Emma 
Rood, b. in Braceville, Trumbull co., Ohio. 21 
July. 1 839, was educated at Western Reserve semi- 
nary, Fannington, Ohio, and at Hiram college. 



Mrs. Tuttle has been a constant contributor to 
news|»aper literature, has worked for the ethical 
education of the young, and al*> with great zeal to 
effect some reform in the manner of treating ani- 
mals. She has lieen surce^ful as a lecturer, an 
elocutionist, and a reader, and has en rn posed many 
songs, which have been set to iniiMe and published, 
the l»est-known being - The Unseen City," "Beau- 
tiful Claribel," "My Lost I>arling." and " We 
shall meet Our Friends in the Morning." Many 
of her iKiems are popular as select ions for recita- 
tion She has published " Blossoms of Our Spring" 
(Boston, 1804): "Gazelle" (1*00); "The Lvceum 
Guide " (1870) : " Stories for ( Mir Children " (Toledo, 
1874): and "Poems: From S.ul to Soul" (Invsj. 

TITTLE, James Madison, soldier, b. in Sum- 
mertield, Monroe co., Ohio. 24 S-pt.. 1823. He was 
brought up on a farm in Iowa, afterward engnp*d 
in trade in Van Buren county in the same state, 
was elected its sheriff in 1855. and in 1859 recorder 
and treasurer. At the opening of the civil war he 
joined the 2d Iowa regiment as a captain, and be- 
came successively lieutenant-colonel and colonel 
He served with credit at Fort Donelson. and at 
Shiloh commanded a brigade until Gen. William 
H. L. Wallace was mortally wounded, after which 
he led the 2d division. For his services in these 
battles he was promoted brigadier-general, 9 June, 
1802. He afterward commanded at Cairo, 111., and 
resigned. 14 June. 1804. 

TI TTLE, Joseph Farrand. educator, b. in 
Bloomfield, Essex co.. N. J., 12 March. 1818, He 
was graduated at Marietta college, Ohio, in 1841, 
and at Lane theological seminary. Cincinnati, in 
1844. and was pastor of Presbyterian churches at 
Delaware, Ohio, in 1845-'7, and Rockaway, X. J., 
in 1847-'62. Since 1804 he has licen president of 
Wabash college. Crawfordsville. Ind., and his chief 
work has been in connection with the enlargement 
of this institution. He has been five times a com- 
missioner to the general assembly of the Presby- 
terian church since 1850, a trustee of Wabash col- 
lege since 1802. and of Lane theological seminarv 
since 1804. He has published "The Lifeof William 
Tuttle. compiled from Autobiography under the 
name of John Homespun " (New York. 1852): "The 
Way I^ost and Found " (1870) ; "Annals of Morris 
County, N. J.." and other articles prepared for the 
New Jersey historical society and published in its 
" Proceedings/' and addresses, review articles, etc. 

TUTW1LER, Henry (tut-wy-ler), educator, b. 
in Harrisonburg. Ya., 10 Nov., 1807; d. in Greene 
Springs. Ala., 22 Sept.. 1884. He was graduated 
at the University of Virginia in 1829, and studied 
law, but never practised. He was professor of 
mathematics in the University of Alabama from 
its organization in 1831 till 1837. professor in the 
Industrial college at Marion. Ala., in 1837-9, and 
professor of mathematics and chemistry in La- 
grange college, Ala., in 1837-'47. In the autumn 
of 1847 he established at Greene Springs. Ala., a 
high-school for Ikws and young men, where he 
continued with great success until his death. He 
was frequently offered the presidency of the Uni- 
versity of Alabama and similar institutions. He 
wrote much for journals and periodicals, and was 
one of the first discoverers in this country of the 
wonderful temporary* star T Corona 1 Borealis. 

TWACHTMAN, John Henry, artist, b. in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 4 Aug.. 1853. His art studies were 
l>egun at the Cincinnati school of design in 1873- '4. 
and during 1874-'5 he was a pupil of Frank Du- 
veneck. in the same city. During 1875-'8 he stud- 
ied at the academy in Munich under Ludwig l/>fftz, 
and for a vear under Duveneck in Venice. In 1880 



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he went abroad again, and during 1 883-'5 he was 
a pupil at the ficole Julien, Paris, under Gustave 
Rodolphe Clarence Boulanger and Jules Joseph 
Lefebvre. In 1886 he returned to the United 
States. He was elected a member of the Society 
of Amerfcan artists in 1879, and at the society s 
exhibition in 1888 gained the Webb prize for nis 
44 Windmills," which now belongs to Smith college, 
Northampton, Mass. Other works bv him are 
44 Arque fa Bataille," 44 Winter," "The Fond," and 
44 On the Seine." 

TWEED, William Marcy, politician, b. in 
New York city, 3 April, 1823; d. there, 12 April, 
1878. He was the son of a chair-maker, and. after 
receiving a common-school education, learned the 
same trade himself. He assisted in organizing 
"Americus" fire-engine company No. 6, known 
commonly as 44 Big Six," and became its foreman ; 
and it was his popularity in this capacity that first 
made him a power in local politics. He was an 
alderman of New York, in 1852-'3, served in con- 
gress in 1853-'5, was supervisor of the city and 
chairman of the board in 1850, school commissioner 
in 1856-'7, deputy street commissioner in 1861-'70, 
and state senator in 1867-'71. In 1870 he was ap- 
pointed commissioner of the department of public 
works in New York city, and while in this office 
he organized, with others, the "ring" of which he 
was chief, he and his associates appropriating vast 
sums of public money. These corrupt practices 
were exposed, and on 28 Oct., 1871, Mr. Tweed was 
arrested on a civil suit that was brought by Charles 
O'Conor in behalf of the city. He furnished bail 
in $1,000,000, and in November of the same year 
he was elected to the state senate, but did not take 
his seat. On 16 Dec. he was arrested on a criminal 
charge of fraud, but was released on $5,000 bail. 
The first of the suits against him was tried, 30 
Jan., 1873, the jury disagreeing; but on 19 Nov. he 
was found guilty of fraud, and sentenced by Judge 
Noah Davis to twelve years' imprisoment on as 
many different counts (a year for each count) in 
the penitentiary on Blackwell's island, and to pay 
a fine of $12,550. In April, 1875, an action was 
instituted against him in behalf of the people of 
New York for the recovery of $6,000,000, and judg- 
ment was rendered for this amount with interest. 
On 15 June his further imprisonment was declared 
illegal by the court of appeals, on the assumption 
that the lower court had exceeded its powers in its 
cumulative sentence, and his discharge was ordered. 
He was then required to furnish bail in $3,000,000 
pending the civil suits, and in default of this was 
confined in Ludlow street jail. He escaped on 4 
Dec., 1875, succeeded in reaching Cuba, and thence 
went to Spain, where he was arrested by the Span- 
ish eovernment, and, being delivered to officers of 
the United States, was brought back to New York 
and recommitted to Ludlow street jail, where he 
remained a prisoner till his death. 

TWEEDALE, William, civil engineer, b. in 
Beith, Ayrshire, Scotland, 18 May, 1823. He came 
with his parents to New York in 1838, and was 
graduated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 
1853. In 1855 he was a bridge engineer and con- 
tractor in Chicago, and in 1859, having obtained 
the contract for the construction of bridges and 
buildings on the Dubuque and Sioux City railway, 
he removed to the former place. At the opening 
of the civil war he raised a company for an engi- 
neer regiment, and was mustered in as captain. 
He was engaged in the engineering operations 
against New Madrid, which resulted in its capture, 
and cut a pansage for a fleet of transports across the 
lower end of Island No. 8. This was used for the 



transportation of troops across the river from New 
Madrid to operate against Island No. 10, and re- 
sulted in the evacuation of the latter. He was in 
command of advanced parties of engineers with 
Gen. John Pope's division in the sie^e of Corinth, 
and in the pursuit that followed its evacuation 
under Gen. dames B. McPherson. He was after- 
ward engaged in the reconstruction of railroads, 
dredging of rivers, and the removal of debris at 
various points on Mississippi river. He was pro- 
moted brevet-colonel of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, 
and was mustered out on 31 May the same year. 
He moved to Topeka, Kansas, in 1867, superin- 
tended the erection of the east wing of the state 
capitol in 1867-8, and the west wing in 1879- 80, 
and was engineer of the bridge across the Kansas 
river at Topeka. 

TW1B1LL, George W., artist, b. in Lampeter, 
Lancaster co.. Pa., about 1806 ; d. in New York, 15 
Feb., 1836. He began to study with Henry In- 
man in 1828, was elected an associate of the Na- 
tional academy in 1832, and an academician the 
following year. The academy owns his portrait of 
John Trumbull, painted in 1835, and in the New 
York historical society hangs the portrait of Fitz- 
Greene Halleck, painted from the original by In- 
man, also in the possession of that association. 
Thomas S. Cummings wrote of him : 44 Of the young 
artists of the day there were none more promising 
than Twibill. fiis portraits in oil in small were of 
excellence seldom equalled." 

TWICHELL, Giuery, member of congress, b. 
in Athol, Mass., 26 Aug., 1811: d. in Brookline, 
Mass., 23 July, 1883. He was educated at the 
public schools, engaged in the business of carrying 
the mails in 1830, and was the first to establish 
a daily line of coaches between Boston and Brat- 
tleboro, Vt He afterward made important mail 
contracts with the U. S. government. In 1847 he 
became connected with the Boston and Worcester 
railway, of which he was chosen superintendent in 
1848, and president in 1857. He afterward sat in 
congress for three consecutive sessions in 1807-'73, 
having been chosen as a Republican. 

TWIGGS, David Emanuel, b. in Richmond 
county, Ga., in 1790; d. in Augusta, Ga., 15 Sept., 
1862. ' His father, Gen. John Twiggs, raised a 
brigade at his 
own expense at 
the opening of 
the Revolu- 
tion. The son 
was appointed 
captain in the 
8th infantry. 12 
March, 1812, 
became major 
of the 28th in- 
fantry, 21 Sept., 

1814, and wa? 
disbanded, 15 
June. 1815. He 
was reinstated 
on 2 December, 

1815, as captain 
in the 7th in- 
fantry, served 
throughout the 
war with Great 
Britain, and be- 
came major of the 1st infantry. 14 Mav, 1825, lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the 4th infantry, 15 July, 1831, 
and colonel, 2d dragoons. 8 June, 1836. He served 
in the Mexican war under Gen. Zachary Taylor at 
Palo Alto and Resaca de la Pal ma, was promoted 




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brigadier general, 30 June, 1846, and brevetted ma- 
jor-general for gallantry at Monterey and presented 
with a sword by congress. Being transferred to Gen. 
Winfleld Scott's army, he commanded a brigade at 
Vera Cruz. During the operations against the city of 
Mexico he led the 2d division of regulars, and in 1848 
he was military governor of Vera Cruz. He was in 
command of the Department of Texas in February, 
1801, and surrendered his army and military stores 
to the Confederate Gen. Ben. McCulloeh, for which 
he was dishonorably dismissed from the army. He 
was appointed a major-general in the Confederate 
array, 22 May, 1861, and assigned to the command 
of the district of Louisiana, but resigned toward 
the end of the year. — His brother, Levi, soldier, b. 
in Richmond county, Ga., 21 May, 1793: d. in 
Chapultepec, Mexico, 13 Sept., 1847, was educated 
at Franklin college in his native state, which he 
left to serve in the war of 1812, and in 1813 joined 
the marine corns as 2d lieutenant. He was in the 
frigate " President " under Com. Stephen Decatur 
on ner last cruise, was promoted 1st lieutenant, and 
by his skill elicited the applause of his commander. 
On 2 June, 1847, he enlisted as a volunteer in the 
Mexican war, and was killed at Chapultepec. 

TWING, Alvin Tabor, clergyman, b. in Top- 
sham, Vt., 0 Feb., 1811 : d. in New York, 11 Nov., 
1882. He was educated at Kimball union acade- 
my, Meriden, N. H., at the University of Vermont, - 
and studied theology under the direction of Bishop 
John H. Hopkins, by whom he was ordained a 
priest of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1837. 
He was afterward rector of St. Paul's church, Ver- 
gennes, Vt., and of Trinity church, West Troy, 
N. Y., and in 1840 took charge of Trinity church, 
Lansingburg, N. Y., where he continued twenty- 
three years. In November, 1863, he was appointed 
to present the claims of the domestic mission field 
throughout the country, and in August, 1866, he 
became secretary and general agent of the domes- 
tic committee of the board of missions, continuing 
as such till 1877, when the office of general agent 
was discontinued, and he was elected secretary. He 
organized a domestic missionary army in 1865, 
which enrolled many thousands of children, in 
1867 established 44 The Young Christian Soldier," 
in 1868 organized 44 The ladies' domestic mission- 
ary relief association," and in 1870 he introduced 
"mite-chests," which in a few years brought into 
the treasury of the domestic committee $74,000. 
He succeeded in infusing a spirit of enthusiasm 
for missions into a large part of the church. In 
1804 Hobart college gave him the degree of D. D. 

TWINING, Alexander Catlin, engineer, b. in 
New Haven, Conn., 5 July, 1801 ; d. there, 22 Nov., 
1884. He was graduated at Yale in 1820, was a 
tutor there in 1824-'6, and professor of mathe- 
matics, civil engineering, and astronomy at Middle- 
bury college from 1839 till 1849. He was employed 
as a civil engineer on various railways and canals, 
and invented the first practical method of pro- 
ducing ice in considerable quantities by artificial 
means. He claimed to have first established the 
theory of the cosmical origin of meteors, and was 
devoted to abstruse problems in higher mathe- 
matics. He was the author of papers on the doc- 
trine of parallels and other points in mathematics. 
For several years preceding his death he lectured 
on constitutional law in the Yale law-school. — His 
son, Klngsley, clergyman, b. in West Point, N. Y.. 
18 July, 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1853, and 
at Yale theological seminary in 1856, and was a 
resident licentiate at Andover seminary in 1857. 
He held pastorates in Congregational churches in 
Hinsdale, Mich., San Francisco, Cal., Cambridge- 



port, Mass., and Providence, R. I., in 1872-'6. He 
spent 1876-'8 in Europe, and two years later he be- 
came literary editor of the New Y ork 44 Independ- 
ent," a position which he still retains. 

TYD1NGS, Richard, clergyman, b. in Anne 
Arundel county, Md., 16 June,17>J3; d. in Bullitt 
county, Ky., 3 Oct., 1865. His father, Keely Ty- 
dings. was a soldier of the Revolution. The son 
wa«* licensed to preach in 1807, joined the Balti- 
more conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, 
south, in 1809, and the Kentucky conference in 
1826. He labored in many fields, and was held in 
high esteem for his talents and success as a preach- 
er. He was a member of the Louisville conference 
at the time of his death. He wrote a work on 
" Apostolical Succession," which was favorably re- 
ceived (Louisville, 1844). 

TYLER, Ben net, clergyman, b. in Middlebury, 
Conn., 10 July, 1783 ; d. in South Windsor, Conn., 14 
May, 1858. He was the son of a farmer, was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1804, and, after studying theology, 
was pastor of the Congregational church in South 
Britain, Conn., from 1808 till 1822. From that 
date until 1828 he was president of Dartmouth 
college, and was pastor of the 2d Congregational 
church in Portland, Me., from 1828 till 1838. The 
controversy on the "new divinity" awakened by 
the writings of Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor, of 
whom he was the principal opponent, resulted in 
the formation of a pastoral union in September, 
1833. by the Connecticut clergymen, who held to 
Dr. Taylor's opinions and the' resolution of the 
other faction to found a theological seminary in 
East Windsor, in which he was president and pro- 
fessor of Christian theology from 1833 until his 
death. Middlebury gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1823. His principal works are 44 History of the 
New Haven 1 neology, in Letters to Clergymen ** 
(Hartford, 1837); " A Review of Day on the Will" 
(1837); 44 Memoir of Rev. Asahel Nettieton, D.D." 
(1844); 44 Nettleton's Remains" (1845); 4 * A Trea- 
tise on the Sufferings of Christ " (New York, 1845) ; 
44 A Treatise on New England Revivals" (1846); 
and two series of 44 Letters to Dr. Horace Bush- 
ncll on Christian Nurture" (1847-'8). After his 
death his i4 Lectures on Theology " were published 
with a memoir by his son-in-law, the Rev. Nahum 
Eale. D. D. (Boston, imj). 

TYLER, Charles Humphrey, soldier, b. in 
Virginia in 1826; d. in West Point, Ga., 17 April, 
1865. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1848, and became 2d lieutenant in the 
2d dragoons, 25 April. 1849. He served in garrison 
in the cavalry-school at Carlisle. Pa., on frontier 
duty, and in the Utah expedition of 1857-9. On 28 
June, 1861, he was promoted captain, but he was 
dismissed from the army on 1 June, 1861, for de- 
serting his post. He then entered the Confederate 
service, became a brigadier-general, and was killed 
in battle at West Point, Ga. 

TYLER, Daniel, engineer, b. in Brooklyn, 
Windham co., Conn., 7 Jan., 1799 ; d. in New York 
city, 30 Nov., 1882. His father served in the 
Revolutionary army, and his mother was a grand- 
daughter of Jonathan Edwards. After graduation 
at the U. S. military academy in 1819. as 2d lieuten- 
ant of light artillery, he served in garrison in New 
England in 1819-'24, and on the reorganization of 
the army, 1 June, 1821, he was made 2d lieutenant in 
the 5th infantry. In 1824-'6 he served in the Fort 
Monroe artillery-school for practice, of which he 
was for a time adjutant. He necame 1st lieutenant 
in the 1st artillery on 6 May, 1824, and in 1826 
commanded the Pikesville arsenal, near Baltimore, 
Md. While there he translated from the French 



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a work on ** Manoeuvres of Artillery," which led 
to his being sent to Europe in January, 1828, to 
obtain data for a more comprehensive work for the 
regular army. In April, 1829, he was admitted 
into the artillery-school of practice at Metz, and 
began a translation of the latest French system of 
artillery. The task was completed at the end of a 
year, and 300 lithographed copies in three volumes 
were sent to the war department in Washington, 
D. C. He also collected copies of every drawing 
and memoir connected with the French system of 
field, siege, sea-coast, and mountain artillery at a 
personal expense of about $2,000, which he offered 
to the government at Washington, provided a 
board should adopt the system for the U. S. artil- 
lery. This was not done, but he received from the 
government $1,600 for his collection of drawings. 
After his return in 1829 he was kept on ordnance 
duty to prepare a translation of the "School of 
the Driver," which in the French service is separate 
from the artillery. In 1830 he was sent to the 
Springfield armory to report upon the manufacture 
of small arms, anil he was a member of the board 
that met to reorganize the national armories. In 
1832 he was made superintendent of the inspectors 
of contract arms. He resigned on 31 May, 1834, 
became president of an iron and coal company in 
Lycoming county. Pa., and was sent to Great 
Britain to examine the methods of coal -mining 
and operating furnaces and rolling-mills. On his 
return in 1835 he erected the first coke hot-blast 
furnace that was built in this country, and suc- 
ceeded in making pig-iron, but the operations of 
the company were suspended. In 1840 he became 
president of the Norwich and Worcester railroad, 
and completed the road. In 1843 he was appointed 
president and engineer of the Morris canal and 
banking company. In 1845-'9 he was president 
of the Macon and Western railroad, and he was 
afterward superintending engineer of the Dauphin 
and Susquehanna railroad and coal company and 
of the Auburn and Allentown railroad, and presi- 
dent and engineer of the Schuylkill and Susque- 
hanna railroad company. At the beginning of the 
civil war he became colonel of the 1st Connecti- 
cut volunteers, 23 April, 1801, and commanded a 
division at the battles of Blackburn's Ford and 
Bull Run, 18-21 July, 1861. He was mustered out 
at the expiration of service on 11 Aug., 1861, but 
was reappointed in the U. S. volunteer service, 
with the rank of brigadier-general, on 13 March, 
1862. He served with the Army of the Mississippi, 
engaged in the siege of Corinth from 29 April 
till 8 June, 1862, organized volunteer regiments in 
Connecticut from 13 Aug. till 15 Sept., 1862, served 
on the military commission that investigated Gen. 
Don Carlos Buell's campaign in Kentucky and 
Tennessee, 24 Nov., 1862, till 10 May, 1863, and 
guarded the upper Potomac, and was in command 
of Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights in June. 
Afterward he was in command of troops in Balti- 
more, Md., and of the district of Delaware, and 
resigned his commission on 6 April, 1864. Gen. 
Tyler then travelled extensively in the south, in 
Cuba, and in Europe, and on his return in 1872 
founded large cotton and iron manufactories in 
Alabama, and built the town of Anniston, Ala. In 
1873-'9 he was president of the Mobile and Mont- 

? ornery railroad. Subsequently he invested in 
exn« land, and established the •* Capote farm n of 
20,1 K)0 acres, which was his winter residence. 

TYLER, Ertstns B., soldier, b. in West Bloom- 
fleld. N. Y., 24 April, 1822; d. in Calverton, Md., 
9 Jan., 1891. He was educated at Granville col- 
lege. In 1845 he engaged in business, which he 
VOL. vi.— 18 



continued until the beginning of the civil war. 
He was commissioned colonel of the 7th Ohio vol- 
unteers in April, 1861, and led his men into west- 
ern Virginia, where he was assigned by Gen. Fred- 
erick W. Lander to a brigade, which he command- 
ed with credit at Cross Lanes, W. Va.. 26 Aug., 1861, 
Winchester, Va., 23 March, 1862, and Port Repub- 
lic, Va., 9 June, 1862. He commanded a brigade 
at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., where he wns 
wounded, 13 Dec., 1862. On 14 May, 1862, he was 
made brigadier- general, and on 24 Aug., 1865, was 
mustered out of service. He settled in Baltimore. 

TYLER, John, tenth president of the United 
States, b. at Green way, Charles Citv co., Va., 29 
March, 1790 ; d. in Richmond, Va., i8 Jan., 1862. 
He was the second son of Judge John Tyler and 
Mary Armistead. In early bovhood he attended 
the small school kept by a Mr. McMurdo, who was 
so diligent in his use of the birch that in later 
years Mr. Tyler said 44 it was a wonder he did not 
whip all the sense out of his scholars." At the 
age of eleven young Tyler was one of the ring- 
leaders in a rebellion in which the despotic Mc- 
Murdo was overpowered by numbers, tied hand 
and foot, and left locked up in the school-house 
until late at night, when a passing traveller effected 
an entrance and released him. On complaining 
to Judge Tyler, the indignant school-master was 
met with the apt reply, "Sic semper tyrannia!" 
The future president was graduated et William 
and Mary in 1807. At college he showed a strong 
interest in ancient history. He was also fond of 
poetry and music, and, like Thomas Jefferson, was 
a skilful performer or the violin. In 1809 he was 
admitted to the bar, and had already begun to 
obtain a good practice when he was elected to the 
legislature, ana took his seat in that body in De- 
cember, 1811. He was here a firm supporter of 
Mr. Madison's administration, and the war with 
Great Britain, which soon followed, afforded him 
an opportunity to become conspicuous as a forci- 
ble and persuasive orator. One of his earliest pub- 
lic acts is especially interesting in view or the 
famous struggle with the Whigs, which in later 
years he conducted as president. The charter of 
the first Bank of the United States, established in 
1791, was to expire in twenty years; and in 1811 
the question of renewing the charter came before 
congress. The bank was very unpopular in Vir- 
ginia, and the assembly of that state, bv a vote of 
125 to 35, instructed its senators at Washington, 
Richard Brent and William B. Giles, to vote against 
a recharter. The instructions denounced the bank 
as an institution in the founding of which congress 
had exceeded its powers and grossly violated state 
rights. Yet there were many in congress who, 
without approving the principle upon which the 
bank was founded, thought the eve of war an in- 
opportune season for making a radical change in 
the financial system of the nation. Of the two 
Virginia senators, Brent voted in favor of the re- 
charter, and Giles spoke on the same side, and al- 
though, in obedience to instructions, he voted con- 
trary to his own opinion, he did so under protest 
On 14 Jan.. 1812, Mr. Tyler, in the Virginia legis- 
lature, introduced resolutions of censure, in which 
the senators were taken to task, while the Virginia 
doctrines, as to the unconstitutional character of 
the bank and the binding force of instructions, 
were formally asserted. 

Mr. Tyler married, 29 March, 1813, Let it ia. daugh- 
ter of kobert Christian, and a few weeks after- 
ward was called into the field at the head of a 
company of militia to take part in the defence of 
Richmond and its neighborhood, now threatened 



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by the British. This military service lasted for a 
month, during which Mr. Tyler's company was 
not called into action. He was re-elected to the 
legislature annually, until in November, 1816, 
he was chosen to nil a vacancy in the U. S. 
house of representatives. In the regular election 
to the next congress, out of 200 votes given in 
his native county, he received all but one. As a 
member of congress he soon made himself con- 
spicuous as a strict constructionist. When Mr. 
Calhoun introduced his bill in favor of internal 
improvements, Mr. Tyler voted against it. He op- 
posed the bill for changing the per diem allowance 
of members of congress to an annual salary of 
$1,500. He opposed, as premature, Mr. Clay's pro- 
posal to add to the general appropriation bill a 
provision for $18,000 for a minister to the prov- 
inces of the La Plata, thus committing the United 
States to a recognition of the independence of those 
revolted provinces. He also voted against the 
proposal for a national bankrupt act He con- 
demned, as arbitrary and insubordinate, the course 
of Oen. Jackson in Florida, and contributed an 
able speech to the long debate over the question as 
to censuring that gallant commander. He was a 
member of a committee for inquiring into the af- 
fairs of the national bank, ana his most elaborate 
speech was in favor of Mr. Trimble's motion to is- 
sue a scire facias against that institution. On 
all these points Mr. Tyler's course seems to have 
pleased his constituents; in the spring election of 
1810 he did not consider it necessary to issue the 
usual circular address, or in any way to engage in 
a personal canvass. He simply distributed copies 
of his speech against the bank, and was re-elected 
to congress unanimously. 

The most important question that came before 
the 16th congress related to the admission of 
Missouri to the Union. In the debates over this 
question Mr. Tyler took ground against the 
imposition of any restrictions upon the exten- 
sion of slavery. At the same time he declared 
himself on principle opposed to the perpetuation 
of slavery, and he sought to reconcile these posi- 
tions by the argument that in diffusing the slave 
population over a wide area the evils of the in- 
stitution would be diminished and the prospects 
of ultimate emancipation increased. 44 Slavery," 
said he, " has been represented on all hands as a 
dark cloud, and the candor of the gentleman from 
Massachusetts [Mr. Whitman] drove him to the 
admission that it would be well to disperse this 
cloud. In this sentiment I entirely concur with 
him. How can you otherwise disarm itt Will 
you suffer it to increase in its darkness over one 
particular portion of this land till its horrors shall 
Durst upon itt Will you permit the lightnings of 
its wrath to break upon the south, when by the 
interposition of a wise system of legislation you 
may reduce it to a summer's cloud t New York 
ana Pennsylvania, he argued, had been able to 
emancipate their slaves only by reducing their num- 
ber by exportation. Dispersion, moreover, would 
be likely to ameliorate the condition of the black 
man, for by making his labor scarce in each particu- 
lar locality it would increase the demand for it, 
and would thus make it the interest of the master 
to deal fairly and generously with his slaves. 
To the objection that the increase of the slave 
population would fully keep up with its territorial 
expansion, he replied by denying that such would 
be the case. His next argument was that if an 
bid state, such as Virginia, could have slaves, while 
a new state, such as Missouri, was to be prevented 
by Federal authority from having them, then the 



old and new states would at once be placed upon 
a different footing, which was contrary to the 
spirit of the constitution. If congress could thus 
impose one restriction upon a state, where was the 
exercise of such a power to end t Once grant such 
a power, and what was to prevent a slave-holding 
majority in congress from forcing slavery upon 
some territory where it was not wanted! Mr. 
Tyler pursued the argument so far as to deny 
44 that congress, under its constitutional authority 
to establish rules and regulations for the terri- 
tories, had any control wnatever over slavery in 
the territorial domain." (See life, by Lyon G. 
Tyler, vol. L, p. 819.) Mr. Tyler was unquestion- 
ably foremost among the members of congress 
in occupying this position. When the Missouri 
compromise bill was adopted by a vote of 134 to 
42. all but five of the nays were from the south, 
and from Virginia alone there were seventeen, of 
which Mr. Tyler's vote was one. The Richmond 
44 Enquirer " "of 7 March, 1820, in denouncing the 
compromise, observed, in language of prophetic 
interest, that the southern and western representa- 
tives now 4 * owe it to themselves to keep their eyes 
firmly fixed on Texas; if we are coonea up on the 
north, we must have elbow-room to the west." 

Mr. Tvler's further action in this congress re- 
lated chiefly to the question of a protective tariff, 
of which he was an unflinching opponent In 1821, 
finding his health seriously impaired, he declined 
a re-election, and returned to private life. His 
retirement, however, was of short duration, for in 
1823 he was again elected to the Virginia legisla- 
ture. Here, as a friend to the candidacy of Will- 
iam H. Crawford for the presidency, ne disap- 
proved the attacks upon the congressional caucus 
begun by the legislature of Tennessee in the in- 
terests of Andrew Jackson. The next year he was 
nominated to fill the vacancy in the United States 
senate created by the death of John Taylor ; but 
Littleton W. Tazewell was elected over him. He 
opposed the attempt to remove William and Mary 
college to Richmond, and was afterward made suc- 
cessively rector and chancellor of the college, which 
prospered signally under his management In 
December, 1825, he was chosen by the legislature 
to the governorship of Virginia, and in the follow- 
ing year he was re-elected by a unanimous vote. 
A new division of parties was now beginning to 
show itself in national politics. The administra- 
tion of John Quincy Adams had pronounced itself 
in favor of what was then, without much regard 
to history, described as the 44 American system " 
of government banking, high tariffs, and internal 
improvements. Those persons who were inclined 
to a loose construction of the constitution were 
soon drawn to the side of the administration, while 
the strict constructionists were gradually united 
in opposition. Many members of Crawford's party, 
under the lead of John Randolph, became thus 
united with the Jackson ians, while others, of whom 
Mr. Tyler was one of the most distinguished, 
maintained a certain independence in opposition. 
It is to be set down to Mr. Tyler's credit that he 
never attached any importance to the malicious 
story, believed by so many Jacksonians, of a cor- 
rupt bargain between Adams and Clay. (See 
Adams, John Q., Clay, Henry, and Jackson, An- 
drew.) Soon after the meeting of the Virginia 
legislature, in December, 1826, the friends of 
Clay and Adams combined with the members 
of the opposite party who were dissatisfied with 
Randolph, and thus Mr. Tyler was elected to 
the U. S. senate by a majority of 115 votes to 
110. Some indiscreet friends of Jackson now 



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attempted to show that there must have been 
some secret and reprehensible understanding be- 
tween Tyler and Clay; but this scheme failed 
completely. In the senate Mr. Tyler took a con- 
spicuous stand against the so-called " tariff of 
abominations'' enacted in 1828, which Benton, Van 
Buren, and other prominent Jacksonians, not yet 

Suite clear as to their proper attitude, were in- 
uced to support. There was thus some ground 
for the opinion entertained at this time by Tyler, 
that the Jacksonians were not really strict con- 
structionists. In February, 1830. after taking part 
in the Virginia convention for revising the state 
constitution, Mr. Tyler returned to his seat in the 
senate, and found htmself first drawn toward Jack- 
son by the veto message of the latter, 27 May, upon 
the Maysville turnpike bill. He attacked the irreg- 
ularity of Jackson s appointment of commissioners 
to negotiate a commercial treaty with Turkey with- 
out dul v informing the senate. On the other hand, 
he votea in favor of confirming the appointment 
of Van Buren as minister to Great Britain. In 
the presidential election of 1832 he supported Jack- 
son as a less objectionable candidate than the 
others. Clay, Wirt, and Floyd. Mr. Tyler disap- 
proved of nullification, and condemned' the course 
of South Carolina as both unconstitutional and 
impolitic At the same time he objected to Presi- 
dent Jackson's famous proclamation of 10 Dec, 
1832, as a •* tremendous engine of federalism," tend- 
ing to the "consolidation" of the states into a single 
political body. Under the influence of these feel- 
ings he undertook to play the part of mediator be- 
tween Clay and Calhoun, and in that capacity ear- 
nestly supported the compromise tariff introduced 
by the former in the seriate, 12 Feb., 1833. On 
the so-called 44 force bill," clothing the president 
with extraordinary powers for the purpose of en- 
forcing the tariff law, Mr. Tyler snowed that he 
had the courage of his convictions. When the bill 
was put to vote, 20 Feb., 1833, some of its oppo- 
nents happened to be absent: others got up and 
went out in order to avoid putting themselves on 
record. The vote, as then taken, stood: yeas, 
thirty-two : nay, one (John Tyler). 

As President Jackson's first term had witnessed 
a division in the Democratic party between the 
nullifiers led by Calhoun and the unconditional 
upholders of the Union, led by the president him- 
self, with Benton, Blair, and Van Buren, so his 
second term witnessed a somewhat similar division 
arising out of the war upon the United States 
bank. The tendency of this fresh division was to 
bring Mr. Tyler and his friends nearer to co-opera- 
tion with Mr. Calhoun, while at the same time it 
furnished points of contact that might, if occasion 
should offer, be laid hold of for the purpose of 
forming a temporary alliance with Mr. Clay and 
the National Republicans. The origin of the name 
M Whig," in its strange and anomalous application 
to the combination in 1884, is to l>e found in the fact 
that it pleased the fancy of President Jackson's op- 
ponents to represent him as a kind of arbitrary ty- 
rant On this view it seemed proper that they should 
be designated "Whigs," and at first there were some 
attempts to discredit the supporters of the admin- 
istration by calling them "Tories." On the ques- 
tion of the bank, when it came to the removal of 
the deposits, Mr. Tyler broke with the administra- 
tion. Against the bank he had fought, on every 
fitting occasion, since the beginning of his public 
career. In 1834 he declared emphatically: "I be- 
lieve the bank to be the original sin against the 
constitution, which, in the progress of our history, 
has called into existence a numerous progeny of 



TYLER 195 

usurpations. Shall I permit this serpent, however 
bright its scales or erect its mien, to exist by and 
through my vote t " Nevertheless, strongly as he 
disapproved of the bank, Mr. Tyler disapproved 
still more strongly of the methods by whicn Presi- 
dent Jackson assailed it. There seemed at that 
time to be growing up in the United States a 
spirit of extreme unbridled democracy quite foreign 
to the spirit in which our constitutional govern- 
ment, with its carefully arranged checks and limi- 
tations, was founded. It was a spirit that prompted 
mere majorities to insist upon having their way, 
even at the cost of overruling all constitutional 
checks and limits. This spirit possessed many 
members of Jackson's party, and it found expres- 
sion in what Benton grotesquely called the "demos 
krateo" principle. A good illustration of it was 
to be seen in Benton's argument, after the election 
of 1824, that Jackson, having received a plurality 
of electoral votes, ought to be declared president, 
and that the house of representatives, in choosing 
Adams, was " defying the will of the people." 

In similar wise President Jackson, after his tri- 
umphant re-election in 1832. was inclined to in- 
terpret his huge majorities as meaning that the 
people were ready to uphold him in any course 
that he might see fit to pursue. This feeling no 
doubt strengthened him in his determined attitude 
toward the nullifiers, and it certainly contributed 
to his arbitrary and overbearing method of deal- 
ing with the bank, culminating in 1833 in his re- 
moval of the deposits. There was ground for 
maintaining that in this act the president exceeded 
his powers, and it seemed to illustrate the tend- 
ency of unbridled democracy toward despotism, 
under the leadership of a headstrong and popular 
chief. Mr. Tyler saw in it such a tendency, and 
he believed that the only safeguard for constitu- 
tional government, whether against the arbitrari- 
ness of Jackson or the latitudinarianism of the 
National Republicans, lay in a most rigid adherence 
to strict constructionist doctrines. Accordingly, 
in his speech of 24 Feb., 1834, he proposed to go 
directly to the root of the matter and submit the 
question of a national bank to the people in the 
shape of a constitutional amendment, either ex- 
pressly forbidding or expressly allowing congress 
to create such an institution. According to his 
own account, he found Clay and Webster ready to 
co-operate with him in this course, while Calhoun 
held aloof. Nothing came of the project ; but it 
is easy to see in Mr. Tyler's attitude at this time 
the basis for a short-livetl alliance with the National 
Republicans, whenever circumstances should sug- 
gest it. On Mr. Clay's famous resolution to censure 
the president he voted in the affirmative. In the 
course of 1835 the seriousness of the schism in the 
Democratic party was fully revealed. Not only 
had the small body of nullifiers broken away, un- 
der the lead of Calhoun, but a much larger party 
was formed in the southern states under the ap- 
pellation of "state-rights Whigs," They differed 
with the National Republicans on the fundamental 
questions of tariff, bank, and internal improve- 
ments, and agreed with them only in opposition 
to Jackson as an alleged violator of the consti- 
tution. Even in this opposition they differed 
from the party of Webster and Clay,' for they 
grounded it largely upon a theory of state rights 
which the latter statesmen had been far from accept- 
ing. The "state-rights Whigs" now nominated 
Hugh L. White, of Tennessee, for president, and 
John Tyler for vice-president. The National Re- 
publicans wishing to gather votes from the other 
parties, nominated for president Gen. William H. 

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Harrison as a more colorless candidate than Web- I 
ster or Clav. The Democratic followers of Jackson ! 
nominated Van Buren, who received a large ma- 
jority of l>oth popular and electoral vote*, m spite 
of the defections above mentioned- There was a 
great deal of l> .ltinkT in thi« election. Massachu- 
setts threw its rote for Webster for president, and 
South Carolina for Willie P. Mangum. Virginia, 
whi'-h rot**! f-»r Van Buren. rejected his colleague, 
Richard M. Johnson, and ca^t its twenty -three 

electoral votes 
for William 
Smith, of Ala- 
bama, for vice- 
president. Mr. 
White obtain- 
ed the elec- 
toral rotes of 
Tennessee and 
Georgia, twen- 
tv-six in all, 
but Mr. Tyler 
made a better 
showing; he 
carried, be- 
*id"~» these two state*, Maryland and Smth Caro- 
lina, making forty-seven votes in all. The uneven- 
n*-v» of the results was such that the election of a 
vic*»-pr**sident devolved upon the senate, which 
i:ti '*+>. Mr. Johnson. In the course of the year pre- 
ce-iinz the ela tion an incident occurred which em- 
pha.-r/.M more than ever Mr. Tyler's hostility to 
tn*» Jack«<»n party. Benton's famous resolution? 
fr»r expunging the vote of censure upon the presi- 
dent were b»«f< »re the senate, and the Democratic 
legislature of Virginia instructed the two senators 
fn»rn that state to vote in the affirmative. As to 
th»* binding force of such instructions Mr. Tyler 
had long ag >. in thf cav of Giles and Brent, above 
m-ntiTH-d. f»l>w«l hiMix lf unmistakably upon rec- 
ord. His co||.-.»gu»\ Benjamin Watkins Leigh, was 
known to entertain Mimlar views. On receiving 
th*> instruct ion*. I*>th -euatora refused to obey them. 
B«»th voted agmn-t the Kenton resolutions, but Mr. 
I>»;gh kept his vat. while Mr. Tyler resigned and 
returned home. 211 Feb.. 1*311. About this time the 
follower* of Calhoun were bringing forward what 
was known as the ** gag resolution " against all peti- 
tions and motions relating in any way to the aboli- 
tion of slavery. (See Atherto*. Charles G.) Mr. 
Tyler's resignation occurred before this measure 
was adopte«l. but his opinions on the subject were 
clearly pronounced. He condemned the mea«ure 
as impolitic, because it yoked together the question 
as to the right of petition and the question as to 
slavery, and thus gave a distinct moral advantage 
to the Abolitionists. On the seventh anniversary 
of the Virginia colonization society. 10 Jan., 1838, 
he was chosen its president. In the spring elect ion 
of that year he was returned to the V irginia legis- 
lature. In January, 1831), hit friends put him for- 
ward for re-election to the C. S. senate, and in the 
memorable contest that en*ued, in which William 
C. Rive* was his principal competitor, the result 
was a deadlock, and the question was indefinitely 
postponed before any choice had been made. 

Meanwhile the financial c risis of 1837 — the most 
severe, in many retpect*. that has ever been known 
in this countrv— ha/1 wrecked the ail ministration 
of President Van Buren. The causes of that crisis, 
indeed, lav deeper than any acts of anv adminis- 
tration. The primary cause was the sudden devel- 
opment of wild speculation in western lands, con- 
sequent upon the rapid building of railroads which 
— 'Uld probably have brought about a general pros- 



tration of credit, even if President Jackson had 
never made war upon the United States bank. 
But there is no doubt that some measures of Jack- 
son's administration — such as the removal of the 
deposits and their lodgment in the so-called 44 pet 
banks," the distribution of the surplus followed by 
the sudden stoppage of distribution, and the sharp- 
ness of the remedy supplied by the specie circular 
— had much to do with the virulence of the crisis. 
For the moment it seemed to many people that all 
the evil resulted from the suppression of the bank, 
and that the proper cure was the reinstatement of 
the bank, ana because President Van Buren whs 
too wise and clear-sighted to lend his aid to such 
a policy, his chances for re-election were ruined. 
The cry for the moment was that the hard-hearted 
administration was doing nothing to relieve the 
distress of the people, and there was a general 
combination against Van Buren. For the single 
purpose of defeating him, all differences of policy 
were for the moment subordinated. In the Whig 
convention at Harrisburg. 4 I>ec. t 1839, no plat- 
form of principles was adopted. Gen. Harrison 
was again nominated for the presidency, as a can- 
didate fit to conciliate the anti-Masons and Na- 
tional Republicans whom Clay had offended, and 
Mr. Tyler was nominated for the vice-presidency 
in order to catch the votes of such Democrats as 
were dissatisfied with the administration. In the 
uproarious canvass that followed there was prob- 
ably less appeal to sober reason and a more liberal 
use of clap-trap than in any other presidential 
contest in our history. Borne upon a great wave 
of popular excitement, "Tippecanoe, and Tyler 
too. * were carried to the White House. Bv the 
death of President Harrison. 4 April, 1841. just a 
month after the inauguration. Mr. Tyler became 
president of the United States. The situation 
thus developed was not long in producing startling 
results. Although no platform had been adopted 
in the nominating convention, it soon appeared 
that Mr. Clay and his friends intended to use their 
victory in support of the old National Republican 
policy of a national bank, a high tariff, and internal 
improvements. Doubtless most people who voted 
for Harrison did so in the belief that his election 
meant the victory of Clay's doctrines and the re- 
establishment of the United States hank. Mr. Clay's 
own course, immediately after the inauguration, 
showed so plainly that he regarded the election as 
his own victory that Gen. Harrison felt called upon 
to administer a rebuke to him. 44 You seem to for- 
get, sir," said he, **that it is I who am presidcnt. r * 
Tyler, on the other hand, regarded the Whig 
triumph as signifying the overthrow of what he 
considered a corrupt and tvrannical faction let! by 
Jackson. Van Buren, and fJenton ; he professed to 
regard the old National Republican doctrines as 
virtually postponed by the alliance between them 
and his own followers. In truth, it was as ill-yoked 
an alliance as ever was made. The element* of a 
fierce quarrel were scarcely concealed, and the re- 
moval of President Harrison was all that was 
needed to kindle the flames of strife. 44 Tyler dares 
not resist.*' said Clay: 44 I'll drive him before me.** 
On the other hand, the new president declared: 44 1 
pray you to believe that my back is t*> the wall, 
and that, while 1 shall deplore the assaults. I shall, 
if practicable, beat back the assailants"; and he 
was as good as his word. Congress met in extra 
session, 31 Mav, 1841. the senate standing 28 Whigs 
to 22 Democrats, the house 133 Whigs to 108 
Democrats. In his opening message President 
Tyler briefly recounted the recent history of the 
United States bank, the sub-treasury system, and 



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TYLER 

other financial schemes, and ended with the precau- 
tionary words : " 1 shall be ready to concur wit h you 
in the adoption of such system as you may propose, 
reserving to myself the ultimate power of reject- 
ing any measure which may, in my view of it, con- 
flict with the constitution or otherwise jeopard 
the prosperity of the country, a power which I 
could not part with, even if I would, but which 1 will 
not believe any act of yours will call into requisi- 
tion." Congress disregarded the warning. The 
ground was cleared for action by a bill for abol- 
ishing Van Buren's sub-treasury system, which 
passed both houses and was signed by the presi- 
dent. But an amendment offered by Mr. Clay, 
for the repeal of the law of 1836 regulating the 
deposits in the state banks, was defeated by the 
votes of a small party led by William C. Rives. 
The great question then came up. On constitu- 
tional grounds, Mr. Tyler's objection to the United 
States bank had always been that congress had no 
power to create such a corporation within the 
limits of a state without the consent of the state 
ascertained beforehand. He did not deny, how- 
ever, the power of congress to establish a district 
bank for the District of Columbia, and, provided 
the several states should consent, there seemed to 
be no reason why this district bank should not set 
up it* branch offices ail over the country. Mr. 
Clay's so-called »• fiscal bank " bill of 1841 did not 
make proper provision for securing the assent of 
the states, ana on that ground Mr. Rives proposed 
an amendment substituting a clause of a bill 
suggested by Thomas Ewing, secretary of the 
treasury, to the effect that such assent should 
be formally secured. Mr. Rives's amendment 
was supported not only by several *• state-rights 
Whigs, but also by senators Richard H. Bavard 
and Rufus Choate, and other friends of Mr. Web- 
ster. If adopted, its effect would have been con- 
ciliatory, ana it might perhaps have averted for a 
moment the rupture between the ill-yoked allies. 
The Democrats, well aware of this, voted against 
the amendment, and it was lost. The bill incor- 
porating the fiscal bank of the United States was 
then passed by both houses, and on 16 Aug. was 
vetoed. An attempt to pass the bill over the veto 
failed of the requisite two-third majority. 

The Whig leaders had already shown a disposi- 
tion to entrap the president Before the passage 
of Mr. Clay's bill, John Minor Botts was sent to 
the White House with a private suggestion for a 
compromise. Mr. Tyler refused to listen to the 
suggestion except with the understanding that, 
should it meet with his disapproval, he should not 
hear from it again. The suggestion turned out to 
be a proposal that congress should authorize the 
establishment of branches of the district bank in 
any state of which the legislature at its very next 
session should not expressly refuse its consent to 
any such proceeding ; and that, moreover, in case 
the interests of the public should seem to require 
it, even such express refusal might be disregarded 
and overridden. By this means the obnoxious in- 
stitution might first be established in the Whig 
states, and then forced upon the Democratic states 
in spite of themselves. The president indignantly 
rejected the suggestion as " a contemptible subter- 
fuge, behind which he would not skulk." The de- 
vice, nevertheless, became incorporated in Mr. 
Clay's bill and it was pretended that it was put 
there in order to smooth the way for the presi- 
dent to adopt the measure, but that in his un- 
reasonable obstinacy he refused to avail himself of 
the opportunity. After his veto of 16 Aug. these 
tortuous methods were renewed. Messengers went 



TYLER 197 

to and fro between the president and members of his 
cabinet on the one hand, and leading Whig members 
of congress on the other, conditional assurances were 
translated into the indicative mood, whispered 
messages were magnified and distorted, and pres- 
ently appeared upon the scene an outline of a bill 
that it was assumed the president would sign. 
This new measure was known as the " fiscal corpo- 
ration " bill. Like the fiscal bank bill, it created 
a bank in the District of Columbia, with branches 
throughout the states, and it made no proper pro- 
vision for the consent of the states. The president 
had admitted that a " fiscal agency " of the United 
States government, established in Washington for 
the purpose of collecting, keeping, and disbursing 
the public revenue, was desirable if not indispensa- 
ble; a regular bank of discount, engaged in com- 
mercial transactions throughout the states, and 
having the United States government as its prin- 
cipal share-holder and Federal officers exerting a 
controlling influence upon its directorship, was an 
entirely different affair — something, in his opinion, 
neither desirable nor permissible. In the " fiscal 
corporation" bill an attempt was made to hood- 
wink the president and the public by a pretence of 
forbidding discounts and loans and limiting the 
operations of the fiscal agency exclusively to ex- 
changes. While this project was maturing, the 
Whig newspapers fulminated with threats against 
the president in case he should persist in his course ; 
private letters warned him of plots to assassinate 
Kim, and Mr. Clay in the senate referred to his res- 
ignation in 1836, and asked why, if constitutional 
scruples again hindered him from obeying the will 
of the people, did he not now resign his lofty posi- 
tion and leave it for those who could be more com- 
pliant f To this it was aptly replied by Mr. Rives 
that " the president was an independent branch of 
the government as well as congress, and was not 
called upon to resign because he differed in opin- 
ion with them." Some of the Whigs seem really 
to have hoped that such a storm could be raised 
as would browbeat the president into resigning, 
whereby the government would be temporarily 
left in the hands of William L. Southard, then 
president pro tempore of the senate. But Mr. 
Tyler was neither to be hoodwinked nor bullied. 
Tne " fiscal corporation " bill was passed by the 
senate on Saturday, 4 Sept., 1841 ; on Thursday, 
the 9th, the president's veto message was received; 
on Saturday, the 11th, Thomas Ewing, secretary of 
the treasury, John Bell, secretary of war. George 
E. Badger, secretary of the navy, John J. Critten- 
den, attorney-general, and Francis Granger, post- 
master-general, resigned their places. The ad- 
journment of congress had been fixed for Monday, 
the 18th, and it was hoped that, suddenly con- 
fronted by a unanimous resignation of the cabinet 
and confused by want of time in which to appoint 
a new cabinet, the president would give up the 
game. But the resignation was not unanimous, 
for Daniel Webster, secretary of state, remained 
at his post, and on Monday morning the president 
nominated Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, for 
secretary of the treasury; John McLean, of Ohio, 
for secretary of war; Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, 
for secretary of the navy; Hugh S. Legare, of 
South Carolina, for attorney-general ; and Charles 
A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, for postmaster-general. 
These appointments were duly confirmed. 

Whether the defection of Mr. Webster at this 
moment would have been so fatal to the president 
as some of the Whigs were inclined to believe, may 
well be doubted, but there can be no doubt that 
his adherence to the president was of great value. 



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By remaining in the cabinet Mr. Webster showed 
himself too clear-sighted to contribute to a victory 
of which the whole profit would be reaped by his 
rival, Mr. Clay, and the president was glad to re- 
tain his hold upon so strong an element in the 
north as that which Mr. Webster represented. 
Some of the leading Whig members of congress 
now issued addresses to the people, in which they 
loudly condemned the conduct of the president 
and declared that ** all political connection between 
them and John Tyler was at an end from that day 
forth." It was open war between the two depart- 
ments of government Although many Whig mem- 
bers, like Preston, Talmadge, Johnson, and Mar- 
shall, really sympathized with Mr. Tyler, only a 
few, commonly known as " the corporal's guard," 
openly recognized him as their leader. But the 
Democratic members came to his support as an 
allv against the Whigs. The state elections of 
1811 showed some symptoms of a reaction in 
favor of the president's views, for in general the 
Whigs lost ground in them. As the spectre of the 
crisis of 1837 faded away in the distance, the j»eo- 
ple began to recover from the sudden and over- 
mastering impulse that had swept the country in 
1840, ana the popular enthusiasm for the bank 
soon died away. Mr. Tyler had really won a vic- 
tory of the first magnitude, as was conclusively 
shown in 1814, when the presidential platform of 
the Whigs was careful to make no allusion what- 
ever to the bank. On this crucial question the doc- 
trines of paternal government had received a crush- 
ing and permanent defeat. In the next session of 
congress the strife with the president was renewed : 
but it was now tariff, not bank, that furnished 
the subject of discussion. Diminished importa- 
tions, due to the general prostration of business, 
had now diminished the revenue until it was insuffi- 
cient to meet the expenses of government The 
Whijjs accordingly carried through congress a bill 
continuing the protective duties of 1833, and provid- 
ing that the surplus revenue, which was thus sure 
soon to accumulate, should be distributed among 
the states. But the compromise act of 1833, in 
which Mr. Tyler had played an important part, 
had provided that the protective policy should 
come to an end in 1842. Both on this ground, and 
because of the provision for distributing the sur- 
plus, the president vetoed the new bill. Congress 
then devised and passed another bill, providing 
for a tariff for revenue, with incidental protection, 
but still contemplating a distribution of the surplus, 
if there should be any. The president vetoed this 
bill. Congress received the veto message with great 
indignation, and on the motion of ex-President John 
Q. Adams it was referred to a committee, which con- 
demned it as an unwarrantable assumption of 
power, and after a caustic summary of Mr. Tyler's 
acts since his accession to office, concluded with a 
reference to impeachment. This report failed 
forth from the president a formal protest; but the 
victory was already his. The Whigs were afraid 
to go before the country in the autumn elections 
with the tariff question unsettled, and the bill was 
accordingly passed by both houses, without the 
distributing clause, and was at once signed by the 
president. The distributing clause was then passed 
in a separate bill, but a "pocket veto" disposed 
of it. Congress adjourned on 31 Aug., 1842, and 
in the elections the Whig majority of twenty-five 
in the house of representatives gave place to a 
Democratic majority of sixty-one. 

On the remaining question of National Republi- 
can policy, that of internal improvements, the most 
noteworthy action of President Tyler was early in 



1844, when two river-and-harbor bills were passed by 

congress, the one relating to the eastern, the other to 
the western states. Mr. Tyler vetoed the former, 
but signed the latter, on the ground that the Mis- 
sissippi river, as a great common highway for the 
commerce of the whole country, was the legitimate 
concern of the national government in a sense that 
was not true of any other American river. An un- 
successful atteinpt was made to pass the other bill 
over the veto. The rest of Mr. Tyler's administra- 
tion was taken up with the Ash burton treaty with 
Great Britain (see Webster, Daniel), the Oregon 
question, and the annexation of Texas. Texas had 
won its independence from Mexico in 1836. and 
its governor, as well as the majority of its inhabi- 
tants, were citizens of the United States. From a 
broad national standpoint it was in every way de- 
sirable that Texas, as well as Oregon, should be- 
long to our Federal Union. In the eastern states 
there was certainly a failure to appreciate the value 
of Oregon, which was nevertheless claimed as in- 
disputably our property. On the other hand, it 
was felt, by a certain element in South Carolina, 
that if the northern states were to have ample room 
for expansion beyond the Rocky mountains, the 
southern states must have Texas added to their 
number as a counterpoise, or else the existence of 
slavery would be imperilled, and these fears were 
strengthened by the growth of anti-slavery senti- 
ment at the north. The Whigs, who by reason of 
their tariff policy found their chief strength at the 
north, were disposed to avail themselves of this 
anti-slavery sentiment, and accordingly declared 
themselves opposed to the annexation' of Texas. 
In the mean time the political pressure brought to 
l>ear upon Mr. Webster in Massachusetts induced 
resignation of his portfolio, and he was succeeded 
in the state department by Hugh S. Legare\ 9 
May. 1843. In a few weeks Legarc was succeeded 
by Mr. Upshur, after whose death, on 28 Feb., 
1844. the place was filled by John C. Calhoun. 
After a negotiation extending over two years, a 
treaty was concluded, 12 April, 1844, with the gov- 
ernment of Texas, providing for annexation. The 
treaty was rejected by the senate, by a vote of 35 
to 16, all the Whigs and seven Democrats voting 
in the negative. Thus bv the summer of 1844 the 
alliance between the Whig party and Mr. Tyler's 
wing of the Democrats had passed away. At the 
same time the division among the Democrats, 
which had become marked during Jackson's ad- 
ministration, still continued ; and while the oppo- 
sition to Mr. Tyler was strong enough to prevent 
his nomination in the Democratic national con- 
vention, which met at Baltimore on 27 May, 1844, 
on the other hand he was able to prevent the nomi- 
nation of Mr. Van Buren, who had declared himself 
opposed to the immediate annexation of Texas. The 
result was the nomination of James K. Polk, as a 
kind of compromise candidate, m so far as he be- 
longed to the "loco-foco " wing of the party, but 
was at the same time in favor of annexation. On 
the same day, 27 May, another convention at Balti- 
more nominated Mr. Tyler for a second terra. He 
accepted the nomination in order to coerce the 
Democrats into submitting to him and his friends a 
formal invitation to re-enter the ranks ; and accord- 
ingly a meeting of Democrats at the Carleton house. 
New York, on 6 Aug., adopted a series of resolu- 
tions commending the principal acts of his admin- 
istration^and entreating that in the general interests 
of the opposition he should withdraw. In response 
to this appeal* Mr. Tyler accordingly withdrew his 
name. The northern opposition to the annexation 
of Texas seemed to have weakened the strength of 



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the Whigs in the south, and their candidate. Henry 
Clay, declared himself willing to see Texas admit- 
ted at some future time. But this device cut both 
ways ; for while it was popular in the south, and is 
supposed to have acquired for Clay many pro- 
slavery votes, carrying for him Tennessee, North 
Carolina, Delaware, and Maryland by bare majori- 
ties, it certainly led many anti-slavery Whigs to 
throw away their votes upon the *' Liberty" candi- 
date, James G. Birney, and thus surrender New 
York to the Democrats. The victory of the Demo- 
crats in November was reflected in the course pur- 
sued in the ensuing congress. One of the party 
watchwords, in reference to the Oregon question, 
had been " fifty- four forty, or fight," and the house 
of representatives now proceeded to pass a bill or- 
ganizing a territorial government for Oregon up to 
that parallel of latitude. The senate, however, laid 
the bill upon the table, because it prohibited sla- 
very in the territory. A joint resolution for the 
annexation of Texas was passed by both houses. 
Proposals for prohibiting slavery there were de- 
feated, and the affair was arranged by extending 
the Missouri compromise-line westward through 
the Texan territory to be acquired by the annexa- 
tion. North of that line slavery was to be pro- 
hibited : south of it the questioti was to be deter- 
mined by the people living on the spot. The reso- 
lutions were signed by President Tyler, and in- 
structions in accordance therewith were despatched 
by him to Texas on the last day of his term of 
office. 8 March. 1845. The friends of annexation 
defended the constitutionality of this proceeding, 
and the opponents denounced it. 

After leaving the White House, Mr. Tyler took 
up his residence on an estate that he had purchased 
three miles from Greenway, on the bank of James 
river. To this estate he gave the name of " Sher- 
wood Forest." and there he lived the rest of his 
life. (Sec illustration on page 196.) In a letter 

Jmblished in the Richmond "Enquirer" on 17 
Ian.. 1861, he recommended a convention of border 
states— including New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, as well as Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mis- 
souri — for the purpose of devising some method of 
adjusting the difficulties brought on by the seces- 
sion of South Carolina. The scheme adopted by 
this convention was to be submitted to the other 
states, and. if adopted, was to be incorporated into 
the Federal constitution. In acting upon Mr. Ty- 
ler's suggestion, the Virginia legislature enlarged 
it into a proposal of a peace convention to Decom- 
posed of delegates from all the states. At the 
same time Mr. Tyler was appointed a commissioner 
to President Buchanan, while Judge John Robert- 
son was appointed commissioner to the state of 
South Carolina, the object being to persuade both 
parties to abstain from any acts of hostilitv until 
the proposed peace convention should have had an 
opportunity to meet and discuss the situation. In 
discharge of this mission Mr. Tyler arrived on 23 
Jan. in Washington. President Buchanan declined 
to give any assurances, but in his message to con- 
gress, on 28 Jan., he deprecated a hasty resort to 
hostile measures. The peace convention, consist- 
ing of delegates from thirteen northern and seven 
border states, met at Washington on 4 Feb. and 
chose Mr. Tyler as its president. Several resolu- 
tions were adopted ana reported to congress, 27 
Feb.: but on 2 March they were reiected in the 
senate bv a vote of 28 to 7. and two days later the 
house adjourned without having taken a vote upon 
them. On 28 Feb., anticipating the fate of the 
resolutions in congress, Mr. Tyler made a speech 



on the steps of the Exchange hotel in Richmond, 
and declared his belief that no arrangement could 
be made, and that nothing was left for Virginia 
but to act promptly in the exercise of her powers 
as a sovereign state. The next day he took his seat 
in the State convention, where he advocated the 
immediate passing of an ordinance of secession. 
His attitude seems to have been substantially the 
same that it had been twenty-eight years before, 
when he disapproved the heresy of nullification, 
but condemn ea with still greater emphasis the 
measures taken by President Jackson to suppress 
that heresy. This feeling that secession was unad- 
visable, but coercion wholly indefensible, was shared 
by Mr. Tyler with many people in the border states. 
On the removal of the government of the southern 
Confederacv from Montgomery to Richmond, in 
May, 1861, ne was unanimously elected a member 
of the provisional congress of the Confederate 
states. In the following autumn he was elected to 
the permanent congress, but he died before taking 
his seat. His biography has been ably written by 
one of his younger sons, Lyon Gardiner Tyler, 
" Letters ana Times of the Tylers " (2 vols., Rich- 
mond, 1884-'5). See also •* Seven Decades of the 
Union," bv Henry A. Wise (Philadelphia, 1872).— 
His wife, Letitla Christian, b. at Cedar Grove, 
New Kent co., Va., 12 Nov., 1790; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 9 Sept, 1842, was the daughter of Rob- 
ert Christian, a planter in New Kent county, Va. 
She married Mr. Tyler on 29 March, 1813, and re- 
moved with him to his home in Charles City coun- 
ty. When he became president she accompanied 
him to Washington ; but her health was delicate, 
and she died shortly afterward. Mrs. Tyler was 
unable to assume any social cares, and the duties 
of mistress of the White House devolved upon her 
daughter-in-law, Mrs. Robert Tyler. She possessed 
great beauty of person and of character, and, before 
the failure of her health, was especially fitted for 
a social life.— Their son, Robert, b. in New Kent 
county, Va., in 1818: d. in Montgomery, Ala., 8 
Dec., 1877. was educated at William and Mary, and 
adopted the profession of law. He married Pris- 
cilla, a daughter of Thomas Apthorpe Cooper, the 
tragedian, in 1839, and when his father became 
president his wife assumed the duties of mistress 
of the White House till after Mrs. John Tyler's 
death, when they devolved upon her daughter, 
Mrs. Letitia Semple. Mr. Tyler removed to Phila- 
delphia in 1843, practised law there, and held sev- 
eral civil offices. In 1844 he was elected president 
of the Irish repeal association. A little later he 
became prothonotary of the supreme court of 
Pennsylvania, and in 1858 ho was chairman of the 
Democratic executive committee of the state. He 
removed to Richmond at the beginning of the civil 
war, and was appointed register of the treasury. 
After the war ne edited the "Mail and Adver- 
tiser" in Montgomery, Ala. He published '* Ahas- 
uerus,"a poem (New York, 1842); " Death, or Me- 
dora's Dream," a poem (1843); "Is Virginia a 
Repudiating State t and the States' Guarantee," 
two letters (Richmond, Va., 1858).— President Ty- 
ler's second wife, J alia Gardiner, b. on Gardiner's 
island, near Kasthampton, N. Y., 4 May, 1820; d. 
in Richmond, Va., 10 July, 1889, was a descend- 
ant of the Gardiners of Gardiner's island. She was 
educated at the Chegary institute. New York city, 
spent several months in Europe, and in the winter 
of 1844 accompanied her father to Washington, 
D. C. A few weeks afterward he was killed by the 
explosion of a gun on the war-steamer "Prince- 
ton," which occurred during a pleasure excursion 
in which he and his daughter were of the presi- 



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dential party. His body was taken to the White 
House, and Miss Gardiner, being thrown in the 
society of the president under these peculiar cir- 
cumstances, be- 
came the object of 
his marked atten- 
tion, which result- 
ed in their mar- 
riage in New York 
city, 26 June, 1844. 
For the succeeding 
eight months she 
presided over the 
white House with 
dignity and grace, 
her residence there 
terminating with a 
birth-night ball on 
V /? /V * 22 Feb., 1845. Mrs. 

' "Sherwood For- 

est " in Virginia at the conclusion of his term, and 
after the civil war resided for several years at her 
mother's residence on Cast leton Hill, Staten island, 
and subsequently in Richmond, Va. She was a 
convert to Roman Catholicism, and devoted to the 
charities of that church. — Her son, Lyon Gardi- 
ner, b. in Charles Citv county, Va.. in August, 1&53, 
was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1875, 
and then studied law. During his college course 
he was elected orator of the Jefferson society, and 
obtained a scholarship as best editor of the " Vir- 
ginia University Magazine/* In January, 1877, he 
was elected professor of belles-lettres in William 
and Mary college, which place he held until No- 
vember, 1878, when he became head of a high- 
school in Memphis, Tenn. He settled in Rich- 
mond. Va., in 1882, and entered on the practice of 
law, also taking an active interest in politics. He 
was a candidate for the house of delegates in 1885. 
and again in 1887. when he was elected. In that 
body ne advociited the bills to establish a labor 
bureau, to regulate child labor, and to aid William 
and Mary college. In 1888 he was elected presi- 




dent of William and Marv, which office he now 
fills. He has published ** The letters and Times 
of the Tvlers" (2 vols., Richmond, lH84-'5). 

TYLER, Moses Colt, educator, b. in (iriswold. 
Conn.. 2 Auk.. 1835. He was graduated at Yale 
in 1857. studied theology there and at Andover, 
and was pastor of the 1st Congregational church, 
Poughkeejwie, N. Y., in 18G0-*2. He was profes- 
sor of the Knglish language and literature in the 
University of Michigan in 1807-'81, and since that 
time has occupied the chair of American history 
in Cornell university. He was ordained deacon in 
the Pmt^stant Episcopal church in St. Andrew's, 
Ann Arbor. Mich., 16 Oct.. IKsj, |, V Mi-hop Harris, 
and priest in St, John's, Ithaca, S. Y.. in 1883, by 



Bishop Coxe. In 1873-'4 he was literary editor of 
The Christian Union " in New York, and he has 
contributed to reviews and magazines. He re- 
ceived the degree of LL. I), from Wooster univer- 
sity in 1875, and that of L. H. D. from Columbia 
in 1888. Prof. Tyler has published "Brawnville 
Papers" ,'Boston. 1868) : " History of American Lit- 
erature" (first 2 vols.. New York. 1878): " Manual 
of English Literature" (1879>; and "Life of Pat- 
rick Henry" (Boston, 1888). 

TYLER, Ransom Hehhard, author, b. in Lev- 
den, Franklir co., Mass.. 18 Nov., 1813; d. in Ful- 
ton, Oswego co., N. Y., 27 Nov., 1881. At an early 
age he removed with his parents to Oswego county, 
was educated at Mexico academy, N. Y., studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and practised his 
profession in Fulton, where he was also president 
of a bank. He held various local offices, including 
those of district attorney and countv judge for 
Oswego county, and was also a general in the New 
York state militia. He tiavelled in Europe, Asia, 
and Africa. Hamilton gave him the degree of 
M. A. in 1853. Judge Tyler edited the "Oswego 
Gazette." contributed to "magazines, law-journals, 
and newspapers, and published **Thc Bible and 
Social Reform, or the Scriptures as a Means of 
Civilization " (Philadelphia, 1863); " American Ec- 
clesiastical I jaw " (Albany, 1866); "Commentaries 
on the Law of Infancy and Covertures " (1868): 
" Ejectment and Adverse Enjoyment "(1870); "Ty- 
ler on Usury, Pawns, and Loans" (1873); "Ty- 
ler on Boundaries, Fences, and Window-Lights" 
(1874); "On Fixtures" (1877); and biographical 
sketches of early settlers of Oswego countv. 

TYLER, Robert Ogden, soldier, b. in Greene 
county, N. Y., 22 Dec, 1831 : d. in Boston, Mass., 
1 Dec., 1874. When he was seven years old his 
parents took him to Hartford, Conn., and he was 
appointed from that state to the U. S. military 
academy, where he was graduated in 1853. He 
was assigned to the 3d artillery, and served on 
frontier dutv till the civil war. being engaged 
against hostile Indians in the Spokane expedition 
of 1858. In April, 1861, he was on the expedition 
to relieve Fort Sumter, and witnessed its bombard- 
ment, and on 17 May, after opening communica- 
tion through Baltimore in command of a light 
battery, after the attack on the 6th Massachusetts 
regiment, he was made assistant quartermaster 
with rank of captain, and served in the defences 
of Washington. On 29 Aug., at the special request 
of the Connecticut authorities, he was allowed by 
the war department to undertake the reorganiza- 
j tion of the 4th Connecticut regiment, which had 
I become demoralized, and was commissioned its 
colonel. Under Col. Tyler the regiment became 
one of the best in the army, and in January, 1862, 
it was made the 2d Connecticut heavy artillery. 
With it he took part in the peninsular campaign, 
and on 29 Nov., 1862, he was made brigadier-general 
of volunteers. At Fredericksburg he had charge 
of the artillery of the centre grand division and 
I was brevetted major for gallantry, and on 2 May, 
1H03, he was given command of the artillery reserve 
of the Army of the Potomac. In this capacity he 
I did efficient service at Chancellorsville, at Gettys- 
! burg, where two horses were shot under him. and 
in the Rapidan campaign. He was subsequently 
a division commander in the 22d corps, covering 
■ Washington, and in May, 1864. was assigned a di- 
i vision of heavy artillery that acted as infantry. 

On 19 May, while on the extreme right in the ac- 
l tions aU>ut S|w>ttsylvania, he drove back an attack 
of Ewell's corps, and was publicly thanked, with 
his men, by Gen. Meade for " gallant conduct and 



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brilliant success." At Cold Harbor he led a brigade 
of picked regiments and received a severe wound 
in the ankle which lamed him for life and |>erma- 
nently shattered his constitution. He saw no more 
active service. At the close of the war he had 
received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel for Get- 
tysburg, colo- 
nel for Spott- 
sylvania, major- 
general of volun- 
teers and briga- 
dier-general, U. 
S. army, for 
ColdHarbor,and 
major - general. 
U. S. army, for 
ser vices through- 
out the war. The 
Connecticut leg- 
islature thanked 
him in a resolu- 
tion, and the citi- 
zens of Hartford 
presented him 
with a sword. 
After the war 
Gen.Tylerserved 
as chief in the 
quartermaster's department successively at Charles- 
ton, Louisville. San Francisco, New York city, and 
Boston, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. 

TYLER, Royall, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass.. 18 
July, 1757; d. in Brattleborough, Vt., 16 Aug.. 
1823. He studied law in the office of John Adams 
and was for a short time aide to Gen. Benjamin 
Lincoln, in which station he served in the Shays 
rebellion in 1780. In 1790 he settled as a lawyer 
in Guilford, Vt In 1794 he was made a judge of 
the supreme court, and in 1800 he became chief 
justice. Judge Tyler published 44 Reports of Cases 
in the Supreme Court of Vermont " (2 vols., 1809). 
He was also a successful dramatist and the author 
of 44 The Contrast," the first American play ever 
acted on a regular stage by an established company 
of comedians. In this comedy the Yankee dialect 
and story-telling, now very familiar, were first em- 

Eloyed. "It was produced in New York in 1786. 
le also wrote 44 May-Day, or New York in an 
Uproar" (1787); 4 *The Georgia Spec, or Land in 
the Moon" (1797); and 4 'The Algerinc Captive," 
a fictitious memoir (2 vols., 1799). Judge Tyler 
contributed to the 4 * Fanner's Weekly Museum," 
published at Walpole. N. H., a melange of light 
verse and social and political squibs purporting to 
come " from the shop of Messrs. Colon and Spon- 
dee." He contributed to the 44 Portfolio " 44 An Au- 
thor's Evenings," a series of papers that were sub- 
sequently collected in a volume and entitled 44 The 
Spirit of th? Fanner's Museum and Lay Preach- 
er's Gazette." He also wrote for the 44 New Eng- 
land Galaxy " and other journals, besides compos- 
ing a variety of songs, odes, and prologues. — His 
son, Edward Royall, clergvman, b. in Guilford, 
Vt.. in 1800; d. in New Haven, Conn.. 28 Sept, 
1848, was graduated at Yule in 1825 and at the 
divinity-school in 1828. He was pastor of the 
South church in Middletown. Conn., from 1827 till 
1832. and of the Congregational church in Cole- 
brook. Conn., in 1833-'6. In 1836-'7 he was agent 
of the American anti-slavery society. From 1838 
till 1842 he was editor of the "Connecticut Ob- 
server." and he was the founder, editor, and pro- 
prietor of the 44 New Englander." 

TYLER. Samuel, author, b. in Prince George 
county, Md.,22 0ct., 1809 ; d. in Georgetown, D.C. 



15 Dec, 1878. His father, Grafton, was a tobacco- 
planter. The son was educated at Dr. James Car- 
nahan's school in Georgetown, devoting himself 
especially to Greek. He studied at Midulebury in 
1827, and. after reading law. was admitted to the 
bar in 1831, and began to practise in Frederick, Md. 
In 1852 he was elected one of three commissioners 
to simplify the pleadings and practice in all the 
courts of the state, and rendered important service 
in this capacity. His report, a profound discus- 
sion on the relative merits of the common and civil 
law. won wide approbation. In 1867 he was elected 
professor of law in Columbian college (now univer- 
sity). Washington, D. C, which office he held until 
his death. lie received the degree of LL. D. from 
the Colleg-e of South Carolina in 1858, and from 
Columbia in 1859. Early devoting himself to meta- 
physics, he contributed articles on this subject to 
various magazines, one of which, a 44 Discourse on 
the Baconian Philosophy," published in the * 4 Prince- 
ton Review." was afterward issued in book-form 
(Baltimore, 1844). This "Discourse" gained him 
the friendship and correspondence of Sir William 
Hamilton, the Scottish philosopher, who wrote to 
the author in 1848, advising him to abandon the 
practice of law and to devote himself exclusively 
to philosophy. On the death of her husband, Lady 
Hamilton presented Mr. Tyler with a portrait of 
Sir William as a token of her esteem. He also 
published 44 Robert Burns as a Poet and as a Man " 
(New York, 1848) ; 44 The Progress of Philosophy in 
the Past and in the Future" (Philadelphia, 1858; 
2d ed., 1868); and a 44 Memoir of Roger Brooke 
Tanev " (Baltimore, 1872). 

TVLER, William, R. C. bishop, b. in Derby, 
Vt., 5 June, 1806; d. in Providence R. I.. 18 June, 
1849. At the a^e of sixteen he became a Roman 
Catholic, with his parents and all the members of 
his family. He was educated at a seminary that 
was conducted by his uncle, the Rev. Virgil Bar- 
ber, at Claremont. N. H., studied theology under 
the guidance of Bishop Fenwick, and was ordained 
a priest in 1828. He was stationed at the cathe- 
dral at Boston for several years, and was then sent 
to Aroostook, but returned to Boston, and was ap- 
pointed vicar-general. In 1843 the new diocese of 
Hartford was created, and Father Tyler was nomi- 
nated its first bishop. He was consecrated on 17 
March. 1844, and went to Providence, R. I., which 
he made his episcopal residence. Although he was 
subject to constant illness, his administration was 
active and successful, and, principally through the 
aid he received from missionary societies in Eu- 
rope, he increased largely the number of churches 
and priests. Bishop Tyler took part in the sixth 
and seventh councils of Baltimore. 

TYLER, William Seymour, clergyman, b. in 
Hartford, Susquehanna co., Pa., 2 Sept., 1810. Job, 
his ancestor, was an early settler of Andover, Mass. 
After graduation at Amherst in 1830, William was 
tutor there until 1834. and studied in Andover theo- 
logical seminary. He was licensed to preach in 
1836, and from that date until 1847 was professor 
of Latin and Greek at Amherst, but since 1847 he 
has l>een professor of Greek only. On 6 Oct.. 1859, 
he was ordained without charge" by a Congregation- 
al council at Amherst, and, although he was never 
a pastor, he has frequently preached in turn with 
the other professors of the college, and often as a 
supply for churches. He has twice visited Europe 
and the East. Harvard gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1857, and Amherst that of LL. D. in 1871. 
He is the author of "Germania and Agricola of 
Tacitus with Notes for Colleges " (New York, 1847; 
enlarged eds., 1852 and 1878); 44 Histories of Taci- 



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tus** (1848); 44 Prayer for Colleges" (1854; revised 
and enlarged repeatedly) ; *' Plato's Apology and 
Crito " (1859) ; 44 Memoir of Dr. Henry Lobdeil, 
Missionary to Assyria" (Boston, 1859); •* Theology 
of the Greek Poet's" (18C7); 4 - Plutarch on the De- 
lay of the Deity," with Prof. Horatio B. Hackett 
(New York. 1867); 44 Address at Semi-Centennial of 
Amherst College, with other Addresses on that 
Occasion " (1871); 44 History of Amherst College" 
(1873); 44 Demosthenes de Corona " (Boston, 1874); 
44 Demosthenes's Philippics and Olynthiacs "(1875); 
and nine books of the " Hind " (New York, 1886). 

TYNDALE, Hector, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 
24 March, 1821 ; d. there, 19 March, 1880. His fa- 
ther was a merchant engaged in the importation of 
china and glassware, ana young Tyndale succeeded 
to the business in 1845,* in partnership with his 
brother-in-law, Edward P. Mitchell. He made sev- 
eral tours of Europe, inspecting closely all the 
chief factories, and becoming practically familiar 
with the whole art of pottery. His natural taste, 
thus cultivated, made him a most ex]>ert con- 
noisseur, and led to his selection in 1876 as one of 
the judges of that section of the Centennial exhi- 
bition, in which capacity he wrote the elaborate 
report on pottery. His private collection was one 
of the most complete in the country. He first be- 
came interested in polities in 1856 as a Free-soiler, 
and was a member of the first Republican commit- 
tee in Philadelphia. He was not an Abolitionist, 
and had neither knowledge of nor sympathy with 
John Brown's raid, but when Mrs. Brown came to 
Philadelphia on her way to pay her last visit to her 
husband and bring back his body after his execu- 
tion, she was without escort and was believed to be 
in personal danger. An appeal was made to Tyn- 
dale, who at once accepted the risks and dangers 
of escorting her. In the course of this self-im- 
posed duty ne was subjected to insults and threats, 
and on the morning of the execution was shot at 
by an unseen assassin. It had been threatened in 
the more violent newspapers of the south that 
John Brown's body should not be restored to his 
friends, but ignominiously treated, and a 44 nigger's" 
body substituted for his friends. When the coffin 
was delivered to Tyndale by the authorities, he 
refused to receive it until it was opened and the 
body was identified. He was in Europe when he 
heard the news of the firing on Fort Sumter, and 
at once returned home and offered his services to 

the government. 
He was commis- 
sioned major of 
the 28th Pennsyl- 
vania regiment in 
June, 1861, and in 
August was put 
in command of 
Sandy Hook, op- 
posite Harper's 
Ferry. The regi- 
ment fought in 
twenty-four bat- 
tles and nineteen 
smaller engage- 
ments, in all of 
which Tyndale 
took part, except 
when he was dis- 
abled by wounds. 
He was promoted 
to lieutenant-col- 
onel in April, 1862, and served in Gen. Nathaniel 
P. Banks's corps in the Shenandoah valley, under 
Gen. John Pope at Chant illy and the second batt le 




of Bull Run, and later in Gen. Joseph K. F. Mans- 
field's corps. At Antietam, as the senior officer, he 
commanded a brigade in Gen. George S. Greene's 
division of the 12th corps, holding the ground in 
front of the Dunker church against three separate 
assaults of the enemy, in which the brigade cap- 
tured seven battle-flags and four guns. Early in 
the day he received a wound in the hip, but he 
kept the field until the afternoon, when he was 
struck in the head by a musket-ball and carried 
off the field. For 44 conspicuous gallantry, self- 
possession, and good judgment at Antietam" he 
was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, 
29 Nov., 1862. After slow and partial recovery 
from his wounds he applied for active duty, and in 
May, 1863, was assigned to a brigade under Gen. 
Erasmus D. Keyes near Yorktown. and served with 
the Army of the Potomac until September, when 
he was sent with. Gen. Joseph Hooker to the relief 
of Chattanooga. In the battle of Wauhatchie he 
carried by a bayonet charge a hill (subsequently 
known as Tyndale's hill), thus turning the flank of 
the enemy and relieving Gen. John W. Geary's di- 
vision from an nssault by superior numbers. He 
also participated in the series of battles around 
Chattanooga, and in the march to the relief of 
Knoxville. He was sent home on sick-leave in 
May, 1864, and, finding his disability likely to be 
lasting, he resigned in August. In March, i865, he 
was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gal- 
lant and meritorious services during the war. In 
1868 he was the Republican nominee for mayor of 
Philadelphia, and was defeated by 68 votes in a 
poll of more than 120.000. In 1872 his kinsman. 
Prof. John Tvndall, of London, delivered a series 
of lectures in this country, and resolving to devote 
the proceeds to the establishment of a fund 44 for 
the promotion of science in the United States by 
the support in European universities or elsewhere 
of American pupils wno mny evince decided talents 
in physics," he appointed Gen. Tvndale with Prof. 
Joseph Henry and Dr. Edward L. Youmans trus- 
tees. Prof. Tyndall in 1885 changed the trust and 
established three scholarships, in Harvard. Colum- 
bia, and the University of Pennsylvania. The last- 
named institution called its share the Hector Tyn- 
dale scholarship in physics. 

TYNER, James Noble, postmaster-general, b. 
in Brookville. Ind., 17 Jan., 1826. He was gradu- 
ated at Brookville academy in 1844. and from 1846 
till 1854 was associated with his father in business. 
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1857, and practised in Peru, Ind. He was secre- 
tary of the Indiana senate in 1857-'61, a presiden- 
tial elector in 1860, and from 1861 till 1806 served 
as a special agent of the post-office department. 
He was chosen to congress as a Republican, to fill 
the vacancy caused by the election of Daniel D. 
Pratt to the U. S. senate, and served from 1869 till 
1875, being a member of the committees on appro- 
priations and post-offices. President Grant then 
appointed him second assistant postmaster-general, 
and from the resignation of Marshall Jewell till 
the end of Grant's administration. 3 March. 1877, 
he was post master- general. In April. 1877, he be- 
came first assistant postmaster-general, which office 
he resigned in October, 1881. Mr. Tyner was the 
delegate from the United States to the Interna- 
tional postal congress in Paris in 1878. 

TYNO, Dudley Atkins, lawyer, b. in Newbury- 
port, Mass., 3 Sept., 1760; d. there, 1 Aug., 1829. 
He was a son of Dudley Atkins, and changed his 
name on inheriting the estates of James Tvnjf, 
of Tyngsborough, Mass. After serving as U. S. 
collector of Newburyport, he succeeded Ephraim 



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Williams as reporter of the Massachusetts supreme 
court, holding this office until his death. He 
edited "Reports of the Supreme Judicial Court of 
Massachusetts, September, 1804, to March, 1822 " 
(17 vols., Newburyport, 1805-'23).— His son, Ste- 
phen Higglnson, clergyman, b. in Newburyport, 
Mass., 1 March, 1800; d. in Irvington, N. Y., 4 Sept., 
1885, was graduated at Harvard in 1817, and for 
two years was oc- 
cupied in mercan- 
tile pursuits. He 
then studied the- 
ology in Bristol, 
R. I., under the di- 
rection and over- 
sight of Bishop 
Griswold in 1819- 
"21, and was or- 
dained to the min- 
istry of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal 
church by thesame 
bishop. 4 March, 
1821. His first par- 
ish was in George- 
town, D. C, in 
1821-3, and then 
y^L j A he was rector of 

Jctyi<M*t, <7u- x/yviy Queen Anne par- 
^ * ish, Prince George 
co., Md., in 1823-*9. He was called to the rector- 
ship of St. Paul's church, Philadelphia, in 1829, 
then to the Church of the Epiphany in 1833, where 
he served for twelve years. In 1844 he was invited 
to St. George's church. New York city, where, en- 
tering upon his duties in 1845, he labored for more 
than thirty years as rector, and was retired as rec- 
tor emeritus in 1878. He received the degree of 
D. D. from Jefferson college. Pa., in 1832, and from 
Harvard in 1851. He was distinguished for elo- 
quence in the pulpit, and also for able and effective 
temperance and patriotic addresses. For many 
years he was a leader among that part of the clergy 
known as low churchmen. He was active in or- 
ganizing the Evangelical knowledge society, the 
American church missionary society, and the Evan- 
gelical education society, and was editor for several 
years of 44 The Episcopal Recorder " and 44 The Prot- 
estant Churchman." Dr. Tyng held a ready pen, and 
published numerous volumes of interest and value. 
Chief among these were "Ijectures on the Law 
and the Gospel" (Philadelphia, 1832); "Memoir 
of Rev. Gregory T. Bedell" (1835): "Sermons 
preached in the Church of the Epiphany " (1839; 
republished as " The Israel of God, 1854) ; 44 Recol- 
lections of England " (New York, 1847) ; 44 Christ 
is All," sermons (1852): "The Rich Kinsman : the 
History of Ruth, the Moabitess" (London, 1856); 
** Forty Years' Experience in Sunday - Schools " 
(New York, 1860) : " The Captive Orphan : Esther, 
the Queen of Persia" (1800); "The Praver-Book 
Illustrated by Scripture" (8 vols., 1863-7) ; "The 
Child of Prayer, a Father's Memorial of D. A. 
Tyng" (1866); and "The Office and Dutv of a 
Christian Pastor" (1874). Bishop Bedell, of Ohio, 
published an interesting "Memorial of the Rev. 
Dr. Tyng" (New York, 1886), and his son, C. 
Rockland Tyng, is writing his life. — Stephen Hi^- 
ginson's son, Dudley Atkins, clergyman, b. in 
Prince George county, Md.. 12 Jan., 1825; d. in 
Brookfield, near Philadelphia, Pa., 19 April, 1858, 
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1843, studied theology at Alexandria seminary, 
Va., and took orders in the Protestant Episcopal 
church in 1846. He was assistant to his father at 



St George's church. New York, held charges in 
Columbus, Ohio, Charlestown, Va., and Cincinnati, 
Ohio, and was rector of the Church of the Epiph- 
any, Philadelphia, from 1854 until shortly De- 
fore his death, when he was obliged to leave his 
pastorate in consequence of his opposition to sla- 
very. A new parish, under the title of the Church 
of the Covenant, was then organized for him. He 
was also known as a lecturer on religious and secu- 
lar subjects. He was the author of " Vital Truth 
and Deadly Error" (Philadelphia, 1852); "Chil- 
dren of the Kingdom, or Lectures on Family Wor- 
ship "(1854; republished as "God in our Dwell- 
ing." London, 4th ed., 1859); and "Our Coun- 
try's Troubles " (Philadelphia, 1856-'7 ; New York, 
1864). See "The Child of Prayer, a Father's Me- 
morial of the Rev. Dudley A. Tyng," by Stephen 
H. Tyng (New York and London, 1858). His death 
was the result of an accident. — Another son of 
Stephen Higginson, Stephen Higginson, clergy- 
man, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 June. 1839, was 
graduated at Williams in 1858, studied theolo|ry at 
the Alexandria seminary, Va., and was ordained 
deacon, 8 May, 1861. He assisted his father at St. 
George's church, New York, in 1861-*3, was made 
priest, 11 Sept.. 1863, and became rector of the 
Church of the Mediator, New York. In 1864 he 
served in the U. S. army as chaplain of the 12th 
New York volunteers. In 1865 he organized the 
parish of the Holy Trinity, New York, building, 
on Forty-second street, a church that was replaced 
by a larger edifice in 1873-'4, and of which he had 
charge till his resignation in April, 1881. After 
that he was manager of the interests of a large 
insurance company in Paris, and he still (1889) re- 
sides there. In 1867 Dr. Tyng was tried by an ec- 
clesiastical tribunal for preaching in a Methodist 
church in New Jersev, which was a violation of 
the canon law of the church. He was found guilty, 
and was censured by the bishop of New York. An 
official account of this trial was published by the 
diocese of New York (1868). He took an active 
part in the revival movement of 1875, directed by 
Moody and Sankey, and in the summer of 1876 he 
began Sunday services in a tent near his church. 
He was also active in building mission-chapels. In 
1864-'70 he edited "The Working Church" and 
44 The Christian at Work." Williams gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1872, and he was a trustee of 
that college from 1872 till 1884. He has published 
44 The Square of Life " (New York, 1876) ; 44 He will 
Come " (1877) ; and several volumes of sermons en- 
titled 44 The Peoples' Pulpit." 

TYNG, Edward, naval officer, b. in Massachu- 
setts in 1683; d. in Boston, Mass., 8 Sept., 1755. 
His father, Edward, a councillor, was appointed 
governor of Annapolis. N. S., but was captured by 
the French on his passage and taken to France, 
where he died. The son was commissioned captain 
of the south and north batteries and fortifications 
in Boston on 16 April, 1740, and, succeeding Capt 
Southac as commander of the vessel "Prince of 
Orange," he took the first privateer on this coast, 
24 June, 1744. He commanded the frigate 44 Mas- 
sachusetts" in the expedition against Cape Breton 
in 1745, and was made commodore of the pro- 
vincial fleet. He also captured the " Vigilante," a 
B'rench man-of-war of sixty-four guns, 

TYRKER, the German foster-father of Leif, 
son of Eric the Red, lived in the 11th century. 
He accompanied Leif on his voyage of discovery 
in the year 1000. After the Scandinavian naviga- 
tor had built Leifsbudir, near the present site of 
Newport, R. I., as is supposed by many, he divid- 
ed his men into two parties, which alternated 



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TYTLER 



in exploring the neighborhood. He cautioned his 
followers to keep together and return to sleep at 
their quarters. But one evening Tyrker did not 
return with his party. In great sorrow Leif, at 
the head of twelve men, went in search of him. 
Ho had not gone far when he discovered the old 
German, evidently greatly excited and gesticulat- 
ing wildly. 44 Why, my fosterer," cried Leif, 
44 have you come so' late f What made you leave 
your companions t " Tyrker answered in German, 
out, remembering that the Scandinavians could 
not understand him, he spoke, after some time, in 
Norsk. 44 I have not gone very far ; still 1 have 
some news for you. I have discovered vines loaded 
with grapes." "Are you telling the truth, my 
fosterer! exclaimed Leif. "I am sure of telling 
the truth," he returned, 44 for in my native land 
there are vines in plenty." This caused Leif to 
give the country the name of Vinland. See Adam 
of Bremen's 44 Historia Ecclesiastica." 

TYSON, Elisha, philanthropist, b. in Mont- 
gomery county, Pa., in 1749; d. in Baltimore, Md., 
16 Feb., 1824. * He was a member of the Society of 
Friends, and an early member of the Maryland 
society for the abolition of slavery, appeared fre- 
quently before the judicial tribunals in behalf of 
negroes, and procured the passage of several laws 
to ameliorate their condition. In 1818 he retired 
from business to devote his attention to the aboli- 
tion movement, and established the Protection so- 
ciety of Maryland, to insure the colored population 
of the state the enjoyment of their legal privileges. 
See his " Life," by a citizen of Baltimore (Bal- 
timore, 1825).— His grandson, Philip Thomas, 
chemist, b. in Baltimore, Mil., 28 June, 1790; d. 
there. 16 Dec. 1877, was educated in his native city. 
At the beginning of the gold fever he went to 
California, and there made numerous geological re- 
searches. On his return he published "Geology 
and Industrial Resources of California" (Balti- 
more, 1851). In 1856 he was appointed state agri- 
cultural chemist, which place he held until 1860, 
and in that capacity made two biennial reports 
that were published by the house of delegates of 
Maryland (2 vols., Annapolis, 1860-'2). He was 
first president of the Maryland academy of sciences, 
and contributed papers to its proceedings. 

TYSON, James, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 26 Oct., 1841. His father, Henry (1815-*?2), 
was graduated at Pennsylvania medical college in 
1843, and practised in Reading until his death. 
He was active in prison-reform, and established the 
first Sundav-school in the Hicksite Society of 
Friends. The son was graduated at Haverford 
college. Pa., in 1860, and at the medical department 
of the University of Pennsylvania in 1863. He 
was appointed lecturer on microscopy there in 1868. 
and on urinary chemistry in 18?0. In 1870-'8 he 
was professor of physiology and microscopy in the 
Pennsylvania college of dental surgery. On the 
organization of the new university hospital in 
1874 he was made lecturer on pathological anat- 
omy and histology. In 1876 he was elected pro- 
fessor of general pathology and morbid anatomy 
in the medical detriment of the university. He 
is now (18*9) dean of the medical faculty, president 
of the board of the Philadelphia hospital, and a 
member of various medical societies. In 1871-'2 
he assisted in editing the " Philadelphia Medical 
Times," and he also edited four volumes of the pub- 
lications of the Pathological society of Philadelphia 
(1871-'7V In addition to numerous papers on his- 
tology and pathology, and clinical lectures, he has 
published "The Cell Doctrine: its History and 
Present State" (Philadelphia, 1870); "An Intro- 



duction to Practical Histology " (1873) : 44 Practical 
Examination of the Urine" (1875); and 44 A Trea- 
tise on Bright's Disease and Diabetes" (1881). 

T¥S0N f Job Roberts, lawver, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 8 Feb., 1803; d. at Woodlawn Hall. 
Montgomery co.. Pa., 27 June, 1858. Entering 
business at an early age, he devoted his leisure to 
self-education, became a proficient linguist, and 
taught in Hamburg. Pa., and afterward in the first 
public school of the state, which was established 
in 1822. At this period he was director of the 
public schools of Pennsylvania, a member of the 
prison society, manager of the apprentice's library, 
and among the first to organize the temperance 
movement in Pennsylvania. He was admitted 
to the bar in 1827, and became solicitor for the 
Pennsylvania railroad, the completion of which had 
been secured mainly through nis efforts. He was 
a member of the city council and of the legislature, 
and was elected to congress as a Whig, serving 
from 3 Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1857. Dickinson 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1851. Mr. Tyson 
was instrumental in the publication of the archives 
of Pennsylvania. He was vice-president of the 
Historical society of Pennsylvania, and vice-pro- 
vost of the Philadelphia law academy. He was 
the author of an 44 Essav on the Penal Laws of 
Pennsylvania " (Philadelphia, 1827) ; u The Lottery 
System of the United States " (1833); 44 Social and 
Intellectual State of the Colony of -Pennsylvania 
Prior to 1743" (1843): 44 Discourse on the 200th 
Anniversary of the Birth of William Penn " (1844) ; 
44 Letters on the Resources and Commerce of Phila- 
delphia " (1852) ; and a 44 Report on the Arctic Ex- 
plorations of Dr. Elisha K. Kane." with a resolu- 
tion to provide for the publication of Dr. Kane's 
book by congress, which was adopted by the house. 
His reports on the Delaware breakwater, and sug- 
gestions for improvement of the navigation of that 
river, exhibit a clear comprehension of the com- 
mercial interests of his state and city. He had 
collected material for a history of Pennsylvania. 

TYTLER, James, scholar, b. in Brechin, For- 
farshire, Scotland, in 1747; d. near Salem, Mass.. 
in 1805. He was educated for the church, and 
afterward for the medical profession. He was 
commonly called 44 Balloon Tytler," from being the 
first in Scotland to ascend in a fire-balloon on the 
plan of Montgolfier. He belonged to the Friends 
of the People, and, to avoid political persecution, 
I fled to Ireland about 1793, and to this country 
I about 1796. He was drowned near Salem, Mass. 
Robert Burns describes him as 44 a mortal who, 
though he drudges about Edinburgh as a common 
printer, •with leaky shoes, a sky-lighted hat, and 
Knee-buckles as unlike as George-by-the-grace-of- 
God and Solomon-the-son-of-David, yet that same 
, unknown mortal is author and compiler of three 
i fourths of Elliot's pompous 4 Encyclopaedia Bri- 
tannica,' which he composed at half a guinea a 
week!" Besides contributing to magazines, he 
was the author of anonymous works and of popular 
songs, including 44 1 haV laid a Herring in Saiit." 
I or" I canna Come ilka Day to Woo, and 44 The 
j Pleasures of the Abbev." His publications include 
" E*savs on the Most Important Subjects of Natu- 
ral ami Revealed Religion." which he set in type 
without manuscript in Holy rood (Edinburgh, 
1772); "System of Geography " (1788); | 4 History 
of Edinburgh"; "Geographic*!, HiMorical, and 
I Commercial Grammar" (*i vols.): 44 Review of 
i Dritchken's Theory of Inflammation"; 44 Answer 
to Paine's'Age of Reason ' " ; *' On the Excise"; 
" System of Surgery " : and 44 Treat ise on the Plague 
I and Yellow Fever" (Salem, 1799). 



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u 



FBILLA, Andres (oo-beel'-yah). Mexican R. C. 
bishop, b. in Guipuzcoa, Spain, about 1540; d. in 
Chiapa, Mexico, in 1601. He went in his youth 
with his parents to Mexico, where he entered the 
Dominican order in 1559, and was graduated in 
law and theology in 1568. He became professor 
of theology in the University of Mexico, superior 
of the convents of Mexico and Oaxaca, rector of 
the College of San Luis de la Puebla, and provin- 
cial of his order in 1582. In 1589 he went to 
Spain to complain against the viceroy, the Mar- 

3uis of Villamanrique, who was oppressing the In- 
ians, and by his dispute with the audiencia of 
Guadalajara threatened to precipitate a civil war. 
Ubilia was well received by King Philip II., ob- 
taining the removal of Villamanrique and the 
appointment of Luis de Velasco. Shortly after 
his return to Mexico, Ubilia was appointed bishop 
of Chiapa and consecrated in 1592. He founded 
during nis government a convent for the nuns of 
the Incarnation, extended his cathedral, and added 
to his diocese the province of Soconusco, which 
had belonged to Guatemala. In 1600 he was 
named bishop of Michoacan, but he died before 
receiving the papal bull of confirmation. . Besides 
many Latin works on ecclesiastical law which are 
in the Dominican convent of Oaxaca, he wrote 
M El Sitio y Destruccidn de Jerusalem por Tito y 
Vespasiano," a manuscript in the Aztec language, 
which formerly was in tne Franciscan convent of 
Texcoco, but is now preserved in the National li- 
brary of Mexico. 

UFFENBACH, Bernard ron (oof-fen-bok). 
German historian, b. in Liebenthal in 1691 ; d. in 
Vienna in 1759. He received his education at 
Vienna, became a Jesuit when he was twenty-three 
years of age, and in 1722 was sent to the South 
American mis? ions. After residing for some time 
at Montevideo, where he learned the Indian 
tongues, he became a missionary among the Gua- 
ranis, with whom he lived about twenty years. He 
also studied the customs, manners, and habits of 
the Indians, took detailed notes of his observations 
and of the natural resources of the country, and 
formed valuable collections in natural history. He 
returned to Germany about 1745, and was pre- 
sented to Prince Lichtenstein, who appointed Him 
librarian. Father Uffenbach lived in Vienna, be- 
came a favorite in society, and was received at the 
imperial court, where he narrated stories of Indian 
life and the experiences of the early Spanish ad- 
venturers. His works include "Historia de Gua- 
ranibus" (2 vols., Vienna, 1755), and "Guarani 
Lexicon/' which is considered as the only reliable 
monument that is left of the Guarani language 
(1756). In his " Litteneannuae Societatis Jesu," sent 
from South America from 1789 till 1744, and after- 
ward collected and edited by Johann Theophilus 
Bushing (1785), are to be found interesting details 
about tne country of the Guaranis and the Jesuit 
missions in South America. Uffen bach's collections 
in natural history are preserved in the museum at 
Vienna, and were utilized for an Historia natu- 
ralis Americas meridional is *' (4 vols., Vienna, 1790). 

U6ARTE, Joan (oo-gar'-tay), Mexican clergy- 
man, b. in San Miguel, Teguzigalpa, Honduras, 22 
July, 1662; d. in San Pablo, Sonora, 29 Dec., 1730. 
He entered the Society of Jesus in August, 1679, 
and was afterward professor of Latin in Zacatecas 
and of philosophy in Mexico, where he learned the 
Indian languages. In 1700 he devoted himself to 



the Californian missions, and spent about thirty 
years in evangelizing the natives. Finding that 
the guard of soldiers that accompanied him de- 
terred them from approaching him, he dismissed it 
after reaching the country of the Yaquis, where he 
founded the missions of San Javier, San Pablo, 
Santa Rosalia, and San Miguel. He then joined 
Father Salvatierra in Loreto, and was successful in 

| his missionary labors, teaching the natives agricul- 
ture, the art of spinning and weaving, how to build 

I cottages, and even how to prepare vessels for sea. 

I In 1705 he visited the coast of Sinaloa to find a 

| good port for the Manilla fleet, but without suc- 
cess, and in 1708 was directed by the Spanish gov- 
ernment to explore the Gulf of California. With 
the aid of his converts, he built a vessel which he 
called the " Triumph of the Cross," and manned it 
with twenty-six Chinese and native Californians. 
He landed among the Tepoquisand Seris, by whom 
he was well received, and reached the mouth of 
Colorado river, which violent storms prevented 
him from ascending. After encountering many 
dangers, the little vessel returned to Loreto. 
Ugarte was successful in the object of his mission. 
He proved that California was a peninsula, gave 
for the first time a proper idea of the coast, and 
noted such places as would be afterward suitable 
for missionary stations. He subsequently founded 
several missions, of which the principal' were San 
Luis de Gonzaga, consisting of two villages, and 
Our Lady of Guadalupe, of six villages. He wrote 
" Noticia del Viage de la Balandra nombrada el 
Triumfo de la Santa Cmz, hecho en 1709 al Golfo 
de Californias, v Costa del Sur de la America Sep- 
tentrional " and *• Diarios, Relaciones, y Cartas ae 
las Cosas de Californias." Miguel Venegas used 
these manuscripts in his " Historia de Californias." 

UHLAND, Maximilian (oo'-lond), called 
Father Bernardino de San Jose, German mis- 
sionary, b. near Crefeld about 1475 ; d. in Mexico 
in 1538. He became a Franciscan friar, and, being 
assigned to the American missions, went to His- 

Siniola in 1520 with the newlv appointed Bishop 
eraldini. After learning the Indian language, he 
was attached to a mission in the interior, out as he 
opposed the policy of the conquerors, which brought 
aDotit the depopulation of the island, he was or- 
dered to leave the country, and went to New Spain 
in 1526. There he was appointed guardian of the 
newly founded convent of Santiago de Tlaltelolco, 
but subsequently be was sent to labor in Guate- 
mala. In 1535 he was a member of the commission 
headed by Father Betanzos which laid before Pope 
Paul III. the wretched condition of the Indiana. 
Uhland, who was a Latin ist of reputation, was in- 
structed to speak before the congregation of the 

Eropaganda, and induced the pope to issue his cele- 
rated bull entitled "Veritas Ipsa." This for a 
time improved the condition of the Indians, but 
the promoters of the bull were never forgiven by 
the Spanish authorities, and Uhland, to avoid per- 
secution, on his return to Mexico did not leave his 
convent till his death. He left a valuable manu- 
script, which is preserved in the National horary 
at raris, entitled: " Historia de la fundaci6n de la 
provincia de Santiago de Tlaltelolco." 

UHLE, Albreeht Bernhard (oo'-le), artist, b. in 
Chemnitz, Saxony, 15 Oct., 1847. He was brought 
to the United States in 1851, and had his first 
instruction in art from his father, and at the Penn- 
sylvania academy of fine arts. During 1867-75 



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he was engaged principally in photography. He 
went in 1875 to Munich, where he studied* at the 
academy under Ferdinand Barth and Alexander 
Wagner until 1877, in which year he went to 
Italy. In the same year he returned to Philadel- 
phia and opened a studio. He visited Paris in 
1879, returning the following year. He is the 
instructor of the portrait class at the Pennsyl- 
vania academy, and has become known as an ex- 
cellent artist.' Among his portraits are those of 
Isaac Lea and Peter McCall (1879); Joseph Leidy, 
painted for the Academy of natural sciences 
(1882); Wayne McVeagh, for the department of 
justice, Washington (1884) ; and John D. Lank- 
enau, for the German hospital, Philadelphia (1886). 

UHLER, Philip Reese (you'-ler), naturalist, b. 
in Baltimore, Md., 3 June, 1835. He studied natu- 
ral science at Harvard under Louis Agassiz in 1863, 
and was assistant in charge of entomology at that 
institution and librarian of the Museum of com- 
parative zoOlogy. Subsequently he returned to 
Baltimore, and in 1876 he became an associate in 
natural sciences at Johns Hopkins university. He is 
also librarian of the Peabody institute in that city. 
Mr. Uhler is a member of scientific societies, has 
been corresponding secretary and was elected presi- 
dent of the Maryland academy of sciences in 1873, 
which place he has since held, except during 1884-'8. 
His papers on geology, entomology, and other natu- 
ral sciences have been published in the journals of 
most of the learned societies of the United States 
and Canada, in the annual reports to the trustees 
of Harvard, and as special reports in the volumes 
of the U. S. geological survev. He translated and 
edited, with a glossary, Dr. rlermann A. Hagen's 
" Synopsis of Neuroptera of North America," issued 
by the Smithsonian institution (Washington, 1861). 

ULLMANN, Daniel, soldier, b. in Wilming- 
ton, Del., 28 April, 1810. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1829, studied law, was admitted to the bar, 
and practised in New York, where he was master 
in chancery from 1839 till 1844. In 1854 he was 
the candidate of the American or Know-Nothing 
party for governor of New York, and received a 
very large vote. In 1861 he raised the 78th New 
York volunteers, in which he served as colonel, 
was captured in August, 1862, and confined in 
Libby prison until October of that year, when he 
was released on parole. He was promoted briga- 
dier-general on 13 Jan., 1863, ana ordered to ap- 
point a cadre of officers and to go to Louisiana to 
raise five regiments of colored troops, afterward 
increased to a corps. This was the first order is- 
sued by the U. S. government for the raising of 
colored troops. He was brevetted major-general of 
U. S. volunteers on 13 March, 1865, was mustered 
out, 24 Aug., 1865, and was made major-general in 
November, 1865. Gen. Ullmann received the de- 
gree of LL. D. from Madison university in 1861. 

ULLOA, Antonio de (ool-lo'-ah), Spanish naval 
officer, b. in Seville, 12 Jan., 1716; d. on the island 
of Leon, 3 July, 1795. After studying at Seville, 
he entered the navy in 1733, and was ordered to 
serve under the French astronomers who measured 
an arc of the meridian in South America. With 
Jorge Juan he sailed from Cadiz in May, 1735. 
and arrived in Carthagena five months before the 
French scientists, but occupied his time with bo- 
tanical explorations. In the geodetic observations 
that followed, which were begun in June, 1736, 
and continued four years, Ulloa was attached to 
La Condamine, the head of the expedition. In 
September. 1740, in the midst of their astronomi- 
cal observations, the Spanish officers were called 
away by the war with England, and received orders 



from the viceroy to put the port of Callao In a 
state of defence, and in 1742 he organized the 
forces at Guayaquil against the British under Ad- 
miral Anson which captured Payta. For two 
years afterward he cruised, in command of a frig- 
ate, along the coast of Chili and the island of 
Juan Fernandez, and on his return to Quito in 
1744, where he found only Godin, the other 
French academicians having terminated their la- 
bors, he assisted in the observation of the comet 
that appeared in that year. In October, 1745. he 
embarked at Callao on a French merchant vessel 
which entered for repairs in the harbor of Louis- 
burg, Canada, decoyed by the French flag which 
the victorious English floated on the fortress. He 
was taken prisoner, and his valuable collections 
were confiscated, but he was released in England 
and recovered his collections through the interces- 
sion of the Royal society of London, which elected 
him an associate member in 1746. On his return 
to Spain in July he was promoted post-captain, and 
appointed superintendent of the mercury-mines at 
Jala pa in Peru. He was made rear-admiral in 1760. 
and became in 1764 governor of Louisiana, which 
had just been ceded by France ; but, failing in his 
efforts to win over the colonics to Spain, he was 
recalled in 1766. In 1770 he was made lieutenant- 
general of the naval forces, and in 1779 he was sent 
with a fleet to the Azores with sealed orders to 

Sroceed to Havana and take command of an expe- 
ition for the reconquest of Florida. But, being 
entirely occupied with scientific observations. Ul- 
loa forgot to open his sealed orders, and, return- 
ing to Cadiz after a cruise of two months, was ar- 
rested and tried by a court-martial in December, 
1780, which acquitted him. but recommended him 
for land duty. During the remainder of his life 
Ulloa was president of the naval school for cadets 
at Cadiz. Ulloa formed the first cabinet of natural 
history in Spain and the first school of metallurgy, 
established at Legovia a factory where cloth was 
made from American products, and founded a na- 
val observatory at San Fernando, and other use- 
ful institutions. His works include ** Relaci6n his- 
torica del viage a la America Meridional y observa- 
ciones sobre Astronomia y Fisica " (5 vols., Madrid, 
1748; with Jorge Juan, French translation, Paris, 
1752; English, London, 1758); "Noticias Ameri- 
canas; entretenimientos phisico-historicos, sobre la 
America Meridional y la Septentrional " (1772); 
*• Observaciones hechas en el oceano sobre un eclipse 
de sol con el anillo refractario" (1779; French 
translation, Toulouse, 1780); and "La Marina y 
fuerzas n a vales de la Europa y del Africa" (1781). 
David Barry published in 1828 a secret memoir on 
South America which he claimed to be Ulloa's 
work, but its authenticity is doubted. 

ULLOA, Francisco de, Spanish friar, b. in 
Andalusia about 1498 ; d. in Seville in 1574. He 
united with the Dominicans at Salamanca, and 
was among the few that accompanied Bishop Vi- 
cente Valverde when he sailed for Cuzco in 1538. 
Ulloa was afterward prior of a convent in Lima, 
and visitor of the order. Having learned the In- 
dian dialects, he explored the country, founded 
convents at Arequina and Huanuco, and preached 
the gospel to the Indians in their own language 
with success. His influence was great in Pern, 
and Gonzalo Pizarro undertook to win him over to 
his cause, but Ulloa rejected his offers, and joined 
Pedro de La Gasca. The latter despatched Ulloa 
with letters and proclamations for the officials and 
inhabitants along the coast, and instructed him to 
buy supplies and prepare everything for the ad- 
vance of the royal army. Ulloa's mission was so 



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ULLOA 



successful that Pizarro sent a party of cavalry that 
succeeded in taking him a prisoner, and he was car- 
ried to Lima, where he was imprisoned and suf- 
fered greatlv. When peace was restored, La Gasca 
despatched tllloa to Spain, in 1540, but he shortly 
afterward returned to this country and went to 
Caracas, being later made visitor of the province 
of Guatemala. Toward the close of his life he re- 
tired to Seville, where he died with the reputa- 
tion of a saint. He wrote a curious account of his 
voyage from Panama to Peru, published in the 
44th volume of Antonio Sal va's collection, and con- 
tributed memoirs to the council of the Indies, 
printed in "Cartas de Indias" (Madrid, 1872). 

ULLOA, Francisco de, Spanish explorer, d. on 
the Pacific coast in 1540. He went to Mexico with 
Hernan Cortes, and did good service in the fleet 
that the latter constructed on Lake Texcoco for 
the siege and capture of the city of Mexico. Of 
his later life little is known, except that when 
Cortes, on his return from Spain, resolved to make 
new conquests on the northern Pacific coast, he 
constructed in Acapulco the ship 44 Santa Agueda," 
of which he gave the command, together with that 
of two caravels, to Ulloa, with orders to explore 
the coast as far northward as possible, and to ob- 
tain all the necessary information about the coun- 
try. Ulloa sailed from Acapulco on 8 July, 1589, 
entered on 28 Aug. the Gulf of California, where 
he lost a vessel in a storm, and. after putting for 
repairs into the Bay of Santa Cruz, which he left 
on 12 Sept, discovered Cape Rojo.San Andres and 
Santa Mart a (now Cape Tosco), San Lazaro and 
San Eugeuio. and the island of Cedros or Ccrros. 
After despatching a messenger to Cortes, who had 
meanwhile sailed for Spain, Ulloa set out again 
for the north. On 5 April. 1540, he parted com- 
pany with his consort, which arrived safely at 
Santiago toward the end of April. Some assert 
that he was never heard of afterward, but others 
say that he advanced fifty miles farther than Cape 
San Quentin, 30° 30' north latitude, and anchored 
safely at Acapulco on 30 May following. The 
latter narratives state that he was killed shortly 
afterward by a soldier whom he had slighted. The 

1'ournal of the expedition, written bv his clerk, 
Francisco Preciado, under the title 44 llelacion de 
los descubrimientos. hechos por Don Francisco de 
Ulloa en un viage por la Mar del Morte, en el 
navio Santa Agueda." was preserved in the ar- 
chives of Seville and translated into Italian by 
Ramusio in the third volume of his 44 Voyages," anil 
into English by James Burner in his " History of 
the Discoveries in the South Sea" (London, 1803), 
under the title 44 The Voyage of the Right Wor- 
shipful Knight Francisco de Ulloa, with Three 
Ships, set forth at the Expense of the Right Noble 
Fernando Cortes, Marquis del Valle, by the Coast 
of Nueva Galicia. Culiacan. into the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia, called el Mar Berniego, as also to the West- 
of Cape California as far as 30 degrees North, be- 
gun from Acapulco, the 8th of July, 1539." 

ULPHILAS, Herman (ool-fee-lahs), German 
naturalist, b. in Paderborn, Westphalia, in 1702 ; 
d. in Berlin in 1701. He followed the sea in the 
Dutch service, visited the Antilles, Guiana. South 
America, and Batavia, and held offices at Batavia, 
St. Eustatius, and Demerara. He made valuable 
collections in natural history, which he presented 
to the Museum of natural history at Berlin. To- 
ward the close of his life he was editor of the 
44 Magazin fOr Naturwissenschaft." His works in- 
clude t4 Historia naturalis Americana" (Leipsic, 
1756) and "Abhandlung uber die baumartigen 
Schotenpflanzen des Orinoco-T hales " (1757). 



UNANDER 207 

ULRICH, Charles Frederick, artist, b. in 
New York city, 18 Oct., 1858. He began his art 
studies at Cooper institute and the National acad- 
emy. New York, and during 1875-'81 continued 
them under Ludwig Lofftz and Wilhelm Linden- 
schmit in Munich. In 1870 he gained a bronze 
medal at the academy there. For several years he 
followed his profession in New York, biit about 
1884 he went to Venice, Italy. He was elected an 
associate of the National academy in 1883, and re- 
ceived the Thomas B. Clarke prize there the fol- 
lowing year for his 44 In the Land of Promise." 
He has executed several carefully and truthfully 
painted genre pictures, among which are 44 The 
Wood-Engraver" (1882); 44 The Glass-Blowers" 
and "The Carpenter" (1883); 44 A Dutch Type- 
Setter"; 44 The Waifs" (1885); and 44 Washing of 
Feet in the Venice Cathedral." 

UMBSCHE1DEN, Franz, journalist, b. in 
Gruenstadt, Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, in 1821 ; 
d. in Newark, N. J., 13 Dec., 1874. He was educated 
at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich, where 
he studied law and national economy, and in 1848 
took an active part in revolutionary movements, 
travelling and making inflammatory speeches, on 
account of one of which on the death of Robert 
Blum he was compelled to flee to France. When 
the revolution began in Rhenish Bavaria he re- 
turned, served in the army, and was present at the 
occupation of Worms and at the storming of Lan- 
dau, after which he went to Baden under Gen. 
Franz Sigel, and afterward to Switzerland, where 
he became a private tutor. Being expelled to ap- 
pease Louis Napoleon in 1852, he went to Newark, 
N. J., and taught there. During the Fremont can- 
vass in 1856 he joined the Republican party, but 
in 1859 he co-operated with the Democrats. In 
1860 he became editor of the New York 44 Staats- 
Zeitung," which post he held until 1864, when he 
established the Newark 44 Volksmann." In 1867 he 
was editor of the 44 New Jersev Democrat," and he 
again edited the 44 Volksmann'" in 1860-74. 

UNANDER, Eric, clergyman, b. in Sweden ; d. 
after 1759. He arrived at Philadelphia with Rev. 
Israel Acrelius, the Swedish-American historian, 
6 Nov., 1749, and took charge of Swedish Lutheran 
congregations at Racoon and Penn's Neck, in New 
Jersey, where he labored under Acrelius and after- 
ward as regular pastor until 1756. His parish em- 
braced a wide extent of territory. He conducted 
services in Swedish and English almost every Sun- 
day, held catechetical examinations once a year in 
every family that was connected with his extended 
parish, and visited other Swedish settlements on 
Delaware bay, at Salem, along Timber creek, and 
other places. Of his labors Acrelius says: 44 One 
who has seen his toil and labor, his zeal and dili- 
gence, and thus under long-continued sickness, 
can safely testify that during the time that Mr. 
Unander lived in Racoon he did not eat the bread 
of idleness." When Provost Acrelius returned to 
Sweden he desired to accompany him, but, as the 
affairs of the congregations did not allow the loss 
of t wo pastors at once, he was willing to remain. 
He therefore became the successor of Acrelius at 
Christina in the year 1756, receiving his commis- 
sion the previous year. He continued as pastor un- 
til 1759. The church at Christina, now Wilming- 
ton, Del., known as "Old Swedes' Church" (see 
illustration), has an interesting history. In 1688 the 
first colony of Swedes arrived, settled along Chris- 
tina creek, and built Fort Christina on the site of 
the present city of Wilmington. The fort un- 
doubtedly did double service, both as a place of 
defence and a place of worship. Rev. Reorus Tor- 



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208 



UN ANGST 



UNCAS 




killus was the first pastor, who arrived with the 
first colony. On 28 May. 1098, the erection of a 
new church was begun at Christina back of the fort. 
In the following year the new church was dedi- 
cated under the name of Trinity Lutheran church. 

Rev. Eric Tobias 
Bjdrck was the 
pastor at the time. 
The historian Ac- 
relius describes 
the building as 
follows : 44 The 
church is of gran- 
ite, and is sixty 
feet long, thirty 
feet broad, and 
twenty feet high. 
The wall is six feet 
thick in the foun- 
dation and three 
feet at the win- 
dows, as well as 
above them. In 
the church there 
are five large arched windows and three arched 
doors.'* The following inscription (in Latin) is 
found on the west gable : 44 1698. If God be for us, 
who can be against usf In the reign of William 
III., by the grace of God, King of England. Will- 
iam Penn being Proprietary; William [Mark ham]. 
Deputy-Governor. The most illustrious King of 
Swedes, Charles XI., now of most glorious mem- 
ory, having sent hither Eric Tobias BjOrck of West- 
mania, pastor of the place." The ground for the 
church was given by John Stalcop. who was then 
one of the church wardens. To this was added an 
additional purchase of land in 1699 of 250 acres 
for a parsonage and support of the pastor. The 
first grant of land was for a Lutheran church, and 
the further purchase was made by the Lutheran 
congregation for their own and descendants' use. 
The congregation was presided over by Lutheran 
pastors until the year 17D2, when a pastor of the 
Protestant Episcopal church took charge of the 
congregation. The church is still in a good state of 
preservation and is used for divine worship. The 
town of Wilmington is built on the church-glebe 
that was once owned by Trinity congregation. 

UN ANGST, Ellas, missionary, b. in Lehigh 
valley, Pa., in 1824. He was graduated at Penn- 
sylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1854, and at the 
theological seminary there in 1857, and in the lat- 
ter year was ordained to the Lutheran ministry. 
He was tutor in the college during his theological 
course in 1854-*7. In 1878 he received the degree 
of D. D. from Wittenberg college, Springfield. 
Ohio. Dr. Unangst has been actively and success- 
fully engaged as a missionary at duntur, India, 
since 1857. In 1871 he visited the United States, 
but after a stay of several months he returned to 
India. He is now at the head of the mission sta- 
tions of the general synod. He has rendered im- 
portant service in the translation of the New Tes- 
tament into the language of the Telugus, has also 
translated various tracts and hymns into the same 
language, and published a 44 Historical Sketch of 
the American iCvangclicnl Lutheran Missions in 
India" (1*7D). 

UNASlE, Jos* Hlp61lto (oo-nah'-noo-ay), 
Peruvian scientist, b. in Arica, 13 Aug., 1758; d. 
in Lima, 15 July, 1838. He was destined by his i 
parents for the priesthood, and was sent to Lima 
to study, but there his uncle persuaded him to be- 
come a physician. He founded the anatomical 
museum of Lima, and, as a professor of the medi- 



cal college, took part in the publication of the 
Mercurio Peruano," editing several articles under 
the pseudonym of "Ariosto." He was cosmoe- 
rapher of the viceroyalty, and in this post took, 
from 1793 till 1797, the census of Peru and pub- 
lished a political, ecclesiastic, and military guide 
to the country. He was greatly esteemed by all 
the European scientists that visited Peru, and a 
plant, **Lnanuea febrifuga," was named in his 
honor. He founded the medical college of San 
Fernando, for which service he was appointed hon- 
orary physician of the royal chamber. After the 
beginning of the revolution he favored the patriot 
cause, and in 1812 was elected deputy to the Span- 
ish cortes for Arequipa. When the independent 
government was installed, Unanue was appointed 
minister of the treasury, and afterward he was 
president of the first constituent congress, vice- 
president of the Society of the friends of the 
country, and a member of the council of state, He 
possessed the confidence of Bolivar, and when the 
latter abandoned Peru he appointed Unanue presi- 
dent of the council of ministers, which governed 
the country. He was honorary member of the sci- 
entific societies of Munich, Madrid, Philadelphia, 
and New York, and wrote 44 Ensayos sob re la edu- 
caci6n de la Juventud " (Lima, 1886) : ** Principios 
de Geometria, Logica, Metafisica v £tica " (18*27) ; 
44 Defensa del sistema fisico de ftewton " (1828) ; 
44 El Verdadero Peruano M (1829); 44 Observaciones 
sobre el Clima de Lima " (1830) ; and 44 Los Andes 
libres" (1832). 

UNCAS, Indian chief, b. in the Pequot settle- 
ment, Connecticut, about 1588; d. there in 1682. 
He was a Pequot by birth, but rebelled against his 
chief, Sassacus, was expelled from his tribe, and, 
gathering a band of malcontents, became their 
head, calling his followers Mohegans, an ancient 
title that the Pequots once bore. Hi* territory lay 
to the east and north of Lyme, Conn. He con- 
quered the Nipmucks in northern and northeastern 
Connecticut and the adjacent psrts of Massachu- 
setts, adding their country to nis own. He then 
made overtures to the colonists, signed a treaty of 
peace with them, and in 1637 accompanied Col. John 
Masons expedition against the Pequots, proving 
a powerful auxiliary. He afterward received part 
of the Pequot lands as his reward, but, when the 
war was over, manifested so 
much sympathy for his for- 
mer tribe that he was sus- 

gjcted of infidelity by the 
nglish. He soon reinstated 
himself in their confidence, 
and the Pequots forthwith 
attempted to assassinate 
him. Uncas accordingly at* 
tacked and conquered Se- 
quasson, sachem of the Con- 
necticut river, and bravely 
defended himself in a con- 
stant warfare wit h the neigh- 
boring tribes. His princi- 
pal opponent at that time 
was the great Narragansett 
chief Miantonomo. who, jealous of his intimacy with 
the colonists, and eager to prove the superiority 
of his people to the Mohegans, invaded Uncas s 
territory with 1,000 men. He was incited to this 
bv Samuel Gorton, a settler, who for * 4 his damna- 
ble errors H had been banished from the Ply month 
and Massachusetts colonies. Hastily collecting all 
his force, about 000 warriors, Uncas marched to 
the unequal conflict. The armies met on the 
plain about a mile west of Y an tic river falls, and 




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UNDERBILL 



the fight was about to begin when Uncas ad- 
vanced and demanded a parley with Miantonomo. 
*• You have," said he, "a number of brave warriors 
with you, and so have 1 with me. It is a pity that 
our warriors should be killed in a private quarrel 
between their chiefs. Step forward like a brave 
man, as you profess to be, and let us fight the bat- 
tle ourselves. If I fall, the Mohegans shall serve 
the Narragansetts. But if Uncas kills Miantonomo 
the Narragansetts shall be mine." Miantonomo 
declined the single combat, a furious fight ensued 
in which the Monegans were victorious, and Mian- 
tonomo was captured. Uncas took him to Hart- 
ford to consult with the colonial authorities as to 
what should be done with him. The commissioners 
decided that ** there could be no safety for Uncas 
in the event of Miantonomo's liberation, but that 
by secret treachery or open force his life would be 
in continual danger." Six elders and six clergy- 
men of Massachusetts decided that the Narragan- 
sett chief should be put to death. Acting on their 
instructions. Miantonomo was taken to Norwich 
and brained with a tomahawk by Uncas's brother, 
in his presence and that of two Englishmen, in 
September, 1648. Rev. Richard Hyde in 1609 said 
in a letter that after Miantonomo's death Uncas 
cut a piece out of his shoulder and ate it, but this 
had no authority but rumor. The colonists sent 
a detachment of soldiers to defend the Mohe- 
gans against the tribes that on all sides combined 

r'nst them. For two years Uncas fought against 
Mohawks, Pocomotocks, and Narragansetts. 
defending himself with bravery and skill. In 1056 
he was besieged in his stronghold on Connecticut 
river by the Narragansett chief Pessaeus, and 
nearly forced by hunger to surrender, but almost 
at the last moment ne was relieved by an Eng- 
lish ensign. Thomas Leffingwell, who managed to 
reach him at night in a canoe laden with provis- 
ions. .In gratitude for this assistance, he gave 
Lefflngwella deed of all the lands upon which the 
town of Norwich, Conn., now stands. Leffingwell 
afterward sold it to a company. Although Uncas 
was too old to be of much service during King 
Philip's war, his son, Oneco, with 200 Mohegan 
warriors and a greater number of subjugated Pe- 

auots, marched with Maj. John Talcott to Brook- 
eld and Hadlev, and at the latter place aided in 
defeating 700 of King Philip's force. Uncas was 
never in favor with the clergy, by one of whom in 
1674 he is described as " an old and wicked, wilful 
man. who had always been an op poser of praying 
to God." But on one occasion he so far yielded 
to the influence of a good missionary as to ask his 
prayers for rain during a continueil drought, 
when it fell the next day, he professed himself al- 
most ready to adopt the Christian religion. Al- 
though he was cruel and tyrannical. Uncas had a 
conception of the obligation of a treaty that was 
possessed by no other Indian. He kept faith with 
the colonists in all their warfare with other tribes, 
and was a singularly generous and magnanimous 
foe. His admirers claim that great injustice has 
been done him bv historians, who almost unani- 
mously praise Miantonomo at his expense, A 
granite obelisk was erected to his memory in Nor- 
wich in 1825, the foundation-stone being laid by 
Gen. Andrew Jackson. See ** Uncas ami Mian- 
tonomo," bv William L. Stone (New York, 1842). 

UNDER HILL, Edward Fitch, stenographer, b. 
in Wolcott, N. Y.. 20 April. 1830. He was self- 
educated, at nineteen years of age became a steno- 
graphic reporter on the St. Ijouis press, and in 
ia*&-'62 was connected with the "Tribune "and 
"Times" of New York city, becoming wnr-corre- i 
vol. vi — 14 



UNDERWOOD 209 

spondent of the latter, and subsequently its Wash- 
ington correspondent. He was one of the first 
court reporters in the United States, and in 1860 
procured the passage of a law that made stenog- 
raphers officers of the courts in New York city, 
which practice has since been adopted by the 
county courts and bv nearly every state in the 
Union. In 1865 he also procured the passage of a 
law to regulate the salaries of court stenographers. 
He has been official stenographer of the legisla- 
ture for five years, of the Constitutional conven- 
tion in 1867-'8, of the state supreme court for eight 
years, and of the surrogate's court from 1872 till 
the present time. He has been admitted to the 
bar, and has written much in prose and verse, 
chiefly humorous. 

UNDERHILL, John, colonist, b. in Warwick- 
shire, England : d. in Ovster Bay, Long Island. 
N. Y., about 1672. He served in the Netherlands 
and at Cadiz, came to New England with John 
Winthrop in 1630. and was a representative in the 
assembly from Boston. He was appointed by Sir 
Henry Vane to command the colony's troops, and 
with Capt John Mason destroyed the Indian forts 
at Mystic in 1687 and broke the power of the Pe- 
quots. Being banished from Boston on account of 
his religious opinions, he went to England and 
was made in 1641 governor of Exeter and Dover, 
but returned to this country, removed to Stam- 
ford, Conn., and afterward in 1646 to Flushing, 
Long Island. He was a delegate to the court in 
New Haven in 1643, was assistant justice there, 
and held an important command during the hos- 
tilities with the Dutch and Indians. 1043-'6. In 
1665 he was a delegate from Oyster Bay to Hemp- 
stead, and he was at one time under-sheriff of the 
North Riding of Yorkshire. The Mantinenoc In- 
dians gave him 150 acres of land, which is still 
owned by his descendants. He published " Newes 
from America," an account of the Pequot war 
(London, 1638). 

UNDERWOOD. Adln Ballon, soldier, b. in 
Mil ford. Mass., 10 May, 1828 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
14 Jan., 1888. His ancestors came to Hingham be- 
fore 1637 and afterward settled in Watertown. 
His father, Orison, was a brigadier-general of mili- 
tia. After graduation at Brown in 1849 the son 
studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar 
in 1853, and settled in Boston in 1855. At the be- 
ginning of the civil war he was active in raising 
recruits, and he was appointed captain in the 2d 
Massachusetts infantry in April, 1861. He became 
major in the 33d regiment in July, 1862, lieuten- 
ant-colonel and colonel in the same year, partici- 
pated in the battles of Fredericksburg. Cnancel- 
lorsville. and Gettysburg, and served under Gen. 
Joseph Hooker at Lookout Mountain, but, being 
dangerously wounded, was disabled from further 
field duty. He was appointed brigadier-general 
of volunteers on 13 Jan., 1863, received the brevet 
of major-general of volunteers on 13 Aug., 1865, 
and was mustered out on 10 July, 1806. For near- 
ly twenty years he was surveyor of the port of 
Boston. Gen. Underwood published "Three Years' 
Service of the Twenty-third Massachusetts Infant- 
ry" (Boston. 1881). 

UNDERWOOD, Francis Henry, author, b. in 
Enfield, Mass., 12 Jan., 1825. lie was educated 
partly at Amherst, then taught in Kentucky, read 
law, and was admitted to the bar. He returned 
to Massachusetts in 1850. and thenceforward took 
an active part in the anti-slavery cause. He wns 
clerk of the Massachusetts seriate in 1852, and af- 
terward literary adviser of the publishing-house of 
I Phillips, Sampson, and Co. He conceived the idea 

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210 UNDERWOOD 



UNDERWOOD 



of uniting the literary force of the north to the 
Free-soil movement by means of a magazine, and 
after several years of effort was the means of secur- 
ing the eminent writers that made the fame of 
the Atlantic Monthly." He assisted in the man- 
agement of that magazine for two years, until the 
firm with which he was connected came to an end. 
He was then (1859) elected clerk of the superior 
court in Boston, which post he held for eleven 
years, when he resigned and entered private busi- 
ness, chiefly to obtain more leisure for literary 
work. His studies have been mainly in Eng- 
lish literature, but his writings cover a wide field. 
He served for thirteen years in the school board of 
Boston. In 1885 he was appointed U. S. consul at 
Glasgow, Scotland. His lectures on •* American 
Men of Letters" and his occasional speeches, such 
as that before the Glasgow Ayrshire society ** On 
the Memory of Burns," have been much admired. 
In 1888 the University of Glasgow conferred on 
him the degree of LL. D. His works include 
a "Hand-Book of English Literature" (Boston, 
1871); "Hand -Book of American Literature" 
(1872); "Cloud Pictures." a series of imaginative 
stories, chiefly musical (1872) ; " Lord of Himself," 
a novel of old times in Kentucky (1874); "Man 
Pronoses," a novel (1880) ; " The True Story of Exo- 
dus, an abridgment of the work by Brugsch-Bey 
(1880); and biographical sketches of Longfellow 
(1832), Lowell (1882), and Whittier (1883). Dr. 
Underwood is engaged upon an elaborate popular 
history of Englisn literature. — His second cousin, 
Lncins Marcus, botanist, b. in New Woodstock, 
N. Y., 20 Oct., 1853, was graduated at the Syracuse 
university, N. Y., in 1877, and was professor of 
botany and geology in Illinois Weslevan university 
in 1880-3. Since 1883 he has held the chair o'f 
botany in Syracuse university. He is engaged in 
the study of the ferns and hepaticie of North 
America, and in addition to numerous articles in 
scientific journals he has published "Systematic 
Plant Record" (Syracuse, 1881); "Our Native 
Ferns, and how to study Them " (Bloomington, 111., 
1881); - Our Native Ferns and their Allies" (1882; 
3d ed., New York, 1888); and "Descriptive Cata- 
logue of North American Hepatica? " (1884). He 
is now preparing an " Underwood Genealogy." 

UNDERWOOD, John Curtiss, jurist, b. in 
Litchfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., in 1808; d. in 
Washington, D. C. 7 Dec, 1873. He was gradu- 
ated at Hamilton in 1832, and removed to Clarke 
county, Va., where he engaged in farming, and in 
1856 was a delegate to the convention that nomi- 
nated John C. Fremont for president. Being pro- 
scribed for his political sentiments, and especially 
for his opposition to slavery, he removed to New 
York, where he became secretary to a company that 
was formed to deal in southern lands. In 1801 he 
was nominated consul at Callao, Peru, but he ac- 
cepted instead the office of fifth auditor in the 
treasury department, and while there was aj> 

gjintea judge of the district court of Virginia, 
arly in the civil war he affirmed the right of the 
U. S. government to confiscate the enemy's proper- 
ty, and also maintained the civic rights of colored 
citizens. In his district Jefferson Davis was in- 
dicted for treason, and he refused in June, 1860. 
to admit the prisoner to bail, on the ground that 
he was in custody of the military authorities. He 
still presided in May. 1867, when the Confeder- 
ate leader was released. Judge Underwood was 
bitterly assailed for his maintenance of the rights 
of colored citizens and for his zeal in enforcing the 
Federal laws, and was forced into litigation on 
account of his decree sanctioning confiscation. 



UNDERWOOD, John William Henry, jurist, 
b. in Elbert county, Ga., 20 Nov., 1816; <L in 
Rome, Ga., 18 Jul v. 1888. He studied law under 
his father, Judge William H. Underwood, in Hall 
county, was admitted to the bar, practised in Hab- 
ersham county for many years, and removed to 
Rome, Ga., in 1851. He was elected solicitor-gen- 
eral for the western circuit in 1843, but resigned 
in 1846, and was appointed chief justice of the mi- 
preme court of Nebraska bv President Buchanan, 
which post he declined, fie was elected to the 
legislature of Georgia in 1857, was made speaker 
of the house of representatives, and was then 
elected to congress, serving from 5 Dec, 1859, till 
28 Jan., 1861, when he resigned on the secession 
of his state. In 1867 he was appointed judge of 
the Rome circuit by Gov. Charles J. Jenkins, but 
went out with the reconstruction act in 1868. In 
1874 he was reappointed to the same office, and he 
was re-elected in 1878. He resigned in 1882, to 
take his place on the tariff commission, to which 
he whs appointed by President Arthur. 

UNDERWOOD, Joseph Rogers, senator, b. in 
Goochland county, Va., 24 Oct., 1791 ; d. near 
Bowling Green, Ky., 23 Aug., 1876. He is a de- 
scendant of William Thomas Underwood, who set- 
tled in Virginia about 1680. His family being 
in adverse circumstances, he was adopted by his 
maternal uncle, 
Edward Rogers, a 
soldier of the Rev- 
olution, who had 
emigrated to Ken- 
tucky in 1783. 
Removing to that 
stale in 1803, the 
boy was educated 
in various schools 
and was gradu- 
ated at Transyl- 
vania in 1811, af- 
ter which he stud- 
ied law in Lex- 
ington, Ky. He 
was the first vol- 
unteer to be at- 
tached to the reg- 
iment of Colonel 
William Dudley 

for co-operation with the northern army on the 
Canada oorder, was made a lieutenant, and when 
the captain of his company was killed in Dudley's 
defeat, 5 May, 1813, the command devolved upon 
him. Underwood was wounded, and with the 
remnant of Dudley's regiment was forced to sur- 
render. After undergoing cruel treatment from 
the Indians, he was released on parole and re- 
turned to his home. He was admitted to the bar 
in the same year, and settled in Glasgow, Ky., 
where he was also trustee of the town and county 
attorney until he removed to Bowline Green in 
1823. fte served in the legislature in 1816-'19 and 
again in 1825-'6, was a candidate for lieutenant- 
governor in 1828, and from that year till 1835 was 
judge of the court of appeals. " Being elected to 
congress as a Whig, he served from 7 ' Dec, 1835, 
till 3 March. 1843, and in 1845 was chosen to rep- 
resent Warren county in the legislature, serving as 
speaker of the house. He was elected a if. S. 
senator as a Whig, and. after serving from 6 Dec, 
1847, till 3 March, 1853, again practised his pro- 
fession. In 1824 and 1844 he was a presidential 
elector on the Henry Clay ticket, and he was a 
delegate to the National Democratic convention at 
Chicago in 1864.— His brother, Warner L., b. in 




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Goochland county, Va., 7 Aug., 1808. was graduated 
at the University'of Virginia in 1830, served in the 
Kentucky legislature in 1848-'9, and was elected to 
congress, as an American, serving from 3 Dec., 
lt<ih\ till 3 March. 1859.— Joseph R.'s son. John 
Cox, engineer, b. in Georgetown, D. C, 12 Sept., 
1840, removed to Kentucky with his father. Af- 
ter graduation at Rensselaer polytechnic insti- 
tute in 1802, he entered the Confederate army 
and served as a military engineer in Virginia, 
but was captured in 18(13 and confined in pris- 
ons in Cincinnati and Boston until the close of 
the war. He then returned to Kentucky, where he 
has since engaged in engineering, and has con- 
tributed to the improvement of his part of the 
state. He was engineer in charge of the public 
works of Warren county, city engineer of Bowling 
Green in 1 868-75, anil mayor of that town in 
1870-'2. He was active in "the reorganization of 
the Democratic party in Kentucky, was a member 
of the state executive committee, speaker of the 
senate in 1870, where his casting-vote defeated the 
whinping-post bill, and in 1876-'80 was lieuten- 
ant-governor of Kentucky. Mr. Underwood es- 
tablished the "Kentucky Intelligencer " in Bow- 
ling Green, but transferred this journal to Louis- 
ville, and consolidated it with the " Post." In 1881 
he removed to Covington, and organized a daily 
newspaper publishing company in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
where in 1882 the 44 Daily News," of which he was 
general manager, began to be issued. He has pub- 
lished various official documents in the form of 
pamphlets and reports. 

UNDERWOOD, William Henderson, jurist, 
b. in Culpeper county, Va., 13 Sept., 1779; d. in 
Marietta, Ga., 4 Aug.* 1859. At an early age h*> 
removed with his faither to Elbert county, Ga., ob- 
tained his education by his own exertions, and 
taught in a country school for several years. He 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and 
after the war of 1812, in which he served as a 
captain of volunteers, rose in his profession, and 
for several years was judge of the western circuit, 
being elected to this post in 1825. He was the 
leading counsel of the Cherokees during their con- 
troversy with the state of Georgia, and became 
famous in the supreme court of the United States 
for the ability with which he advocated their cause. 

UNZAGA, Laisde (oon-thah'-gah). Spanish sol- 
dier, b. about 1720; d. in Spain about 1790. He 
early entered military service, and, after taking part 
in the operations of Charles of Naples against Aus- 
tria, was promoted brigadier, and in 1709 ap- 
pointed governor of Louisiana, to succeed Alexan- 
der O'Reilly, who. by his rigorous measures against 
the opposition to Spanish annexation, had in- 
curred the dislike of the Creoles, and was removed 
by the home government. Unzaga, by his concili- 
atory policy, soon repaired the evils that had arisen 
under O'Reilly, and in 1770 was promoted and 
appointed captain-general of Caracas, whence he 
returned in 1«83 to take charge of the general gov- 
ernment of Cuba. One of his first measures was 
to prohibit the unrestrained cutting of cedar- wood, 
as this useful tree was threatened with extinction 
by enormous exportation and waste at home. 
When, in the same year, by the treaty of Ver- 
sailles, Florida was restored to Spain, more than 
5.000 former residents of that province, who had 
settled in Cuba, returned to their homes, and. to 
offset this loss of labor. Unzaga contracted with 
several French and English firms for the importa- 
tion of 15,000 negroes. In February, 1785, he was 
superseded by Count Bernardo de {ialvez, and he 
then returned to Spain. 



UPCHURCH, John Jorden, mechanic, b. in 
Franklin county, N. C, 20 March, 1822; d. in 
Steelville, Mo , 18 Jan., 1887. His education was 
acquired in a country school previous to his thir- 
teenth year. He was alternately clerk in a coun- 
try store and a farmer until 1841, when he married, 
and opened a hotel in Raleigh. Trying to keep a 
temperance hotel, he failed, and was for thirteen 
years master-mechanic on the Mine Hill and 
Schuylkill Haven railroad. In 1804 he tried the 
oil business and lost all his savings. For four 
years he drifted about, and in 1808 secured a situa- 
tion in the machine-shops of the Atlantic and 
Great Western railroad at Meadville, Pa. Here he 
prepared the first ritual and organized the first 
lodge of the Ancient order of united workmen, to 
which his principal reputation is due. The lodge 
was organized on 27 Oct., 1808, with fourteen mem- 
bers. It has since spread into every state and ter- 
ritory of the Union, has more than 150,000 mem- 
bers, and pays out about $2,000,000 annually in 
benefits to the families of deceased members. 
The plan that was devised and used by the society 
for disbursing sums of money to beneficiaries was 
so original and proved so popular as practically to 
revolutionize the life-insurance business. Other 
societies followed, with many variations on the 
plan, until the amount of life insurance that is now 
carried by the various fraternal Iwncficiary socie- 
ties is many times greater than that carried by all 
the stock-company societies in the country. Fa- 
ther Upchurcn, as he was called, subsequently re- 
moved to Steelville, Mo. He travelled much in the 
later years of his life, in the interest of the society 
that he had founded. 

UPDIKE, Wilklns, lawyer, b. in Kingston, 
R. I.. 8 Jan.. 1784; d. there, 14 Jan., 1807. He 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, served many 
years in the legislature, and was the author of 
" Memoirs of the Rhode Island Bar " (Boston. 1842), 
and a "History of the Episcopal Church in Narra- 
gansett Pier, R. 1." (New Yoik, 1847). 

UPFOLD, George, P. E. bishop, b. in Sheneley 
Green, near Guilford, Surrey, England. 7 May, 
1790; d. in Indianapolis. Ind*, 20 Aug., 1872. He 
came to the United States when he was eight years 
of age, the family settling in Albany, N. Y. He 
was graduated at Union college in 1814, and took a 
course in medicine at the College of physicians and 
surgeons in New York city, receiving his degree of 
M.D. in 1810. In 1817 he began the study of 
theology under the direction of Bishop Hobart. 
He was ordered deacon in Trinity church, New 
York, 21 Oct., 1818, by Bishop tiobart, and or- 
dained priest in Trinity church, Lansingburg, 
N. Y., 13 July, 1820, by the same prelate. He re- 
mained in Lansingburc as rector about two years, 
when he removed to New York city and became 
rector of St. Luke's church, which post he held 
for eight years, when he was elected rector of St. 
Thomas's church. He removed to Pennsylvania in 
1831, taking the rectorship of Trinity church, 
Pittsburg, from which post he was elevated to 
the episcopate. He was consecrated first bishop of 
Indiana, in Christ church, Indianapolis, 10 Dec, 
1849. Bishop Upfold received tne degree of 
S. T. D. from Columbia in 1831, and that of 
LL. D. from the Western university of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1850. His writings include 44 The Last 
Hundred Years," a lecture (Pittsburg. Pa,, 1845); 
* 4 Manual of Devotions for Domestic and Private 
Use" (New York, 1803); and sermons, pastoral 
letters, and addresses. 

UPHAM, James, educator, b. in Salem, Mass., 
23 Jan., 1815. He was graduated at Waterville 



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UPHAM 



UPHAM 




college (now Colby university). Me., in 1835, and 
at Newton theological seminary in 1839. He was 
ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1840. and 
called, after two brief pastorates, to a professor- 
ship in the New Hampshire literary institute, llis 
connection with this institution continued for 
twenty years, during the last five of which he was 
its president. On withdrawing from this relation 
in 1806 he l>ecame one of the editors of the ** Watch- 
man and Reflector." of Boston. He is now (1K89) 
a corresponding editor of the " Religious Herald," 
of Richmond. Va, He received the degree of D. D. 
from Colbv university in 1800. 

UPHAM, Joshua, jurist, b. in Brookfield, Mass., 
14 Nov., 1741 : d. in Ixmdon, England, in 1808. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1703, practised 
law in New York and Boston, built the first woollen- 
mill in this country, and introduced the manufac- 
ture of salt into some of the seaboard towns. He 
was a judge of the supreme court of New Bruns- 
wick at the organization of the judiciary of that i 
province, and died in London while engaged in 1 
public business relating to the affairs of the British 
North American provinces. — His son, Charles 
Wentworth, author, b. in St John. New Bruns- 
wick, 4 May, 1802; d. in Salem, Mass., 14 June, 
1875, after serving as an apothecary's apprentice, 
worked on a farm in Nova Scotia until 1810. when 
he made his way to Boston. After graduation at 
Harvard in 1821, 
and at the divinity- 
school in 1824, he 
was ordained col- 
league of the Rev. 
John Prince over 
the 1st church in I 
Salem, where he 
remained from 8 
Dec., 1824, till he 
was forced to aban- 
don the ministry, 
owing to bronchial 
trouble, 8 Dec., 
1844. He was may- 
or of Salem in 1852, 
and during his 
term of service re- 
organized the no- 
lice force, introdu- 
cing a new system, and secured the establishment 
of a state normal school. He was a member of 
the legislature in 1840, 1849, and 1859-'60, and was 
president of the state senate in 1857-'8. llis prin- 
cipal effort was directed to the interest of educa- 
tion in the district and high schools, the endow- 
ment of colleges and improvement of the statute 
laws of the commonwealth, and he reported the 
measures that made education a regular depart- 
ment of the state government. In 1853 he was a 
member of the State constitutional convention, and 
he was then elected to congress as a Whig, serving 
from 5 Dec., 1853, till 3 March. 1855. He was 
chairman of a select committee to investigate the 
affairs and condition of the Smithsonian institu- 
tion, and in an elat>orate report advocated the 
policy of making it the foundation of a valuable 
library. On 24 March. 1826, he married Ann 
Susan, sister of Oliver Wendell Holmes. He edited 
the "Christian Register** in 1845-'6, contributed 
to magazines and reviews, and was the author 
of "Letters on the Logos " (Boston, 1828); Lec- 
tures on Witchcraft, comprising a History of the 
Salem Delusion. 1602 "(1*31 ; enlarged ed..2 vols., 
1867); •* Life of Sir Henrv Vane," in Sparks's 
"American Biography ** (18$5); "Prophecy as an 



Evidence of Christianity '* (1835); "Life of John 
C. Fremont" (1850); "Memoir of Francis Pea- 
body " (1869) ; " Salem Witchcraft and Cotton 
Mather, a Reply " (1870) ; and the lost three vol- 
umes of the " Life of Timothy Pickering,*' begun 
by Octavius Pickerine (4 vols., 1807- ?2). 

UPHAM, Timothy, soldier, b. in Deerfield, 
N. H., in 1783; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 2 Nov., 
1855. He was a descendant of John Upham, who 
came from England in 1635. and was the first of 
the name in this country. His grave-stone is still 
standing in Maiden, Mass. Timothy's father, the 
Rev. Timothy Upham, was graduated at Harvard 
in 1768, and was pastor of the Congregational 
church at Deerfield from 9 Dec, 1772, until his 
death on 21 Feb., 1811, and had three children- 
Hannah, who became principal of the Ontario fe- 
male seminary ; Nathaniel (1744-1829), who served 
in congress in 1817-'23; and Timothy, the subject 
of this sketch, who engaged in mercantile pursuits 
in Portsmouth, N. 1L, in 1807. On 12 March, 
1812, he was appointed major of the 11th U. S. 
infantry, and soon afterward he was placed in com- 
mand of the forts and harbor of Portsmouth. In 
September he joined the army at Plattsburg, on 12 
March. 1813. he was promoted lieutenant-colonel 
of the 21st regiment under Col. James Miller, and 
at the sortie from Fort Erie he commanded the 
reserve. He was mustered out in June, 1815, and 
from 1816 till 1829 was collector of customs for 
Portsmouth. He was navy agent in 1841-'5, and 
was a maior-general of the state militia. — His 
nephew, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b. in 
Deerfield, N. U., 30 Jan., 1799; d. in New York 
city, 2 April, 18?2, was the son of Nathaniel, 
anil was graduated at Dartmouth in 1818, and in 
1821 at Andover theological seminary, where he 
remained a year as assistant professor of Hebrew, 
and was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
church in Rochester, N. H. t in 1823. In 1824 he 
became professor of mental and moral philosophy, 
and instructor in Hebrew at Bowdoin, which posts 
he held until 1867, afterward retaining the title of 
emeritus professor. Weslevan gave nim the de- 
cree of D. D. in 1843, and ftutgers that of LL. D. 
in 1870. He translated " Biblical Archaeology," by 
Johann Jahn. with additions (Andover, 1823), and 
was the author of " Elements of Intellectual Phi- 
losophy " (Portland. 1827); •* Ratio Discipline, or 
the Constitution of the Congregational Church** 
(1829); "Elements of Mental Philosophy,** which 
was translated into Armenian by the Rev. Cyrus 
Hamlin. D. D., and used as a text-book in Arme- 
nian colleges (2 vols., Portland and Boston 1831 ; 
abridged ed.. New York, 1863): "A Philosophical 
and Practical Treatise on the Will," forming the 
third Tolume of his system of mental philosophy 
(Portland, 1834); "The Manual of Peace*' (1836); 
" Outlines of Imperfect and Disordered Mental 
Action*' (New York, 1840); 44 Life and Religious 
Opinions and Experience of Madame de la Motte 
Guyon. together with some Account of the Per- 
sonal History and Religious Opinions of Fene- 
lon. Archbishop of Cambrav*' (2 vols., 1847; Lon- 
don, 1854); "Life of Faith" (1848: Liverpool, 
1859): ••American Cottage Life,'* a series of po- 
ems (2d ed.. 1850); " A Treatise on Divine Union" 
(Boston, 1851; London, 1&58): "Religious Max- 
ims" (2d ed., Philadelphia, 1854); 44 Letters, writ- 
ten from Europe. Egypt, and Palestine" (Bruns- 
wick, 1855); " Life of Madame Catherine Adorna" 
(Boston, 1856); "A Method of Prayer: an Analy- 
sis of the Work so entitled by Madame de la Motte 
Guyon " (London, 1859) : and " Christ in the Soul ** 
(New York. 1872). He also published a prize essay 



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on a "Congress of Nations" (Boston, 1840), and 
contributed to periodicals. — His brother, Nathan- 
iel tfookin, jurist, b. in Deerfield. N. H.. 8 Jan., 
1801; d. in Concord, N. II., 11 Dec., 1869, was 
graduated at Dartmouth in 1820, studied law, and 
began practice in Bristol, N. H., but removed to 
Concord in 1829. Prom 1833 till 1848 he was judge 
of the supreme court of New Hampshire, and from 
1843 till 18(53 he was superintendent of the Con- 
cord railroad, of which he was president in 1863-'6. 
In 1850 he was a member of the convention to 
amend the state constitution. He spent 1853-'4 
in England as the American member of the joint 
commission of the United States and Great Britain 
for the adjustment of claims against the respective 
countries for all losses since 1814, and in 1862 was 
the umpire of a similar commission between the 
United States and New Grenada. He was an ac- 
tive Democrat, but left his party at the beginning 
of the civil war. In 1865-'6 he was a member of 
the legislature. Dartmouth gave him the degree of 
LL. D. in 1862. He was a member, and for three 
years president, of the New Hampshire historical 
society. Judge Upham possessed a taste for his- 
torical and antiouanan research, and published an 
** Address on Rebellion, Slavery, and Peace," deliv- 
ered at Concord, 2 March, 1864 (Concord, 1864), 
and left unfinished an extensive work on the prov- 
erbs of all lands and languages. — Another brother, 
Francis William, author, b. in Rochester, N. H., 
10 Sept., 1817, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1837, 
studied law under his brother, Nathaniel G. Up- 
ham, and was admitted to the bar of Massachusetts 
in 1844, but relinquished his profession, and in 
1867- 70 was professor of mental philosophy and 
lecturer on history in Rutgers female college, New 
York city. Union gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1868. He is the author of " The Debate between 
the Church and Science, or the Ancient Hebraic 
Idea of the Six Days of Creation ; with an Essay 
on the Literary Character of Tayler Lewis," pub- 
lished anonymously (Andover, 1860); "The Wise 
Men : who they were, and how they came to Jeru- 
salem" (New York, 1869; 4th ed., 1872); "The 
Star of Our Lord, or Christ Jesus, King of all 
Worlds, both of Time or Space ; with Thoughts on 
Inspiration ; and on the Astronomic Doubt as to 
Christianity " (1873); and "Thoughts on the Holy 
Gospels : how thev came to be in Manner and Form 
as they are" (1881).— Another brother, Albert 
Gookin, physician, b. in Rochester, N. H.. 10 July, 
1819; d. in Boston, Mass., 16 June, 1847, was gradu- 
ated at Bowdoin in 1840, and at the medical col- 
lege in Paris, France, in 1844. He published a bio- 

fraphical and genealogical " History of the Upham 
amily " (Concord, 1845). 

UPHAM, William, senator, b. in Leicester, 
Mass., in August, 1792; d. in Washington, D. C, 
14 Jan., 1853. He removed with his father to Ver- 
mont in 1802, was educated at the State university, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, and 
began practice in Montpelier. In 1827-'8 he served 
in the legislature, was state's attorney for Wash- 
ington county in 1829, and served again in the 
legislature in 1830. Elected a U. S. senator as a 
W hig, be served from 4 Dec., 1843, until his sud- 
den death by small-pox. 

UPJOHN, Richard, architect b. in Shaftes- 
bury, England, 22 Jan., 1802 ; d. in Garrison's, Put- 
nam co., N. Y.. 16 Aug., 1878. He received a fair edu- 
cation, and then was apprenticed to a builder and 
cabinet-maker, in whicn trade he became a master- 
mechanic and continued at it until 1829. In that 
vear he ca*ne to the United States and settled in 
New Bedford, Mass., where he followed his trade. 



He removed to Boston in 1833, and assisted in the 
architectural designs of the city court-house. His 
earliest work was the entrances to the Boston com- 
mon, and then he designed and built St. John's 
church in Bangor, Me. In 1839 he was called to 
New York city to take charge of the proposed 
alterations in Trinity church, which were finally 
abandoned, with a view to the erection of a new 
structure. In the preparation of the design for the 
new edifice the power and scope of Mr. Upjohn's 
skill were first made apparent, and his professional 
career as an architect was thereafter assured. Trin- 
ity church was completed in 1846, and was then the 
noblest in conception and purest in detail of all 
ecclesiastical structures in this country. (See illus- 
tration, page 302.) His success gained for him the 
building of other churches that are noted for the 
purity of their style, and are chiefly Gothic. Among 
those in New York city are the churches of the As- 
cension and the Holy Communion, Trinity chapel, 
and St. Thomas's, and, in Brooklyn. Christ and 
Grace churches and the Church of the Pilgrims. 
His civic works were mostly in the style of the Ital- 
ian renaissance. In New York city these include 
the Trinity building and the Com Exchange bank. 
His domestic buildings embody many varieties of 
style and are scattered throughout the country. 
His last years were spent at Garrison's, on Hudson 
river, where he designed St. Philip's church on the 
Highlands, which, on a small scale, is typical of 
the Gothic tendency of his taste. Mr. Upjohn was 
president of the American institute of architects 
from 1857 till 1876.— His son, Richard Mlchell, 
architect, b. in Shaftesbury, England, 7 March, 
1828, came to New York in 1829. He attended 
school until 1846, and then entered his father's 
office. In 1851 he went abroad for further study, 
but in 1852 returned, and later entered into part- 
nership with his father. Mr. Upjohn has served 
on commissions — national, state, and municipal — 
that have been appointed to consider plans and 
to devise improvements. Besides his association 
with his father 
in various arch- 
itectural works, 
he has made 
many indepen- 
dent designs, 
among which 
are the churches 
of St. Peter, Al- 
bany; St. Paul, 
Brooklyn ; Cen- 
tral Congrega- 
tional, Boston; 
and the cathe- 
dral at Fond du 
Lac, Wis. ; also the library building of Hobart col- 
lege, Geneva, N. Y., the capitol at Hartford, Conn, 
(shown in the illustration), and many other build- 
ings in various parts of the country. 

UPSHUR, Abel Parker, statesman, b. in 
Northampton county. Va., 17 June, 1790; d. near 
Washington, D. C, 28 Feb., 1844. He received a 
classical education, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1810, and practised at Richmond, Va., 
until 1824, when he removed to his estate in North- 
ampton county, and was elected to the legislature. 
In 1826 he was appointed a judge in the general 
court of Virginia, in 1829 he was a member of the 
convention that was called to revise the state con- 
stitution, and after the reorganization of the judi- 
cial system under that instrument he was again 
elected judge of the same court. This office ho 
continued to hold until 1841, when he was called 




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by President Tyler to fill that of secretary of the 
navy. On the resignation of Daniel Webster, in 
1843, he was made secretary of state. In politics 
he belonged to the extreme state-rights pro-slavery 
school of the south. Early in 1844 he was on the 
U. S. steamer •* Princeton, on Potomac river, in 
company with the president and the other members 
of the cabinet, to witness experiments with a large 
wrought-iron gun, which burst on being fired the 
third time ana killed him together with several 
others. Judge Upshur, besides a number of essays 
and addresses, published "Brief Inquiry into the 
True Nature and Character of our Federal Govern- 
ment : Review of Judge Joseph Story's Commen- 
taries on the Constitution " (Petersburg, Va., 1840). 
—His brother, George Parker, naval officer, b. in 
Northampton county, Va., 8 March, 1799; d. in 
Spezzia, Italy, 3 Nov., 1852, entered the navy as a 
midshipman, 23 April, 1818, was promoted to lieu- 
tenant, 3 March, 1827, and served on the Brazil sta- 
tion in the " Lexington " in 1832-'4 at the attack 
and dispersion of the pirates on Falkland islands. 
He commanded the brig "Truxtun" on her first 
cruise in the Mediterranean in 1843- , 4. and served 
in the receiving-ship at Norfolk in 1844-7. He 
was commissioned a commander, 27 Feb., 1847. 
and was superintendent of the naval academy at 
Annapolis in 1847-'50. He took command of the 
sloop 41 Levant "at Norfolk, 12 July, 1852. joined 
the Mediterranean squadron, and died on board 
ship while in command at Spezzia.— Their nephew, 
John Henry, naval officer, b. in Northampton 
county, Va., 5 Dec., 1823, changed his name from 
Nottingham to that of his mother, Upshur, when 
he entered the navy to gratify her wish, as the 
Upshur family was conspicuous in naval annals. 
He became a midshipman, 4 Nov., 1841, and cruised 
in the sloop "St. Mary's" in 1843-'6, in which he 
joined the squadron in the Gulf of Mexico during 
the Mexican war. He served in the naval battery 
during the bombardment of Vera Cruz, 10 to 25 
March, 1847, and after the fall of that city he at- 
tended the naval school, becoming a passed mid- 
shipman, 10 Aug., 1847. He was promoted to 
master, 18 July, 1855, and to lieutenant, 14 Sept, 
1855, served in the frigate "Cumberland" on 
the coast of Africa to suppress the slave-trade 
in 1858-'9, and was an instructor at the naval 
academy in 1859- 
'61. When the war 
began he was as- 
signed to the North 
Atlantic blockading 
squadron, and par- 
ticipated in the cap- 
ture of the forts at 
Hatteras inlet and 
in the sounds of 
North Carolina in 
1861. He was execu- 
tive officer of the 
steam frigate Wa- 
bash" at the cap- 
ture of Port Royal, 
and commanded 
four boats in Com- 
mander C. R. P. 
Rodjrers's expedi- 
tion in the inland coast waters in the vicinity 
of Port Royal and Beaufort, S. C. He was 
in charge of the steamer " Flambeau," of the 
South Atlantic blockading squadron, in 1862-*3 in 
operations on the coast of South Carolina. He 
was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 
1862, assigned to the steam frigate " Minnesota," 




of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, in 
1863- '4, and had the steamer "A. D. Vane*" (a 
blockade-runner whose name was changed to the 
" Frolic ") in 1864-'5, in which he took part in both 
engagements at Fort Fisher. He was promoted to 
commander, 25 July, 1866, and given tfie " Frolic," 
on the Mediterranean station, in 1865-7. After 
promotion to cap'ain. 31 Jan., 1872, he served as a 
member of the board of inspectors in 1877-'80. 
He had a leave of absence, during which he vis- 
ited Europe, in 1880, and upon his return was a 
member of the board of examiners. He was com- 
mandant of the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1882-'4, 
and commander-in-chief of the Pacific station in 
1884-'5. He was promoted to rear-admiral, 1 Oct.. 
1884, ard was voluntarily placed on the retired 
list, 1 June, 1885.— A niece, Mary Jane Stith, 
poet, b. in Accomac county. Va., 7 April, 1828, was 
educated entirely at home, and early began writing 
for the press. (3n the death of her father, in 1869, 
she removed from Norfolk, Va., to New York city, 
and on 2 July, 1870. married Josiah R. Sturges. 
Mrs. Sturges was one of the organizers and the 
first president of the Harlem free hospital and dis- 
pensary for women and children. She has con- 
tributed to southern periodicals both prose and 
poetry, commonly under the pen-name of ** Fanny 
Fielding." Her principal work is "Confederate 
Notes," an historical novel, which appeared anony- 
mously in 1867 in the " Home Monthly," published 
at Nashville, Tenn. 

UPSON, Ansel J odd, clergyman, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 7 Nov., 1823. He was graduated at 
Hamilton college in 1843. and began to study law 
in Utica, but became a tutor in Hamilton in 1845. 
and in 1849 was made adjunct professor of rhetoric 
and moral philosophy. From 1853 till 187U he 
held the chair of logic, rhetoric, and elocution, and 
then, after serving as pastor of the 2d Presby- 
terian church in Albany, he became in 1880 pro- 
fessor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in 
Auburn theological seminary. Hamilton gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1870, and Union that of 
LL. D. in 1880. He has been a regent of the State 
university since 1874. and a member of the gen- 
eral assembly of his church in 1871 and 1877. Dr. 
Upson has a high reputation as an instructor and 
trainer of young men for public speaking. He has 
delivered many lectures, and, besides contributions 
to periodicals, has published numerous addresses. 

UPTON, Emory, soldier, b. in Batavia, Gene- 
see co., N. Y., 27 Aug., 1839 ; d. in San Francisco, 
Cal, 14 March, 1881. He was educated at Oberlin 
college and at the U. S. military academy, where 
he was graduated in May, 1861, eighth in a class of 
forty-five, and made 2d lieutenant in the 4th artil- 
lery. On 14 May he became 1st lieutenant in the 
5th artillery. During the first year of the civil war 
he was assigned to duty in the defences of Wash- 
ington, and was present at Bull Run, where he was 
wounded. He commanded his battery during the 
early part of 1862 in the Virginia peninsular cam- 
paign, including alt actions to Glendale, and sub- 
sequently a regiment and brigade of artillery in 
the Maryland campaign. He was appointed colo- 
nel of the 121st New York volunteers in October. 
1862, and was conspicuously engaged at the head 
of a brigade of the 6th corps, Army of the Poto- 
mac, until the close of 1863. He received the brevet 
of major on 8 Nov., 1863, for gallant service at the 
battle of Rappahannock Station, Va. During the 
Wilderness campaign of 1864 he bore an active 
part, especially at Spottsylvania. where he won the 
brevet of lieutenant-colonel, U. S. A., 10 May, 1864, 
and was wounded while leading the assaulting 



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column of twelve regiments of his corps. For this 
he was appointed on the spot a brigadier-general 
of volunteers, 12 May, 1864. He was present dur- 
ing the siege of Petersburg, in the defence of the 
capital in July, 
1804, and in the 
Shenandoah cam- 
paign, where, while 
commanding a di- 
vision of infantry 
at the battle of the 
Opoquan, he was 
severely wounded. 
On 19 Sept., 1804, 
he was brevetted 
colonel, U. S. A., for 
gallant and meri- 
torious services at 
Winchester, Va., 19 
Oct., 1864, and also 
received the brevet 
of major - general 
of volunteers. He 
was in command 
of the 4th cavalry 
division under Gen. James H. Wilson during the 
closing operations in Alabama and Georgia. He 
became captain in the 5th regiment of artillery 
on 22 Feb., 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general, 
U. S. army, on 13 March, 1865, for gallant service 
at Selma, Ala., and also received the brevet of 
major-general, U. S. army, for services in the field 
during the civil war. He was in command of the 
1st cavalry division in the District of East Tennes- 
see in July and August, 1865, and of the District 
of Colorado from 22 Aug., 1365, till 30 April, 1866, 
when he was mustered out of the volunteer service. 
In the reorganization he became lieutenant-colonel, 
25th infantry, 28 July, 1866. He had employment 
in the intervals of active service in preparing an 
original system of tactics for the use oi the mili- 
tary forces of the government, and in 1807 his sys- 
tem for infantry was adopted. He was comman- 
dant of cadets at the U. S. military academy in 
1870-'5, and member of a " board to assimilate the 
tactics" in 1878, when his system, modified for ar- 
tillery and cavalry, was also accepted. Gen. Upton 
was sent on a tour of inspection of the armies of 
Europe and Asia in 1875-'7, and on his return was 
assigned to the artillery-school at Fort Monroe, 
and wrote his official report, which was published 
by the government in 1878. He became colonel of 
the 4th artillery in 1880, and soon afterward joined 
his regiment at the Presidio, San Francisco, Cal. 
His mind became affected, and he committed sui- 
cide. In his last days he was engaged in tactical 
studies and in writing a work on "The Military 
Policy of the United States," which is being pre- 
Dared for publication by Gen. James H. Wilson. 
He published *• A New System of Infantry Tactics " 
(New York, 1867 ; 2d ed., 1874) : " Tactics for Non- 
Military Bodies " (1870) ; and " The Armies of Asia 
and Europe" (1878). See "Life and Letters of 
Major-General Emory Upton," by Peter S. Michie 
(New York, 1885). 

UPTON, George Brace, manufacturer, b. in 
Eastport, Me., 11 Oct, 1804; d. in Boston, Mass., 
1 July. 1874. He entered Harvard, but left a 
short time before he had completed his course, 
and entered business. He spent about three years 
in Boston, and then removea to Nantucket, where 
in 1825 he became partner in a firm that manu- 
factured oils and candles, built ships, and was ex- 
tensively engaged in the sperm-whale fisheries. 
While in Nantucket he was sent twice to the gen- 



eral court, and he was elected for three terms a 
member of the state senate. In 1845 he removed 
to Manchester, N. H.. where he established the 
Manchester print-works, and in 1846 he went to 
Boston. He was treasurer for eight years of the 
Michigan Central railroad, and built numerous clip- 
per-ships for the California and Pacific trade. He 
was a member of the executive council of the state 
in 1853, and of the constitutional convention of the 
same year. He was active during the civil war in 
measures for the relief of the sick and wounded 
soldiers, and made large contributions to the fund 
for procuring recruits. He opposed the Clarendon- 
Johnson treaty in regard to the Alabama, and in 
an open letter to Earl Russell controverted the 
arguments of that statesman. He was a sufferer 
from the great fire in Boston in 1872, but gave 
largely to the fund for the victims, and was the 
first to organize measures for their relief. Mr. 
Upton was an active member of the New England 
historic-genealogical society, and bore most of the 
expense of compiling and publishing Rev. John A, 
Vinton's " Upton Memorial" (Bath, Me., 1874). 

UPTON, George Putnam, Journalist, b. in 
Roxbury, Mass.. 25 Oct, 1884. He was graduated 
at Brown in 1854, removed to Chicago, III., in 
1855. and till 1856 was connected with the " Native 
Citizen" in that place. In 1856-'61 he was city 
editor of the " Evening Journal," and in 1862-81 
he was musical critic of the Chicago " Tribune," of 
which he has been an editorial writer since 1872. 
In 1862-'3 he was also a war-correspondent. Mr. 
Upton was the first journalist in Chicago to estab- 
lish a distinctive department of musical criticism. 
He organized the Apollo musical club in 1872, 
serving as its first president. Besides many con- 
tributions to magazines, on art, musical, and lit- 
erary topics, he has published " Letters of Pere- 
grine Pickle" (Chicago, 1869); "The Great Fire" 
(1872); "Memories, a Story of German Love," 
translated from the German of Max MQller(1879); 
"Woman in Music," an essay (Boston, 1880; en- 
larged ed., Chicago, 1886) ; lives of Haydn, Liszt, 
and Wagner, from the Gennan of Louis Nohl (3 
vols., Chicago, 1883-'4); "The Standard Operas, 
their Plots, their Music, and their Composers" 
(1885); "The Standard Oratorios" (1886); "The 
Standard Cantatas" (1887); and "The Standard 
Symphonies" (1888). 

UPTON, Jacob Kendiick, lawyer, b. in Wil- 
mot, N. H., 9 Oct., 1837. He was graduated at the 
Literary and scientific institution at New London, 
N. H., in 1860, read law with a brother at Man- 
chester. N. H., and was a clerk in the treasury 
department. He rose till he became chief clerk of 
the department in March, 1877, and assistant sec- 
retary of the treasury in 1880. Upon the inaugu- 
ration of President Cleveland he resigned, and has 
since been a lawyer and banker in .Washington. 
He has contributed articles on financial subjects 
to the "American Cyclopaedia," and is the author 
of " Money in Politics " (Boston, 1884). 

UPTON, James, merchant, b. at Salem, Mass., 
31 March, 1813; d. there, 80 March, 1879. He 
studied for college and acquired a knowledge of 
French and the classics, but entered his father's 
counting-room at an early a^e and there received 
the training that was the basis of his fortune. He 
was a contributor to all public projects in Salem, 
where he spent his life, and a liberal donor to 
Brown university and Newton theological institute. 
He was an active member of the Essex institute, to 
the "Proceedings" of which he contributed valu- 
able papers on arboriculture. In 1872 he printed 
privately a volume of original music entitled 



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UPTON 



URDANETA 



"Musical Miscellanea."— His son, Wtnftlow, as- 
tronomer, b, in Salem, 12 Oct., 1853, was graduated 
at Brown university in 1875, was a student of as- 
tronomy at Cincinnati observatory in 1875-7, and 
received the degree of A. M. from the University 
of Cincinnati in the latter year. He was assistant 
at the Harvard observatory in 1877-'9, assistant en- 
gineer on the U. S. lake survey in 1879-'80, com- 
puter in the U. S. naval observatory in 1880-7, com- 
puter and assistant professor in the U. S. signal 
office in 1881 -'4, and has been professor of astrono- 
my in Brown university since January, 1884. He 
was a member of the 11. S. expeditions to observe 
eclipses in 1878 and 1888, ana is a member of the 
principal American and foreign scientific societies, 
to whose publications he has contributed numer- 
ous papers. Of these, the following have been re- 
printed : " Photometric Observations " (Cambridge, 
1879); 44 The Solar Eclipse of 1878" (Salem, 1879); 
•* Report on Observations made on the Expedition 
to Caroline Island to observe the Total Solar Eclipse 
of May 6, 1883 " (Washington. 1884) ; 44 An Investi- 
gation of Cyclonic Phenomena in New England " 
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1887); 44 Meteorological Observa- 
tions during the Solar Eclipse, Aug. 19, 1887 " (1888) ; 
and 44 The Storm of March 11-14, 1888" (1888). 

UPTON, Samnel, editor, b. in Middleton, Mass., 
in 1784; d. in Washington. D. C, 8 March, 1842. 
His ancestor, John (1620-'99), came to New Eng- 
land as early as 1038, and ultimately settled in 
what is now North Reading, Mass., where he be- 
came a great landed proprietor and one of the 
most influential citizens. He was one of the first 
to deprecate the inordinate influence of the clergv 
in the colony, and was conspicuous for his opposi- 
tion to religious tests in civil matters and to the 
prosecutions for witchcraft. He was ancestor of 
all the other Uptons that are mentioned in these 
pages. Samuel engaged in mercantile and ship- 
ping business, first at Salem, Mass., and afterward 
in C as tine and Bangor. Me., and Boston. In Maine 
he exerted a great influence in politics and edited 
the Bangor 44 Gazette " and 44 Whig." In 1819 he 
represented Castine in the 1st general court. In 
later life he removed to Washington, D. C, where 
he is buried in the Congressional cemetery.— His 
son, Charles Horace, politician, b. in Salem, 
Mass., 23 Aug., 1812: d. in Geneva, Switzerland, 
in June, 1877, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1834, 
and settled in Fairfax county, Va., whence he was 
elected to congress in 1860. In 1803 he was ap- 
pointed U. S. consul at Geneva, Switzerland. — An- 
other son, Edward Pelrce, lawyer, b. in Castine, 
Me., 22 July, 1816, received an academic education, 
was admitted to the bar, and settled in Virginia, 
but about 1858 removed to Texas. During the 
civil war he was a devoted friend of the Union and 
was indicted for treason against the Confederacy, 
imprisoned six months, and shot at several times. 
One of his son's was murdered by a political mob a 
year after the war. He was appointed judge of 
the 18th judicial district of Texas in 1867, and held 
the post two years. — Another son, Francis Henry, 
lawyer, b. in Salem, Mass., 25 May, 1814 ; d. in New 
York city, 25 June, 1876, was graduated at Har- 
vard law-school in 1835 and settled in New York 
city, where he rose to eminence in his profession. 
During the civil war he held the appointment of 
counsel for captors in prize courts, and while argu- 
ing a case received a stroke of paralysis from which* 
he never recovered. He published 44 A Treatise on 
the Law of Trade-Marks, with a Digest and Re- 
view of English and American Authorities" (Al- 
bany, 1860), and 44 The Law of Nations affecting 
Commerce during War, with a Review of the Juris- 



prudence, Practice, and Proceedings of Prize 
Courts" (New York, 1863). — Francis Henry's 
daughter, Sara Carr, author, b. 1 Jan., 1843, re- 
sides in Washington, D. C, where she was for sev- 
enteen years translator of modern languages in the 
post-ofnee department. She is a frequent con- 
tributor to magazines and has in press a volume of 
44 Translations from the French." — Another son of 
Samuel Upton, Wheelock Samuel, lawyer, b. in 
Salem, Mass., 17 Jan., 1811 ; d. in Carrollton, La., 
18 Oct, 1860, received an academic education, and 
was graduated at Ihe Harvard law-school in 1832, 
and settled in New Orleans. He was one of the 
compilers of "The Louisiana Civil Code" (New 
Orleans, 1838), and published 44 An Address at New 
York " (New York, 1840). 

UPTON, William W. f jurist, b. in Victor. 
N. Y., 11 July, 1817. He removed with his parents 
to Michigan in 1837, and in 1845 was admitted to 
the bar, and elected treasurer of Clinton county. 
He was elected to the state legislature in 1847, 
was appointed district attorney for Ingham coun- 
ty in 1848, and was elected for two terms of two 
years each in 1849 and 1851. He resigned this 
office in 1852 and went to California, where he 
settled first at Weaverville, and in 1855 in Sacra- 
mento. He was elected a representative in the 
legislature of California in 1856, and was prosecut- 
ing attorney of Sacramento county from 1861 till 
1864. In 1865 he removed to Portland, Orgeon, 
and was at once elected a member of the legisla- 
ture on the Republican ticket. He had been a 
Democrat until the civil war. He was appointed 
associate justice of the supreme court oi Oregon 
in 1867, and was elected to that office for a term 
of six years in 1868. In 1872 the legislature or- 
dered more than eighty of his nisi pnus decisions 
to be printed and bound with the decisions of the 
supreme court, and he became chief justice the 
same year. He declined a renomination in 1874 
and resumed the practice of his profession. In 
the presidential controversy of 1876, the vote of 
Oregon being in doubt, the Republicans practically 
rested their case before the electoral commission 
on a decision that had been rendered by Judge 
Upton upon the question of the power of the gov- 
ernor of Oregon to exercise judicial functions. A 
majority of tne supreme court of the state differed 
with him, but the electoral commission sustained 
his view. In 1877 he was appointed second comp- 
troller of the treasury of the United States, but 
in 1885 he resigned, and resumed the practice of his 
profession in Washington. He has published a 
44 Digest of Decisions of the Second Comptroller of 
the Treasury, 1869 to 1884 " (Washington, 1885). 

URDANETA, Andres (oor-dah-nay'-tah). Span- 
ish navigator, b. in Villafranca, Guipuzcoa, in 
1499; d. in Mexico, 3 June, 1568. He early at- 
tained reputation as a skilful navigator, and in 
1525 left Mexico as chief pilot of the fleet of Gar- 
cia de Loaysa in the expedition to the Moluccas. 
There he fought against the Portuguese till 1536, 
when he was sent to report to the emperor, but 
was shipwrecked on the coast of Portugal, impris- 
oned in Lisbon, and deprived of his paper 8 anu " 
valuables. He escaped, and went to Val lad olid, 
where Charles V. held his court, but, unable to 
obtain recognition for his services, he entered the 
order of St Austin. On his return to Mexico, he 
was made librarian of his order. In 1558 Philip 
II., urged by the council of the Indies, decided to 
pursue the conquest of the Philippine islands. 
Urdaneta being named to him as the person that 
best knew those parts, the king wrote to him. in 
I September, 1559, appointing him chief pilot of the 



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URICOCHEA 



217 



expedition, which, under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, 
left Acapulco, 21 Nov., 1504. After taking posses- 
sion of (Jehu, and conquering Mindoro, Legaspi de- 
spatched Urdaneta to New Spain with a request 
for re-enforcements. He reported afterward to the 
king at Madrid before returning to his convent in 
Mexico, where he died. He wrote several memoirs 
and letters which arc preserved in the archives of 
the Indies at Seville. Among them are *' Relaci6n 
del Viage del Comendador Garcia de Loaysa," *• Re- 
lacion de la expedicion del Comendador Miguel 
Lopez de Legaspi," and Cartas al rey Felipe II. 
condeseriptiones de los puertos de Acapulco y Na- 
vidad." In the first memoir he speaks of a strait 
which the French reported to exist north of the 
codfish country*' (Newfoundland or Labrador), 
communicating with the Pacific. 

URDANETA, Rafael, Venezuelan soldier, b. 
in Maracaibo, 24 Oct., 1789; d. in Paris, France, 
23 Aug., 1845. He took part in the revolutionary 
movement of 1810, on 25 July was appointed lieu- 
tenant, and fought in the campaigns of 1811-12. 
In 1813, with the auxiliaries of Cundinamarca, he 
accompanied Bolivar to Venezuela. He entered 
Caracas on 6 Aug., after which he was promoted 
brigadier. In March, 1814, he defended the city 
of Valencia with a small force against the besieg- 
ing army of 4,000 men under Ceballos till he was 
relieved on 3 April by Bolivar. He also took 
part in the victorious battle of Carabobo, 28 May, 
1814, and protected the retreat of the patriot army 
after the defeat of Ija Puerto, 15 June. He re- 
tired with a remnant of the army to the western 

Provinces, but after being routed at Mucuchies on 
Sept. he penetrated into New Granada. There 
he joined Bolivar, and, after being promoted ma- 
jor-general and sent to Cucuta, he was defeated in 
Balaga in November. 1815. and with the rest of his 
forces joined Paez in Apure. He was second in 
command in the operations against Caracas in 
1818, being also appointed member of the council 
of government in Angostura. The next year he 
was made general-in-chief of the army that was 
forming in Margarita from the German and Brit- 
ish legions and native troops, with which he oper- 
ated against Cum ana and captured Barcelona. In 
1821 he obtained the submission of Maracaibo and 
Coro, and in 1826 was sent to Venezuela, and op- 
posed the plans of Paez, returning to Colombia in 
1827 as commander of Cundinamarca. He was 
also member of the constituent congress of Colom- 
bia, and twice secretary of war, occupving, from 
September, 1830, till April, 1831, the executive of 
the nation to fill a vacancy. Shortly afterward he 
returned to Venezuela, where he was successively 
senator for the province of Coro, governor of Guay- 
ano, and twice secretary of war. In 1845 he was 
sent as minister to Madrid, but he died on his way. 
— His cousin, Francisco, South American soldier, 
b. in Montevideo, 8 Aug., 1791 ; d. in Bogota in 
1801, entered the military sen-ice in his youth, and 
fought against the Briti'sh in 1800-'7. In 1809 he 
was called by his uncle, Martin Urdaneta, to Bo- 
gota, where he entered the Spanish service, but he 
joined the patriot cause in 1810. In 1819 he par- 
ticipated in the campaign of Cauca, becoming in 
1820 governor of Popayan, and in 1821 of Antio- 

?uia. In 1829 he was promoted major-general. In 
861 he used his utmost efforts to save the lives of 
the political prisoners in the College of Rosario, and 
when they were assassinated before his eyes, on 7 
March, he retired to his home, where he soon died. 

URE, Robert, Canadian clergyman, b. in Lan- 
arkshire. Scotland, in January. 1823. When he 
was nineteen years old lie emigrated to Canada, 



and settled at Hamilton. He studied theology, 
and was ordained a minister of the Free Presbyte- 
rian church in 1850. He was a pastor at Streets- 
ville in 1850-'62, and since the latter year he has 
been stationed at Goderich, Ont. He was for two 
vears a lecturer on apologetics at Knox college, 
^Toronto, and has also been a lecturer on the same 
subject at Queen's university, Kingston. He aided 
in bringing about the union of the various Presby- 
terian churches in Canada, and was a moderator of 
the united churches. He received the degree of 
D. D. from Queen's university in 1870. 

URF£, Gabriel Jules (oor-fay). West Indian 
navigator, b. in Martinique, W. I., in 1795; d. in 
the Arctic ocean in 1833. He was educated at 
Paris, entered the navy as a midshipman in 1810, 
and after the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814, 
was attached as ensign to the frigate " La Rail- 
leuse" and sent to South America. After assist- 
ing in re-establishing French consulates in Brazil, 
Venezuela, Mexico, and the West Indies, he was 
a commissioner in 1817 to receive the surrender 
of the administration of French Guiana from the 
Portuguese, and afterward took part in a campaign 
to Martinique and Santo Domingo. Later he was 
employed at Madagascar and Bourbon, and in 
1830 he was attached to the department of charts 
in the navy office. On 4 July, 1838. he sailed as 
second in command of the frigate ** La Liloise " 
with Poret de Blosseville for an exploration of the 
Arctic ocean. They prepared a chart of the west- 
ern coast of Greenland, which they forwarded in 
August following to Admiral Duperre\ and stopped 
afterward at Vagna-Fjord, whence they returned 
in October, navigating along the coast of Green- 
land. This was the last that was heard of the 
frigate, and the subsequent expeditions that were 
sent to search for it failed to discover anv trace 
of the navigators. Urfe's works include, besides 
several memoirs that are published in the " Annales 
maritimes et coloniales, "Histoire de la decou- 
vcrte du Groenland par les navigateurs Scandi- 
naves" (Paris, 1831), and " Historioue de roccupa- 
tion Anglaise a la Martinique " (1832). 

TRFE, Lonis Edouard d\ West Indian mis- 
sionary, b. in Les Saintes, Guadeloupe, in 1099; d. 
in Leghorn in 1702. He was educated in the col- 
lege of the Jesuits at Bordeaux, entered that order 
in 1727, and was sent in the following year to 
Guadeloupe, where he resided several years and 
had charge of the parish of Capesterre. In 1742 
he went to Cayenne, founded several missions 
among the Galibi Indians, explored Guiana and 
the basin of the Orinoco, and in 1760 became 
visitor of his order. He died at Leghorn during a 
voyage for the purpose (if conferring with the gen- 
eral of the Jesuits. Urfe's works include "Gram- 
maire Galibi " (Paris. 1755) : »* Dictionnaire Galibi M 
(1757); and *• Histoire des etablissements de la foi 
fondes dans la Guiane ou Nouvelle France me>i- 
dionale" (1762). 

URICOCHEA, Ezeqnlel (oo-ri-ko-chay'-ah), 
Colombian scientist, b. in Bogota in 1834. As 
early as 1840 he obtained in college the first prize 
in mathematics and in 1849 he went to the United 
States to finish his studies, being graduated in 
medicine at Yale. In 1852 he went to Germany, 
and in 1854 was graduated at the University of Gflt- 
tingen, devoting himself specially to the study of 
chemistry and mineralogy. He travelled through 
Europe for two years, ana remained six months in 
Brussels to study astronomy in the observatory of 
that city. In 1857 he returned to his native coun- 
try, where he was professor of chemistry till 1868. 
He founded the Society of naturalists of New 



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URQUIZA 



URRUTIA 



Granada, and is a member of several scientific so- 
cieties, including the Spanish academy and the 
Academy of history of Madrid. He has written 
" Memorias sobre las AntigQedados Neo-Granadi- 
nas" (Berlin, 1854); " Contribueiones de Colombia 
a las Ciencias y a las Artes" (Bogota, 1859-'G1); 
44 Mapotcca Colombinna " (London, 1800) : " Grama- 
tica, Frases, y Oraciones de la lengua ChiUha" 
(Bogota, 1801) ; " Gramatica de la lengua Chibcha" 
(Paris. 1871) : " Alfabeto fonetico de la lengna Cas- 
tcllana" (Madrid, 1872) ; and several articles in the 
" Mosaico." 

URQUIZA. Justo Jos6 de (oor-kee'-thah). Ar- 
gentine soldier, b. in Armvo de la China, near the 
capital of Entre Rios, 19 'March. 1800; d. in San 
Jose, 11 April, 1870. He was sent by his father to 
Buenos Ay res, where he received a good education 
in the Jesuit college. In 1820 he established him- 
self in business in his native village, but his edu- 
cation and dexterity in the use of arms gave him 
power over his neighbors, and in one of the 
internal revolts he was elected commander of the 
National guard. He soon gained influence in poli- 
tics, and, as a defender of the federal principle, 
was favored by the dictator Rosas. When the latter 
gave Manuel Oril>e the means to invade Uruguay, 
he ordered Urquiza with 4,000 men to assist in the 
war, and in 1844 the latter passed the river Uru- 
guay, obtained partial success in the encounters of 
Arequitaand Malbajar. and finally defeated Rivera 
at India Muerta on 28 March, 1845, celebrating his 
victory by the execution of 500 prisoners. On his. 
return he was elected in 1840 governor of Entre 
Rios, and by arbitrary measures soon amassed an 
enormous fortune, tfo shop of any kind could be 
opened without his permit, which was only given 
to nersons that shared the. profits with him. and, 
prohibiting the importation of wheat into the state, 
ne reserved for himself the exclusive right of mill- 
ing flour from the crop of his large farms. He 
waged a war against the Unitarians of Corrientes, 
emulating the dictator Rosas in cruelties, and soon 
acquired such an influence that he was in reality 
the dictator of Entre Rios. When in 1850 Rosas, 
by treaty with England and France, declared the 
navigation of the Parana and Uruguay closed to 
foreign flags, Urquiza united with the governor of 
Corrientes in a protest, and began to intrigue 
against the Argentine dictator, and when Rosas, 
in the beginning of 1851, went through the cus- 
tomary farce of resigning the executive, in the ex- 
pectation of being re-elected with increased pow- 
ers, Urquiza ana Gov. Visaroso, of Corrientes, 
accepted the resignation, and declared the sover- 
eignty of the two states restored. Urquiza, on 1 
May, issued a manifesto, calling upon the nation 
to throw off the yoke of the dictator, and on the 
29th of that month he concluded, as governor of 
Entre Rios, an offensive and defensive alliance with 
Brazil and Uruguay against Rosas. He passed 
Uruguay river in June with 4,000 men, captured 
Paysandu, and, without awaiting Brazilian re-en- 
forcements, marched against Oribe, who was still 
besieging Montevideo. The whole country rose to 
join Urquiza, and Oribe, seeing his cause lost, 
capitulated on 8 Oct Re-enforced by the Uru- 
guayan and Brazilian armies, and protected by the 
Brazilian fleet, Urquiza repassed the Uruguay and 
Parana, and, on 12 Jan., 1852, began his march 
with an army of 30,000 men against Rosas. The 
latter had fortified his camps of Palermo and San- 
tos Lugares, but in the final battle of Monte Case- 
ros, on 3 Feb., he was defeated after a short resist- 
ance, and fled on board a British ship, Urquiza 
marring his victory by the execution of the valiant 



Col. Chilabert. the only one of Rosas's chief?* that 
had fought well. On 4 Feb. he appointed Dr. 
Ijopez provisional governor of Buenos Ayres, and 
remained encamped in Palermo, whence he sent 
all the art treasures that had been accumulated bv 
Rosas to his country-scat of San Jose. On 0 April 
the governors of Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Buenos 
Ayres, and a representative of the government of 
Santa Fe. declared the national executive restored, 
and appointed Urquiza provisional director until 
the meeting of a congress. But, instead of con- 
voking congress, he summoned a meeting of all 
the governors at San Nicolas de los Arroyos, which 
on 31 May proclaimed him provisional president. 
On the return of Gov. Lopez from San Nicolas, 
stormy debates followed in the chamber of depu- 
ties, 21 and 22 June, in which Bartolome Mitre, 
who had prepared public opinion by editorial arti- 
cles in his paper. " Los Debates." took a prominent 
part. Gov. Lopez resigned, flying to Palermo, and 
Urquiza on the 23d closed the office of " Los De- 
bates," arbitrarily dissolved the legislature, and his 
opponents fled to escape imprisonment; but when 
the dictator left for Santa Fe\ to open the con- 
stituent congress, a revolution began in Buenos 
Ayres on 11 Sept., which declared the province 
independent, electing Valentin Alsina governor. 
Urquiza tried to subdue the city, but after an un- 
successful campaign raised the siege on 13 July, 
1853, and in November of that year was elected 
constitutional president for the other thirteen 
states, with residence in Parana. The new presi- 
dent signed a treaty with France, England, and 
the United States, declaring the navigation of the 
Parana and Uruguay free to all nations. In 1859 
Buenos Ayres was invited to enter the union 
again, but refused, and Urquiza marched with the 
national troops against the state, defeating the 
forces under Mitre at Cepeda on 23 Oct, 1859. 
Gov. Alsina resigned, and the new governor agreed 
to send deputies to the congress of Parana, on con- 
dition that certain reforms should be made in the 
Federal constitution, to be proposed by Buenos 
Ayres. The latter were accepted by congress on 
25 Sept, 1800, and Buenos Ayres sent deputies; 
but they were refused admittance on pretext that 
the state electoral law was unconstitutional. Bue- 
nos Ayres armed again, and under Gen. Mitre sent 
her forces to defend her territory, when the new 
Federal president, Dr. Santiago Derqui, declared 
war against the province, appointing Urquiza com- 
mander-in-chief. The opposing armies met on 17 
Sept, 1861. at Pavon, and Urquiza was defeated, 
retiring with his troops to Entre Rios. After Gen. 
Mitre's election to the Federal executive, Urquiza 
was again elected governor of his province, and 
fitted up his country-seat at San Jose in great 
splendor, constructing a large artificial lake by 
means of the labor of political prisoners. In this 
place he was surpriseu by an armed party, who 
assassinated him and afterward proclaimed Gen. 
Lopez Jordan governor. 

URRUTIA, Ijrnacio J. de (oor-root'-yah), Cuban 
historian, b. in Havana in 1730; d. there in 1798. 
He studied law in his native city, and in 1755 was 
admitted to the bar. He filled several public of- 
fices, which afforded him opportunities to collect 
documents and information about the history of 
the island of Cuba, and especially of Havana.* In 
1787 he retired from public affairs to devote him- 
self to his ** Tcatro hist6rico, juridico, politico, mili- 
tar de la Isla Fernandina de Cuba," which was left 
incomplete. The first volume was published in 
1795, and several chanters of the second appeared 
in the reprint of the first volume in the work that 



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URTIAGA 



is known as "Los trcs primeros historiadores de 
Cuba" (Havana, 1870). Urrutia published also 
** Compendio de Memorias para servir a la historia 
de la isla Fernandina de Cuba" (1791). 

URTIAGA, Pedro (oor-tee-ah'-gah), Mexican 
missionary, b. in Queretaro about 1650 ; d. in Porto 
Rico about 1720. He entered the Order of St Fran- 
cis, and set out for Central America with four 
other missionaries in 1694. He obtained good re- 
sults among the wild Choles, Talamanua, and 
Tologalpa tribes, whose language he soon learned, 
and founded in the city of Guatemala the College 
of Propaganda Fide. In 1703 he went to Spain, 
and on his return in 1704 he was captured by a 
British cruiser and landed on the coast of Portu- 
gal. He returned on foot to the court of Madrid, 
and was appointed bishop of Porto Rico, in which 
city he diea. Besides numerous religious works of 
merit, which have been reprinted many times in 
Mexico and Guatemala, he is author of 44 Diario del 
riage de los cinco misioneros Franciscanos desde 
Queretaro hasta Guatemala en 1694 ; y conquista 
espi ritual de los Indios Choles, Talamancos y To- 
logalpos n (Mexico, 1702). 

URUGUAY, Paulino Jos6 Soares e Souza 
(oo-roo-gah'-ec), Viscount de, Brazilian statesman, 
b. in Paris, France, in 1807; d. in Rio Janeiro, 
Brazil, 15 July, 1866. He was educated at the Uni- 
versity of Coimbra, studied law in the Academy of 
S4o Paulo, Brazil, entered the magistracy in 1881, 
was a member, and afterward president, of the pro- 
vincial assembly of Rio Janeiro, after the promul- 
gation of the additional act to the constitution. 
He was a member of the Brazilian parliament in 
1836-'49, entered the cabinet on 28 May, 1840, as 
minister of justice, and held the same office in 
1841-3, prepared the law of 8 Dec, 1841, which 
reformed the criminal procedure of the empire, was 
secretary of foreign relations in 1848-'4, and be- 
came a senator, 21 March, 1849. On 8 Oct. of the 
same year he succeeded Marquis de Olinda as sec- 
retary of foreign relations. He negotiated in 1851 
the treaty of alliance between Uruguay, Entre-Rios, 
and Brazil, and treaties of commerce with Uru- 
guay, Peru, and the Argentine Republic, and re- 
signing, 6 Sept., 1858, was appointed on 8 Sept a 
councillor of state, and created Viscount of Uru- 

Siay and a grandee of the first class, 2 Dec., 1854. 
e went to Paris in the following year as minister 
to settle the difficult question of the frontier be- 
tween Brazil and French Guiana, returning in 1858 
to Brazil. He wrote " Ensaios sobre o Dirieto ad- 
ministrative " (2 vols., Rio Janeiro, 1862) and 
" Estudos praticos sobre o administracfto das pro- 
vincias do Brazil " (2 vols., 1866). 

USHER, Hezekiah, bookseller, b. in England 
about 1615 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 14 March, 1676. 
He was a citizen of Cambridge in 1689, and in 1646 
established himself in Boston, became a select-man 
of the town, and, as agent for the Society for propa- 
gating the gospel, purchased in England in 1657 
the press and types for printing Eliot's Indian 
Bible. He was a founder of the Old South church 
in 1669.— His son. Hezekiah, bookseller, b. in 
Cambridge, Mass., 6 June, 1689 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
11 July, 1679, was also engaged in business in Bos- 
ton* During the excitement over witchcraft he 
was arrested, but was suffered to make his escape 
from the colony. His wife was Bridget daughter 
of John Lisle, the regicide, and widow of Leonard 
Hoar.— Another son, John, lieutenant-governor of 
New Hampshire, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 April, 
1648 ; d. in Medford, Mass., 1 Sept, 1726, succeeded 
his father in business, and became -a member of 
the council, a colonel of militia, and treasurer of 



USSIEUX 219 

Massachusetts. His second wife was Elizabeth, 
daughter of Samuel Allen, whose claims to the 
New Hampshire patent he supported. In March, 
1677, he acted in London as agent for Massachu- 
setts colony in the purchase of the title to the dis- 
trict of Maine from Sir Ferdinando Gorges. He 
was lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire from 
1692 till 1697, and was reappointed in 11 02.— John's 
great-great-grandson, John Palmer, secretary of 
the interior, b. in Brookfleld, N. Y., 9 Jan., 1816 ; 
d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 April, 1889, removed to 
Indiana, studied and practised law, was elected to 
the legislature, and was attorney-general of the 
state. He was appointed 1st assistant secretary of 
the interior on 20 March. 1862, and on the resigna- 
tion of Caleb B. Smith, succeeded him as head of 
the interior department on 8 Jan., 1868, holding 
the office till 15 May, 1865, when he resigned, and 
resumed the practice of his profession, becoming 
consulting attorney for the Union Pacific railroad. 

USSHER, Brandram Bollean, Canadian R. 
E. bishop, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 6 Aug., 1845. He 
was educated at Delgany college, Wicklow, and in 
private schools. He early conceived a love for the 
study of medicine, but his father encountered finan- 
cial losses and his studies came to an abrupt close. 
He was sent to New York, where he abandoned 
business at the end of a year and began the study 
of medicine in Washington and subsequently at 
the University of Michigan. Ten years were passed 
in Aurora, 111., where he practised his profession. 
Hearing a sermon by Dwight L. Moody, he deter- 
mined to study for the ministry, and on 9 June, 
1874, he was ordained deacon in Christ church, 
Chicago, by Bishop Cheney, of the Reformed Epis- 
copal church. Two years later he became presov- 
ter in Emmanuel church, Ottawa, Canaaa. fn 
Canada he has held pastorates in Toronto and 
Montreal, where he has had charge of St Bartholo- 
mew's church since 1878. He and his congregation 
withdrew from the jurisdiction of the Reformed 
Episcopal church in the United States and united 
their fortunes with the English branch of that 
body, otherwise called the Reformed church of 
England. The general synod in England elected 
Dr. Ussher to the episcopate, but he declined. Two 
years later he was re-elected, the Canadian synod 
choosing him as their bishop. On 19 June, 1882, 
he was consecrated in Trinity church. Southend, 
by Bishop Greeg and seven presbyters. He re- 
turned to Canaaa and assumed* the* duties of his 
large diocese, which includes Newfoundland. 

USSIEUX, Jacques Glrard des (oos-se-uh), 
French naval officer, b. in Eu, Normandy, in 1719; 
d. in Port Royal, Martinique, in 1781. He was a 
captain in the merchant service, and during the 
war of 1756 he commanded privateers against tho 
English, and defended the fortifications at the 
entrance of St Lawrence river. After the con- 
clusion of peace he entered the service of Louis 
Antoine de Bougainville, who had obtained from 
Louis XV. a grant of the Falkland islands, carried 
emigrants there in 1764, and governed the colony 
during Bougainville's absence. After the retro- 
cession of the Falkland archipelago to Spain in 
1766, he was sent to make an exploration of the 
coast of Patagonia, and visited also the island of 
Georgia. At the beginning of the war of 1778 he 
again entered the royal navy as 1st lieutenant, and 
was appointed harbor-master of Port Royal. He 

Sublisned 44 Histoire de la colonic f on dee aux lies 
lalouines par le capitaine de Bougainville, suivie 
d'une description de la cole de la Patagonie, et 
d'une relation d'un voyage a Hie Saint Pierre et 
a la Terns des fctats" (Dieppe, 1768). 



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220 



VAIL 



VAIL 




TAIL, Stephen, manufacturer, b. near Morris- 
town, N. J., 28 June, 1780; d. there, 12 June, 1804. 
He received ordinary educational advantages, and 
in 1804 became the owner of the Speedwell iron- 
works, near Morristown, N. J. At these works the 
engine of the " Savannah," the first steamship to 
cross the Atlantic (1819), was built. Later he con- 
tributed money to aid in the construction of the 
electric telegraph, and at his place the first prac- 
tical exhibition of the new invention was made. He 
was one of the lay officers that are required on the 
local bench, and so acquired the title of judge. — 
His son, Alfred, inventor, b. in Morristown, N. J., 
25 Sept., 1807; d. there, 18 Jan., 1859, was edu- 
cated at Morris academy, and as a youth showed 
a fondness for study 
and investigation in 
natural science. In 
accordance with the 
wishes of his father, 
he entered the Speed- 
well iron -works, but on 
attaining his majority 
he determined to pre- 
pare for the Presbyte- 
rian ministry, and in 
consequence was grad- 
uated at the Univer- 
sity of the city of New 
York in 1836. While 
in college he became 
interested in the ex- 
|»eriments that Prof. 
Samuel F. B. Morse 
was then conducting 
for the purpose of per- 
fecting a system of telegraphy. Vail became con- 
vinced of the possibility of the scheme of elec- 
tric communication, and his mechanical knowl- 
edge led to various suggestions on his part to 
Prof. Morse. This acquaintance developed into an 
offer of partnership, and he obtained permission 
to invite Prof. Morse to Speedwell, where he per- 
suaded his father to contribute $2,000 toward the 
completion of the apparatus. In 1837 an agree- 
ment was signed by Mr. Vail, in which it was stipu- 
lated that he should construct at his own expense, 
and exhibit before a committee of congress, one 
of the telegraphs " of the plan and invention of 
Morse," and that he should give his time and per- 
sonal services to the work and assume the expense 
of exhibiting the apparatus and of procuring pat- 
ents in the united States. In consideration, Vail 
was to receive one fourth of all rights in the 
invention in this country. Thereafter, until con- 
gress appropriated money for the building of the 
initial line between Baltimore and Washington, 
Vail was active in developing the practical parts of 
the telegraph. His mechanical knowledge applied 
to the experimental apparatus resulted in the first 
available Morse machine. He invented the first 
combination of the horizontal lever motion to actu- 
ate a pen, pencil, or style, and then devised a tele- 
graphic alphabet of dots, sjwecs, and dashes which 
it necessitated. The dot-and-dash system had al- 
ready been invented by Morse for use in a code, 
but Mr. Vail claimed that he was the first to 
apply it alphabetically. He then devised in 1844 
tne lever and grooved roller, which cmlwxsscd on 
paper the alp l ml>etici»l characters that he origi- 
nated. In March, 1843, he was ap|>ointed assistant 



superintendent of the telegraph that was to be 
constructed between Washington and Baltimore 
under the government appropriat ion. On the com- 
pletion of the line he was stationed at Baltimore, 
and there invented the finger-key and received at 
the Mount Claire depot the first message from 
Washington that was sent over the wires, on 24 
May, 1844, at the formal owning of the line. (See 
Morse, S. F. B.) The practical improvements in 
the original instrument that are of value in teleg- 
raphy were invented by Vail. Prior to 1837 the 
apparatus embodied the' work of Morse and Joseph 
Henry alone. From 1837 to 1844 it was a com- 
bination of the inventions of Morse. Henry, and 
Vail, but gradually the parts that Morse contrib- 
uted have been eliminated, so that the essential 
features of the telegraph of to-day consist solely 
of the work of Josepn Henry and Alfred Vail. 
The business relations that existed between Morse 
and Vail made it impossible for the latter to claim 
what might have been used against the validity of 
Morse's patents. In the years that followed, when 
Prof. Morse was universally hailed as the inventor 
of the telegraph, the reputation of his modest part- 
ner was allowed to suffer. Amos Kendall, the as- 
sociate and friend of both, said, at the meeting of 
the directors of the Magnetic telegraph company 
that was held to take action on the death of Mr. 
Vail: 44 If justice be done, the name of Alfred 
Vail will forever stand associated with that of 
Samuel F. B. Morse in the history and introduc- 
tion into public use of the electro-magnetic tele- 
graph." Mr. Vail was the author of " The Ameri- 
can Electro-Magnetic Telegraph " (Philadelphia, 
1845). — His brother, George, congressman, b. in 
Morristown, N. J., 21 July, 1809; d. there, 23 May, 
1875, received an academic education, and was as- 
sociated with his father in the Speedwell iron-works. 
He also aided his brother, Alfred, with funds when 
the latter was engaged in perfecting the electric 
telegraph. In 1851 ne was appointed by the gov- 
ernor of New Jersey to represent that state at the 
World's fair in London. Subsequently he was 
chosen to congress as a Democrat, and with re-elec- 
tion served from 5 Pee., 1853, till 3 March, 1857. 
In 1858 he was appointed U. S. consul at Glas- 
gow, Scotland, but he returned to this country 
in 1861, settled in Morristown, N. J., and was for 
many vears a member of the court of pardons. 

VAlL, Stephen Montford, clergyman, b. in 
Union Dale, Westchester co., N. Y., 10 Jan., 1818; 
d. in Jersey City, N. J., 20 Nov., 1880. lie was 
graduated at Bowdoin in 1838, and at Union theo- 
logical seminary in 1842, having in the mean time 
been licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal 
church, and founded the first church of that tie- 
nomination in Brunswick, Me. He became pro- 
fessor of languages in Ainenia seminary in 1843, 
was subsequently pastor in Fishkill, N. Y., Sharon, 
Conn., and Pine Plains, N. Y., and in 1847-'U was 
president of the New Jersey conference seminary 
at Pennington. While occupying that post he 
induced the trustees of the institution to admit 
women as pupils, and he was tried lieforc the 
ecclesiastical court of his church for advocating 
in his writings the cause of an educated ministry. 
He became professor of Oriental languages in the 
General biblical institute of the M. K church at 
Concord, N. H., in 1849, and held that chair 
until failing health required his resignation. In 
1809 he became U. S. consul for Rhenish Bava- 



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VAIL 



ria, travelled extensively in the East and Egypt, 
and on his return settled in Southfteld, Staten 
island, N. Y. He wrote for the Methodist press, 
and was professor of Hebrew in the Chautauqua 
school of languages. Genesee college, Lima, N. V., 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1856. Dr. Vail 
was an active member of the Republican party, 
and an early Abolitionist. Previous to the civil 
war he sustained a long and able controversy with 
Bishop John H. Hopkins on the subject of human 
slavery, the bishop being an earnest advocate of 
that institution. Dr. Vail published essays on 
slavery and church polity, "Outlines of Hebrew 
Grammar," and other educational hand-books, and 
44 Memoir and Remains of Rev. Zenas Caldwell " 
(Boston, 1824) : 44 Education in the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church" (1853); and "The Bible against 
Slavery" (Concord, N. H., 1864). 

TAIL, Thomas Hubbard, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Richmond, Va., 21 Oct., 1812 ; d. in Bryn Mawr, 
Pa., 6 Oct., 1889. On the death of his father in 
1817 his mother returned to the north. The son 
was graduated at Washington (now Trinity) col- 
lege in 1831, and at the General theological semi- 
nary in New York in 1835, was ordered deacon by 
Bishop Brownell in St. Mark's church, New Canaan, 
Conn., 29 June, 1835, and Driest in Grace church, 
Boston, by Bishop Griswold, 6 Jan., 1837. During 
his diaconate he served for a short time as assist- 
ant minister in St James's church, Philadelphia, 
and he was afterward assistant to Dr. Jonathan 
M. Wainwright in St. Paul's church, Boston. He 
organized the parish of All Saints, Worcester, 
Mass., became rector of Christ church, Cambridge, 
in 1837, and in 1839 of St. John's church. Essex. 
In 1844 he removed to Rhode Island and was made 
rector of Christ church, Westerly, where ho re- 
mained fourteen years, serving as deputy to the 
General convention during part of that time. In 
1857 he returned to Massachusetts as rector of St. 
John's, Taunton. In 1863 he went to Iowa, taking 
the rectorship of Trinity church, Muscatine. The 
degree of S. T. D. was given him by Brown in 1858, 
and that of LL. D. by the University of Kansas in 
1875. He was consecrated first bishop of Kansas, 
15 Dec., 1864, in Trinity church, Muscatine, Iowa. 
Bishop Vail was the author of 44 Hannah," a sacred 
drama, published anonymously (Boston, 1839) ; 
44 The Comprehensive Church " (1841 ; 3d ed., New 
York, 1883) ; and numerous reports of school com- 
mittees, charges, addresses, and pastoral letters. 
He edited, with a memoir of the author, Rev. 
Augustus F. Lyte's "Buds of Spring," poems 
(Boston, 1838). 

VAIL, William Berrlan, Canadian member 
of parliament, b. in Sussex, New Brunswick, 19 
Dec, 1823. He is a grandson of Robert Vail, a 
loyalist, who removed from the United States to 
New Brunswick at the close of the Revolution. 
He is a lieutenant-colonel of militia, was a member 
of the executive council and provincial secretary 
of Nova Scotia in 1867-'74, and on 30 Sept, 1874, 
became a member of the privy council of Canada, 
and was appointed minister of militia and defence. 
This portfolio he resigned in January, 1878. He 
represented Digby in the Nova Scotia assembly 
from 1867 till his appointment to office in the Do- 
minion government, when he was returned for the 
same constituency in the Canadian parliament. 
He was not a candidate at the election in 1878, but 
was elected in February, 1887. He is a Liberal, 
favors free-trade relations with all countries, and 
the maintenance of the integrity of the British 
empire. Mr. Vail's father, John C. Vail, was a 
representative in the New Brunswick house of 



VAILLANT 221 

assembly for twenty-flve years; and his brother, 
Arnold Vail, M. D., was a member of the house for 
fifteen years, for eight years speaker, and at his 
death, in July, 1886, was a member of the executive 
and legislative councils of New Brunswick. 

VAILL, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Litchfield. 
Conn., 3 July, 1750; d. in Killingworth, Conn., 21 
Nov., 1838. His father, of the same name, removed 
to Litchfield from So ut hold, Long Island, about 
1730. In 1772 the son went to Hanover, N. H.. 
travelling most of the way on foot, with the inten- 
tion of preparing for Dartmouth, and defraying 
his expenses by working in a saw-mill. He was 
graduated in 1778, studied divinity in Northbury 
(now Plymouth), Conn., and was licensed to preach 
in May, 1779. From 9 Feb., 1780, till his death 
he was pastor of the church at Hadlyrae, Conn., 
where he also gave some time to teaching. He 
made two missionary tours, one in 1792 to Ver- 
mont, and another in 1807 to the 44 Black river 
country" in New York. After 1832 he was given 
a colleague. Mr. Vaill contributed to the 44 Con- 
necticut Evangelical Magazine," under the pen- 
names of 44 Senex " and 4 * Jethro," wrote for other 
periodicals, and, besides sermons, published a nar- 
rative poem entitled 44 Noah's Flood," with some 
minor poetical pieces (1796). See 44 Memoir of the 
Life and Character of the Rev. Joseph Vaill," by Rev. 
Isaac Parsons (New York, 1839).— His son, Joseph, 
clergyman, b. in Hadlyme, Conn., in 1790; d. in 
Palmer, Mass., 22 Feb., 1869, was graduated at 
Yale in 1811, taught in Litchfield and Salisbury. 
Conn., and studied theology with his father. He 
was pastor of the Congregational church in Brim- 
field in 1814-'84, and again in 1837-'41, in Port- 
land, Me., in 1834-7, and at Palmer, Mass., from 
1854 until 1868. In 1841-5 he was financial agent 
for Amherst college, and during that period of 
financial embarrassment he raised for its endow- 
ment the sum of $100,000. Amherst gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1851. In the autumn before his 
death he was elected to the legislature of Massachu- 
setts, He published 44 Sermons " (Springfield, 1861). 

VAILLANT, Augnste Nicolas (val-yonr), 
French naval officer, b. in Paris, France, 2 July, 
1793 ; d. in France, 1 Nov., 1858. He entered the 
navy and rose rapidly in the service, but was re- 
tired in 1816 on suspicion of being a Bonapart- 
ist He was restored in 1818, and sent to French 
Guiana to study the best method of colonizing 
that country. He made a thorough explora- 
tion of the banks of Maroni river, and produced a 
memoir with a map of that river, the course of 
which had been till then almost unknown. After 
serving in various parts of Europe and Africa, he 
was made in February. 1836, commander of the 
44 Bonite," in which vessel he sailed round the 

?lobe, returning to France in November, 1837. In 
838 he was made captain, took part in the expe- 
dition to Mexico, and, after the capture of San Juan 
de Ulua, was appointed commander of this fortress 
and the station of Vera Cruz. After the conclu- 
sion of peace with Mexico he was engaged in the 
La Plata expedition, and occupied Montevideo. 
He was minister of marine during the early part 
of 1851, and gave a vigorous impulse to the colo- 
nial policy of France. The same year ho was ap- 
pointed governor-general of the French Antilles 
and commander of the stations in these quarters 
and on the Gulf of Mexico. He was then trans- 
ferred to the government of Martinique, but whs 
forced by ill health to return to France in 1853, to 
the regret of the colony, which his administration 
had greatly benefited. An account of his voyage 
of circumnavigation was published under the title 

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VAILLANT 



VALDfcS 



*• Voyage autour du monde execute sur la corvette 
U Bonite" (11 vols.. Paris, 1840-'8). 

VAILLANT, Francois Le, South American 
explorer, b. in Paramaribo. Dutch Guiana, in 1753 : 
d. in La Noue, near Sezanne, France, 22 Nov., 
1824. He was the son of a French consul, and 
showed from early youth a strong desire for ad- 
venture, sometimes wandering alone in the forests 
for weeks. On his father's return to Europe, in 
1763, he studied natural history at Metz, and, sail- 
ing for Cape of Good Hope in 1780, tried to trav- 
erse Africa by travelling northward in 1780-'4. 
Later he revisited Guiana, where he owned a large 
estate. He was imprisoned during the reign of ter- 
ror, and settled afterward at La Noue. His works 
include 44 Voyage dans l'interieur de PAfrique " (2 
vols., Paris, 1790), and * 4 Second voyage dans l'in- 
t^rieur de rAfrigue" (3 vols.. 1796), both of which 
were translated into several languages ; 44 Histoire 
naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique" (6 vols., 179ft- 
1812) ; " Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis " 
(1801-6); "Histoire naturelle des cotingas et des 
todiers " (1804) ; and 44 Histoire naturelle aes calaos " 
(1804). The last three describe species of birds that 
inhabit Guiana. Le Vaillant contributed to the 
Paris academy of science several papers concern- 
ing South America, including a 44 Meraoire sur lcs 
coleopteres de la Guiane" (1818). 

VALADES, Diego (vah-lah'-days), Mexican mis- 
sionary, b., according to some authors, in Spain, but, 
according to others, in Tlaxcala, Mexico, about 
1520; d. in Italy about 1590. He entered the 
Franciscan order, became a missionary to the 
Chichimcc Indians, was superior of the convent of 
Tlaxcala, and on account or his learning was sent to 
Rome in 1570 as resident procurator-general of his 
order. He edited Father Jean Focher's 44 Itinera- 
rium Catholicum" (1574), but his reputation rests 
on his remarkable work 44 Rhetoric* Christiana ad 
concionandi et orandi usum accoramodata, quic 
quidem ex Indorum Historia maxirne dcprompla 
sunt" (Perugia, 1579; Rome, 1687), in which he 
describes the Indian customs, the ornaments of the 
Mexican temples, and the human sacrifices that 
were offered m them, while at the same time he 
praises highly the intellect and advanced civiliza- 
tion of the Aztecs and Tlaxcalans. 

VALDES, Antonio J 08^, Cuban historian, b. 
at Matanzas in 1770 ; d. in Mexico in 1824. He 
received his education in Havana and was succes- 
sively a goldsmith, clerk in a commercial house, a 
printer, a teacher, and finally a journalist. After 
an eventful life in his native country he went to 
Buenos Ayres in 1818, where he founded a success- 
ful newspaper, 44 El Censor," but in 1820 he went 
to Mexico, and the Emperor Iturbide appointed 
him in 1822 his court printer. Valdes published 
44 Principios generales de la lengua castellana" (Ha- 
vana, 1806); 44 Historia General de la Isla de Cuba 
y en especial de la Habana" (1811 ; reprinted in the 
work 44 Ijos tics primeros historiadores de Cuba," 
1876); and many educational works, which were 
used as text-books in the schools of the island. 

VALDES, Gabriel de la Concepci6n, known 
as 44 Placido." Cuban poet, b. in Havana in 1809 ; 
d. there, 28 June, 1844. He was tho son of a col- 
ored man and passed the first years of his life in 
poverty and want. His early education was en- 
tirely neglected, but in later years he obtained 
some instruction by desultory reading. When he 
was seventeen years old he was already known as a 
remarkable improvisatore. In 1836 he fixed his 
residence in the city of Matanzas, and be pan to 
publish his poems in the newspapers and literary 
reviews. Tnese poems revealed at once a lyrical 




poet of no mean value, and gave him a wide repu- 
tation, which extended to all Spanish-American 
countries. Some patriotic lines of his cost Placido 
several months of imprisonment under Gen. Tacon's 
government. In 
1844 he was ac- 
cused of being 
implicated in a 
supposed conspi- 
racy of the col- 
ored race against 
the whites, un- 
der Gen. O'Don- 
nell's adminis- 
tration ; and, al- 
though it has 
been proved of 
late that Placido 
had nothing to 
do with the plot, 
of whose exist- 
ence there have 
never been con- 
clusive proofs, he 
and nineteen of 
his unfortunate 
fellow - citizens 
were shot as trait- 
ors. His poems 
have passed through numerous editions in Cuba, as 
well as in Spain. Mexico, South America, and tho 
United States. The first edition was published in 
Matanzas in 1 838, another enlarged edition appeared 
in the same city in 1842. and the most complete edi- 
tion was published in Havana in 1880. Tnc poems 
of Placido have been translated into French by 
Auguste Fontanes, and published in one volume 
(Paris, 1806). Many of them have been translated 
into English, German, Italian, and Portuguese. Tho 
best is his prayer, composed on the eve of death, 
and recited by him on his way to the place of exe- 
cution. This' was translated into English by Mary 
Weston Chapman. Valdes is one of the most popu- 
lar and bejt known of the Spanish-American poets. 

VALDES, Ger6nImo (va I -days'), Spanish sol- 
dier, b. in Villarin, Asturias. in 1784; d. in Mad- 
rid in 1857. He was finishing his law studies in 
the University of Oviedo in 1808. when Napoleon 
forced Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. to abdicate. 
Valdes took an active part with his fellow-students 
in the rising of the principality, being appointed 
by the provincial junta to organize the Asturian 
militia. With that body he took part in the whole 
peninsular campaign against the French, till tho 
retreat of Marshal Soult across the Pyrenees in 
1813. obtaining the rank of colonel for his valor in 
the battle of Albuera, 16 May. 1811. When, after 
the battle of Waterloo, ho saw no prospect of 
quick promotion in Europe, he solicited transfer 
to the Peruvian army, and on 8 May, 1810, sailed 
from Cadiz in the expedition of Gen. Jose de La 
Serna as adjutant on the general staff. When 
Serna assumed the commanu-in-chief of the army 
of up[K?r Peru, Valdes was ordered to organize tho 
general staff, and took part in the campaign of 
Salta and the retreat of Jujui. He defended the 
coast of Arica in 1822 with 8.000 men, and defeat- 
ed Gen. Alvarado, who had been sent to oppose his 
progress at Torata, 20 Jan., 1823, and at Moquc- 
gua on 21 Jan., for which actions he was pro- 
moted brigadier. In the following June he 
marched from Lima with great rapidity, arriving 
at La Paz in fifty-seven days, and engaged Gen. 
Santa Cruz at Zepita on 25 Aug.: and, although 
driven back, he restrained the enemy and was able 



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vald£s 



to effect his junction with Serna. In February, 
1834, he was detached against Gen. Olafteta when 
the latter pronounced against the viceroy, and was 
occupied in putting down this movement, when, 
after the battle of Junin, 6 Aug., 1824, he received 
orders from Serna to join the main army in Cuzco. 
He assisted with his division in the battle of Aya- 
cucho. 9 Dec, 1824, and, executing an able counter- 
march, fell on the left wine of the patriots under 
Gen. La Mar, which was already wavering when 
he was routed bv the republican cavalry under 
Gen. William Miller. Alter the capitulation of 
the viceroy, Valdes was transported with the rest 
of the army to Europe, promoted by the king ma- 
jor-general", and created Viscount of Torata. At 
the death of Ferdinand VII. in 1838 he was gov- 
ernor of Carthagena, and, after proclaiming Isa- 
bella II.. he marched to the north as commander- 
in-chief, taking part in the whole campaign against 
the Carlists. He was senator for Valencia and 
captain-general of several provinces with the rank 
of lieutenant-general until 1840, when he was ap- 
pointed governor-general of Cuba. During his 
administration he improved the fortifications of 
Havana, constructed the military hospital, and 
subdued a dangerous rising of the negro slaves. 
He was recalled by the provisional government in 
1843. and returned to Europe, where he was made 
by the young oueen Count of Villarin. 

VALDfiS, Jose" Manuel, Peruvian physician, 
b. in Lima about 1780: d. there in 1840. He was 
of negro parentage, and studied in the convent of 
San lldefonso under the protection of an Augus- 
tinian friar, but chose the medical profession, as 
the church, the army, and the civil service were 
closed to him by the prejudices of the time. In 
1807 he was graduated in medicine in the Uni- 
versity of San Marcos, where he read one of his 
three dissertations that were afterward printed in 
Madrid. Besides practising his profession, he also 
wrote poetry, most of which is mystic or religious. 
He published ** Disertaci6n sobre el Cancro Uteri- 
no ff (Madrid. 1815); " Disertacidn sobre la Menin- 
gitis de los Nifios" (1815) ; 44 Disertaci6n sobre la 
Disenteria" (1815); " Poesias sagradas" (Lima, 
1819); "La Fe* de Cristo triunfante en Lima" 
(1822); ** Poesias espirituales, escritas a bencflcio y 
para el uso de las personas sencillas y piadosas 
(1833); and "Salteno Peruano, 6 Parafrasis de los 
ciento cincuenta Salmos de David " (1830). 

VALDES Y SIERRA, Gerinlino, Cuban R. 
C. bishop, b. in Gijon, Spain, in 1640 ; d. in Ha- 
vana in 1729. After finishing his theological 
studies and receiving sacred orders, he was a pro- 
fessor in the University of Alcala until 1706, when 
he was appointed bishop of Cuba. He founded in 
Havana in 1710 the San Isidro hospital, and in 
1711 an asylum for foundlings, and caused to be 
constructed the monastery of Santa Teresa. In 
1722 he established in Santiago de Cuba a college 
and seminary which was at first devoted only to 
theological students, but afterward it was opened 
also to lav instruction. He also founded several 
churches in other cities and spent a great deal of 
his income in public charities. 

VALDfcVIEIRA, Miguel (val-day-ve-ay -e- 
rah), Portuguese soldier, b. in Portugal about 
1480 ; d. in Sao Vicente, Brazil, in 1540. He was 
a soldier in Cabral's expedition to Brazil in 1500, 
and for mutinous conduct was abandoned with 
one companion near the present site of Porto Se- 
guio. They were adopted by the Tupi Indians, 
and afterward rendered great services to explorers. 
Valdevieira, who had reformed, entered the Fran- 
ciscan order, and assisted in the foundation of 



VALDIVIA 223 

Sao Vicente, where he died. He left a valuable 
manuscript, " Viagem da provincia da Vera Cruz," 
in which he recounts his adventures with the In- 
dians during his exile in the territory of Vera Cruz, 
as Cabral named the country at its discoverv. 

VALDIVIA, Luis de (val-de'-ve-ah), Spanish 
missionarv, b. in Grenada, Spain, in 1561 ; d. in 
Valladolicl, Spain, 5 Nov., 1642. He became a 
Jesuit in 1581, and, after finishing his studies, was 
sent by his superiors to Pem. He was successive- 
ly master of novices and professor of theology, and 
labored for many years among the Indians of Chili 
and Peru. He attained a perfect mastery over the 
Indian dialects of those countries, and his works 
are of philological value. He returned to Spain 
in 1621. He wrote "Arte y gramatica de la 
lengua que corre en todo el reyno de Chile con un 
vocabulario y confesionario " (Lima, 1606) ; " Cate- 
cismo en lengua Alentina" (1602): "Arte, gra- 
matica, vocabulario, &c.. en lengua Chilena y en las 
dos lenguas Alentiac y Milcoeovae, que son las mas 
generalcs de la provincia de Cuvo en el reyno de 
Chile, y que hablan los Indios tiuarpes y otros " 
(1608) ; 44 Relation de la entrada del presidente D. 
Alonso de Ribera desde Aratico a concluir paces 
con los Chilenos " (1608) ; 44 Relation de su entrada 
en el reyno de Chile para apaciguar aquellos rebel- 
des" (1612); and various other theological, histori- 
cal, and linguistic works. 

VALDIVIA, Pedro de, Spanish soldier, b. in 
Serena, Estremadura, about 1400; d. in Tucapel. 
Chili, 1 Jan., 1554. He served in the wars of Italy 
and Flanders, went with Gcorg von SJpirc to 
Venezuela, and afterward served under Pizarro in 
Peru, taking an active part in the campaign against 
the elder Almagro in 1587, in which he was ap- 
pointed mariscal. As such he participated in the 
battle of Salinas, 6 April, 1538, and was rewarded 
by Pizarro with permission to conquer Chili. While 
he was preparing an expedition, Pedro Sanchez de 
Hoz arrived from Spain with a royal grant of the 
same country. To avoid difficulties, Pizarro ad- 
vised the two competitors to join their interests, 
and on 28 Dec., 1539, a contract of partnership 
was signed. Valdivia soon gathered a considerable 
number of adventurers, and purchased arms, be- 
ginning the march to the south in January, 1540. 
On the edge of the desert of Atacama he met, in 
August, Sanchez de Hoz, who had been able to 
gather only horses, without finding followers; so, 
despairing of his success, he sold the animals and 
his share in the enterprise to Valdivia. The latter 
resolved to avoid the road over the Andes, which 
had proved fatal to Almagro's army, and set out 
resolutely through the desert After a march of 
five months, and suffering great privations, they 
arrived in a beautiful valley, called by the native* 
Mupocho, and there Valdivia founded, on 12 Feb,, 
1541, the city ot Santiago. He had himself ap- 
pointed governor of the territory by the council of 
the new city, when the news of tne assassination of 
Pizarro arrived. At the mouth of the river Acon- 
cagua he constructed a ship to send to Peru for 
further supplies, but he was obliged to return in 
haste to Santiago to subdue a mutiny. Afterward 
he marched against the Indians, who had begun to 
resist the invaders, and defeated them at Cacha- 
poal, returning in time to relieve the capital, which 
was hard pressed by the cacique Michimalonco. 
The resistance of the Indians became daily stronger, 
and as the vessel that he had constructed in Acon- 
cagua had been destroyed by the natives, Valdivia 
sent, in 1542, Alonso de Monroy, with five follow- 
ers, overland to Peru for re-enforcements, but. on 
account of the disturbance in that country in con- 



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224 VALDIVIESO 

sequence of the defeat of the younger Almagro by 
Vaca de Castro, Monroy could not obtain much 
aid, and returned in September, 1543, with only 
seventy horsemen, sending also a vessel with pro- 
visions and ammunition to the port of Aconcagua. 
During the following years Valdivia made good 
progress in the occupation of the country, founded 
in the valley of Coquirabo a town, which he called 
Serena, and subdued the country to the south of 
the river Maule. To obtain further resources, he 
sent to Peru, and in 1547 received some aid, with 
the alarming news of Gonzalo Pizarro's rebellion, 
and the viceroy Nuflez de Vela's defeat and death. 
The envoy also brought a letter from Pizarro, to 
whose brother Valdivia owed his post soliciting 
the latter's assistance ; but, knowing that a royal 
commissioner, De la Gasca, had arrived in Peru, 
and judging that Pizarro's cause was lost, Valdivia 
resolved to offer his services to the royal army, and, 
leaving Francisco de Villagra in charge of the 

government, he sailed on 10 Dec, 1547, for Peru, 
e was well received by President la Gasca, and, 
given a place in the royal army, as by his long ex- 
perience he alone was thought able to oppose the 
military talent of CarvajaL Owing to nim, the 
battle of Sacsahuana was easily won, 0 April, 1548, 
and, notwithstanding his obligations to the family 
of Pizarro, he voted in the council of war for Gon- 
zalo's execution. He was rewarded for his services 
with the royal confirmation of his title as governor, 
and, with re-enforcements returned to Chili early 
in 1549. The colony was in a precarious state, the 
Araucanians having become very troublesome, 
and after despatching a force under Francisco de 
Aguirre across the Ande3 to make conquests, he 
marched against the Indians and defeated them, 
founding, 5 March, 1550, in the Bay of Talcahuano 
the city of Concepcion, and afterward, south of 
Biobio river, the towns of Imperial, Valdivia, Vil- 
larica, Angol, and others. Valdivia despatched in 
1552 Capt Geronimo de Alderete with a narrative 
of his exploits to the emperor Charles V. By the ad- 
vice of the cacique Colocolo, the Araucanians united 
their efforts, and, choosing as general-in-chief the 
famous warrior Caupolican, they fell on the Span- 
ish forces in the south, destroying the fortress of 
Tucapel, 2 Dec, 1558. Valdivia was at Concepcion 
when he received notice of this success, and, be- 
lieving that he could easily subdue the rising, he 
hurried southward with only fifty mounted meu. 
Near the ruins of the fortress he gathered the 
remnant of the garrison, and was suddenly at- 
tacked by the Indians, 1 Jan., 1554, and, notwith- 
standing, his valorous defence, was overwhelmed 
by the successive charges that the natives made, 
according to the advice of Lautaro. He was cap- 
tured, and, although Lautaro, who formerly had 
been his page* tried to defend him, was tortured 
and finally killed. Valdivia was a man of educa- 
tion, and wielded the pen as well as the sword. His 
letters, written to the emperor and preserved in the 
archives of the Indies, are models of a vigorous and 
fluent style, and of great historical interest 

VALDIVIESO, Antonio de (val-de-ve-ay'-so), 
Central American R. C. bishop, b. in Spain ; d. in 
S icaragua about 1585. He was a Dominican, passed 
some years as a missionary in Santo Domingo, and 
was then sent to Mexico, being assigned the prov- 
ince of Nicaragua as the scene of nis missionary 
labors. The natives of this country wereanuch less 
savage than those in other parts of America, and 
after he became acquainted with their language he 
was wonderfully successful. His progress, now- 
ever, was arrested by an event that spread terror 
throughout the country. Two young officers, named 



VALDIVIESO Y ZA^ARTU 

Contreras. had revolted because a royal decree had 
forbidden them to hold Indian 41 encomiendas," and 
in a short time made themselves masters of the 
colony. They retarded the Indians as slaves, and 
treated them with frightful cruelty. Valdivieso, 
after remonstrating with them in vain, went to 
Spain to lay the matter before Charles V., who 
promised to put a stop to the outrage, and selected 
nim for the bishopric of Nicaragua. He was con- 
secrated in 1582, and sailed some days afterward. 
The Contreras received him with honor, and con- 
ducted him with pomp to the cathedral. For some 
time he lived in peace ; but Charles V. was too 
busy with his wars in Europe to remember his 
promises to the bishop, who found himself alone 
in the struggle with the two tyrants. At first he 
employed all the means suggested by prudence, 
humble prayers, pathetic exhortations, and public 
and private remonstrances, and at last he threat- 
ened excommunication, and then the Contreras de- 
termined to get rid of him. He knew they in- 
tended to murder him ; but, seeing that reproofs 
and entreaties were useless, he went to the cathe- 
dral on Sunday, fulminated a bull of excommuni- 
cation against the tyrants and their adherents, and 
declared them separated from the assembly of the 
faithful. This energetic measure did not produce 
the expected effect The Contreras, accompanied 
by some soldiers, went to the bishop's house. He 
was conversing quietly with a few monks of his 
order, when one of the brothers rushed on him and 
plunged. his sword twice into his breast up to the 
nilt His last few moments were passed in pray- 
ing for his murderers. 

VALDIVIESO Y ZAff ARTU, Rafael Valen- 
tin (val-de-ve-ay'-so), Chilian archbishop, b. in 
Santiago, 2 Nov., 1804; d. there in 1878. He 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and 
appointed attorney of orphans, and in 1829 cor- 
poration counsel for Santiago. In 1881 he was 
elected deputy to congress, and served on a com- 
mission to arrange rules of municipal govern- 
ment under the constitution of 1828. He also 
led the opposition against a project to increase 
the salary of the president of the republic, and 
obtained its rejection. He was elected in 1882 a 
member of the court of appeals before he had at- 
tained the required age. In June, 1884, he entered 
the church, and after ordination was appointed 
chaplain of the Invalid home. In 1887 he went 
as a missionary to the natives of the Chiloe archi- 
pelago, and later accompanied Bishop Vicufia on 
nis episcopal visit to the northern provinces as his 
secretary. He attained note as a pulpit orator, 
and was one of the founders of the papers " La 
Revista Catolica" and "El Boletin Eclesiastioo." 
In 1888 he was offered the bishoprics of Ancud 
and Serena, both of which he declined. When the 
University of Chili was founded in 1842, Valdivieso 
was appointed member of the faculty of theology, 
and afterward he was elected dean. On the resig- 
nation of Archbishop Evza^uirre in 1852, pub- 
lic opinion designated: Valdivieso as his successor, 
and the government presented him to the holy see, 
where his election was confirmed, and in July, 1848, 
he was consecrated. During his administration he 
introduced many reforms, founded several religious 
houses for orphans and the care of patients in the 
hospitals, and societies to protect young women 
and for the education of young ladies. He greatly 
favored the conciliary seminary, and founded the 
Academia de Ciencias Sagradas. In 1870 he went 
to Rome to assist at the ecumenical council, where, 
on account of his juridical knowledge, he was 
elected to all the special committees. He was one 

Digitized by Google 



VALDUREZO 

of the most learned churchmen of South America, 
and, although he is thoroughly identified with the 
ultramontane party, his memory is venerated even 
by his political opponents in Chili. 

VALDUREZO, Ignacio de (val-doo-ray'-tho), 
Spanish missionary, b. in Catalonia in the first half 
of the 16th century ; d. in Peru toward the end of 
that century. He labored for about thirty-five 
years in the missions of the province of Cocha- 
bamba, and learned to decipher the (juinos — neck- 
laces of various colors intermingled with knots of 
different sizes — which were formerly used by the 
Peruvians to record historical events. His manu- 
script was unfortunately lost, and all that remains 
is recorded in a letter from Valdurezo to a canon 
of Charcas, Bartolome Cervantes. The manuscripts 
of the latter fell afterward into the hands of An- 
ello Oliva, who utilized them in his 44 Historia del 
Reyno de Peru." Ferdinand Denis, in his 44 Etudes 
sur les Quipos" (Paris, 1858), commends Friar 
Valdurezo for his discovery. 

YALE, Gilbert, author, b. in London, England, 
in 1788; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 17 Aug., 1866. He 
was educated in his native city and was intended 
for the church, but he abandoned preparation for 
that profession, came to the United States in 1829, 
and engaged in teaching, making a specialty of 
navigation, and in lecturing, publishing, and liter- 
ary pursuits in New York city and Brooklyn. For 
several years he edited the 44 Citizen of the World " 
and subsequently the 44 Beacon," a literary and sci- 
entific journal. He also occupied himself with in- 
vention, and patented a combined terrestrial globe 
and celestial sphere to facilitate the teaching of 
astronomy. Mr. Vale was a free-thinker, and his 
writings are for the roost part arguments for his 
peculiar tenets. He published 44 Fanaticism, its 
Source and Influence " (New York, 1885), and the 
44 Life of Thomas Paine,*' including his letters to 
Gen. Washington, which are suppressed in other 
biographies of Paine (1841). — His daughter Eu- 
pkemla Yale Blake, author, b. in Rye, Sussex, 
England, 7 May, 1834, came to this country at an 
early age, was educated privately, and since 1843 
has been occupied in literary pursuits and in in* 
ventions. She married Daniel S. Blake in 1863. 
She has published 44 Teeth, Ether, and Chloro- 
form " (Boston, 1847); 44 History of Newburyport, 
Mass.** (1854) ; and 44 Arctic Experiences," a history 
of the 44 Polaris" expedition, with a summary of 
all preceding expeditions (New York, 1874). 

VALENCIA, Martin de (va-len'-theah), Spanish 
missionary, b. in Valencia de Don Juan, kingdom of 
Leon, about 1466 ; d. in Ayotzingo, Mexico, 31 Aug., 
1533. He became a Franciscan fnar at Mayorga, 
and was early distinguished for his knowledge and 
austerity. He was charged in 1514 with the refor- 
mation of the convent of Santa Maria de Bonocal, 
and established the new province of St Gabriel, 
of which he was appointed provincial in 1516. 
When Hcman Cortes in 1523 asked for Francis- 
can missionaries, the pope named Valencia to the 
emperor as the most fit to establish successful mis- 
sions in the New World. He went to New Spain in 
1524 with twelvo friars, founded there the prov- 
ince of Santo Evangel io, learned the Indian dia- 
lects and after 1526 preached to the natives in 
their language with success. He successively 
founded convents at Mexico. Tczccx^o, Vera Cruz, 
Tlalmanalco, and other places, and justly deserves 
the name of 44 first apostle of Mexico." He died 
from exhaustion during a journey from Tehuan- 
tepec to Mexico. Father Valencia's letters to the 
councils of the Indies are published in 44 Cartas de 
Indias" (Madrid, 1872), ana his life was written by 
vol. vi. — 15 



VALENTINE 225 

Fray Francisco Ximenez under the title 44 Vida 
de Fray Martin de Valencia" (Seville, 1535). His 
manuscript works include 44 Cartas al Papa Adri- 
ano VI." and 44 Cartas al Emperador Carlos V.," 
which, besides other historical documents that are 
preserved in the archives of Simancas, are often 
consulted by writers on early Mexican history. 
His published works include 44 Carta al general del 
Orden de San Francisco, Fray Matias Weisen, dan- 
dole razon de los buenos sucesos de la couquista 
espiritual de Mexico " (Seville, 1554), also in Italian 
and Latin translations, and 44 Actus de la primera 
junta apostolica celebrada en Mexico en 1524" 
(Mexico, 1760). 

VALENTIN, Louis (val-on-tang), French phy- 
sician, b. in Soulanges, France, 14 Oct., 1758; d. 
in Nancy, France, 11 Feb., 1820. He was gradu- 
ated in medicine by the faculty of Nancy in 1787. 
and in 1790 went to Santo Domingo as surgeon of 
a regiment He gave particular attention to the 
diseases that were most prevalent in this colony 
and the means employed to combat them. When 
Cape Francais was burned in 1703, he lost all his 
property, his library, manuscripts, and a rich cabi- 
net of anatomy which he had just completed, and 
escaped with great difficulty to the United States, 
where he met his wife, whom he had believed to 
be murdered. The French consul placed him in 
charge of the hospitals in Virginia for the recep- 
tion of French sailors, and he remained in the 
United States until 1799, when he returned to 
France and settled at Nancy. He was a volumi- 
nous writer on medical subjects. Among his 
works are 44 Mcmoire sur l'lncompatibilitc des dif- 
ferents virus dans reconomie ammale et sur lour 
innocuitc" par rapport au danger de la petite ve- 
role" (Cape Francais, 1792); 44 M6moire sur le 
traitement et l'extirpation des tumcurs du cou, 
etc." (Boston, 1792); "Coup d'oeil sur la culture 
de quelques vegetaux exotiques . . . et sur quelques 
decouvertes faites dans les £tats-Unis d'A merique " 
(Marseilles, 1808); 44 Coup d'ceil sur les diftVrcnts 
modes de traiter le tetanos en Amerique " (Paris, 
1811); and 44 Notice sur l'opossum et sur quelques 
animaux a bourses" (Marseilles, 1811). 

VALENTINE, David Thomas, historian, b. in 
East Chester, Westchester co., N. Y., 15 Sept., 
1801 ; d. in New York city, 25 Feb., 1860. He 
was educated at White Plains academy, went to 
New York at the age of sixteen, was employed by 
a grocer for six years, and then received the aj>- 
pointment of clerk to the marine court. In 1831 
He became deputy clerk to the common council, 
and six years later succeeded to that office, to 
which he was re-elected under each succeeding 
administration till his death. In 1842, in pursu- 
ance of a resolution of the state legislature, he 
began the publication of a 44 Manual of the Cor- 
poration and Common Council of New York," and 
for twenty-five years he issued a volume annually, 
each containing historical and antiquarian matters 
relating to the citv, as well as pictures and views 
illustrative of its htetorv. He was also the author 
of a 44 History of New York," treating of the prog- 
ress of the metropolis from its early beginnings 
(2 vols.. New York. l&'SS-'ll). 

VALENTINE, Edward Virginia*, sculptor, b. 
in Richmond, Va., 12 Nov., 1888. lie was educated 
in Iiichmond, and when a mere boy studied an- 
atomy at the medical college of that city. His 
first desire for art arose from a visit to the New 
York exhibition in 1851. After receiving such in- 
struction in drawing and modelling a* could be ob- 
tained in Richmond, he went to Europe in 1850 
to study. Upon his return he opened a studio 



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226 VALENTINE 

in Richmond, and exhibited a statuette of Robert 
E. Lee. He made several ideal heads, among 
them '* The Samaritan Woman " and ** Penitent 
Thief," which were admired for their facial ex- 
pression, and several portrait busts of southern 




leaders, including Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard, 
Gen. James E. B. Stuart, " Stonewall " Jackson, 
Com. Matthew P. Maury, and Gen. Albert Sidney 
Johnston, a colossal head of Humboldt, a head of 
Beethoven, a portrait bust of Edwin Booth, and 
u Grief," a marble female figure. He was finally 
given the commission to execute the marble figure 
of Gen. Robert E. Lee (see illustration), in the 
mausoleum attached to the chapel of Washing- 
ton and Lee university at Lexington, Va. This is 
among the finest pieces of sculpture of the kind in 
the United States. Another of his works is a 
group representing Andromache and Astyanax. 

VALENTINE, Milton fval-en'-tine). theologian, 
b. near Uniontown, Carroll co., Md., 1 Jan., 1825. 
He was graduated at Pennsylvania college, Gettys- 
burg, in 1850, and at the theological seminary there 
in 1852, and was ordained to the Lutheran minis- 
try by the synod of Maryland in 1858. During his 
theological course he was tutor in Pennsylvania 
college in 1850-'8, and supplied the Lutheran con- 
gregation at Winchester, va., in 1852. He was a 
missionary at Alleghany, Pa., in 1853-*4, pastor at 
Greensburg, Pa., in 1854-'5, principal of Emaus 
institute, Middletown, Pa., in 1855-%, pastor of St 
Matthew's congregation, Reading, Pa., in 1859-*65, 
professor of ecclesiastical history and church poli- 
ty in the theological seminary at Gettysburg in 
1866-*8, and president of Pennsylvania college in 
1868-'84, and he has been professor of systematic 
theology and chairman of the faculty at Gettys- 
burg theological seminary since 1884. He received 
the degree of D. D. in 1866 from Pennsylvania col- 
lege, and that of LL. D. in 1886 from Wittenberg 
college, Springfield, Ohio. He is a frequent con- 
tributor to the periodicals of his church, especially 
theological reviews, and he was joint editor of the 
M Lutheran Quarterly Review," Gettysburg, Pa., in 
1871-5 and 1880-U Many of his review articles 
have been published separately, and have had a 
wide circulation. Besides these and numerous 
baccalaureate sermons, he has issued " Natural The- 
ology and Rational Theism " (Chicago, 1885). 

VALENZUELA, Criunto (vah-lain-thoo-ay- 
lah), Colombian patriot, b. in Garabita, Santander, 
in 1777; d. in Bogota, 6 July, 1816. He studied 
in the College of San Bartolome, where he was 
graduated as LL. D. in 1705, and became professor 
of philosophy. In 1808 he was admitted to the 
bar of the royal audience, and in the following 
year obtained the title of attorney of that court 
When independence was proclaimed, Valenzuela 
rendered important services to the patriot cause, 
and occupied many posts under the republican 
government, among which were those of deputy 
and secretary of congress, secretary of the senate, 
and secretary of foreign relations. He was the 
author of the famous manifesto of the Junta de 



VALER1ANOS 



Santa Fe\ entitled " Motivos que han obligado al 
Nuevo Reino de Granada, a reasumir su Sobera- 
nia." Valenzuela was captured at the entry of 
Morillo into Bogota. 26 May, and was shot, Mo'rillo 
declaring in an official despatch that all graduates 
of colleges in South America, and especially law- 
yers, ought to be exterminated. 

VALENZUELA, Pedro Fernandez, Spanish 
adventurer, b. in Cordova, Spain ; d. in Spain. He 
lived in the 10th century. He came with Gonzalo 
Jimenez de Quesada to New Grenada, and was com- 
missioned by the latter in 1538 to search for a suita- 
ble site on the prairie of Bogota on which to build a 
city. After exploring the country he found a place 
at the foot of the hills that was afterward called 
Monserrate and Guadalupe, on a gentle declivity 
to which the name Teusaquillo was given by the 
Indians. Quesada was satisfied and founded there 
the city of Santa Fe de Bogota. He was the first 
to discover the emerald mines of Somondoco (1587), 
which were worked by the Indians with wooden 
shovels. Afterward he contributed largely to the 
conquest of the Chipataes Indians, whom he treated 
with cruelty. At the end of several years he re- 
turned to Spain, filled with remorse for the cruel 
deeds he had perpetrated against the natives. He 
studied for the priesthood, was ordained, and spent 
the remainder of his life in solitude. 

VALERIA NO, Antonio (vah-lay-re-ah'-no), 
Mexican scholar, b. in Azcapotzalco about 1525; 
d. in the city of Mexico in 1605. He was a son of 
one of the caciques of Azcapotzalco, who had in- 
termarried with the family of Montezuma, and 
died in Cortes's expedition to Hibueras. The boy 
showed such a desire for learning that he was 
one of the first Indian youths that the viceroy 
Antonio de Mendoza placed in the imperial col- 
lege of Santa Cruz de Tlalteloloo, which he 
founded. Valeriano superseded his Franciscan 
teachers as professor of Latin and rhetoric, and 
also taught classes in Aztec and antiquarian sci- 
ence, in which Juan Bautista and lorquemada 
became his pupils. On account of his influence 
among the natives and his honesty, he was ap- 
pointed, by the viceroy Martin Enriquez de Al- 
manza, in 1570, governor of the Indians of Mexico, 
which place he held till his death. He wrote many 
Latin tetters, of which there was a volume at the 
beginning of the 19th century in the Jesuit librarv 
of Tepozotlan, a 44 Caton Crist iano " in Aztec, ana 
the famous '* Nican mopehua, motecpana in ouenin 
yancuican huei Tlamahaizoltica, omonexiti in cen- 
quizca itechiposhtli Santa Maria, Dios Inantzin, 
tozihuapili Tlatocatzin in onca Tepeyac motene- 
hua." The last is an Aztec relation of how the 
imaae of the Virgin appeared, painted in flowers, 
on the mountain of Tepeyac According to Carlos 
de Siguenza, the manuscript in Valenano's own 
writing existed in the collection of Fernando 
Ixtlilxochitl. Some authorities think that Valeri- 
ano merely translated the narrative from the Span- 
ish text of an unknown author. 

VALERIANOS, Apostolos, known as Juav 
de Fuca, Greek navigator, b. in Cephalonia in 
1581 ; d. in Zante in 1602. For thirty year* he 
served as a sailor and pilot in the Spanish posses- 
sions of America. In 1590 he sailed as pilot with 
a commander that had been sent by the viceroy of 
Mexico with three ships to discover the fabulous 
Strait of Anian, but on the coast of California the 
crew mutinied, and the officers were forced to re- 
turn to Acapulco. In 1592 Fuca was sent again on 
the same errand by the viceroy Luis de Velasco, 
with one caravel and an armed sloop. In latitude 
48* north he found a wide inlet, through which ha 



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VALINlfeRE 



VALLANDIGHAM 



227 



sailed for twenty days, and discovered many isl- 
ands. To the northwest of the entry to the straits 
he discovered a promontorv formed by high pyra- 
inidical rocks, and. on landing, found natives clad 
in furs. Through the northern mouth of the straits, 
nearly 100 miles wide, he entered the Pacific ocean 
again, and, judging that his commission had been 
fulfilled, he returned to Acapulco. Having vainly 
waited for several years for the just recompense of his 
services,hc left the Spanish colonial service, and after 
his return, about 1590, he spoke of his discovery, 
in Venice, to an English officer, John Douglass, who 
afterward gnve Fuca's diary, 44 Relaci6n del viaie 
de Juan dc Fuca y descubrimiento del estrccho de 
Anian," to Michael Locke, formerly English con- 
sul in Aleppo, by whom it was published (London, 
1004). This account of his voyage was mingled 
with such romantic and improbable tales that it 
was generally disbelieved and taken for a skilful 
imposition, until the trading vessels that frequent 
this coast in the fur-trade rediscovered the inlet 
and proved the general correctness of Fuca's de- 
scription. His name was given to the strait which 
connects the Pacific with the Gulf of Georgia. An 
account of Fuca's exploration is also given in the 3d 
volume of Purchas's " Pilgrimes." Duflot de Mo- 
f ras, in his " Explorations de i'Oregon et des Cali- 
fornies " (Paris, 1844), and Navarrete in his " His- 
toria de la Nautica," also mention Fuca's discovery. 

VALINIERE, Pierre Huet de la (vah-leen- 
yarc), Canadian clergyman, b. in Brittany in 1732 ; 
d. in Canada in 1806. He entered the Sulpitian 
order and went to (Quebec, where he was ordained 
priest in 1757. After the English conquest he 
excited the hostility of the government, and was 
sent as a prisoner to England, where he remained 
eighteen months. He then returned to France, 
but was received coldly, and went again to Canada. 
He was advised to leave the country by his supe- 
riors, who feared complications with the govern- 
ment He then travelled on foot to New York, 
and became pastor of the French and French 
Canadians in that city. Shortly afterward he 
spent several years in travelling through Louisi- 
ana and part of Spanish America. In 1790 he 
settled among the Canadians at Split Rock Bay, 
where he built a church and residence. His ec- 
centricities excited so much hostility among his 
flock that, in order to force him to go away, they 
burned his house and church. He published an 
account of his travels in verse, entitled 44 Vraie 
his to ire. ou simple precis des infortunes, pour 
ne pas dire persecutions qu'a souffert et souffre 
encore le Rev. P. H. de la V." (Albany, 1792). 

VALLA DOLIfl, Bernardino de (val-yah-do- 
leed), Mexican linguist, b. in Valladolid, Yucatan, 
in 1617; d. in Merida in 1652. He entered the 
Franciscan order and became noted for his elo- 
quence and knowledge of the Maya language, so 
that his early death by a fall from the stairs of the 
College of Merida was generally deplored. His 
works are 44 Dioscorides en Lengua ae Yucatan " 
(Mexico, 1647) and 4 * Conclusions Teol6gicas en 
Idioma Mayo " (1650). 

VALLANDIGHAM. Clement Laird (val-lan '- 
de-gam), politician, b. in New Lisbon, Columbiana 
co., Ohio, 29 July, 1820; d. in Lebanon. Warren 
co., Ohio, 17 June, 1871. He received an academi- 
cal education, and from 1838 till 1840 taught at 
Snow Hill, Md. In 1840 he returned to Ohio, and 
in 1842 was admitted to the bar. In 1845-*6 he 
was a member of the Ohio legislature, and from 
1847 till 1849 edited the Dayton 44 Empire." He 
belonged to the extreme state-rights wing of the 
Democratic party. He was a member of the Na- 



tional Democratic convention in 1856. In 1857 he 
was a candidate for congress against Lewis D. 
Campbell, and, though declared defeated, contested 
the seat and won it, serving from 25 May, 1858, till 
3 March, 1863. During the 37th congress he be- 
came conspicuous for his bold utterances against 
the acts of the administration in the conduct of the 
war, and on 5 Dec., 1862, offered a series of reso- 
lutions in which he declared " that, as the war was 
originally waged for the purpose of defending and 
maintaining the supremacy of the constitution and 
the preservation of the Union, . . . whosoever 
should attempt to pervert the same to a war of 
subjugation, and for overthrowing or interfering 
with the rights of the states, and to abolish slavery, 
would be guilty of a crime against the constitution 
and the Union." These resolutions were laid on 
the table by a vote of 79 to 50. On 14 Jan. follow- 
ing, Mr. Vallandigham spoke to the resolutions of 
Mr. Wright, of Pennsylvania, defined his position 
on the war question, and said : 44 A war for Union ! 
Was the Union thus madef Was it ever thus pre- 
served t History will record that after nearly six 
thousand years of folly and wickedness in every 
form and administration of government, theocratic, 
democratic, monarchic, oligarchic, despotic, and 
mixed, it was reserved to American statesmanship 
in the 19th century of the Christian era to try the 
grand experiment, on a scale the most costly and 
gigantic in its proportions, of creating love by 
force, and developing fraternal affection by war ; 
and history will record, too, on the same page, the 
utter, disastrous, and most bloody failure of the 
experiment." After his term in congress expired, 
Mr. Vallandigham returned to Ohio and made nu- 
merous speeches, in which he attacked the admin- 
istration with great violence and bitterness. Gen. 
Ambrose E. Burnside, then commander of the De- 
partment of the Ohio, regarded these demonstra- 
tions of Mr. Vallandigham and his friends as in- 
tended to afford aid and comfort to the enemy ; 
and, as the city of Cincinnati, as well as southern 
Ohio and the adjacent states, was in some peril 
from the raids of the Confederates, he deemed it 
his duty to suppress these demonstrations, and ac- 
cordingly issued an order declaring that persons 
within the lines 
that were found 
committing cer- 
tain specified acts 
for the benefit of 
the enemy should 
be tried as spies 
and traitors, and 
also said that the 
habit of express- 
ing sympathy for 
the enemy would 
no longer be toler- 
ated in the depart- 
ment Mr. Vallan- 
digham replied to 
this order on 1 

2SJ?if8£ <^^~"^*~ 

Burnside ordered 

his arrest. He was taken to Cincinnati, and, 
though he issued an appeal to his adherents, was 
tried by court-martial, convicted, and sentenced to 
close confinement during the war. President Lin- 
coln changed the sentence to a banishment across 
the lines. This affair occasioned much discussion 
both in public assemblies and in the press. With- 
out exception, the Democratic journals denounced 
the whole transaction. The organs of the admin- 




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228 



VALLK 



VAN ARSDALE 



istration took different views, some maintaining | 
that the necessities of the case justified the meas- 
ure, while others deprecated the action of Gen. 
Burnside and the military commission. Not liking 
his reception by the leaders of the Confederacy — to 
whom he had given the assurance that they would 
succeed if their armies could only hold out till an- 
other election, when the Democrats would sweep 
the Republican administration out of power, and 
make peace — Mr. Vallandigharn made nis way to 
Bermuda, and thence to Canada, where he* re- 
mained for some time. While thus in exile, he was 
nominated for governor by the Democratic party 
in Ohio, but was defeated, his rival, John Brougti, 
having a majority of more than 100,000. The gov- 
ernment made no objection to Mr. Vallandigham's 
return to Ohio, and he was a member of the Demo- 
cratic national convention at Chicago in 1864, and 
brought about the nomination of George B. McCIel- 
lan and George H. Pendleton. He was also a dele- 
gate to the National Democratic convention in 18(58. 
His death was caused by the accidental discharge 
of a pistol in his own hand, in the court-room, with 
whicn he was illustrating his theory of the manner 
in which a homicide hail taken place. 

VALLE, Leandro del (val-vav). Mexican sol- 
dier, b. in the city of Mexico. 2*7 Feb., 1833; d. in 
Monte de las Cruces, 23 June, 18C1. He was a son 
of one of the soldiers of the war of independence, 
entered the military college at the age of eleven 
years, and in 1847" was promoted sub-lieutenant 
by Gomez Farias for bravery in subduing the 
mutiny of La Profesa. He served in the war 
against the United States, entered college again 
in 1850 to finish his studies, and in 1853 was 
appointed lieutenant of engineers. He was pro- 
moted captain by Santa- Anna, but resigned in con- 
sequence of the arrest of his father, and took part in 
the revolution of Ayutla in 1854. His conduct in 
the siege of Puebla, in 1856, was rewarded by Com- 
onfort with permission to travel in Europe ; but 
the scanty resources that were provided only en- 
abled him to visit the military colleges of France 
and Prussia, without completing his technical 
studies, and he returned in 1857. In 1858 he took 
arms against the reactionary governments of Zulo- 
aga ana Miramon, served with credit in the cap- 
ture of Guadalajara, and in May, 1859, was pro- 
moted brigadier. He served during the whole 
campaign till the final battle of Calpulalpam, 24 
Dec, 1860, and after the Liberal triumph was elected 
to congress, resigning the place as military gover- 
nor of the Federal district. When the reactionary 
revolution under Leonardo Marquez and other 
guerilla chiefs began, Valle, notwithstanding his 
recent betrothal, left his seat in congress to avenge 
the assassination of Santos Degolfado, and took 
the field as chief of operations in the valley of 
Mexico. In trying to surprise the guerilla force 
of Gal vex, he was himself surprised by superior 
numbers under the sanguinary Marquez, and by 
the latter was ordered to be shot. 

YALVEBDE, Vicente (vahl- vair'-day), Spanish 
R. C. bishop, b. in Segovia about 1490; d. in Oro- 
pesa, Peru, in 1543. He was a Dominican friar, 
and went to Peru about 1530, although it is not 
certain whether he a^-oropanied Francisco Pizarro 
from Spain or arrived at San Miguel de Piura in 
1531 with re-enforcements from Panama. Ac- 
companying the array on its march to the south, 
he was sent by Pizarro, after the occupation of 
Cajamarca, to receive the advancing inca, A ta- 
bus 11 pa, whom he saluted by means of an interpre- 
ter, and, handing him a missal, explained that he j 
had come in the name of the Spanish monarch to I 



| convert the inca to the true religion. The latter 
threw the ln>ok, which he did not understand, to 
the ground, and Valverdeon his return incited the 
Spaniards to vengeance for the sacrilege, as it is 
alleged, causing tne slaughter of more than 2.000 
Indians and the Capture of Atahuallpa, 17 Nov.. 
1532. When the latter was condemned to deal h 
by a court that had been instituted for the purpose 
by Pizarro, Valve rde, to whom the sentence was 
submitted for consultation, approved it, but, by 
his offer to substitute strangulation for burning 
at the stake, obtained from the unhappy prince 
his nominal conversion and baptism a few hours 
Wfore his death. 29 Aug., 1533. Valverde assisted 
in the entry into Cuzco on 15 Nov. of the same 
year, and on 23 March. 1534, consecrated the 
site of the new church, which was later to be his 
cathedral. Pizarro gave him also a large Indian 
commandery. where he showed great cruelty t«v 
ward the natives. About the close of 1534 he went 
to Spain to assist Pizarro's brother, Hernando, in 
his negotiations at court, and while there he was 
named by the em press- regent in 1535 first bishop 
of Cuzco and Peru, as the original appointee. Fer- 
nando de Luque, had died. In 1536 Valverde was 
also named protector of the Indians and inquisitor, 
and, being confirmed by the pope, he repaired to Peru 
in the beginning of 1538, taking possession of his 
see after the execution of Diego de Almagro, 
which he had vainly tried to prevent. But. instead 
of preaching the gosj»el, he oppressed the Indians, 
whom he forced to work for tne church. He was 
appointed by Pizarro on the commission to appor- 
tion lands and Indians to the roval officers, and 
the licentiate, Antonio de Gam a, wnom Pizarro had 
appointed supreme judge of Cuzco, charged Val- 
verde in a letter to the emperor, dated 10 March, 
1539, with arbitrary acts and insisted that instead 
of protecting the natives, he only sought to confis- 
cate their lands, and always gave the greater part 
to himself and his assistant. On 11 March, 1540, 
he officiated at the consecration of the new cathe- 
dral of Lima. During the occupation of Cuzco by 
the younger Almagro, Valverde retired to one of 
his commanderies at Oropesa, and was murdered 
there in a rising of the oppressed Indians. While 
in Spain he presented to the emperor, by order of 
Pizarro. a memorial about the conquest under the 
title of ** Relaci6n de la Conquista de los Reynos 
de Peru," in which he claimed that the Indians could 
scarcely be considered as human beings, as they 
had no souls. 

VAN ARSDALE, John, soldier of the Revo- 
lution, b. in Goshen. Orange co., N. Y., 5 Jan., 
1756; d. in New York city, 14 Aug., 1836. Van 
Arsdale is well known in Revolutionary annals by 
his feat of climbing the flag-staff on the Battery 
after the evacuation of the city by the British ana 
pulling down the English colors, which in defi- 
ance they had nailed to the staff. They had also 
greased the pole to prevent any one reaching the 
flag. Van Arsdale had served throughout the 
war, first as sergeant and then as captain. He 
suffered unusual privation and hardship in the ex- 
pedition against Quebec under Benedict Arnold, 
was wounded and taken prisoner at the capture of 
Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton, languished 
many months in the Sugar-house prison and in the 
hold of a British prison-ship, and subsequently 
experienced the penis of Indian warfare in several 
campaigns against the savages. — His son, John, 
died in New York city, 14 Nov., 1888, aged eighty- 
seven years, on the eve of the celebration of the 
i centennial of Evacuation -day, in which it was ex- 
I pec ted he would take s prominent part. 



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VANASSE VERTEPEUILLB 



VANASSE VEBTEFEUILLE, Fablen, Cana- 
dian journalist, b. in St. Davids, Quebec, 6 Nov., 
1849. He was educated at Nicolet seminary, ad- 
mitted to the bar in Montreal in 1875, wasjpresi- 
dent of L'lnstitut legal of Montreal in 1873, and 
vice-president of the club Cartier in 1877-9. He 
is editor of "L'Opinion publique" and of "Le 
Monde*' in Montreal, and was president of the 
Quebec press association in 1885. He was elected 
for Yamaska to the Canadian parliament, 7 Julv, 
1879, and was re-elected in 1882 and in 1887. lie 
is a Conservative. 

VAN BRUNT, Gershom Jaqnes, naval officer, 
b. in Monmouth county, N. J., 28 Aug., 1798; d. 
in Dedham, Mass., 17 Deo., 1863. He entered the 
service as a midshipman on 1 Jan., 1818, served in 
Com. David Porters Mosquito fleet against pirates 
in the West Indies, was made a lieutenant on 3 
March, 1827, and rose to be a commander on 29 
May, 1848, and commanded the brig "Etna" in 
the Gulf during the Mexican war, during which he 
participated in the expedition against Tuspan and 
the second expedition against Tobasoo. He served 
as a commissioner to survey the boundary-line of 
California in 1848-'50, and was promoted a captain 
on 14 Sept, 1855. He commanded the ** Minne- 
sota," ana took an active part in the reduction of 
the forts at Cape Hatteras and in operations in the 
North Carolina sounds and the blockade of Hamp- 
ton Roads, where he saved his ship from the Con- 
federate ram 44 Merrimac." He was commissioned 
as commodore on 16 Julv, 1862, and was retired 
because of his age on 28 April, 1863. — His son, 
Henry, architect, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 Sept, 1882, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1854, and studied 




architecture. For two years during the civil war 
he served in the navy on the staff of the admiral 
commanding the North Atlantic squadron. He 
has practised his profession in Boston. Mass., and 
of late years in Kansas City, Mo., while retaining 
his office in the former city. Mr. Van Brunt has 
occasionally written on subjects connected with his 
art for the M Atlantic Monthly " and other periodi- 
cals. He was the architect, in conjunction with 
William R. Ware, of Memorial hall (see illustra- 
tion), the Harvard library, the Medical school, and 
the buildings of the Episcopal theological school 
at Cambridge, Mass. ; of the Conservatory of music, 
Stone hall, and the sanitarium of Wellesley college ; 
of the First church of Boston, St Stephen's church 
at Lynn, St John's memorial church at Cambridge, 
Grace church at New Bedford, and many other 
ecclesiastical buildings ; of public libraries in Cam- 
bridge and Dedham, Mass., and East Saginaw, 
Mich., as well as the library of Michigan univer- 
sity at Ann Arbor. He is at present a member of 
the firm of Van Brunt and Howe, architects of 
many mercantile buildings in the west and of sta- 
tion buildings for the Union Pacific railroad. 



VAN BUREN 229 

VAN BUNSCHOOTEN, Ellas, clergyman, b. 
in New Hackensack, Dutchess co., N. V., 26 Oct, 
1788; d. in Sussex county, N. J., 10 Jan., 1815. 
He was graduated at Princeton in 1768, studied 
for the ministry of the Reformed Dutch church, 
was licensed to preach in 1773, and settled first in 
Schaghticoke, N. Y. On 29 Aug., 1785, he was in- 
stalled as pastor at Minisink, N. V., taking charge 
also of two other churche*. In 1787 a fourth 
church was organized at a place called the Clove 
in Sussex county, N. J., where he resided in 1792. 
He gave $17,000 for the education of candidates 
for the ministry in Rutgers college and the New 
Brunswick theological seminary. 

VAN BUREN, James Lyman, soldier, b. in 
Dunkirk, N. Y., 21 June, 1837; d. in New York 
city, 18 April, 1866. He was graduated at the 
New York free academy in 1856, studied law, and 
travelled in Europe, returning shortly before the 
beginning of the civil war. He entered the Na- 
tional army as a lieutenant of New York volun- 
teers, was detailed to learn the signal code, and 
acted as signal officer on Gen. John G. Foster's 
staff at Roanoke island and at New Berne. After 
the taking of New Berne he served as judge- 
advocate of the department on the staff of Gen. 
Ambrose E. Burnside, and subsequently as military 
secretary to Gov. Edward Stanly. He rejoined 
Gen. Burnside after the battle of Antietam, and 
was with him while he commanded the Army of 
the Potomac, and afterward in the East Tennes- 
see campaign. In 1864 he served with credit in 
Gen. Grant s campaign against Richmond, receiv- 
ing the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for his bravery, 
and subsequently that of colonel for his services 
in the Knoxville campaign. In the assault on the 
works at Petersburg he gained the brevet rank of 
brigadier-generaL 

VAN BUREN, John Dash, merchant, b. in 
New York city,- 18 March, 1811 : d. in Newburg, 
N. Y., 1 Dec., 1885. He was graduated at Colum- 
bia in 1829, studied and practised law, afterward 
engaged in mercantile pursuits, and became the 
head of the importin^-house of Benjamin Aymar 
and Co.. New York city, retiring about 1850. He 
aided Sec Salmon P. Chase in drafting tax and 
other financial bills, was a member of the legisla- 
ture in 1863, and acted as Gov. John T. Hoffman's 
private secretary in 1 868-' 72. Mr. Van Buren was 
a frequent writer for the press on questions of 
financial legislation, and a strong advocate of a 
metallic currency. — His son, John Dash, civil en- 
gineer, b. in New York city, 8 Aug., 1838, studied 
at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, and 
in Rensselaer polytechnic institute, where he was 
graduated in 1860. After serving for a year as 
assistant engineer of the Croton aqueduct in New 
York city, Be entered the engineer corps of the 
U. S. navy, took part in the operations on James 
river, and was for four years assistant professor of 
natural philosophy and of engineering m the U. S. 
naval academy, being promoted first assistant en- 
gineer on 1 Jan., 1865. He resigned his commis- 
sion on 22 Sept, 1868, was admitted to the bar in 
1869, and practised law for a short time in New 
York city, then returned to the profession of en- 
gineering, was in charge for construction in the 
department of docks in New York city, was ap- 
pointed on a commission to investigate canals in 
1875, and in 1876-'7 was state engineer and sur- 
veyor. Besides papers in the "Journal of the 
Franklin Institute H and the "Transactions" of 
the American society of civil engineers, he has pub- 
lished " Investigation of Formulas for Iron Parts 
of Steam Machinery " (New York, I860). 

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230 VJ M BUREN 

TAN BUREN, Martin, eighth president of the 
United States, b. in Kinderhook, Columbia co., 
N. Y., 5 Dec., 1782; d. there, 24 July, 1862. He 
was the eldest son of Abraham Van Buren, a small 
farmer, and of Mary Hoes (originally spelled Goes), 
whose first husband was named Van Alen. Mar- 
tin studied the rudiments of English and Latin in 
the schools of his native Tillage, and read law in 
the office of Francis Sylvester at the age of four- 
teen years. Rising as a student by slow gradations 
from office-boy to lawyer's clerk, copyist of pleas, 
and finally to the rank of special pleader in the 
constables' courts, he patiently pursued his legal 
novitiate through the term of seven years and 
familiarized himself with the technique of the bar 
and with the elements of common law. Combin- 
ing with these professional studies a fondness for 
extemporaneous debate, he was early noted for his 
intelligent observation of public events and for his 
interest in politics. He was chosen to participate 
in a nominating convention when he was only 
eighteen years old. In 1802 he went to New York 
city and there studied law with William, P. Van 
Ness, a friend of Aaron Burr. He was admitted to 
the bar in 1803, returned to Kinderhook, and asso- 
ciated himself in practice with his half-brother, 
James I. Van Alen. 

Van Buren was a zealous adherent of Jefferson, 
and supported Morgan Lewis for governor of New 
York in 1808 against Aaron Burr. In February, 
1807. he married Hannah Hoes, a distant kins- 
woman, and in the winter of 1806-'7 he removed 
to Hudson, the county-seat of Columbia county, 
and in the same year was admitted to practice in 
the supreme court. In the state election of 1807 
he supported Daniel D. Tompkins for governor 
against Morgan Lewis, the latter, in the factional 
changes of New York politics, having come to be 
considered less true than the former to the meas- 
ures of Jefferson. In 1808 Van Buren became 
surrogate of Columbia county, displacing his half- 
brother and partner, who belonged to the defeated 
faction. He held this office till 1813, when, on a 
change of party predominance at Albany, his half- 
brother was restored. Attentively watching the 
drift of political events, he figured in the councils 
of his party at a convention held in Albany early 
in 1811, when the proposed recharter of the United 
States bank was the leading question of Federal 
politics. Though Albert Gallatin, secretary of the 
treasury, had recommended a recharter, the pre- 
dominant sentiment of the Republican party was 
adverse to the measure. Van Buren shared in this 
hostility and publicly lauded the " Spartan firm- 
ness " of George Clinton when as vice-president he 
gave his casting-vote in the U. S. senate against 
the bank bill, 20 Feb., 1811. 

In 1812 Van Buren was elected to the senate of 
New York from the middle district as a Clinton 
Republican, defeating Edward P. Livingston, the 
candidate of the " Quids," by a majority of 200. 
He took his seat in November of that year and be- 
came thereby a member of the court of errors, then 
composed of senators in connection with the chan- 
cellor and the supreme court. As senator he stren- 
uously opposed the charter of " the Bank of Ameri- 
ca," which, with a large capital and with the prom- 
ise of liberal subsidies to the state treasury, was 
then seeking to establish itself in New York and to 
take the place of the United States bank. He up- 
held Gov. Tompkins when, exercising his extreme 

Srerogative, he prorogued the legislature on 27 
[arch, 1812, to prevent the passage of the bill. 
Though counted among the adherents of the ad- 
ministration of Madison, and though committed to 



VAN BUREN 



the policy of declaring war against Great Britain, 
he sided with the Republican members of the New 
York legislature when in 1812 they determined to 
break from "the Virginia dynasty" and to sup- 
port De Witt Clinton for the presidency. In the 
following year, however, he dissolved his political 
relations with Clinton and resumed the entente 
cordiale with Madison's administration. In 1814 
he carried through the legislature an effective war- 
measure known as " the classification bill," provid- 
ing for the levy of 12,000 men, to be placed at the 
disposal of the government for two years. He 
drew up the resolution of thanks voted by the 
legislature to Gen. Jackson for the victory of New 
Orleans. In 1815, while still a member of the 
state senate, he was appointed attorney-general of 
the state, superseding the venerable Abraham Van 
Vechten. In this same year De Witt Clinton, fall- 
ing a prey to factional rivalries in his own party, 
was removed by the Albany council from the may- 
oralty of New York city, an act of petty proscrip- 
tion in which Van Buren sympathized, according 
to the " spoils system " then in vogue. In 1816 he 
was re-elected to the state senate for a further term 
of four years, and, removing to Albany, formed a 
partnership with his life-long friend, Benjamin F. 
Butler. In the same year he was appointed a re- 
gent of the University of New York. In the legis- 
lative discussions of 1810 he advocated the surveys 
preliminary to Clinton's scheme for uniting the 
waters of the great lakes with the Hudson. 

The election of Gov. Tompkins as vice-president 
of the United States had left the "Bucktails" of 
the Republican party without their natural leader. 
The people, moreover, in just resentment at the in- 
dignity done to Clinton by his removal from the 
New York mayoralty, were now spontaneously 
minded to make him governor that he might pre- 
side over the execution of the Erie canal which he 
had projected. Van Buren acquiesced in a drift 
of opinion that he was powerless to check, and. on 
the election of Clinton, supported the canal policy ; 
but he soon came to an open rupture with the gov- 
ernor on questions of public patronage, and, array- 
ing himself in active opposition to Clinton's re- 
election, he was in turn subjected to the proscrip- 
tion of the Albany council acting in Clinton's 
interest. He was removed from the office of attor- 
ney-general in 1819. He opposed the re-election 
of Clinton in 1820. Clinton was re-elected by a 
small majority, but both houses of the legislature 
and the council of appointment fell into the hands 
of the anti-Clinton Republicans. The office of at- 
torney-general was now tendered anew to Van Bu- 
ren, but he declined it The politics of New York, 
a mesh of factions from the beginning of the cen- 
tury, were in a constant state of swirl and eddy 
from 1819 till 1821. The old party-formations 
were dissolved in the " era of good feeling." What 
with "Simon-pure" Republicans, Clintoniau Re- 
publicans, Clintonian Federalists, " high-minded " 
Federalists cleaving to Monroe, and Federalists 
pure and simple, the points of crystallization were 
too many to admit of forming a strong or compact 
body around any centre. No party could combine 
votes enough in the legislature of 1818-'19 to elect 
its candidate for U. S. senator. Yet out of this 
medley of factions and muddle of opinions Van 
Buren, by his moderation and his genius for politi- 
cal organization, evolved order and harmony at the 
election for senator in the following year. Under 
his lead all parties united on Rufus rfinjr, a Feder- 
alist of the old school, who had patriotically sup- 
ported the war against Great Britain after it was 
declared, and who by his candor had won the con- 

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231 



fidence of President Monroe ; and Rufus King was 
re-elected with practical unanimity at a time when 
he was fresh from the hot debate in the U. S. sen- 
ate against the admission of Missouri without a re- 
striction on slavery. His anti-slavery views on 
that question were held by Van Buren to "conceal 
no plot" against the Republicans, who, he engaged, 
would give a true direction " to that momentous 
issue. What the "true direction" was to be he 
did not say, except as it might be inferred from 
his concurrence in a resolution of the legislature of 
New York instructing the senators of that state 
44 to oppose the admission, as a state in the Union, 
of any territory not comprised within the original 
boundaries of the United States without making 
the prohibition of slavery therein an indispensable 
condition of admission." In that Republican reso- 
lution of 1820 "the Wilmot proviso h of 1847 ap- 
peared above our political horizon, but soon van- 
ished from sight on the passage of the Missouri 
coin promise in 1821. 

On 6 Feb., 1821, Van Buren was elected U. S. 
senator, receiving in both houses of the legislature 
a majority of twenty-five over Nathan Sanford, the 
Clintonian candidate, for whom the Federalists 
also voted. In the same vear he was chosen from 
Otsego county as a member of the convention to 
revise the constitution of the state. In that con- 
vention he met in debate Chancellor Kent, Chief- 
Justice Ambrose Spencer, and others. Against in- 
novations his attitude was here conservative. He 
advocated the executive veto. He opposed manhood 
suffrage, seeking to limit the elective franchise to 
householders, that this 44 invaluable right " might 
not be 44 cheapened " and that the rural districts 
might not be overborne by the cities. He favored 
negro suffrage if negroes were taxed. With of- 
fence to party friends, he vehemently resisted the 
eviction by constitutional change of the existing 
sunreme court, though its members were his bitter 
political enemies. He opposed an elective judici- 
ary and the choice of minor offices by the people, 
as swamping the right it pretended to exalt. 

He took his seat in the U. S. senate, 3 Dec, 1821. 
and was at once made a member of its committees 
on the judiciary and finance. For many years he 
was chairman of the former. In March, 1822, he 
voted, on the bill to provide a territorial govern- 
ment for Florida, that no slave should be directly 
or indirectly imported into that territory "except 
by a citizen removing into it for actual settlement 
and being at the time a bona~fide owner of such 
slave." Van Buren voted with the northern sena- 
tors for the retention of this clause ; but its exclu- 
sion by the vote of the southern senators did not 
import any countenance to the introduction of 
slaves into Florida from abroad, as such introduc- 
tion was already prohibited by a Federal statute 
which in another part of the bill was extended to 
Florida. Always averse to imprisonment for debt 
as the result of misfortune, Van Buren took an early 
opportunity to advocate its abolition as a feature 
of Federal jurisprudence. He opposed in 1824 the 
ratification of the convention with England for the 
suppression of the slave-trade (perhaps because a 

Sua! i fled right of search was annexed to it), though 
le convention was urgently pressed on the senate 
by President Monroe. He supported William H. 
Crawford for the presidency in 1824, both in the 
congressional caucus and before the people. He 
voted for the protective tariff of 1824 and for that 
of 1828, though he took no part in the discussion 
of the economic principles underlying either. He 
voted for the latter under instructions, maintain- 
ing a politic silence as to his personal opinions, 




which seem to have favored a revenue tariff with 
incidental protection. He vainly advocated an 
amendment of the constitution for the election of 
president by the intervention of an electoral col- 
lege to be specially chosen from as many separate 
districts as would 
comprise the whole 
country while rep- 
resenting the elec- 
toral power of all 
the states. The 
measure was de- 
signed to appease 
the iealousy of the 
small states by 
practically wiping 
out state lines in 
presidential elec- 
tions and at the 
same time pro- 
posed to guard 
against elections 
by the house of rep 
resentatives, as in 
case of no choice at 
a first scrutiny the 

electoral colleges were to be reconvened. After 
voting for a few " internal improvements," he op- 
posed them as unconstitutional in the shape then 
given to them, and proposed in 1824 and again in 

1825 to bring them within the power of congress 
by a constitutional amendment that should pro- 
tect the "sovereignty of the states" while equally 
distributing these benefits of the government. In a 
debate on the Federal judiciary in 1826 he took 
high ground in favor of " state rights" as against 
the umpirage of the supreme court on political 
questions, and deplored the power of that court to 
arraign sovereign states at its bar for the passage 
of laws alleged to impair 44 the obligation of con- 
tracts." He confessed admiration for the Republi- 
cans of 1802 who had repealed " the midnight judi- 
ciary act." He opposed the Panama mission, and 
reduced the 44 Monroe doctrine" to its true histori- 
cal proportions as a caveat and not a 44 pledge." 
On all questions he was strenuous for a "strict 
construction of the constitution." He favored in 

1826 the passage of a general bankrupt law, but, in 
opposing the pending measure, sharply accentuated 
the technical distinction of English law between 
"bankrupt" and "insolvent" acts— a distinction 
which, in the complexity of modern business trans- 
actions, Chief-Justice Marshall had pronounced to 
be more metaphysical than real, but which to Van 
Buren was vital because the constitution says 
nothing about " insolvent laws." 

He was re-elected to the senate in 1827, but soon 
resigned his seat to accept the office of governor of 
New York, to which he was elected in 1828. As 
governor he opposed free banking and advocated 
the 44 safety-fund system," making all the banks of 
the state mutual insurers of each other's soundness. 
He vainly recommended the policy of separating 
state from Federal elections. After entering on the 
office of governor he never resumed the practice of 
law. Van Buren was a zealous supporter of An- 
drew Jackson in the presidential election of 1828, 
and was called in 1829 to be the premier of the new 
administration. As secretary of state he brought 
to a favorable close the long-standing feud be- 
tween the United States and England with regard 
to the West India trade. Having an eye to the 
presidential succession after Jackson's second term, 
and not wishing meanwhile to compromise the ad- 
ministration or himself, he resigned his secretary- 



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VAN BUREN 



ship in June, 1831, and was sent as minister to 
England. The senate refused in 1832 to confirm 
his nomination, by the casting-vote of John C. 
Calhoun, the vice-president Conscientious Whigs, 
like Theodore Frelinghuysen, confessed in after 
davs the reluctance with which they consented to 
this doubtful act. A clause in one of Van Buren's 
despatches while secretary, containing an invidi- 
ous reference to the preceding administration, was 
alleged as the ground of his rejection. The of- 
fence was venial, compared with the license taken 
by Robert R. Livingston when, in negotiating 
the Louisiana purchase, he cited the spectre of a 
Federalist administration playing into the hands 
of " the British faction." Moreover, the pretext 
was an afterthought, as the clause had excited no 
remark when first published, and, when the out- 
cry was raised, Jackson " took the responsibility " 
for it. The tactical blunder of the Whigs soon 
avenged itself by bringing increased popularity to 
Van Buren. He became, with Jackson, the sym- 
bol of his party, and, elected vice-president in 1832, 
he came in 1833 to preside over the body which a 
year before had rejected him as foreign minister. 
He presided with unvarying suavity and fairness. 
Taking no public part in the envenomed discus- 
sions of the time, he was known to sympathize with 
Jackson in his warfare on the United States bank, 
and soon came to be generally regarded by his party 
as the lineal successor of that popular leader. 

He was formally nominated for the presidency 
on 20 May, 1835, and was elected in 1836 over his 
three competitors, William H. Harrison, Hugh L. 
White, and Daniel Webster, by a majority of 57 
in the electoral college, but of only 25.000 in 
the popular vote. The tide of Jackson ism was 
beginning to ebb. South Carolina, choosing her 
electors by state legislature and transferring to 
Van Buren her hatred of Jackson, voted for Willie 
P. Mangum. During the canvass Van Buren had 
been opposed at the north and championed at \ho 
south as "a northern man with southern prin- 
ciples." As vice-president, he had in 1835 given 
a casting-vote for the bill to prohibit the circula- 
tion of " incendiary documents " through the mails, 
and as a candidate for the presidency he had 
pledged himself to resist the abolition of slavery in 
the District of Columbia without the consent of 
the slave-states and to oppose the " slightest inter- 
ference " with slavery in the states, lie had also 
pledged himself against the distribution of surplus 
revenues among the states, against internal im- 
provements at Federal expense, and against a na- 
tional bank. 

Compelled by the fiscal embarrassments of the 
government, in the financial crash of 1837, to sum- 
mon congress to meet in special session, 4 Sept., 
1837, he struck in his first message the key-note 
of his whole administration. After a detailed an- 
alysis of the financial situation, and of the causes 
in trade and speculation that had led to it, he pro- 
ceeded to develop his favorite idea of an independ- 
ent treasury for the safe-keeping and disbursement 
of the public moneys. This idea was not new. It 
was as old as the constitution. The practice of 
the government had departed from it only bv in- 
sensible decrees, until at length, in spite of the 
protests of Jefferson, it had been consolidated into 
a formal order of congress that the revenues of 
the government should be deposited in the United 
States bank. On the removal of the deposits by 
Jackson in 1833, they had been placed in the cus- 
tody of 44 the pet banks," and had here been used 
to stimulate private trade and speculation, until 
the crisis in 1887 necessitated a change of fiscal 



policy. By every consideration of public duty and 
safety, conspiring with what he believed to be eco- 
nomic advantage to the people. Van Buren enforced 
the policy of an independent treasury on a reluc- 
tant congress. There was here no bating of breath 
or mincing of words; but it was not until near 
the close of his administration that he succeeded 
in procuring the assent of congress to the radical 
measure that divorced the treasury from private 
banking and trade. The measure was formally 
repealed by the Whig congress of 1842, after which 
the public moneys were again deposited in se- 
lected banks until 1846, when the independent 
treasury was reinstalled and has ever since held 
its place under all changes of administration. He 
signed the independent treasury bill on 4 July, 
1840, as being a sort of "second Declaration of 
Independence," in his own idea and in that of his 
party. Von Hoist, the sternest of Van Buren's 
critics, awards to him on *' this one question " the 
credit of "courage, firmness, and statesman-like 
insight." It was the chef d'apiure of his public 
career. He also deserves credit for the fidelity 
with which, at the evident sacrifice of popularity 
with a certain class of voters, he adhered to neutral 
obligations on the outbreak of the Canada rebel- 
lion late in 1&37. 

The administration of Van Buren, beginning 
and ending with financial panic, went down under 
the cloud resting on the country in 1840. The 
enemies and the friends of the United States bank 
had equally sown the wind during Jackson's ad- 
ministration. Van Buren was left to reap the 
whirlwind, which in the "political hurricane "of 
1840 lifted Gen. Harrison into the presidential 
chair. The Democratic defeat was overwhelming. 
Harrison received 234 electoral votes, and Van 
Buren only 00. The majority for Harrison in the 
popular vote was nearly 140,000. Retiring after 
this overthrow to the shades of Linden wald. a 
beautiful country-seat which he had purchased in 
his native county, Van Buren gave no vent to repin- 
ings. In 1842 he made a tour through the southern 
states, visiting Henry Clay at Ashland. In 1843 
he came to the front with clear-cut views in favor 
of a tariff for revenue only. But on the newly 
emergent question of Texas annexation he took a 
decided stand in the negative, and on this rock of 
offence to the southern wing of his party his can- 
didature was wrecked in the Democratic national 
convention of 1844, which met at Baltimore on 27 
May. He refused to palter with this issue, on the 
ground of our neutral obligations to Mexico, and 
when the nomination went to James K. Polk, of 
Tennessee, he gave no sign of resentment. His 
friends brought to Polk a loyal support, and se- 
cured his election by carrying for him the decisive 
vote of New York. 

Van Buren continued to take an interest in pub- 
lic affairs, and when in 1847 the acquisition of new 
territory from Mexico raised anew the vexed ques- 
tion of slavery in the territories, he gave in his ad- 
hesion to the " Wilmot proviso." In the new elec- 
tive affinities produced by this "burning ques- 
tion " a redistribution of political elements took 
place in the chaos of New York politics. The 
"Barnburner" and the "Hunker" factions came 
to a sharp cleavage on this line of division. The 
former declared their 44 uncompromising hostility 
to the extension of slavery." In the Herkimer 
Democratic convention of 26 Oct.. 1847, the Free- 
soil banner was openly displayed, and delegates 
were sent to the Democratic national conven- 
tion. From this convention, assembled at Bal- 
timore in May, 1848, the Herkimer delegates se- 



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ceded before any presidential nomination was made. 
In June, 1848, a Barnburner convention met at 
Utica to organize resistance to the nomination of 
Gen. Lewis Cass, who, in his " Nicholson letter," 
had disavowed the "Wilraot proviso." To this 
convention Van Buren addressed a letter, declin- 
ing in advance a nomination for the presidency, 
but pledging opposition to the new party shib- 
boleth. In spite of his refusal, he was nominated, 
and this nomination was reaffirmed by the Free- 
soil national convention of Buffalo, 9 Aug., 1848, 
when Charles Francis Adams was associated with 
him as candidate for the vice-presidency. In the 
ensuing presidential election this ticket received 
only 291,263 votes, but, as the result of the tri- 
angular duel. Gen. Cass was defeated and Gen. 
Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, was elected. 
The precipitate annexation of Texas and its natu- 
ral sequel, the war with Mexico, had brought their 
Nemesis in the utter confusion of national poli- 
tics. Van Buren received no electoral votes, but 
his popular Democratic vote in Massachusetts, 
Vermont, and New York exceeded that of C«ss. 
Henceforth he was simply a spectator in the politi- 
cal arena. On all public questions save that of 
slavery he remained an unfaltering Democrat, and 
when it was fondly supposed that "the slavery 
issue " had been forever exorcised by the com- 
promise measures of 1850, he returned in full faith 
and communion to his old party allegiance. In 
1852 he began to write his " Inquiry into the 
Origin and Course of Political Parties in the 
United States" (New York, 18G7), but it was never 
finished and was published as a fragment. lie 
supported Franklin Pierce for the presidency in 
1852, and, after spending two years in Europe, re- 
turned in time to vote for James Buchanan in 
1856. In 1860 he voted for the combined elec- 
toral ticket against Lincoln, but when the civil 
war began he gave to the administration his zeal- 
ous support. 

Van Buren was the target of political accusa- 
tion during his whole public career, but kept his 
private character free from reproach. In his do- 
mestic life he was as happy as he was exemplary. 
Always prudent in his habits and economical in his 
tastes, he none the less maintained in his style of 
living the easy state of a gentleman, whether in 
public station at Albany and Washington, or at 
Lindenwald in his retirement. As a man of the 
world ' he was singularly affable and courteous, 
blending formal deference with natural dignity 
and genuine cordiality. Intensely partisan in his 
opinions and easily startled by the red rag of 
" Hamiltonian Federalism." he never carried the 
contentions of the political arena into the social 
sphere. The asperities of personal rivalry estranged 
him for a time from Calhoun, after the latter de- 
nounced him in the senate in 183? as **a practical 
politician," with whom " justiee. right, patriotism, 
ere, were mere vague phrases," but witn his great 
Whig rival, Henry Clay, he maintained unbroken 
relations of friendship through all vicissitudes of 
political fortune. Asa lawyer his rank was emi- 
nent. Though never rising in s|>eeeh to the heights 
of oratory, he was equally fluent and facile lieforu 
bench or jury, and equally felicitous whether ex- 
pounding the intricacies of fact or of law in a case. 
His manner was mild and insinuating, never de- 
clamatory. Without carrying his juridical studies 
into the realm of jurisprudence, he yet had a 
knowledge of law that fitted him to cope with the 
greatest advocates of the New York bar. The evi- 
dences of his lejjal learning and acute dialectics are 
still preserved in the New York reports of Johnson. 



Cowen, and Wendell. As a debater in the senate, 
he always went to the pith of questions, disdaining 
the arts of rhetoric. As a writer of political let- 
ters or of state papers, he carried diffusiveness to 
a fault, which sometimes hinted at a weakness in 
positions requiring so much defence. As a poli- 
tician he was masterful in leadership — so much so 
that, alike by friends and foes, he was credited with 
reducing its practices to a fine art. He was a mem- 
ber of the famous Albany regency which for so 
many years controlled the politics of New York, 
and was long popularly known as its "director." 
Fertile in the contrivance of means for the attain- 
ment of the public ends which he deemed desira- 
ble, he was called " the little magician." from the 
deftness of his touch in politics. But combining 
the statesman's foresight with the politician's tact, 
he showed his sagacity rather by seeking a majority 
for his views than by following the views of a ma- 
jority. Accused of " non-committalism." and with 
some show of reason in the early stages of his ca- 
reer, it was only as to men and minor measures of 
policy that he practised a prudent reticence. On 
questions of deeper principle — an elective judi- 
ciary, negro suffrage, universal suffrage, etc. — he 
boldly took the unpopular side. In a day of un- 
exampled political giddiness he stood firmly for 
his sub -treasury system against the doubts of 
friends, the assaults of enemies, and the combined 

Bressure of wealth and culture in the country, 
dispensing patronage according to the received 
custom of his times, he vet maintained a high 
standard of appointment. That he could rise above 
selfish considerations was shown when he promoted 
the elevation of Rufus King in 1820, or when he 
strove in 1888 to bring Washington Irving into 
his cabinet with small promise of gain to his doubt- 
ful political fortunes by such an "unpractical" 
appointment. As a statesman he had his com- 
pact fagot of opinions, to which he adhered in evil 
or good report. It might seem that the logic of 
his principles in 1848, combined with the subse- 
quent drift of events, should have landed him in 
the Free-soil party that Abraham Lincoln led to 
victory in 1860: but it is to be remembered that, 
while Van Buren's political opinions were in a fluid 
state, they had been cast in the doctrinal moulds of 
Jefferson, and had there taken rigid form and 
pressure. In the natural history of American 
party-formations he supposed that an enduring 
antithesis had always been discernible between the 
" money power" and the "farming interest " of the 
land. In his annual message of December, 1838, 
holding language very modern in its emphasis, he 
counted "the anti-republican tendencies of asso- 
eiated wealth " as among the strains that had been 
put upon our government. This is indeed the mam 
thesis of his " Inquiry," a book which is more an 
apologia than a history. In that chronicle of his 
life-long antipathy to a splendid consolidated gov- 
ernment, with its imperial judiciary, funding sys- 
tems, high tariffs, and internal improvements — 
the whole surmounted by a powerful national bank 
as the " regulator " of finance and politics — he has 
left an outlined sketch of the only dramatic unity 
that can be found for his eventful career. Con- 
fessing in 1848 that he had gone further in conces- 
sion to slavery than many of his friends at the 
north had approved, he satisfied himself with a 
formal protest against the repeal of the Missouri 
compromise, carried through congress while he 
was travelling in Europe, and against the policy of 
making the Dred Scott decision a ride of Demo- 
cratic politics, though he thought the decision 
sound in point of technical law. With these reser- 



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rations, avowedly made in the interest of strict 
construction" and of "old-time Republicanism" 
rather than of Free-soil or National reformation, 
he maintained his allegiance to the party with 
which his fame was identified, and which he 
was perhaps the more unwilling to leave because 
of the many sacrifices he had made in its service. 
The biography of Van Buren has been written 
bv William it. Holland (Hartford, 1835); Fran- 
cis J. Grand (in German, 1835) ; William Emmons 
(Washington, 1835) ; David Crockett (Philadelphia, 
1886); William L. Mackenzie (Boston, 1848); Will- 
iam Allen Butler (New York, 1862); and Edward 
M. Shepard (Boston, 1888). Mackenzie's book is 
compiled in part from surreptitious letters, shed- 
ding a lurid light on the " practical politics " of 
the times. Butler's sketch was published immedi- 
ately after the ex-president's death. Shepard's 
biography is written with adequate learning and 
in a philosophical spirit — His wife, Hannah, b. in 
Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1782; d. in Albany, N. Y.,5 
Feb., 1819, was of Dutch descent, and her maiden 
name was Hoes. She was educated in the schools of 
her native village, and was the classmate of Mr. Van 
Buren, whom she married in 1807. She was devoted 
to her domestic cares and duties, and took little in- 
terest in social affairs, but was greatly beloved by 
the poor. When she learned that she could live but 
a few days, she expressed a desire that her funeral 
be conducted with the utmost simplicity, and the 
money that would otherwise have been aevoted to 
mourning emblems be given to the needy. — His 
brother, Lawrence, soldier, b. in Kinderhook, 
N. Y., in 1783 ; d. there. 1 July, 1868, served in the 
war of 181 2-' 15, in which he attained the rank of 
major. He was a presidential elector on the Demo- 
cratic ticket in 1852.— Martin's son, Abraham, 
soldier, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 27 Nov., 1807; d. 
in New York city, 15 March, 1873, was graduated 
at the IT. S. military academy in 1827, ana attached 
to the 2d infantry as 2d lieutenant. He served for 
two years on the western frontier, and for the next 
seven years as aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief, 
Alexander Macomb, except during several months 
in 1836, when he accompanied Gen. Winfield Scott 
as a volunteer aide in the expedition against the 
Seminole Indians. He was commissioned as a , 
captain in the 1st dragoons on 4 July, 1836, resign- i 
ing on 3 March, 1837, to become his father's pri- I 
vate secretary. He brought daily reports of the i 
proceedings of congress to President van Buren, i 
who was often influenced by his suggestions. At 
the beginning of the war with Mexico he re-entered j 
the army as major 
and paymaster, his 
commission dating 
from 26 June, 1846. | 
He served on the 
staff of Gen. Zacha- i 
ry Taylor at Monte- 
rey, and subsequent- 
ly" joined the staff ' 
of Gen. Scott as a 
volunteer, and par- 
ticipated in every 
engagement from 
Vera Cruz to the 
cant u re of the city 
of Mexico, being bre- 
vetted lieutenant- , 
colonel for braverv ' 
at Contreras and i 
Churubuseo on 20 Aug., 1847. He served in the i 
paymaster's department after the war till 1 June, ! 
1854, when he again resigned, after which he resided I 



for a part of the time in Columbia, S. C. (where his 
wife inherited a plantation), till 1859, and after- 
ward in New York city except during three years' 
absence in Europe. — Another son. John, lawyer, b. 
in Hudson, N. Y., 18 Feb., 1810; d. at sea, 1$ Oct., 
1866, was graduated at Yale in 1828, studied law 
with Benjamin F. Butler, and was admitted to the 
bar at Albany in 1830. In the following year he 
accompanied his father to London as an attache* 
of the legation. In February, 1845, he wa« elected 
attorney-general of the state of New York, serving 
till 81 Dec., 1846. He took an active part in the 
political canvass of 1848 as an advocate of the ex- 
clusion of slavery from the territories, but did not 
remain with the Free-soil party in its later develop- 
ments. He held high rank as a lawyer, appearing 
in the Edwin Forrest and many other important 
cases, was an eloquent pleader, and an effective po- 
litical speaker. He died on the voyage from Liv- 
erpool to New York. He was popularly known 
as 44 Prince John," was tall and handsome, and of 
elegant manners and appearance. — Abraham's wife, 
Angelica, b. in Sumter district, S. C, about 1820; 
d. in New York city, 29 Dec, 1878, was a daughter 
of Richard Singleton, a planter, and a cousin of 
William C. Preston and of Mrs. James Madison, 
who, while her kinswoman was completing her 
education in Phil- 
adelphia, present- 
ed her to Presi- 
dent Van Buren. 
A year later she 
married Maj. Van 
Buren, in Novem- 
ber, 1838, and 
on the follow- 
ing New-Year's- 
day she made her 
first appearance 
as mistress of 
the White House. 
With her hus- 
band she visited 
England (where 
her uncle, An- 
drew Stevenson, 
was U. S. minis- 
ter) and other 
countries of Eu- 
rope, in the spring of 1889, returning in the au- 
tumn to resume her place as hostess of the presi- 
dential mansion. The accompanying vignette is 
from a portrait painted by Henrv Inman. 

VAN BUREN, William Holme, surgeon, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 April, 1819; d. in New 
York city. 25 March, 1H83. His grandfather, Beek- 
man, and his great-grandfather. Abraham, who 
came from Holland in 1700, after studying under 
Boerhaave at I^eyden, were physicians to tne New 
York city almshouse. He was a student at Yale 
of the class of 1838 for two years, and was sub- 
sequently granted his degree. On leaving college, 
he studied medicine at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania and in the Paris hospitals. He received his 
diploma from the University of Pennsylvania in 
1840, presenting an essay on " Immovable Appara- 
tus," which was published by the faculty, and on 
15 June of that year was appointed an assistant 
surgeon in the IT. S. army. Kesigning on 31 Dec., 
1845. he went to New York city to assist his father- 
in-law, Valentine Mott, in* his surgical clinic in 
the medical department of the University of the 
city of New York. He soon took high rank both 
as an operative surgeon and familv practitioner, 
also as a teacher and demonstrator of anatomy and 




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VANCE 



VAN CLEVE 



285 



When Bellevue hospital was organized 
in f84t he was appointed one of the surgeons. In 
1849 he became surgeon to St. Vincent hospital, 
and in 1852 he was elected to the chair of anatomy 
in New York university medical college. He was 
visiting surgeon to New York hospital from 1852 
till 1868, and from the latter date consulting sur- 
geon. He was consulting surgeon also to Bellevue 
and Charity hospitals. He was one of the found- 
ers of the U. S. sanitary commission in 1861, and 
served as the medical member of its executive com- 
mittee throughout the civil war, declining the ap- 

g>intment of surgeon-general of the U. S. army, 
e resigned his professorship in the University 
medical college in 1866, on being elected professor 
of surgery for the newly established department 
of diseases of the genitourinary system in Bellevue 
hospital medical college. In 18o8 this chair was 
combined with that of principles and practice of 
surgery, and in 1871 -'3 he acted as professor of 
clinical surgery also. He was vice-president of 
the New York academy of medicine, president of 
the New York pathological society, and a corre- 
ponding member of the Paris surgical society. 
Yale conferred on him the degree of LL. D. in 
1879. Dr. Van Buren performed amputation at 
the hip-joint, removed foreign bodies from the 
trachea, and tied the internal and external iliac 
and the subclavian arteries. In abscess of the 
breast, and often in cases of carbuncle, he was 
averse to the use of the knife, placing more reli- 
ance than surgeons commonly do in the repara- 
tive processes of nature. He gave much study to 
hereditary taints and constitutional tendencies, 
and in later life, though still famed for his skill 
in amputations and other operations of general 
surgery, principally devoted nis attention to the 
specialty of diseases of the genito-urinarv organs. 
Besides many medical papers, he published, with 
Dr. Charles E. Isaacs, a translation of " Bernard 
and Huette's Manual of Operative Surgery and 
Medical Anatomy "(New York, 1855); a transla- 
tion of Charles Morel's "Compendium of Human 
Histology " (New York and London, 1861) ; " Con- 
tributions to Practical Surgery " (Philadelphia, 
1865); "Lectures on Diseases of the Rectum" 
(New York, 1870) ; and, with his pupil, Dr. Edward 
L. Keyes, " Text-book on Diseases of the Genito- 
urinary Organs, with Syphilis'* (1874). 

VANCE, Joseph, governor of Ohio, b. in Wash- 
ington county, Pa., 21 March, 1786 ; d. near Ur- 
ban a, Ohio, 24 Aug., 1852. When he was a child 
his father removed to Kentucky, and thence went 
to Urbana. The son became a successful merchant 
in that place, and afterward engaged extensively 
in fanning and stock-raising. He was a member 
of the State constitutional convention of 1820, 
served in the legislature in 1812-M6, and was 
elected to congress as a Democrat in 1822. and re- 
elected for five successive terms, serving till March, 
1835. He was governor in 1836-U In 1842 he 
was re-elected to congress as a Whig, and served 
through two terms, during one of them as chair- 
man of the committee on claims. In 1848 he was 
a delegate to the Whig national convention. 

VANCE, Zebnlon Baird, senator, b. in Bun- 
combe county, N. C. 13 May, 1830. He was edu- 
cated at Washington college, Tcnn., and at the 
University of North Carolina, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1852. established himself at 
Asheville, N. C. was chosen county solicitor, and 
in 1854 was elected to the legislature. When 
Thomas L. Clingtnan entered the senate, Vance 
was elected to succeed him in the house of repre- 
sentatives, taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1858. He 




opposed the secession of North Carolina, yet after 
that step was taken he raised a company and was 
chosen captain, and soon afterward was appointee" 
colonel of the 26th 
North Carolina regi- 
ment, which became 
one of the most fa- 
mous of the organi- 
zations of southern 
soldiers. In 1862 he 
was elected govern- 
or, while serving in 
the field. He soon 
saw the impossibili- 
ty of obtaining suffi- 
cient supplies forthe 
troops oi his state 
without recourse to 
foreign aid, and 
therefore sent agents 
abroad, and pur- 
chased a fine steam- 
ship in the Clyde, 
which successfully 
ran the blockade, 
not only supplying the state troops with clothing 
and arms, but furnishing also large stores for the 
use of the Confederate government and for the 
hospitals, and general supplies for the people of 
his state. As early as December, 1863, perceiving 
the desperate nature of the undertaking in which 
the south was engaged, he urged President Davis 
to neglect no opportunity of negotiation with the 
U. S. government, but at the same time he was so 
earnest and efficient in contributing men and mate- 
rial for the support of the cause that he was called 
the war governor of the south. He was also con- 
spicuous in his efforts to ameliorate the condition 
of Federal prisoners in his state. He was over- 
whelmingly re-elected for the next two years in 
1864. When the National troops occupied North 
Carolina, Gov. Vance was arrested ana taken to 
Washington, D. C, where he was confined in prison 
for several weeks. In November, 1870, he was 
elected U. S. senator by the legislature, but he was 
not allowed to take his seat, and resigned it in 
January, 1872. In the same year he was again a 
candidate for a senatorship, but was defeated by 
Augustus S. Merrimon, to whom the Republicans 
gave their votes. He received a pardon from Presi- 
dent Johnson in 1867, and his political disabilities 
were removed by congress in 1872. soon after he 
had been refused: a seat in the U. S. senate by rea- 
son of those disabilities. lie continued to practise 
low in Charlotte, taking no part in politics, except 
his conspicuous efforts as a private citizen to over- 
throw the reconstruction government in North 
Carolina. In 1876, after an animated canvass, he 
was elected governor by a large majority. He re- 
signed on being again elected U. S. senator, took 
his seat on 4 March, 1879, and by his wit and elo- 
quence soon acquired a high rank among the 
Democratic orators of the senate. In 1884 he was 
re-elected for the term ending on 4 March, 1891. 

VAN CLEVE, Horatio Phillips, soldier, b. in 
Princeton, N. J., 23 Nov., 1809. He studied for 
two years at Princeton, then entered the U. S. mili- 
tary academy, was graduated in 1881, served at 
frontier posts in Michigan territory, was commis- 
sioned as 2d lieutenant of infantry on 81 Dec., 
1831. and on 11 Sept., 1836, resigned and settled 
in Michigan. He taught in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 
1840-' 1, then engaged in farming near Ann Ar- 
bor, Mich., was an engineer in the service of the 
state of Michigan in 1855, then United States sur- 



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236 V ^ N CORTLANDT 

veyor of public lands in Minnesota, and in 1856 
engaged in stock-raising. On 22 July, 1861, he 
was commissioned as colonel of the 2d Minnesota 
infantry. He served under Gen. George H. Thomas 
at Mill Springs, for his part in which action he 
was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 
21 March, 1862. He was disabled by a wound at 
Stone river, but resumed command of the division 
on his recovery, was engaged at Chickamauga, and 
was in command of the post and forces at Murfrees- 
boro, Tenn., from December, 1863, till 24 Aug., 1865, 
when he was mustered out, having been brevetted 
major-general on 13 March, 1865. He was adjutant- 
general of Minnesota in 1866-'70, and in 1876-'82. 

TAN CORTLANDT, Oloff (or Olirer) Ste- 
Tense, soldier, b. in Wijk, near Utrecht, Holland, 
in 1600; d. in New York, 4 April, 1684. He 
came to New Netherland as an officer in the ser- 
vice of the West India company, arriving there in 
the ship "Haring" (The Herring), with Director 
Kieft, on 28 March, 1688. Of the origin of his 
family nothing is definitely known. He had a good 
education, ana the offices he subsequently held, his 
seal with the Van Cortlandt arms, still in the pos- 
session of his descendants, as well as articles of 
Dutch plate bearing the same arms, show that his 
position was good, and that of a gentleman. He 
remained only a short time in the military service, 
having been appointed by Kieft in 1639 " commis- 
sary of cargoes, or " customs officer," and in 1643 
keeper of the public stores of the West India com- 
pany, a responsible post under the provisions of 
the charters of freedoms and exemptions, being the 
superintendent of the collection of the company's 
revenue in New Amsterdam, most of which was 
paid in furs. In 1648 he resigned from this office, 
was made a freeman of the city, and entered upon 
the business of a merchant and brewer, in which 
he was eminently successful, becoming one of the 
richest men in New Amsterdam. In 1649 he was 
chosen colonel of the burgher guard, or city train 
bands, and also appointed one of the " Nine Men," 
a temporary representative board elected by the 
citizens. He was previously one of the " Eight 
Men," a similar body, in 1645. In 1654 he was 
elected schepen, or alderman, and the next year, 
1655, appointed burgomaster, or mayor, of New 
Amsterdam. This office he filled nearly uninter- 
ruptedly till the capture by the English in 1664, 
at which he was one of the commissioners that 
were appointed by Director Stuyvesant to negoti- 
ate the terms of surrender, and was active in their 
settlement, the document bearing his signature 
with those of the other commissioners. He was 
also engaged in several temporary public matters 
as a councillor and commissioner during the ad- 
ministration of Stuyvesant. notably in the Connec- 
ticut boundary matter in 1663, and the settlement 
of Capt John Scott's claim to Long Island in 1664 
He acted in similar capacities under the first Eng- 
lish governors, Nicolls, Lovelace, and Dongan, and 
was chosen the trustee of Lovelace's estate to 
settle it in 1673. He married, on 26 Feb., 1642, 
Annetje, sister of Go vert Loockermans, who came 
out with Director Van Twiller in 1633, and was so 
prominent afterward in New Netherland affairs. 
"Govert Loockermans, after filling some of the 
highest offices in the colony," says O'Callaghan, 
"died, worth 520,000 guilders, or $208,000, an im- 
mense sum when the period in which he lived is 
considered." Oloff Stevense Van Cortlandt died on 
4 April, 1684, and his wife followed him about a 
month afterward. They had seven children— five 
daughters and two sons. The oldest of the latter 
was Stephanus, and the youngest Jacobus, who, 



VAN CORTLANDT 



respectively, were the progenitors of all of the name 
now living. The former founded the oldest branch, 
the Van Cortlandts of the manor of Cortlandt, the 
latter the younger branch, the Van Cortlandts of 
Cortlandt House, Yonkers. — His son, Stephanos, 
statesman, b. in New York, 4 May, 1643; d. there, 
25 Nov., 1700, was the first and only lord of the 
manor, and one of the most eminent men of the 
province of New York after it became an English 
colony. Except the governorship, he filled at one 
time or another every prominent office in that 
province. When Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson went to 
England, at the beginning of Jacob Leister's insur- 
rection and actual usurpation, to report in person 
to King William, he committed the government, 
in his absence, to Stephanus Van Cortlandt and 
Frederick Philipse. This fact caused Leisler to 
seek their lives, and forced them to escape from 
the city of New York to save themselves. Van 
Cortlandt's career was, perhaps, the most brilliant 
and varied, in the fifty-seven years it occupied, of 
any inhabitant of New York in the 17th century. 
He was a youth of twenty-one when, in 1664, the 
English capture took place and New Amsterdam 
became New York. Brought up under the eye of 
his father, and educated by the Dutch clergymen 
of New Amsterdam, whose scholarship was vastly 
higher than it has pleased modern writers to state, 
and which would compare favorably with that of 
the clergy of the 19th century, young Van Cort- 
landt, long before the death of his father in 1684, 
showed how well he had profited by the example 
of the one and the learning of the others. He was 
a merchant by occupation. His first appointment 
was as a member of the court of assizes, the body 
instituted under " the Duke's Laws " over whicn 
Gov. Richard Nicolls presided, and which exercised 
both judicial and legislative powers. In 1668 he 
was appointed an ensign in the Kings county regi- 
ment, subsequently a captain, and later its colonel. 
From 1677, when, at the age of thirty-four, he was 
appointed the first native American mayor of the 
city of New York, he held that office almost con- 
secutively till his death in 1700. When, by the 
Duke of York's commission and instructions to 
Gov. Dongan, a governor's council was established 
in New York, Stephanus Van Cortlandt and Fred- 
erick Philipse were named by the duke therein as 
councillors, and with them Dongan was to appoint 
such others as he deemed fit for the office. Ste- 
phanus Van Cortlandt's name was continued in each 
of the commissions of all the succeeding governors 
down to and including Bellomont's in 1697, and he 
continued in the office till his death in 1700. Early 
in this latter vear he was appointed chief justice, 
but he only filled the office till his demise in No- 
vember of the same year. He had many years be- 
fore been appointed judge of the common pleas in 
Kings county, and later, in 1693, a justice of the 
supreme court of the province. In 1686 Dongan 
made him commissioner of the revenue, and on 10 
Nov., 1687, he was appointed by the king's auditor- 
general in England, William* Blathwayt, deputy 
auditor in New York, his accounts being regularly 
transmitted to England and approved. He was 
appointed also deputy secretary of New York, and 
personally administered the office, the secretary al- 
ways residing in England, after the British custom. 
He was prominent in all the treaties and confer- 
ences with the Indians as a member of the council, 
and was noted for his influence with them. His 
letters and despatches to Gov. Edmund Andros, 
and to the different boards and officers in England 
that were charged with the care of the colonies and 
the management of their affairs, remain to show his 

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VAN CORTLANDT 



VAN CORTLANDT 237 




capacity, clear-headedness, and courage. Equally 
esteemed and confided in by the governments of 
James as duke and king, and by William and 
Mary, in the troublous times in which he lived, and 
sustained by all the governors, even though, as in 
Belloinont's case, they did not like him personally, 
no greater proof could be adduced of his ability, 
skill, and integrity. His estate was erected into 
the lordship and manor of Cortlandt by patent of 
William III., bearing date 17 June, 1697. The Van 
Cortlandt manor-house, which is shown in the ac- 

companyingil- 
lustration, is 
one of the old- 
est edifices that 
now remain on 
the borders of 
Hudson river. 
It stands on 
the northern 
shore of Cro- 
ton bay, and 
was built both 
country 
ence and 
as a fort, the 
walls being of 
reddish free- 
stone, nearly three feet in thickness, pierced with 
loop-holes for musketry. It was built originally as 
a fortified trading- house by Stephanus, and added 
to by the successive owners. In it were entertained 
some of the most notable persons in the history of 
the state, beginning with the early colonial govern- 
ors. George Whitefield preached to the tenants of 
the manor from its veranda, while Benjamin Frank- 
lin rested there on his return from his Canadian 
mission in 1776. Washington, Roc ham beau, Lafay- 
ette, and Lauzun were among its guests, and Col. 
Henry B. Livingston had his quarters there while 
watching the " Vulture " at the time of Arnold's 
treason. Here, too, were entertained eminent Meth- 
odist preachers in the early days of that church, 
including Bishop Asburv and Freeborn Garretson. 
— Philip, third son of Stephanus, merchant, b. in 
New York city, 9 Aug., 1683; d. there, 21 Aug., 
1746, was a man of good abilities, and possessed of 
£reat decision of character. He was a merchant 
in New Amsterdam, and, like his father, took an 
active part in public affairs. In June, 1729, he was 
recommended to the king for appointment as a 
councillor of the province by Gov. Montgomerie in 
place of Lewis Morris, Jr. The appointment was 
made, 3 Feb., 1730, he took his seat in April of the 
same year, and continued in the council until his 
death, when he was succeeded by Edward Holland 
through the recommendation of Gov. George Clin- 
ton. He was a member of the commission on the 
part of New York in the case of the colony of 
Connecticut and the Mohegan Indians. His wife 
was Catharine, daughter of Abraham de Pevster, 
to whom he was married in 1710. He left six 
surviving children — five sons and one daughter. 
Catharine, who was killed by the bursting of a 
cannon on the Battery while watching the firing of 
a salute in honor of the king's birthday, 4 June, 
1738, in hor thirteenth year. By the death of his 
elder brothers (Johannes, who left only a daugh- 
ter, Gertrude, the wife of Philip Verplanck, and 
Oloff, or Oliver, who died a bachelor) Philip be- 
came the third head of the Van Cortlandt family. 
His five sons were Stephen, Abraham, Philip, 
John, and Pierre. — Stephen, the eldest, who suc- 
ceeded his father as the head of the familv, was 
born 26 Oct., 1710, married, in 1738, Mary Walton 



Ricketts, and died, 17 Oct., 1756, leaving two sons, 
Philip and William Ricketts Van Cortlandt. — 
Philip the elder, the fourth head of the family, b. 
10 Nov., 1739, preferring a military life, entered 
the British army, in which he served many years, 
dying on 1 May, 1814. He is buried in Haifshara 
church, where a mural monument is erected to his 
memory. He married, on 2 Aug., 1762, Catharine, 
daughter of Jacob Ogden, of New Jersey. They 
had the large number of twenty-three children 
(several being twins), of whom twelve lived to grow 
up, five being sons and seven daughters. The for- 
mer all became officers in the British regular army. 
— Pierre, first lieutenant-governor of the state of 
New York, youngest son of Philip, the third son 
of Stephanus, b. in Cortlandt manor, 10 Jan., 1721 ; 
d. in New York, 1 May, 1814. In consequence of 
the deaths in early manhood of his brothers Abra- 
ham, Philip, and John, unmarried, and of the 
death, in 1756, of his eldest brother, Stephen, and 
the absence in the army of his nephew, Philip, 
Stephen's eldest son, Pierre became early and 
closely identified with the affairs of the manor and 
the interests of his relatives therein. Marrying 
Joanna, a daughter of Gilbert Livingston, he natu- 
rally leaned to the political side of nis wife's fam- 
ily in the party contests anterior to the opening of 
the American Revolution. He was the representa- 
tive of the manor in the colonial assembly from 
1768 till 1775, and, unlike his nephew, Philip, the 
head of the family, took the American side in the 
Revolutionary war. He was a member of the Pro- 
vincial convention, the council of safety, and the 
Provincial congress, and, upon the organization of 
the state government in 1777, was chosen lieuten- 
ant-governor of New York and served in that office 
till 1795, when he 
declined a re-elec- 
tion, the long pe- 
riod of eighteen 
years. In 1777 he 
was president of 
the convention at 
Kingston which 
framed the first 
constitution of 
the state of New 
York. He left 
two sons, Gen. 
Philip and Gen. 
Pierre. He was 
an admirable pre- 
siding officer, gen- 
tle but firm, strict 
but impartial, and 
commanded the 



respect and esteem of senators of all parties. — 
Philip, soldier, b. in Cortlandt manor, 1 Sept., 
1749; d. there, 5 Nov., 1831, was the eldest son of 
Lieut.-Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt, and was edu- 
cated at Coldenham academy and graduated at 
King's (now Columbia) college in 1758. He be- 
came a surveyor. In June, 1775, he was commis- 
sioned lieutenant-colonel of the 4th battalion. New 
York infantry, and on 30 Nov.. 1776, by Wash- 
ington, colonel of the 2d New York regiment, in 
place of Col. Ritzema. who had joined the British. 
He was present at the surrender of Burgoyne, and 
in 1779 ne was engaged with Gen. John Sullivan 
in the Indian campaign in western New York. In 
1781 he took part in the Virginia campaign, and 
witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis at Vorktown. 
His highest rank in actual service was colonel, but 
after the disbandment of the army at the peace, 
congress gave him the rank of brigadier-general. 




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238 



VAN CORTLANDT 



VANCOUVER 




He was subsequently a member of the New York 
assembly and senate, and one of the commissioners 
of forfeitures for the southern district of New 
York. He sat in 
congress for the 
Westchester dis- 
trict from 1793 till 
1809. He was for 
many years treas- 
urer of the state 
Society of the C in- 
cinnati, and ac- 
companied Ijafay- 
ette on his travels 
through the Unit- 
/-! v r^f J ^ lil^ ec * states during 

c ^^^T^krV his viiiit in 1824 * 

He lies buried in 
the family ceme- 
tery near the 
Cortlandt manor- 
house at Croton. 
—Pierre, soldier, 
second son of 
Lieut.-Gov. Pierre, 
b. in Cortlandt 
manor, 29 Aug., 1762; d. there in July, 1848, was 
a leading man in Westchester county, its repre- 
sentative in congress in 181 1-' 12, and major-gen- 
eral of the militia, one of his aides Wing James 
Fenimore Cooper. He was graduated at Rutgers 
college in 1783, and in 1843 was given the degree 
of LL. D. by that institution. He studied law 
with Alexander Hamilton, but did not practise 
long, giving his attention to politics and to his 
estate. He was a presidential elector for Jeffer- 
son in 1800 and for (Jen. William H. Harrison in 
1840, and a candidate on the defeated Henry Clay 
ticket in 1844. From 1833 till his death he was 
president of the Westchester county bank. He 
married first, in 1801. Catharine, daughter of Gov. 
George Clinton and widow of Capt. John Taylor, 
of the British army, and secondly, in 1813, Ann, 
daughter of John Stevenson and 5f agdalen Douw, 
of Albany, by whom he had one child. Col. Pierre 
Van Cortlandt (181 5-84).— Jacobus, merchant, b. 
in New York, 7 July, 1658; d. there in 1739. was 
the younger of the two sons of Oloff, first above 
named, and ancestor of the Yonkers branch. His 
estate at Yonkers, continuously held by his de- 
scendants to this day, has been" purchased by the 
city of New York for its new ** Van Cortlandt 
park" of about 800 acres. ne was one of the 
most eminent men of his time and one of the 

aldermen of 
the citv. He 
sat in tlie first 
assembly of 
William and 
Mary in 1691, 
for New York 
city, and also 
in the two suc- 
ceeding as- 
semblies. He 
again sat for 
the city from 
1702 till 1709, 
and from 1710 

till 1715. In 1719 ho was mayor of the city of 
New York. He was a large land-holder in West- 
chester county, notably in the town of Bedford, 
where a large part of his property came by de- 
scent and wills of relatives to his grandson (through 
his daughter Mary), Chief-Justice John Jay, who 




built thereon the residence in which he died, and 
which now belongs to the latter's grandson. John 
Jay. (See illustration.) Jacobus Van Cortlandt 
was an officer and member of the Dutch church. 
He married Eve Philipse, the step-daughter of the 
first Col. Frederick Philipse, whose wife, by birth 
Margaret Hardenbrook, was the widow of Peter 
Rudolph de Vries, by whom she had one daughter, 
who, after her mother's marriage to Frederick 
Philipse, was adopted by him and called by his 
name. His only son by this marriage, Frederick 
(1698-1749), who married, in 1724, Frances Jay. was 
the father of James, and Augustus, of Yonkers. 
The latter (1728-1824) was for many years prior 
to the Revolution clerk of the common council of 
New York city, and to his unflinching loyalty to 
his trust, as well as to his king, is due the" preser- 
vation of the ancient city records of New York, for 
of his own motion and on his own responsibility, in 
1775, he placed them in chests, in a vault built at 
his own expense, in his own garden, " made," as he 
informed the Provincial congress, " for that purpose 
of stone and brick, well arched, and exceedingly 
dry," and kept them till after the peace of 1783. 

VANCOUVER, George, English navigator, b. 
in 1758; d. near London, England, 10 May, 171)8. 
He entered the British navy, joining the " Resolu- 
tion," under Capt. Cook, in 1771, and served as 
midshipman in Cook's second voyage (1772-'5), 
and ou his third voyage (1776-'80), when that com- 
mander lost his life. In December of that year he 
was made lieutenant, and appointed to the sloop 
" Martin," on board which he continued till he was 
removed to the " Fame," one of Lord Rodney's 
fleet, in the West Indies. In 1784 he was ap- 
pointed to the station in Jamaica, sailed in the 
" Euroj>e," and was there till the vessel returned 
to England in September. 1789. Vancouver, in 
1791, was appointed o command a squadron and 
sent to the northwest coast of North America, with 
instructions first to visit the Sandwich islands, 
then go to Nootka, where, in 1792, with mutual 
concessions on the part of the Spanish government 
and the court of St James, a matter in dispute 
was amicably arranged ; and, further, to make an 
accurate survey of the coast from the 30th degree 
of north latitude northward, in order to find if 
there were any waterways, by inlets, rivers, or 
lakes, between that coast and Canada, or any pas- 
sage from the North Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. 
His careful survey occupied the summers of 1792-'3, 
the intervening winter being spent in completing 
the examination of the Sandwich group. In 1794 
he returned to the American coast and surveyed 
it as far as Cook's inlet, on the completion of which 
he was promoted to post-captain. Then he sailed 
along the western coast of South America, doubled 
Cape Horn, and returned to Britain, reaching the 
Shannon in September, 1795. The greater part of 
the surveys was performed in Iwats, but his con- 
stitution was undermined by the service. His 
training, under Capt. Cook manifested itself in 
the same enforcement of discipline and in the 
same care for the health and comfort of his crew 
that hail characterized that great commander. 
Vancouver's island was named in his honor. From 
that time till his death ho was occupied in the 
preparation of his journals for publication. All 
the charts were completed, the narrative printed 
and corrected almost to the end of the third vol- 
ume, and what little remained was prepared for 
the press by his brother John. The " \ oyage of 
Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and" Round 
the World" was published by the government (3 
vols., London, 1798), with an atlas. 



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VAN CURLER 



VAN DEN BROEK 239 



TAN CURLER, or CORLEAR, Arendt, pio- 
neer, b. in Holland about 1600 ; d. in Lake Cham plain 
in 1667. He was a cousin of Killian Van Rensselaer, 
came to this country in 1680, and rose through 
subordinate offices to* be the superintendent of the 
manor and colony of Rensselaerwyck, having juris- 
diction from Beeren island in the Hudson to the 
mouth of Mohawk river, controlling nearly a thou- 
sand square miles of fur-bearing territory. By his 
energy, talents, and character he made the' pa- 
troon s colony more prosperous than that at New 
Amsterdam. He early mastered the language and 
learned the nature of the Iroquois Indians, and 
often visited their towns, either to ransom Christian 
captives or to make covenants of amity. He may 
be considered as the real founder of that Dutch 
policy of peace with the Indians that was after- 
ward followed by the English, which, by making 
an invincible obstacle to French ambition, aided 
so powerfully to secure this continent to Germanic 
instead of Latin civilization. In 1646 (the same 
year in which the patroon died) he married An- 
tonia, widow of Jonas Bronck (who founded 
Bronxville. N. Y.), and visited Holland. On his 
return he lived on his farm near West Troy, N. Y., 
using all his influence to keep peace between the 
whites and Indians and to check the trade in 
44 fire-water." He greatly assisted Gov. Peter Stuy- 
vesant in treating with the Indians, especially at 
Esopus, in 1660. In 1661, having outgrown the 
semi-feudal ideas of the patroon system, he led a 
company of free settlers from Holland to Sche- 
nectady, which he had first bought from the Mo- 
hawks, and founded an agricultural settlement, in 
which all purchasers could hold land in fee simple. 
He several times assisted French individuals or 
companies when in straits of captivity, starvation, 
or ambuscade : yet, by simple honesty of character, 
kept the friendship and unbounded confidence of 
the savages. In 1664, on the English conquest of 
New Netherlands, Col. Richard Nicolls sent for 
him to consult as to the Indian policy, and Van 
Curler's propositions were adopted. In 1667. while 
on a visit to Canada, by invitation of the French 
governor, Tracy, he was drowned in the middle 
of 44 Corlear s lake," or, as it is now called. Lake 
Cham plain. The Mohawk Indians always ad- 
dressed the governors of New York and of Can- 
ada as * 4 Corlear," and the Indian title of Queen 
Victoria is Kora Kowa — " the Great Corlear." He 
left about 2,000 letters and papers, which are pre- 
served chiefly in Albany, N. V. A biography of 
Arendt Van Curler is in preparation. — Two others 
of the same name are Anthony Van Curler, the 
trumpeter, and Jacobus Van Curler, who was sent 
by Gov. Van Twiller, of New Netherlands, to oc- 
cupy territory in what is now Connecticut. He 
purchased land from Sassacus. sachem of the Pe- 
quots. and on 8 June, 1633, landed with a companv 
of soldiers at what is now Dutch Point, Hartford, 
and erected a trad ing-f actor v, called the House of 
Hope. Hans Janse Eencluys, being in charge of the 
artillery, forbore to fire on the Englishman, Will- 
iam Holmes, while sailing past the fort to make 
a settlement at Windsor, and the Dutch finally 
evacuated the Connecticut valley. Van Curler was 
the first school-master in New York city, and his 
farm was on the point of land near the foot of 
Grand street, on East river, still called Corlear's 
hook. He afterward removed to Long island. 

VAN DAM, Rip, colonial governor, b. in Al- 
bany, N. Y., about 1662 ; d. in New York city after 
1736. He became a prominent merchant in the 
West India trade, resisted Lord Bellomont's re- 
strictions on commerce, and, in consequence of the 




Be 



seizure of some of his vessels for supposed infrac- 
tion of the custom laws, engaged in politics, en- 
tered the assembly in 1699, and became a leader of 
the opposition party. With other merchants he 
signed a petition to 
the king protesting 
against Belloinont s 
acts. Lord Corn- 
bury, who removed 
some of the council- 
lors for promoting 
political disorder, 
appointed Van Dam 
to one of the vacan- 
cies. He continued 
in the council for 
nearly thirty years, 
and as its senior 
member and presi- 
dent assumed the 
administration and 
acted as governor 
from the death of 
Gov. John Mont- 
gomery on I July, 

1731, till the arrival of his successor on 1 Aug., 

1732. He was opposed to courts of chancery, and 
refused to take the oath as chancellor. When Gov. 
William Cosby on his arrival exhibited an order for 
an equal division of the salary, emoluments, and per- 
quisites. Van Dam refused to pay over any part of 
the salary that he had received unless Cosby divided 
the larger sum that he had obtained in England 
for pretended expenditures in the colony. They 
each brought suits, which were finally dropped 
without a settlement, after arousing intense parti- 
san feeling between the aristocratic friends of the 
governor and the popular party, which supported 
Van Dam. Van Dam absented himself from the 
meetings of the council, and Gov. Cosby, on his 
death-bed, secretly suspended him from office in 
order to prevent his succeeding again to the direc- 
tion of the government. George Clarke, who was 
next in length of service, was sworn in, but Van 
Dam claimed the office, and the rival governors 
each called a meeting of the council. Van Dam 
was sustained by the chief justice, and his adher- 
ents were ready to support his claim with arms, 
when the arrival from England of despatches that 
were addressed to Clarke put an end to the contro- 
versy. He published 44 Heads of Articles of Com- 
plaint against Gov. Cosby" (Boston, 1734). 

VAN DEN BROEK, Theodore, clergyman, 
b. in Alkmaar, Holland, in 1783; d. in Little 
Chute, Wis., 5 Nov., 1851. lie belonged to the 
order of St. Dominick, and came to the United 
States in 1832. After spending some time in 
studying the language and customs of the country 
at the Dominican convent of St. Rose, Ky., he de- 
termined to devote himself to the Indian mission. 
After laboring at Green Bay in 1834-'6 he went to 
Little Chute and established a school for the In- 
dians; but his mission embraced almost the entire 
state of Wisconsin for several years. He visited the 
more distant stations generally in winter, often 
slept on the snow, and was frequently called to 
visit sick persons at a distance of 200 miles. Ho 
taught the savages agriculture and trained them 
to use carpenter s tools, as well as instructing them 
in the arts of masonry and plastering. With their 
aid he built a fine church in 1839. Between 1834 
and 1842 he converted more than 600 Mcnominees. 
In 1844 he established the mission of St. Francis 
on Wolf river or Lake Powahegan, which in 
1846 numbered 400 Indians, with a good church 



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240 



VANDENHOPP 



VANDERBILT 



and school. Father Van den Broek was the pio- 
neer of Roman Catholic colonization in Wisconsin. 
In 1847 he left Little Chute and went to Europe. 
Shortly after his arrival in Amsterdam he pub- 
lished a pamphlet describing the advantages that 
Wisconsin offered to industrious immigrants. This 
publication, with his lectures, induced a large num- 
ber of Hollanders to emigrate, and in 1848 three 
vessels arrived with them at New York. These 
people were settled at Little Chute. Hollandtown, 
Green Bay, and other localities. The work of Fa- 
ther Van den Broek in Holland continued to bear 
fruit, and Dutch colonies were founded not only 
in Wisconsin, but in Minnesota, Nebraska, and 
other western states. 

VANDENHOFF, George, actor, b. in England, 
18 Feb., 1820. He first appeared on the stage as 
Leon in "Rule a Wife ana Have a Wife" at the 
Covent Garden theatre, London, on 14 Oct., 1839. 
In the summer of 1842 he came to the United 
States, appearing at the Park theatre, New York, 
as Hamlet, on 21 Sept. After a successful career 
he retired from the stage in November, 1856, stud- 
ied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858, but 
devoted himself chiefly to public readings and the 
teaching of elocution in the cities of the United 
States and also in England, making New York 
city his ordinary residence. He was the author of 
" A Plain System of Elocution," which was repub- 
lished under the title of " The Art of Elocution " 
(New York, 1846); "Dramatic Reminiscences, or 
Actors and Actresses in England and America" 
(London, 1859); "Leaves from an Actor's Note- 
Book, with Reminiscences and Chit-Chat of the 
Greenroom and the Stage in England and Ameri- 
ca" (1860); "Clerical Assistant, or Elocutionary 
Guide " (1862) ; and " A Lady's Reader, with Rules 
for reading Aloud" (1862). His wife, whom he 
married in Boston on 20 Aug., 1855. was, as Miss 
Makeath, successful on the stage in the rule of 
Julia in " The Hunchback," and in other charac- 
ters, making hex first appearance in Philadelphia 
on 25 Dec., 18o4. She finally retired from the 
stage, and gave dramatic instruction in New York 
until her death in 1888. 

VANDERBILT, Cornelias, financier, b. near 
Stapleton, Staten island, N. Y., 27 May, 1794 ; d. 
in New York city, 4 Jan., 1877. He was descended 
from Jan Aertsen Van der Bilt, a Dutch farmer, 
who settled near Brooklyn, N. Y., about 1650. 

Cornelius's great- 
grandfather, a son 
of the emigrant 
ancestor, removed 
about 1715 to New 
Dorp, Staten isl- 
and, where the fam- 
ily was converted 
to Moravian doc- 
trines by religious 
exiles from Bohe- 
mia. His father 
was a farmer in 
moderate circum- 
stances, who con- 
veyed his produce 
to market in a sail- 
- boat, which the son 
(j) early learned to 

i\U~&yCr-i*y manage. The boy, 
who was hardy and 
resolute, early became schooled in practical affairs 
and the direction of men, but neglected every op- 
portunity for education. When sixteen years of 
age he purchased a boat, in which he ferried pas- 




sengers and goods between New York city and 
Staten island, and at the age of eighteen he was 
the owner of two boats and captain of a third. A 
year later he married a cousin, Sophia Johnson, 
and removed to New York city. He extended his 
interests in boats, sloops, and schooners, engaged 
in traffic as well as transportation along the shores 
of New York bay and Hudson river, and built new 
craft on the latest and most approved models. In 
1817 he engaged as captain of a steamboat that 
made trips between New York city and New 
Brunswick, N. Js, and for twelve years worked for 
a salary. In 1827 he leased the ferry between 
New York city and Elizabeth, and, bv putting on 
new boats, made it very profitable, Returning to 
New York city in 1829, he began to build steam- 
boats of improved construction and fittings, and to 
compete in prices and service wiih the wealthy 
capitalists wno owned the existing lines on Hudson 
river and Long Island sound. His success as a 
steamboat builder and manager caused the title of 
"Commodore" to be popularly attached to his 
name. Before he was forty years old his wealth 
was estimated at $500,000. He withdrew his 
steamboats from the Hudson river by arrange- 
ment with Robert L. Stevens, but maintained 
lines connecting New York city with Bridgeport, 
Norwalk, Derby, New Haven, Hartford, and New 
London, Conn., Providence and Newport, R. I., 
and Boston, Mass. When the emigration of gold- 
seekers to California began, he established a pas- 
senger line, by way of Lake Nicaragua, gaining 
large profits. Selling this in 1853, he visited 
Europe in the "North Star," which was con- 
structed after his own designs, and surpassed all 
steam yachts that had before been built. The 
company to which he had transferred the Nicara- 
gua short line evaded payment, and on his return 
Vanderbilt again engageu in the California traffic, 
threatening to force nis dishonest competitors into 
bankruptcy. This he accomplished, and in the 
course of eleven years he accumulated $10,000,000 
in this business. He engaged in ocean transpor- 
tation while British ships were withdrawn during 
the Crimean war, building three of the finest and 
fastest steamers, and establishing a line between 
New York and Havre. His offer to carry the 
mails for nothing impelled the government to 
withhold the subsidy tnat it had paid to the Col- 
lins line and caused the cessation of its operations. 
A few years later Vanderbilt, who had begun to 
invest largely in the stock of the New York and 
New Haven railroad as early as 1844, retired from 
the transatlantic trade on account of the sharp 
competition of Europeans, and gradually trans- 
ferred his capital from shipping to railroad enter- 
prises. When the "Mernmac" attacked the Na- 
tional vessels in Hampton Roads, he had his fin- 
est steamship, the "Vanderbilt," fitted up for 
naval purposes and sent to James river, intend- 
ing to run down the Confederate ram. He gave 
the vessel to the government, and, at the conclu- 
sion of the war, congress voted him a gold medal 
in recognition of his gift. His first important rail- 
road venture was in 1863, when he purchased a 
large part of the stock of the New York and Har- 
lem railroad, and obtained a charter for a con- 
necting street railroad through New York city, 
causing the stock to rise from ten dollars a share 
to par. Daniel Drew and other heavy speculators, 
with foreknowledge of the intention of the city 
council to cancel the franchise for a horse-car line 
through Broadway, sold stock for future delivery, 
causing it to decline heavily. Vanderbilt bought 
what was offered, till it was all in his hands. 



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VANDERBILT 



VANDERBILT 



241 



and the sellers could only make their deliveries by 
paying him double the prices that he had con- 
tracted to pay them. He began in the same year 
to purchase the shares of the Hudson River rail- 




road, a competing line, and, when he had obtained 
the control, procured the introduction of a bill for 
the consolidation of this and the Harlem road. 
Members of the legislature entered into a combi- 
nation with stock-jobbers to defeat the measure, 
after promising their support, and in this way to 
cause Harlem stock, which had risen from $75 to 
$150 a share in anticipation of the consolidation, to 
fall below the former price, enabling them to 
make profits by selling while it declined. With 
the aid of financial allies, Vanderbilt was able to 
take all bids of stock, effecting a "corner" of 
much greater dimensions than the former one. The 
speculators for a fall had agreed to deliver 27,000 
more shares than the entire stock of the road, and, 
when the time for settlement came, the Vanderbilt 
" pool " could make the price what they chose, 
but did not venture to raise it above $285 for fear 
of precipitating a general panic. After this stroke, 
by which he gained many millions, he purchased 
large amounts of New York Central railroad 
stock. Fearing that the road would pass into his 
hands, the managers in 1804 made secret arrange- 
ments to have freight and passengers forwarded to 
New York city by river steamers, instead of by the 
Hudson river railroad. In retaliation, in the sec- 
ond winter after the discriminations began, Van- 
derbilt changed the terminus of the Hudson river 
railroad at AlUiny to the eastern side of the river, 
and ordered the employe's to receive no freight 
from the Central railroad. The stock of the New 
York Central railroad fell in the market, and Van- 
derbilt and his associates gradually increased their 
holdings. In 1867 Vanderbilt was elected presi- 
dent of the company. The Harlem and Hudson 
river railroads had improved greatly in efficiency 
and economy under VanderbiTt's administration. 
He now applied the same methods of reform to the 
New York Central road, increasing the rolling- 
stock, improving the tracks, systematizing the ser- 
vice, and increasing the connections. In order to 
put an end to unprofitable competition in rates, 
he next sought to obtain control of the New York, 
I>ake Erie, and Western railroad (then called the 
Erie), and bought frrelv, while Daniel Drew, Jay 
Gould, and James Fisk sold "short" for a fall, 
winning the contest by flooding the market with 
new shares, illegally issued. They obtained from 
Vanderbilt about $7,000,000, but, after a lepal con- 
troversy over the fraudulent issue, were willing to 
repay nearly $5,000,000. In 18<>9 he procured an 
act for the consolidation of the New York Central 
and Hudson River companies, and in the same 
year divided new shares among the stock-holders, 
adding 107 per cent, to the nominal capital of the 
New York Central and 80 per cent to that of the 
tol. vi. — 16 



Hudson River road. Notwithstanding the doubling 
of the stock, the market value of the shares, which 
in 1807 had ranged from $75 to $120, reached 
$200 in 1 86SI. By purchasing a controlling inter- 
est in the Lake Shore, the Canada Southern, and 
the Michigan Central railroads, he extended his 
system to Chicago, making it a trunk-line for 
western traffic. He erected the Grand Central 
station in New York city, with viaducts and tun- 
nelled approaches, for building which the city paid 
half of tne cost. Four tracks were laid on the 
New York Central line. Of the capital stock of 
the railroads that composed the trunk-line, amount- 
ing to $150,000,000, Vanderbilt owned one half. 
Although he had never contributed to benevolent 
enterprises, toward the close of his life he gave 
$50,000 to Rev. Charles F. Deems to purchase the 
Church of the Strangers, and $1,000,000 to found 
Vanderbilt university at Nashville, Tenn. He had 
a fortune generally estimated at $100,000,000, all 
of which he left to his eldest son, William Henry, 
except $11,000,000 bequeathed to the latter's 
four sons, and $4,000,000 to his own daughters. 
His voyage to England and along the coasts of 
Europe from Russia to Turkey was recounted by 
Rev. Dr. John 0. Choules in " The Cruise of the 
Steam Yacht 'North Star'" (Boston, 1854). Mr. 
Vanderbilt was an extremely handsome man, with 
a beautiful complexion. He was tall and graceful, 
and to the last retained an erect figure and an 
elastic step.— His son, William Henry, financier, 
b. in New Bruns- 
wick. N. J., 8 May, 
1821; d. in New 
York city, 8 Dec, 
1885, was educat- 
ed at Columbia 
gram mar - school. 
Leaving school at 
the age of seven- 
teen, ne engaged 
in business as 
a ship-chandler, 
and a year later 
became a clerk 
in the banking- 
house of which 
Daniel Drew was 
the senior part- 
ner. He married 
in his twentieth year, and, his health failing, settled 
in 1842 on a small farm in New Dorp, Staten isl- 
and, that his father gave him. This ne cultivated 
profitably, enlarging and improving it with but 
slight aid from his rather, who at that time had a 
poor opinion of his financial ability. This esti- 
mate was altered when the son managed with great 
success the Staten Island railroad, of which he was 
made receiver. When "Commodore" Vanderbilt 
engaged in railroad financiering at the age of sev- 
enty, he intrusted the business management of the 
railroads that came into his control to W T illiam 
H., who was chosen vice-president of the Har- 
lem and Hudson River corporations in 1804, and 
afterward of the New York Central. To these 
great establishments he applied the same watchful 
attention and frugal economies which had restored 
to prosperity the bankrupt Staten Island road, and 
with the same success. While participating no 
more in the speculative plans of his father than he 
formerly had in his steamship enterprises, he 
aided materially toward their success by his effi- 
cient management. When he succeeded to the 
control of the railroad property he averted the con- 
sequences of a protracted war of rates and of a 




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242 



VANDERBILT 



VANDERBILT 



threatened strike of lal>orers by conciliation and 
compromise. With equal prudence he avoided a 
contest over his fathers will with his brother, Cor- 
nelius Jeremiah, and two of his sisters, by agreeing 
to pay the brother the income from $1,000,000, 
which was five times as much as the will awarded 
him, and increasing by $500,000 the legacy of each 
of his sisters. Under his administration was com- 
pleted the acquisition of the Canada Southern rail- 
road, which was effected by a guarantee of its 
bonds, and that of the Michigan Central by pur- 
chases in the o{>en market. Between 1877 and 
1880 he gained control of the Chicago and North- 
western line, comprising with its tributaries 4,000 
miles of road, lie obtained connection with St. 
Louis by means of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- 
cinnati, "and Indianapolis railroad. In November, 
1879, in order to obviate financial rivalries by in- 
teresting other capitalists in the New York Central 
road and to put his own property into a more man- 
ageable shape, he sold 250,000 shares of the stock 
to an English and American syndicate, investing the 
$30,000,000 that he obtained in U. S. government 
bonds, of which a year later he held $53,000,000. 
In 1880 he sold his interests in the Western Union 
telegraph company. In 1881 he lowered rates in 
competition with the New York, Western, Lake 
Erie, and other trunk lines, primarily in order to 
discourage the construction of the " Nickel Plate" 
railroad. On 4 May, 1883, he formally resigned 
the office of president of the New York Central 
and Hudson River, Ijake Shore and Michigan 
Southern, and Michigan Central companies, and 
sailed for Europe. At the same time the compa- 
nies were reorganized by the election of his son 
Cornelius as chairman of the board of directors of 
the New York Central, and Michigan Central com- 
panies, and of his son William Kissam as chairman 
of the Lake Shore road. The Nickel Pinto road, 
when completed, was acquired and added to the 
New York Central system, while the West Shore 
road w;is forced into bankruptcy by a reduction of 
rates. Mr. Vanderbilt built a tine mansion, which, 
with two other family re>idences. is shown in the 
illustration, in New York city, which he filled with 
modern paintings, chiefly of the French school, and 
with other works of art. Five houses were built 
for his sons and daughters in Fifth avenue near 
his own. lie was fond of driving, as his father 
had iM'en, and purchased Maud S. and other famous 
trot ting-horses. He added $200,000 to the endow- 
ment of Vunderbilt university, and gave $100,000 
for a theological school and $10,000 for a library 
in connection with the university. In 1884 he 
gave $500,000 for new buildings to the College of 
physicians and surgeons, and a year afterward his 
daughter, Emily, wife of Williain D. Sloane, built 




and endowed in connection with it a maternity 
hospitnl at a cost of $250,000, and his four sons 
have erected and equipped a building for clinical 
instruction in connection with the college as a me- 



morial of their father. Ho distributed $100,000 
among the train-men and laborers of the New York 
Central railroad when they refrained from striking 
in 1877, gave $50,000 to the Church of St. Bar- 
tholomew, and paid $103,000 for the removal of the 
ol>elisk that the Khedive Ismail gave to the United 
States and for its erection in Central nark. New 
York city. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, two days before 
the failure of Grant and Ward, borrowed from 
Mr. Vanderbilt, on an exchange check, $150,000, 
which went to protest. The general then sent to 
Mr. Vanderbilt, as security for this loan, deeds 
to certain real estate, and his swords, medals, 
works of art, and the gifts made him by foreign 
governments. Mr. Vanderbilt proposed to re- 
turn all t\n> proj>erty to Gen. Grant, but found 
that impossible, as it was liable to be seized by 
creditors of the firm of Grant and Ward. He then 
offered to give them to Mrs. Grant; but she de- 
clined to receive them. He then proposed to trans- 
fer all the nro{)erty to the Union trust company, 
in trust for Mrs. Grant and her heirs. Mrs. Grant 
and the general refused this, on the ground that 
the original debt was a debt of honor. Mr. Van- 
derbilt then proposed that the presents should be 
transferred to Mrs. Grant during her life, and at 
her death be placed in the archives of the National 
government at Washington. This proposition was 
accepted, and Mrs. Grant immediately transferred 
the art ides to the government. Bv his will he left 
$10,000,000 to each of his eight children, one half 
of each bequest to l>e held in trust ; to his eldest 
son $2,000,000 more; $1,000,000 to the eldest son 
of the latter: and the residuary estate in equal 
parts to his two eldest sons, subject to the payment 
of an annuity of $200,000 to the widow, to whom 
he left his house and the artistic objects that it 
contained. He bequeathed $1,000,000 for benevo- 
lent purj>oses, including gifts to Vanderbilt uni- 
versity, the Metropolitan museum of art. the Young 
men's Christian association, the missions of the 
Protestant Episcopal church, and St. Luke's hos- 
pital. He also provided for building and main- 
taining a Moravian church and a family mauso- 
leum at New Dorp, Staten island. The bulk of the 
family fortune, including the railroad securities, 
has by agreement among the heirs, been left to the 
management of the two principal heirs, Cornelius 
and William Kissam. — Tne eldest son of William 
H.. Cornelius, financier, b. on Staten island, N. Y., 
27 Nov., 1843, was educated at private schools and 
trained to business. He was treasurer of the New 
York and Harlem railroad from 1867 till 1877, 
then vice-president till 1880, and since that date 
has !>ccn its president. In addition to his con- 
nection with the roads previously mentioned, in 
1883 he lx»came president of the Canada Southern 
company. He is a director in thirty-four different 
railroad companies, and is a trustee of many of 
the charitable, religious, and educational institu- 
tions of New York city. Among Mr. Vanderbilt's 
benef act ions are the gift of a building in New 
York city for the use of railroad employes, a con- 
tribution of $100,000 for the Protestant "Episcopal 
cathedral, and a collection of drawings by the old 
masters and the painting of the *' Horse Fair," by 
Rosa Bonheur, to the Metropolitan museum of art. 
— The third son. Frederick William, is secretary 
and treasurer of the New York, Chicago, and St. 
Louis railway company, and is a director in most 
of the roads comprising the Vanderbilt system. — 
The youngest son, George Washington, has estab- 
lished a free circulating library in New York city, 
which was opened in July. 1888, and has main- 
tained a manual training-school. 



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VANDERHEYDEN 



VANDERPOEL 



243 




VANDERHEYDEN, Dirk, owner of the site of 
Troy, N. Y., b. in Albany, N. Y M about 1680; d. 
there in October, 1738. The first of the name in 

A 11 van y came 
C* to this country 

from Holland 
about 1590. 
Dirk was an 
innkeeper in 
his native town 
and a sj)ecu la- 
tor in lands. 
In 1?20 he ob- 
tained a grant 
of 4J>0 acres of 
land in fee. at 
a yearly rent 
of flveschepels 
of wheat and four fat fowls. This grant, called the 
** Poesten Bouwery," was afterward known as Van- 
derheyden's ferry* and in 1789 was named Troy. 
The Vanderheyden mansion, which was Iwught by 
Dirk's descendant, Jacob, in 1778, was built in 1725 
by Johannes Beeekman, a burgher of Albany. The 
bricks were imported from Holland, and it was one 
of the best specimens of Dutch architecture in the 
state. Its dimensions were fifty feet front by twenty 
in depth, with a hall and two rooms on a floor, the 
massive beams and braces projecting into the rooms. 
It is described by Washington Irving in the story 
of Dolph Heyliger, in " Bracebridgo Hall," as the 
residence of Heer Anthony Vanderheyden. The 
weather- vane, a horse going at full speed, was 
placed by Mr. Irvine: above the turret of the door- 
way at Sunnyside, when in 1833 the Vanderheyden 
house was demolished and a Baptist church was 
built on its site. The Vanderheyden mansion is 
shown in the accompanying illustration. 

VANDERLYN, John, artist, b. in Kingston, 
Ulster co., N. Y., 15 Oct., 1775 ; d. there, 24 Sept., 
1852. After receiv- 
ing an education 
at Kingston acad- 
emy, he went to 
New York, where 
he engaged in busi- 
ness, and devot- 
ed his leisure to 
art, attending the 
drawing-school of 
Archiliald Roliert- 
sou. Subsequently 
he went to Phila- 
delphia, where he 
siHMit some time in 
tne studio of Gil- 
bert Stuart, and 
copied his por- 
traits of Aaron 
Burr and Egl>ert 
Benson. Through 
the generosity of Aaron Burr, who heard of the 
yount: artist's difficulties. Vanderlyn was enabled to 
continue his studies. In 171X5 he went to Fram e, 
when* he remained for five years. After his return 
in 1802 he painted two viqws of Niagara falls, which 
were I'ngraved and published (Ijondon. 1*04). and 
portraits of Burr ana his daughter. The following 
veur he went abroad again, and spent several years 
in England and Paris, where he painted for Joel 
Barlow the " Death of Miss McCrea." In 1805 he 
visited Rome, and there painted, in 1807. his *• Ma- 
ntis amid the Ruins of Carthage." On his return 
to Paris the following year ho exhibited it at the 
salon, where it gained for him the Napoleon gold | 




medal. This painting belongs now to Bishop Kip, 
of California. He also executed various copies after 
the old masters, and in 1812 painted his famous 
*• Ariadne." This picture was subsequently bought 
and engraved by Asher B. Durand, and is now in 
the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts. He re- 
turned to the United States in 1815, and painted 
portraits of various eminent men, including Wash- 
ington (for the National house of representatives), 
James Monroe, John C. Calhoun, Gov. Joseph C. 
Yates, Gov. George Clinton, Andrew Jackson, and 
Zachary Taylor. At this time he projected also a 
panoramic exhibition, and erected in New York 
the " Rotunda." He exhibited there panoramas 
of Paris, Athens, Mexico, Versailles (by himself), 
and some battle-pieces; but the enterprise was 
not successful, and the building passed out of his 
hands. This, and the want of appreciation for 
the arts in this country, seem to nave dispirited 
and embittered him. His last large composition- 
picture, " The Landing of Columbus," painted in 
Paris for one of the panels in the capitol at Wash- 
ington, is hardly more than respectable. It was 
engraved for the United States five-dollar bank- 
notes. Vanderlyn will always be known as the 
painter of "Manus" and "Ariadne," which latter, 
though scarcely showing great originality, is a 
noble work. The New York historical society owns 
his i>ortraits of Aaron Burr. Robert R. Livingston 
(1804), Roger Strong, and Henry Benson (1823). 

VANDERPOEL, Aaron, congressman, b. in 
Kinderhook, N. Y., 5 Feb., 1799; d. in New York 
city, 18 July, 1871. He was carefully educated, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1820, and 
began practice in his native town. He was in the 
assembly in 182G-'30, and in congress in 1833-7 
and 1831)-'41, having been chosen as a Demo- 
crat. He then retired from political life, settled in 
New York city, and was a judge of the superior 
court in 1842-'50. During his congressional ser- 
vice he acquired the soubriquet of the " Kinder- 
hook roarer," on account of tlie power of his voice 
and his oratorical flights. — His nephew, Aaron J, 
lawyer, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 18 Aug., 1825; d. 
in Paris. France, 23 Aug.. 1887, was the son of Dr. 
John Vanderj>oel, a successful physician, and the 
personal and political friend of Martin Van Buren. 
Aaron was graduated at the University of New 
York in 1842, studied law under William Curtis 
Noves, settling in Kinderhook, and subsequently 
in S T cw York city. He formed a partnership with 
A. Oakey Hall and Augustus L. Brown in 1853, 
under the name of Brown, Hall, and Vanderpoel 
The firm hat! a large practice, especially as counsel 
for the city in many municiitul affairs. In 1873, 
by the withdrawal of Mr. Hall, the firm was re- 
organized as Vanderpoel, Green, and Corning. Mr. 
Vanderpoel was in constant practice before the 
courts for more than thirty years, and perhaps ap- 
peared in more wises than any other lawyer at the 
New Y T ork bar. He was an authority on corpora- 
tion law, for many years was sheriff's counsel, 
counsel for the [>olice commissioners, and engaged 
in many important railroad suits. He declined a 
nomination to the bench of the court of ap|>eals in 
1885. In 1880 the University of New York gave 
him the degree of LL. D. At the time of his death 
he was president of the Manhattan club. 

VANDERPOEL, Ann Priscilla, philanthro- 
pist, b. in Ijondon, England. 25 June, 1815; d. in 
New York city, 4 May, 1870. Her father, Robert 
O. Barnes, came to this country with his family in 
1833. She married Dr. Edward Vanderpoel in 
1837, and for many years was identified with phil- 
anthropic work in New York city. She founded 



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244 



VAN DER VEER 



VAN DORN 



the Ladies' home U. S. hospital in 1861, and gave 
her gratuitous services, for four years and a naif, 
as a nurse to the Union soldiers, her labors 
being recognized by the government, especially 
by President Lincoln, who sent her an engraved 
certificate as a memorial of her work. In July, 

1863, during the draft riots in New York city, she 
saved Mayor George Opdyke's house from fire and 
pillage by driving in an open carriage from Fourth 
street to Mulberry street, where the police office 
was situated, and sending a company of soldiers to 
his aid. To reach the office she exposed her life 
by breaking through a dense mob. She has been 
called the Florence Nightingale of New York. 

VAN HER VEER, Albert, surgeon, b. in Root, 
N. Y., 10 .1 uly, 1841. He studied at Albany medi- 
cal college, was graduated in 186*2 at the National 
medical college, Washington, D. C, and served 
through the civil war as a surgeon. He then set- 
tled in Albany, where in 1869 he became profes- 
sor of the principles and practice of surgery in the 
Medical college. In 188*3 he was given the chair 
of surgery and clinical surgery. During this time 
he was also connected with Albany and St. Peter's 
hospitals. Dr. Van der Veer hivs achieved success 
in aUtominal surgery. He has been president of 
the New York state medical society, and is a mem- 
ber of various other medical societies at home and 
abroad. Albany medical college gave him the de- 
gree of M. D. in 1869, Williams that of A. M. in 

1882, and Union and Hamilton that of Ph. D. in 

1883. He has contributed to '* Wood's Reference 
Handbook of Medicine and Surgery," and to sev- 
eral medical journals. 

VAN DERVEER, Ferdinand, soldier, b. in 
Butler county, Ohio, 27 Feb., 1823. He was edu- 
cated at Farmer's college, Ohio, enlisted as a pri- 
vate in an Ohio regiment during the Mexican war, 
rose to the rank of captain, and headed one of the 
assaulting columns at the capture of Monterey. 
He subsequently practised law, and became sheriff 
of Butler county, Ohio. At the beginning of the 
civil war he became colonel of the 35th Ohio vol- 
unteers, succeeded to the command of Gen. Robert 
L. Mc( look's brigade, and led it till the autumn of 

1864, when he was made brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers, and assigned to the 4th corps. Gen. Van 
Derveer saw much active service, and, among many 
other engagements, participated in the battles of 
Mill Springs, Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge. 
Since 1870 he has been judge of the court of com- 
mon pleas of Butler county, Ohio. 

VAN DE VELDE, James Oliver, R. C. bishop, 
b. near Termonde, Belgium, 3 April, 1795; d. in 
Natchez, Miss., 13 Nov., 1855. lie received his 
early training from a refugee French priest who 
had been sheltered by his family, was afterward 
placed in a boarding-school near Ghent, and was 
professor of French and Flemish in Puers when he 
was eighteen years old. He afterward entered the 
Seminary of Mechlin, where he taught Latin, while 
studying logic and theology. In 1817 he came to 
the United States and became a student in the 
Jesuit novitiate at Georgetown. After two years 
he was appointed professor of belles-lettres in St. 
Mary's college, and he was ordained a priest in 
1827. He was chaplain of the Convent of the Visi- 
tation till 1829, when he was given charge of the 
missions of Rockville and Rock Creek, Md. In 1831 
he was sent to St. Louis, and named professor of 
rhetoric in the Jesuit college. In 1833, when this 
college was made a university, he was appointed 
vice-president and procurator. He was vice-pro- 
vincial of Missouri in 1837, and in 1840 became 
president of St. Louis university. He set out for 



Rome the same year, to attend the congregation of 
procurators, as representative of his province. On 
nis return he resumed the presidency of his col- 
lege, and he was named vice-provincial again in 
1843. Under his administration the Jesuit insti- 
tutions in the west became very prosperous. He 
built several churches and novitiates, and created 
new Indian missions. In 1848 he became socius of 
the provincial, and in this capacity attended the 
council of Baltimore. He was nominated for the 
see of Chicago, and was consecrated bishop on 11 
Feb., 1849. Heat once made a thorough visitation 
of his diocese, and founded two orphan asylums ; 
but his health soon gave way, and this, added to 
the opposition he encountered from part of his 
diocese, induced him to implore the pope to accept 
his resignation. Not succeeding, he set out for 
Rome in 1852, bearing the decrees of the plenary 
council that was held in that year in Baltimore, 
He was well received by Pius IX., who decided to 
transfer him to a milder climate. While making a 
circuit of his diocese after his return, he received 
his brief of nomination to the vacant see of Nat- 
chez on 29 July, 1853. During his administration 
of the diocese of Chicago seventy churches had 
been begun and the greater number of them were 
completed, and he erected several other religious 
and charitable institutions. On arriving in the 
state of Mississippi, he visited the different congre- 
gations, made efforts to procure additional priests, 
founded schools, and took measures for completing 
the cathedral and erecting a college. On 13 Oct., 
1855, he sustained an injury from a fall which 
eventually led to his death. 

VANDEWATER, tieorye Roe, clergyman, b. 
in Flushing, L. I., 25 April, 1854. He was gradu- 
ated at Cornell in 1874, at the General theological 
seminary, New York city, in 1879, ordained to the 
priesthood in the latter year, and was rector of the 
Protestant Episcopal church at Oyster Bay, Long 
Island, in 1878-'80, where he was instrumental in 
building a church and founding a library. He 
then became rector of St. Luke's church, Brooklyn, 
N. Y., organized the church and congregation of 
St. Bartholomew, was active in what is known as 
the advent mission revival in 1885, and instrumen- 
tal in organizing the Parochial mission society, of 
which he became general secretary. He subse- 
quently conducted missions in various parts of the 
country with success, and on 1 June, 1887. was ap- 
pointed general missioner of the Parochial mission 
society of the Episcopal church for one year, still 
retaining his paiorate. In 1888 he became rector 
of St. Andrew's church, New York city. He is 
identified with the cathedral and the cathedral 
schools in Garden City, Long Island, and is a trus- 
tee of Cornell, and of the General theological semi- 
nary. Nashotah seminary gave hirn the degree of 
D. 1). in 1886. He has published " Manual of 
Church Music" (Brooklyn, 1886); "The Hvmn- 
Book for Missions" (New York, 1887) ; and M Man- 
ual of Church Prayer" (Brooklyn, 1888). 

VAN DORN, tiarl, soldier, b. near Port Gib- 
son, Miss., 17 Sept., 1820: d. in Spring Hill, Tenn., 
8 May, 1863. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1842, assigned to this 7th infantry, 
and served in garrisons. After his promotion to 
2d lieutenant. 30 Nov., 1844, he took part in the 
military occupation of Texas in 1845-'6, was made 
1st lieutenant, 3 March. 1847, and brevetted cap- 
tain on 18 April for "gallant and meritorious con- 
duct in the battle of Cerro Gordo." He was at 
Contreras and Churubusco, and was brevetted ma- 
jor, 20 Aug., 1847, for gallantry in those actions. 
He also took part in the assault and capture of the 



Digitized by Google 



VAN DYKE 



VAN DYKE 



245 



city of Mexico, and was wounded at Belen gate. 
He was aide-de-awn p to Gen. Persifer R Smith, 
from April, 1847, till May, 1848, at Baton Rouge, 
La. Lieut. Van Dorn engaged in the Seminole 
war in 1849-50, was made captain in the 2d cav- 
alry, 3 March, 1855, took part in the battle with 
the* Comanehes, 1 July, 1850, and commanded 
the expedition against those Indians near Washita 
Village, Indian territory, 1 Oct., 1858. where he 
was four times wounded, twice dangerously by ar- 
rows. He was again engaged with the Comanches 
in the valley of Nessentunga, 13 May, 1859. He 
became major of the 2d cavalry, 28 June, 1800, but 
resigned on 31 Jan., 1801, and was appointed by 
the legislature of Mississippi brigadier-general of 
the state forces, afterward succeeding Jefferson 
Davis as major-general. He was appointed colonel 
of cavalry in the regular Confederate army. 10 
March, 1801, took command of a body of Texan 
volunteers, and on 20 April captured the steamer 
**Star of the West" at Indianola. On 24 April, 
at the head of 800 men, at Salaria, he received the 
surrender of Maj. Caleb C. Sibley and seven com- 
panies of U. S. infantry, and on 9 May he received 
that of Col. Isaac V. D. Reeve with six companies 
of the 8th infantry. He became brigadier-gen- 
eral on 5 June, and major-general on 19 Sept., 
1801. and on 29 Jan., 1802, took command of 
the Trans- Mississippi department. He was de- 
feated at Pea Ridge on 0-8 March (see Curtis, 
Samuel R.), and, being suprseded by Gen. Thc- 
ophilus H. Holmes, joined tne Army of Mississippi. 
At Corinth, 3-4 Oct, where he was in command 
with Gen. Sterling Price, he was again defeated, 
and he was superseded by Gen. John C. Pember- 
ton. On 20 Dec. he made an attack on Holly 
Springs, Miss., which was occupied by Col. Murphy 
with a body of U. S. troops, and captured a large 
amount of valuable stores. On 10 April, 1803, he 
made an unsuccessful attack on Gen. Gordon Gran- 

Sir at Franklin. Tenn. In the following month 
en. Van Dorn was shot by a physician named 
Peters, on account of a private grievance. Gen. 
Van Dorn provoked many strictures at one time 
by an order restricting the comments of the press 
oh the movements of the army, thotigh the step 
was taken in obedience to the commands of Gen. 
Braxton Bragg. He possessed a cultivated taste, 
and was a fine draughtsman. When stationed at 
Newport, Ky., barracks, opposite Cincinnati, he 
devised and successfully tried in that city an ele- 
vated electric railwav. 

VAN DYKE, Hendrlck. pioneer, b. in Holland 
about 1599; d. in New York in 1088. He came to 
this country in 1030 or in 1040, in the service of 
the West India company, as ensign commander of 
their troops. He was sent by Gov. William Kieft 
on several expeditions against the Indians, and in 
1043, under his orders, destroyed a large Indian vil- 
lage on I*mg Island sound, killing al>oiit 500 per- 
sons. He returned to Holland on 25 June, 1045, 
was apiK>inted fiscal or attorney-general of the New 
Netherlands, and in 1040 sailed for New Amster- 
dam with Peter Stuyvesant. the new governor of 
the province. During the voyage he offended 
Stuyvesant, and when they readied New Amster- 
dam the governor excluded him from the council 
for twenty-nine months, and succeeded in depriv- 
ing him of all his influence and dignities. In 1050 
he made an earnest protest to the home govern- 
ment "against the excesses of Direct or Stuyvesant,"' 
but the latter influenced his dismissal in March, 
1652. In 1055, at a time when the citizens were 
entirely unprepared for an attack, the Indian tribes 
that surrounded New Amsterdam lauded within 



the city limits with 500 warriors, broke into houses, 
abused the people, and among others wounded 
Van Dyke, who was seated peacefully in his gar- 
den. The citizens rushed to the fort, a struggle 
ensued, and three Indians were killed. The sav- 
ages took to their boats, but in revenge laid waste 
the farms on the New Jersey coast, killed 50 of 
the inhabitants of Staten island, and took 100 pris- 
oners. This uprising is almost universally ex- 
plained by historians on the theory that Van Dyke 
had killed an Indian woman who was stealing fruit 
from his garden : but the statement is not substan- 
tiated by the earliest and most reliable authorities. 
His closing years were passed in retirement. Ho 
is described as a "thrifty man, dealing in real es- 
tate, and loaning money." In 1075 he married the 
widow of Jacob Van Coiiwenhovcn. See " Colonial 
New York," by George W. Schuyler (2 vols., New 
York, 1885). — Ilis descendant in the fourth genera- 
tion. Henry Herbert, financier, b. in Kinderhook, 
N. Y., in 1809 : d. in New York city, 22 Jan., 1888, 
was apprenticed to a printer early in life, and at 
twenty-one years of age became editor of the Go- 
shen "Independent Republican." He was subse- 
quently connected with the Albany "Argus," and 
was active in state politics as a Free-soil Democrat, 
following the lead of Martin Van Buren in the 
revolt against the "Hunker" Democrats that re- 
sulted in the election of Zachary Taylor to the 
presidency as a Whig. He subsequently joined 
the Republican party, and was a presidential elec- 
tor on the Fremont ticket in 1850. He became 
superintendent of public instruction for the state 
of New York in 1857, and in 1801 superintendent 
of the state banking department, holding office till 
1865, when he was chosen by President Johnson as- 
sistant U. S. treasurer. The failure of his health 
compelled his resignation of that post in 1809. 
He was president of the American safe deposit 
company in 1883-'8, and, among other business 
offices, held the presidency of the Erie transporta- 
tion company. — Henry's brother, Cornelius Van 
Allen, clergyman, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 13 Aug., 
1818, studied at Kinderhook academy, was gradu- 
ated at Jefferson medical college in 1837, and the 
same year became a missionary to Syria, under the 
care of the American board. Having become pro- 
ficient in Arabic, he was appointed principal of a 
seminary at Abeih, on Mount Tabor, Palestine, and 
at the same time engaged in the preparation of 
mathematical and scientific books in the Arabic. 
He was ordained to the ministry of the Congrega- 
tional church in 1840, and after the death of Dr. Kli 
Smith was called by the American board to Bey- 
rout to complete the hitter's work on the Arabic 
version of tne Scriptures. As there were certain 
principles in Dr. Smith's version that Dr. Van 
Dyke found it necessary to change, he rewrote the 
whole, with the exception of the Pentateuch, in the 
style of the Koran. He was invited by the Amer- 
ican Bible society to come to New York in 18C4, 
and to superintend its publication. After two 
years he completed an edition of the whole Bible, 
and one of the New Testament alone, with vowel 
points (New York, 1807). He was manager of the 
mission press in Beyrout in 1857-'8(). subsequently 
phvsieian to St. John's hospital and professor of 
pathology in the Syrian Protestant college, and 
since 1882 ha* lx'en physician to St. George's hospi- 
tal. Rutgers gave him the degree of I). 1). in 1805. 
He has published tracts, is the author in Arabic of 
a series of mathematical, chemical, astronomical, 
and hygienic works, and has translated into that 
tongue the "Shorter Catechism" (Beyrout, 1843) 
and " The Schonberg-Cotta Family*' (1805). 



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VAN DYKE 



VAN DYKE 



VAN DYKE, Henry Jackson, clergyman, b. 
in Abingdon, Montgomery co.. Pa., 2 March, 1822. 
He was graduated at the University of Pennsylva- 
nia in 1843 and at Princeton theological seminary 
in 1845, was ordained to the ministry of the Pres- 
byterian church the same year, and was pastor in 
Bridgeton, N. J., in 1845-'o2, and in Germantown, 
Pa., in 1852-3. At the last date he was called to 
the 1st Presbyterian church in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
which charge he continues to hold. The Univer- 
sity of Missouri gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1800. He is an effective speaker and lecturer, and 
is popular as a pastor, occupying a high place in 
the Presbyterian church as an authority on doc- 
trine and discipline. He was active in 1870 in the 
movement for the reunion of the northern and 
southern branches of that body, and moderator of 
the General assembly in 1876. — His son, Henry 
Jackson, clergyman, b. in Germantown, Pa., 10 
Nov., 1852, was graduated at Princeton in 1873, 
and at the Theological seminary there in 1877. 
He became corresponding editor of the Philadel- 
phia " Presbyterian " in 1870, edited the 44 Prince- 
ton Book," and was licensed to preach the same 
year. He studied at the University of Berlin in 
1877, became pastor of the United Congregational 
church, Newport, R. I„ in 1878, and since 1882 has 
been in charge of the Brick (Presbyterian) church. 
New York city. Princeton gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1884. He has published 44 The Reality of 
Religion " (New York, 1884), and many contribu- 
tions to periodicals, including a series of articles 
on "Gos|»el History in Italian Painting." 

VAN DYKE, John, jurist, b. in Lamington, 
N. J., 3 April, 1807; d. in Wabasha, Minn., 24 
Dec., 1878. Ho was admitted to the New Jersey 
bar in 1830, and immediately rose to prominence 
in the Suydam-Robinson murder trial. He held 
manv offices of trust and was the first president of 
the ftank of New Jersey at New Brunswick. He 
was elected to congress in 1847 and served two 
terms, during which his course was marked by bit- 
ter opposition to slavery. In politics he was a 
Whig, and afterward one of the founders of the 
Republican party in New Jersey. In 1859 he be- 
came one of the state supreme court judges, which 
post he held until 1800. Two years later he went 
to Minnesota, and was there, by special appointment, 
judge of the 3d judicial district He published 
some anti-slavery pamphlets and contributed to 
magazines,— His son, Theodore Strong:, author, 
b. in New Brunswick. N. J., 10 July. 1842. was 
graduated at Princeton in 1803, and* admitted to 
the bar in 1800. He practised law in Minnesota 
from 180U till 1870, when feeble health forced him 
to remove to southern California. He chose lit- 
erature in nature for his subject, and soon be- 
came known through his letters on shooting, fish- 
ing, natural history, and gun-rifling in sorting 
journals. He was the first to make known the in- 
ternal beauties and advantages of southern Cali- 
fornia to the sportsman, settler, and invalid. In' 
18H4 he travelled through Mexico as a special cor- 
respondent for several New York papers. In ad- 
dition to his magazine and newspaper contribu- 
tions he has published "The Rifle, Kod, and Gun 
in California" (New York, 18N1); "The Still 
Hunter" (1HS3); "Smthem California" (1880); 
and 44 Swthern California the Italy of America" 
(San Diego, Cat, 1887 — Another son, John 
Charles, author, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 21 
April, 1850, wa< admit ted to the New York bar in 
1877. but immediately alwmd<»ned the law for lit- 
erature. He studied art in Kuronc in 18H3. 18M7, 
and 1888, was editor of the 44 Studio " iu 1884, and, 



besides many articles in magazines and newspa- 
pers, principally on art topics, has published 
44 Books, and how to use Them " (New York, 1883) ; 
"Principles of Art" (1887); and "How to judge 
of a Picture "(1888). 

VAN DYKE, Joseph Smith, clergyman, b. in 
Bound Brook, N. J., 2 Nov., 1832. He was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1857, and at the theological 
seminary there in 1801, was tutor in Greek while 
studying theology, pastor of the 1st Presbyterian 
church in Bloomsbury, N. J., in 1801-9, and since 
the latter year has held a charge in Cranbury, 
N. J. In 1859-'60 he lectured on education. 
Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1884. 
He has published " Popery the Foe of the Church n 
(Philadelphia, 1871); 44 Prohibition of the Liquor 
Traffic " (New York, 1879) : 44 Through the Prison 
to the Throne, Illustrations of Life from the Biog- 
raphy of Joseph " (1881) ; 44 From Gloom to Glad- 
ness/illustrations of Life from the Biography of Es- 
ther"(1883); "Giving or Entertainment : Whicht" 
(1883); and "Theism or Evolution" (1880). 

VAN DYKE, Nicholas, statesman, b. in New 
Castle county, Del., 25 Sept., 1 738 ; d. there, 19 Feb., 
1789. He was educated in his native county, stud- 
ied law, was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 
1705, and attained eminence in the profession. He 
took an active part in the military and political 
affairs of his county, attaining the rank of major 
in the militia. In 1774, when the freeholders of 
New Castle county held a general meeting to con- 
sider the Boston oort bill, he was appointed on 
the committee of thirteen to correspond with the 
other colonies. On this committee he was asso- 
ciated with Thomas McKean and George Read. 
He was a deputy from his county to the State con- 
vention of July, 1770, which framed the first con- 
stitution of the state. He was elected with James 
Sykes, 22 Feb., 1777, to the Continental congress 
in the room of John Dickinson and John Evans, 
who declined to serve. He continued in congress 
until 1783, and was one of the delegates that rati- 
fied the articles of confederation. In 1781 con- 
gress appointed him one of a committee of five to 
confer with the people of New Hampshire relative 
to the admission of that colony into the " federal 
union of these states." In 1777 he was a member 
of the council of the state of Delaware, and in 
1779 its speaker. In 1777 he was also appointed a 
judge of admiralty. He was elected president of 
the state of Delaware in 1783, holding the office 
until 1780. Gov. Van Dyke was a firm believer in 
the sovereigntv of the state. — His son, Nicholas, 
senator, b. in ^ew Castle, Del., 20 Dec., 1709; d. 
there, 21 May, 1820, was graduated at Princeton in 
1788. In his class were David Stone, afterward 
governor and chief justice of North Carolina, Will- 
tain Kirkpatrick, subsequently Federal judge and 
a member of congress, and Smith Thompson, after- 
ward secretary of the navy and justice of the U. S. 
supreme court, yet President Witherspoon said of 
him in a letter to George Read. 2 Oct., 1787: "If 
you have any opportunity of seeing Mr. Van Dyke. 

S lease assure hun that his son is. 1 think, without 
oubt. the first in his class." After his graduation 
he studied law with his brother-in-law, Keiisey 
Johns, and was admitted to the bar at New Castle 
in April, 1792. He was elected in 1799 to the 
legislature of Delaware, and in 1807 to congress, 
serving until 1811. In 1815 he became a member 
of the senate of Delaware, and from 1817 till 1826 
he wa«H memlxr of the U. S. senate. Lafayette, 
who was present at the wedding of Mr. Van liyke's 
| daughter to Charles I. Du Pont, and gave away the 
I bride, was his personal friend, and declared that 44 In 



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VANE 



VAN ELTEN 



247 



his judgment Mr. Van Dyke was one of the first 
statesmen in rank whom he knew in America." 
William T. Reed said of him : " If surpassed by 
some of his contemporaries (inferior to few, if any, 
members of the bar throughout the Union) in pro- 
found knowledge of the law and in dialectical 
power, he was a sound lawyer, and superior to 
them all as a fluent, graceful, and successful advo- 
cate and in the skilful management of his cases. 
He never lost his predilection for general litera- 
ture, and was remarkable for the ease and elegance 
of his manners and conversational powers, for his 
taste in architecture and his fondness for indulg- 
ing in it. In the senate of the United States he 
not only maintained but increased the high repu- 
tation of the representatives of Delaware for states- 
manship and anility as a debater. He was of the 
Federal party." 

VANE, Sir Henry, governor of Massachusetts, 
b. in Hadlow, Kent, England, in 1612 ; d. in Lon- 
don, 14 June, 1662. He was the son of Sir Henry 
Vane, comptroller of the household of Charles I", 
and was educated at 
Westminster school 
and Oxford. Through 
his father's influence 
he early entered the 
d i plomatic ser v ice and 
visited Vienna, in 
1631, with the Eng- 
lish ambassador. It 
is supposed that he 
spent a short time in 
Geneva, for he return- 
ed to England a thor- 
ough Puritan, and, re- 
fusing the career that 
was open to him as 
the son of a courtier, 
sailed in 1635 for New 
England. An impres- 
sive bearing and great 
abilities, joined to the 
fact of his high birth, led to his taking an ac- 
tive part in the affairs of the colony of Massachu- 
setts. Within a month after his arrival he was 
admitted to ineml>ership in the church of Boston, 
and before three months had expired, with Hugh 
Peters, he procured a meeting in Boston of the 
principal magistrates and ministers of the colony, 
with a view to healing some distractions in the 
commonwealth and "effecting a more firm and 
friendly uniting of minds." At this meeting Vane 
declared in favor of a more rigorous administra- 
tion of government than had thus far l>een pur- 
sued, in May, 1636, notwithstanding his youth. 
Vane was chosen governor of the colony. Accord- 
ing to John Winthrop, "the ships congratulated 
his election with a volley of shot. It was expedi- 
ent before all tilings that the colonists should be 
united, but Vane had a horror of all forms of big- 
otry, and he had no sympathy with the attacks of 
the clergy on Anne Hutchinson, with manv of 
whose opinions he agreed. A strong opposition 
was organized against him, and he was defeat ed at 
the annual election in 1637. But he had gained 
the affection of the people of Boston, and was at 
once chosen by them one of their representatives 
to the general court. The majority of that lx>dy 
declared the election of Vane and his associates 
void, whereupon the inhabitants returned them a 
second time on the next day. In order to put 
down the Hutchinson heresy, a law was passed by 
the general court that no strangers should be re- 
ceived within the jurisdiction of the colony except 




such as should be allowed by some of the magis- 
trates. This created such public discontent that 
Gov. Winthrop put forward a " Defence," to which 
Vane immediately replied with " A Brief Answer 
to a certain Declaration made of the Intent and 
Equity of the Order of Court that none should be 
received to inhabit within this Jurisdiction but 
such as should be allowed by some of the Magis- 
trates." Vane returned to England in August, 
1637, and thereafter it is recorded by Winthrop that 
" he showed himself in later years a true friend to 
New England, and a man of a noble and generous 
mind." He was elected to parliament in 1640, was 
made treasurer of the navy with Sir William Rus- 
sell, and during the same year he was knighted. 
In November, 1640, he was chosen to the long par- 
liament, and before the assembly met he found 
among his father's papers (so it has been asserted) 
notes that subsequently formed the chief evidence 
in causing the impeachment and execution of the 
Earl of Strafford. The use of this information 
brought about a collision between father and son, 
and it was several years before they were recon- 
ciled. He became a zealous opponent of the royal- 
ist party and turned the fees of his office — £30,000 
a year — over to parliament, deeming such a reve- 
nue too great for a subject. In July, 1643, he was 
sent to Scotland as one of the commissioners to 
negotiate an alliance, and by his persuasion the 
" Solemn league and covenant " was adopted. Dur- 
ing the progress of the war he was placed on all 
commissions that were empowered to treat with 
the king, and was also one of the parliament's com- 
mittee that occasionally accompanied the army. 
When the house of commons discussed the terms of 
settlement that were offered by the king, he led 
the minority that favored their rejection, but yield- 
ed to the majority, and retired. In 1649 he re- 
turned to public life as a member of the council 
of state, and had almost exclusive direction of 
the navy and the conduct of foreign wars. The 
forcible dissolution of the parliament by Oliver 
Cromwell in 1653 brought him into open enmity 
with that leader. He then went to llaby castle 
and devoted himself to writing theological works. 
Certain of his publications l»eing regarded as sedi- 
tious, he was imprisoned in Carisbrooke castle, but 
was soon releasee!. After the death of Oliver Crom- 
well he returned to parliament, when he became 
the leader of the Republican party. On t he restora- 
tion of the monarchy he was imprisoned, and after 
a trial for treason was beheaded. Sir Henry Vane's 
labors in behalf of New England were arduous and 
important. The charter for the colony of Rhode 
Island was procured in great measure through his 
influence, and Roger Williams declared that his 
name ought ever to be held in honored remem- 
brance by her people. See his biography by George 
Sikes, a contemporary; " Life of Sir Henry Vime," 
by Charles W. Upham, in Sparks's " American Biog- 
raphy " (Boston, 1835): "Statesmen of the Com- 
monwealth," by John Forstcr ( fjondon. 1840): and 
"The Life of Young Sir Henry Vmic, Governor of 
Massachusetts Bay and leader of the Long Par- 
liament." bv James K. Ilosmer (Boston, 1888). 

VAN ELTEN. Hendrick Dirk Kriisemon, 
artist, b. in Alkman. Holland. 14 Nov., 1821). He 
l>egan the study of art in his native town, and 
in 1844 went to Haarlem, where he studied with 
Cornells Sieste and other masters. His profes- 
sional life has been spent in Holland and in New 
York, in which city he has resided since 1865. He 
is a meml>er of various academies and art socie- 
ties in Holland and Belgium and in the United 
States, and a chevalier of the Order of the Lion. 



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VAN HORNE 



VAN NESS 



In 1871 he was elected an associate of the National 
academy, and in 1885 he became an academician. 
He has received medals at Amsterdam (1860) and 
Philadelphia (1876), and has contributed many 
pictures to the exhibitions at the Academy of de- 
sign. His "Clearing off, Adirondacks, "The 
Grove in the Heath," " Russell's Falls, Adiron- 
dacks," and " Autumn in the White Mountains " 
were at the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876. 

VAN HORNE, William C, railroad president, 
b. in Will county. 111., in February. 1843. He 
began his railway career as a telegraph-oDerator 
on the Illinois Central in 1856, was attached in 
various capacities to the Michigan Central and 
Chicago and Alton railroads from 1858 till 1872, 
was general superintendent of the St. Louis, Kansas 
City, and Northern line in 1872-'4, general manager 
of the Southern Minnesota in 1874- 8, and president 
in 1877-9, and in 1879 also filled the office of gen- 
eral superintendent of the Chicago and Alton. He 
was next general superintendent of the Chicago, 
Milwaukee, and St. Paul road, then became general 
manager of the Canadian Pacific railroad, of which 
the section through the wheat-districts of Manitoba 
had just been completed. He was elected vice- 
president of the company in 1884, and in 1888 
became its president. 

VAN KOUGHNET, Phllln (van-ko'-net), Cana- 
dian statesman, b. in Cornwall, Upper Canada, in 
1789 ; d. there, 17 May, 1873. His father, Michael, 
a United empire loyalist, removed to Canada at the 
time o' the American Revolution. The son was 

? resent at the battle of Chrysler's Farm, 11 Nov., 
813, as a subaltern officer, and at the battle of the 
Windmill, at Prescott, 13 Nov., 1837, as lieutenant- 
colonel of the 5th battalion of incorporated mili- 
tia, and remained in command till the regiment 
was disbanded. He was a member of one or the 
other branch of the legislature of Upper Canada 
for more than thirty years, being in the legislative 
council in 1840, when the union of Upper and 
Lower Canada took place. At the time of his 
death he was chairman of the board of government 
arbitrators for the Dominion. — His son, Philip 
Michael Scott, Canadian statesman, b. in Corn- 
wall, Ont, 26 Jan., 1823; d. in Toronto in the 
autumn of 1869, was admitted to the bar in 1844, 
be^an practice in Toronto, and in 1850 was ap- 
pointed queen's counsel. In 1856 he became 
president of the executive council and minister of 
agriculture in the Tache-Macdonald government 
in the place of Sir Allan N. MacNab, who had re- 
signed. When the Cartier-Macdonald ministry 
was formed he vacated the office of minister of 
agriculture for that of commissioner of crown 
lands. He resigned his portfolio in 1862, and was 
appointed chancellor of Canada, in which post he 
continued till his death. He represented Kideau 
division in the legislative council of Canada, and 
became and continued during his political career 
leader of the government in that body. He was at 
one time a delegate to England to confer with the 
imperial government regarding the international 
railway. — Another son, Laurence, b. in Cornwall. 
Ont., 7 Oct., 1836, was educated at Trinity college, 
Toronto, and in May. 1880, became deputy superin- 
tendent-general of Indian affairs in the Dominion. 

VAN LENNEP, Henry John, missionary, b. in 
Smyrna, Asia Minor, 8 March. 1815: d. in Great 
Harrington, Mass., 11 Jan., 1889. His ancestors 
were Dutch. In 1830 he was sent to this coun- 
try, and he was graduated at Amherst in 1837. 
After studying one year at Andover theological 
seminary, he was ordained to the ministry ot the 
Congregational church, returned to Asia Minor as 



a missionary, and established new mission-posts in 
European ^Turkey, Asia Minor, and Syria. He 
subsequently was connected with collegiate and 
theological institutions in Constantinople, Smyrna, 
and Tocat, and made many exploring expeditions 
and travelled extensively in Egypt and the East. 
He also became familiar with ten oriental dialects, 
in five of which he was able to preach. He lost his 
sight from cataract in 1869, returned to this coun- 
try, was professor of natural sciences and modern 
languages in Ingham university. Lie Roy, N. Y., 
in 1876-'8, and subsequently a' teacher in Great 
Barrington, Mass. He published ** Travels in Asia 
Minor* (2 vols., London, 1870), and 14 Bible Lands w 
(1879).— His wife, Mary Elizabeth, missionary, b. 
in Hartford, Conn., 16 April, 1821 ; d. in Constan- 
tinople, Turkey, 27 Sept, 1844, was a daughter of 
the Rev. Joel Hawes, and was educated in Hart- 
ford and New Haven. She married Mr. Van Len- 
nep in 1843, accompanied him to Asia Minor, and 
established a school for native girls in Constanti- 
nople. See an interesting 44 Memoir " by her mother 
(Hartford. Conn., 1847). 

VAN NESS, John Peter, congressman, b. in 
Ghent, N. Y., in 1770; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 
March, 1847. He studied at Columbia and was 
prepared for the bar, but was prevented from 
practising by delicate health. He was chosen to 
congress as a Democrat in 1800. After he became 
major of the uniformed militia of the District of 
Columbia the house of representatives declared 
that he had forfeited his seat by accepting a com- 
mission from the general government, ana he was 
relieved from office, 17 Jan., 1803. On the death 
of his wife's father he came into possession of a 
large fortune, built a fine mansion, and entertained 
on a luxurious scale. He then became a citizen of 
Washington, occupied many offices of trust, was 
president of the Metropolitan bank, mayor of the 
city, and a trustee of various institutions. — His 
wife, Harcia Burns, philanthropist, b. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, in 1782; d. there in September, 1832, 
was a daughter of David Burns, of Washington, 
and was married 
in 1802. She was 
carefully educat- 
ed, and, as the 
wealthiest heiress 
in her section of 
the country, held 
a conspicuous 
place in Wash- 
ington society. 
Wnile meeting all 
the claims that 
her large wealth 
and high standing 
could present, she 
led a life of much 
benevolence and 
religious beauty. 
She * 
the] 

phan asylum, gave 
the ground on which two churches were built, and 
contributed liberally to charities. Mr. and Mrs. 
Van Ness were buried in a mausoleum that was 
erected after the pattern of tho Temple of Vesta at 
Rome. It stood in the grounds of the Protestant 
orphan asylum, and for many years was one of the 
curious and interesting relics of old Washington. 
It has since been removed to a cemetery. Mrs. 
Van Ness was tho only woman in Washington that 
ever received a public funeral, which was awarded 
her on account of her extensive charities. — His 




igious beauty. ^ 

e established sjh • y 

; Protestant or- 'SZ*>*^**~ csf^ir 
an asylum. crave r 



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VAN NEST 



VAN NOSTRAND 249 



brother, William Peter, jurist, b. in Ghent, N. 
Y., in 1778; d. in New York city, 6 Sept., 1826. 
was graduated at Columbia in 1797, adopted the 
profession of law, and settled in New York city, 
where he became the devoted friend and protege 
of Aaron Burr. He took Burr's challenge to 
Hamilton, and was one of his seconds in the duel. 
Van Ness became judge of the southern district of 
New York in 1812, being appointed by President 
Madison, and held office until his death. Judge Van 
Ness suffered much opprobrium from his connec- 
tion with the Burr- Hamilton duel, and is described 
by the partisans of the latter as 44 a brilliant but. 
unscrupulous politician." In his own party, how- 
ever, he was popular and respected. Washington 
Irving was his intimate friend. He published 
** Examination of Charges against Aaron Burr," 
under the pen-name of M Aristides " (New York, 
1808); with John Woodworth, "Laws of New 
York, with Notes" (2 vols., Albany, 1813); "Re- 
ports of Two Cases in the Prize Court for New 
York District " (1814) ; and " Concise Narrative of 
Gen. Jackson's First Invasion of Florida " (1826). — 
Another brother, Cornelius Peter, jurist, b. in 
Kinderhook, N. Y., 26 Jan., 1782: d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 15 Dec., 1852, was educated for the bar, 
removed to Burlington, Vt, and practised his 
profession with success until 1809, when he be- 
came U. S. district attorney. From that year un- 
til his death he occupied" public office. He was 
collector of the port of Burlington in 1815— *18, a 
commissioner to settle the U. S. boundary-lines 
under the treaty of Ghent in 1817-'2l, a member 
of the legislature in 1818-*21, having. been chosen, 
as a Democrat, chief justice of Vermont in 1821-'3, 
governor from the latter date till 1829, and U. S. 
minister to Spain in 1829-'87. In 1844-'5 he was 
collector of the port of New York. The Univer- 
sity of Vermont, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 
1823. He published a " Letter to the Public on Po- 
litical Parties, Caucuses, and Conventions " (Wash- 
ington, D. C, 1848).— Their first cousin, William 
W, jurist, b. in Claverack, N. Y., in 1776 ; d. in 
Charleston, S. C, 27 Feb., 1823, was admitted to 
the bar in 1797, practised in his native town and 
in Hudson, N. Y., was a member of the assembly 
in 1804-'6, and the leader of the Federalist partv. 
He was appointed a judge of the supreme court in 
1807, and held office till 1822. In January, 1820, 
he was tried before a committee of the legislature 
on the charge of using his office to obtain the 
charter of the American bank. The trial was 
conducted with great ability, and Judge Van Ness 
was acauitted, but he never recovered from the 
effect of the charge, and fell into delicate health, 
from which he finally sank while on a southern 
tour. He was removed from the bench in 1822, 
under the act of the Constitutional convention of 
that year, and resumed the practice of law. Dr. 
Jabez D. Hammond says of him : " He was one of 
the shrewdest and most sagacious men whom New 
York ever produced, of fascinating manners, and 
remarkable conversational powers." 

VAN NEST, Rynier, clergvman, b. near North 
Branch, N. J., 8 Feb., 1739 ; d.'in Schoharie, N. Y., 
24 Feb., 1776. His ancestor, Peter, came to this 
country from Holland in 1647. Rynier was licensed 
to preach in the Reformed Dutch church in 1773. 
and was pastor on Long Island and in New York 
state from that date until his death. He was presi- 
dent of the General synod in 1767-'88. He was de- 
voted to the Whig cause, and gave liberally in sup- 
port of the Continental congress. — His great-neph- 
ew, Abraham Rynier, clergyman, b. in New York 
city, 1 Feb., 1823, was graduated at Rutgers in 1841, 



at the New Brunswick theological seminary in 
1847, and was licensed to preach in the Reformed 
Dutch church. He was pastor in New York city in 
1848-'62. in charge of the American chapel in Paris 
in 1863-'4, of the American chapel in Rome in 
1864~'5, of the American Union church in Florence, 
Italy, in 1866-*75, and of a church in Philadelphia 
in 1878-'86. He received the degree of D. D. in 
1860 from the University of Pennsylvania, and 
Rutgers. He was president of the evangelization 
committee of the Free church of Italy in 1875. of 
the General synod in 1879. and organized the Re- 
formed Dutch church in Geneva, Switzerland. He 
has published *' Signs of the Times " (New York, 
1854) ; " Reports of Union Church, Florence " (1868, 
1870, 1872) ; " Life of Rev. George W. Bethune " 
(1869) ; and " Reports of the Florence Orphan Asy- 
lum " (1876) ; and edited James S. Cannon's 44 Pas- 
toral Theology" (1853) and George W. Bethune's 
44 Lectures on the Heidelberg Catechism " (1864). 

VAN NIEUWENHUYSEN, Wilhelmus, cler- 
gyman, b. in Holland about 1645 ; d. in New York 
city, 17 Feb., 1681. He came to this country in 
1671 as an assistant to Samuel Drisius, and min- 
istered with great success till after 1674. He 
was subsequently involved in a struggle between 
the English governors and the non-conformist 
churches, and successfully resisted an attempt to 
install Nicholas Van Rensselaer, an Episcopal cler- 
gyman, over the Dutch church in Albany. Four 
years later, by permission of Gov. Edmund An- 
dros. Van Nieuwenhuysen convened the four Dutch 
clergyman that were then in New York, and with 
their elders organized a class is. This was the first 
formal ecclesiastical body among the Dutch in 
this country, and the last for about seventy years. 
Their ordination of a clergyman was subsequently 
ratified by the classis of Amsterdam. There was 
a steady growth in the membership of his church 
during his ministry in New York. He also sup- 
plied the churches on Long Island during their 
vacancy. Henricus Selyns, his relative and suc- 
cessor, wrote a poem on his life and work, which 
concludes with the lines 

44 Now is New Netherland, by Nieuwenhuysen's mis- 
sion. 

And Nieuwenhuysen, by New Netherlands con- 
trition, 

Led to the New Jerusalem for new delights ; 
What church more safety finds than in renewed 
rites t" 

VAN NORMAN, Daniel Cummings, educator, 
b. in Nelson, Canada West, 17 Aug., 1815; d. in 
New York city, 24 June, 1886. He was graduated 
at Wesleyan in 1838, joined the Canada Wesleyan 
conference the next year, and was professor of 
classics and physics in Victoria college, Coburg, in 
1838-'45. He founded the Burlington ladies' acad- 
emy, Hamilton, Ont, in 1845, was its principal till 
1851, and in the latter year assumed the charge of 
Rutgers female institute. New York citv, which 
post he held till 1857. He then founded and be- 
came principal of the Van Norman institute, a 
school for young ladies, successfully conducting 
that institution until his death. He received the 
degree of LL. D. from Weslevan in 1860. Late in 
life Dr. Van Norman left the Methodist and united 
with the Presbyterian church. He was secretary 
of the American foreign and Christian union for 
many years, and a member of scientific and literary 
bodies, and, although he held no regular pastorate, 
had preached more than 4.000 sermons. 

VAN NOSTRAND, David, publisher, b. in 
New York city, 5 Dec, 1811: d. there, 14 June, 
1886. He was educated at Union hall, Jamaica, 



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250 



VAN RENSSELAER 



VAN RENSSELAER 



N. Y., and in 1826 entered the publishing-house 
of John P. Haven, who gave him an interest in 
the Arm when he became of age. In 1834 he 
formed a partnership with William Dwight, but 
the financial crisis of 1837 led to its dissolution. 
Mr. Van Nostrand then accepted the ap|x>intment 
of clerk of accounts and disbursements under Capt. 
John G. Barnard, at that time in charge of tlie 
defensive works of Louisiana and Texas, with head- 

3uarters at New Orleans. While so engaged lie 
evoted attention to the study of scientific and 
military affairs, and on his return to New York 
city began the importation of military books for 
officers of the U. S. army, afterward receiving or- 
ders from private individuals and from academic 
institutions for foreign books of science. His place 
of business was at first at the corner of John street 
and Broadway, and as his trade increased he began 
the publication of standard works by American 
authors on military and scientific subjects. This 
extension, with the growing demands for books 
on scientific subjects, led to his removal to 23 Mur- 
ray street, where he continued until his death. In 
1869 he began the publication of ** Van Nostrand's 
Engineering Magazine,'' a monthly journal, which 
was devoted to selections from foreign sources, but 
also contained original papers on mathematics. 
Mr. Van Nostrand was one of the founders of the 
St. Nicholas and Holland societies, and was an 
early member of the Century and Union league 
clubs of New York citv. 

VAN RENSSELAER, Kiliian, colonist, b. in 
Amsterdam, Holland, in 1595; d. there in 1644. 
He was descended from a long line of eminent citi- 
zens of Amsterdam, was carefully educated, and 
became a wealthy pearl and diamond merchant in 
his native town. He took an active part in the 
formation of the West India company, placed sev- 
eral of his vessels at the disposal of the corporation, 
and twice advanced money to save its credit. He 
sent an agent to the New Netherlands to trade 
with the Indians for land on the west side of Hud- 
son river, from twelve miles south of Albany to 
Smack's island, " stretching two days into the in- 
terior," soon afterward concluding the purchase of 
all the land on the east side of that river, both 
north and south of Fort Orange, and "far into the 
wilderness." This great feudal estate included the 
entire territory that is comprised in the present 
counties of Albany, Columbia, and Rensselaer, 
and was named Rensselaerswick. He colonized it 
with laborers and emigrants, whom he sent out in 
his own ships with provisions and implements of 
warfare and industry. Van Rensselaer remained 
in Holland, but managed his affairs through a di- 
rector. In 1640 he sent Adrian Van der Donck to 
be sheriff of the colony, and subsequently Dr. 
Johannes Megapolensis " for the edifying improve- 
ment of the inhabitants and Indians* thereabouts." 
To obviate, as much as possible, the dangers of 
life among the latter, he required that all his colo- 
nists, except the farmers and tobacco-planters, 
should live near each other, so as to form a church 
neighborhood. At his death his estate descended 
to nis eldest son, Johannes ; but the latter, being 
under age, was placed under the guardianship of j 
Johannes Van Wely and Wouter Van Twiller. who ' 
rendered homage to the states-general in the name 
of their ward. But the colony had in reality 1m»- 
come an independent power, and was regarded as 
injurious to tne rights of the province. The West | 
India company became jealous for their privileges. ! 
and in 1648 Peter Stuyvesant, then governor of 
New Amsterdam, went with a military escort up 
the Hudson river, ordered that no buildings should 



be erected within a prescribed distance of Fort 
Orange, and in many ways attempted to cut off 
the powers of the patroon of Rensselaerswick. A 
bitter controversy with Brandt Arent Van Slecht- 
enhorst. the director, ensued, but in 1674 the West 
India company confessed that Stuyvesant's aggres- 
sions were unwarranted and in violation of the 
colony's charter. While this controversy was in 
progress. Jan Baptist Van Rensselaer, the second 
son of the first patroon, came to t his country as the 
representative of his brother Johannes, his com- 
mission as director dating 8 May, 1652. ne retired 
in 1658, worn out by controversies with Stuyvesant, 
and was succeeded by his brother Jeremias. Jan 
Baptist built, the Van Rensselaer mansion, and 
brought from Holland massive and elaborately 
carved furniture, large quantities of silver plate, 
and many portraits of his ancestors. The manor 
house, in internal improvements and finish, re- 
sembled the Holland homestead. The lord of the 
manor resided there with his tenantry, maintaining 
the authority of a landed lord in Europe. The sec- 
ond patroon, Johannes, never came to this country. 
— Killian's third son. Jeremias, b. in Amsterdam, 
Holland, about 1632 ; d. in Rensselaerswick, N. Y., 
in October, 1674, was in charge of the colony for 
sixteen years, lie was treated with respect and 
courtesy by Stuyvesant, by whom, when the prov- 
ince was threatened by the English, he was invited 
to New Amsterdam to preside over the convention 
that assembled there, to take measures of defence. 
When the English gained possession of New Neth- 
erlands in 1664, he took the oath of allegiance to 
the Duke of York. According to the terms of sur- 
render, he was left in peaceable possession of the 
colony, and conducted its affairs without interfer- 
ence from the new government. He was confirmed 
in most of his rights and privileges, and the colony 
was erected into a manor and governed according 
to English rule. The village of Beverwyck. which 
had grown up under the shadow of old Fort 
Orange, was detached from the manor, and incor- 
porated into the city of Albany. Van Rensselaer 
soon acquired reputation as an executive officer: 
his correspondence, which is still preserved by his 
descendants, is a valuable record of events, and at- 
tests his great energy and business-like qualities. 
He also wrote to Holland minute accounts of vari- 
ous occurrences in this country under the pen- 
name of the " New Netherland Mercury." He pre- 
served peace with the neighboring Indians, ana so 
attached them to him that they guarded his estates 
as carefully as they did their own. He married 




Maria Van Cortlandt. Jeremias was succeeded by 
his nephew, Killian, son of Johannes. His pat- 
ent was issued in 1685, under the title of first lord 
of the manor, and third patroon. By this patent 
the heirs in Albany relinquished to the heirs in Hol- 
land all title and right to the land in Holland, 
and the Hollanders gave up all the Albany settle- 



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ment Killian died without issue, and was succeeded 
by Jeremias's son, Killian, second lord of the 
manor, b. in Rensselaerswick in 1662; d. there in 
1719. He was aa officer of militia and a magistrate, 
represented the manor in the as>embly in 1603-1704, 
and was a member of the council from the latter i 
date until his death. In 1705 he conveyed Claver- 
ack, or the lower manor," to his brother, Hendrick. 
He married Maria, daughter of Stephen Van Cort- 
landt.— Jeremias's brother, Nicholas, clergyman, 
b. in Amsterdam about 1638; d. in Albany, N. Y., 
in 1678, was the fourth son of the first patroon. He 
was liberally educated in Holland, and studied 
theology there, but began a tour of Europe before 
taking his degree. In Brussels he met Cnarles 11. 
of England, who was then in exile, and Van Rens- 
selaer predicted to him that he would be restored 
to the throne. He subsequently went to England 
as chaplain to the Dutch embassy, and the King, 
recognizing him and recollecting his prediction, 
gave him a gold snuff-box with his likeness in the 
lid, which is still in possession of the Van Rens- 
selaer family. After the Dutch ambassador left 
Great Britain, Van Rensselaer was licensed by 
Charles to preach to the Dutch congregation at 
Westminster, was ordained a deacon in the English 
church, and appointed lecturer at St. Margaret's, 
Lothbury. When Sir Edmond Andros was com- 
missioned governor of the New Netherlands, in 
1674, Van Rensselaer accompanied him to this 
country, bearing a letter of recommendation from 
the Duke of York, in which he requested that Van 
Rensselaer be placed in charge of one of the Dutch 
churches in New York or Albany when there should 
be a vacancy. He became colleague pastor of the 
church in Albany shortly after his arrival, and in 
September, 1675, was invited by the governor to 
preach in the Dutch church in New York ; but 
the pastor, William Van Nieuwenhuysen, absented 
himself from the service, and forbade Van Rensse- 
laer's baptizing any children that might be pre- 
sented for that ordinance. Subsequent events 

§ roved that Van Nieuwenhuysen rejected his or- 
ination as not being in conformity with the order 
of the Dutch churches, nor with the terms of the 
treaty. Van Rensselaer referred the matter to the 
governor and council, and the trial was consid- 
ered of much importance by both the church and 
the civil authorities, since it involved their privi- 
leges and rights, as defined in the articles under 
which the province was surrendered to the Eng- 
lish* Nieuwenhuysen and his consistory presented 
a written answer, which was rather in justifica- 
tion of the former's conduct toward Van Rens- 
selaer than a formal answer to the question why 
he should not be allowed to preach. The matter 
was passed over, and Van Rensselaer returned to 
his charge in Albany; but in 1676 he was thrown 
into prison, " for some dubious words spoken in a 
sermon," Jacob Leisler and Jacob Milbume making 
the complaint. He appealed to the governor and 
council, and gave a bond of 1,500 guilders to pros- 
ecute the matter to the end. Ijeisler failed to 
furnish the bond that was required of him, a war- 
rant was issued for his arrest, and the churches 
and people were thrown into a ferment. At last a 
court was held at Albany, before which Van Rens- 
selaer and Nieuwenhuysen appeared with papers 
and witnesses. After a review of the whole ease, 
they were told by order of the governor " to be recon- 
ciled according to Christian love and duty." They 
answered. " With all our hearts," and the court 
ordered the parties to " forgive and forget," and 
that Leisler and Jacob Milbume pay the whole 
costs, as giving the first occasion for the differences. 



Van Rensselaer again resumed his charge, but a 
year later he was refused a seat among the elders. 
\t was resolved that he have a suitable one behind 
the magistrates, but in 1677 he was deposed by the 
governor, " on account," say the Reformed church 
authorities, "of his scandalous life " ; but this is not 
substantiated by unprejudiced witnesses. He left 
no children. — His wife, Alida, was the daughter of 
Philip Schuyler, and subsequently married Robert 
Livingston. — Killian's grandson, Stephen, inher- 
ited the manor, removed the old house, and in 
1765 built the present mansion, seen in the illus- 
tration. He governed under the title of the seventh 
patroon. He married Catherine Livingston, daugh- 
ter of Philip Livingston, signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, and with his father-in-law 
" sternly opposed the encroachments of the crown." 
— Their son, Stephen, eighth patroon, b. in New 
York, 1 Nov., 1765; d. in Albany, N. Y., 26 Jan., 
1839, was graduated at Harvard in 1782, and the 
next year married Margaret, daughter of Gen. Philip 
Schuyler. He was 
always addressed 
by courtesy as the 
patroon, although 
with the establish- 
ment of the colo- 
nial government he 
lost his baronial 
rights. After leav- 
ing college he en- 
tered at once on the 
improvement of his 
splendid although 
somewhat dimin- 
ished estates, and, 
to induce farmers 
to settle on his 
lands, placed ren- 
tals so low that 
they yielded only 
one per cent, at a 
fair valuation. In 
consequence he soon had 900 farms of 150 acres 
each under cultivation. Having secured his patri- 
mony, he entered politics, and, as a great land- 
holder and at the same time an ardent patriot, was 
destined to bridge the chasm between the two op- 
posite political systems. He was chosen to the 
assembly in 1789' as a Federalist, became a leader 
of that partv, was state senator in l?91-'6, lieuten- 
ant-governor in 1795, and in 1798 and 1808-'10 
was in the assembly. He became major of militia 
in 1786, colonel in 1788, and major-general in 1801. 
He was one of the first to propose the establish- 
ment of a canal between Hudson river and the 
great lakes, was appointed in 1810 a commissioner 
to report to the assembly on the route, and made an 
investigating tour of it the same year, the report of 
which was favorably received in 1811 ; but the pro- 
ject was delayed by the beginning of the second 
war with Great Britain. In 1812 he was appointed 
to command the U. S. forces on the northern fron- 
tier. Although he opposed the war as premature, 
he at once organized a militia force that was suffi- 
cient in numbers to overrun the province of Upper 
Canada. But he had no regular soldiers, and his 
officers were deficient in both courage and militarv 
skill. On 13-14 Oct., 1812, he fought the battle of 
Queenston Heights. The importance of that place 
arose from the fact that it was the terminus of the 
portage between Lake Ontario and the upper lakes, 
(ren. Van Rensselaer had minute information as to 
the situation and strength of each post of the ene- 
my on the western bank of Niagara river, and his 




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force numbered 0,000 men. The immediate com- 
mand of the attacking party was assigned to 
Licut.-Col. Solomon Van Rensselaer, who, on the 
morning of 13 Oct.. with 300 militia and 300 regu- 
lars, under Lieut.-Col. John Chrystie, crossed the 
river. After a brilliant attack by Van Rensselaer, 
who received wounds that compelled him to with- 
draw, Capt. John E. Wool assumed command 
and stormed and captured the heights. The next 
day British re-enforcements, numbering 1,300 sol- 
diers and 500 Indians, arrived under command of 
Gen. Roger H. Sheaffe. The militia on the Ameri- 
can shore could overlook the battle-field and see the 
approach of Sheaffe ; but when Gen. Stephen Van 
Rensselaer attempted to move them across the 
river to the support of the American force, they 
refused to stir. The law provides that militia shall 
not be compelled to serve beyond the bounds of 
their state against their will. They fell back on 
this privilege, and Van Rensselaer was powerless 
to induce them to fight. The Americans on the 
heights were unable to hold their position, and on 
the afternoon of 14 Oct. surrendered in a body. In 
his official despatches Gen. Van Rensselaer ascribes 
the disaster to the refusal of the militia to go to 
the aid of the captors of the heights. He was se- 
verely censured for his tardiness in making the at- 
tack, and the fact that he was a leader of the Fed- 
eralist party, and opposed to the war, increased 
public dissatisfaction. On 24 Oct. he resigned his 
command and left the service. At the close of the 
war he again became canal commissioner, and 
chairman of the commission. When the Erie and 
Champlain canals were completed in 1825 he had 
been president of their boards for fourteen years. 
He was chosen to the assembly in 1818, served in 
the State constitutional convention in 1821 and in 
congress in 1823-'9, having been elected to fill the 
vacancy caused by the resignation of Solomon Van 
Rensselaer. In that body he earnestly supported 
John Quincy Adams for the presidency, lie be- 
came a regent of the University of New York in 
1819, and was subsequently its chancellor until his 
death. He promoted the interests of the State 
agricultural society, and was its president in 1820. 
Under his direction and at his expense Prof. 
Amos Eaton made a geological survey along the 
line of the canal from Albany to Buffalo, N. Y., in 
1821-'3, and of another line that began in Massa- 
chusetts. From the data collected in these sur- 
veys he became convinced of the need for further 
technical education ; to supply which he founded 
Rensselaer polytechnic institute at Troy, defray- 
ing for a long time half of its expenses. Yale 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1825. Gen. Van 
Rensselaer was tall, of commanding presence, and 
had dark, expressive eyes. He was the patron 
of benevolent objects. His second wife, whom he 
married in 1802, was Cornelia, daughter of Chief- 
Justice William Paterson, of New Jersey. He pub- 
lished " An Agricultural and Geological Survey of 
the District adjoining the Erie Canal " (Albany, 
1824). — His eldest son, Stephen, the last patroon, 
b. in Albany, N. Y., 29 March, 1789; d. there. 25 
May, 1808, was graduated at Princeton in 1808, 
and inheriting the manor by his father's will, at 
his death became the last patroon. During the 
anti-rent troubles in 1839 he sold his townships, 
and at his death the manor passed out of the 
hands of his descendants. He was an accomplished 
gentleman of the old school, and served as ma- 
jor-general of militia. He married Harriet Eliza- 
beth, daughter of William Bayard, of New York. 
— Another son of Gen. Stephen, Cortlandt, cler- 
gyman, b. in Albany, N. Y., 26 May, 1808; d. in 




Burlington. N. J.. 25 July. I860, was graduated at 
Yale in 1827. studied at Union theological semi- 
nary. Prince Edward county, Va., and at Prince- 
ton theological seminary. He was a missionary to 
the slaves in Vir- 
ginia in 1833-'5, 
was ordained the 
latter year, be- 
came pastor of 
the Presbyterian 
church in Burling- 
ton, N. J., in 1837, 
of the 2d Pres- 
byterian church, 
Washington, D.C., 
in 184 4, and agent 
of Princeton theo- 
logical seminary 
in 1844, raising 
$100,000 for its 
endowment He 
was secretary of ^ 

tion in 1846-'60, V 
and founded and edited the 44 Presbyterian Maga- 
zine" and "The Home, the School, and the 
Church." The University of New York gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1845. Much of his large 
fortune was devoted to benevolent objects and to 
the religious enterprises of the Presbyterian church. 
After his death, selections from his published writ- 
ings appeared under the title of 44 Miscellaneous 
Sermons, Essays, and Addresses," edited by his 
son, Cortlandt Van Rensselaer (Philadelphia, 1861). 
—Another son of Stephen, Henry, soldier, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., in 1810; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 23 
March, 1864, was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1831, but resigned from the army the 
next year and engaged in farming near Ogaens- 
burg, N. Y. He was a member of congress in 
1841-'3, having been chosen as a Whig, and in 
1855-'60 was president of mining companies. At 
the beginning of the civil war ne was appointed 
chief-of-staff to Gen. Winfield Scott, with tne rank 
of brigadier-general, and he became inspector-gen- 
eral with the rank of colonel on the retirement of 
Gen. Scott, served in the Department of the Rap- 

f>ahannock in April and August, 1862, subsequent- 
y in the 3d army corps, and in the Department of 
the Ohio from 17 Sept. until his death.— The elder 
Stephen 's brother. Philip S, mayor of Albany, 
b. in Albany, 15 April. 1767; d. there, 25 Sept., 
1824, became mayor of Albany in 1799, and held of- 
fice for nineteen" years, the longest service of any 
mayor of that city. He was a public-spirited, ener- 
getic officer, and active in promoting educational, 
moral, and religious interests. He married Ann Van 
Cortlandt. He was president of the Albany Bible 
society for many years, a trustee of Union, and a 
founder of Albany academy. — Gen. Stephen's kins- 
man, Jeremiah, congressman, b. in New York 
in 1741; d. in Albany, N. Y., 22 Feb.. 1810, was 
graduated at Princeton, in 1758, actively sup- 
ported the Revolution, and was a member of the 
1st congress, serving in 1789- 91. He was a presi- 
dential elector in 1800, and lieutenant-governor of 
New York in 1800-'4. He was active in the pro- 
motion of schemes for internal improvement, and 
a member of the Inland navigation company, of 
which Philip Schuyler was the first president. — The 
second son of the first Jeremias, Hendrick, land- 
owner, b. near Albany, N. Y., about 16G7 ; d. there in 
July, 1740, was the founder of the Claverack branch 
of the Van Rensselaer family. He received as his 



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portion of his grandfather Killian's estate what 
was known as the Claverack put out, containing 
about 62,000 acres of land in Columbia county, and 
1.500 acres out of the manor proper, opposite the 
city of Albany. He built a substantial brick house 
on the latter estate and one at Claverack, which 
is still standing. He was employed in many pub- 
lic capacities, being mayor of Albany, commis- 
sioner of Indian affairs, and a representative in the 
assembly. In 1G98 he bought from the Schaghti- 
coke Indians a tract of six square miles on Iloosac 
river, for which he procured a patent. This pur- 
chase interfered greatly with the city of Albany, 
and, Van Rensselaer declining to sell his patent to 
the council, the controversy l>ecaine a state affair. 
In 1099 the dispute was amicably settled and he 
passed his patent over to the city. His wife was a 
granddaughter of Anneke Jans liogardus, through 
whom their descendants became heirs to Trinity 
church farm.— His grandson, Henry Klllian, 
soldier, b. near Albany in 1744; d. in Greenbush, 
N. Y., 9 Sept., 1816, commanded a New York regi- 
ment during the Revolution, was wounded at the 
capture of Gen. Burgoyne, and carried the ball in 
his body for thirty-five years. In July, 1777, he 
was attacked by a large force near Fort Ann, and 
made a brave resistance, but, learning of the aban- 
donment of Fort Ticonderoga, withdrew after re- 
ceiving another severe wound. He was subse- 
quently a general of militia. — His son. Solomon, 
soldier, b. in Rensselaer county, N. Y., 6 Aug., 
1774; d. in Albany, N. Y., 23 April, 1852, entered 
the service, 14 March, 1792, as a cornet of cavalry. 
He became captain, raised a volunteer company, 
and, pushing through the wilderness, joined Gen. 
Anthony Wayne in Ohio in the Miami campaign. 
At the battle* of Maumee Rapids in August, 1794, 
he made a brilliant and effective charge against 
the savages, and 
was shot, it was 
supposed fatally, 
through the lungs. 
A litter was sent 
to take him from 
the battle-field, but 
he refused to be 
laid upon it. ** You 
young dog, then 
now arc you go- 
ing t" exclaimed 
Gen. Wayne. »' I 
am an officer of 
the cavalry, and I 
shall go on horse- 
back," was his re- 
ply. " You will 
n droo bv the road," 

^^fdtyyx^iM^ fdo, justcover me 

" up and let me die 

there/' said Van Rensselaer. He was mounted on 
his own charger, as he desired, and one of his own 
dragoons, on either side, supported him five or six 
miles. When his cousin, Stephen, became briga- 
dier-general of the forces of the north in 1812, he 
became adjutant-general of New York militia, and 
negotiated the important agreement bv which Lake 
Ontario was granted by the British during an 
armistice as a public highway for purposes of 
transportation of American troops and stores. At 
the assault of Queenston Heights, 13 Oct., 1812, he 
commanded the attacking party, was the first to 
spring ashore, on a large rock at the foot of the 
rapids, and with 225 men. formed under a fierce 
fire, climbed the bank and routed the enemy at the 




point of the bayonet, but fell with several wounds. 
He served in congress in l819-'22, having been 
chosen as a Federalist, and was postmaster at Al- 
bany in 1822-'39. He accompanied Gov. George 
Clinton to Ohio in 1824 in the interest of the Erie 
canal, and was one of the delegates from the state 
of New York at its opening on 4 Nov., 1825. In 
1797 he married Harriet, daughter of Col. Philip 
Van Rensselaer. He published a " Narrative of 
the Affair at Queenston" (New York. 183G). See 
" A Legacy of Historical Gleanings," by his daugh- 
ter, Mrs. Catherine Van Rensselaer Bonnev (Al- 
bany, N. Y., 1875).— Henry's brother, Nicholas, 
soldier, b. in Rensselaer county, N. Y., in 1754; d. 
in Albany, N. Y.. in 1848. was a colonel in the Revo- 
lution, and served with gallantry on the heights of 
Stillwater. After the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne 
he was despatched by Gen. Horatio Gates to an- 
nounce the news at Albany. — Another brother of 
Henry, Killiaii K, congressman, b. in Rensselaer 
county, N. Y., in 1763; d. in Albany, 18 June, 1845, 
after receiving a thorough education entered the 
law, and attained reputation at the l>ar. He was 
chosen tocongressasa Democrat in 1800, and served 
by re-election till 181 1. — Another great-grandson of 
the first Jeremias, Robert, soldier, b. in Claverack. 
N. Y., in 1741 ; d. there, 11 Sept., 1802, was a gen- 
eral of militia during the Revolution, and com- 
manded the force that pursued and defeated Sir 
John Johnson on his Mohawk valley raid in 1780. 
For a full history of the Van Rensselaer family, 
see ** Colonial New York," by George W. Schuyler 
(2 vols.. New York. 1885). 

VAN RENSSELAER, Mariana Griswold, 
author, b. in New York city, 23 Feb., 1851. She 
is the daughter of George Griswold, of New York 
city. She was educated at home, married Schuyler 
Van Rensselaer in 1874, and has devoted herself 
to the study of art and architecture, contribut- 
ing on these subjects to magazines and newspapers. 
She is the author of "American Etchers" (N T ew 
York. 1880). and "Henry Hobson Richardson and 
his W r orks" (Boston, 1888). 

VAN RENSSELAER, Mannsell, clergyman, 
b. in Albany. N. Y., 15 April, 1819. He is the son 
of Judge John S. Van Rensselaer. After gradua- 
tion at Union college in 1838. and at the Episco- 
pal general theological seminary in 1841, he was 
made deacon in St. Paul's chapel, New York 
city, 27 June 1841, by Bishop Benjamin T. Onder- 
donk, and priest, in St. Paul's church, Whitehall, 
N. Y., by the same bishop. He was rector of St 
Paul's church, Whitehall, N. Y., in 1841-'5; of 
Grace church, Albany, N. Y., in 1840-7; of St. 
John's, Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1847-'53 : of St. 
Paul's, Oxford, N. Y., in 1853-'4 ; of St. Paul's. 
Rochester, in 1854-'9; and of Emmanuel church, 
Geneva, Switzerland, in 1877-'8. He received the 
degree of I). D. from Hobart in 1859, and that of 
LL. D. in 1874. Dr. Van Rensselaer was president 
of De Veaux college. N. Y.. in 1859-'69, professor 
of ethics in Hobart in 1870-'2, and its president in 
1872-'0. Since 1880 he has been chaplain of the 
House of the Holy Comforter in New York city. 
He has published "Sister Louise, the Story of her 
Life Work " (New York, 1883), and has made large 
contributions to religious literature. 

VAN SANTVOORD, Cornelius, clergyman, 
b. in Holland in 1637; d. in Schenectady, N. Y., 6 
Jan.. 1752. He studied in the University of Ley- 
den, came to this country about 1718. and became 
pastor of the Reformed Dutch church of Staten 
island, organized in 1090. He was here from 1718 
till 1742, preaching both in French and in Dutch, 
many of his hearers being French Protestant refu- 



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gees, settled on the island. In the latter year he 
removed to Schenectady, and became pastor of the 
Reformed Dutch church there, in which place he 
remained until his death. His intimate friend. 
Theodorus J. Prelinghuysen, who came to this 
country from Holland two years after him, settling 
at Raritan, N. J., and arousing much opposition 
by his bold and earnest evangelism, found strong 
support in Mr. Van Santvoord. who published in 
his defence a small volume entitled " A Dialogue 
between Considerans and Candidus." He was a 
friend and had been a favorite pupil of the eminent 
Prof. John Marck, of Leyden university, two of 
whose works he translated — one a "Commentary 
on the Apocalypse," with added notes and reflec- 
tions, the preface being written by Prof. Wesselius 
of the same university (Leyden, 1730); the other 
" A Dissertation on the Slaughter of the Innocents 
at Bethlehem," designed to establish the literal 
interpretation of prophecy. — His great-grandson. 
Stoats, clergyman, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 15 
March, 1790 ; d. in New Baltimore, N. Y., 29 May. 
1882, was graduated at Union in 1811 and at New 
Brunswick theological seminary in 1814, ordained 
to the ministry of the Dutch Reformed church, 
and was pastor of the church of Belleville, N. J., 
in 1814-'28, of the church in Schodack, N. Y., in 
1829-'34, and thence removed to New Baltimore, 
where he resided until his death. He retired after 
completing his fiftieth year in the active ministry 
of the Reformed Dutch church. In 1864 he was 
in the service of the Christian commission at 
Nashville, Tenn. His last public appearance was 
in his ninety-first year, when he attended the 
200th anniversary of the Dutch Reformed church 
at Schenectady, of which his ancestor was pastor, 
delivering the benediction in Dutch. Union gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1876. He published 
several sermons, and A Spiritual Gift," a series of 
fifteen discourses (New York, 1851). — Staats's son, 
Cornelius, clergyman, b. in Belleville, N. J., 8 
April, 1816, was graduated at Union in 1835, and 
studied at New Brunswick and Princeton theo- 
logical seminaries. He became pastor of the Dutch 
Reformed church in Canastota, N. Y., in 1838, sub- 
sequently filled charges in New York state, was 
chaplain in the U. S. army in 1861-'5, associate 
editor of the "Interior," Chicago, 111., in 1869-'71, 
and commissioner of schools in Ulster county. N. Y., 
in 1871-6. Rutgers gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1855. He was a special correspondent of the 
44 New York Times " during the civil war, has pub- 
lished numerous magazine and newspaper articles, 
"Discourses and Miscellanies" (New York, 1856), 
and " Memoirs of Eliphalet Nott," with contribu- 
tions by Prof. Tayler Lewis (1876). — Another son 
of Staats, George, lawyer, b. in Belleville, N. J., 
8 Dec, 1819; d. in East Albany, N. Y., 6 March, 
1863, was graduated at Union in 1841, studied law 
in Kinderhook, and removed to Indiana, but re- 
turned to the former town and practised there in 
1846-'52. In 1852 and 1856 he was a member of 
the state assembly, and in 1860-'3 district attorney 
of Rensselaer county. He was killed in a railroad 
accident. He wrote for the *' Democratic Review " 
lives of French revolutionists, and is the author 
of "The Indiana Justice" (Lafayette. 1845); " Life 
of Algernon Sidney" (New York, 1851); "Prin- 
ciples of Pleading in Civil Actions under the New 
York Code " (1852-'4 ; enlarged edition, with addi- 
tions, 1855 ; with appendix, notes, and references. 
1858) ; " Lives of the Chief Justices of the United 
States" (1854); "Precedents of Pleadine" (1858); 
and " Practice in the Supreme Court of New York 
in Equity Actions " (Albany, N. Y., 1860-'l). 



TAN SATLEE, Antony Jansen, pirate, b. 
probably in Holland about 1600 ; d. on Long 
Island, N. Y., in March, 1670. He was in New 
Amsterdam as early as 1630, and resided there till 
1639, when he was banished for his crimes and un- 
ruly manner of life, having acquired the soubri- 
quet of the " Turk " from his cruel and fierce char- 
acter. He is found in the records under several 
aliases, that indicate that he engaged in the pira- 
cies on the coast of Morocco before coming to this 
country. When he was banished from New Am- 
sterdam he settled on the west end of Long Island, 
obtaining a patent for 100 acres of land. 

VAN SCHAACK, Peter, lawyer, b. in Kinder- 
hook, N. Y., in March, 1747; d. there, 17 Sept, 
1832. His ancestors were early settlers of New 
York state, emigrating from Holland. Peter was 
graduated at Columbia in 1768, studied law under 
William Smith the elder, and at twenty-six years 
of age was appointed sole reviser of the colonial 
statutes. He was conscientiously opposed to the 
Revolution, and, notwithstanding nis personal 
popularity and intimacy with the most eminent 
men of the country, was summoned before the 
committee on conspiracies at Albany in June, 1777, 
and required to take the oath of allegiance to the 
Continental congress. He refused, was ordered to 
Boston within ten days, and from that time was 
constantly restrained/ the authorities even refus- 
ing to permit him to take his dying wife to New 
York, as she entreated. In October, 1778, he was 
banished, went to England, and remained there 
till the summer of 1785. During his residence 
'abroad he associated with the chief scholars and 
statesmen of Great Britain. When he returned 
to this country he was welcomed by his old asso- 
ciates and by people of all parties, and, resuming 
his profession, was eminently popular and suc- 
cessful. From constant study his eyesight became 
impaired early in life, and during his later years 
he was totally blind. He also devoted much time 
to his law-school, which numbered nearly one 
hundred pupils annually. Judge Van Schaack 
was well versed in polite literature as well as legal 
lore, a fine classical scholar, and a brilliant con- 
versationalist, and his residence at Kinderhook, 
which is still standing, was the resort of many 
eminent persons of both England and this coun- 
try. Columbia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 
1778. He published " Laws of the Colony of New 
York " (2 vols.. New York, 1773), and " Conductor 
Generalis, or the Duty and Authority of Justices, 
Sheriffs. Constables, etc.. Revised and Adapted to 
the United States " (1 788). See his " Life, Journal, 
Diary, and Letters, edited by his son, Henry C. 
Van Schaack (1842).— His son, Henry Cruger, 
lawyer, b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 3 April, 1802; d. 
in Manlius, N. Y., 16 Dec, 1887, received an aca- 
demic education at Hudson and legal instruction 
from his father, and at twenty-one years of age 
was admitted to the bar and began practice at 
Black Rock, near Buffalo. In 1827 he removed to 
Manlius, N. Y. During his sixty years of profes- 
sional life Mr. Van Schaack published the life of 
his father, already referred to. and several pam- 
phlets, including " Henry Cruger," an address read 
before the New York historical society (New York, 
1859); "History of Manlius Village" (Fayette- 
ville, N. Y., 1873) ; " An Old Kinderhook Mansion " 
(New York, 1878); and "Captain Thomas Morris" 
(1882). He was a noted collector of manuscripts, 
and his collection of autograph letters — including 
those of most of the heroes and patriots of the 
Revolution — was one of the most extensive and 
valuable in the country. 



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VAN SCHAICK 



VAN TWILLER 



255 



VAN SCHAICK, Gozen, soldier, b. in Albanv, I 
N. Y., in January. 1737 ; d. there, 4 July, 1787. His 1 
father, Sybrant, was mayor of Albanv in 1756-'61. 
Gozen was appointed lieutenant in the expedition 
against Crown Point in 1756, in which the French 
and Indians were defeated at Sabbath Day Point, 
became captain in 1758. took part in the expedi- 
tions against Fort Frontenac and Fort Niagara, 
and was appointed major of a New York regiment 
in 1759. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 1st 
New York regiment in 1762, participated in the 
battle of Ticonderoga. and received a severe 
wound on the cheek from a French musket that 
led to a cancerous disease of which he finally died. 
At the beginning of the Revolution he became 
colonel of the 2d New York regiment, and on 22 
Nov., 1775, he was appointed to command the 1st 
New York battalion. A few weeks later he was 
sent on an expedition to Cherry Valley to protect 
the inhabitants from the incursions of the Indian 
chief, Joseph Brandt, and did good service during 
this campaign and the subsequent ones. At the 
battle of Monmouth he acted as brigadier-general 
under Lord Stirling. In 1779 he was appointed to 
head a select detachment, with which he destroyed 
the Onondaga settlements. For that service con- 
gress gave him a vote of thanks. He was a rigid 
disciplinarian, his regiment being one of the best 
in the service, and his patriotism was freelv shown 
in sacrificing his fortune to the public good. 

VANSITTART, Henry, British naval officer, 
b. in Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, England, in 1779; 
d. in Woodstock, Canada, in 1844. He entered 
the navy in 1791, was made a lieutenant in 1794, 
and assigned to the command of the sloop 
** Hermes " in 1798. During the ensuing year he 
was employed in convoying merchant vessels to 
and from British America, and in 1800 he captured 
several of the enemy's armed vessels on the Ja- 
maica station, where, in the following year, he 
obtained post rank in the 44 Abergavenny," of 
fifty- four guns. He was engaged in 1803 in "block- 
ading the rivers Elbe and Weser, and in February, 
1804, sailed for the Jamaica station, where he was 
actively employed during the succeeding four 
years. While off Havana, in the summer of 1806, 
on board his frigate, the " Fortunee," he succeeded, 
with the aid of an armed schooner, in capturing 
two Spanish gun-boats and twenty merchant ves- 
sels. Among others that the 44 Fortunee " took 
during her cruises in the West Indies were the 
French privateer 44 Le vauCour " and the French 
armed schooner 44 Le grand Juge Bertolio." He 
was afterward employed on channel service and 
in the Mediterranean, and in October, 1811, cap- 
tured the famous French privateer 44 Le Vice- Ad- 
miral Martin." He was made a rear-admiral, 22 
July, 1830, and vice-admiral, 23 Nov., 1841. In 
1834 he removed to Canada, bought an estate near 
W r oodstock, and was instrumental in erecting 
churches and school-houses. 

VAN TWILLER. Wouter, or Walter, gover- 
nor of New Netherlands, b. in Nieukirk, Holland, 
about 15?*0; d. in Amsterdam, Holland, after 1646. 
He was a clerk in the warehouse of the Dutch 
West India company, and, having married a niece 
of Killian Van Rensselaer, was employed by the 
latter to ship cattle to his colony on Hudson river. 
Van Twiller made two voyages to this country in 
that service, and was somewhat acquainted with 
the geography of New York and the condition of 
its affairs, so that through Van Rensselaer's influ- 
ence he was chosen in 1633 by the West India 
company governor of New Netherlands, sailing 
fdr Manhattan in the ship 44 Soutberg." He was 



inexperienced in the art of government, slow in 
speech, incompetent to decide important affairs, 
and obstinate in minor matters. His chief busi- 
ness seems to have been to maintain the commer- 
cial operations of the West India company, but no 
sooner had he arrived than he was involved in 
quarrels with the English. In 1632 the Dutch 
purchased from the Indians lands near what is 
now Saybrook, Conn., erecting thereon the arms 
of the states-general, and on 8 July. 1633, the 
West India company bought the ground on which 
the city of Hartford now stands, erecting a fort 
which they called the House of Good Hope, and 
defending it with two cannon. In October, 1633, 
the Massachusetts colony laid claim to all the 
river and country of Connecticut, under the grant 
of the king of "England. Van Twiller wrote a 
"courteous and respectful letter" to Gov. John 
Winthrop, requesting that the matter be settled by 
the home authorities, meanwhile urging that un- 
til these proper persons could determine what 
should be done, the Plymouth colony refrain 
from settling there. But a few days later one 
William Holmes, with a resolute crew and a com- 
pany of Indians who had been the original pro- 
prietors of the soil, sailed up the river, and, though 
threatened by fire from the Dutch cannon, reached 
the present site of Windsor and erected there the 
first house that was built in Connecticut. Van 
Twiller served a process on Holmes as soon as he 
heard this news, and a few weeks afterward be- 
sieged the trading-house with seventy soldiers, but 
was forced to withdraw and leave the English in 
peaceable possession. The next year he concluded 
an advantageous treaty of peace with the Raritan 
Indians. Meanwhile he spent large suras of 
money in internal improvements, built a handsome 
house for his own use and several for the officers 
of the colony, laid out a cemetery, and changed the 
name of the town from Manhattan to New Amster- 
dam. He also bought large tracts of land, includ- 
ing Governor's island and Blackwell's island, 
stocked them with cattle, and became one of the 
richest land-owners in the colony. In 1635 a party 
of colonists from Point Comfort, Va., under com- 
mand of George Holmes, sailed to the Delaware, 
with the intention of settling there, but was 
forced to surrender to the Dutch fort, and sent as 
prisoners to New Amsterdam. Van Twiller re- 
shipped them "pack and sack for Point Com- 
fort. He was again unsuccessful the same year 
with the Massachusetts colony. John Winthrop 
the younger tore down the arms of the state- 
general at Saybrook and took possession of the 
settlement, naming it for Lord Say and Lord 
Brook, and, although Van Twiller sent a sloop 
to dislodge them, Winthrop would not suffer them 
to land. Notwithstanding his losses in Connecti- 
cut, the fur-trade increased during the last years 
of Van Twiller's administration, and the Dutch 
opened a profitable commerce with New England. 
His private extravagances, however, induced the 
vice-director, Lubbertus Van Dincklager, to cora- 

Elain of him to the home authorities, and David 
>e Vries having derided them for the 44 folly of 
promoting a fool from a clerkship to a governor- 
ship siinplv to act farces," Van Twiller was re- 
moved, and in September, 1637, was succeeded by 
William Kieft. He returned to Holland, and in 
1644 became a guardian to Johannes, the eldest 
son of the patroon Van Rensselaer and was in- 
volved in controversies with the West India com- 
pany, who described him as an 44 ungrateful man, 
who had sucked his wealth from the breasts of 
the company which he now abuses," 



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256 



VANUXEM 



VAN VLECK 



YANUXEM,Lardner, geologist, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 23 July, 1792; d. in Bristol, Pa., 25 Jan., 
1846. He was graduated at the Ecole des mines, 
Paris, in 1819, and soon after his return to the 
United States was called to fill the chair of chem- 
istry and mineralogy in South Carolina college. 
In 1826 he retired from the college and devoted 
his attention exclusively to geology as a profession. 
During that year he published in the newspapers 
and in Robert Mills's 44 Statistics of South Caro- 
lina " reports on the geology of the state, and then 
visited Mexico to examine mining property. In 
1827- 8 he studied the geological features of the 
states of New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
and Virginia, under the auspices of the state of 
New York, and made his report to its legislature. 
On the establishment of the geological survey of 
New York in 1836. Prof. Vanuxem was assigned 
to the charge of the 3d geological district, and 
continued in the active work of the survey until 
1841. The results are given in 44 Geology of New 
York, 3d District " (Albany, 1842). At the close 
of the survey he spent some time in Albany in ar- 
ranging the stAte geological cabinet, out of which 
has grown the New York state museum. Prof. 
Vanuxem's private collection of mineral and geo- 
logical specimens was considered at the time ot his 
death as 44 the largest, best arranged, and most 
valuable private collection in the country." He 
was a member of the Philadelphia academy of nat- 
ural sciences, and of other scientific associations. 
It was the habit of those connected with the New 
York survey to meet at Albany at the end of each 
field season for the purpose of comparing observa- 
tions and of becoming acquainted with each other. 
In the autumn of 1838 Prof. Vanuxem suggested 
that an invitation be given to the geologists of 
Pennsylvania and Virginia for the purpose of de- 
vising and adopting a geological nomenclature that 
might be acceptable to all those that were then 
engaged on the state surveys, and thus become the 
nomenclature of American geology. This meeting 
was finally held in 1840, and then the Association 
of American geologists was organized, which is 
now represented by the American association for 
the advancement of science, probably the largest 
scientific body in the world. In addition to the 
report that has been mentioned, and numerous pa- 
pers on scientific subjects in the 44 American Jour- 
nal of Science" he published 44 An Essay on the 
Ultimate Principles of Chemistry. Natural Philoso- 
phy, and Physiology" (Philadelphia, 1827). 

VAN VALkENBURG, Robert Bruce, con- 
gressman, b. in Steuben countv, N. Y.. 4 Sept.. 
1821 ; d. at Suwanee Springs, Pla., 2 Aug., 1888. 
He received an academic education, adopted the 
profession of law. and served three terms in the 
New York assembly. When the civil war opened 
he was placed in command of the state recruiting 
depot at Eltnira, N. Y.. and organized seventeen 
regiments for the field. He served in congress 
in 1861-'5, having been chosen as a Republican, 
and took the field in 1862 as colonel of the 107th 
regiment of New York volunteers, which he com- 
manded at Antietam. In the 38th congress he 
was chairman of the committees on the militia, and 
expenditures in the state department. He was ap- 
pointed by President Johnson in 1865 acting com- 
missioner of Indian affairs, during the absence of 
the commissioner, and in 1866-'9 was U. S. min- 
ister to Japan. He became a resident of Florida 
when he returned from that mission, and was 
chosen associate justice of the state supreme court, 
which place he held at his death. Judge Van 
Valkenburg was an able politician and jurist. 



VAN YECHTEN, Abraham, lawyer, b. in Cats- 
kill, N. Y., 5 Dec., 1762 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 6 Jan., 
1837. He was educated at Columbia, studied law 
under John Lansing, and began practice in Johns- 
town, Montgomery co., N. Y., but soon removed to 
Albany. He was known as the * 4 father of the New 
York bar," being the first lawyer admitted to prac- 
tice after the adoption of the state constitution. 
Mr. Van Vechten was city recorder in 1797-1808, 
state senator in 1798-1805, member of the assemblv 
in 1805-'15, attorney-general in 1810 and 1813-'15. 
and a member of the Constitutional convention 
in 1821. In 1797-1823 he was a regent of the Uni- 
versity of the state of New Yofk. He declined a 
seat on the supreme bench of the state that was 
tendered him by Gov. John Jay. He was a learned, 
eloquent, and successful lawyer, and as a legislator 
was the author of many laws that have given in- 
ternal improvements and educational advantages 
to New York state. — His nephew, Jacob, clergy- 
man, b. in Catskill, N. Y., in 1788 ; d. in Auburn, 
N. Y., 15 Sept., 1871, was graduated at Union col- 
lege in 1809, at the Associate Reformed seminary in 

1813, and at New Brunswick theological seminary in 

1814. In 1815-'49 he was pastor of the Reformed 
Dutch church in Schenectady, N. Y. He then re- 
tired from the ministry, passing the remainder of 
his life in intellectual and literary pursuits. He 
published "Memoirs of Dr. John M. Mason" (2 
vols.. New York, 1856), and 44 An Effective Min- 
istrv," a sermon (1868). 

VAN VLECK, Jacob, Moravian bishop, b. in 
New York city, 24 March, 1751 ; d. in Bethlehem, 
Pa., 8 July, 1831. In 1772 he went to Germany in 
order to complete his education in the Moravian 
theological seminary of that country, and he re- 
turned after an absence of seven years. He labored 
among the young men of the church at Bethlehem, 
and subsequently was appointed secretary of the 
provincial or governing board. In 1789 he went 
back to Germany as a delegate to the general syn- 
od. On returning in the following year he accepted 
the principalship of the girls' boarding-school at 
Bethlehem, which post he resigned when he was 
appointed senior pastor of the church at the same 
place. Subsequently he served as pastor at Naza- 
reth, Pa., as principal of the boys' boarding-school, 
and as pastor of the church at Lititz, Pa. On 7 
May, 1815, he was consecrated to the episcopacy at 
Bethlehem, having been appointed president of the 
executive board of the southern province. In this 
office he continued until 1822, wnen failing health 
constrained him to retire. He enjoyed universal 
confidence, and his influence among the young 
was verv great— His son. William Henry, Mora- 
vian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 14 Nov., 1790; 
d. there, 19 Jan., 1858, was one of the three gradu- 
ates of the first Moravian theological seminary in 
America. He served with success in the Moravian 
churches of Philadelphia and New York city, and 
also as principal of the boys* boarding-school at 
Nazareth, Pa. He was consecrated to the episco- 
pacy, 20 Nov., 1836, at Bethlehem, and appointed 
president of the executive board of the southern 
province and pastor of the church at Salem. In 
1848 he attended the general synod that convened 
at Herrnhut, Saxony, and in the following year re- 
signed the presidency of his district and retired to 
Bethlehem. Bishop Van Vleck was a graceful and 
captivating preacher, a wise and gentle ruler, and 
a man of saintly character. He exercised a great 
influence. — William Henry's son, Henry Jacob, 
Moravian bishop, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Jan., 
1822, for twenty-five years labored as a teacher in 
the schools of the church, and in 1864 entered the 



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VAN VLECK 



Moravian ministry. He was consecrated bishop, 
18 Sept., 1881, at' Bethlehem, Pa., and resides at 
Gnadenhuetten, Ohio. 

VAN VLECK, John Monroe, educator, b. in 
Stone Ridge, N. Y., 4 March, 1833. He was grad- 
uated in 1850 at Wesleyan university, where he 
entered in the junior year, after studying at the 
University of the city of New York. In 1850 he 
taught mathematics in the Providence conference 
seminary, and in the same year he became an assist- 
ant in the nautical almanac office in Cambridge, 
Mass., where he then remained for three years. 
He was elected adjunct professor of mathematics 
in 1853 in Wesleyan university, and since 1858 has 
held the chair of mathematics and astronomy there. 
In 1872-'3 and 1887-9 he was acting president. 
The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by 
Northwestern university in 1876. He was a mem- 
ber of the expedition that was sent out under 
the auspices of the nautical almanac office to ob- 
serve the total solar eclipse at Mount Pleasant, 
Iowa, in 1869. Prof. Van Vleck is a member of the 
international Astronomische Gesellschaft and a fel- 
low of the American association for the advance- 
ment of science. His publications include 44 Tables 
giving the Positions of the Moon for 1855-'6," and 
for 1878-'91, and similar 14 Tables giving the Posi- 
tions of Saturn for 1857 to 1877, contributed to 
the 44 American Nautical Almanac." 

VAN VLIET, Stewart, soldier, b. in Ferris- 
burg, Vt., 21 July, 1815. He was educated at the 
U. S. military academy, being graduated ninth in 
a class of forty- two in 1840, when he was pro- 
moted 2d lieutenant in the 3d U. S. artillery. He 
served against the Seminole Indians and in garri- 
son at several military posts in Louisiana, Georgia, 
and South Carolina, until 1846, when, having be- 
come 1st lieutenant and captain and assistant 
quartermaster, he was present at the battle of 
Monterey and siege of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in com- 
mand of his company. Capt. Van Vliet was. in 
charge of the construction of Fort Laramie, Fort 
Kearny, and other frontier posts in J847-'51, was 
actively employed in fitting out the Utah expedi- 
tion under Albert Sidney Johnston, and with Gen. 
William S. Harney at the battle of Blue Water, 3 
Sept, 1855, against the Sioux. He was chief quar- 
termaster of the Army of the Potomac with rank 
of brigadier-general from August, 1861, till July, 
1862, and rendered important service in fitting 
out troops for the field, and accompanied Gen. 
George B. McClellan, serving under him in all the 
battles from Gaines's Mills to Malvern Hill. He 
was promoted major, 6 Aug., 1861, and lieutenant- 
colonel and deputy quartermaster-general, 29 July, 
1866. He was on duty at New York city in 1862-'7, 
furnishing transportation and supplies, at Schuyl- 
kill arsenal, Pa., in 1869, and was chief auarter- 
master of the Division of the Atlantic in 1872 and 
the Department of the Missouri in 1872-'5. He 
was brevetted major-general. U. S. army, 13 March, 
1865, for "faithful and distinguished services dur- 
ing the war," and promoted to the full rank of 
colonel and assistant quartermaster- general, 6 
June, 1872. On 22 Jan., 1881, Gen. Van Vliet was 
retired from active service. 

VAN WART, Isaac, patriot, b. in Greenburg. 
N. Y., in 1760; d. in Mount Pleasant, N. Y., 23 
May, 1828. He was a farmer in Westchester coun- 
ty, N. Y., and an ardent sympathizer with the 
patriot cause during the Revolution. On 23 Sept., 
1780, with John Paulding and David Williams, he 
intercepted Maj. John Andre* on his return from 
the American lines. (See Paulding, John.) For 
this service he received the thanks of congress, a 
vol. vi. — 17 



VARELA 267 

pension of $200 per annum for life, and a silver 
medal bearing on one side the word 44 Fidelity" 
and on the other the legend 44 Vincit Amor PatriaB." 
On 11 June, 1829, the citizens of Westchester coun- 




ty erected a monument to his memory. He was an 
active member of Greenburg church, and served it 
as chorister until his death. 

VAN WINKLE, Peter G., senator, b. in New 
York city. 7 Sept., 1808; d. in Parkersburg, W. 
Va., 15 April, 1872. He removed to Parkersburg, 
Va., in 1885, and practised the profession of law 
there till 1852, when he became treasurer and sub- 
sequently president of a railroad company. He 
was a member of the Virginia constitutional con- 
vention in 1850, and of the Wheeling reorganiz- 
ing convention in 1861, was in the West Virginia 
legislature from the formation of the new state 
till 1863, and in that year became U. S. senator, 
having been chosen as a Unionist for the term 
that ended in 1869. He was chairman of the com- 
mittee on pensions in that body, was a member of 
those on finance, pensions, post-offices, and post- 
roads, and in the impeachment of President John- 
son was one of the members that voted for ac- 
auittal. In 1866 he was a delegate to the Phila- 
delphia loyalists' convention. 

VAN WYCK, Charles Henry, senator, b. in 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 10 May. 1824. He was gradu- 
ated at Rutgers in 1843, adopted the profession 
of law, and in 1850-'6 was district attorney of 
Sullivan county, N. Y. He served in congress in 
1859-'63. having been chosen as a Republican, and 
while holding his seat in that body became colonel 
of the 10th legion, of 56th regiment, of New York 
volunteers. He served with Gen. George B. McClel- 
lan in the peninsula campaign, and in 1865 was 
made brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He 
was again in congress in 1867-71, and was chair- 
man of the committee on retrenchments. He re- 
moved to Nebraska in 1874, engaged in farming, 
was a delegate to the Constitutional convention in 
1876, state senator in 1876-'80, and in 1881 became 
U. S. senator. 

VAN ZANDT, Marie, singer, b. in Texas, 8 
Oct., 1861. Her mother, Mrs. Jennie Van Zandt, a 
daughter of Antonio Blitz, was herself a singer of 
note, and appeared in opera under the direction of 
Max Maretzek. Marie went with her mother in 
1873 to London, where she studied at a convent 
school. While in that city she met with much en- 
couragement from Adelina Patti, whose style she is 
said to have copied to a great extent. After study- 
ing also a short time with Francesco Lamperti in 
Milan, she made her debut in Turin, in 1879, as 
Zerlina, and appeared also in " La Sonnambula." 
She was engaged for Her Majesty's opera company 
in London in 1880, and in 1881 made her aibut 
at the Opera Comique, Paris, remaining there for 
four seasons. She is a singer of much promise, 
and the possessor of a fine voice of great compass. 

VARELA, Florenclo (vah-ray'-Tah), Argentine 
publicist, b. in Buenos Ayres, 23 Feb., 1807 ; d. in 

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258 



VARELA 



VARELA 



Montevideo. 20 March, 1848. He studied in the ' 
college of his native city, and was graduated in I 
law in 1827 at the university. He was then em- I 
ployed under the secretary of the interior, and took 
part in the revolution of 1828 under Lavalle. who | 
made him chief clerk of the ministry. In August. 
1829, at the fall of Lavalle and the accession of j 
Rosas, whom Varela had opposed, the latter went 
to Montevideo, where he published some poems and 
a drama in the magazines. In 1835 he was ad- 
mitted to the bar of the supreme court of Uru- 
guay, and in April, 1838, he was exiled by order of 
President Oribe, who accused him of complicity 
in the revolutionary attempt of Rivera; but he re- 
turned in October, after the installation of Rivera 
as president. In 1840-'2 he sojourned in Brazil on 
account of his health, and returned in December 
of the latter vear, when the siege of Montevideo 
had begun. In 1843 he was sent as commissioner 
of the Montevideo government to England to ne- 
gotiate the withdrawal of the English blockading 
forces, and on his return he abandoned his literary 
studies and entered politics, founding the journal 
44 El Comercio dc la Plata," which soon became a 
powerful instrument of opposition to Rosas and 
Oribe, and excited the patriotism of the besieged 
city. It was generally reported that he was assas- 
sinated by instigation of Rosas while returning 
one evening from the press-rooms of his paper to 
his home. He wrote "Rosas y las Provincias" 
(Montevideo. 1844), which was translated into 
French under the title 44 Affaires de Buenos Ayres " 
(Paris, 1844); "La Confederation Argentina" 
(1845): "Proyectos de Monarquia en America" 
(1840) : and 44 Biblioteca del Comercio de la Plata," 
a geographical, historical, and political magazine, 
of which four volumes had appeared at his death. 
His portrait is engraved on tne notes of the pro- 
vincial bank of Buenos Ayres.— His son, Hector 
Florenclo, journalist, b. in Montevideo in 1832, 
after the assassination of his father removed his 
mother and brothers for security to Rio Janeiro, 
where he labored as a commercial clerk to sustain 
his family, employing his leisure in acquiring other 
European languages, and soon became an accom- 
plished linguist When Urquiza declared war | 
against the dictator Rosas in 1851, Varela returned 
to Montevideo and founded the •* Tribuna," which, 
under his management and that of his brother, 
Mariano, soon became one of the most popular 
newspapers of South America. He became the 
chief champion of the opposition to Urquiza and 
of the independence of Buenos Ayres, ana took an 
active though indirect part in the operations that 
forced Urquiza to raise the siege of Buenos Ayres 
in July, 1853. He visited Europe in 1H54. and was 
appointed consul-general of Uruguay in Paris, but 
was refused the exequatur by the French govern- 
ment, on account of his seven* criticism of the 
roup d'rtat of 2 Dec. 1851. in the columns of " \a 
Tribuna." On his return, and after the accession 
of Venancio Flores, he was elected to the legi>la- 
ture of Montevideo, and formed part of that gen- 
eral's cabinet. After FloreVs re>ignation. Varela 
left the cabinet, and when the former was assas- j 
sinated. 10 Feb.. 1808, the latter returned to Hue- ] 
nos Ay re*. During the cholera epidemic that 1 
desolated that tit y in 1871 he was one of the 
first to call a meeting, on 10 March, for the pur- 
|H>se of establishing a health anil charitable com- , 
mittee, of which he wa« appointed viee-presi- ' 
dent, and when the president. Dr. Roane Perez, 
succumbed under his arduous duties. Varela as- 
sumed the lead and made heroic efforts for the 
relief of the afflicted. One afternoon, when the j 



grave-diggers fled in the presence of 700 bodies 
to be buried, he personally, with members of his 
committee, undertook the* task, and did not re- 
tire until every coffin was covered. Toward the 
end of 1871 he made a tour through Chili and 
other Spanish-American republics to obtain sub- 
scriptions for the foundation in Europe of a large 
journal destined to defend the interests of tne 
Latin -American people, to make their civilization 
and literature known in Europe, and to acquaint 
his country with the progress of science in the Old 
World. He was assisted by the authorities and pri- 
vate persons, and. going to Paris, founded there the 

i'ournal 44 El Americano," which soon became widely 
:nownand was the means of attracting the interest 
of European statesmen and merchants toward South 
America. In 1873 he was appointed minister resi- 
dent of Guatemala at Paris, and in the next year he 
began the publication of a series of noteworthy 
political essays, which were afterward collected in 
book-form. In 1874 he founded in Turin another 
journal, 44 La Italia y El Plata," having the same 
object as 44 El Americano." He is a fluent orator 
and writer, although his speeches as well as his 
works suffer from verbosity. He is the author of 
44 Revolucion de Lima; resefia de los acontecimi- 
entos de Julio," with introduction bv Emilio Cas- 
telar (Paris, 1872); 44 Perou devant fes pays d 'Eu- 
rope " (1873); 44 La republique de Venezuela et 
son president Blanco (1874); 4 'Elisa Lynch"; 
44 A Alvarez Calderon w ; and 44 Emilio Castelar " 
(1874). — Another son, Mariano, b. in Montevideo 
in 1834, assisted his brother on 44 La Tribuna," and 
after the latter's departure for Europe continued 
the journal. In 1809 he was secretary of foreign 
relations under Sarmiento's administration, and in 
1871 was sent as minister plenipotentiary of the 
Argentine Republic to London, where he negotiated 
a loan of $30,000,000.— Another son, Juan Crai, 
b. in Montevideo in 1843. although occupied in 
mercantile pursuits, ha« given much time to lit- 
erature and travel. He is a contributor to many 
periodicals, a notable antiquarian, and author of 
two dramas in verse, 44 La Pecadora arrepentida " 
i Buenos Ayres, 18 73), and 44 Facundo,' unpub- 
lished. — Another son, Luis Vicente, author, b. in 
Montevideo, 27 May, 1845, studied law, was editor 
of 44 El Autonomista" and assistant on *• l>a Tri- 
buna," and is the author of 44 Estudios sobre la 
constitucion de Buenos Ayres" (Buenos Ayres, 
1808); "El Ciego," a drama (1871); 4 * Concordan- 
cias y Fundamentos del Codigo Civil Argentino" 
(14 vols., 1873-'0); and 4 * Organization del Regis- 
tro del Estado Civil " (1874).— Klorencio's brother, 
Jnan Cruz, journalist, b. in Buenos Ayres in 
1794; d. in Montevideo, 15 Jan., 1839, studied in 
Cordova and Tucuman, and was graduated in the 
latter city in theology and law in 1810. When in 
that year the congress of the United Provinces of 
Ija Plata met at Fucuman, Varela wiis elected one 
of the deputies for Buenos Ayres, and thenceforth 
abandoned the church for politics, lie took an 
active part in the direction of the papers 44 EI 
Mensajero Argentino," 44 El Tiem*>o," 44 El Centi- 
nela." and 44 El Portefto," held several public offices, 
ami from 1824 till 1><27 was secretary of the Na- 
tional congress. He suffered persecutions for his 
political opinions after the fall of the government 
of Rivadavia. and, taking part in the revolution of 
December. 1828. emigrated to Uruguay, whence he 
was banished by Orilre, together with other politi- 
cal enemies of Rosas, and returned only after the 
former's fall. He is the author of the dramas 
44 Dido" (Buenos Ayres, 1823) and 44 Arjia" (Mon- 
tevideo, 1834), and left a collection of unpublished 



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VARELA Y MORALES 



VARGAS 



259 



patriotic poems, of which the poem celebrating the 
victory of Ituzaingo, 20 Feb., 1827, is the most 
famous. — Another brother of Florencio, Ruflno, 
b. in Buenos Ayres in 180i ; d. in Quebrachito, 28 
Nov., 1840, was* banished from Buenos Ayres to- 
gether with his brothers, and in 1840 followed Gen. 
Juan Lavalle in his invasion of the Argentine, and 
fell in the battle of Quebrachito. — Ruflno's son, 
Pedro, b. in Montevideo in 1834, took an active 
part in the politics of his country, and, after the 
death of Gen. Venancio Flores, was considered the 
leader of his party. He was deputy and senator, 
and as president, of the latter body took charge of 
the executive, 14 Jan.. 1875. at Dr. Ellauri's fall. 
He was then elected constitutional president, but 
his government was overthrown, 10 March, 1876, 
and Col. Lorenzo Latorre was his successor. 

VARELA Y MORALES, Felix (vah-ray'-lah), 
Cuban author, b. in Havana in 1788; d. in St. Au- 
gustine, Fla.. in 1853. He studied in his native 
city, was graduated in theology in 1810, and be- 
came a priest in 1811. He was appointed pro- 
fessor of philosophy in San Carlos seminary, Ha- 
vana, and afterward of political economy, dividing 
his time between the duties of the ministry and his 
labors as a teacher. He discarded completely the 
old scholastic philosophy and manner of teaching, 
an<l introduced the reforms that have changed the 
science of education in the 19th century. In 1821 
he was elected representative for the western prov- 
ince of Cuba to the Spanish cortes. where he de- 
manded political autonomy for Cuba. In 1823, with 
the end of the liberal regime and the return of ab- 
solute government, the cortes was forcibly dis- 
solved : sixty-five of its members were condemned 
to death, anil Varela, to save his life, took refuge 
with others at Gibraltar. Thence he sailed for 
New York in December, 1823, where he fixed his 
residence after visiting the principal cities of the 
Union. He devoted his time to literary, scientific, 
and educational pursuits and to the duties of his 
ministry as a Roman Catholic priest. In 1845 he 
was apj>ointed vicar-general for New York, and 
edited a religious magazine with Dr. Constantine 
Pise. His health obliged him to go to St. Augus- 
tine. Fla., in 1840, where he resided from 1852 un- 
til his death. Varela's works include 44 Institu- 
tiones Phikxophia* Eclectic*?" (2 vols., Havana, 
1812-'13); '•Etica''(2vols.,1814); " Miseelanea fllo- 
sofica" (1818) ; " l>eeeiones tie Filosofia" (1819-20); 
*• Observaciones sobre la Const it ucion de la Mo- 
narquia Espaflola" (1821): "Manual de Practica 
Parlamentaria " (New York, 1826); " Maximas 
Morales y Sociales" (1830>; "Cartas a Elnidio 
sobre la Impiedod. el Faimtismo " (1835) : ana nu- 
merous philosophical and religious pamphlets. 
Most of these works, especially " Leccioncs tie Filo- 
sofia," have gone through many editions in Cuba, 
Spain, and the United States. His biography has 
been written several times, and an exhaustive 

Life of Varela " has njipeared in Spanish, by 
Jose Igimeio Rodriguez (New York. 1870). 

VARELA Y ULLOA,Jo»e(vah-ray -lah-ee ool- 
yo-ah). Spanish naval officer, b. in Santiago de 
(ralieia. 14 Aug., 1748: d. in Havana, Cuba, 23 
July, 171)4. He entered the navy in 1759. and 
afterward l>eeaine well known in learned circles 
throughout Europe for hisscientifie acquirements. 
In 17i0 he wjls employed in assisting to measure 
geometrically the peak of TenerifTe and in deter- 
mining the true position of islands and ports on 
the American and African coasts, among others 
th«* island of Santa Catharina in Brazil and the 
harbors on the Rio de la Plata Alter discharging 
various important commissions, he was selected by 



the Spanish government to fix the boundaries of 
t he Spanish and Portuguese possessions in America. 
He gave proof of his abilities as a statesman and 
philosopher by his exhaustive reports on the pro- 
ductions of the Spanish- American colonies, tneir 
situation, relation to neighboring countries, and 
the advantages that the Spanish government could 
derive from them. On his return to Spain he was 
promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. In 1794 he 
sailed for South America in command of a squad- 
ron, and having put in at Havana, on 16 April, was 
attacked there by the illness of which he died. 

VARGAS, J o»6 Maria, Venezuelan president, 
b. in La Guaira, 2 March, 1786; d. in New York 
city, 13 July, 1854. He studied in the University 
of Caracas, where he was graduated in 1806 in 
philosophy and in 1808 in medicine, and in 1809 
ne translated Rousseau's ** Contrat social." which 
he circulated privately among his friends for fear 
of the authorities. Early in 1810 he began the 
practice of his profession in Cunmna, which prov- 
ince sent him as representative to congress,, and 
he arrived in La Guaira just before the earth- 
quake of 26 March, 1812. which destroyed nearly 
tne whole city and killed 4,000 persons. He was 
the only surviving physician, ana his self-sacrifice 
in saving lives and attending the wounded was ac- 
knowledged by the municipality and the national 
executive. After the capitulation of Miranda in 
the same year, Vargas was thrown by order of 
Monteverdi; into the dungeons of La Guaira; but 
in 1813 he received permission to emigrate. He 
continued his studies in the University of Edin- 
burgh, was received as a memtier of the Royal col- 
lege of surgeons of London, and travelled for some 
time through England and France. Afterward he 
practised his profession for several years in Porto 
Kico; but he returned in 1825 to Caracas, where in 
1826, by order of Bolivar, he reorganized the uni- 
versity* and in 1827 was elected its rector. He 
founded the chairs of anatomy, chemistry, and sur- 
gery, and, besides teaching these branches for some 
time in the university, gave private instruction to 
the best students at night in his home. In 1830 he 
was elected by Caracas to the constituent congress 
of Venezuela and opposed strenuously and with 
eloquence the proscription of Bolivar and the an- 
nexation of the province of Casanare to Venezuela. 
He was elected a member of the government coun- 
cil, and in 1834 to the presidency of the republic, 
which he was forced by public clamor to accept 
after repeated declinations. On 9 Feb., 1835, ne 
took charge of the executive, and during his term 
he gave his salary as president to hospitals, schools, 
and other beneficent objects. When a mutiny of 
the military party, which hated the first civilian 
president, began in Caracas, 8 July, 1835. Vargas 
with the vice-president was exiled to St. Thomas; 
but before leaving he had time to convoke the 
council and issue a decree appointing Gen. Paez, 
who was then living in retirement, commander-in- 
chief for the re-estal»li>hment of order. The latter 
subdued the revolution in a fortnight and recalled 
Vargas, who administered the executive with strict 
impartiality: but. weary of |M»litical strife, he re- 
peatedly handed in his" resignation, which was at 
last reluctantly accepted by congress, 24 April, 
1836. He returned, notwithstanding his shattered 
health, to his functions in the university and as 
director of public instruction, from 1838 till 1846 
was a member of the senate and almost continu- 
ously its president, and in 1847 was appointed to 
the government council, but resigned in 1849. His 
1 anxiety, caused by the uninterrupted internal strife 
j in his country, injured his health, and in 1853 he 



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260 



V A RG A S-M A C II LT A 



VARLET 



went to New York, where he died. He left his 
anatomical collections and physical cabinet, part of 
his library of 8.000 volumes, and two houses, to the 
university, the rest of the library to the National 
library, and his mineral and botanical collections 
to the National museum of Caracas. 

VARGAS-MACHUCA, Bernardo, Spanish sol- 
dier, b. in Simaneas about 1550 ; d. in Mexico about 
1620. He took part in the wars of Flanders, rose 
to the rank of captain, and was sent to Mexico, 
where, according to his own statement, he became 
commander-in-chief, although his name is not 
mentioned in the official documents of the time. 
He is noteworthy as the author of 44 Milicia Indi- 
ana, y Description Hidrografiea y Geo^rafica de 
las Indias" (Mexico, 1590); "Compendio y Doc- 
trina nueva de la Gineta, secretos y advertenciasde 
ella, seflales y enfrenamientos de Caballos, su cura- 
ci6n y beneficio " (Madrid, 1619): and " Defensa 
de las Conquistas de las Indias," of which the origi- 
nal manuscript is in a private library. 

VARGAS V PONCE, Juan Jose," Spanish geog- 
rapher, b. in Cadiz in 1755: d. in Marl rid in 1821. 
He entered the navy, was ordered in 1783 to assist 
Vicente Tofiflo in the publication of the great atlas 
of the coast of Spain, and wrote a remarkable in- 
troduction to that work. Vargas was attached af- 
terward to the colonial department, prepared the 
instructions for the scientific expeditions that were 
sent to America between 1789 and 1820, and was 
elected in the latter year a member of the constit- 
uent cortes. His works include " Descripcion de 
las islas Pytiusas y Baleares" (Madrid, 1787), and 
" An Account of the Last Expedition to the Strait 
of Magellan made by the Frigate 4 La Santa Maria 
de la Cabeza' "(Spanish edition, 1788; English trans- 
lation, Ijondnn, 1788). Among his manuscripts, in 
the National library at Madrid, are "Descripcion 
estatistica de la provincia de Guipuzcoa, " "De- 
scripcion estatistica de la isla de Cul>a," and "His- 
toria de la islade Santo Domingo." 

VARICK, Richard, soldier, b. in Hackensack. 
N. J., 25 March. 1753 : d. in Jersey City, N. J., 30 
July, 1831. The family name was originally Van 
Varick. He studied law and was practising in 
New York city, 
when, at the own- 
ing of the Revo- 
lution, he became 
a captain in Alex- 
ander McDou- 

f all's regiment, 
le afterward be- 
came military sec- 
retary to General 
Philip Schuyler, 
and on the Mat- 
ter's recommenda- 
tion was appoint- 
ed by congress 
deputy muster- 
master-general, 25 
Sept., 1776, to 
which post the 
rank of lieuten- 
ant-colonel was 
attached on 10 April. 1777. He remained with the 
northern army till the muster department was 
atmlished after tin* capture of Burgovne, and was 
present at the tattle* of Stillwater and Saratoga. 
He was inspector-general "t West Point alter 17*0. 
and fitM aide-de-camp to (Jen. Benedict Arnold, 
whom he greatly admired n» a soldier. It is said 
that when Arnold's defection was made known, 
Col. Varick was almost insane for several days. 




With Col. Franks, the second aide, he was ex- 
amined by a court of inquiry, which exonerated 
both from suspicion of the least complicity in the 
treason. Shortly afterward he became a member 
of Washington's" military family, acting as his re- 
cording secretary till near the close of the war, and 
taking charge of his confidential papers. From 
the evacuation of New York by the British in 
1783 till 1789 he was recorder of that city. In the 
latter year he became attorney-general of the state, 
and from 1791 till 1801 he was mayor of New York. 
In 178C he and Samuel Jones were appointed re- 
visers of the state laws, and they published the re- 
sult of their labors in a volume (1789). On the 
organization of the state militia he was made colo- 
nel of one of the regiments. Col. Varick was 
speaker of the assembly in 1787, for many years 
president of the Merchants' bank, and a founder 
and liberal benefactor of the American Bible so- 
ciety, of which he was president from the resigna- 
tion of John Jay till his death. He was more than 
six feet high, and of imposing presence, and has a 
fine monument in his native place. 

VARICK, Theodore Romeyn, physician, b. in 
Dutchess county. N. Y., 24 June, 1825 ; d. in Jer- 
sey City, N. J., 23 Nov., 1887. He was graduated 
at the medical department of New York univer- 
sity in 184G, and, after practising for two years 
in New York, removed in 1848 to Jersey City, 
where he resided until his death. He made many 
valuable additions to professional knowledge, ana 
was widely known as a surgeon. He was the first 
to prove the usefulness of cocaine in capital ampu- 
tations, and he introduced into the United States 
Trendelen berg's method of amputating at the hip- 
joint. Being dissatisfied with the results of the 
Lister method of dressing open wounds, he per- 
fected a system for the employment of hot water 
in surgery, and thereby secured the largest per- 
centage of successful operations known, but three 
deaths resulting from fifty-four capital amputa- 
tions. He also was the first to use hot water to 
control oozing in laparotomy. Dr. Varick was an 
incorporator of the District medical society of 
Hudson county, president of the New Jersey state 
medical society, surgeon-general of New Jersey, 
president of the New York medical society, director 
of Morris Plains hospital for the insane, director 
of St. Francis's hospital, surgeon of Jersey City 
hospital, and a member of various medical societies. 
Among the published records of his cases are 
monographs on " Urticaria produced by Hydro- 
cyanic Acid," "Complete Luxation of the Radius 
and Ulna to the Radial Side." "Subperiosteal Re- 
section of the Clavicle." " Distal Compression in 
Inguinal Aneurism." "The Causes of Death after 
Operations and Grave Injuries," "The Use of Hot 
Water in Surgery." " The Protective Treatment of 
Open Woumts,"' and " Railroad Injuries of the 
Extremities of the Human Body." 

VARLET, Domlngne Marie, French mission- 
ary, b. in France in 1(578; d. in Utrecht, Holland, 
in 1742. He was ordained a priest in 170(1, and 
al>out 1712 was appointed superior of the priests 
in the valley of the Mississippi by the directors of 
the Seminary of foreign missions of Paris. After 
his arrival in Canada he was named vicar-general, 
especially for Fort La Mobile and Fort Ixmis, by 
Bishop Saint Vallier. of (juelw. with jurisdiction 
over all priests along Mississippi river except 
Jesuits. He sjHMit six years on this mission, visit- 
ing the country from Cahokia to the Gulf. He 
returned to Europe in 171M, and was appointed 
bishop of Ascalon and coadjutor to the bishop of 
Babylon. When he was on his way to the East. 



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VARNHAGEN 



VARNUM 



261 



intelligence was brought if the pope that he was 
an adherent of the doctrines of Jansenius. He 
was at once ordered to return to Rome ; but, instead 
of doing so, he went to Utrecht and was one of the 
principal agents in founding the Jansenist church 
of that city. He consecrated four archbishops of 
the Jansenist church in succession, and was sev- 
eral times excommunicated by the pope. 

VARNHAGEN, Francisco Adolpho de, Bra- 
zilian historian, b. in San Joao de Ypanema in 
1816. He acquired his primary education in Rio 
Janeiro and went to Portugal to study in the Uni- 
versity of Coimbra. When the ex-emperor of Bra- 
zil, Pedro I., was trying to re-establish the govern- 
ment of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, in 1834, 
Varnhagen enlisted in the constitutional army, and 
Afterward re-entered college and completed His ca- 
reer as a military engineer in 1840, when he de- 
voted himself to poetry and literature. He was 
appointed secretar^ of legation in Madrid, with the 
commission to revise the documents in the govern- 
ment archives concerning the boundaries of the 
empire of Brazil. In 1859 he returned to South 
America and was appointed minister-resident to 
the republic of Paraguay; but, on account of the 
despotic government of the dictator Lopez, he re- 
signed his post and was commissioned to travel 
through Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, and 
the Antilles, and report on the agricultural prog- 
ress of those countries. He executed this com- 
mission satisfactorily, presenting reports on coffee, 
sugar, and tobacco, Soon afterward, as minister 
of Brazil to Chili and Peru, he protested against 
the hostile attitude of the Spanish government to- 
ward the republics of the Pacific. While in Lima 
he began to investigate documents about Amerigo 
Vespucci, among which there is a letter from Peter 
Martyr to Columbus, in which he says that the Bay 
of Honduras had been visited before by others, 
thereby confirming Oviedo's assertion in his 44 His- 
toria de las Indias." He was sent to Vienna in 
1868 as minister -resident, promoted plenipoten- 
tiary in 1871. and created in 1874 Viscount of Porto 
Seguro and member of the imperial council, con- 
tinuing in Vienna till 1878, when he returned to 
Brazil. He writes equally well in French, German, 
and Italian as in his own language, and is the au- 
thor of ,4 Noticias do Brazil," printed by the Royal 
academy of science of Lisbon (1852) ;* " Trovas e 
Cantares" (Lisbon, 1853) ; 44 Historia geral do Bra- 
zil.** to the revolution against Portugal (2 vols.. 
1854-'8) ; 44 Os Indios bravos e o Sr. Lisboa " (Lima, 
1867) ; 44 Le premier vovage de Amerigo Vespucci, 
deflnitivement explique dans ses details" (Vienna, 
1869) ; * 4 Das wahre Guanahani des Columbus " 
(1869); * 4 Sull' importanza d'nn manoscritto inedi- 
to della Biblioteca imperiale di Vienna per verifl- 
care, quale fu hi prima isola scoperta del Colombo, 
ed anche altri punti della Storia della America" 
(1869) ; 44 Nouvelles Recherches sur les demiers 
voyages du navigateur Florentin, et le reste des 
documents et eclaircissements sur lui, avec les 
textes dans les langues originelles,** with a fac- 
simile of Ptolemy's chart of 1513 (1871); and 
"L'origine Touranienne des Americains Tupis- 
Caribes, et des anciens Egypt iens, indiquee prinei- 
palement par la philologiecomparee; traces d'une 
ancienne migration en Amerique, invasion du Br6- 
sil par les Tupis, etc/' (1876). 

VARNUM, James Mitchel, soldier, b. in Dra- 
cut, Mass., 17 Dec, 1748; d. in Marietta, Ohio, 10 
Jan., 1789. His great-grandfather came to Massa- 
chusetts about 1634. James was graduated at 
Brown in 1769, admitted to the bar in 1771, and 
settled in East Greenwich, R. I., where he practised 




his profession. In 1774 he became colonel of the 
Kentish guards, and at the beginning of the Revo- 
lutionary war he was commissioned as colonel of 
the 1st Rhode Island infantry, 8 May, 1775, and 
was present with his regiment at the shelling of 
Roxbury, Mass., 
the siege of Bos- 
ton, the action at 
Harlem Heights, 
and the battle of 
White Plains. He 
was specially rec- 
ommended for re- 
tention in the army 
on its rearrange- 
ment for the war, 
was appointed 
brigadier - general 
of Rhode Island 
troops, 12 Dec., 
1776, and to the 
same rank in the 
Continental armv, 
12 Feb., 1777. and 
took part with his 
brigade in numer- 
ous engagements, 
including that at 
Red Bank, where he commanded all the American 
troops on the Jersey side of the Delaware. He 
rendered valuable services in the defence of the 
forts on the Delaware, was at Valley Forge in the 
winter of 1778, and afterward took an active part 
at the battle of Rhode Island. In 1778 he advo- 
cated the raising of a battalion of negroes in Rhode 
Island, and at nis instance the legislature passed 
an act offering freedom to all slaves that should 
enlist in the armv. He resigned his commission 
and was honorably discharged, 5 March. 1779. and 
resumed the practice of his profession at East 
Greenwich, wnere he speedily attained the first 
rank as a lawyer, took part in most of the chief 
cases in Rhode Island, and was recognized as a 
polished and eloquent orator. He was major-gen- 
eral of the Rhode Island militia from 1779 till 
1788, and in that capacity was in the service of the 
United States in July and August, 1780, under the 
Comte de Rochambeau. He was a member of the 
Continental congress from Rhode Island in 1780-'2 
and 1786-'7, and was there recognized by his col- 
leagues as 44 a man cf uncommon talents and most 
brilliant eloquence." In October, 1787. he was ap- 
pointed by congress one of the judges of the 
Northwest territory, and removed to Marietta, 
Ohio, in June, 1788. He was an original member 
of the Society of the Cincinnati, and second presi- 
dent of the Rhode Island society of that order. 
—His brother, Joseph Bradley, senator, b. in 
Dracutt, Mass., 29 Jan., 1750; d. there. 21 Sept, 
1821, at the age of eighteen was commissioned cap- 
tain by the committee of the colony of Massachu- 
setts bay, and in 1787 colonel by the commonwealth 
of Massachusetts. He was tna'de brigadier-general 
in 1802, and in 1805 major-general of the state 
militia, holding the latter office at his death in 
1821. From 1780 till 1795 he was a member of 
the house of representatives and senate of Massa- 
chusetts, and in 1787 and 1795 he served as a 
member of the governor's council. From 1795 till 
1811 he was a member of the National house of 
representatives, during which time he was chosen 
speaker two terms, from 1807 till 1811. being the 
immediate predecessor of Henry Clay. From 1811 
till 1817 he was U, S. senator from Massachusetts, 
being elected in opposition to Timothy Pickering, 



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262 



VAROXA 



VASQUEZ 



and he was president pro tempore of the senate 
and acting vice-president of the United States 
from 6 Dec., 1813, till 17 April, 1814. He was a 
member of the State convention to ratify the con- 
stitution of the United States in 1787. and that of 
1820 to revise the constitution of Massachusetts, 
acting as the presiding officer in the absence of 
President John Adams and Chief-Justice Parker. 
In 1813 he was a candidate for governor of Massa- 
chusetts against Caleb Strong, the incumbent of 
that office, but was defeated. Gen. Varnum was 
among the earliest patriots of the Revolution, hav- 
ing raised and commanded as captain a company 
of minute-men from his native town, which par- 
ticipated in engagements in Rhode Island and 
New York. For his assistance in putting down 
Shays's rebellion in 1787 he received a personal let- 
ter of thanks from Gen. Beniamin Lincoln, com- 
manding the state forces. Henry Wilson, in his 
" History of Slavery," quotes him in the delate on 
the bill for the government of the Mississippi ter- 
ritory before the house in March, 1798, as having 
been very strong and outspoken in his opposition 
to negro servitude. In politics, unlike his brother. 
Gen. James M. Varnum. who was a Federalist, he 
was a Democrat, and a strong and consistent sup- 
porter of the administration of Thomas Jefferson. 
After his retirement in 1817 from congress he was 
again chosen to represent his district in the legis- 
lature, and when no died he was the senior mem- 
ber of the senate of Massachusetts. Among the 
portraits of the speakers of the National house of 
representatives at the capitol in Washington there 
is a flue oil-painting of Gen. Varnum by Charles L. 
Elliott, a gift from the state of Massachusetts. — A 
grandson of Joseph B., Joseph Bradley, lawyer, 
b. in Washington, D. C. 9 June. 1818; d. in Astoria, 
N. Y.. 31 Dec, 1874, was graduated at Yale in 1838, 
studied law at Yale and with Roger B. Taney in 
Baltimore, Md., and after admission to the' bar 
practised in that, city for several years. He then 
removed to New York city and acquired a large 

f>ractice. He was a memlier of the New York 
egislature from 1849 till 1851, being chosen speaker 
of the assembly for the latter year. In 1852 he 
was the Whig candidate for congress in his dis- 
trict. He was a member of the assembly again in 
1857. In 1871 he took an active part in the agita- 
tion against corruption in the government of New 
York city. He was a contributor to magazines and 
newspapers, and published in book-form " The Seat 
of Government of the United States" (New York, 
1848) and "The Washington Sketch- Book." 

VARONA, Enrique Jose" (vah-ro -nah), Cuban 
author, b. in Puerto Principe, Cuba, in 1849. He 
received his education in his native city and began 
his literary career in 1864 as a contributor to re- 
views. In 1874 he fixed his residence in Havana, 
dividing his time between teaching and journal- 
ism. In 1885 he was elected representative for 
Puerto Principe in the Spanish cortes. In '1885 
he founded the " Revista Cubana," a literary, sci- 
entific, ami philosophical review, which is consid- 
ered one of the best in the Spanish language. His 
works include " Odas Anaereonticas " (Puerto 
Principe, 1808) ; " Poesias " (Havana, 1878) ; " Pai- 
sajes Cubanos " (1819) ; 44 Conferencias filosoficas ; 
Ijogica" (1880); "Conferencias filosoficas ; Psi- 
cologia"(1881); "Estudios Liternrios y filosoficos " 
(1883); and "Seis Conferencias" (Barcelona, 1887). 
His 44 Logica" has Ik en translated into French. 

VARR1CK, James, A. M. E. Zion bishop, b. 
near Newburg, N. Y., about 1700; d. in 1830. 
He with eight other members of the Methodist 
church obtained permission from Bishop Francis 



Asbury to hold separate meetings for his race. 
They met in a shop in New York city for thret 
years, and in 1800 the society was incori>orated 
under the name of the African Methodist Epis- 
copal Zion church, their first church l>eing com- 
pleted the same year. This was the origin of Zion 
church in this country, of which James Varrick 
was one of the earliest trustees. In 1820 he was 
elected one of the first two elders of the church, 
in the following year chairman of the New York 
conference district, and in 1822 he was made the 
first suf>erinteiident or bishop, his term of service 
expiring in 1828. 

VASCONCELLOS, Andres de (vas-cone-thayl- 
los), Portuguese navigator, b. in Yelves about 
the end of the 15th century; d. in Portugal in 
the first half of the 10th century, ne was an 
ex|>ert mariner, and sailed in 1538 in the ex- 
pedition of Hernando de Soto as captain of the 
•* Buena Fortuna." After the landing of Soto at 
Tampa, Vasconcellos explored the coast as far as 
the bay of Appalachee, where he landed the rest of 
his stores, and when Soto went into winter-quarters 
in 1539, Vasconcellos sailed around the coast of 
Florida, taking astronomical observations, and 
landing often to explore the country. On his re- 
turn to Appalachee, he found the adelantado gone, 
sailed for Cuba, and thence for Europe, where he 
wrote an account of his voyage, with accurate de- 
tails about the formation of the coast and astro- 
nomical observations on the position and distance 
of many points, giving also an interesting descri 4 .)- 
tion of the fruits, birds, and quadrupeds of the 
countrv. His work 44 Relncilo da viagem do almi- 
rante f)om Hernando de Soto, desenpeffo da pro- 
vincia da Florida" is preserved in the original 
manuscript in the library of the Duke de Sesa. 
An anonymous translation was published in French 
under the title 44 Histoire de la Floride par le sieur 
Andre de Vasconcellos " (Paris. 1085), and there is a 
Spanish translation entitled 44 Historia de la Florida 
del Hidalgo de Yelves " (Seville, 1545). 

VASCONCELLOS, Simon, Portuguese histo- 
rian, b. in Coimbra in 1599; d. in the province of 
Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1070. He early became a 
Jesuit, was attached for about forty years to the 
Brazilian missions, founded several convents in 
the country, and became assi«4ant visitor of the 
order. He wrote three valuable works. 44 Cronica 
de la Compafiio de Jesn en el Brazil " (Lisl>on, 
1003); 44 Vida de Joao Almeydo " (1005) ; and 44 Vida 
de Jose Anchieta " (1000);' and left several inter- 
esting manuscripts, which are preserved in the 
Brazilian state archives. 

VASEY, George, botanist, b. near Scarborough, 
Yorkshire, England, 28 Feb., 1822. He came to 
this country when a child, ami was graduated at 
Berkshire medical college, Pittsfield, Ma*<s,, in 
1848. Settling in the practice of his profession 
in Illinois, he continued it for twenty years. In 
April, 1872, he was appointed botanist to the de- 
partment of agriculture in Washington. His pub- 
lished works, issued under government auspices, 
include A Descriptive Catalogue of the Native 
Forest Trees of the United States " (Washington, 
1870) ; 44 The Grasses of the United States, a Synop- 
sis of the Tribes, with Descriptions of the Genera" 
(1883); "The Agricultural Grasses of the United 
States" (1884); 44 A Descriptive Catalogue of the 
Grasses of the United States" (1885); 44 Report of 
an Investigation of the Grasses of the And Dis- 
tricts" (2 parts, 1880-'7); and "Grasses of the 
South" (1887). 

VASQUEZ, Franclseo (vas'-kayth). Central 
American historian, b. in Guatemala about 1000; 



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VASSAR 



263 



d. there about 1660. He entered the Franciscan 
order and was attached to the missions in Chiapa, 
where he labored with great success for about 
twenty -five years, founded several missions, be- 
came "chronicler of his order, and established the 
Franciscan province of Nicaragua. Ho left a valu- 
able manuscript, •* Cronica de la provincia del 
Santisirao Nombre de Jesus, del orden de San 
Francisco de Guatemala, y de las misiones en la 
provincia de Chiapa** (2 vols., Guatemala, 1714 
and 1716), in which he recounts the entrance of 
the Spaniards into Guatemala, narrates the stages 
of the conquest, and gives valuable information 
about the foundation of Chiapa, and concerning 
the missionaries that wrote in the aboriginal lan- 
guages of Guatemala and Chiapa. 

VASQUEZ, Francisco Pablo, Mexican R. C. 
bishop, b. in Atlixco in 1769; d. in Cholula in 1847. 
He was educated in the Palafoxiano seminary of 
Puebla, where he studied philosophy, and in 1788 
was graduated at the University of Mexico, where 
he obtained in 1789 the chair of philosophy. He 
was given the degree of doctor in theology in 
1795, appointed to the parish of San Geronimo 
Coatepec, and made secretary of the diocese of 
Puebla. In 1818 he was elected canon of the 
cathedral, and in 1825 the government appointed 
him minister to the pope, to obtain the recognition 
of the republic ana arrange a convention. He 
sailed for London, and afterward went to Paris, 
and in December, 1828, received new instructions 
in Florence. His negotiations with Pius VIII., and 
afterward with Gregory XVI., ended in a satis- 
factory treaty between the apostolic see and the 
government of the republic. He was consecrated 
bishop of Puebla in Rome by Cardinal Odescalchi 
in March, 1831, and returned to Mexico. He 
founded the correctional asylum for women, im- 
proved the hospital, and favored all the charitable 
institutions of Puebla. He translated Clavigero's 
**Storia Antica del Messico " and Voltaire's Let- 
tres de quelques juifs A lie man ds et Polonais " into 
Spanish (Mexico, 1842). 

VASSAR, Matthew, philanthropist, b. in the 
parish of Tuddenham, Norfolk, England. 29 April, 
1792; d. in Poughkcepsie, N. Y.. 23 June, 1868. 
His father, James Vassar, of French ancestry, 

who was a dis- 
senter of the Bap- 
tist communion, 
emigrated with 
his wife and chil- 
dren and an un- 
married brother, 
Thomas, to this 
country. He 
reached New 
York in 1796, 
and, after spend- 
ing a few months 
in exploring the 
country, settled 
in the spring of 
1797 on a farm 
in the neighbor- 
hood of rough- 
keepsie. Here the 
Vassar family, 
having brought the art with them from England, 
began the brewing of ale first for their own con- 
sumption and then to meet the demands of their 
neighbors. These demands grew so rapidly that in 
1801 James Vassar removed to Poughkeepsie and 
there conducted the brewing business on an exten- 
sive scale. His son, Matthew, finally succeeded to 




this business, and in it acquired the large fortune 
that he ultimately devotea mainly to the higher 
education of women. In 1845, after many years of 
diligent and prosperous labor, he visited Europe and 
spent nearly twelve months in travelling over Great 
Britain, Ireland, and the continent. Having no 
children, he was already meditating as to the man- 
ner in which he should dispose of his fortune so as 
best to promote the welfare of society. Circum- 
stances finally determined him to erect and endow 
a college for young women which should be to 
their sex what Harvard and Yale were to young 
men. In the execution of this purpose Mr. Vas- 
sar was a pioneer in a field that now abounds in 
imitators. In January, 1861, he obtained from 
the legislature an act to incorporate Vassar col- 
lege, and in February following, at a meeting of 
the board of trustees' which he selected, he trans- 
ferred to their custody the sum of $400,000. At 
his death this was increased by the bequests of his 
will to more than $800,000. In the earlier years 
of his career Mr. Vassar gave much to various 
charities. A handsome house of worship for the 
Baptist church of Poughkeepsie, to whicn he was 
warmly attached, was ouilt mainlv by his contri- 
butions. His death occurred suddenly on com- 
mencement-day while he was engaged in reading 
his annual address to the trustees. — His nephew, 
Matthew, philanthropist, son of John Guy Vas- 
sar, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 11 May, 1809; <L 
there, 10 Aug., 1881. At the age of twenty-two he 
accepted a partnership in his uncle's brewing 
business, and laid the foundation of a large for- 
tune. Thoueh his early education was limited, he 
became a well-informed man of sound judgment, 
positive convictions, and resolute energy, and ex- 
erted a commanding influence in the community 
in which he lived. He was active in various local 
institutions and charities, but rendered especially 
valuable service in his care of the college that his 
uncle had founded. He was one of its original 
trustees, and its treasurer until the time of his 
death, devoting, without salary, to the duties of 
this office and the general interests of the college 
several hours of each day for sixteen years. He 
endowed two professorships that bear his name in 
Vassar college, contributing for t his purpose $100,- 
000, and also bequeathed to the college $50,000 as 
a beneficiary fund. In conjunction with his 
brother. John Guy, he built and equipped the Vas- 
sar brothers' laboratory connected witn the college 
at a cost of $20,000. In the city of Poughkeepsie 
he and his brother erected and endowed the Vas- 
sar brothers' home for aged men, the Vassar broth- 
ers' scientific and literary institute, and the Vassar 
brothers' hospital, of which the last named was 
completed after his death. His various benefac- 
tions amounted to about $500,000. By his exer- 
tions a branch of the New York society for the 
prevention of cruelty to animals was established in 
Poughkeepsie, and he became its president. He 
also gave much to the Baptist church of Pough- 
keepsie. of which he was a life -long member. 
— Ihe second Matthew's brother. John Guy, phi- 
lanthropist, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. 15 June, 
1811 ; d. there, 27 Oct., 1888, was early associ- 
ated with his uncle in the brewing business, and 
shared its prosperity. Infirm health prevented 
his steady application to business, and he spent 
thirty years abroad, during which he travelled over 
a large part of the globe. He gave an account 
of these travels in a published volume entitled 
"Twenty Years Around the World" (1861). He 
is one of the original trustees of Vassar college, be- 
ing selected for that position by its founder. Be- 



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264 



VATRY 



VAUBLANC 



sides his joint benefactions with his brother, which 
are recorded above, he has made a conditional 
gift of $20,000 to the college that bears the family 
name. His later years have been earnestly devoted 
to the completion and equipment of the Vassar 
brothers' hospital. — The first Matthew's cousin, 
John Ellison, lay preacher, b. near Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y., 13 Jan., 1813; d. in Poughkeepsie, 6 Dec., 
1878, was the son of Thomas Vassar. In early life 
he was employed in the brewery of Matthew Vas- 
sar, but, having become a religious man of very 
earnest convictions, he left the service of his cousin 
and devoted his entire life to self-sacrificing labors 
for the good of others. He was employed in 1850 
by the American tract society as a colporteur, his 
first missionary work being in Illinois and other 
western states. Subsequently New York and New 
England were his field of service. During the 
civu war he was at the front, engaged in religious 
labors of all kinds among the soldiers. Just be- 
fore the battle of Gettysburg he was captured by 
Gen. James E. B. Stuart's cavalry, who were glad 
to let him go to escape his importunate exhorta- 
tions and prayers. At the conclusion of the war 
he visi*ed, in the service of the Tract soeietv, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. 
Few men of his day travelled more extensively or 
were more widely known than 44 Uncle John Vas- 
sar," as he was everywhere called. His extraordi- 
nary mental gifts, in connection with his zeal, 
made him a lay preacher that was rarely equalled. 
An account of his life has been published by the 
Rev. Thomas E. Vassar (New York, 1879).— John 
Ellison's nephew. Thomas Edwin, clergyman, b. 
in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 3 Dec, 1834, is son of 
William Vassar. His plans for entering college 
were frustrated by family misfortunes, and he was 
ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1857, without 
the advantages of a formal education. He has 
been successively settled as pastor at Amenia, 
N. Y., Lvnn, Mass., Flemington, N. J., and 
Newark, K. J., and is now in Kansas City. Mo. He 
ww for one year chaplain of the 150th New York 
regiment, and was at several battles, including 
Gettysburg. He is the author of a memoir of his 
cousin, John Ellison Vassar. entitled " Uncle John 
Vassar" (New York, 1879), of which about 20,000 
copies have been sold in America and England. 
He has received the degree of D. D. 

VATRY, Marc Antolne Bourdon (van-tree). 
Baron de. French statesman, b. in Saint-Maur, 1 
near Paris, 21 Nov., 1761 ; d. in Paris, 22 April, ! 
1828. He was secretary to Count De Grasse in ' 
1780-*2, was at Yorktown, and wrote for theadmi- i 
ralty an account of the naval operations in the ■ 
Gulf of Mexico and on the coast of North Ameri- | 
ca. After the battle of Dominica, 12 April, 1782. | 
in which he was wounded and where Count De 
Grasse was made a prisoner, he became secretary 
of Marquis Louis Philippe de Vaudreuil, who suc- 
ceeded De Grasse in the command of the French 
forces. He was charged with the embarkation at 
Boston of Rocham beau's army for Santo Domingo, 
and when peace was concluded in 1783 he was ap- 
pointed chief of the colonial bureau in the navy 
department. He was employed later at Antwerp, 
was secretary of the navv in 1798-1N00, and was 
then named minister to the United States. By a 
subsequent decree he was appointed commissary- 
general of the Low Countries, and a few months 
later transferred to Havre as maritime prefect. 
He opposed the expedition of Gen. Leclerc to San- 
to Domingo, of which ho foresaw the consequences, 
and it is said that Bonaparte answered his objec- 
tions and those of the engineer Fairfait with the 



significant words : 44 1 want to get rid of the 60,000 
republican soldiers of Moreau's army." During his 
administration as prefect of Avignon and afterward 
of Genoa he built several monuments, constructed 
bridges and dams, and opened high-roads. He be- 
came under-secretary of the navy and colonies in 
1814. and retired to private life after the second 
restoration of Louis X VIII. in 1815. His works in- 
clude 44 Expose des operations de 1'armee navale du 
Comte de Grasse de 1780 a 1782 " (Paris, 1785). 

VATTEMARE, Alexandre, founder of the sys- 
tem of international exchanges, b. in Paris, 8 Nov., 
1796: d. there, 7 April, 1864. He became a sur- 
geon, and in 1814 was sent to conduct Prussian 
prisoners of war to Berlin. Afterward, being with- 
out resources, he became a professional ventrilo- 
quist, and under the name of Monsieur Alexandre 
was well known throughout Europe and appeared 
as such in this country. Subsequently he gave 
up this occupation to urge the adoption of his 
system of commercial exchanges. At first this 
aimed simply at a systematic exchange of dupli- 
cates between libraries, especially of government 
publications, but he afterward extended it to in- 
clude art-obiects, maps, specimens of natural his- 
tory, and other similar articles. He came to this 
country in 1839 and again in 1847, and was granted 
money "by congress and by the legislatures of sev- 
eral states to further his scheme, which met with 
more success here than in Europe. His manners 
were captivating, and in his addresses he indulged 
in the most extravagant flattery of the United 
I States, promising that by his exertions 44 the veil 
of ignorance which shuts out your country from 
view will fall and she will stand in the eyes of Eu- 
rope in her true dignity and glory." He also held 
out the prospect that 44 a rattlesnake or a lizard 
may procure a copy of the Venus de Medicis." He 
was the means of adding 300,000 volumes to the 
libraries of this country ; but he lacked judgment 
and system, and his scheme was ultimately a fail- 
ure. His plan of establishing a government bureau 
i in Paris in connection with it was not regarded 
with favor, and he died a disappointed man. — His 
son, Hippolyte, who has contributed to current 
literature in France, notably a series of biographi- 
cal sketches of American soldiers in the 44 Revue 
contemporaine," has unsuccessfully endeavored to 
revive his father's project 

VAUBLANC, Vincent Marie Vlenot (vo- 
blong). Count de. West Indian statesman, b. in Fort 
Dauphin, Hayti, 2 March, 1756 : d. in Paris, France, 
21 Aug., 1845. He received his education at the 
military school of Ija Flechc in France in 1770-*4, 
and entered the army as lieutenant in the 44 La 
Sarre" regiment. From 1776 till 1782 he served 
in Santo Domingo, but he resigned in the latter 
year, was returned to the legislative assembly in 
1791, elected its president on 14 Nov., and in 
1792 defended at the bar of the assembly Count de 
Rochambeau. and secured his acquittal by recall- 
ing the services that he had performed in the 
United States. He strongly favored the motion 
for the enfranchisement of the slaves in the French 
colonies in America, and defending at the tribune 
the conclusions of the commis>ion, secured on 9 
April, 1792, the passage of the law to that effect. 
In 1796, as a memlier of the council of five hun- 
dred, he assailed the colonial administration, and 
secured the recall of Felicitc" Sonthonax from 
Santo Domingo. Being outlawed after the coup 
d'etat of 4 Sent., 1797, he went to Italy, and, after 
his return to France in 1799, became a member of 
the corps legislatif in 1800, and its president in 1804. 
In 1805 he was appointed prefect of the department 



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VAUDREUIL 



265 



of Moselle, and in 1813 he was made a count of the 
empire. Under Louis XVIII. he was councillor 
of state, and secretary of the interior in the Riche- 
lieu cabinet from 24 Sept., 1815, till 8 May, 1816. 
In 1820 he was returned as a deputy bv the de- 
partment of Calvados, and from 1820 tifl 1830 he 
was delegate of the colony of Guadeloupe to the 
king. He urged the establishment ot a maritime 
enlrepdt in the Antilles, and also advocated several 
changes in the judiciary and administration of the 
colonies. After the accession of Louis Philippe 
to the throne of France in 1830, he retired to pri- 
vate life. His works include •* Du commerce mari- 
time conside>e sous le rapport des colonies " (1828) : 
*• Meraoires et souvenirs (2 vols., 1839); and ** De 
la navigation des colonies " (1843). 

VAUDREUIL, Philippe de Rlgaud, Marquis 
de t governor of Canada, b. in the castle of Vau- 
dreuil, near Castelnaudary, France, in 1640 ; d. in 
(Quebec, 11 Oct., 1725. He was a brigadier-gen- 
eral in the French army, and distinguished him- 
self at the siege of Valenciennes. He was sent to 
Canada as commander of the forces, and was then 
known as Chevalier de Vaudreuil. With 300 men 
he went to the relief of Montreal during the massa- 
cre of Lachine, and served under Frontenac in his 
expedition against the Iroquois. He was engaged in 
1690 in the defence of (Quebec against the attack 
of Admiral PIudds, and in 1693 surprised and de- 
feated LaChauaiere Noire, the. most astute and ter- 
rible of the Iroquois chiefs. In 1702 he obtained 
a seigniory, and was appointed governor of Mon- 
treal, and in 1703 he became governor of Canada 
as successor to M. de Callieres. In 1710 he en- 
gaged in the defence of Quebec, and at the same 
time made preparations for the relief of Montreal. 
After Louis XV. became king, Vaudreuil effected 
many reforms in the colony, and his measures, 
civil or military, were usually successful. — His 
eldest son, Louis Philippe de' Rigaud, Marquis 
de, French naval officer, o. in Quebec, Canada, in 
1691 ; d. in Rochefort, France, 27 Nov., 1763, en- 
tering the Canadian militia at the age of sixteen, 
rose rapidly in the service, and held the rank 
of major at the death of his father. He then 
returned to France, ioined the navy as lieutenant, 
and was again employed in Canada for several 
years. In 1738 he was post-captain and com- 
manded the navv in Canada. During the war for 
the succession of Austria he fought at Cape Bre- 
ton, and for his valor at the battle off Cape Finis- 
terre, 25 Oct.. 1747. was promoted chef a'escadre. 
Louis XV. caused Carl Van Loo to paint a picture 
that represented Vaudreuil disengaging the flag- 
ship when it was surrounded by superior forces, 
ana a copy was presented to the officer, while the 
original is still preserved in the museum at Ver- 
sailles. He was promoted lieutenant-general in 
1758, fought with credit in the seven years' war. 
defended Marie-Oalante in the West Indies against 
the English, and was governor of Santo Domingo 
in 1761-'2 : — -Another son, Pierre Francois, Mar- 
quis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, governor of Canada, 
b. in Quebec in 1698 ; d. in Paris, France 20 Oct., 
1765, founded the branch of Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, 
and was first known as Chevalier de Cavagnal. lie 
entered the military service, and attained the rank 
of major in the marine corps. In 1733 he was ap- 
pointed governor of Three Rivers, and in 1742 of 
Louisiana, in which capacities he gained great popu- 
larity. In 1755 he was appointed governor of Can- 
ada. His relations with Montcalm, commander of 
the troops in Canada were unfriendly, and this lack 
of harmony between the highest civil and military 
authorities in the colony doubtless tended to hasten 



the end of French power in North America. In 
September, 1759, the British defeated Montcalm 
and captured Quebec, and in the spring of 1760 
Vaudreuil capitulated to Gen. Amherst at Mon- 
treal. Gen. Levis, who was in command of the 
troops at Montreal at the time of the surrender, 
opposed the capitulation ; but opposition was use- 
less. Such, however, was not the view that was 
taken of the capitulation and of some other of 
Vaudreuil's official actions by the home authorities, 
and on his return to France* he was imprisoned in 
the Bastile on charges preferred by friends of Mont- 
calm. He was afterward tried before the Chatelet 
de Paris, the result being that the allegations were 
shown to be baseless, and he was absolved from all 
blame in his administration of the affairs of Cana- 
da, lie was consequently released from imprison- 
ment, but with the loss of nearly all his money and 
propertv.— Another son, Pierre Francois de Ri- 
gaud, Chevalier de Vaudreuil, b. in Quebec in 
1704; d. in Versailles, France, in 1772, was a 
brave and capable officer. He took Fort Massa- 
chusetts from the British, gained a victory over 
Col. Parker on Lake St. Sacreincnt, sunk twenty 
bateaux, and took five officers and 160 men prison- 
ers. He visited France, prevailed on the gov- 
ernment to despatch Montcalm, Levis, Bourla- 
maque, and Bougainville to Canada, and assembled 
at St. John the army that subsequentlv besieged 
the forts at Oswego and Ontario, and made the 
last attempt to detach the Iroquois from the Brit- 
ish in 1757. He was successively lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of Quebec, and governor of Three Rivers 
and Montreal. — Louis Philippe's son, Louis Phil- 
ippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, naval 
officer, b. in Quebec, 28 Oct., 1724; d. in Paris, 
France, 14 Dec., 
1802, entered the 
navy as midship- 
man in 1740, and 
rose rapidly in the 
service, being pro- 
moted ensign in 
1747 and captain 
in 1754. On 19 
May, 1759, he 
fought a brilliant 
engagement with 
the English, and 
was made Knight 
of St. Louis. He 
was promoted post 
captain, adminis- 
tered the govern- 
ment of the island 
La Desirade, in 
the West Indies, 
in 1765- 8, was made brigadier of the naval forces 
in 1773, and chef d'escadre early in 1777. He com- 
manded a division under Count d'Orvilliers at the 
battle of Ouessant, 27 July, 1778, and in December, 
1778, took charge at Brest of .a squadron of two 
ships of the line, two frigates, and three corvettes. 
After storming Fort St. Louis, in Senegal, and se- 
curing rich prizes on the African coast, he conveyed 
troops to Martinique and Santo Domingo, and, join- 
ing Count d'Estaing's army, participated in the 
capture of Grenada and in the attack on St. Lucia. 
He assisted also in the siege of Savannah in 1779, 
and assumed command of the fleet when the ad- 
miral led the French columns to the assault. Re- 
turning to Brest toward the close of the year, he 
escorted a convoy of troops to Santo Domingo in 
February, 1780, escaping by skilful manoeuvring 
the superior fleet of Admiral Kempenfclt, and 




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VAUGHAN 



VAUGHAN 



brought safely several prizes to Fort Roval, Mar- 
tinique. Joining Count de Guichen's fleet, he 
commanded the first division at the engagements 
with the Enslish in the channel of Dominica on 
17 April and 15 and 19 May, 1780, which resulted 
in a victory for the French. In July following 
he was given the grand cross of St. Louis and 
made governor of Santo Domingo, but he soon 
resigned, as he preferred active service at sea, 
and took command of a division in Count de 
Grasse's fleet, assisting in the engagement with Ad- 
miral Graves in Chesapeake bay and in the siege 
of Yorktown. At the battle in the channel of the 
Saintes islands, 12 April, 1782, he escorted the 
convoy that was destined to attack Jamaica, but 
was unable to take part in the action. Count de 
Grasse attributing nis capture to Vaudreuil, the 
latter was court-martialed at Lorient in March, 
1784 : but the finding of the court, 21 May. 1784, 
was that " Vaudreuil's conduct during all the cir- 
cumstances of the battle deserved nothing but 
praise." He was promoted lieutenant-general, 14 
Aug., 1782, and in December following carried 
Rochambeau's army from Boston and Providence 
to Santo Domingo. He was elected to the states- 
general in 1789 by the nobility of Castelnaudary. 
served as a member on the naval committee of the 
assembly, and during the night of 5 to 6 Oct., 
1789, forcing an entrance in the palace of Ver- 
sailles with a few officers, protected the royal 
family from outrage and kept the mob at bay till 
the arrival of succor. In 1791 he emigrated to 
London, but he returned to Paris in 1800. and was 
granted by Napoleon Bonaparte a pension on the 
retired list of the navy.— Philippe's grandson, 
Jean Francois de Rlgaud de Paule, Count de, 
better known as Count de Paule- Vaudreuil, 
French soldier, b. in Port au Prince, Santo Do- 
mingo, 2 March. 1740; d. in Paris, 10 Jan.. 1817, 
was the son of Jean Paul Francois, governor of 
Santo Domingo and other French possessions in 
the West Indies for several years. The son en- 
tered the navy and served during the seven years' 
war, in 1756-'03, as aide-de-camp to Marshal 
Prince de Soubise, attaining the rank of lieuten- 
ant-general. He was a great favorite at court, 
and was made grand falconer by Louis XVI. He 
emigrated in 1789 to Turin with the Count d'Ar- 
tois, accompanying the latter everywhere till the 
restoration of 1814, when he was created a peer of 
France and appointed governor of the royal palace 
of the Louvre.— Another grandson, Jean Louis 
de Rigaud, Count de, French soldier, b. in Cape 
Francais in 1702; d. in Paris. 20 April. 1816, 
entered the army in 1777 as lieutenant, went to 
America with Rochambeau, served as aide-de- 
camp to Chevalier de Chastellux, and was at York- 
town in October, 1781. He was promoted colonel 
in 1785, emigrated to Germany in 1789, served in the 
army of Conde, and after the restoration of Louis 
XVIII. became master of the king's wardrobe. 

VAUttHAN, Benjamin, political economist, b. 
in Jamaica, West Indies, during a temporary resi- 
dence of his parents on the island, 19 April, 1751 ; 
d. in Hallowell, Me., 8 Dec, 1835. He was the 
eldest son of Samuel Vaughan, of London, a West 
India merchant and planter. His mother was 
Sarah Hallowell, daughter of Benjamin Hallowell. 
a merchant of Boston, Mans. He was educated by 
Dr. Priestley, and at the University of Cambridge. 
As early as 1778 he wrote on polit ical subiects. He 
studied medicine at Edinburgh, taking his degree 
in May, 1781. and on 30 June married Sarah, 
daughter of William Manning, of Ijondon. a West 
India merchant and planter, grandfather of Cardi- 




\ 



nal Manning. He became the partner of Mr. Man- 
ning, and remained with the house in active busi- 
ness until 1794. Through his American connections 
and his scientific pursuits he early became intimate 
with Benjamin Franklin. His relations with 
Franklin, his con- 
nection with Hen- 
ry Laurens (whose 
son married Miss 
Manning), and his 
friendship with 
Ijord Shelburne 
brought him into 
active participa- 
tion in the conduct 
of the negotiations 
for peace between 
England and the 
United States in 
1782. But he never 
assumed any offi- 
cial part in these ne- 
gotiations. There 
is some evidence 
that communica- 
tions from Paris, 
concerning the possibilities of peace, passed from 
Franklin to Shelburne, through Laurens and 
Vaughan, as early as March, 1782, before Lord 
North's resignation. Late in March, after the for- 
mation of the Rockingham ministry. Lord Shel- 
burne (then secretary for the colonies) requested 
Vaughan to persuade I^aurens to go to Holland with 
his brother, William Vaughan, to ascertain from 
John Adams what means were necessary for peace. 
By sending messengers in three directions at once, 
Vaughan succeeded in finding Laurens, who was 
persuaded to undertake the mission. . Fox, secretary 
lor foreign affairs, desired to get these negotiations 
into his own hands, being jealous of Shelburne, and 
attempted to obtain the same service from Laurens, 
but had been forestalled by Vaughan. At the same 
time, being consulted by Lord Shelburne as to the 
best person to send to Paris to open formal negoti- 
ations with Franklin, Vaughan suggested Richard 
Oswald, who was at once sent to Paris, crossing the 
channel in the same packet with Laurens. Oswald 
was afterward formally commissioned negotiator 
for England, and returned to France; but owingto 
jealousies between him and Grcnville, sent by Fox, 
Franklin became very guarded in his intercourse, 
and, before Lord Shelburne became prime minister, 
Vaughan seems to have gone to Pans at his request 
to attempt to allay Franklin's suspicions. After 
Lord Rockingham s death, during the formation 
of the Shelburne cabinet. Lord Shelburne offered 
Vaughan an official appointment, which he de- 
clined ; but he consented to go again to Paris in 
July to see Franklin, to assure hnn of Lord Shel- 
burne's genuine desire to conclude a peace, and to 
remove any obstacles arising from Fox's attack in 
the commons on Shelburne's sincerity. Being suc- 
cessful in this, he remained in Paris, at Franklin's 
request, and by Lord Shelburne's express desire, in 
order to receive certain communications which 
Franklin desired to make to Shelburne concerning 
reconciliation. This, however, the course of the 
negotiation rendered unnecessary, and they were 
never formally written out. Oswald was ignorant 
that Vaughan was in Paris at Shelburne's request, 
and, becoming jealous, he wrote Shelburne, accus- 
ing Vaughan of meddling. Diplomatic require- 
ments prevented Shelburne from permitting Os- 
wald to know of his independent communications 
through Vaughan, and from clearly explaining to 



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him Vaughan 's true position. Oswald therefore 
remained in ignorance (apparently through life) 
that during the whole transaction Vaughan was 
actively engaged in his work of removing obstacles 
to the peace on both sides, at the express desire of 
both parties to the negotiation. Hence the corre- 
spondence of Oswald and Shelburne gives, on both 
sides, an erroneous impression as to Vaughan. 
Vaughan became well acquainted with Jay, on the 
latter's arrival in Paris, 2$ June, and much com- 
munication between Franklin and Jay in Pans, and 
Shelburne in England, passed through Vaughan. 
On Vaughan *s return to London in August, he was 
again requested by Sheiburne to return to Paris and 
continue his efforts. While there, Vaughnn learned 
of Kayneval's secret mission to England, and wrote 
to Shelburne concerning it, 9 Sept. Two days 
later he wrote Shelburne a long letter, urging delay 
with liayneval, and immediate and independent 
action with the colonies, and showing the impor- 
tance of separating America from France, and the 
danger to peace of refusing to grant Jay's demand 
for a new commission to Oswald which should 
recognize the independence of the United States at 
once, instead of reserving independence to be one 
of the terms of the treaty itself. Following his 
letter to England a few hours later, at the urgent 
request of Jay, he had an interview with Shelburne, 
and, being asked whether a new commission was 
absolutely necessary," renewed his assurance that 
it was. The new commission was made out, and 
Vaughan was desired by Shelburne to return to 
France immediately. lie set out at once, taking 
with him in his chaise from London the royal 
messenger with the new commission, which recog- 
nized in its wording the independence of the United 
States of America. Vaughan remained in Paris 
during October and part of November, becoming 
acquainted with Adams, the fourth commissioner, 
who arrived in Paris on 25 Oct., and being the 
medium of much informal communication between 
the negotiators on both sides, esj)ecially concerning 
the refugees. In November he again returned to 
London, but was desired by Shelburne to go back 
to Paris. At this time Shelburne appears to havo 
been dissatisfied with his course; and the king, 
to whom Vaughan 's letters were submitted along 
with the official despatches, also expressed dissatis- 
faction at his stay. But the result of his work 
seems to have justified his course, for Franklin ex- 
pressly declared that, had it not been for Vaughan's 
letters and conversations, he would not have signed 
the clause in the treatv concerning the refugees— :v 
subject which, more than any other, threatened to 
wreck the whole negotiation. Shelburne must 
have become satisfied of this, for he again requested 
him to remain in Paris. Vaughan spent over seven 
months in these visits at Paris and in his journeys, 
but refused to receive any pay or even the reim- 
bursement of his expenses. 

From 1783 to 1794 Vaughan lived in London 
and in the country, with long visits t*> Paris, di- 
viding his time between active business and po- 
litical and scientific studies. His letters show 
Jeremv Kent ham, Sheridan. Sir Samuel Romilly, 
Grey, NVilberforce. M. de Narbonne, the bishop of 
Autun, and many others to have been among his 
guests, while his general corres|K>ndence em- 
braced an even wider cirele. His intimate relations 
with Franklin continued unbroken during life. He 
had long before edited the first publication of 
Franklin's writings in London, and through his 
influence in these later years Franklin was induced 
to publish his memoirs. During this time Vaughan 
published papers under the signature of the " Calm 



Observer." reprinted in book-form (London, 1793). 
and translated into French and German. lie was 
returned to parliament in 1792. and remained in 
the house nearly two years. He was opposed to 
any attempt to disturb the existing form of govern- 
ment in his own country ; but as the French revo- 
lution developed, the popular tide in England set 
strongly against those men who had shown sym- 
pathy with its earlier stages, and more rigorous 
laws were demanded against those suspected of 
sympathizing with what were called revolutionary 
ideas. Vaughan, from his place in parliament, was 
well known to Pitt as one of the active opponents 
of the administration. Under these circumstances 
he decided to leave England for the continent until 
times had again become settled, and accordingly 
in 1794 he went to France, and afterward to 
Switzerland. While in France he was several 
times suspected of being an English spy. In 
Switzerland he devoted himself to political corre- 
spondence and literary pursuits. He was assured 
by Pitt that he could at anv time return to Eng- 
land with safctv, but he had become so much inter- 
ested in republican principles that he determined 
to live in the United States. He accordingly went 
direct to Boston, and lived for a short time at 
Little Cambridge (now Brighton), whence he re- 
moved to Maine, and settled on lands descended to 
him from his mother, Sarah Hallowell, on Kenne- 
bec river, in what is now the town of Hallowell. 
Here he spent the remainder of his life, improving 
his estate, advocating conservative political views, 
working in his library, writing literary and polit- 
ical articles, and carrying on an extensive corre- 
spondence. Here, for the first time, he practised 
his profession, visiting only among the poor, and 
usually supplying medicines as well as advice 
without charge. Besides the articles written in 
England on political and scientific subjects, he also 
published, under the title of " Klyogg, or the Rural 
I Socrates," the result of his researches in Switzer- 
land, concerning the life of James Gouver, the 
agricultural philosopher (Hallowell, Me., 1806). At 
Hallowell he published anonymously various polit- 
ical articles, and also prepared two historical pa- 
pers at President Adams's reouest — one concern- 
ing the northeast boundary, tne other giving the 
writer's surmises of the manner in which Turgot's 
memoirs came into the possession of Lord Shel- 
burne several years before their publication. All 
that he wrote was either published anonymously, 
or over a fictitious signature, or was not written 
for publication, and nis literary labors have re- 
mained generally unknown. He was an indefati- 
gable worker, and spent much of his time during 
his later life among his l>ooks, which, when he 
came to Hallowell, were fewer by only two thousand 
than the library of Harvard college at that time. 
, He received the honorary degree of LL. 1). from 
j Harvard in 1807, and from Bowdoin in 1812— His 
I brother, Charles, merchant, b. in England, 30 
I June, 1759: d. in Hallowell, Me., 15 May, 1839. 
i after spending some years in Jamaica, came to 
the United States in 1780, and settled in Hallo- 
I well. He had charge of large tracts of land 
owned by his father and by his maternal grand- 
father, Benjamin Hallowell, and devoted himself 
to encouraging the settlement of the Kennebec 
region. In furtherance of this object he visited 
England in the autumn of 1790, and spent several 
months in establishing business relations with 
merchants in London and other ports. Returning 
in June, 1791, he married, in Boston. Frances 
I Western Apthorp, established himself there as a 
| merchant, and had for several years an extensive 



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trade with ports of England and of the East and 
West Indies, exporting chiefly the products of the 
Kennebec region. He was one of the trustees of 
Hallowell academy, incorporated in 1791, and one 
of the founders of the Boston library society, in- 
corporated in 1794 He built, in Hallowell, houses, 
mills, stores, a distillery, a brewery, and a printing- 
office, and established a seaport at Jones's Eddy, 
near the mouth of the Kennebec, where he con- 
structed a costly wet dock for ship-timber. In 
Boston he was associated with Charles Bulfinch 
(his brother-in-law) and William Scollay, in the 
important Franklin street improvement in 1793, 
where they drained and graded a boggy pasture, 
and built a block of sixteen houses, known as the 
*' Crescent," which was the first brick block erected 
in Boston. A semi-oval space was inclosed in the 
middle of the street, which Mr. Vaughan, convey- 
ing in 1794 a part of his interest in the block, pro- 
vided should forever remain unoccupied by build- 
ings. Meeting with serious reverses in 1798, he 
surrendered his property to his creditors, and in 
1799 returned to Hallowell, engaged actively in 
agricultural pursuits, being also employed as agent 
for large non-resident owners of lana in various 
parts of Maine, and devoted his energies to pro- 
moting the prosperity of the region. His impor- 
tations of horned cattle, sheep, and swine, of the 
most approved breeds, as well as of choice varie- 
ties of wheat and other seeds, had a marked influ- 
ence in the development of the agricultural and 
stock-breeding interests of Maine, 

VAUGHAN, Daniel, scientist, b. in Ireland 
about 1821 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in Apnl, 1879. 
He received an excellent education, and possessed 
great mathematical ability. When about sixteen 
years of age he came to this country and taught in 
bourbon county, Ky., meanwhile studying the 
higher branches of science by himself, but he sub- 
sequently settled in Cincinnati, where he devoted 
himself mainly to astronomy and the larger aspects 
of natural phenomena. He mastered the German, 
French, Italian, and Spanish languages, and also 
ancient and modern Greek. He contributed nearly 
fifty papers to the proceedings of learned societies 
ana to scientific oeriodicals at home and abroad. 
The last work of nis life was a series of astronomi- 
cal articles that were published in the "Popular 
Science Monthly." He issued in book-form " Popu- 
lar Physical Astronomy, or an Exposition of Re- 
markable Celestial Phenomena" (Cincinnati, 1858). 

VAUGHAN, Sir John, British soldier, b. in 
1738; d. in Martinique, W. I., 30 June. 1795. He 
was the second son of Wilmot. 3d Viscount Lis- 
burne, and entered the army in 1746 as cornet in 
the 10th dragoons. He was captain in the 17th 
foot in 1750. and afterward, as lieutenant-colonel, 
led a division of grenadiers with great credit at 
the capture of Martinique. On 11 May, 1775, he 
was made colonel of the 46th regiment, which had 
been ordered to this country, and he served here 
on the staff with the ranks of brigadier- and major- 
general, and from 1777, with the latter commission 
in full, in the British regular army. He led the 

f grenadiers in the battle of l»ng Island, and at the 
anding at New York he was wounded in the thiffh 
and for a time disabled from active service. lie 
commanded the right column of attack at Fort 
Clinton and Fort Montgomery, where his horse \ 
was killed under him. and was particularly men- ; 
tioned in orders by Sir Henry Clinton, who gave | 
the latter work the" name of Fort Vaughan in his | 
honor. With Sir James Wallace he sailed up | 
Hudson river in October, 1777, on a marauding | 
expedition on which he destroyed the town of j 



Kingston. In May. 1779. he captured Stony Point 
and Verplancks; but after the campaign of that 
year he returned to England, where, in December, 
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Lee- 
ward islands. On 3 Feb., 1781, with Admiral 
Rodney, he took St. Eustatius, and in 1782 he was 
made lieutenant-general. Gen. Vaughan had been 
made governor of Fort William in Scotland, but 
shortly afterward obtained the more lucrative post 
of Berwick, which he represented in four successive 
parliaments. In 1793 he received the order of the 
Bath. His death was sudden, and not without 
suspicion of poison. 

VAUGHAN, John, physician, b. in Uehland, 
Chester co.. Pa., 25 June, 1775; d. in Wilmington, 
Del., 25 March, 1807. His father, John, was a 
Baptist minister. The son was educated at Old 
Chester, studied medicine in Philadelphia under 
Dr. William Currie, and at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1793-'4, and in 1795-'9 practised in 
Christiana Bridge, Del., after which time he re- 
sided in Wilmington. He attained note in his 
profession, and numbered among his intimate 
friends and familiar correspondents Thomas Jeffer- 
son, Aaron Burr, John Dickerson, Carsar A. Rod- 
ney, and Dr. Benjamin Rush. He was a member 
of many scientific bodies, and in 1799-1800 deliv- 
ered a course of lectures on chemistry and natural 
philosophy at Wilmington. After 1806 he officiated 
occasionally as a Baptist preacher. Besides numer- 
ous articles in periodicals, Dr. Vaughan published 
an edition of Dr. Smith's "Letters," a "Chemical 
Syllabus," and " Observations on Animal Electricity 
in Explanation of the Metallic Operation of Dr. 
Perkins," a defence of Dr. Elisha Perkins's •* metal- 
lic tractors," of which he was a zealous advocate. 

VAUGHAN, John Apthorp, clergyman, b. in 
Little Cambridge (now Brighton), Mass., 13 Oct., 
1795; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 June, 1865. His 
father, Charles, came from England to this coun- 
try, and removed to Hallowell, Me., where the son 
received his first education. After graduation at 
Bowdoin in 1815, he went to London, and was for 
a time employed in the banking-house of his uncle, 
William Vaughan. Subsequently he took charge 
of a plantation that belonged to the Vaughan 
family in Jamaica, W. I., but returned to Hallo- 
well and opened there a school for girls, also study- 
ing divinity. In 1833 he was ordained deacon, and 
held charge of Trinity church in Saco, Me., and, 
after receiving priest's orders in 1834, he became 
rector of St. Peter's church, Salem, Mass. From 
1836 till 1842 he was secretary of the Protestant 
Episcopal board of foreign missions. Owing to 
impaired health he resigned this post, went to 
Georgia, and in 1844 settled in Philadelphia, where 
he was superintendent of the Institution for the 
blind in 1845-'8. In 1848 he established in that 
city a school for girls, which he abandoned in 
1854. From 1861 until 1865 he was professor of 
pastoral theology in the Philadelphia divinity- 
school, to which he presented a library of 1,200 
volumes. Kenyon gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1839. He published pamphlets, including one 
"On the General Missions of the Church " (1842). 

VAUGHAN, Sir William, poet, b. in Wales in 
1577: d. in Newfoundland about 1640. He was a 
physician, and in 1605 received the degree of LL. D. 
from Oxford. After purchasing land in New- 
foundland, he removed there about 1625, and es- 
tablished a plantation which he called Cambriol. 
To invite settlers from England he wrote his 
"Golden Fleece" (I^ondon, 1626). This is dedi- 
cated to King Charles I. and is written under the 
pen-name of Orpheus, Jr. It is a curious produo- 



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tion in prose and verse, and has been described as 
a " composition of the Puritan way of thinking 
ingrafted on the old classic machinery of Apollo 
and his court." lie also published "The New- 
lander's Cure," in which he gives some account of 
his Newfoundland settlement (1630), and "The 
Church Militant/' a labored historical poem (1040). 

VAUGHAN, William, soldier, b. in Ports- 
mouth, N. H., 12 Sept., 1703; d. in London, Eng- 
land, 11 Dec, 1746. His father, George (1676-1724). 
was graduated at Harvard in 1696 and was lieu- 
tenant-governor of New Hampshire in 1715-'17. 
The son was graduated at Harvard in 1722, be- 
came concerned in the fisheries, and settled in 
Damariscotta. He is one of the claimants for the 
honor of first suggesting the successful expedition 
against Louisburg. It is said that he made the 
suggestion to Gov. Benning Wentworth, of New 
Hampshire, who referred him to Gov. William 
Shirley, of Massachusetts. He took part as lieu- 
tenant-colonel in the expedition under Sir William 
Pepperell, and at the head of a detachment, chief- 
ly of New Hampshire troops, he marched by night 
to the northeastern part of the harbor, where he 
burned the warehouses and destroyed a large quan- 
tity of wine and brandy. The French were forced 
bv the smoke to desert the grand battery, of which 
Vaughan took possession next morning, and which 
he held till the fall of the city. He considered 
himself slighted in the distribution of awards, and 
at the time of his death was asserting his rights in 
England. His claim of priority in the suggestion 
of the expedition is upheld in the anonymous tract, 
" The Importance ana Advantage of Cane Breton " 
(London, 1746), the authorship of which is often 
assigned to William Bollan, but which some be- 
lieve to have been inspired by Vaughan. Other 
authors also say that common report gave him pri- 
ority. See also " Col. William Vaughan of Mar- 
tinicus and Damariscotta " in the " Collections of 
the Maine Historical Society," by William Goold. 

VAUGIRAUD, Pierre Ren$ Marie (vo-zhe- 
ro). Comte de, French naval officer, b. in Sables- 
d'Olonne in 1741 ; d. in France, 14 March, 1819. 
He entered the navy at the age of fourteen, and 
in 1781 was major-general in the fleet of the Count 
de Grasse, and contributed to the early successes 
of that commander in the West Indies. While the 
fleet was off Cape Haytien, a Are was discovered 
on board the " lntrfpide," which was stationed in 
the centre, close to the town. The sailors, panic- 
stricken, mutinied and abandoned the vessel, and 
Vaugiraud asked leave of the Count de Grasse to 
aid the commander of the " Intrepide " in saving 
the fleet or to perish with him. He then made his 
way to the vessel, which was already in flames, 
forced the mutineers to return, and ordered the 
necessary measures. The fire was approaching the 
powder-magazine, when the *• Intrepide " was moved 
some distance from the fleet and town. Vaugiraud 
and its commander then ordered the crew to take 
to the boats, and were the last to leave the ship, 
which blew ur> five minutes after their departure. 
Vaugiraud afterward sailed to Chesapeake bay, 
and. returning with De Grasse to the Antilles, took 
in the battle of 12 April, 1782, against Lord 
ney, receiving from the king an autograph let- 
ter of thanks and a pension of 12,000 livres. He 
was in command of a vessel at Martinique in 1789, 
when an insurrection began in the island. He sec- 
onded the efforts of the governor, and both for a 
time arrested the progress of the revolution. He 
left France in 1791, and returned with the Bour- 
bons in 1814. He wa« mode vice-admiral and gov- 
ernor of Martinique, and soon afterward gover- 



nor-general of the Antilles. When he arrived he 
found that the people had learned of the return of 
Napoleon, and were everywhere hoisting the tri- 
color flag. He took energetic measures to preserve 
Martinique and Guadeloupe to Louis XVHL, and. 
when he saw that this was impossible without as- 
sistance, he formed a convention with the English, 
in virtue of which he gave them control of the 
colonies for the time. He governed the colony 
afterward with firmness, and restored its finances 
to a sound condition, but he was charged with 
being harsh and tyrannical, and was recalled in 
1818. The king forbade him his presence, and he 
died broken-hearted. Vaugiraud published " Rap- 
port au roi sur le gouvernement de la Martinique 
et de la Guadeloupe" (Paris, 1822), which was de- 
clared unauthentic by his family. 

VAUqUELIN, French naval officer, b. in Caen, 
France, in 1726: d. in France in 1763. At the age 
of ten he entered the naval service under his father. 
In 1745 he gained a victory over an English frig- 
ate off Martinique, and in 1754 he was employed 
in reconnoitring the English port*, and performed 
this mission with such sagacity that he was given 
the command of the " Arethuse," and sent with 
re-enforcements and military stores to Louisburg, 
Cape Breton. He was entirely successful, but he 
determined to do more for ihe French colony, 
and, seeing that advantage could be derived from 
the possession of a bay in front of which English 
vessels had to pass, he took up a position in it. He 
was attacked oy a superior force, but fought his 
ship until most of his crew were wounded. Then 
he retired under the cannon of the fort, repaired 
his vessel, and, having with difficulty obtained the 
governor's consent, he escaped through the English 
fleet and sailed for France to obtain aid for the 
colony. This feat excited the admiration of the 
English officers, and especially of Admiral Bos- 
cawen, but met with no adequate reward in France, 
where the highest commands in the army and 
navv were considered to belong to the nobility 
solely. However, he was given command of three 
frigates, and, in spite of the vigilance of the Eng- 
lish fleet, sailed up St. I^awrence river, placed his 
vessels in a position of security, and, with part 
of the crew, re-enforced the garrison in QueDec. 
This succor delayed the capitulation for several 
days, but after trie French reverses of 13 Sept he 
foresaw that the city must soon surrender, and he 
resolved to make an effort to save his. frigates. 
Escaping from Quebec with a few followers, he 
reached his vessels safely, and at once set sail. He 
had scarcely reached the mouth of the St. Law- 
rence when he was attacked by a superior force. 
After a heroic defence, his ship became unmanage- 
able. Determined to sink with his vessel rather 
than surrender, he allowed his crew to escape, and 
remained alone on board his ship, which he set on 
Are, but the English commander, moved by his 
heroism, saved him. When he returned to France 
he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. But 
he had enemies who were jealous of his elevation, 
and after an important mission on which he was 
sent to India, he was arrested and confined to his 
house. He was released after four months' deten- 
tion, and was about to appear before the king in 
order to defend himself, when he was assassinated. 

VAUX, Calvert (vawks), landscape architect, 
b. in London, England, 20 Dec, 1824. He was 
educated at the Merchant tailors' school, and was 
a pupil to Ijcwis N. Cottingham, architect in Lon- 
don. In 1848 he came to this country at the sug- 
gestion of Andrew J. Downing, whose architec- 
tural partner he became, and with whom he was 



part 
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associated in laying out the grounds that surround 
the capitol and Smithsonian institution. Washing- 
ton, D. C., and other work of landscape gardening. 
On his suggestion, public competition was invited 
for the plans of Central nark, and, in connection 
with Frederick L. Olmsted, he presented a design 
which was accepted, and possessed among its origi- 
nal features that of transverse traffic roads. Dur- 
ing the completion of the work Mr. Vaux held the 
office of consulting architect to the department of 
parks. In 1865 he presented a design for Prospect 
par'- Rrnnfclyn. whtrh was ac- , — 
ceptod. SobieqaeoUy he was 
as* it.'.l with Mr. < Htnsted 
in designing the parks in Chi- 




cago and Buffalo, and the state reservation at 
Niagam Kails. They also designed the plans for 
Riverside and Morningside parks in New York 
city, and Mr. Vaux is now landscape architect of 
the department of public parks, with charge of the 
improvements of city parks. Meanwhile he has 
been exceedingly fertile as an architect, designing 
country residences in Newport and elsewhere, also 
dwellings and public buildings in New York citv. 
The Belvedere in Central park, which is shown in 
the accompanying illustration, was designed by 
him. He has published 44 Villas and Cottages 
(New York, I860). 

VAUX, Roberts, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
25 Jan., 1786; d. there, 7 Jan., 1886. He received 
his education at private schools of Philadelphia, 
was admitted to the bar in 1808, and rose rapidly 
to prominence in his profession. In 1885 he be- 
came judge of the court of common pleas of Phila- 
delphia. He was one of the originators of the 
public-school system of Pennsylvania, and for 
fourteen years held the first presidency of the 
board of public schools of Philadelphia. He was 
also one of the founders of the Deaf and dumb 
asylum, the Blind school and asylum, the Phila- 
delphia savings fund, the Historical society, and 
other lienevolcnt societies of Pennsylvania. Early 
in life he ttecame interested in prison matters, anil 
as a penologist he acquired his greatest distinction. 
He was om of the commissioners to adapt the law 
of Pennsylvania to the separate system of impris- 
onment, and also to build the eastern state peni- 
tentiary, and labored zealously in the cause of 
prison -reform, lie was a member of scientific so- 
cieties in Kurope, and of the Philosophical society 
of Pennsylvania. He refused several public posts 
that were offered him by President Jaclcson, among 
which was the mixtion to St. Petersburg. He pub- 
lished Kulogium on Benjamin Kidtrway Smith " 
(Philadelphia, 18011); "Memoirs of the" Lives of 
Benjamin Lav and Ralph Sand i ford " (1815); 
" Memoirs of the Life of Anthony Benezct" (1817; 
with alterations. York. 1817: French translation, 
Paris. 1*21); and 44 Notices of the Original and Suc- 
cessive Efforts to improve the Discipline of the 



Prison at Philadelphia" (1826).— His son, Rich- 
ard, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 19 Dec., 1H1G. was 
educated by private tutors, studied law with Will- 
iam M. Meredith, and was admitted to the Phila- 
delphia bar in 1886. Shortly thereafter ho became 
the bearer of despatches to the l\ S. minister to the 
court of St James, by whom he was appointed 
secretary of legation on his arrival. He held this 
i post for one vear until he was relieved by Benja- 
I min Rush. Inclining a similar post at Stl Peters- 
burg, he went to Brussels to aid in reorganizing 
the American emlnissy there, made a tour of the 
continent, returned to Ixmdon, and accepted the 
post of private secretary to the U. S. minister, 
Andrew Stevenson. Returning to Philadelphia in 
1889, he was nominated as candidate for the lower 
house of the Pennsylvania legislature. In March, 
1840. he was a delegate to the convention that 
nominated Martin Van Buren for president of the 
United States. In 1842 he was appointed recorder 
of deeds of Philadelphia, holding this post, though 
it was bare of emolument, for seven years. His 
"Recorders Decisions" (Philadelphia, 1845) made 
him known, and is now an authority. It is note- 
worthy that no decision by him during this incum- 
bency was ever reversed by a higher court. In 
1842 he was the Democratic candidate for mayor, 
and. though failing of election, greatly reduced 
the Whig majority. In 1848 the supreme court 
appointed him inspector of the state prison, and 
shortly thereafter ne was elected comptroller of 
public schools, to succeed his father, and thus 
tilled three important posts at the same time. He 
resumed the practice of law after resigning the 
office of recorder. In 1854 he was again defeated 
in the mayoralty contest, but was successful at the 
next election, and as mayor effected a complete 
reorganization of the citv government He is one 
of the chief penologists in the United States, and, 
like his father, has achieved his highest renown 
in this branch. He has been a most voluminous 
writer on the subject. Besides about fifteen pub- 
lications on general penal matters, he has written 
forty-five volumes of 44 Reports of the Penitentiary " 
(1842 et »g.). He was largely instrumental in the 
framing and passage of the act of 1885, which is 
now the charter of the citv of Philadelphia, having 
laid the first plan for this reform charter in 1857, 
in his message to the city councils. 

VAUX, William Hansom, mineralogist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 19 May, 1811 ; d. there, 5 May, 
1882. lie was a great-nephew of George Vaux, of 
London, a noted medical practitioner, who died in 
the early part of the century. When a bov he 
acquired a strong taste for mineralogy, anil he 
pursued the study of that science and later that of 
arciupology with enthusiasm throughout his life. 
He acquired extensive mineralogical and arctnvo- 
logical collections, which ho bequeathed to the 
Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, with 
a handsome endowment for their preservation. 
These collections are arranged in the academy in 
a separate department ana are known as 4 * the 
William S. Vaux collection." Mr. Vaux was presi- 
dent of the Zoological society of Philadelphia, and 
from 1804 until his death, with the exception of 
I 1874-'5, was vice-president of the Philadelphia 
] academy of natural sciences. Ho was one of 
i eight founders of the Numismatic and antiquarian 
| society, its senior vice-president, and from 1871 
| till his death treasurer of the American association 
I for the advancement of science, of which society 
i he had been a member since its foundation, 
i VAWTER, John, pioneer, b. in Orange (now 
. Madison) county, Va., 8 Jan., 1782; d. in Morgan- 



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VEINTIMILLA 



271 



town, Ind., 17 Au£., 1862. He was licensed as a 
Baptist minister in 1804, and in 1807. with his 
father, removed to the sparsely inhabited territory 
of Indiana, and settled in Madison, of which he 
was the first magistrate. He was soon afterward 
elected sheriff of Jefferson and Clarke counties, 
and in 1810 was appointed U. S. marshal for the 
state. He served as a frontier ranger during the 
Indian campaign of 181 1-' 13, was elected colonel 
of militia of Jennings county in 1817, and founded 
Vernon, the county-seat. He was pastor of the 
Baptist church in Vernon in 1821-'48, a member of 
the legislature in 1831-5, and in 1836 of the senate, 
where he was instrumental in securing the adop- 
tion of a policy of internal improvement by the 
state. He removed to Morgan county in 1848, 
founded Morgantown, and presented a brick church 
to the Baptist congregation of that place. 

VEATCH, James Clifford (veech), soldier, b. 
near £)izabethtown, Harrison co., Ind., 19 Dec., 
1819. He was educated in common schools and 
under private tutors, was admitted to the bar, 
practised for many years, and was auditor of Spen- 
cer county, Ind., from 1841 till 1855. He was in 
the legislature in 1861-'2, became colonel of the 
25th regiment of Indiana volunteers, 9 Aug., 1861, 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 April, 1862, and 
brevet major-general in August, 1865, at which 
time he retired from the army. He was engaged 
at Fort Donelson,Shiloh, the sieges of Corinth and 
Vicksburg, the Atlanta campaign, the siege and 
capture of Mobile, and many other actions during 
the civil war. He became adjutant-general of In- 
diana in 1869, and was collector of internal revenue 
from April, 1870, till August, 1883. 

V ED DER, Elihu, artist, b. in New York citv, 
26 Feb., 1836. He had his first instruction in art 
in his native city, and later studied with Tompkins 
H. Matteson in Sherbourne, N. Y., and Francois 
fidouard Picot in Paris. In 1856 he went to Italy, 
and subsequently he opened a studio in New York. 
He was there elected an associate of the National 
academy in 1863, and an associate two years later. 
Subsequently he removed to Rome, Italy, where he 
still resides. His works, while naturalistic and 
vigorous in treatment, are ideal in motive, and 
bear witness to the fertility of imagination and 
versatility of the artist. In many of his pictures 
he aims, as one critic has said, " to give to the un- 
real and impossible an air of plausibility and real 
existence/* One of the best Known of his paint- 
ings is the 44 Lair of the Sea-Serpent," now in the 
Boston museum of fine arts, where are also 44 The 
Hoe's Egg'* (two naintings), 44 Fisherman and 
Djin," 44 Dominican r riars,'' and 44 An Italian Wom- 
an." His other works include "The Monk upon 
the Gloomy Path"; 44 The Crucifixion"; "The 
Lost Mind"; "Death of Abel" (1809); 44 A Scene 
on the Mediterranean" (1874); "Greek Actor's 
Daughter," exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876; 
"Old Madonna," "Cumean Sibyl," now belonging 
to Wellesley college, Mass.. and " Youn^ Marsyas, ' 
the three exhibited at the Paris exposition of 1878 ; 
44 A Questioner of the Sphinx " ; 44 Sleeping Girl " ; 
44 A \ enetian Model " ; 44 A Pastoral," exhibited in 
Boston in 1878 ; " Nausicaa and her Companions " ; 
** Waves off Pier Head " (1882) ; and 44 Lo Mistral " 
(1884). His ideal works have given rise to much 
criticism and discussion as to their conception and 
intent. He has also executed an "accompaniment 
of drawings" for Edward Fitzgerald's translation of 
the 44 Rubaivat of Omar Khayyam " (Boston, 1884). 

VEGA, fcliciaiio de (vay'-gah), Peruvian H. 
C. bishop, b. in Lima in 1580; d. in Mazatlan, 
Mexico, in 1640. He was noted for his knowledge 



of canon and civil law, held the office of judge in 
Peru, and is said to have rendered more than 4,000 
decisions, not one of which was rescinded on ap- 
peal to the higher courts. He was appointed bishop 
of Popayan in 1628, of La Paz in 1638, and arch- 
bishop of Mexico in 1639, but fell sick on his ar- 
rival at Acapulco in 1640, and was transported to 
Mazatlan. where he died of yellow fever He pub- 
lished several works on canon and civil law, among 
them "De adquirenda h©reditate " (Lima, 1605) 
and 44 Relectiones Canonic® in Secundum Decre- 
talium librura " (1633). 

VEGA, Ventura de la, Argentine poet, b. in 
Buenos Ayres, 14 July, 1807; d. in Madrid, Spain, 
in 1865. His father, president of the royal treas- 
ury court, remained after the declaration of inde- 
pendence in Buenos Ayres, where his wife pos- 
sessed large property, but he died in 1812, and 
young Veta went to* Spain in 1818 for his edu- 
cation. His paternal uncle sent him to study 
Latin in the Jesuit college of San Isidro, and he 
afterward entered the College of San Mateo. He 
founded the political society of Numantinos. which 
the government dissolved, notwithstanding the 
youth of its members, and imprisoned seven of the 
leaders from January till June, 1825, when they 
were sentenced to three months' seclusion in dif- 
ferent convents. After his release Vega finished 
his studies with Alberto Lista, and in 1826 pub- 
lished some of his poetry. For his support he be- 
gan in 1827 to translate' French plays, which led 
nim afterward to become a playwright. In Janu- 
ary, 1836, he was appointed chief clerk of the min- 
istry of the interior, and he soon afterward became 
secretary of Queen Maria Christina. In 1838 he 
was the teacher of the youne queen and her sister, 
and in 1856 he was appointed director of the Royal 
conservatory. He is considered one of the best 
modern Spanish poets. Although he spent the 
greater part of his life in Spain, he is claimed by 
the Argentine Republic as a citizen, and it is pro- 
posed to erect a statue of him in Buenos Ayres. 
He wrote " El Cantar de los Cantares " (Madrid, 
1826); "Cantata epitalamiea" (1827); "Al Rio 
Pusa" (1830); "La Agitacion," an ode (1834); "El 
18 de Junio*' (1837); 44 La Defensa de Sevilla," an 
ode (1838); 44 El Hombre de Mundo," a comedy 
(1840); and the tragedies 44 La muerte de Cesar*' 
(1842) and 44 Don Fernando de Antequera" (1845). 

VE1GL, Franz Xavier, missionary, b. in Gratz, 
Austria, 1 Dec., 1723; d. in Klagenfurt. in the same 
country, 19 April, 1798. He entered the Society 
of Jesus at Vienna in 1738, and for several years 
was professor in the Jesuit college there. He was 
sent to the American missions in 1753, and labored 
among the South American Indians until 1777, 
when he returned to Europe, and was appointed 
professor at Judenburg. He wrote 44 Reisen einiger 
Missionanen der UeH'llschaft Jesu in Amerika" 
(Nuremberg, 1785) and "Franz Xav. Veigl's vor- 
maligen Missionars der Gcsellschaft Jesu, grtind- 
liche Nachrichten Ubcr die Verfarsung der Laml- 
schaft Maynas m SUd-Amerika bis zum Jahr 1708" 
(1798; in Latin, 1792). No. 773 and No. 774 of 
StOcklein's "Welt-Bote" (Ciratz, 1727 et seq.) con- 
tain his"Summa epistolarum duarum ad eognatos 
suos in itinere scriptarum 1753 et 1755 quilms 
id ipsum et qua? in eo observavit deseribit " and 
" Epistola ad eosdem ex Quito 1 Septembris 1755 
qua horribilera terra* in civitate hae, et statuin 
inissionura ad llumen Maragmon descrihit." 

VEINTIMILLA, Ignacio de(vay-een-te-meel - 
yah), South American dictator, b. in Cuencn, Ecua- 
dor, about 1830. He entered the military service, 
rose to the rank of general, and as commander ol 



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272 



VKLASCO 



VELASCO 



Guayaquil led in September, 1876, a revolution 
against President Borrero. He defeated the govern- 
ment troops at Galte on 14 Dec, and on the 25th of 
that montn entered the capital, and was proclaimed 
president by the Liberal party. In 187? he defeated 
a rising of the Clerical party, but, as he retained 
many Conservative members in his cabinet, he was 
soon' suspected by the Liberals of a leaning toward 
the clergy. The convention of Ambato, "packed " 
in Veintimilla's interest, declared him in 1878 dic- 
tator for an unlimited period, and he issued a de- 
cree abolishing religious liberty and suppressing 
four opposition newspapers, one of whose editors 
he cast into a dungeon. His rule was arbitrary, his 
chief aim seeming to be to aggrandize and enrich 
himself and his personal followers. When the end 
of his constitutional term approached in 1882 he 
instigated several mock pronunciamentos, and for 
their suppression proclaimed himself supreme chief. 
But soon his terrorism became so unbearable that 
there were genuine revolutions under Gen. Alfaro 
and Gen. Salazar. The government stronghold of 
Esmeraldas was captured in January, 1883, by the 
latter, and the garrison of Quito by Col. Reynaldo 
Flores, forcing the dictator to take refuge in his 
last stronghold, Guayaquil. He was there hemmed 
in by the combined forces of the different revolu- 
tionary leaders, re-enforced in May by the arrival of 
Antonio Flores, and, after a protracted struggle, 
the city was occupied on 9 July by the insurgents, 
and Veintimilla ned to the steamer "Santa Lucia," 
which conveyed him to Peru. On 21 July he 
reached Lima, where he has since resided. 

VELASCO, Jos6 Miguel de (vay-las'-co), Bo- 
livian soldier, b. in Santa Cruz de la Sierra about 
1790; d. there in 1859. In early life he entered 
the military service and espoused the cause of in- 
dependence, and after the Dattle of Ayacucho he 
was promoted colonel by Bolivar. After the mu- 
tiny of Chuquisaca in April, 1828, and by the 
treaty of Piimiza, Santa Cruz was elected pro- 
visional president and Velasco vice-president, the 
latter taking charge of the executive on account 
of the former's absence. In December, Gen. Blanco 
was elected constitutional president, but he was 
deposed and murdered by a revolt on 31 Dec, and 
Velasco took charge again, delivering the executive 
in 1829 to Santa Cruz on his arrival. He took 
part in the campaigns against Peru and the bat- 
tles of Yanacocna and Socabaya, but when Santa 
Cruz marched against the Chilians in 1838, Velasco 
led a revolution against him in the south, and after 
the former's fall the latter was proclaimed presi- 
dent in 1839. His administration was a continuous 
struggle against the revolutions of Santa Cruz's 
followers, and in 1841 he was captured by the lat- 
ter and banished, but soon afterward he returned 
and pronounced for Jos6 Ballivian, who was elected 
president. On the resignation of Ballivian in De- 
cember, 1847, Velasco was proclaimed president, 
but, instead of re-establishing the constitution of 
1839, according to his promise, he governed at his 
own discretion, discontent and revolutions follow- 
ing. Manuel Isidoro Belzu defeated him on 5 Dec, 
1848, at Jamporacz, nnd was proclaimed president. 
Velasco then retired to his native city, where he died 
when he was preparing a new revolution against 
the government of Dr. Linares. He was a well- 
meaning man of undoubted bravery, but of little 
talent and feeble character, permitting his follow- 
ers to commit many arbitrary acts in nis name. 

VELASCO, Juan de, &>uth American his- 
torian, b. in Kiobamba, Ecuador, in 1727; d. in 
Verona, Italy, in 1819. He was educated at Quito 
and Lima, entered the Jesuit order, and occupied 



for many years the chair of theology in the Uni- 
versity of San Marcos in Lima. After the expul- 
sion of the Jesuits from the Spanish dominions, 
Velasco went to Italy, where he settled in Faenza, 
and devoted his time to poetry. He afterward 
went to Verona for the publication of his works, 
but died before concluding arrangements. His 
history, although defective on account of the au- 
thor's excessive credulity, is valuable for the facta 
that it gives about the reign of the Shyris, before 
the first invasion by the incas of Peru. The work 
was often consulted by writers on American his- 
tory, but was not generally known in Europe until 
its translation into French by Henri Ternaux- 
Compans, and shortly afterward it was published 
in the original language in Quito, with notes by 
Agustin Yerovi, who had obtained a copy of the 
manuscript. Velasco's works are "Collecci6n de 
Poesias, hecha por un ocioso en la ciudad de Fa- 
enza," in five manuscript volumes; a large map of 
the kingdom of Quito, remarkably correct for that 
epoch, the publication of which is shortly to be 
undertaken by the government of Ecuador; and 
"Historia del Reyno de Quito" (3 vols., Quito, 
1841-4; French translation, Paris, 1840). 

VELASCO, Luis de, Count of Santiago, viceroy 
of Mexico, b. in Toledo, Spain, about 1500; d. in 
the city of Mexico, 31 July, 1564. He was descend- 
ed from the no- 
ble family of 
the constables 
of Castile, and 
had acquired 
such fame as a 
just and impar- 
tial magistrate, 
that Charles V., 
when he or- 
dered Antonio 
de Mendoza to 
Peru, resolved 
to send Velasco 
to Mexico as 
his successor. 
On 5 Dec, 1550, 
he arrived in 
Vera Cruz, and, 
after confer- 
ring with Men- 
doza at Cholu- 
la, began his ad- 
ministration by 
emancipating 150,000 Indians, who until then had 
been no better than slaves. When he was remon- 
strated with about this measure, which his counsel- 
lors said would ruin the mines, he answered that the 
liberty of the Indians was more valuable than the 
mines of the whole world. In 1553 the University 
of Mexico was founded, and ho also instituted a hos- 
pital for the natives. When the Chichimec Indians 
revolted in 1555, Velasco founded the towns of San 
Miguel cl Grande and San Felipe de lxtlahuaca,and 
sent Capt. Francisco Ibarra to the north, who found- 
ed the towns of Durango and Nombre de Dios. lie 
sent in 1558-'9 expeditions under Guido de Labo- 
zares and Tristan de Luna y Arellano to explore and 
conquer Florida, but without favorable results, and 
in 1504 he was preparing an expedition under Miguel 
L. do Legazpi for the conquest of the Philippine isl- 
ands, when he was overtaken bv death. lie was 
greatly mourned by the people of Mexico, who called 
him " father of Now Snain." — His son, Lnls, Mar- 
quis de Salinas, b. in Madrid, Spain, in 15J15 ; d. in 
Seville in 1014, came to Mexico with his father in 
1550, occupied several posts in the municipality of 




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VELASCO 



VELAZQUEZ 273 



the capital, and was mayor of Zempoala. About 
1586 he returned to Spain and was appointed am- 
bassador in Florence, but continued to consider 
Mexico his country, and when the differences be- 
tween the viceroy (the Marquis de Villa-Manrique) 
«nd the audiencia of Guadalajara occurred, Philip 
II. thought Velasco the most appropriate person 
to re-establish order. He sailed for Mexico in 
1589, with orders to land in Panuco, where he 
Arrived in December, as it was feared that the de- 
posed viceroy's partisans in Vera Cruz might 
oppose him. He took charge of the government, 
5 Feb., 1590, and one of his first measures was to 
open factories of woollen cloth. In 1591 he re- 
ceived a deputation of the bellicose Chichimecs, 
with whom he adjusted a treaty, and, to secure 
their subjugation, he established around Zacatecas 
four colonies of Tlaxcaltec Indians, the constant 
allies of the Spaniards. In 1593 he laid out the 
public walk or alameda, and in 1595 he was pre- 
paring an expedition under Juan Ofiate for the 
fabulous kingdom of Quivira, or New Mexico, when 
he was promoted to the viceroyalty of Peru, and, on 
the arrival of his successor, Count de Monterey, left 
Mexico ir November, 1595. He arrived in Lima on 
24 July, i596, and took charge of the government, 
which he administered for eight years with abil- 
ity. At last, weary of the cares of office, he re- 
peatedly solicited his relief, and delivering up the 
government on 8 Nov., 1604, he retired to his com- 
manderies of Teutitlan and Azcapotzalco in Mexico, 
to live with his family. But in June, 1607, he re- 
vived the royal order to assume again the govern- 
ment of Mexico, to succeed the Marquis de Montes- 
claros, who had been promoted to Peru. Notwith- 
standing his age and desire for retirement, he 
obeyed, and on 20 July took charge of the execu- 
tive. In the same year continued rains threatened 
to inundate the capital again, by the rising of the 
lakes, and the viceroy determined to execute the 
plan of Enrique Martinez (o. t\), of draining the 
valley by a cut through the nills of Nochlstongo. 
The work was begun 28 Nov. of the same year, and 
on 7 May, 1608, the first section of the canal was 
completed. lie sent an embassy to Japan in 1611, 
and, being promoted president of the council of 
the Indies in the same year, left Mexico on 17 June 
for Spain, where he died. He is esteemed one of 
the principal benefactors of Mexico. — The younger 
Luis's nephew, Pedro de, clergyman, b. in Mexico 
in 1581 ; d. there, 26 Aug., 1649, became a Jesuit in 
1596, and labored among the Indians for fourteen 
years. He was then professor of sacred scripture, 
neld several high offices in the order, was procura- 
tor for Mexico at Rome and Madrid, and was made 
provincial of Mexico in 1646. During his term oc- 
curred the troubles between Bishop Palafox and 
the Jesuits of Puebla, 1647. He wrote 44 Varias car- 
ta* y representaciones sobre los ruidosos asuntos 
de los Jesuitas con el Sr. Palafox " ; 44 Apologia por 
las Doctrinas y Curatos de los Religiosos"; and 
44 Arte de una de las lenguas de Cinaloa." 

VELASCO, Lais Vicente, Spanish naval offi- 
cer, b. in Villa de Noia, Santander. about 1710; d. 
in Havana, Cuba, 31 July, 1762. He had obtained 
the rank of post-captain and commanded the ship- 
of-the-line 44 La Reina" at Havana when the 
British expedition under the Duke of Albemarle 
was threatening the island of Cuba in 1762. Ve- 
lasco was appointed by the council of war com- 
mander of Morro Castle, and when the British army 
landed, on 7 June, on the beach of Cojimar, he 
prepared to defend the outposts, but, by the aban- 
donment of the works of Cabafias by order of the 
council of war, he was soon reduced to the walls 
vol. ti. — 18 



of the castle, and could not prevent the establish- 
ment of siege batteries at Cabafias. The bom- 
bardment began on 1 July, but Velasco defended 
the castle obstinately, and his batteries caused 
great loss to the besiegers. On 16 July he was 
dangerously wounded and carried to Havana, but 
on the 24th, hearing that the besieging works 
were advancing, he insisted on returning to his 
post. On the 80th a mine opened a breach in the 
walls, and the enemy captured the outer battery of 
San Nicolas, but in the attempt to storm the cas- 
tle they met with a heroic resistance, the defend- 
ers being led by Velasco, although he had not 
fully recovered. Not until the latter fell and 
more than 1,000 Spaniards had perished did the 
British capture the castle. Velasco died the next 
day, and Lord Albemarle suspended hostilities and 
sent his remains with a guard of honor to Havana. 

VELAZQUEZ, Diego de, Spanish officer, b. in 
Cuellar about 1460; d. in Santiago, Cuba, in 1532. 
He was of noble birth, had served in the wars 
against the Moors, and came to this country in 
Columbus's second voyage in 1493, where he took 
part in the conquest of Hispaniola, and was left by 
the adelantado Bartolome Columbus in charge of 
the government during his expedition to the inte- 
rior in 1497. Nicolas de Ovando, who became 
governor in 1502, also favored Velazquez, and the 
latter took an active part in the subjugation of 
the provinces of Jaragua and Higuey. He found- 
ed the towns of Jaquiroo (Jacmel), Maguana, and 
Azua, was appointed substitute by Ovando, and 
soon was one of the principal settlers of the col- 
ony. When Diego Uolumbus, the new governor 
of Hispaniola, resolved in 1511 to conquer the isl- 
and of Cuba, he selected Velazquez as commander 
of the expedition, which consisted of four vessels 
with 800 men, and the latter landed toward the 
end of the year in the port of Palmas, bringing in 
his retinue Bartolome de las Casas and Henian 
Cortes. He found but little resistance except 
from the cacique Hatuey (q. v.), a fugitive from 
Hispaniola, who was soon captured and burned at 
the stake. In February, 1513, he founded the first 
town at Baracoa, ana with the re-enforcement 
that was brought by Panfilo de Narvaez he con- 
quered Camaguey and soon subjugated the whole 
island, founding, in November, 1518, the town of 
Bayamo, and in the following year Trinidad, 
Santo Espiritu, Puerto Principe, and Santiago de 
Cuba, where he established his government on ac- 
count of its proximity to Hispaniola. Soon the 
fame of the riches of the island attracted numer- 
ous adventurers, and Velazquez began to distribute 
land and Indians among his followers. On 25 
July, 1515, he founded on the banks of Maya- 
beque river the town of San Cristobal, which in 
1519 was removed to the present site of Havana. 
In the same year he sent the treasurer, Miguel 
Pasanonte, to Spain with a map of the island 
(which still exists in the archives of the Indies), and 
to solicit further privileges. To occupy the sur- 
plus of adventurers, he approved an expedition 
under Francisco Hernandez de Cordova to capture 
slaves in the Bahamas in 1517, who, impelled by 
contrary winds, accidentally discovered Yucatan. 
The favorable reports about that country encour- 
aged Velazquez to send an expedition for its con- 
guest, and on 1 May, 1518, a fleet under Juan de 
Orijalva left Santiago de Cuba and visited the 
Mexican coast from Cape Catoche to Panuco river. 
The news of the rich country, which Grijalva de- 
spatched to Cuba by Pedro de Alvarado, incited 
Velazquez to form a new expedition for its con- 
quest, the command of which he gave, after much 

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274 VELAZQUEZ CARDENAS DE LEON 



VELLOSO 



hesitation, to Neman Cortes. Afterward, mis- 
trusting his lieutenant's intentions, he sought to 

f>revent his sailing, but his emissaries arrived too 
ate in Havana. When he heard that Cortes had 
sent commissioners to Spain to obtain the title to 
the newly discovered country, he sent a powerful 
expedition under Panfilo do Narvaez in March, 
1520, to capture Cortes and take charge of the 
government in the name of Velazquez. After the 
unfortunate result of Narvaez's expedition, Velaz- 
quez intended to inarch himself, out his age and 
the small-pox, then desolating the island, prevent- 
ed him from executing his design, and disappoint- 
ment at Cortes's success contributed to the sick- 
ness of which he died. 

VELAZOIEZ CARDENAS DE LEON, Joa- 
qnin (vay-lath'-keth), Mexican astronomer, b. in 
Santiago Aubcdocla, near Tizicapan, 21 July, 1732 ; 
d. in Mexico, 6 March. 1786. He lost his father in 
childhood and was taken charge of by his uncle, 
the parish priest of Jaltocan, who educated him, 
and caused him to be instructed in Mexican his- 
tory and mythology. He thus became familiar 
with several Indian languages, and with the hiero- 
glyphic writing of the Aztecs. He was afterwanl 
placed in the Tridentine college of the city of 
Mexico ; but this institution was so poorly equipped 
with teachers, books, and instruments that he 
was almost self-educated in mathematics and the 
classics. Having met by chance with the works of 
Sir Isaac Newton and Francis Bacon, he became 
attracted by the discoveries of the one and the 
philosophic methods of the other. He had been 
graduated in law, and what he gained by his la- 
bors in this profession he spent in the purchase of 
instruments in England. After being appointed 
a professor in the university, he was sent on a mis- 
sion to California, where he made a great number 
of astronomical observations. He was the first to 
notice that all the maps of that country had been 
for several centuries strangely in error with regard 
to its longitude, and made it extend several de- 
grees too far to the west. He built an observatory* 
of mimosa logs at Santa Ana, with the assistance 
of the Abbe Chappe, a French astronomer, and 
predicted that the eclipse of the moon of 18 June, 
1769, would be visible in California. Unaided, he 
made a very correct observation of the transit of 
Venus on 5 June, 1769. In 1774 he was charged 
with the execution of the topographical and geo- 
detic survey of the valley of Mexico, and his la- 
bors, with this aim, have formed the basis of all 
those that have been undertaken since. After his 
return from California he placed before the gov- 
ernment a project for the foundation of the School 
of mines. The greatest service that he rendered 
to his country was the establishment of this insti- 
tution, of which he was director-general till his 
death. He wrote "Sobre el beneficio de las Minas 
del sur de California y demas de la N. Espafta " 
and " Conocimientos interesantes sobre la Historia 
Natural de las cercanias de Mexico/' manuscripts 
which were formerly in the library of the cathe- 
dral, and are now in the National library. 

VELAZQUEZ DE LA CADENA, Mariano, 
Mexican grammarian, b. in the city of Mexico. 28 
June, 1778; d. in New York city, 19 Feb., 1860. 
He was sent at the age of seven years to Madrid, 
and there admitted into the Royal seminary of 
nobles, where he was graduated in philosophy and 
law in 1799. Although lacking the legal age, he 
was admitted in 1800, by special royal order, as 
notary of the council of the Indies, and appointed 
curator of the estates of minors and intestate es- 
tates for the viceroyalty of Mexico. During his 




ad ministration ho l>ccame intimately connected 
with Baron von Humboldt, and in 1802 he was re- 
called to fill the post of private secretary to King 
Charles IV. As such he was sent in 1804 to rep- 
resent the king at the coronation of Napoleon, and 
during the follow- 
ing year made a 
tour through west- 
ern and central 
Europe. After the 
imprisonment of 
the king by Napo- 
leon in 1809, Ve- 
lazquez resigned 
his office, and was 
making arrange- 
ments for return- 
ing to Mexico, 
when news of 
the revolutionary 
movement of Hi- 
dalgo arrived. Un- 
willing to identify 
himself witheither 
of the contend- 
ing parties, Velaz- 
quez resolved to 
retire to the United States, and settled in New- 
York, where he became a teacher of Spanish, and 
founded a collegiate institute, in which a great 
number of young men from the Latin- American 
countries were educated. From 1830 till his death 
he was professor of the Castilian language and lit- 
erature in Columbia college. He was a member of 
learned societies in Europe and the United States. 
He was the author of Spanish school-books and a 
large " Pronouncing Dictionary of the Spanish and 
English Languages" (New York, 1852). 

VELEZHERRERA, Ram6n (vay'-leth), Cuban 
author, b. in Havana in 1808; d. there in 1887. 
He was left an orphan when in childhood, but was 
educated by his uncle, Desiderio Herrera, a learned 
man, author of various scientific works, and fin- 
ished his studies in San Carlos seminary, Havana. 
In 1829 he was graduated in law, but he left this 
study to devote himself to literature. The first 
collection of his poems was published in one vol- 
ume (Havana, 1833), a secona in 1837, and a third 
in 1838. He also published ** Elvira de Oquendo," 
a pastoral in verse (1840); 44 Los dos novios," a 
comedv (1843) ; 44 Flores de Otofio," a collection of 
poems'(1849) ; 44 Romances Cubanos " (1866) ; 44 Na- 
poleon en Berlin," a tragedy (1800) ; and 44 Flores 
de invierno,"_poems (1882). 

VELLOSINO, Jarme Andrada (vail-lo-se'-no), 
Brazilian physician," b. in Pemambuco in 1639; a. 
in Leyden, Holland, in 1712. His father, an officer 
in the service of Maurice of Nassau, sent him to 
Holland after the surrender of Brazil to the Portu- 
guese in 1654. Young Velloaino, after his gradu- 
ation in medicine at Leyden, entered the service 
of the Indian company, and held high offices in 
Guiana. He was an expert in Indian dialects, and 
formed a valuable herbarium of the South Ameri- 
can flora. His works include, besides several me- 
moirs on Indian languages, 44 Flora Brasiliana, etc." 
(2 vols., Levden, 1706). 

VELLOSO, Josl Mariano da ConceiC>o (vail- 
lo'-so), Brazilian scientist, b. in Rio das Mortes in 
1742; d. in Rio Janeiro in 1811. After studying 
in his native province, he was sent to Rio Janeiro, 
where he finished his education in the convent of 
Sao Boaventura in 1761, and entered the order the 
next year. He then began the study of philosophy 
in the convent of Santo Antonio, and in 1766 was 



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graduated as Ph. D., and received sacred orders. 
In 1768 he was sent as preacher to Sao Paulo, in 
which city he was appointed in 1771 professor of 
geometry, and obtained the chairs of rhetoric in 
1779 and natural history in 178(5. Soon the vice- 
roy, Luiz de Vasconeellos, called him to Rio Janei- 
ro and commissioned him, with Francisco Solano, 
to make a botanical exploration of the province. 
After many years of work he finished in 1790 his 
celebrated work on the flora of the province of 
Rio Janeiro, which contained alone 1,640 plants of 
new and formerly unclassified species. The vice- 
roy ordered him to present his work personally at 
court in Lisbon, where the manuscript was lost in 
the archives, but it was discovered in 1824 in the 
royal library by Antonio de Arrabida,and the Em- 

Ceror Pedro I. obtained a copy, which was published 
y his orders. Velloso was honored in Lisbon with 
the friendship of the mince regent, and by him 
appointed director of the topography of the "Arco 
do Cego," which in 1798 was incorporated in the 
royal printing-office. Velloso continued as one of 
the directors, was a corresponding member of the 
Royal academy of science and many other scien- 
tific societies, and provincial of his order, but, de- 
siring to return to his country, he was in 1809 
nominated superior of the convent of Santo An- 
tonio in Rio Janeiro, where he died t wo years after. 
A plant of the Euphorbia? family has been named 
in his honor Vellosia jabanesia princeps. He 
wrote ** O Fazendeiro do Brazil," a work on agri- 
culture (11 vols., Lisbon, 1794): 44 Ornothologia 
Brazilcira, ou enumeracflo de muitas aves uteis" 
(1804); "Estudo sobre a cochonilha" (1807): 44 So- 
bre o Lavrador nratico, contendo a historia da 
canna de assucar (Rio Janeiro, 1810); and a great 
natural history, 44 Flora Fluininense, ou desenpeao 
das plantas que nascem espontaneas no Rio de 
Janeiro" (11 vols., 1825). 

TENABLE, Abraham B, senator, b. in Prince 
Edward county, Va., in 1760; d. in Richmond, Va., 
26 Dec., 1811. His ancestors were among the earli- 
est settlers of Virginia, receiving from Charles II. 
a grant of lands at the Manikin town on James 
river. His grandfather was a surgeon in the first 
regiment of troops that was sent to Jamestown, 
under the command of Sir John Ilarvie. Abra- 
ham was graduated at Princeton in 1780, settled 
as a planter in his native county, and in 1791-'9 
was a member of congress. In 1803-'4 he was 
U. S. senator, but he resigned at the latter date, 
returned to private life, and exerted a controlling 
influence in public affairs. He was the intimate 
friend and party adviser of Thomas Jefferson, by 
whom he was appointed president of the Bank of 
Virginia, which enterprise was under that states- 
man's control. Mr. Venable j>erished at the burn- 
ing of the Richmond theatre.— His nephew, Abra- 
ham Woodson, congressman, b. in Prince Edward 
county, Va., 17 Oct., 1799; d. in Oxford, N. C, 24 
Feb., 1876, was graduated at Hampden Sidney in 
1816, and at Princeton in 1819, in the mean time 
studying medicine. He was admitted to the bar 
in 1821, removed to North Carolina in 1828, and 
established a large practice. He was a presidential 
elector on the Jackson ticket in 1832, and on the 
Van Buren-Johnson ticket in 1836, was chosen to 
congress in 1846, and served by re-election till 
1853, but was defeated in the next canvass. Dur- 
ing his service in that body he gained reputa- 
tion as an able debater and an opponent of the 
free-soil or anti-slaverv policy and that of nullifica- 
tion. He was a presidential elector on the Breck- 
inridge and Lane ticket in 1860, and in 1861-'4 a 
member of the Confederate congress. — Abraham's 



nephew, Charles Scott, educator, b. in Prince 
Edward county, Va., 19 April, 1827, was graduated 
at Hampden Sidney in 1842 and at the University 
of Virginia in 1848, and studied at Berlin in 1852 
and at Bonn in 1854. He was professor of mathe- 
matics at Hampden Sidney in 1848-'56, of physics 
and chemistry in the University of Georgia in 
1856, and of mathematics and astronomy in the 
University of South Carolina in 1858-'61. He be- 
came captain of engineers in the Confederate army 
in the last-named year, and in 1802- 5 was lieu- 
tenant-colonel and aide-de-camp to Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, participating in all the important battles 
in which the Army of Northern Virginia took part. 
He became professor of mathematics in the uni- 
versity of Virginia in 1865, and still holds that 
chair. In 1870-'8 he was chairman of the faculty, 
and in 1887 was again chosen to that office. In 
1860 he was one of the five commissioners appoint- 
ed to visit Labrador to observe the solar eclipse. 
The University of Virginia gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1868. He has published a series of 
mathematical text-books (New York, 1 869-' 75). — 
His son, Frank Preston, chemist, b. at Long- 
wood, Prince Edward co., Va.. 17 Nov., 1856, was 
educated at the University of Virginia, and then 
studied chemistry at the universities of Bonn and 
GSttingcn, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from the 
latter in 1881. He nas held the chair of chemistry 
at the University of North Carolina since 1880, 
and, in addition to various scientific papers, has 
published 44 A Short Course in Qualitative Chemical 
Analvsis" (Raleigh, N. C, 1883). 

V tNABLE, William Henry, author, b. in 
Warren county. Ohio, 29 April, 1836. He began 
to teach at seventeen years of age, and during his 
vacations attended teachers' institutes in Oxford, 
Ohio, being one of the first teachers in the state 
upon whom the Ohio board of examiners conferred 
a life certificate. He was graduated at the Normal 
school at Lebanon, Ohio, in 1862, became professor 
of natural science in Chickering classical and sci- 
"entific institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, in the same year, 
was its principal and proprietor in 1881, organized 
and was first president of the Cincinnati society of 
political edueation, and in 1882 founded and con- 
ducted in that city the Afternoon school of popu- 
lar science and history. He retired from teaching 
in 1886, has since devoted himself to literary work 
and to lecturing, and is an editor of the 44 Ohio 
Archa?ological and Historical Quarterly." He is 
actively connected with many educational associa- 
tions, and is a member of several learned bodies. 
The University of Ohio gave him the degree of 
LL. D. in 1886. He has published 44 June on the 
Miami, and other Poems'* (Cincinnati, 1871); 44 A 
School Historv of the United States " (1872) : 44 The 
School Stage,'* a collection of juvenile acting plays, 
original and adapted (1873); 44 The Teacher's 
Dream," a poem (New York, 1880) ; 44 Melodies of 
the Heart, and other Poems" (Cincinnati. 1884); 
44 Footprints of the Pioneers in the Ohio Vallev " 
(1888); *• Biography of William D. Gallagher" 
(1888); and 44 Historical Sketch of Western Peri- 
odical Literature" (1888). He has also published 
several pamphlets, addresses, etc, and edited 44 The 
Dramatic Actor," a collection of plays (1874); and 
"Dramatic Scenes from the Best Authors" (1874). 

VENANT, Jean Barre* de (vay-nong) (some- 
times written Saint-Venant), French agricultur- 
ist, b. in Niort in 1737 ; d. there in February, 
1810. He came in his youth to Santo Domin- 
go, founded there a moclel farm, and was ap- 
pointed president of the colonial board of agri- 
culture and trade, which post he retained for about 



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VENNOtt 



twenty years, contributing in many ways toward 
developing the resources of the colony. He found- 
ed at Cape Francais the Academy of the Phila- 
delphia, which under his auspices published many 
valuable manuscripts concerning the early history, 
discovery, and natural history of the island, sent 
out several scientific expeditions, and greatly fos- 
tered national education. After his return to Eu- 
rope in 1788, Venant wrote, at the solicitation of the 
Paris societe d'agriculture, memoirs on the culture 
of cotton, coffee, indigo, tobacco, and sugar-cane, 
and urged the introduction of such occupations in 
southern Prance. His works include 44 Des colo- 
nies modernes sous la zone torride, et particulicre- 
ment de celle de Saint-Domingue " (Paris, 1802). 

VENEGAS, Francisco Javier de, viceroy of 
Mexico, b. in Ecija, Spain, about 1760 ; d. in Madrid 
about 1820. He entered military life, and in 1805 
retired on half-pav as lieutenant-colonel. When 
Spain was invaded by the French troops in 1808, 

he returned to 
active service, 
participated in 
the victory of 
Baylen in July 
of that year, anil 
under the pro- 
tection of the 
minister Saave- 
draobtained rap- 
id promotions. 
He held the rank 
of major-gener- 
al, and had been 
sent as viceroy 
to New Granada, 
when the Span- 
ish council of 
regency in 1810 
/,/ , resolved to ap- 

y^C^^a l>t point him vice- 

'frT&^iZUj toy of Mexico, 

as his energetic 

character seemed adapted to quell the popular coin- 
motion that had begun in that country. lie received 
news of his promotion in Carthagena shortly before 
his departure for Bogota and arrived in Vera Cruz, 
25 Aug., 1810. On the road to the capital he heard 
of a threatened outbreak in Qucretaro, and two days 
after his arrival in Mexico the revolution of Miguel 
Hidalgo took place in Dolores, 16 Sept., 1810. With 
great activity Venegas gathered forces to oppose 
the advancing host of the insurgents, and after the 
defeat of Gen. Trujillo at. Monte de las Cruces, 29 
Oct., he sent two brigades against the retiring 
Hidalgo, who was defeated at Aculco on 7 Nov. 
He was greatly assisted by the energy of Gen. 
Felix Maria Calleja, who on 17 Jan., 1811, totally 
defeated the insurgents at Calderon, and in the 
same year took Zitacuaro from Ignacio Lopez 
Rayon. Continued success made Calleja believe 
himself superior to Venegas; from that time he 
began a secret opposition to the viceroy, and the 
latter, to keep him from the capital, sent him 
against Morelos's forces in Cuautla. But when the 
latter town was abandoned by Morelos after a 
seventy days' defence, on 2 May, 1812, and Calleja 
with his tired forces did not pursue the enemy, 
Venegas censured him severely, and the former 
resigned. In the same year Venegas took the oath 
on the new constitution, and repressed a seditious 
movement in the capital with trie utmost cruelty, 
ordering the execution of several accused persons 
for whom the prosecutor had only demanaed im- 
prisonment. In other instances he had acted 




against the decrees of the Spanish cortes, and this, 
together with the intrigues of Callcja's friends, 
caused the regency to order his recall in February, 
1813. He delivered the executive to Calleja on 4 
March, and left Mexico on the 13th of that month, 
with the reputation of an honest and energetic but 
haughty and cruel ruler. In Spain he submitted 
to the French government, and was rewarded with 
the titles of Marquis de la Reunion and member of 
the supreme council of war. After the restoration 
of Ferdinand VII. he retired to private life. 

VENEGAS, Miguel (vay-nay'-gas), Mexican 
author, b. in Puebla, 4 Oct., 1680; u. near the city 
of Mexico in 1764. He entered the Society of 
Jesus at Tepozotlan on 80 Aug., 1700, was a pro- 
fessor of Latin and rhetoric in 1708, and of moral 
theology in 1714. and was subsequently a mission- 
ary among the Indians of Mexico and California. 
He rendered important services to his order in the 
administration of the latter country, and collected 
a large number of documents on its history, geog- 
raphy, and on the lives of its missionaries. At 
length he was forced by feeble health to live in re- 
tirement, and spent the remainder of his life on 
the estate of Chicomocelo in literary occupations 
and the practice of religious exercises. He wrote 
many works, among them : 44 Hymnus in laudem 
B. Marine Virginis de Guadalupe/' in Latin and in 
Spanish (Mexico, 1765); "Manual de Parrocos 
para administrar los Sacramentos a Indios y Espa- 
fioles " (1768); 4 *Templo mistico de la Gracia, de- 
lineado en la admirable vida y virtudes heroicas 
del Ven. P. Juan Bautista Zappa, misionero de la 
Nueva Espafia " (Barcelona, 1754) ; and 44 Vida ad- 
mirable del P. Juan Maria Salvatierra, Conquista- 
dor de Californias" (Mexico. 1755). The work on 
which his reputation rests is 44 Noticia de la Cali- 
fornia y su Conquista temporal y espiritual hasta 
el tiempo presente" (3 vols., Madrid. 1757). It is 
full of details on the manners of the Indian tribes 
and the lives of the missionaries. He availed him- 
self of the manuscripts of his predecessors and con- 
temporaries, and the interest the work excited is 
shown by the fact that it was translated into the 
principal modern languages. The English transla- 
tion bears the title 44 Natural and Civil History of 
California " (2 vols., London, 1759). The French 
and Dutch translations were made from the Eng- 
lish, and do not give the author's name. His life 
was written by Salvador Granada (Mexico, 1765). 

VENNOR, Henry George, Canadian mete- 
orologist, b. in Montreal, 80 Dec.. 1840 ; d. there, 8 
July, 1884. He was graduated at McGill uni- 
versity in 1860, taking the zoological and geo- 
logical courses under Sir William Dawson, studied 
civil engineering, and took a course of chemistry 
in Montreal medical college. For five years after 
leaving the university he was in business, but 
found time to make a lar^e collection of the birds 
and fossils of Montreal island, and also made a 
study of the weather. In 1865 he became assistant 
to Sir William Logan, of the geological survey of 
Canada, with whom he spent a season in examining 
Manatonlin island in Lake Huron. There he con- 
tributed letters to the Montreal 44 Witness," made 
a collection of the birds of Lake Huron, and pre- 
pared a list of all that bred on the island. He 
was placed on the permanent staff of the geological 
survey in 1866, was elected a fellow of the Royal 
geological society of England in 1870, and con- 
tinued his geological surveys till 1881, when he 
left the service of the government and opened a 
mining agency in Montreal. While employed on 
the survey he traced the rivers Lievre, Reuge, and 
Gatineau to their sources, and succeeded in direct- 



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ing public attention to valuable phosphate-mines. 
He first attracted notice as a meteorologist in the 
autumn of 1876, when he predicted a "green" 
Christmas and a rainy New- Year's day, which pre- 
diction was verified. At the same time he began 
the publication of " Vcnnor's Almanac," which he 
continued till his death, and which, it was claimed, 
attained a larger circulation than that of any simi- 
lar publication in the world. He made a study of 
the course of storms for many years, and attained 
his results chiefly by comparing atmospheric con- 
ditions at the time with similar ones in the past, 
lie published "Our Birds of Prey" (Montreal, 
1875). The remainder of his writings appear in 
the •* Reports " of the geological survey, the " Ca- 
nadian Naturalist," and the "British* American 
Magazine." In 1882-'3 he supplemented his al- 
manac with 44 Vennor's Weather Bulletin." 

VENT A DOUR, Henry de Levin-La Voute, 
Duke de, third viceroy ol Canada, b. in the castle 
of Moustier Ventadour, near Tulle, Correze, about 
1595; d. in Paris in 1651. He was the second 
Duke of Ventadour, and, after serving for several 
years in the army, retired and took holy orders. 
In 1625 he bought for 20,000 livres from liis uncle, 
Henry, Duke de Montmorency, the viceroyalty of 
Canada. According to the historian, " it was no 
worldly motive that prompted this young noble- 
man to assume the burden of fostering the infancy 
of New France. For trade and colonization he 
cared nothing; the conversion of infidels was his 
sole care. The Jesuits had the keeping of his con- 
science, and in his eye they were the most fitting 
instrument for his purpose." The Recollet friars 
that had arrived in Canada a few years before had 
already established five missions. To please De 
Ventadour they applied for the assistance of the 
Jesuits, and the duke sent to Canada, in 1625, 
Charles Lalemant, lSnemond Masse, and Jean de 
Brelnmf. They were followed in 1626 by Noirot de 
la None and twenty other laborers, "fimery de 
Caen had then the* monopoly of trade and com- 
merce in Canada, but, as he was a Huguenot, Ven- 
tadour endeavored to limit his privilege, and went 
so far as to prohibit Emery's followers from prayer 
and singing. Ventadour sent one ship to Canada 
in 1626 to explore his new dominion, but denied 
the colonists any support, under the pretence that 
they were Protestants, and when Richelieu in 
1627 compelled Ventadour to sell his viceroyalty to 
the newly organized company of the Hundred asso- 
ciates, the fifty inhabitants of Quebec were nearly 
starving. Pointe Ijevis had been named after the 
third viceroy of Canada. Ventadour continued to 
the end of his life to interest himself in the conver- 
sion of infidels, and he sent succor several times to 
the missions that had been established by the 
Jesuits in New France. 

VERA CRUZ, Alonso de la, Spanish monk, 
b. in Caspueftas, Guadalajara, in 1504 ; d. in Mexi- 
co, 6 July, 1584. He studied at the universities of 
Alcala and Salamanca, and was from 15*3 till 
1537 tutor of the children of the Duke del Infan- 
tado. In 1537 he accompanied Father Francisco 
de la Cruz to New Spain, and in 1538 entered the 
Augustinian order at Vera Cruz. He was provin- 
cial of the order in 1550, and founded in 1551 the 
University of Mexico, being its first professor of 
Holv Scripture. When Vasco de Quiroga, bishop 
of Michoacan, went to the council of Trent, he 
left Vera-Cruz in charge of his diocese and asked 
him for a full report of the missions in New Spain 
to lay before the council. This report was long 
discussed in that body, as it severely criticised the 
Spanish administration and begged the king to 



prevent cruelty toward the Indians. Vera-Cruz 
was in consequence ordered to appear at court in 
1561, but he justified himself and became visitor 
of the order in New Castile. He refused in 1565 
the bishoprics of Tlaxcala and Michoacan, and, 
being permitted to return to New Spain in 1573, 
brought with him seventeen friars, and established 
successful missions among the Tarascos. He was 
thoroughly acquainted with the native languages, 
and left, besides many published works, several 
valuable manuscripts, which are mentioned by 
Jose Mariano Beristain in his 44 Biblioteca Hispano- 
Americana Septentrional." 

VERANDRYE, Pierre tiantier de Viiren- 
nes de la, Canadian explorer, b. in Three Rivers, 
Lower Canada, 17 Nov., 1685; d. in Quel>ec, 6 
Dec,, 1749. His father, Ren6 Gautier de Varennes, 
a native of France and lieutenant in the regiment 
of Carignan, was governor of Three Rivers. The 
son entered the French army, fought in the war 
with Great Britain, received several wounds in the 
battle of Malplaquet, and was left for dead on the 
field. After his recovery he returned to Canada, 
and in 1712 married the daughter of the seignieur 
of He D ii pas. Like many others, Verandrye cher- 
ished the nope of discovering a northwest passage 
to Cathav, and on his imparting his belief to Father 
Gonor, the latter persuaded De Beauharnois, then 
governor of Canada, to give Verandrye fifty men 
and a missionary to carry out his intended explo- 
rations. In 1731 he crossed Lac de la Pluie 160 
miles west of Lake Superior, built Fort St. Peter 
near the present Fort Francis, and in 1732 erected 
Fort St. Charles on the western shore of the Lake 
of the Woods. In 1733 he passed down Winnipeg 
river into the lake of that name, and is supposed to 
have erected a fort south of Assiniboine river near 
its junction with Red river, from which the pres- 
ent Fort Rouge is named. He and his sons shortly 
afterward built Fort de la Reine upon the site that 
is now occupied by Portage la Prairie, and subse- 
quently continued their explorations west ward un- 
til they had discovered the Rocky mountains. In 
1736 one of his sons, the Jesuit Pere Anneau, and 
twenty others were massacred by Sioux on an isl- 
and of the Lake des Bois. In 1749 Verandrye as- 
cended Saskatchewan river to the forks, where he 
erected Fort Dauphin, and afterward returned to 
Quebec, hoping to obtain a further pecuniary grant, 
but died as he was about to resume his journey. 
While on his tour of exploration he found among 
massive pillars a small stone that bore on two sides 
graven characters of an unknown language. The 
stone was afterward sent to Paris, and there the 
resemblance the characters were thought to bear to 
Tartaric was regarded as supporting the hypothesis 
of an Asiatic emigration into America. Ihe king 
of France conferred the cross of St. Louis upon 
Verandrye, and at the time of his death he was 
about to' resume, by the king's desire, his attempt 
to reach the Pacific ocean. Alexander Tache, tne 
first Roman Catholic archbishop of St. Boniface, 
Manitoba, who was a relative of Verandrye, laid 
in 1885 the foundation of a monument to com- 
memorate him at St. Boniface. 

VERBECK, Ouido Fridolin, missionary, b. in 
Zeist, near Utrecht, Holland, 23 Jan., 1830. He 
was graduated at the Moravian academy in Zeist 
in 1848, at Auburn theological seminary in 1859, 
and was licensed by the presbytery of Cayuga the 
same year. He went to Japan in May, 1859, as 
a missionary of the Reformed church, was con- 
nected with the government of that country in its 
education and translation departments in 1869-'78, 
and early in 1869 was invited to Tokio to help in 



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forming a mitional university. He was one of a 
staff of writers employed in the production of "An 
Outline History of Japanese Education " for the 
United States centennial exhibition in 1870, and 
was engaged in the production of other important 
publications in Janan. Dr. Verbeck was one of a 
select committee that brought out the translation 
of the Bible into the Japanese language in 1887, 
after many missionaries had labored upon difficult 

Sarts of the work for fifteen years, lie is presi- 
ent of the University of Tokio, and received the 
Japanese order of the "Rising Sun" in 1877, and 
the degree of D. D. from Rutgers in 1875. 

VER RRYCK, Cornelius artist, b. in Yaugh 
Pauffh, N. J., 1 Jan., 1813; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 
81 Mav, 1844. He studied in 1835 under Samuel 
F. B. faorse, and in 1837 went to Mobile. In 1839 
he visited London, England, whence he soon re- 
turned. He was elected an associate of the Nation- 
al academy in 1838, and an academician in 1841. 
He exhibited at the academy during 1837-'42 va- 
rious landscapes, figure-pieces, and portraits, and 
in 1839 "Charles I. in the Studio of Vandyck." 
His health gave way soon after his art studies be- 
gan, and in 1843 he went again to Europe, with 
the hope that a voyage might restore him, but 
soon returned, and his early death terminated a 
promising career. The New York historical so- 
ciety owns his " The Old Dutch Bible." Among his 
portraits is one of William Cullen Bryant (1842). 

VERCH&RES, Mary Madeleine de, b. in 
Canada in 1678; d. after 1700. She was born in 
the fort on her father's seigniory on the St. Law- 
rence, about twenty miles below Montreal. In the 
autumn of 1092 she was on the river-bank, some 
distance from the fort, when suddenly she heard 
several shots fired, and discovered that the Indians 
were killing and carrying off the settlers who were 
working in the fields. She describes the scene in 
the narrative afterward written at the request of 
the governor of Canada. A servant shouted to her 
to run, and, on turning round, she saw about fifty 
Iroquois rushing at her. Pursued by the savages, 
and crying " To arms ! " she entered the fort just in 
time to shut the gate in their faces. Besides women 
and children, there were only two soldiers, an old 
man, and her two little brothers in the fort. Seeing 
that the soldiers were demoralized, she seized a 
rifle, put on a military cap. and ordered all to take 
their places and by heavy firing alarm the country. 
She placed her two brothers — the one twelve years 
old, the other fourteen — on the bastions, saying: 
44 Let us fight till death ; we fight for our country 
and religion." The third bastion was defended by 
the old man, while she took charge of the fourth, 
after placing the women and children in charge of 
the two soldiers in a redoubt. The Iroquois made 
several attacks, but were repelled, and eventually 
retreated with loss. The siege lasted two days, 
during which she neither ate nor slept. After 
another eight days the fort, was relieved by an 
officer and forty men from Montreal. She after- 
ward married De Lanaudiere, Sieur de la Perade. 

VERDEN, Karl von (vair'-den), German mis- 
sionary, b. in Schweidnitz, Silesia, about 1020; d. 
in Buenos Ay res in 1697. He became a Jesuit, was 
attached to the South American missions, and 
labored for about twenty years among the Indians 
of Tucumaiu Afterward he was librarian of the 
convent of Buenos Ayres. His works include 
" Geografia y Misiones del Rio de la Plata" 
(Madrid, 1710); 44 Informe de las Misiones del Tu- 
cuman " (1711); and " Informaci6n sobre las Misi- 
ones y Establecimientos de la Compafiia de Jesus 
en la America meridional " (2 vols., 1715). 



VERDI, Tnllio Snzzara, physician, b. in Man- 
tua, Italy, 10 Feb., 1829. He is of a noble family, 
was educated in the College of art, literature, and 
sciences of Mantua, and in 1847 entered the Sar- 
dinian army. After its defeat at Novara in 1849 
he was exiled from Italy by the Austrians, came 
to the United States, and in 1852 became profes- 
sor of modern languages in Brown university. 
He was graduated at Hahnemann medical col- 
lege at Philadelphia in 1856, and in 1857 re- 
moved to Washington, D. C. In 1871 he was a|>- 

B nn ted a member of the board of health of the 
istrict of Columbia, of which in 1876 he was 
elected president, and he was appointed in 1879 a 
member of the national board of health. Dr. Verdi 
l>ecame president of the medical staff of the Na- 
tional homoeopathic hospital in June, 1887. He was 
appointed in 1873 special sanitary commissioner to 
the principal cities of Europe from the District of 
Columbia. He was physician to William II. Sew- 
ard while the latter was secretary of state, and the 
assassin that nearly killed Seward gained admission 
to the secretary by the pretence that he was the 
l>earer of a professional message from Dr. Verdi. 
He ha* published 4 * Maternity, a Popular Treatise 
for Young Wives and Mothers" (New York, 1809); 
" Mothers and Daughters : Practical Studies for 
the Conservation of the Health of Girls " (1877) ; 
and "The Infant Philosopher" (1886). 

VERDI GO, Vicente (vair-doo-go), Peruvian 
historian, b. in Cuzco about 1690; d. in Home, 
Italy, in 1775. He became a Jesuit, and was su- 
perior of their houses at Cuzco and Lima, canon 
of Cuzco, and professor of history at Quito. After 
ma^terin^ the Quichua language and several other 
Indian dialects, he collected an important library 
of ancient documents concerning the early history 
of South America and its conquest. Toward 1750 
he was sent to Rome and became librarian of the 
Roman college. His works include " Historia de 
las guerras civiles en Peru en el tiempo del Inca 
Atahualpa" (Rome, 1754); 4t Cr6nica veridica de 
la conquista de la provincia de Cuzco'* (2 vols., 
1756); and "Information de lo obrado en la pro- 
vincia del Cuzco," a manuscript which is preserved 
in the Roman college. 

VERE, Maximilian, Frcihcrr von Schele de, 
scholar, b. near Wexio, Sweden, 1 Nov., 1820. He 
was educated in Germany, and entered the military 
and afterward the diplomatic service of Prussia. 
He came to the United! States in 1842, and in 1844 
accepted the chair of modem languages in the Uni- 
versity of Virginia. At the beginning of the civil 
war he entered the Confederate service as a captain, 
and was afterward appointed commissioner to 
Germany, to explain and further there the cause of 
the Confederacy. He lived for some time in 
Europe, mainly "in Italy, devoting himself to liter- 
ary and social studies, "but returned to this country 
after the war and resumed his professorship. Prof. 
De Vere is a member of various historical and 
scientific societies, and was one of the founders of 
the American philological society. Besides contri- 
butions on historical, literary, and scientific subjects, 
to English, American, and'German periodicals, he 
has published " Outlines of Comparative Philology " 
(New York, 1853) ; 44 Grammar of the Spanish 
Language" (1854); "Stray Leaves from the Book 
of Nature" (1856); "Studies in English," "First 
French Reader," and " Grammar in French " (1867) ; 
" The Great Empress," a novel (Philadelphia, 1869) ; 
44 Wonders of the Deep " (New York, 1869) ; 44 Intro- 
duction to the Study of French " (1870) ; 44 Romance 
of American History" (1872); " Americanisms, or 
the English of the New World " (1873) ; and 44 Mod- 



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em Magic " (1874). He has translated into English 
Spiclhagen's 44 Problematic Characters " (New York, 
1869); "Through Night to Light" (180!)); and 
"The Hohcnsteins " (1870); and has edited an edi- 
tion de luxe of Saintine's * 4 Mytlis of the Rhine," 
illustrated by Dor6, and several volumes of the 
** Illustrated Library of Wonders." Ho has re- 
cently begun a revised and annotated edition of 
some of the masterpieces of French literature. 

YERGARA Y ZAMORAL, Die#o Hernandez 
de, Spanish missionary, b. in Jaen, Andalusia, 
Spain, in 1520; d. in Mexico in 151)3. He was of 
noble birth, early entered the military service and 
fought in Italy till 1549, when ho became a Jesuit 
to cscatH? punishment for having killed a fellow- 
officer in a duel. In the following year he was 
sent to Santo Domingo, where he studied theology 
and was ordained priest. Ho lalx>rcd afterward 
in Cuba, in the Tierra Firmc, and in Mexico, where 
he became prior of a convent, librarian and pro- 
curator of his order, and was twice sent to Rome 
to report to the holy see on the American mis- 
sions, lie left two valuable manuscripts, which 
are preserved in the Vatican library at Rome. 
They are entitled 44 Litteno annuro, ad pnepositum 
gcneralem Societatis Jesu, quae statum in provincia 
Antillensi cxponunt," and 44 Epistohe tres de qua- 
draginta Jesuitis intcrfectis in Nova Hisnana," 
which recounts the adventures of the first Jesuits 
that were sent to Mexico. 

VERUENNES, Charles Grarier, Count de, 
French statesman, b. in Dijon, 28 Dec., 1717; d. in 
Versailles, 18 Feb., 1787. He was the second son 
of a president of the parliament of Dijon, and, after 
receiving his educa- 
tion at the Jesuit col- 
lege, entered the dip- 
lomatic service, and 
accompanied a rela- 
tive to Lisbon in 1740. 
In the following year 
he participated at 
Frankfort in the nego- 
tiations that brought 
about the election to 
the empire of the elec- 
tor of Bavaria, Charles 
VII., but he returned 
to Lisbon in 1745, and 
in 1750 was appoint- 
ed minister at the 
court of the elector of 
Treves. He assisted 
in the congress at 
Hanover in 1752, and 
in 1753 prevented at 
Mannheim the conclusion of a treaty l>etween 
Maria Theresa and the Emperor Charles VII. He 
was ambassador to Constantinople in 1754-'68, and 
in 1771-74 at the court of Sweden, assisting at 
Stockholm in the revolution in favor of Qustavus 
III. Louis XVI. appointed him secretary of for- 
eign relations, 8 June, 1774. Out of friendship for 
Benjamin Franklin, he gave secret aid to the colo- 
nists through the agency of Caron de Beaumarchais, 
and exerted his influence to induce the king to sign 
a treaty of commerce and alliance with the United 
States, His task was the less easy as he had to 
overcome the scruples of the kinp, the opposition 
of the queen and of the prime minister, Count de 
Maurepas. and especially the objections of the sec- 
retary of the treasury, Keeker, who predicted bank- 
ruptcy and a revolution for its consequence. Ver- 
gennes, supported bv the young nobility and the 
philosophers, furnished Caron de Beaumarchais 




with funds, arms and ammunition, and supplies 
for the colonists sent to Philadelphia Geraru de 
Rayneval as ambassador, and wrote the articles of 
the" treaty of alliance that was signed, 6 Feb., 1778. 
He composed also the famous manifesto to the for- 
eign powers in which Louis XVI. justified his ac- 
tion in recognizing the so-called rebels of America, 
and negotiated also the articles of the treaties of 
peace that were signed at Paris, 3 Sept., 1783, l»c- 
tween Great Britain on the one hand and France 
and Spain on the other. Besides these treaties, Ver- 
gennes negotiated those of Soleure with the confed- 
eration of Switzerland, 28 May, 1777; of Teschen 
with Emperor Joseph II., 13 Mav, 1779, which settled 
the question of succession to Bavaria; of 10 Nov., 
1785, with Germany, which saved Holland from an 
invasion; and the treaty of commerce with England, 
25 Sept., 1780. He addressed to Louis XVI. a 
44 Memoire historique et politique sur la Louisiane," 
which was published after his death (Paris, 1802). 

VERHUEN. Jacobus (vair-oo-en), Dutch his- 
torian, b. in Leyden in 1709; d. there in 1777. He 
was educated in the university of his native city, 
entered the Jesuit order when he was twenty-five 
years old, and was sent to Mexico, where, after 
learning the Indian dialects, he labored for about 
twenty-five years in the northern missions. When 
the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish do- 
minions he returned to his native city, where he 
died. He wrote in Dutch a valuable narrative, 
which is preserved in manuscript in the library of 
Leyden. A French translation was published 
under the title 44 Notice sur les missions eiablies 
par la Compagnie de Jesus dans la province du 
Mexique, suivie d'un essai historique et geogra- 
phique sur la Californie, et de plusieurs documents 
originaux" (2 vols., Amsterdam, 1782). 

VERMILYE, Thomas Edward, clergyman, b. 
in New York city, 27 Feb., 1803. He studied at 
Yale and at Princeton theological seminary, but 
was not graduated. He was licensed to preach by 
the presbytery of New York in 1826, was pastor of 
a Presbyterian church in New York city, then of 
the Congregational church at West Springfield, 
Mass., in 1829-'34, and of the Reformed Dutch 
church at Albany, N. Y., in 1834-'9. Since 1839 
he has had charge of one of the Collegiate Re- 
formed churches in New York city. — His son, 
Ashbel Green, clergyman, b. in Princeton, N. J., 
in 1822, was graduated at the University of New 
York in 1840 and at New Brunswick theological 
seminary in 1841. He was ordained by the presby- 
tery of Albany in 1845, and was pastor at Little 
Falls, N. Y., in 184o-\50, at Newburyport, Mass.. in 
1850-'63, at Utica. N. Y., in 1863-71, and at Sche- 
nectady in 1871— '6. Having been appointed chap- 
lain of the Marine chapel, Antwerp. Belgium, he 
went to that country in March, 1879. Among 
other sermons he published 44 Historical Sermon at 
Centennial of First Presbyterian Church, New- 
buryport" (1856). — Thomas Edward's brother, 
Robert George, educator, b. in New York city, 3 
March, 1813; d. in Lyme, Conn., 5 July, 1875, was 
graduated at Columbia in 1831. He was a teacher 
of classics in the College grammar-school for sev- 
eral years, and, with Dr. Charles Anthon, was ap- 
pointed adjunct professor of Greek and Latin in 
Columbia college in 1837. In the mean time, hav- 
ing studied theology, he was licensed by the pres- 
bytery of New York in April, 1838, preached in the 
Duane street church. New York, in 1838-'9, was 
pastor of a Presbyterian church at German Valley, 
N. J., in 1843-'6, and of the Congregational church 
at Clinton, N. Y., in 1846-'57. He was a member 
of the board of trustees of Hamilton college in 



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VEROT 



1850-7, and in the latter year became professor of 
theology in East Windsor theological institute, 
which chair he retained till his death. He pub- 
lished a few sermons and addresses, and left in 
manuscript his courses of theological lectures. 

VERMONT, £loi Lemercler Beausoleil 
(yair-mong), Marquis de, West Indian soldier, b. in 
Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, in 1762; d. in Paris, 
France, 21 Sept, 1832. He became ensign in the 
Santo Domingo regiment in 1778, and served in 
the war of 1778-'83, being at the capture of Tobago 
and in the division of the Duke de Saint Simon at 
Yorktown in 1781. He was promoted colonel, 
commanded the French forces in Guadeloupe from 
1788 till 1793, and repressed with the utmost sever- 
ity the revolutionary troubles in the island. Being 
besieged in Pointe a Pitre by the insurgents, he 
sustained their attacks for several months, but 
when he fell short of ammunition the city was 
taken. Vermont and his principal officers were to 
be shot on the next day, when a British squadron 
appeared off the coast and the admiral demanded 
tneir surrender. After much discussion this was 
agreed to by the chief of the rebels, Gen. Pclagaud ; 
but, as the feeling of the negroes ran extremely 
high against Vermont, extraordinary precautions 
were taken to prevent his murder. He was dis- 
guised and placed on board a boat entirely covered 
with black cloth, which was towed through the 
French fleet. Armed boats lined the way., and the 
sentries repeated theory, 44 By order of the republic, 
let the covered boat pass." This dramatic episode 
has been selected as a subject bv both English and 
French painters and poets. Vermont was trans- 
ported to England, where he rejoined the royal 
family. He returned to Guadeloupe in 1812, was 
promoted major-general and commander-in-chief 
of the island in 1815, lieutenant-general in 1820, 
and appointed governor of Guadeloupe in 1827, 
but declined. He died unmarried, and his enor- 
mous fortune was divided among his numerous 
heirs, thus scattering one of the largest estates in 
South and Central America. 

VERNON, Edward, British naval officer, b. in 
Westminster, England, 12 Nov., 1684; d. at his 
seat of Nacton, Suffolk, 29 Oct., 1757. His father, 
James Vernon, had been secretary of state under 
William and Mary from 1697 till 1700. Edward was 
educated at Westminster school and at Oxford, and 
obtained a commission in the navy in 1702. He was 
engaged in the expedition under Admiral Hopson 
which destroyed the 
French and Spanish 
fleets off Vigo, 12 
Oct., 1702; in the 
capture of Gibral- 
tar, 23 July, 1704; 
and in the sea-fight 
off Malaga on 13 
Aug. of the same 
year. He became 
a rear -admiral in 
1708, and was in ac- 
tive service till 1727, 
when he was elected 
to parliament for 
Penryn. In the suc- 
ceeding parliament, 
lasting from 1734 
till 1741, he repre- 
sented Portsmouth. 
He distinguished 
himself in the ranks of the opposition, and. declar- 
ing in parliament, in 1739, that Puerto Bello, on 
the Spanish main, could be taken with six ships, 




the ministry took him at his word and gave him 
the command of six men-of-war, with the rank of 
vice-admiral of the blue. He appeared before 
Puerto Bello with his small fleet, 22 Nov., 1739, 
which he captured after an assault of one day. with 
a loss of only seven men. This success secured 
him unbounded popularity. He next took and 
destroyed Fort Chagres, on the Isthmus of Darien, 
and in January, 1741, sailed from Jamaica with 
twenty-nine ships of the line and eighty smaller 
vessels, having on board 15,000 sailors and 12,000 
soldiers, four battalions of which were from the 
British colonies north of Carolina. After cruising 
in search of the French and Spanish fleets, Vernon 
determined to attack Cartagena, the most strongly 
fortified port in South America, and, appeanng 
before it on 4 March, was repelled with great loss, 
which was augmented by a pestilence. He attrib- 
uted the failure of the expedition to the fact of 
his not being in sole command, which opinion the 
public evidently shared, as the disaster did not 
seem to diminish his popularity in England. He 
planned an expedition against Panama in 1742, 
was made an admiral in 1745, and was charged 
with guarding the coasts of Kent and Sussex 
against an expected attack by Prince Charles Ed- 
ward Stuart. His name was stricken from the list 
of admirals, 11 April, 1746, in consequence of a 
quarrel with the admiralty. In 1741 he was elected 
to parliament from Penryn, Rochester, and Ips- 
wich, but chose to stand for the last-named place, 
for which he was again returned in 1747 and 1754* 
Tobias George Smollett served in the Cartagena 
expedition as a surgeon's mate, and gave a graphic 
description of it in '* Roderick Random " and in 
his 44 History of England." Lawrence Washington, 
elder brother of Gen. Washington, who also par- 
ticipated in the expedition, regarded Admiral Ver- 
non with great friendship, and named his estate in 
Virginia, Mount Vernon in his honor. The word 
" " » said to have been first applied by the 
sailors of his fleet to the diluted rum with which 
they were served, in allusion to his gro^ram trou- 
sers. During the closing years of his life he lived 
in retirement. He published 44 New History of Ja- 
maica, from the Earliest Account to the Taking- 
of Porto Bello " (London, 1740) ; " Original Paper* 
relating to the Expedition to Panama" (1744); 
and pamphlets on naval subjects (1746). See " The 
Life of Admiral Vernon by an Impartial Hand" 
(London, 1758), and 44 Memorial of Admiral Ver- 
non, from Contemporary Authorities," by William 
F. Vernon (1861). 

VERNON, Jane Marchant Fisher, actress, b. 
in Brighton, England, in 1796; d. in New York 
city, 4 June, 1869. Her maiden name was Fisher. 
She made her dibui at Drury Lane theatre, Lon- 
don, in 1817, in "Lilliput," and, coming to the 
United States in 1827, made her first appearance 
on 11 Sept at the Old Bowery theatre, New 
York, as Cicely Homespun in 44 The Heir at Law." 
She afterward became attached to the Old Chat- 
ham theatre, and in 1880 to the Park, where she 
remained till 1847, and gained great popularity. 
She was long connected with Wallack's company, 
making her last appearance as Mrs. Sutcliffe in 
"School," 5 April, 1869. She was a favorite, an 
excellent personator of old women, and possessed 
a cultivated mind. On 6 Oct, 1827, she married 
George Vernon, who died, 18 June, 1830. 

VEROT, Augustine, R. C. bishop, b. in Le 
Puys, France, in May, 1804; <L in St. Augustine, 
FUu, 10 June, 1876. He received his preparatory 
education at a classical school in Le Puys and in 
1820 entered the Seminary of St Sulpice, Paris. 



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He was ordained a priest on 20 Sept, 1828, and 
shortly afterward became a member of the Sulpi- 
tian order. He came to the United States in 1880 
and was appointed professor in St Mary's college, 
Baltimore. In 1858 he was made pastor of EUi- 
cott's Mills, where he became noted for his devo- 
tion to the interests of the slaves. He was nomi- 
nated vicar apostolic of East Florida and conse- 
crated bishop of Danabe in partibus on 25 April, 
1858. He arrived in St Augustine on 1 June, and 
at once proceeded to organize congregations. 
Bishop Verot was among the first to make known 
the aa vantages of Florida as a field for emigration, 
and, by letters, public addresses, and answers to in- 
quiries, he did much to attract settlers from other 
states and from Europe. As there were only three 
priests under his jurisdiction, he sought clerical 
aid from other quarters and soon had pnests enough 
for his new congregations. He built the Church 
of St Louis at Tampa and restored the cathedral 
of St Augustine, the chapel of Nuestra Seffora de 
la Leche, and the old Spanish cemetery, also en- 
larging the Church of St Mary at Key West, be- 
sides founding churches at Mandarin and Orange 
Spring. He was translated to the see of Savan- 
nah in July, 1861, retaining at the same time the 
vicariate of East Florida. Be replaced the Roman 
Catholic church at Jacksonville, which had been 
destroyed by fire during the occupation of the city 
by the U. S. soldiers in the civil war. He founded 
many missions, and at St Augustine organized 
several societies among the colored people. He 
opened academies for young girls at St Augustine, 
Jacksonville, Fernandina, Mandarin, and Palatka, 
under the care of the Sisters of St Joseph, and in- 
troduced the Sisters of the Holy Names, who es- 
tablished an academy at Key West In Georgia 
he made successful efforts to repair the ravages of 
the civil war. He built the Church of the Holy 
Trinity in Savannah, and also a church at Albany. 
He opened an (Jrsuline convent and school in Ma- 
con, a house of the Sisters of Mercy in Columbus, 
and established an orphan asylum at Savannah. 
Bishop Verot had a high reputation as a theolo- 
gian and scholar, and his influence in moulding the 
decrees of the councils of Baltimore and in the 
council of the Vatican was far-reaching. A series 
of letters that he published during and after the 
civil war in the " Pacificator " were effective in 
promoting peace and reconciliation. He was 
transferred to the bishopric of St Augustine on 
his return from Rome in 1870. His new diocese 
had not recovered from the disasters of the war, 
and he made several lecture- tours through the 
north in order to obtain money for the relief of 
his people. Bishop Verot published a catechism 
which is accepted as an authority by the Roman 
Catholics of tne United States. His manuscripts 
on philosophy, theology, and sacred scripture 
would, if published, form several large volumes. 

VERPLANCK, Daniel Crommelin, member 
of congress, b. in Dutchess county, N. V., in 1761; 
d. near Fishkill, N. Y., 29 March, 1834. He re- 
ceived a good education, served in congress from 
17 Oct, 1808, till 8 March, 1809, and was first 
judge of the court of common pleas for Dutchess 
county, from 11 March, 1828, till 16 Jan., 1830. 
He took great interest in agriculture. His estate 
at Fishkill had been in the possession of the family 
since 1682, and the house, which was erected sev- 
eral years later, is still standing. It is a one-story 
building of stone and wood, in the Dutch style. 
This place was the headquarters of Baron Steuben 
at one time, and in it Col. Lewis Nicola proposed 
to make Washington a king. (See illustration.)— 




His son, Gillian Crommelin, author, b. in New 
York city, 6 Aug., 1786; d. there, 18 March, 1870, 
was graduated 
at Columbia in 
1801, being the 

Jroungest bache- 
or of arts that 
everreceived his 
diploma from 
that college. He 
afterward stud- 
ied law, was ad- 
mitted to the 
bar and began 
practice in New 
York city. Soon 
afterward he 
went to Europe, 
where he passed 
several years in 
travel. On his 
return he took 
an active part 
in state politics, 
and became a 
member of the legislature in 1820. In 1821 he 
was appointed professor of the evidences of re- 
vealed religion and moral science in the Protest- 
ant Episcopal general theological seminary, New 
York city, and retained this chair four years. He 
was a member of congress from 1825 till 1833, was 
a member of the state senate in 1838-'41, and was 
for many years president of the board of commis- 
sioners of emigration. He was one of the vestry- 
men of Trinity church, New York city, a governor 
of the City hospital in 1828-'65, and vice-chancellor 
of the State university from 1855 till his death. 
For many years Mr. Verplanck was president of the 
Century cfub, and prominent in tne annual con- 
ventions of the diocese. He published an anni- 
versary discourse on the early European friends 
of America (New York, 1818); "The Bucktail 
Bards: containing the State Triumvirate, a Po- 
litical Tale; and the Epistles of Brevet Major 
Pindar Puff," being political pamphlet* chiefly 
aimed at De Witt Clinton, mayor of New York 
city (1819); "Proces Verbal of the Ceremony of 
Installation " (1820) ; " Address before the Ameri- 
can Academy of Fine Arts" (1824); "Essays on 
the Nature and Uses of the Various Evidences of 
Revealed Religion" (1824); "Essay on the Doc- 
trine of Contracts" (1825); "Discourses and Ad- 




dresses on Subjects of American History, Arts, and 
Literature" (1833); "Shakespeare's Plays, with 
his Life, with Critical Introduction and Notes" 
(3 vols., 1847); and several college orations, the 
best known of which is " The American Scholar," 
delivered at Union college in 1836. He prepared 
also for fifteen years nearly all the annual reports 
of the commissioners of emigration, and, with Will- 



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VERREN 




iam C. Bryant and Robert C. Sands, edited the 
44 Talisman," an annual, which continued three 
years, beginning with 1827. These volumes, con- 
taining some of the choicest productions of their 
authors, were republished in 1833 with the title of 
44 Miscellanies first published under the Name of 
the 'Talisman.'" — His cousin, Isaac A., jurist, b. 
in Coeymans, Albany co., N. Y., 16 Oct., 1812; d. 
in Buffalo, N. Y., 16 April, 1873, was graduated at 
Union in 1831, studied law, and began practice in 
Batavia, N. Y., in 1834. He went to Buffalo in 
1847, was elected a judge of the superior court of 
that city in 1854, and twice re-elected, and by the 
choice of his associates was made chief. As a 
member of the convention of 1867-'8 he assisted 
materially in the revision of the state constitution. 

VERKAZANO. YERAZZANI, or VERRAZ 
ZANO, Giovanni de (vay-rah-tsah'-ne), Floren- 
tine navigator, b. in Val dl Greve, near Florence, 
in 1470 ; d. either in Newfoundland or Puerto del 
Pico in 1527. At the age of twenty-five he entered 

the French mari- 
time service and 
was employed in 
voyages of dis- 
covery. It is as- 
serted in the 
French annals 
that he visited 
the northern 
coast of Ameri- 
ca as early as 
1508, but no ac- 
count of his dis- 
coveries is known 
to exist. Later 
he was employed 
in ravaging the 
Spanish and Por- 
tuguese posses- 
sions in the East 
and West Indies, 
and soon became famous as a corsair. In 1521 he 
secured valuable prizes in the West Indies, and he 
captured in 1522 the treasure-ship in which Hernan 
Cortes was sending home the rich spoils of Mexico. 
Toward the end of 1523 he left Dieppe on the frigate 
44 La Dauphine " with a mission from Francis I., 
king of France, to explore the coast of North Ameri- 
ca. He sailed from Madeira, 17 Jan., 1524, and ar- 
rived in February off the coast of North America. 
For three months he explored the coast from 30° to 
50° north latitude, landed at a point near ('ape Fear, 
and, coasting northward, discovered New York 
and Narragansett Iwtys. He landed on Newfound- 
land, of which he took possession in the name of 
the king, and endeavored to find a passage to the 
East Indies by the northwest. On his return to 
Dieppe he wrote, on 8 July, a memoir to Francis 
I., relating his discoveries, of which he gave a 
somewhat confused description. Very little is 
known of the remainder of Verrazano's life. 
References to the French annals make it possible 
that he was killed by Indians in Newfoundland 
during a subsequent voyage of exploration. It is 
known that he communicated to persons in Eng- 
land a map of his discoveries, and a document 
found at Rouen in 1876 proves that he executed a 
power of attorney to his brother, Ucronimo (Jeras- 
me de Verasenne), 11 May, 1527, before sailing to 
the East Indies, by virtue of an agreement with 
Admiral Philippe Chabot and the famous mer- 
chant of Dieppe, Jean Ango. It is claimed that 
during the voyage he wa» captured on the southern 
coast of Spain, and executed at Pico as a privateer. 



3 



His exploits, capture, and execution are narrated 
by Pietro Mart ire d'Anghiera, Bernal Diaz del 
Castillo, and others, who call him Juan Florin. In 
the 18th century, on the authority of Andres Gon- 
zalez Barcia, in his "Ensayo Cronologico, etc. n 
(Madrid, 1723), Juan Florin was identified with 
Verrazano, but more modern authors contest the 
identification. Ramusio published in his collec- 
tion in 1556 an Italian version of Verrazano's let- 
ter to King Francis I.; and Antonio de Herrera, in 
his 44 Decades," gives extracts from the letter, say- 
ing that he had seen the original. The authentici- 
ty of the letter was attacked in 1864 by Bucking- 
ham Smith, who claimed that Esteban Gomez, 
pilot of Magellan, was the first to visit the coast of 
Carolina in 1525. But James Carson Brevoort, in 
44 Verrazzano, the Navigator" (New York, 1874), 
maintains the authenticity of the letter, which 
Henry C. Murphy rejects as spurious in his 44 Voy- 
age of Verrazzano, a Chapter of the Early Maritime 
Discoveries in America (New York, 1875). The 
conclusion is not yet definitive, as George W. Greene 
discovered in the Strozzi library at Florence a 
manuscript copy of Verrazano's letter, varying 
somewhat in text from the Ramusio version, and 
containing some additional paragraphs. It was 
published in the transactions of the New York 
historical society for 1841. Brevoort gave also an 
account of a planisphere that is preserved in the 
Strozzi library, dated 1529, signed by Geronimo 
Verazzano, in which he calls the land "Nuova 
Gallia, quale discopri, 5 annos fa, Giovanni de 
Verazzano, Fiorentino." The French archives, 
recently searched by Ramee for his 44 Documents 
incdits sur Jacques Cartier et le Canada," afford 
proof that Verrazano discovered the northern coast 
of North America. 

YERREAU, Hospice- An thelme Jean Bap- 
tist©, Canadian educator, b. in L'Islet, Quebec. 6 
Sept., 1828. He was educated at the Seminary of 
Quebec, taught there in 1847-'8, was principal of 
Sainte The'rese college in 1848-'56, and has been 
principal of Jacques Cartier normal school, Mon- 
treal, since 1856. He was ordained a priest in 
1851, in 1873 was commissioned by the provincial 
government to make investigations in Europe re- 
garding Canadian history, and made extensive 
notes of his travels and researches, which were 
published in 1875. He was apjwinted an officer of 
public instruction by the French government. He 
nas published 44 Invasion du Canada" (Montreal, 
1873), and prefaces and notices of memoirs of the 
historical society. 

VERREN, Antoine, clergyman, b. in Mar- 
seilles, France, 14 Feb., 1801 ; d. in New York citv, 
17 March, 1874. He studied philosophy and the- 
ology, was graduated in Geneva, Switzerland, or- 
dained a minister in the French Protestant church 
in August, 1825, and was in parochial charge at 
Ferney, Switzerland, in 1825-7. lie came to the 
United States in Septemlier, 1827, and was called 
to the rectorship of L'Eglise du St. Esprit, New 
York city, which post he held during his life. lie 
was ordained deacon and priest in September, 1828, 
by Bishop Hobart, and was professor of French 
literature in Columbia in 1832-'44. A new church 
edifice was built on the comer of Franklin and 
Church streets in 1834; the interior was destroyed 
by fire in 1839, but was restored in 1840. Services 
were dis<*ontinucd in this building in 1802, and a 
new building was erected in West Twenty-second 
street, tietwccn Fifth and Sixth avenues. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. 1). from Iloltart college in 
1*00. Dr. Verren in lHtfl, by appointment, revised 
and corrected the 44 Book of Common Prayer " in 



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VERRILL 



French, for the use of congregations in the United 
States that have services in that language. This 
book was republished in Paris. 

VERRILL, Addison Emory, naturalist, b. in 
Greenwood, Me., 9 Feb., 1889. He was graduated 
at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in 
1862, where he specially studied natural history 
under Louis Agassiz. In 1864 he was called to 
the chair of zoology in Yale, which he still retains, 
and he was also professor of entomology and com- 
parative anatomy in the University of Wisconsin 
in 1867- 70. The instruction on geology in the 
Sheffield scientific school of Yale is under his 
care, and since 1867 be has been curator of zo- 
ology in the Peabody museum. The zoological 
collection has been created bv him, and it now 
ranks as one of the best in this country. Since 
1860 he has devoted part of every summer to col- 
lecting and studying the marine animals of the 
Atlantic coast, and since 1871 he has had charge 
of the dredging of marine invertebrates of the 
United States under the auspices of the U. S. fish 
commission, to whose reports he has annually con- 
tributed an account of his work. Prof. Vefrill is 
a member of various scientific societies, and in 1872 
was elected to the National academy of sciences. 
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Yale 
in 1867. He has made original investigations on 
corals, mollusca, annelids, echinoderms, tunicata, 
and bryozoa, and of the gigantic cephalopods of 
Newfoundland. His bibliography is quite large 
and includes papers in the " American Journal of 
Science " and the proceedings of various societies 
of which he is a member. 

VERSCHOOR, Julius Wilhelm Tan (fair- 
shore), Dutch navigator, b. in Dordrecht atxftit 
1575 ; d. there in 1640. He sailed as rear-admiral 
of a fleet that was equipped by order of the states- 
general of Holland and Prince Maurice of Nassau 
For an expedition against Peru, under command of 
Admiral Jacob L*Hermite Clerk, which left Am- 
sterdam, 29 April, 1628. They stopped at the Cape 
Verde islands, where rich prizes were secured, and, 
on 1 Feb., 1624, made Cape Peflas on Tierra del 
Fuego. The admiral was already very sick, and 
after July, 1623, the fleet was virtually commanded 
by Vice- Admiral Gheen Huygen Schapenham and 
Verschoor. On 2 Feb. they entered the Strait of 
Le Maire, and, the fleet being dispersed bv winds, 
Verschoor discovered Nassau bay, between Navarin, 
Hoste, and Wollaston islands. His mathematician, 
Johan von Walbeck, made a chart of the south- 
eastern coast of Tierra del Fuego and the Strait of 
Le Maire, which was at that time the most authen- 
tic map of the extremity of South America. In 
March, 1824, Verschoor was detached with a divis- 
ion for the American coast, while the admiral 
sailed for Juan Fernandez. Verschoor joined him 
there, and the fleet attacked Callao on 12 May, 
burning thirty merchant vessels in the harbor. On 
23 May, Verschoor was sent to attack Guayaquil, 
which he partly burned, but he was repelled, there 
and again at Pisco. After Hermitc's death, 2 J une, 
1624, Schapenham took the command-in-chief, and, 
in opposition to Verschoor's advice, refused to 
attack Callao again, which could have been easily 
carried, and a new expedition against Pisco was 
decided upon; but the Dutch were driven back on 
26 Aug., owing to Schapenham's ill-concerted 
measures. When the fleet reached the coast of 
New Spain, Verschoor secured several rich prizes 
and was ordered to sail for the Fast Indies, Schap- 
enham returning by way of Cape Horn to the 
Atlantic. Verschoor arrived on 2 March at Ter- 
nate, in the Moluccas, and, the vessels being assigned 



VESEY 283 

to other services, he returned to Holland to report 
to the states-general. His secretary, Hessel Ger- 
ritz, published *• Journal van de Nassauche Vloot " 
(Amsterdam, 1626). A German version, with ad- 
ditional remarks, was made by Adolf Decker, who 
had served as captain of marines in the expedition. 
It is entitled "Journal oder Tag- Register der Nas- 
sauischen Flotte" (Strasburg, 1629). De Bry pub- 
lished a later version of it in his 14 Historic Amer- 
icans " (1634), but the best-known version was 
published in French in the " Recueil des voyages 
de la Compagnie des Indes." Des Brosses gave 
also an account of the expedition in his •* Voyages 
aux terres australes," and Capt. James Burney 
published an English translation in his " Voyages 
to the South Sea r ' (London, 1811). 

VEBTIN, John, R. C. bishon, b. in Rudolfs- 
werth, Carniola, 17 July, 1844. He emigrated to 
the United States in 1863 with his father, and, 
having resolved to study for the priesthood, en- 
tered the theological seminary of St. Francis at 
Milwaukee, Wis. He was ordained a priest on 31 
Aug.. 1866, by Bishop Baraga, in Marquette. He 
was then appointed pastor at Houghton, and in 
1871 transferred to Negaunee. He was consecrated 
bishop of Marquette on 14 Sept., 1879. The dio- 
cese nas made considerable progress under his ad- 
ministration. It contains 40 priests, 36 churches, 4 
chapels, and 68 stations. There are 11 convents, 
an academy. 10 parochial schools, and 2 orphan 
asylums. The Catholic population is about 40,000. 

VERY, Jones, poet, b. in Salem, Mass., 28 Aug., 
1813 ; d. there, 8 May. 1880. He was graduated 
at Harvard in 1836. In his youth he made several 
voyages to Europe with his father, a sea-captain. 
He was a teacher of Greek at Harvard from 1836 
till 1838, was licensed as a preacher by the Cam- 
bridge (Unitarian) association, and, though never 
ordained over a congregation, preached occasion- 
ally. He published "Essays ana Poems" (Boston, 
1839). A complete edition of Mr. Very's essays 
and poems, with a biographical notice of the au- 
thor by James Freeman Clarke, was published 
(Boston, 1886). His poetry is characterized by re- 
markable purity and delicacy of thought and great 
ease and simplicity of style. — His brother, Washing- 
ton, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1815 ; d. there 
in 1853, wrote hymns and poems for the press. — 
His sister, Lydia Louisa Anna, poet, b. in Salem, 
Mass., 2 Nov., 1823, from 1845 till 1875 taught in 
the schools of her native city. She shares the po- 
etical gift of her family, and contributed poems to 
various Boston and Salem newspapers while en- 
gaged in teaching. As an artist Miss Very has 

Sroduced excellent pictorial illustrations for 'chil- 
ren's stories. She nas published " Poems " (An- 
dover, 1856) and children s books. 

VESEY, Denmark, conspirator, b. about 1767; 
d. in Charleston, S. C, 2 July, 1822. He was an 
African of great physical strength and energy, who 
had been purchased in St. Thomas, when fourteen 
years old, by a sea-captain of Charleston, S. C, 
whom he accompanied in his voyages for twenty 
years, learning various languages. He purchased 
his freedom in 1800, and from that time worked as 
a carpenter in Charleston, exercising a strong in- 
fluence over the negroes. For four years he taught 
the slaves that it would be right to strike a blow for 
their liberty, comparing t heir situation to that of the 
Israelites in bondage, and repeating the arguments 
against slavery that wero made in congress by 
speakers on the Missouri comnromise bill. In con- 
junction with a negro named Peter Poyas, he or- 
ganized a plot for a general insurrection of slaves 
in and about Charleston, which was disclosed by a 



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284 



VESEY 



VETCH 



negro whom one of the conspirators approached on 
25 May, 1822. Several thousand slaves from neigh- 
boring islands, organized in military formations 
and provided with pikes and daggers, were to ar- 
rive in canoes, as many were accustomed to do on 
Sunday, and with one stroke take possession of 
the city, the forts, and the shipping in the harbor. 
Nearly all the slaves of Charleston and its vicin- 
ity, many from remoter plantations, and a large 
number of whites, were in the plot. The leaders 
that were first arrested maintained such secrecy 
and composure that they were discharged from 
custody, and proceeded to develop their plans. An 
attempt was made to carry them out on 16 June, 
but the insurrection was promptly suppressed. 
At length, on the evidence of informers, the chief 
conspirators were arrested and arraigned for trial 
on l6 June. The two courts were organized under 
a colonial law, and consisted each of two lawyers 
and five freeholders, among whom were William 
Drayton, Robert Y. Hayne, Joel R. Poinsett, and 
Nathaniel Havward. Denmark Vesey showed much 
dialectic skill in cross-examining witnesses by coun- 
sel and in his final plea. He and five of the ring- 
leaders were hanged first, and twenty-nine others 
on later dates, all save one keeping up to the end 
their calm demeanor and absolute reticence, even 
under torture. On the day of Vesey's execution a 
second effort was made to rouse the blacks, but 
two brigades of troops, on guard day and night, 
were sufficient to deter them from action. The 
slaves were ready, however, to embrace the first 
opportunity, and re-enforcements of United States 
troops were sent in August to guard against a re- 
newal of the insurrection. 

VESEY, William, clergyman, b. in Braintree, 
Mass., in 1674; d. in New York city, 18 July, 1746. 
He entered Harvard, and was graduated in 1693, 
after which he began the study of theology in Bos- 
ton. He officiated as lay reader in Hempstead, 
Queens co., N. Y., during 1695-'6, and was invited 
by Gov. Fletcher and the magistrates, vestrymen, 
and wardens to become rector of the new congre- 
gation in New York, known as Trinity church, 
and ** to have the care of souls in the city of New 
York " so soon as he took orders. The vestrv en- 
gaged to pay his expenses, and he embarkecl for 
England early in 1697. He was ordained in Au- 
gust of the same year, and returned immediately 
to this country, fae was inducted into the new 
church as soon as it was finished, 18 March, 1698. 
Gov. Fletcher made a grant to the church of a tract 
of land for a term of years, known as " The King's 
Farm," subject to rent, which, however, was not 
exacted. Fletcher's successor, the Earl of Bello- 
mont, by requiring the rent, stirred up a violent 
controversy with Rector Vesey; but Lord Corn- 
bury, who succeeded as governor in 1701, restored 
the farm to the church. About 1712 the bishop 
of London, Dr. Compton, appointed Mr. Vesey his 
commissary, which proved to be a laborious and 
troublesome office, and led to several protracted 
and unpleasant controversies. He discharged his 
various duties with zeal and earnestness, and as 
the Venerable society for the propagation of the 
gospel furnished him with assistant ministers, 
school-masters, and teachers, he was able to give an 
impetus to the Church of England in New York 
city, which placed it in the foremost rank, and 
secured to its successor, the Protestant Episcopal 
church, the strong position that it holds to the 
present day. His last report as commissary to the 
Venerable society in 1746 showed the result of long 
and faithful labors, and spoke of "twenty-two 
churches flourishing and increasing in his juris- 



diction." Mr. Vesey was an able preacher, but he 
left nothing in print. His portrait is among the 
collections of parish rectors in the vestry-room of 
Trinity chapel, New York city. Vesey street, in 
the same city, was named in his honor. 

VEST, George Graham, senator, b. in Frank- 
fort, Kv., 6 Dec, 1830. He was graduated at Cen- 
tre coliege in 1848, and in the law department of 
Transylvania university in March, 1853. Begin- 
ning practice in central Missouri, he was chosen a 
presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 
1860, and in the same year was elected to the Mis- 
souri house of representatives. In the legislative 
debates of the session of 1861 he was an ardent 
supporter of southern views. He relinquished his 
seat in order to take his place in 1863 as a repre- 
sentative from Missouri in the Confederate senate, 
of which he was a member for two years. After 
the downfall of the Confederacy he resumed the 
practice of law in Sedalia, Mo., whence he re- 
moved in 1877 to Kansas City, Mo. lie was 
elected to the U. S. senate, taking his seat on 18 
March, 1879, became prominent by his powers as 
a debater and orator, and was re-elected for the 
term ending 8 March, 1891. 

VETCH, James, British engineer, b. in Had- 
dington, Scotland, 13 May, 1789; d. in London, 
England, 7 Dec., 1869. He was educated at Wool- 
wich military academy, served as an officer of en- 
gineers in the peninsular war, and after conduct- 
ing the ordnance survey in the Shetland, Orkney, 
and Hebrides islands for three years, went to 
Mexico in 1824, and for the next eleven years 
managed the silver-mines of Real del Monte and 
Bolaflos. While a resident of Mexico he con- 
structed roads and other public works, and began 
to survey and map the country. After his return 
to Great Britain ne was employed in important 
drainage works and harbor improvements, and 
held high offices under the government connected 
with his profession. 

VETCH, Samuel, colonial governor, b. in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, 9 Dec, 1668 ; d. in London, Eng- 
land, 30 April, 1732. He was the son of William 
Vetch, a minister 
in Edinburgh, was 
educated there and 
at the College of 
Utrecht, Holland, 
and accompanied 
William, Prince of 
Oran ge,to England, 
5 Nov., 1688. He 
afterward served 
with credit in Flan- 
ders in the war 
against France, re- 
turned to England 
at thepeaee of Rys- 
wick in 1697, and in 
1698 was appointed 
one of the seven 
councillors of the ~ si j 

proceeded thither. 

(See Paterson, William.) He accompanied Pater- 
son as far as New York when the latter was on his 
way to England to report to the directors of the 
Darien scheme, and afterward went to Albany, 
encaged in trade with the Indians, and on 20 Dec., 
1700, married Margaret, daughter of Robert Liv- 
ingston. In 1705 ne was sent as a commissioner 
from Gov. Joseph Dudley, of Massachusetts, to 
Quebec with proposals for a treaty between Cana- 




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VETHAKE 



da and New England ; but, having failed, he went 
to England in 1708, and with the full authoriza- 
tion of the colony of New York proposed to Queen 
Anne the seizure of Canada. The queen regarded 
the proposal with favor and forwarded by Col. 
Vetcn her instructions to the colonial governors to 
aid in rendering the project effective. On landing 
at Boston he laid his instructions before the gov- 
«rnor and council of Massachusetts, and also for- 
warded similar documents to the governors of 
Rhode* Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- 
sey, and Pennsylvania. In consequence of the 
non-arrival of the fleet that was promised by the 
queen, the expedition against Canada was aban- 
doned. Returning to Boston, he called a meeting 
of prominent citizens, at which it was decided to 
fit out an expedition for the capture of Port Royal 
<now Annapolis), Nova Scotia, and at the same 
time a requisition was made for men-of-war to as- 
sist in the enterprise. The expedition was com- 
manded by Sir Francis Nicholson, Col. Vetch be- 
ing adjutant-general, and after the capitulation 
of Port Royal, 2 Oct., 1710, the latter remained 
as governor of the conquered colony. Gov. Vetch 
next sent a delegation to the French governor- 
general at Quebec, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, to 
announce that Acadia had fallen into the hands of 
the British and to offer an exchange of prisoners 
that had been captured at Annapolis for British sub- 
jects that were then in Montreal and Quebec Noth- 
ing came of this ; but Vetch and his small garrison, 
who had held precarious possession of the conquered 
province, were finally relic veil from the fear of re- 
prisals on the part of the French and Iroquois by the 
treaty of Utrecht, 11 April, 1713. Shortly afterward 
he was removed from the governorship of Nova 
Scotia in consequence of his great zeal for George I., 
soon after whose accession he was restored to his 
post ; but he was soon removed again. The cause 
of his second removal is unknown, though it is 
surmised that his harsh treatment of the plotting 
priests and the people of the province was the 
chief reason. After nis departure from Annapolis 
he went to Boston, annoyed the war and state de- 
partments with his claims for back-pay, and peti- 
tioned the kinp to be allowed £3,000 a year till he 
had been provided with a post in America as had 
been promised. Receiving neither the post nor 
the money, he returned finally to England, where 
he was residing in 1719. He was a man of great 
natural ability and formed for command, but preju- 
diced in politics and religion. A manuscript jour- 
nal covering the Port Royal period is in trie pos- 
session of Mrs. James Spcyers, of New York, as is 
also the portrait by Sir Peter Lely, which has been 
«ngravcu for the first time for this work. See 
44 An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova 
Scotia," by Thomas C. Haliburton (Halifax, 1829); 
44 Journal of the Voyage of the Sloop Mary " (1701 ; 
new ed., with introduction and notes by Edmund 
B. O'Callaghan, New York, 1866); 44 History and 
■General Description of New France," by Pierre 
Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, translated with 
notes by John G. Shea (New York, 1866-'72); and 
44 An Acadian Governor," by James Grant Wilson, 
in 44 International Review " (November, 1881). 

VETHAKE, Henry, educator, b. in Esscquibo 
county (now united with Demerara), British Guiana, 
in 1792; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Dec., 1800. He 
was brought to the United States by his parents at 
the age of four years, was graduated at Columbia 
in 1808, and afterward studied law. In 1813 he be- 
came instructor in mathematics and geography at 
Columbia, and later in the same year professor of 
mathematics and natural philosophy in Queen's 



VEUILLOT 286 

college (now Rutgers). He went to Princeton in 
1817 as professor of the same sciences, and for the 
first year of chemistry also, resigning in 1821 in 
order to take the chair of mathematics and natural 
philosophy in Dickinson college, where he remained 
till 1829. He taught the same subjects in the Uni- 
versity of the city of New York from 1832 till 
1835, and then filled for a year the office of presi- 
dent of Washington college, Lexington, Va., taking 
the chair of intellectual and moral philosophy. He 
was professor of mathematics from 1836 till 1855, 
and subsequently till 1859 of intellectual and 
moral philosophy in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, being chosen vice-provost in 1846, and pro- 
vost in 1854. From 1859 till his death he occupied 
the chair of the higher mathematics in the Phila- 
delphia polytechnic college. Ho received the de- 
gree of LL. D. from Columbia in 1836. He pub- 
lished 44 Principles of Political Economy" (Phila- 
delphia, 1838 ; 2d ed., 1844), besides contribu- 
tions to periodicals. He edited, with additions, 
John R. MeCulloch's 44 Dictionary of Commerce " 
(Philadelphia, 1843), and a supplemental volume of 
the 44 Encyclopedia Americana," which was in 
great part* written by himself (1847). 

VETROMILE, Huge ne, Italian missionary, b. 
in Gallipoli, Italy, 22 Feb., 1819; d. there, 21 Aug., 
1880. lie came to the United States in 1840 and 
entered Georgetown college, Georgetown, D. C, 
where he finished his studies and obtained his first 
knowledge of the Abnaki language. He was then 
ordained a priest, and assigned to missionary duty 
at Port Tobacco, Md. He was afterward professor 
in a college at Washington, and in 1858 was given 
charge of the mission of Old Town, Me. His labors 
among the Penobscot Indians for more than a 
quarter of a century affected his health, and he re- 
turned to Italy shortly before his death. He pub- 
lished 44 Travels in Europe, Effypt, Palestine, and 
Syria," and "The Abnaki and their History." His 
knowledge of the Indian dialects made him widely 
known. Rev. Edward Ballard, of Brunswick, Me., 
says, in the 44 Collections of the Maine Historical 
Society," that Vetromilc was the only person who 
could 44 read a verse of John Eliot's Indian Bible with 
a true understanding of the words of that transla- 
tion." His chief Indian works are 44 Alnamby Uli 
Awikhi^an," a volume that comprises devotions and 
instructions in various Abnaki dialects; 44 Ahiami- 
hewintuhangun," a collection of hymns set to 
music ; 44 Vetromilc Wewessi Ubibian," an Indian 
Bible ; and an 44 Abnaki Dictionary" in three folio 
volumes, which occupied him twenty-one years. 

VEUILLOT, DMrt (vuh-yo), French ex- 

f)lorer, b. in Cahors in 1653 ; d. in London, Eng- 
and, in 1732. He was employed till 1G84 as in- 
sftector-general of the establishment of the West 
Indian company in the Antilles, Louisiana, and 
Alabama, and made an exploration of Mississippi 
river in ^683, penetrating as far as the Missouri, and 
returning by way of Arkansas. As he was a Prot- 
estant, ho was forced, after the revocation of the 
edict of Nantes in 1685, to renounce the land-grant 
that he had obtained in upper Mississippi and for 
the settlement of which he was preparing an ex- 
pedition, and eventually he left France and took 
refuge in London, where he obtained employment 
in the office of the secretary of foreign relations. 
He wrote 44 Description des cotes de la Louisiane, 
avec un voyage fait le long du cours du fleuve 
Mississipi" (2 vols., London, 1708), and 44 Notice 
historinuo sur la Compa^nie du Mississipi et sur 
les etanlissemcnts fondes par les Franyais en 
Louisiane" (2 vols., 1714), which was translated 
into English (1715). 



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286 VEYTIA 

YEYTIA, Mariano (vay-ee'-te-ah), Mexican his- 
torian, b. in Puebla in 1718; d. there in 1779. He 
was a precocious child, and at the age of fifteen 
years took his first degree in philosophy. Three 
years afterward he was graduated in civil law, and 
in 1787, notwithstanding his youth, he was admitted 
as lawyer of the audiencia by a special permission 
of the viceroy. In May, 1737, he sailed for Spain, 
and at that time he began to write a detailed nar- 
rative of his travels. In two years he visited 
Spain. France, and Holland, and afterward he 
went to Italy, Portugal, England, and Palestine. 
In 1742 he became a member of the military order 
of Santiago in Madrid, and he entered the convent 
of San Agustin in Puebla in 1768. About that 
time he devoted himself to the study of the ancient 
history .of Mexico, but at the time of his death he 
had finished only three volumes of his work, em- 
bracing the period from the earliest occupation of 
Anahuac till the middle of the 15th century, which 
are noteworthy for the fidelity of his researches. 
Clavigero, who by this time had finished his "Storia 
Antica del Messico," wrote to Veytia to obtain notes 
on the period anterior to the beginning of his his- 
tory. Veytia's work was published under the title 
of "Historia Antigua de Mexico" (Mexico, 1836), 
by Jose Ortega. Vevtia left also a manuscript en- 
titled 44 Historia ecclesiastica," which has not yet 
been published, and translated the 44 Cartas provin- 
ciates de Pascal." 

YEZ1N, Hermann, actor, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 29 March, 1829. He was intended for the bar 
by his father, a German- American merchant of 
Philolelphia, and was graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1847. Desiring to follow the 
stape, he went to England, and, after some prepa- 
ration, obtained, through the recommendation of 
Charles Kean, an engagement at a theatre in York. 
He appeared in London under Kean's management 
in 1852, and two years later played principal parts 
in a tour through Great Britain. He visited the 
United States in 1857-*8 ; but his style of acting 
was not popular. Returning to England in 1859, 
he played Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King John, 
Louis XL. and Shylock in 1859. After his mar- 
riage to Mrs. Charles Young in 1863, he travelled 
with his wife, and in the following year they pro- 
duced Westland Marston's comedy of "Donna 
Diana " at the Princess's theatre, London. He was 
successful in "The Man o' Airlie," 44 The Rightful 
Heir," *• Life for Life,** and various comedies, new 
and old, and in 1875 added greatly to his reputation 
by his rendering of Jacques in 44 As You Like It" 
On 4 Feb., 1876, he played Macbeth at Drury Lane 
theatre for the benefit of the Philadelphia centen- 
nial exhibition, and subsequently he played Dan'l 
Druce in William S. Gilbert's drama of that name, 
created the part De Talde* in " The Danicheffs " 
and Schelm in 44 Russia" in 1877, and was success- 
ful in the characters of Sir Giles Overreach, the 
Duke of Alva in •* Fatherland," and Iago in a re- 
vival of "Othello" in March, 1878. In 1885 he 
played the Shepherd in an open-air representation 
of John Fletcher's M Faithful Shephemess." 

VIALE, Agostinho (ve-ah'-lay), Brazilian ex- 
plorer, b. in Sao Paulo about 1620; d. in the 
Ay mores country in 1667. In 1664 he was named 
by Afonso VI. administrator-general of the mines 
in Brazil, with power to pardon all offenders that 
had sought a refuge in the forests. The general 
belief, since justified, was that rich mines existed 
in the interior of Brazil, and the government, in- 
tending to make use of the geographical knowledge 
that had been obtained by the outlaws during their 
wandering through the forests, had decided to win 



VICK 



their services by the offer of a complete pardon. 
Viale left Sao Paulo at the head of 50 soldiers and 
150 Indians, and entered the vast forests of the 
province of Mat to Grosso, but, after iourneying with 
great difficulties for thirteen months through the 
territory of the warlike Aymores, he wrote to Sao 
Paulo in 1666 for re-enforcements, announcing 
that he soon hoped to reach the much-talked -of 
emerald mines. He was joined by a few more 
soldiers, and, resuming the march, entered marshes 
where the greater part of his host died from ma- 
larial fever, and Viale fell a victim to the dis- 
ease just in sight of the Serra das Esmeraldas. 
His lieutenant, Barbalho Bezena, brought back the 
remnants of the expedition to Sao Paulo. Viale's 
journev afforded some knowledge of the vast coun- 
tries of the interior. 

VIANA, Francisco de (ve-ah'-nah), Spanish mis- 
sionary, b. in the province of Alava about 1530 ; d. in 
Coban, Guatemala, in 1609. He entered the Domini- 
can order at Salamanca, and about 1560 went to 
New Spain, where he was attached to the missions 
of the province of Chiapa. For more than forty 
years he labored among the natives of the sur- 
rounding district, whose language he acquired, and 
became superior of the convent of Coban, rebuild- 
ing that and the one at Zacapula. He left some 
valuable manuscripts, which were preserved in the 
library of the order at Chiapa. The principal are 
44 Arte de la Lengua de Vera Paz," •* Vocaoulario 
de la Lengua de Vera Paz," numerous religious 
works, sermons, and a catechism in that language, 
and a " Tratado de los deberes de la Justicia, 
para gobiemo de Alcaldes mayores de Indias," all 
of which were translated into Quiche by Friar 
Dionisio Zufiiga, of the province of Guatemala. 

VIANA, Miguel Pereira (ve-ah'-nah), Viscount 
da, Brazilian author, b. in Evora, Portugal, in 
1779; d. in Bahia in 1838. He received his edu- 
cation in the college for nobles at Lisbon, and 
afterward obtained a place in the office of the sec- 
retary of state, whom he accompanied to Brazil 
with the royal family in 1806. There he was ap- 
pointed secretary of the commission to mark the 
frontier between the Portuguese and the Spanish 
possessions, became councillor of state, siaed in 
1822 with the party of Dom Pedro, who made him 
a viscount, ana was appointed in 1828 civil judge 
at Bahia. He wrote •* Komanceiro historico do rio 
Amazonas" (Bahia, 1825) ; 44 Ensaio historico e de- 
script ivo do rio Amazonas " (1829) ; and 44 DescripcSo 
genu da provincia da Bahia " (1832). 

VICENTE Y BENNAZAR, Andres (ve-then- 
tay), Spanish geographer, lived in the second half 
of the 15th century. He published at Antwerp 
in 1476 four charts, representing the four conti- 
nents of the world. Unlike Columbus, he did not 
imagine America to be part of Asia, but repre- 
sented it' as a distinct continent and, what is more 
remarkable, as a continent divided into two parts 
by an isthmus. This publication, at so early a 
date, and before Columbus's discovery, has caused 
much discussion. Some authorities think that 
Vicente y Bennazar had arrived at the conclusion 
that America existed as a distinct continent; 
others, that such an opinion was general among 
scientific circles in the 15th century; and still 
others, that he only intended to reproduce the lost 
Atlantis spoken of by Plato and the ancients. 

VICK, James, horticulturist, b. in Portsmouth, 
England, 23 Nov., 1818 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 
16 May, 1882. He received a common-school edu- 
cation,' came early to the United States, gained a 
practical knowledge of gardening and floriculture, 
wrote on these subjects, and in 1850 became pub- 



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VICKERS 

Usher of the " Genesee Parmer " in Rochester, and 
in 1853 also of the 41 Horticulturist," issued in Al- 
bany. He severed his connection with these pe- 
riodicals in 1855 in order to embark in the novel 
enterprise of retailing seeds through the medium 
of the U. S. mails. This business grew to large 
proportions and found many imitators. In con- 
nection with it he published "Vick's Monthly 
Magazine" in 1878-'82, the " Flower and Vegetable 
Garden," and an annual " Floral Guide." He de- 
veloped new varieties of plants by cultivation or 
cross-fertilization, notably double phlox, white 
gladiolus, and fringed petunia. Mr. Vick was a 
corresponding member of the English royal horti- 
cultural society, and for several years secretary of 
the American pomological convention. 

VICKEKS, George, senator, b. in Chestertown, 
Kent co., Md., 19 Nov., 1801 : d. there, 8 Oct.. 1879. 
He acquired a classical education, was employed 
in the county clerk's office for several years, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1832, and practised 
in Chestertown. ne was a delegate to the Whig 
national convention of 1852. When the civil war 
began he was appointed major-general of the state 
militia. He was a presidential elector on the 
McClellan ticket in 1864, and one of the vice-presi- 
dents of the Union convention of 1866. In 1866-'7 
he was a member of the state senate. In 1868 he 
was elected U. S. senator for the term that ended 
on 3 March, 1873, in the place of Philip F. Thomas, 
who had been denied the seat. He took a con- 
spicuous part in the debate on the 15th amendment 
to the Federal constitution. 

VICO, Domingo de (ve'-co), Spanish mission- 
ary, b. in Ubeda, Andalusia, in 1485 : d. in 1555. 
He became a Dominican in his native city, studied 
in Salamanca, and in 1516 came to this country 
with Bartolome de las Casas. He first labored 
among the Indians in Cuba, but later passed to 
New Spain, and accompanied Las Casas in his 
journeys through Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Peru. 
When the latter was appointed bishop of Chiapa 
in 1544, Vico became his vicar-general and sec- 
onded him in his zoal*for the welfare of the In- 
dians. Later he was prior of the convents of 
Guatemala, Chiapa, and Coban, founded the city 
of San Andres, and became in 1552 the first bishop 
of Vera Paz. He was killed, during a journey 
through his diocese, by Ijacandon Indians. His 
works include several treatises on theology in the 
Vera Paz, Cakchio^ucl. Quiche, and Lacandon dia- 
lects, and " Histona de los Indios, sus fiibulas, su- 
persticiones, costumbres, etc.," which the historian 
Antonio Kemesal says is remarkable for its pictures 
of Indian life, but the manuscript of which was 
not found when the libraries of the convents came 
into the possession of the state. 

VICTOR, Onrille Janiea. author, b. in San- 
dusky, Ohio, 23 Oct. 1827. He was graduated at 
the seminary and theological institute in Norwalk, 
Ohio, in 1847. After contributing to " Graham's 
Magazine" and other publications for several 
years, ho adopted journalism as a profession in 
1851, becoming associate editor of the Sandusky 
"Daily Register," which he left in 1856 to edit 
the "Cosmopolitan Art Journal." Removing to 
New York in 1858, ho assumed charge al*o of the 
"United States Journal," conducting l>oth periodi- 
cals till 1860. He next edited the " Dime Rio- 
graphical Library," to which he contributed lives 
of John Paul iones, Anthony Wayne, Ethan 
Allen, Israel Putnam, Winfleld Scott, Abraham 
Lincoln, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and wrote for 
newspapers and periodicals in New York city. In 
1863-'4 he visited England, and there published a 



victor 287 

pamphlet entitled 44 The American Rebellion ; its 
Causes and Objects : Facts for the English Peo- 
ple." He edited in 1866-*7 "Beadle's Magazine 
of To -Day," in 1870-' 1 the weekly "Western 
World," and in 1872-*80 the " New York Satur- 
day Journal." He published during the civil war, 
in annual volumes, a 44 History of the Southern 
Rebellion " (4 vols., New York, 1862-'5), which for 
several years he has been engaged in revising for 
republication in two volumes. His other works 
are 44 Incidents and Anecdotes of the War " (1863), 
and a 44 History of American Conspiracies" (1864). 
—His wife, Metta Victoria, author, b. near Erie, 
Pa., 2 March, 1831 ; d. in Hohokus, N. J.. 26 June, 
1886, was educated in the female seminary at 
Wooster, Ohio. When thirteen years old she 
published a story called " The Silver Lute," and 
from that time till her eighteenth year was a con- 
tributor to the 44 Home Journal "under the pen- 
name of " Singing Sibyl " or in connection with her 
elder sister, Frances A. Fuller, the two being 
known as "The Sisters of the West" In 1856 
she married Mr. Victor, and in 1859-'61 she edited 
the " Home Monthly Magazine." A volume of 
poetry by the two sisters was published under the 
title of 44 Poems of Sentiment and Imagination, 
with Dramatic and Descriptive Pieces" (New 
York, 1851). She published individually " Fresh 
Leaves from Western Woods" (Buffalo, 1853); 
44 The Senator's Son : a Plea for the Maine Law " 
(Cleveland, 1853), which had a large circulation in 
England as well as in the United States; and 
44 Two Mormon Wives : a Life-Storv " (New York. 
1856 ; London, 1858). She was the author of 44 The 
Gold-IIutiters." 44 Maum Guinea," and others of 
Beadle and Co.'s 44 Dime Novels." Among her 
numerous contributions to the periodical press 
were series of humorous sketches under the signa- 
ture of 4 * Mrs. Mark Pcabody," entitled, 44 Miss Slim- 
mens' Window " and 44 Miss Slimmens' Board ing- 
House," which were issued in book-form (New 
York, 1859). The story of "Too True" was re- 
printed from "Putnam's Magazine "(1868). Her 
novels 44 Dead-Letter " and "Figure Eight "were 
issued under the pen-name of 4 * Seeley Register " 
(1868). Her last novel was 44 Passing the Portal " 
(1877). She subsequently wrote humorous books en- 
titled "The Bad Boy's Diary "(1880), 44 The Rasher 
Family " (1884), 44 The Naughty Girl's Diary " (1884), 
and 44 Blunders of a Bashful Man " (1885), which 
were issued anonymously. — Her sister, Frances 
Anretta, author, b. in Rome, N. Y., 23 May, 1826, 
was educated at the seminary in Wooster, Ohio, 
and spent some time in the eastern states in prepa- 
ration for a literary life, but after her return to the 
west and her marriage in 1853 to Jackson Barrett, 
of Michigan, she rarely wrote for publication. In 
1862 she married for her second husband Henry C. 
Victor, a 1st assistant engineer in the U. S. navy 
and a brother of Orville J. Victor, and in the follow- 
ing year emigrated to the Pacific coast, where novel 
scenes impelled her to resume literary work. She 
contributed to the ncwspa|>crs of San Francisco 
and Sacramento, and to the 44 Overland Monthly " 
from its first publication. After removing to Ore- 
con in 1865, she published 44 The River of the 
West: Life and Adventures in the Rocky Moun- 
tains and Oregon" (Hartford, 1870), which was 
followed by 44 All Over Oregon and Washington" 
(San Francisco, 1870). She has also published 
44 The New Penelope, and other Stories " (1877), 
ami furnished to Hubert H. Bancroft's " Pacific 
Coast Histories" chapters on Oregon and other 
states and territories of the northwest, besides 
parts of the 44 History of California." 



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VICTORIA 



VICUffA 




VICTORIA, Goad ml ape, Mexican president, b. 
in Tamazula, Durango, in 1789 ; d. in Perote, 21 
March, 1848. His real name was Manuel Felix 
Fernandez, but after the death of Father Hidalgo 
in 1811 the youug 
— roan abandoned the 

College of San II- 
defonso. where he 
was studying, and 
joined the patriotic 
ranks, adopting as 
a symbol of victory 
ana in honor of the 
Virgin of Guada- 
lupe the name by 
which he is known 
in history. He first 
took part under 
Morelos in the siege 
of Oaxaca in 1812, 
and in 1814 was ap- 
pointed by the con- 

yfrln* ' gress ot Chilpanzin- 
go to organize the 
revolution in the 
province of Vera Cruz, where he soon became 
feared by the Spaniards, as bis guerillas captured 
nearly every supply-train that left the port for 
Jalapa and the interior. In 1817, when the insur- 
rection was nearly everywhere subdued, and only 
Gen. Guerrero held out in the southwest, Victoria, 
unable to reach the latter chief, hid for nearly four 
years in the mountains of Vera Cruz, till the 

E reclamation of the plan de Iguala in 1821. Then 
e joined Iturbide, but, as an ardent lover of lib- 
erty, was coldly received by the latter, who was 
already maturing his plan of monarchy, and after 
its establishment Victoria was imprisoned. In 
December, 1822, when Santa-Anna proclaimed the 
republic in Vera-Cruz, Victoria, who had escaped, 
joined him and was appointed commander of the 
city. After Iturbide s fall, Victoria was elected 
on 1 April, 1823, to the executive council, but, 
being occupied in the siege of San Juan de Ulua, 
he did not take his seat till July, 1824. Shortly 
afterward he was elected the first constitutional 
president of Mexico, taking possession on 10 Oct 
His government was specially notable for the rec- 
ognition of the republic by England, the aboli- 
tion of slavery, which took place on 16 Sept, 
1825, the surrender of the Spanish garrison of the 
castle of San Juan de Ulua, 18 Nov., 1825, and the 
first arrival of American settlers, under Stephen 
Austin, in Texas in the beginning of 1828. The 
last year of his administration was disturbed by 
several revolutions that were caused by the rivalry 
between the Scotch and York lodges, and the weak- 
ness of Victoria gave them free play. On 1 April, 
1829, he delivered the executive to his successor, 
and retired from public life without appearing 
again in politics. He was a well-meaning and 
honest man, but of feeble character and easily con- 
trolled by his political followers. 

VICTORIA, Pedro de, b. in Seville, Spain, in 
the latter part of the 16th century. He entered 
the Jesuit order, and was sent when young to 
America. The perils to which he was exposed in 
a shipwreck on the coast of Peru, and his subse- 
quent adventures among the natives, form the 
subject of his work ** Naufragio y peregrinaci6n en 
lacosta del Peru" (1610). A Latin translation 
was published in 1647 under the title of " Argo- 
nauticorum Americano rum Historia." 

VICTORIA, Tomas, Spanish missionary, b. in 
Victoria, Alava, early in the 16th century ; d. in 



Guatemala in 1600. He entered the Dominican 
order and came to New Spain, where he learned 
the Tarasco language, and was employed in the 
missions of the Pacific coast Soon he acquired 
the Zapotec language and went to the province of 
Oaxaca, and later to that of Guatemala, where he 
obtained such success that he was called the Eli as 
of Guatemala. He left "Arte y Sermones doc- 
trinales en lengua de Zacatula," and several relig- 
ious tracts in manuscript in that dialect and the 
Quiche language. 

VICUflA, Manuel (ve-coon'-yah), Chilian arch- 
bishop, b. in Santiago, Chili, in 1778; d. in Val- 
paraiso in 1848. After acquiring his primary edu- 
cation, he entered the College of San Carlos, and in 
a short time was graduated in theology. Soon 
afterward he entered the church, and, being or- 
dained priest, travelled through the country as a 
missionary with other young ecclesiastics. After 
the battle of Maypu he visited the hospitals and 
personally assisted the wounded and dying. Hav- 
ing inherited a fortune, he employed a part of it in 
the construction of a house of retirement In 1825 
the bishop of Santiago, Jose Santiago Rodriguez, 
was exiled, and in 1880 Pope Leo All. promoted 
Vicuna to the bishopric, in which office he labored 
for the re-establishment of the theological semi- 
nary. When Santiago was declared a metropolitan 
see, the government presented Vicuna as tne first 
archbishop, and in June, 1840, Pope Gregory XVI. 
confirmed him. Afterward he was elected to con- 
gress and was a member of the council of state. 

VICUNA, Pedro Felix, Chilian journalist, b. 
in Santiago in 1806 ; d. there in 1874. He received 
an excellent education, in early life began to write 
for the newspapers, and at the age of twenty-one 
years was one of the founders and the first eaitor- 
m-chief of " El Mercurio," of Valparaiso. After- 
ward he successively belonged to the editorial staff 
of " El Telegrafo " (1827) ; " El Censor " and " La 
Ley y la Justicia" (1828); "La Paz Perp&ua" 
(1834) ; " El Elector " and - El Verdadero Liberal n 
(1841) ; " El Republicano M (1845) ; and " La Refor- 
ma " (1847). He was elected to the senate of the 
nation in 1865, and in that body was the author of 
the law that abolished imprisonment for debt in 
1870. He published " Unico asilo de las Republi- 
can Hispano-Americanas " (Santiago, 1887); "El 
Porvenir del Hombre " (1858) ; and " La Hacienda 
Publica" (1864).— His son, Benjamin Vicuna- 
Mackenna, Chilian historian, b. in Santiago in 
1831 ; d. in Santa Rosa del Colmo, 25 Jan., 1886, 
attended the Lyceum of Santiago and the National 
institute, and studied law in the University of 
Chili, but in 1849 he was expelled for his refusal 
to sign a congratulatory address to the secretary of 
justice. There was such indignation at this arbi- 
trary act that the rector reinstated him against the 
desire of the government. When a revolution be- 
gan in Santiago, 20 April, 1851, he took an active 
part in it, and, in an attempt on the armory of the 
Chacabuco regiment on 28 April, he was made a 
prisoner and condemned to death, but escaped and 
fled to the north in July. He participated in the 
outbreak in Serena on 7 Sept, and was appointed 
revolutionary governor of Illapel. The revolution 
was subdued in November, and, after hiding for a 
year and being again condemned to death, he sailed 
in 1852 for California. He travelled through the 
United States and Mexico, visited Canada, and 
in July, 1853, went to Europe, where he remained 
a year at the Agricultural college of Cirencester, 
studying natural science. In 1855 he travelled 
through Europe, and in the next year returned to 
Chili, where in 1856 he was admitted to the bar 



Digitized by 



Google 



VIDAL 



VIDAURRI 



and began practice. In 1858 he founded " La 
Asainblea Constituyente," in which he attacked the 
arbitrary measures of the government, and in De- 
cember he was arrested in a public meeting and 
imprisoned for about six months in the penitentiary, 
where he wrote his unpublished work " Diego ae 
Almagro." In June, 1859, he was exiled by the 
government with three others, who had taken an 
active part in the opposition. He visited France 
and Spain, searching the libraries for historical 
manuscripts, and in 1861 went to Lima, but re- 
turned soon afterward to Chili. In 1868 he was 
appointed chief editor of the 44 Mercurio," of Val- 
paraiso, and in 1864 he was elected deputy to the 
National congress for Valdivia. In 1865, after the 
declaration of war by Spain against the republic, 
Vicufta-Mackenna was sent to Peru and the United 
States on a confidential mission, founding in New 
York the paper 44 La Voz de America," in defence 
of the South American republics. Returning to 
his own country in 1867, he was again elected to 
congress for Talca, and became secretary to the 
chamber of deputies. In 1870 he again went to 
Europe, where he acted during the Franco-German 
war as correspondent of the u Mercurio " in Berlin 
and Paris. Afterward, in the archives of the In- 
dies in Seville, he copied documents on colonial 
history, acquiring in Valencia the manuscript of 
Father Rosales's " Historia de Chile." On his re- 
turn in 1872 he was appointed intendant of the 
province of Santiago. At the opening of the war 
with Peru he became editor of " El Nuevo Ferro- 
carril," and, as president of " La Sociedad Protec- 
tory " became the friend of the soldiers and their 
widows and orphans. After the conclusion of the 
strife his descriptions of it became well known 
for their impartiality. He wrote " El Sitio de Chil- 
ian en 1818" (Santiago, 1849); "La Agriculture 
Europea aplicada a Chile " (London, 1854) ; 44 Le 
Chilr' (Paris, 1855); "Tres aflos de Viajes " (Santi- 
ago, 1856) ; " Ostracismo de los Carreras " (1857) ; 
"RevoluciAn del Peru "(Lima, 1861); 44 Ostracismo 




Santiago " (2 vols., 1868) ; M Historia de Valparaiso 
(2 vols., 1868); 44 Francisco Moven, 6 lo due fue* la 
Inquisici6n en America" (1866; English transla- 
tion, London, 1869) ; 44 La Guerra a Muerte " (1869) ; 
44 Historia de la Jornada del 20 de Abril 1851 " 
(1878); "Historia de las Campafias de Arica y 
Tacna" (1881); "Historia de Tarapaca" (1881); 
"Mr. Blaine (1881); 44 La Guerra con Espafia" 

(1883) ; several books on the mineral riches of Chili 
(1888); "Album de la Gloria de Chile" (1888); 
" Dolores " (1883) ; " Seis afios en el Senado de 
Chile" (1884); "Las Islas de Juan Fernandez" 

(1884) ; "Viaje a traves de la Immortalidad " 

(1885) ; and 44 Al Galope " (1885). 

TIDAL, Alexander, Canadian senator, b. in 
Berkshire, England, 4 Aug., 1819. He accom- 
panied his father, a captain in the royal navy, to 
Canada in 1834, and settled in Sarnia. He was man- 
ager of the Sarnia branch of the Bank of Upper 
Canada in 1852-'66, and held a similar post in the 
service of the Bank of Montreal from 1866 till 
1875, when he resigned. He is also county treas- 
urer of Lambton, lieutenant-colonel of militia, was 
elected chairman of the Dominion prohibitionary 
convention at Montreal in September, 1875, and 
is president of the Dominion alliance for the total 
suppression of the liquor traffic. He represented 
the St. Clair division in the legislative council of 
Canada from September, 1863, till 1867, and became 
a member of the Canadian senate, 15 Jan., 1878. 
tol. vi. — 19 



VIDAURRE, Manuel Lorenzo de (ve-dah- 
oor'-ray), Peruvian statesman, b. in Lima in 1778 ; 
d. there, 9 March, 1841. He was graduated in law 
at the University of San Marcos, and became audi- 
tor of the Royal audiencia of Cuzco in 1810, but 
was transferred in 1820 to the audiencia of Puerto 
Principe in Cuba, and soon afterward sent to Spain, 
as he began to write in favor of South American 
independence. Being persecuted for his liberal 
ideas, he escaped to the United States in 1822, and 
on his return to Peru was appointed by Simon 
Bolivar, in April, 1824, first president of the supe- 
rior court of Trujillo, and in 1825 promoted presi- 
dent of the supreme court of justice of the repub- 
lic. He was appointed minister plenipotentiary of 
Peru for the general American assembly of Pana- 
ma in 1825, and several times was minister of for- 
eign relations. In 1888 he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Orbegozo minister to Ecuador to negotiate her 
neutrality in the struggle of the Peru-Bolivian fed- 
eration against Chili and the plots of Agustin Ga- 
raarra, and on the accession of the latter, in 1889, 
was deprived of his post in the supreme court. He 
was the author of the Peruvian civil and penal codes 
and of 44 Plan de Peru, dedicado al Libertador 
Simon Bolivar " (Paris, 1822) ; 44 Cartas Americanas, 
politicas y morales, que contienen mnchas reflex- 
lones sobre la guerra civil de las Amencas " (2 vols., 
Philadelphia, 1823) ; and 44 Efectos de las facciones 
en los Gobiernos " (Lima, 1828). 

VIDAURRI, Santiago (ve-dah-oor'-ree), Mexi- 
can soldier, b. in the province of Nuevo Leon in 
1808 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 8 July, 1867. He 
was descended from a wealthy family of Indian 
extraction, received a good education, and in 1826 
was admitted to the bar, but he soon entered poli- 
tics, and, after filling some minor offices, took part 
in the civil wars in Mexico. He had obtained the 
rank of colonel when, toward the close of 1852, he 
was elected governor of the state of Nuevo Leon, 
and when, in April, 1853, Santa- Anna returned to 
Mexico and declared himself dictator, Vidaurri 
protested. As he 
was gathering the 
militia, Santa-An- 
na appointed Gen. 
Pedro Ampudia 
military chief of 
the northern states ; 
but Vidaurri re- 
fused to recognize 
his authority, and 
when the revolu- 
tion of Ayutla be- 
gan, in March, 
1854, he joined in 
the campaign for 
the overthrow of 
Santa- Anna. While 
Juan Alvarez was 
contending against 
.the latter in the 
south, he took the 
field in the north, acting independently as com- 
manding general. After the downfall of Santa- 
Anna he was a candidate for the presidency in the 

i'unta of Cuernavaca, 4 Oct, 1855; but Alvarez 
laving been preferred to him, he assumed a semi- 
independent position and decreed the confiscation 
of church property in the northern central states. 
He also refused to submit to Alvarez's successor, 
Ignacio Comonfort, and decreed, in February, 1856, 
the union of Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, proclaim- 
ing himself their governor. This union was dis- 
approved by Comonfort, who ordered an army of 




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290 VIEIRA 

observation under Gen. Parrodi to the north, when 
Vidaurri, under pretence of protesting against the 
tariff and the tooacco-privilege, recalled the depu- 
ties of Nuevo Leon from congress, and was ac- 
cused of an intention to form the independent 
republic of Sierra-Madre, consisting of the north- 
western states. Being defeated by the government 
troops at Mier, he retired to Saltillo ; but after re- 
signing the executive of Coahuila, in September, 
1856, he was re-elected by a packed legislature. 
Afterward he was more successful, and Comonfort 
signed a treaty, on 18 Nov., 1856, which left Vi- 
daurri in undisputed possession of the two states, 
which position was sanctioned by the constituent 
congress of 1857. Vidaurri held the northern 
states against Zuloaga and Miramon during the 
war of reform. In the summer of 1861 he entered 
into friendly relations with the secessionists of 
Texas, and on the invasion of Mexico by the allied 
powers in December, 1861, he declared his adhesion 
to the national cause, and served for some time 
against the French. But when the Republican 
government abandoned the capital, on 31 May, 
1863, and established itself in San Luis de Potosi, 
differences arose between Juarez and Vidaurri, and 
when Juarez, in December of that year, retreated 
before the advancing French toward Monterey. 
Vidaurri opposed his entry by force. Soon after 
the French forces occupied Alonterey in 1864, Vi- 
daurri was induced to give his adhesion to the 
empire, and he was rewarded with honors and ap- 
pointed a member of the imperial council. In 
the latter capacity he assisted in the assembly of 
Orizaba, 26 Nov., 1866. where he was the leader of 
the party that opposed Maximilian's abdication, 
and oy his flattering representations induced the 
emperor to return to Mexico. He accompanied 
Maximilian to Queretaro, but in March, 1867, was 
sent to Mexico with Leonardo Marquez as presi- 
dent of the ministry and lieutenant of the empire, 
Disapproving of Marquez's harsh measures, he re- 
signed, and, unable to escape at the occupation of 
the capital by the Liberal forces, 21 June, 1867, he 
remained in hiding, but was discovered and ar- 
rested. He was tned by a court-martial, quickly 
sentenced to death as a traitor, and shot in the 
square of Santo Domingo. 

VIEIRA, Antonio (ve-ay'-e-rah), Portuguese 
author, b. in Lisbon, 6 Feb., 1608 ; d. in Bahia, Bra- 
zil, 18 July, 1697. He went early to Brazil/stud- 
ied with the Jesuits at Bahia, and entered their 
order in 1635. He learned the Indian dialects, but 
was refused by his superiors permission to engage 
in missionary work, and in 1641 accompanied to 
Lisbon Fernando de Mascarenhas, son of the vice- 
roy of Brazil. He preached with remarkable suc- 
cess before the king, was appointed member of the 
privy council, and employed in several diplomatic 
missions. In 1652 he obtained the king's consent 
to return to Brazil, and on his arrival engaged im- 
mediately in missionary work among the Indians 
of the province of Para and of the basin of the 
Tocantins. He endeavored to free the Indians, and 
denounced the labor that they were compelled to 
perform for the Portuguese. The latter opposed 
aim bitterly, and, being threatened with imprison- 
ment by the local authorities, he sailed for Lisbon. 
There he justified himself before the king, who is- 
sued peremptory orders to the viceroy, and Vieira, 
on his return to Brazil in 1655, was henceforth 
supported by the governor of Maranhao. During 
the following six years the Indians enjoyed rela- 
tive freedom, but at the death of Joio IV. the set- 
tlers obtained Vieira's arrest, and he was taken to 
Lisbon in 1661. The regent, Luisa de Ousman, 



VIEL 



approved his conduct, but for the sake of policy he 
was exiled to Coimbra by order of the state secre- 
tary, Castelmenor. Vieira in his exile constructed 
| an ideal Portuguese empire in a remarkable work, 
44 O Quinto Imperio do Mundo," of which he cir- 
culated a few copies. They were seized by the tri- 
bunal of the Inquisition, and the author was ini- 

Crisoned from 1665 till 1667. when he was released 
y order of Pope Alexander VII. and greatly hon- 
ored in Rome. But he longed to return to Brazil, 
and in 1681 obtained permission to labor again 
among the Indians. He was appointed visitor and 
provincial of the Brazilian missions, which posts 
he retained till his death. Vieira was the most 
celebrated preacher of his age, and is considered as 
the purest and most eloquent of the Portuguese 
classic authors. His works include 44 Scrmoes M ( 16 
vols., Lisbon, 1683); "Historiado futuro" (1718); 
" Cartas " (3 vols., 1786): and **Ecco dos voces 
Saudosos" (1757). The original and only known 
copy of "0 Quinto Imperio do Mundo, is pre- 
served among the manuscripts in the National 
library of Paris. 44 Arte de furtar" (Amsterdam, 
1652), one of the most curious and popular works 
of the seventeenth century, is also attributed to 
him. Biographies of Vieira were written by Fran- 
cisco de Fonseca (Lisbon, 1734) and Antonio de 
Barros (1746). 

VIEIRA, Joio Fernandes, Brazilian patriot, 
b. in Olinda about 1600 ; d. in Pernambuco about 
1660. He was one of the richest proprietors of the 
province of Olinda when that port was captured 
I in February, 1680, but when the East India com- 
pany sent out Prince Maurice, of Nassau, as gov- 
ernor-general, Vieira. with other proprietors, qui- 
etly submitted to the new government, as it was 
only a change in foreign masters, Portugal being 
then under Spanish rule. But Portugal recovered 
her independence in 1640, and after the recall of 
the Prince of Nassau in 1643, when the Dutch be- 
gan to pursue the native owners with vexatious 
measures, discontent became general. Taking ad- 
vantage of this sentiment, V ieira put himself at 
the head of a revolutionary movement, and in 
June, 1645, with a small army of badly equipped 
country people, attacked the outpost* of Recife, 
but after a short struggle was defeated. The in- 
surrection, however, spread over the whole coun- 
try, Vieira employed his resources in procuring 
arms and ammunitions for the revolutionary forces, 
and with untiring energy and great natural tal- 
ent harassed the Dutch forces in numerous en- 
counters. He was not well supported by the home 
government and the governors of the other Bra- 
zilian colonies, and but for his unwavering reso- 
lution the province would have been conquered 
again. Amid great hardships he held out until 
he received succor from Andre Vidal de Negrei- 
ros. Soon he took the offensive, and after the 
two battles of Os Guarapes, in 1648-'9, the Dutch 
no longer dared show themselves outside the forti- 
fications of Recife, which place, after the capture 
of Fort Milhon, capitulated, 26 Jan., 1654. thus 
ending the Dutch dominion in Brazil. Vieira, 
as the first instigator of the insurrection in the 
province of Pernambuco, was greatly honored by 
the people and court, but refused all recompense, 
retiring to private life. Lately a monument in 
honor of his memory and that of Negreiros's has 
been erected in Pernambuco. 

VIEL, Etienne Bernard Alexandre, clergy- 
man, b. in New Orleans, I a, 31 Oct., 1786; d. in 
the College of Juilly, France, 16 Dec., 1821. He be- 
came a member of the Society of Jesus, and labored 
for many years at Attapakaa, La. He translated 

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VI ELK 



VIGER 



291 



Fenelon's 44 Telemaquc " into Ijatin verse, and pub- 
lished "Miscellanea Ijatino-Gallica " (1816) and 
French translations of the *' Ars Poetica" of Hor- 
ace and of some of his epistles. 

VIELE, Arnand Cornelius, colonist, b. in 
Brabant, Netherlands, about 1020 ; d. in New York 
city about 1700. He came to this country with 
his father about 1630, and the latter erected an 
Indian trading-house at Fort Orange (now Albany, 
N. Y.). Arnaud grew up with the young Indians 
that accompanied their chiefs on the trading expe- 
ditions, and the friendships that he formed with 
them continued for half a century, and proved a 
lasting benefit to the colonists. His familiarity 
with the dialect and character of the Indians led to 
his becoming an interpreter between the govern- 
ment and the natives, and nearly all the treaties 
with the Indians for many years bear his signature. 
Gov. Thomas Dongan sent Viele as a special envoy 
to the Iroauois, and Gov. Jacob Leisler made him 
governor of the Six Nations. He was at the coun- 
cil of Onondaga when, at the instigation of the 
Canadian authorities, the Iroquois tribes were as- 
sembled to decide whether the English or French 
should have their allegiance, Upon the decision 
depended the fate of the colony, and had it not 
been for the long friendship of the Indians with 
Viele, they would have transferred their support 
to the French. — His kinsman, John LndoricKUS, 
lawyer, b. in Washington county, N. Y., 6 June. 
1788; d. in Albany, N. Y., 19 Oct, 1832, entered 
Union, but left to serve in the war of 1812, then 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, and 
pract ised in Washington, Rensselaer, Saratoga, and 
Albany counties. He was elected to the state sen- 
ate, and was associated with De Witt Clinton in 
the legislation concerning the Erie canal. In 1821 
he was made judge of the court of errors, and in 
the case of the Dutch church of Albany against 
John M. Bradford, then its minister, Samuel Jones, 
president of the court whose decisions had never 
before been questioned, delivered an elaborate 
opinion with the confident expectation that as 
usual, it would be concurred in. Several other 
judges gave long opinions to the same effect 
Judge Viele, the youngest member of the court, 
differed from them and the chancellor, and, much 
to the surprise of the latter, who often referred to 
the case as his only legal defeat, the court decided 
with Judge Viele. He was appointed inspector of 
the New York state militia in 1819, and regent of 
the University of the state of New York in 1832. 
On the visit of Lafayette to America, Judge Viele 
was chosen as the orator to receive him on his visit 
to the battle-field of Saratoga. His judicial opin- 
ions are published in Cowan's reports.— John L.'s 
son, Effbert Ludovickua, engineer, b. in Water- 
ford, N. Y., 17 June, 1825. was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1847, assigned to the 2d 
infantry, and, joining bis regiment in Mexico, served 
under Gen. Winfleld Scott. He was then ^iven 
duty on lower Rio Grande river, and was stationed 
at Ringgold barracks and afterward at Fort Mcin- 
tosh. In 1853 he resigned, after attaining the rank 
of 1st lieutenant on 26 Oct, 1850. He then settled 
in New York city, where he entered on the practice 
of civil engineering, and in 1854'-6 was state engi- 
neer of New Jersey. In 1856 he was appointed 
chief engineer of Central park, New York, and pre- 
pared the original plan that was adopted. Four 
years later he became chief engineer of Prospect 
park. Brooklyn, for which he prepared the original 
plan, but resigned at the beginning of the civil 
war. He responded to the first call for volunteers, 
and conducted an expedition from New York to 




Washington, forcing a passage up Potomac river. 
After serving in the defences of Washington as 
captain of engineers in the 7th New York regiment, 
he was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 
teers on 17 Aug., 
1861, and directed 
to form a camp 
of instruction in 
Scarsdale, N. Y. 
In April. 1862, he 
joined the South 
Atlantic expedi- 
tion and had 
charge of the 
forces in Savan- 
nah river. Gen. 
Viele command- 
ed the movement 
that resulted in 
the capture of 
Fort Pulaski, and 
also took Norfolk 
and its navy-yard, 
becoming military 
governor of that 
city from its capture in May, 1862, until October, 
1863. After superintending' the draft in northern 
Ohio, he resigned on 20 Oct., 1868, and resumed his 
engineering practice. In 1883 he was appointed 
commissioner of iiarks for New York city, and in 
1884 he was president of the department He was 
elected as a Democrat to congress in 1884, but he 
was defeated in his canvass for re-election in 1886. 
Gen. Viele is president of the Eouitable home 
building association, for building nouses in the 
vicinity of Prospect park, Brooklyn, to be sold to 
tenants who agree to use them as homes only. Be- 
sides papers on engineering, sanitation, and physi- 
cal geography, he has published a " Hand-Book for 
Active Service" (New York, 1861), and a "Topo- 
graphical Atlas of the City of New York" (1865). 

ViGER, Denis Benjamin, Canadian member 
of parliament, b. in Montreal, 19 Aug., 1774 ; d. 
there, 13 Feb., 1861. He was a lawyer of good 
standing, was elected to the legislative chamber in 
1808, took an active part in the controversy that 
led to the insurrection of 1837, and had been a 
delegate to London in 1828 and 1831 to lay the 
grievances of his countrymen before the imperial 
parliament. At the opening of the rebellion he 
was arrested on the cnarge of sedition, and im- 
prisoned, but soon afterward was liberated without 
trial, and elected to parliament After the dismis- 
sal of the Lafontaine- Baldwin cabinet in 1843, 
Lord Metcalfe asked Mr. Vijcer to become a mem- 
ber of the new cabinet which he did, assuming 
the post of premier. He was afterward for several 
years a member of the legislative council of Can- 
ada. Mr. Viger gave the city of Montreal a piece 
of land now known as Viger square and garden. 

TIGER, James, Canadian archaeologist b. in 
Montreal, Canada, in 1787; d. there in 1858. He 
was educated in the College of St. Raphael. Mon- 
treal, and served as an officer under De Salaberry 
in the war of 1812. In 1832 he was elected first 
mayor of Montreal, and recommended by Lord 
Gosford, the governor-general, for a seat in the 
executive council. As an antiquarian and archae- 
ologist he was devoted to the investigation of 
early Canadian history. He wrote twenty-eight 
volumes, entitled the " Sabertache." and formed an 
invaluable collection of manuscripts, having given 
years to the examination of historic monuments, 
the clearing up of obscure points, verifying dates, 
and restoring the correct orthography of names, 



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292 



VIGIER 



VIGNE 



Parts of the " Sabertache " appeared in the " Biblio- 
theque Canadienne " and the " Kneyclopftlie Cana- 
dienne." The greater part is unpublished, but 
has been consulted by scnolars interested in Cana- 
dian history, both in America and Europe. Mr. 
Viger wns first president of the National society 
of St. John the Baptist, and was also for several 
years lieutenant-colonel of militia. His published 
works are " Relation de la mort de Louis XV., roi 
de France" (Montreal, 1812): 44 01>servutions en 
amelioration des lois des chemins tellesqu'en force 
dans le Bas-Canada en 1825 " ; Rapjwrts sur les 
chemins, rues, ruelles, pouts de la cite et paroisse 
de Montreal, avec notes" (1841); 44 Archeologie 
religieuse du diocese de Montreal " ; and 44 Sou- 
venirs historiques sur la seigneurie de Laprairie" 
(18571 His best writings have been for reviews. 

VIGIER, Geonre (ve-zhe-ay). Central Ameri- 
can traveller, b. in Havana, Cuba, about. 1710; d. in 
Bordeaux, France, in 1770. He was for several 
years a merchant in Havana, afterward founded a 
mercantile house in San Juan, Nicaragua, and, be- 
fore returning to France, explored the province. 
He wrote 44 Notes et esquisses de voyage it travers 
le Nicaragua" (Bordeaux, 1768); 44 Description des 
antiquites et des mines dans la province de Nica- 
ragua" (1772); and *• Manuel du commercant dans 
les Antilles et l'Amerique Centrale " (1775). 

VIGNAN, Nicolas, French soldier, b. in Sain- 
tonge about 1587; d. in Canada about 1030. He 
went to New France with Baron de Poutrin- 
court in 1606, participated in Samuel de Cham- 
plain's second voyage of discovery, and in 1610 
volunteered to join the Indians on their homeward 
journey and winter among them. He embarked 
in the Algonquin canoes, passed up Ottawa river, 
and was seen no more for a twelvemonth. In 1612 
he reappeared in Paris, bringing a tale of won- 
ders, averring that at the sources of the Ottawa 
he had found a great lake ; that he had crossed it, 
and discovered a river flowing northward; that 
he had descended this river and reached the shores 
of the sea ; that there he had seen the wreck of an 
English ship, whose crew, escaping to land, had 
been killed by the Indians ; ana that this sea was 
distant from Montreal only seventeen days by 
canoe. The clearness, consistency, and apparent 
simplicity of his story convinced Cham plain, who 
had heard of a voyage of the English to the 
northern seas, coupled with rumors of wreck and 
disaster (evidently the voyage of Henry Hudson 
in 1610-'12, when he discovered Hudson straits). 
The Marechal de Brissac, the President Jeannin, 
and other persons of eminence about the court 
urged Cham plain to pursue a discovery that prom- 
ised such important results, and in consequence, 
early in the spring of 1613, Champlain crossed the 
Atlantic again and sailed up St. Lawrence river, 
accompanied by Vignan as a guide. On 27 Mav 
he left the island of St. Helen, opposite Montreal, 
with Vignan, three soldiers, and one Indian in two 
canoes. They crossed the Lake of Two Mountains, 
and advanced up Ottawa river as far as the rapids 
of Carrillon. Carrying their canoes across the rap- 
ids, they passed the cataracts of the Chaudiere, the 
lake of the same name, left the river at the Fall of 
the Chats, and crossed to Lake Coulonge, up which 
they sailed to Tessouat, the village of a powerful 
Ottawa chief. Here Champlain learned that Vig- 
nan had remained the whole winter of 1610-*11 at 
Tessouat, and that the map he had made of his 
pretended discoveries was valueless. Vignan fell 
on his knees, owned his treachery, and begged for 
mercy. Vanity, the love of notoriety, and the 
hope of reward seem to have been his induce- 



ments, yet, but for this alleged discovery, Cham- 
plain would not have been given the means of re- 
turning to New France, and thus Vignan 's treach- 
ery was greatly beneficial to the exploration and 
colonization of Canada. Champlain |>ardoncd Vig- 
nan for these reasons, and the j»arty returned to 
Montreal, where Vignan engaged in business and 
afterward rendered efficient services as an inter- 
preter. He died among the Ottawas. 

VIGNAUD, Jean Henrv (vcen-vo), author, b. 
in New Orleans, La., 27 Nov., 1830. He is de- 
! scended from an ancient creole family, received his 
; education in his native city, and was a teacher in 
the public schools of New Orleans in 1852-'6, l>e- 
ing at the same time connected with 44 I*e Courrier," 
of New Orleans, and other publications. In 1857 
he established in the town of Thibodeaux, La., a 
daily entitled " L'Union de I^afourchu." which he 
edited till 1860. when he aided in founding in New 
Orleans a weekly review, 44 lia renaissance Ixuiisi- 
anaise," which did much to encourage the study of 
French literature in the state. In 1861 lie pub- 
lished 44 1/Anthropologie," a work partly scientific 
but mainly philosophical. He became a captain in 
the 6th I Louisiana regiment, Confederate army, in 
June, 1861, and was captured in New Orleans in 
April, 1862. In March, 1863, he was appointed as- 
sistant secretary of the Confederate diplomatic 
commission in fcaris. At the same time ne was a 
contributor to the 44 Memorial diplomatique," and 
in charge of the theatrical criticisms in several 
dailies. In 1869 he became secretary of the Rou- 
manian legation in Paris, and in 1872 he was offi- 
cially connected with the Alabama commission in 
Geneva, for which he translated nearly all the pa- 
pers presented to that tribunal in behalf of the 
United States. In 1873 he was U. S. delegate at 
the International diplomatic metric conference, re- 
ceived the appointment, 14 Dec, 1875, of second 
secretary of the U. S. legation in Paris, in 1882 was 
U. S. delegate at the International conference for 
the protection of sub-marine cables, and on 1 1 April, 
1882, was promoted. first secretary of legation at 
Paris. Mr. Vignaud has acted frequently as chargi 
d'affaires of this country. He contributed numer- 
ous memoirs to several learned societies of France, 
and has in preparation a %4 History of the Forma- 
tion of the American Union" and a " History of 
the Discovery and Occupation of the Territory of 
the United States." 

VIGNE, Charles de la (veen), French soldier, 
b. in southern France about 1530; d. in Fort Caro- 
line, Fla., 20 Sept, 1565. He accompanied Jean de 
Ribaut in his expedition to Florida in 1562. and in 
1564 returned tnither with Rend de Laudonniere 
and assisted in building Fort Caroline. He after- 
ward proved a stanch supporter of the governor 
during the mutinies that nearly brought about 
the ruin of the first colony in Florida. During the 
winter he made a voyage of discovery to Cape 
Canaveral and induced the Indians of the coast to 
supply the colony with fish. After Ribaut's ar- 
rival in August, 1565, he was one of the few that 
supported Laudonniere in the council of war and 
opposed Ribaut's plan for attacking the Spaniards 
by sea. Ribaut having prevailed, La Vigne be- 
came chief of the night-watch that was charted to 
guard the fort, but through carelessness neglected 
to post sentries. When Menendez de Avues ap- 
proached at early dawn of 20 Sept., he easily car- 
ried the fort and slaughtered its defenders, La 
Vijrne bein^ among the first killed, and Laudon- 
niere escaping with only a few men to the ships. 
La Vigne wrote an interesting account of the 
foundation of the French colony in Florida, which 



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VIGO 



has been reprinted by Henry Ternaux-Compans in 
his " Recueil de pieces sur la Floride." It is en- 
titled 44 Copie d'une lettre venant de la Floride " 
(Paris, 1505). It is the more valuable as, except 
Le Moyne's and Laudonniere's, it is the only nar- 
rative that exists of the colony that was destroyed 
by Menendez de Aviles. 

"VIGO, Francis, fur-trader, b. in Mondovi, Sar- 
dinia, in 1747; d. near Vincennes, Ind., 22 March, 
1835. He entered the Spanish army as a private 
and served at Havana and New Orleans. He left 
the army and went to St. Louis when he was about 
twenty-five years old, and engaged in the fur- trade 
with the Indians, with whom he was on very 
friendly terms. When Col. George Rogers Clark, 
with his scantily supplied army, visited Kaskaskia, 
Vigo furnished them with food and clothing to 
the value of $20,000, taking his pay in Virginia 
Continental money. By the depreciation of the 
latter and the confiscation of his property by or- 
der of Gov. Hamilton, the British commandant, he 
became poor. When Col. Clark was at Kaskaskia. 
Gov. Hamilton left Detroit with the purpose of 
capturing him and his army. They proceeded as 
far as Vincenncs and were quartered: at Fort Sack- 
ville. Clark determined to capture Hamilton, and 
sent Vigo, accompanied by one man, to reconnoitre 
the fort. Vigo was arrested as a spy when he was 
within seven miles of it, but, being a Spanish sub- 
ject, was discharged, returned to St. Louis, and re- 

1'oined Clark, who soon afterward took the fort 
n 1786, Vigo employed Pierre Menard, afterward 
the first lieutenant-governor of Illinois, as an In- 
dian-trader. They became great friends, and in 
1789 both visited Gen. Washington at Carlisle, Pa., 
and consulted him in reference to the best means 
of defending: the country. 

VILAS, William Freeman (vy'-las), postmas- 
ter-general, b. in Chelsea, Vt., 9 July, 1840. He 
went to Wisconsin, when eleven years old, with his 
parents, who settled in Madison. He was gradu- 
ated at the State university in 1858, and at the 
Albany law-school in 1860. He practised in Madi- 
son till the civil war began, when he entered the 
army as a captain in the 23d Wisconsin volunteers. 
He rapidly rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 
and commanded his regiment during the siege of 
Vicksburg and for two months afterward. Re- 
signing his commission in August, 1863, he re- 
turned to the practice of his profession. He be- 
came a lecturer in the law department of the 
Universitv of Wisconsin, and a regent of the insti- 
tution. He was appointed by the supreme court 
in 1875 one of the board that for three years was 
engaged in revising the state constitution. He 
declined to be a candidate for governor in 1879. 
In 1884 he was elected to the legislature. The 
same year he attended the Democratic national 
convention as a delegate, and was chosen perma- 
nent chairman. On 5 March, 1885, President 
Cleveland made him postmaster-general, and in 
December, 1887, he was transferreato the portfolio 
of the interior to succeed Lucius Q. C. Lamar, ap- 
pointed to the U. S. supreme court. In January, 
1891, he was elected to the U. S. senate. 

VILLA DA R I AS, Manoel Doarte Caldeiras 
Centenera de (veel-lah-dah-ree'-as), Portuguese 
administrator, b. in Alentejo, Portugal, in 1690; 
d. in Lisbon in 1759. He was appointed assistant 
governor of Maranhao, and in 1745 captain-general 
of the provinces of Itamaraca, Parahiba, and Rio 
Grande do Norte in Brazil, which greatly im- 
proved under his administration, as he developed 
agriculture and opened roads to facilitate com- 
merce. He built the government palace in Para- 



VILLALOBOS 293 

hiba, constructed a hospital, collected and classi- 
fied all documents that relate to the discovery of 
those provinces, and wrote two valuable works, 
which were published after his death, 44 Relaeao das 
capitanias ae Itamaraca, Parahiba, e Rio Grande 
do Reino do Brazil " (Coimbra, 1761), and 44 Relaeao 
das Victorias que alcanearam as armas portuguezas 
contra as de Mauricio de Nassau " (1761). 

VILLAFAflE, Anprel de (veel-vah-fahn-yay), 
Spanish navigator, b. in the beginning of the 16th 
century; wrecked on the Florida coast in 1548. 
He was a skilful navigator, and had made voypges 
to Santo Domingo and to Mexico when he was 
appointed toward the end of 1547 commander of 
an expedition that sailed from San Juan de Ulua to 
explore the coast of Florida. He began the first 
Spanish settlement in that country, but had diffi- 
culties with the Indians, and, being short of pro- 
visions, re-embarked to find a more convenient 
place to plant a colonv. During the voyage he 
was wrecked, and perished with most of his men, 
only a few of whom found their way to Santo Do- 
mingo. The papers relating to his expedition 
have been published by Henry Ternaux-Compans 
in his 44 Recueil de pieces sur la Floride." See 
also Francis Parkman's "Pioneers of France in 
the New World " (Boston, 1865). 

V1LLAGRA, Gasparde (veel-yah'-grah), Span- 
ish soldier, b. in Alcala about 1550; d. in Mexico 
about 1620. He served in Mexico, and as captain 
of infantry participated in the expedition that was 
sent by the viceroy, the Count de Monterey, in 
1600, to conquer New Mexico, under command of 
Juan de Oflate. He was an educated man, and on 
his return to Mexico, where he lived after retiring 
from service, he wrote an account of the expedi- 
tion in verse, under the title 44 Historia del Nuevo 
Mexico" (Alcala, 1610). 

V1LLAGUTIERREZ V SOTOMAYOR, Juan 
de (veel-yah-goo-te-air'-rcth), Spanish soldier, lived 
in the end of the 17th ana the beginning of the 
18th centuries. Very little is known about his life 
except that he participated in 1697 as an officer in 
the expedition that, under Gen. Melchor de Men- 
cos marched from Guatemala against the province 
of Peten, and conquered the capital of the ltzas, on 
an island of the Lake of Peten. Villagutierrez 
wrote a history of this expedition, under the title 
of 44 Historia ae la Conquista de la Provincia del 
Itza " (Madrid, 1701), wnich is valuable, and re- 
lates the interesting fact that in one of the tem- 
ples were found the bones of Cortes's war-horse, 
which was left sick in the custody of one of the 
caciques, and after its death was worshipped Ly 
the natives. Thev also sculptured a colossal statue 
of the animal, which is still to be seen, partly sub- 
merged in the lake. 

VILLALOBOS, Roy Lopez de (veel-yah-lo'- 
bos), Spanish navigator, b. in Toledo about 1500 ; 
d. in Amboina, Moluccas, in 1544. Little is known 
of his early life, but in 1540 he was famous in Mexico 
as a skilful navigator, and therefore was chosen 
by the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, to command 
the expedition to discover Spice islands, that 
were still unoccupied by the Portuguese. He left 
Acapulco in 1542 in command of four vessels, dis- 
covered the Caroline and Pelew groups, and 
sighted a large island, which he called Caesarea 
Caroli, and which is supposed to be Luzon. Fi- 
nally he found an island which he called Antonio 
or Saragan, and there established a colony, not- 
withstanding the strenuous opposition of the na- 
tives. Soon his provisions ana ammunition began 
to fail, and he despatched three of his vessels for 
a supply to Mexico; but they were wrecked in 

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294 



V1LLALPAXDO 



VILLA ROETj 



sight of the port of departure, and, driven by 
hunger, he abandoned the settlement and sough! 
refuge in Amboina. where he and the survivors 
were imprisoned by the Portuguese. One of the 
number, Guido de Labezares, escaped in 1549 and 
carried to Mexico the report of the expedition. 

YILLALPANDO, Luis de (veel-ya)-pan -do), 
Spanish missionary, b. in New Castile about 1480; 
d. in Yucatan about 1560. He entered the Fran- 
ciscan order, and going to Mexico in 1548 with 
the monks sent by order of Charles V. for the prov- 
ince of Yucatan, he was the first missionary to 
visit Cam peachy, and founded the earliest mis- 
sion among the* Indians of Yucatan. He wrote a 
valuable grammar of the Maya dialect, which, ac- 
cording to Leon Pinelo in his " Epitome de la 
Biblioteca oriental y occidental," has been printed 
under the title " Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua 
Maya," although no copy is known to exist. The 
original manuscript is still preserved among the 
archives of Simancas. 

VILLARD, Henry, financier, b. in Spire, Ba- 
varia, 11 April, 1835. His name was originally 
Gustavus Hilgard. He was educated at the uni- 
versities of Munich and WOrzburg, and came to 
the United States in 1853. He studied law for a 
time in Belleville and Peoria, 111., then removed to 
Chicago, and wrote for papers. In 1859 he visited 
the newly discovered golu region of Colorado as 
correspondent of the Cincinnati "Commercial," 
and on his return published a volume entitled 
"The Pike's Peak Gold Regions" (I860). He also 
sent statistics to the New York "Herald" that 
were intended to influence the location of a Pacific 
railroad route. He then settled in Washington as 
political correspondent for eastern and western 
newspapers, ana during the war was an army cor- 
respondent He married Fannv, a daughter of 
William Lloyd Garrison, at Washington on 3 
Jan., 1866, went to Europe as correspondent of 
the New York "Tribune," returned to the United 
States in June, 1868, and shortly afterward was 
elected secretary of the American social science 
association, to which he devoted his lal>ors till 
1870, when he went to Germany for his health. 
While living at Wiesbaden he engaged in the ne- 
gotiation oi American railroad securities; and, 
when many companies defaulted in the payment 
of interest, after the crash of 1873, he joined sev- 
eral committees of German bond-holders, doing the 
major part of their work, and in April, 1874, re- 
turned to the United States to represent his con- 
stituents, and especially to execute an arrange- 
ment with the Oregon and California railroad 
company. On visiting Oregon, he was impressed 
with the natural wealth of the region, and con- 
ceived the plan of gaining control or its few trans- 
portation routes. His clients, who were large cred- 
itors also of the Oregon steamship company, ap- 
proved his scheme, and in 1875 Mr. Villard be- 
came president of both corporations. He was ap- 
pointed in 1876 a receiver of the Kansas Pacinc 
railroad as the representative of European cred- 
itors, and was removed in 1878. but continued the 
contest he had begun with Jay Gould and finally 
obtained better terms for the bond-holders than they 
had agreed to accept. The European investors in 
the Oregon and San Francisco steamship line, after 
building new vessels, became discouraged, and in 
1879 Vulard formed an American syndicate and 
purchased the property. He also acquired that of 
the Oregon steam navigation company, which op- 
erated fleets of steamers and portage railroads on 
the Columbia river. The three companies that he 
controlled were amalgamated, under the name of 



| the Oregon railway and navigation company. He 
began the construction of a railroad up Columbia 
river, and tailing in his effort to obtain a perma- 
nent engagement from the Northern Pacific com- 
|»any, which had begun its extension into Wash- 
i mgton territory, to use the Columbia river line as 
( its outlet to the Pacific ocean, he succeeded, with 
I the aid of a syndicate which was called a " blind 
I pool," in acquiring control of the Northern Pacific 
property, and organized a new coloration that was 
named the Oregon and Transcontinental coni)iany. 
After some contention with the old managers 6f 
the Northern Pacific road, Villard was elected 
president of a reorganized board of directors on 

15 Sept., 1881. The main line to the Pacific ocean 
was completed, with the aid of the Oregon and 
Transcontinental company; but at the time when 

! it was opened to traffic with festivities, in Sep- 
1 teml>er, 1883, the "bears" of the stock market ar- 
ranged an attack on the securities of the allied 
companies, and Villard, in the vain endeavor to 
support the properties, sacrificed his large fortune, 
and on 4 Jan., 1884, resigned the presidency of the 
Northern Pacific railroad. After spending the in- 
tervening time in Europe, he returned to New 
York city in 1880, and has since purchased for 
German capitalists large amounts of the securities 
of the transportation system that he was instru- 
mental in creating, becoming again director of the 
Northern Pacific company, and on 21 June, 1888, 
again president of tnc Oregon and Transconti- 
nental company, ne has given a large fund for 
the State university of Oregon, HU»rally aided the 
l University of Washington territory, founded a hos- 

Sital and school for nurses in his native town, and 
e voted large sums to the Industrial art school of 
I Rhenish Bavaria, and to the foundation of fifteen 
! scholarships for the youth of that province. 

VILLA RET DE JOYEUSE, Louis Thomas, 
(veel-ah-ray) Count, better known as Viu.arkt- 
Jovklse, French naval officer, b. in Auch tiers in 
1750; d. in Venice, Italy, 24 July, 1812. He early 
entered the life-guards, out in 1766 joined the navy 
as midshipman, and served in the West Indies anil 
South America. He was promoted post-captain, 
was in Santo Domingo at the opening of the troubles 
of 1 TJX), and aided in quieting the disturbance, tak- 
ing part in the following year in the second expe- 
dition to Santo Domingo, after which he command- 
ed the station of the Antilles. He was made rear- 
admiral in September, 1793, and sailed from Brest, 

16 Mav, 171)4, to escort a convov of wheat-ships 
from the United States under Admiral Vanstabel. 
On 28 and 20 May and 1 June he engaged Admiral 
Howe's fleet, and,"al though both squadrons suffered 
heavily, the convoy passed safely and anchored at 
Brest, "thus saving France from famine. In 1801 
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the naval 
forces for Santo Domingo, and arriving, 6 Feb., 
1802, off Cape Francais, succeeded, by well-con- 
certed measures, in extinguishing the conflagration 
that had been begun by the retreating rebels. On 
3 April, 1802, he was appointed governor- general 
of Martinique and St, Lucia, which post he re- 
tained with great efficiency for seven years. After 
the battle of Trafalgar, in 1805, his "communica- 
tions with France were severed, but he held the 
English invaders at bay till 1809, when, after sus- 
taining a terrible bombardment in Fort Bourbon, 
he was compelled to sign an honorable capitula- 
tion. In 1811 he was appointed governor-general 
of Venice, where he died. 

YILLAROEL, Gaspar de (veel-yah-ro-ail ), Pe- 
ruvian R. C. bishop, b. in Quito, Ecuador, in 1587; 
d. in Arequipa in 1671. He became an Augustin- 



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VILLARS 



ian monk, going afterward to Europe on a mission I 
of his order. While in Spain he wrote 44 Semana I 
santa" (Lisbon, 1631, and Madrid, 1632 and 1633), 1 
and 44 Judices," another religious work (1636). He 1 
returned to America in 1638, as bishop of Santiago, j 
Chili, and during the earthouake of May, 1647, al- 1 
though severely injured by the fall of his cathedral, 
he was transported to the public square, where he 
consoled the panic-stricken population during the 
night. He assisted the sufferers and rebuilt the 
cathedral out of his own resources. In 1651 he was 
promoted archbishop of Arequipa, in Peru. He 
was the author of 44 Gobierno eclesiastico pacifico " 
(Arequipa, 1650), and 44 Prim era parte de las his- 
torias sagradas" (Madrid. 1670). 

VILLARS, Charles, French surgeon, b. in Ba- 
yonne about 1760; d. in Mexico in 1814. He was 
a marine surgeon, served in Santo Domingo and 
several of the West Indies, afterward practised 
medicine with success in Porto Rico, and about 
1800 began a journey through the West Indies 
and South America to popularize vaccination, visit- 
ing also Central America and Mexico, and meeting 
everywhere with great success. It may be said 
that he introduced vaccination where it was alto- 
gether unknown or distrusted. He wrote 44 Traite" 
et art de la vaccination " (Havana, 1804) ; 44 Me- 
moire sur les proprtetes antisyphilitiques de cer- 
taines solanees de l'Amerique du Sud, addressed 
to the Paris academy of sciences in 1808; and 
44 Traite* du quina * (1814). 

VILLASEffOR Y SANCHEZ, Jos6 Antonio 
(veel-yah-sain'-yor), Mexican geographer, b. in 
Mexico about 1700 ; d. there about 1760. He 
studied in the College of San Ildefonso, and was 
employed successively as chief clerk of the comp- 
troller of taxes and as comptroller of the quick- 
silver revenue. Later he was appointed cosmog- 
rapher of New Spain, and as such commissioned 
in 1742, by the viceroy, Count de Fuenclara, to 
write a descriptive history and geography that had 
been ordered by King Philip V. He is the author 
of 44 Observation del Cometa, que aparecio en el 
hemisferio de Mexico en Febrero y Marzo" (Mexico, 
1742); "Teatro Mexicano; descripci6n general de 
los Reinos y Provincias de la Nueva Espana" (1746); 
44 Materaatico Computo de los Astros (1756); and 
of a geographic map of the Jesuit province of New 
Spain, from Honduras to California, designed in 
1751, and engraved and published in Rome (1754). 

VILLA VERDE, Clrilo (veel-yah-vair'-day), Cu- 
ban author, b. in San Diego de Nufiez in 1812. 
In 1823 his parents took him to Havana, where he 
was graduated in law in 1832, but he devoted him- 
self to teaching and literature. On account of his 
liberal ideas in politics, and being implicated in a 
conspiracy to overthrow the Spanish government, 
he was arrested in 1849 and condemned to death, 
but escaped and fled to the United States. He 
fixed his residence in New York, where he pub- 
lished for some time a newspaper in aid of the 
revolutionary party of Cuba, Subsequently he 
was also the editor of literary magazines. In early 
life he had published in the papers short sketches 
of Cuban life and customs, and brief romantic 
narratives, and afterward he wrote the novels 44 El 
espeton de oro," 4 ' Los dos amores," and 44 La joven 
de la fiecha de oro " (Havana, 1887) ; 44 El Guajiro " 
(1840); "ElPenitente"; 44 Lapeinetacalada"; 44 La 
tejedora de sombreros n (1840-'5); and "Cecilia 
Valdes n (New York, 1881). The last is his master- 
piece, a genuine Cuban novel, which has been de- 
servedly praised by the most competent critics in 
Spain and Spanish America. Some of his works 
hare been translated into German and French. 



VILLEGAIGNON 295 

YILLEFRANCHE, Charles Pierre de (veal- 

frahnsh). historian, b. in Mobile, Ala., in 1756 ; d. 
in Havana, Cuba, in 1809. He was of French de- 
scend received his education partly in New Or- 
leans and in Havana, finished his studies at the 
University of Seville, and entered the colonial ad- 
ministration in 1778. He held posts successively 
in Venezuela, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, ana 
Louisiana, but, having become nearly blind, he 
was retired on a pension and settled in Havana, 
devoting his time to historical researches and to 
classifying the notes and documents that he had 
collected in the colonial offices where he had been 
employed. He published several valuable works, 
among them 44 Historiadores primitivos de las In- 
dias Occidentales " (Havana, 1707), which corrected 
and completed Barcia's history (Madrid, 1749), and 
for which Villefranche received a present from the 
secretary of state, and 44 Historia de la fundaci6n 
de la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba " (1804). 

VILLEGAIGNON, or VILLEGAGN0N, Nico- 
las Durand (veel-gan-yong), Chevalier de, French 
naval officer, b. in the castle of Villegaignon, Seine 
et Maine, in 1510; d. in Beauvais, near Nemours, 
9 Jan., 1571. In 1581 he entered the Order of 
Saint John, of which his uncle, the Marquis Vil- 
liers de l'Isle-Adam, was grand-master. He served 
against the Turks, Algiers, and Tripoli, and was 
made vice-admiral of Brittany. It has been as- 
serted that he was then converted to the Reformed 
faith; but this is denied. In 1555 he obtained 
through Admiral Gaspard de Coligny the privilege 
of founding a French colony in Brazil as an 
asylum for the persecuted Huguenots, while he 
persuaded the king that the Spanish forces would 
thus be divided. On 12 July, 1555, he sailed from 
Havre with two ships, carrying a nearly equal 
number of Protestant and Roman Catholic emi- 
grants, several young volunteers of noble families, 
and four Roman Catholic priests. On 18 Nov. he 
anchored in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro and took 
possession of an island near the shore, which 
ne named Coligny island. He built a fort and 
opened negotiations with the Indians, who con- 
tinued friendly to the last. A convoy of emigrants 
arrived on 10 March, 1557, among them four 
Protestant ministers, and Jean de Lery. Religious 
controversies began, and Villegaignon finally for- 
bade the Protestants to celebrate aivine service ac- 
cording to John Calvin's teachings. Some of them 
re-embarked on 4 Jan., 1558. and Villegaignon, 
fearing for his safety, transported the remaining 
Protestants to remote parts of the Brazilian coast 
The colony being thus reduced to about 200 men, 
he sailed for France early in 1559 for the purpose 
of collecting re-enforcements, and take the com- 
mand of a fleet that had been promised by Coligny, 
with which he intended to capture the Spanish treas- 
ure-vessels and destroy the Portuguese settlements 
along the Brazilian coast But the French Prot- 
estants refused their support, charging him with 
treason to their cause, and named him the 44 Cain 
of America." His former relations with them 
procured him likewise a cool reception at court, 
and he retired to his commandery. Villegaignon's 
colony subsisted for a few years longer, but being 
abandoned by the government, the French were 
finally expelled, 20 Jan., 1567, by Men de Saa (q. v.). 
Villegaignon was reputed one of the most skilful 
navigators of the 16th century, and he acquired 
distinction also as a historian and in his theologi- 
cal controversies with Calvin about his interference 
in religious matters in South America, His works 
include 44 Caroli V. imp. expeditio in Africam et 
Algieram" (Paris, 1542); 44 De bello melitensi et 

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296 VI L LEG AS CORAS 

ejus eventu Francis imposito, ad Caroluin V. com- 
raentarius"(1553); and 44 Ad Articulos Calvin ianac, 
de sacramento Eucharisti®, tradition is, ab ejus 
ministris in Francia Antarctia evulgatiB respon- 
siones," which contains a relation of the founda- 
tion of the French colony in Brazil (1560). 

V1LLEGAS CORAS, Jos6 Antonio (veel-yay- 
gas), Mexican sculptor, b. in Puebla in 1713 ; d. 
there, 14 July, 1785. He was graduated in philoso- 
phy at the Jesuit college, and devoted himself to 
sculpture and architecture. His works are dis- 
tinguished for correct anatomy, good drapery, and 
the sweet sympathetic expression of the Virgin's 
face. The best known are 44 La Purisima," in the 
church of San Cristobal ; the virgins of the con- 
vents of Carmen and Merced ; and a 44 San Jose," 
in the convent of San Pablo— all in his native city. 

YILLENEUYE, Alexandre Louis Ducrest 
de, French naval officer, b. in Theii, near Vitre\ 7 
March, 1777; d. in Paris, 22 March, 1852. He en- 
tered the naval service as a midshipman in 1791, 
took part in an expedition to the Pacific ocean, and 
in the following year joined a privateer and won 
reputation for his bravery. Re-entering the navy 
in 1796, he participated in 1802 in the expedition 
to Santo Domingo under Gen. Leclerc, and he was 
with Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve in the Antilles 
in 1805, and at Trafalgar. In 1806 he was sent by 
Napoleon on a special mission to carry the latter s 
orders to the French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies, 
and he was employed afterward in the Gulf of 
Mexico, and promoted to post-captain in 1814. 
From 1815 till 1818 he commanded the station of 
the Antilles, where he made valuable charts of those 
parts. He was sent in 1821 on a scientific mission 
to Havana and La Plata, assumed command of the 
station of the Gulf of Mexico in 1825, and pre- 

Eared a chart of the Bay of Vera Cruz and the 
ithraus of Panama. He was recalled in 1827, sent 
to the Mediterranean sea to chase the Tunisian and 
Algerian corsairs, was promoted rear-admiral in 
1829, commanded the division that blockaded An- 
vers in 1832-'3, and was afterward maritime pre- 
fect at Lorient, retiring from active service in 1838. 
The charts of the American coast that Admiral 
Villeneuve prepared have long been standard au- 
thorities in the French navy. 

VILLENEUVE, Jules Edmond Francois de, 
French author, b. in Paris, 27 Feb., 1804 ; d. there, 
5 Aug., 1868. He emigrated with his parents to 
Brazil after the fall of Napoleon I., was admitted 
to the Brazilian naval school, and served after- 
ward in the fleet, attaining the rank of lieutenant- 
commander, but he resigned in 1832 and devoted 
himself to literary labors. In the same year he 
bought the 44 Jornal do Commereio" at Rio Janei- 
ro, which under his management became the chief 
periodical in the country. He was the first to 
publish reports of the deliberations of the Brazil- 
ian parliament, and to advocate the enfranchise- 
ment of the negroes. Villeneuve returned to Paris 
in 1844. He published articles on Brazil in the 
Paris magazines, and "Coup d'oeil sur l'empire 
du Bresil (Versailles, 1849) ; 44 La guerre civile 
dans l'Am&ique du Sud" (1858); and an opera, 
*• Paraguassu, represented at Paris in 1855. 

VILLENEUVE, Pierre Charles Jean-Bap- 
tlste Silvestre de, French admiral, b. in Valen- 
soles. Basses Alpes, 31 Dec, 1763; d. in Rennes, 22 
April, 1806. He entered the navy in 1778 and 
served in the American Revolution with De Gui- 
chen off Dominica, with De Grasse at York town, 
with Bourne* at Tobago, and afterward in Guiana. 
He rose rapidly in the service, and, after several 
scientific cruises in the Gulf of Mexico and along 



VILLERAYE 



the coast of North America, was promoted rear- 
admiral in 1797. On 30 May, 1804, he was made 
vice-admiral, and through the protection of his 
old-time friend, Decres, the secretary of the navy, 
was intrusted with the execution of Napoleon's 
plan for an invasion of England. The choice was 
unfortunate, as Villeneuve, although a reputed 
tactician, was more efficient when he acted as lieu- 
tenant He was to sail with Gravina's Spanish 
division to the West Indies, rally Missiessy s and 
Magon's divisions and the forces at Cayenne, and, 
returning to Europe, unite with the Spanish fleet at 
Ferrol and Gautheaume's division at Brest, and come 
to Boulogne to escort Napoleon's army of invasion, 
with 75 snips of the line and upward of 80 frigates. 
This well-concerted plan failed through Ville- 
neuve's slow movements, and the most powerful 
naval armament that was ever collected was not 
utilized. After rallying Gravina's division at Ca- 
diz, Villeneuve sailed, in April, 1805, to the West 
Indies, joined the Antilles squadron, under Admi- 
ral Magon, stormed Fort Diaraant in Martinique, 
which was before considered impregnable, and ob- 
tained re-enforcements in Martinique and Guade- 
loupe. But he had lost precious time, and Missi- 
essy had already left for France, for which reason 
he resolved to return to Europe, and on 23-24 July 
engaged successfully Sir Robert Calder's division 
off Cape Finisterre. But, instead of proceeding to 
Ferrol and Brest with his superior force, he en- 
tered Cadiz harbor on 20 Aug.. and remained there 
till 20 Oct. Napoleon despatched Rosilly to super- 
sede Villeneuve ; but the latter, on hearing the re- 
port, resolved to give battle. On 21 Oct. he en- 
countered Lord Nelson's British fleet off Trafal- 
gar, and was defeated after ten hours' engagement 
and taken prisoner. On his release he went to 
Rennes, but, justly fearing Napoleon's resentment, 
committed suicide. 

V1LLEPIGUE, John Bordenave, soldier, b. 
in Camden, S. C, 2 July, 1830 ; d. in Port Hudson, 
La., 9 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1854, and served on the west- 
ern border as a lieutenant of dragoons until the 
secession of South Carolina. Joining the Confed- 
erate army, he was made a captain of artillery, and 
soon afterward promoted colonel and placed in 
command of Fort McRae, Pensacola, Fla. At the 
bombardment of this post he was severely wound- 
ed. He was transferred to Mobile, and a few weeks 
later to Fort Pillow, which he strengthened for the 
ensuing bombardment of fifty-two days, which was 
sustained until he was ordered to evacuate. His 
brigade opened the attack and covered the retreat 
of the army at Corinth, lie was ordered to Port 
Hudson soon afterward with a major-general's com- 
mand and the assurance of promotion to that rank, 
but reached his post only to die of fever. 

VILLERAYE, Charles Stanislas, Viscount de, 
French adventurer, b. in Provence about 1820 ; d. 
in Guaymas, Mexico, 13 July, 1854. He fought in 
Spain for the cause of Don Carlos, but squandered 
his inheritance, and, after taking part in the troubles 
in southern France during the revolution of 1848, 
emigrated in the following year to California, where 
he labored in the gold district with little success. 
He was among the first to join Count de Raousset- 
Boulbon, his Kinsman, became his secretary, and 
wrote the articles of incorporation of the 44 Restau- 
roda " company, founded in Mexico in 1852 with 
the aid of French bankers, which obtained from 
the Mexican authorities a grant of gold-mines that 
had been abandoned on account of their proximity 
to the territory of the warlike Apaches. While 
Raousset completed his preparations in Mexico, 

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VILLERfi 



Viileraye went to organize the expedition in San 
Francisco, where he was subsequently joined by 
Raousset, and on 1 June, 1852, they landed at 
Guaymas with 270 armed men, mostlv'Frenchmen, 
and two field-guns. Gen. Blanco, the Mexican com- 
mander in Sonora, prohibited their entrance into 
the country: but thev marched to Hermosillo, 
stormed the place, and plundered stores and pri- 
vate houses, thus causing the whole country to rise 
in arms against them. Raousset sent Viileraye to 
negotiate the withdrawal of the expedition from So- 
nora, but Gen. Blanco demanded an unconditional 
surrender. The French attacked the Mexican 
lines at the rancho of San Jose. 4 Nov., but were 
driven back after a desperate action, and compelled 
to capitulate. Raousset, Viileraye, and a few offi- 
cers returned to San Francisco, but afterward went 
back to Mexico, where they were well received bv 
Santa- Anna. Viileraye sought to enter the Mexi- 
can military service, but the successful expedition 
of William walker to Lower California induced him 
to join Raousset in San Francisco in November, 
1853, where he took the command of the re-enforce- 
ments that were sent by the latter to Walker. He 
landed at Guaymas, where he was surrounded and 
compelled to capitulate to the Mexican forces ; but 
his party was released through the intervention of 
the commander of the British sloop 44 Dido," on 
the plea that they had arrived in a British mer- 
chant vessel Nearly the whole party was after- 
ward shipped back to San Francisco, but Viileraye 
and a few others entered a battalion of foreigners 
that had been mustered by the Mexican Authori- 
ties for the protection of the state. The strength 
of this battalion was afterward increased by re- 
cruits sent purposely by Raousset, and when the 
latter landed, 1 July, 1854, at Algodones, near 
Guaymas, Viileraye was commander of one of the 
companies of the foreign battalion. Being secretly 
devoted to the cause of his former commander, he 
went over to him with the foreign legion at his at- 
tack on Guaymas. 13 July, 1854, and was killed in 
the midst of the action. 

VILLERE, Joseph Philippe Roy de (vil-rav ), 
soldier, b. in France: d. in Louisiana in 1769. lie 
was an officer in a French regiment that was sta- 
tioned in Canada, his father having come to Louisi- 
ana with Iberville's first expedition. Afterward he 
was naval secretary of Louisiana. In 1 769 he headed 
an insurrection against the Spanish authorities, and 
was arrested, and killed.— His son, Jacques, gov- 
ernor of Ijouisiana, b. near New Orleans, La., 28 
April, 1761 ; d. there in 1831, was a major-gen- 
eral of volunteers under Gen. Andrew Jackson in 
1814— *15, and counselled him to accept the prof- 
fered services of Pierre Lafitte and his outlaws, and 
to flood the ground on which the British troops 
were encamped by cutting the dikes of the Mis- 
sissippi He was the second governor of Louisi- 
ana, succeeding William C C. Claiborne in 1818, 
and continuing in office four years, and did much 
to diminish the friction between the French popu- 
lation and the U. S. authorities and English-speak- 
ing emigrants.— Jacques's son, Gabriel, soldier, b. 
in Louisiana, 15 March 1785; d. in New Orleans, 
Ijh., 6 July, 1852, held a major's commission in the 
militia, and at the time of the British invasion was 
detailed to watch the Bayou Bicnvenu. The ene- 
my, landing at Fisherman's Village, captured him, 
but he escaped and reached New Orleans, giving 
Gen. Jackson warning of their approach. 

VILLERMET, Jules Guillaume Ferdinand 
dc (vccl-air-may), French scientist, b. in Lan- 
derneau in 1802; d. in La Union, Salvador, in 
1859. He held for several years an office in the 



VIN 297 

colonial department at Paris, and in 1854 was 
given a mission to Mexico and Central America. 
After exploring southern Mexico and Lower Cali- 
fornia, where he suffered great hardships, he tried 
to enter Sonora, but was prevented by the political 
condition of the state. He visited Panama, Costa 
Rica, and Salvador, studied the volcanoes of Que- 
zaltenango, Izalco, and San Miguel, and prepared 
a valuable geological chart of Central America. 
He died from yellow fever just before leaving for 
France. Villermet's explorations were continued 
by the scientific expedition of Auguste Dolfus 
and Eugene de Montserrat, and, from his notes 
and the materials he had collected, his brother 
published "Voyage dans le San Salvador, suivi 
d'une etude sur les volcans de l'Amerique Cen- 
trale " (2 vols.. Geneva, 1860). 

VILLIERS, Jean Pierre (veel-yair), French 
missionary, d. in Cayenne in 1672. He sailed in 
1664 with Lefevre de la Barre and established the 
first missions in Guiana. In 1669 he returned to 
France for supplies, and, arriving in the follow- 
ing year, he founded a convent in Cavenne, with 
seven missionaries, and built a church in that city. 
He came into collision with the French company 
by interfering in their transactions with the 
Indians, and was imprisoned, but obtained his 
release on promising not to offend again. Villiers 
wrote * 4 EtaDlissements de la foi fondes dans la Nou- 
velle France du Sud, des sauvages qui l'habitent, 
etc., avec un v oca bul aire de la langue dc ces peu- 
plcs" (Bcauvais, 1690). 

VILMOT, Charles Stanislas (veei-mo), French 
author, b. in St. Nazaire in 1749 ; d. in Nantes 
in 1794. He held an office in the quartermas- 
ter's department of Count Roehambesu's army in 
1780-'2, and when Marquis de Vaudreuil embarked 
the French contingent for Santo Domingo, he 
chose to remain in the United States, and after- 
ward engaged in business in Philadelphia. He re- 
turned to France in 1786, and came again to this 
country to establish a ship-building yard at Phila- 
delphia for French speculators, but the scheme 
failed, owing to the French revolution. During 
the reign of terror he was accused of being a party 
to the noted 44 pacte dc famine," and was drowned 
in Nantes in one of the famous 44 noyades " organ- 
ized by Jean Baptiste Carrier. He wrote 44 Obser- 
vations sur les services administratifsdu gouverne- 
ment des fitats-Unis de l'Amerique du Nord n 
(Nantes, 1786) ; 44 Journal de campagne, notes prises 
pendant la guerre de l'indepcndance de rAme*nque'' 
(1789); nnd 44 Notes et esquisses sur les fitats- 
Unis dc l'Amerique du Nord " (1792). 

VIN, Moyse Van, Flemish buccaneer, b. in 
Flanders about 1627; d. in Panama in 1678. He 
was a sailor on a Flemish vessel trading with 
Santo Domingo, but deserted about 1650, joined 
the buccaneers in Tortuga, and rose rapidly 
through his valor. But his total want of educa- 
tion prevented him from commanding large expe- 
ditions, and he acted as lieutenant of Grandmont, 
Van Graaf, Morgan, and Jacques Nau, with whom 
he was successively associated after 1660. He fol- 
lowed the last-named in all his expeditions after 
1666, but early in 1070 abandoned him, when he 
was planning the attack on Guatemala, and, join- 
ing Henry Morgan, he served in the division which 
carried the fortress on Chagres river, and assisted 
in the capture of Panama. After Morgan's flight 
with the spoils. Van Vin mustered al>out 200 men 
and five vessels, made a raid on Puerto del Prin- 
cipe, and even attacked Porto Bello. He ravaged 
the coast of Campeachy, and acquired enormous 
riches ; but ho did not, however, enjoy them, as. 

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298 VINCENNES 

baring entered Panama in disguise, he was recog- ' 
nixed, arrested, and, after a short trial, hanged be- 
fore the palace of the audiencia. 

VINCENNES, Jean Baptist* Blssot, Sieur 
de, Canadian explorer, b. in Quebec in January, 
1688; d. in Illinois in 1736. He was the tenth | 
son of Francois Bissot, a rich merchant of Quebec 
and owner of a Canadian seigniory, and a near 
relative to the explorer Louis Joliet — some say his 
nephew, others nis brother-in-law. He fought 
against the Iroquois at Mackinaw at the age of 
ten, entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701. 
and was employed in the west In 1704 he was 
sent to the Miami country, where he rendered valu- 
able services to the crown, rescuing some Iroquois 
pioneers from the Ottawa?, and otherwise greatly 
befriending the Indians. In 1712 he saved De- 
troit from the invasion of the Fox Indians, but 
came afterward in collision with La Mothe Cadil- 
lac, the commander of that place, who asked for 
his recall. Vincennes's fault was overlooked, ow- 
ing to his services, and, becoming reconciled with 
Cadillac, he became afterward the latter s most 
trusted lieutenant He was employed successively 
in the Miami country, in Ohio, and in Michigan, 
but toward 1725 resided on the present site of the 
city of Vincennes, which is named in his honor, 
ana built there an earth fort and a trading-post 
Early in 1736 he was sent to assist in the expedi- 
tion apainst the Chickasaws. Mustering about 100 
Miami Indians, he joined D'Artaguette and they 
entered the territory of the Chickasaws by way of 
Illinois, and were to co-operate with an invading 
column from Louisiana. The latter expedition 
failed, but D'Artaguette and Vincennes, unaware 
of the danger, pushed forward. Meanwhile the 
Chickasaws collected all their forces and attacked, 
but were repelled with great loss, and the French 
captured several villages. But the Chickasaws 
brought about the desertion of the Mi am is, and 
the invaders were finally defeated, nearly all being 
killed or taken prisoners. D'Artagnette, Vincen- 
nes, Father Slnat and others were burned at the 
stake in the principal village of the Chickasaws. 

VINCENT, Charles (van-song). Baron de St., 
West Indian soldier, b. in Jdrlmie, Hayti, in 1739: 
d. in Leogane in October, 1794. He entered the 
military service, fought in this country under 
Rochambeau in 1780-*1, and after the conclusion 
of peace commanded a regiment in Tobago and 
Martinique, In 1787 he was appointed governor 
and commander-in-chief at Cape Francais, where 
he took an active part in the civil wars that deso- 
lated the colony, put down the rebellion of Vin- 
cent Oge* and Chavannes, and checked the revolu- 
tionary movement that was led by Jean Francois 
and Jean Biaseou. He sided afterward with Oov. 
Gal band against Commissioner Etienne Polverel, 
and was taken prisoner at Cape Francais, but par- 
doned by Polverel on account of his military tal- 
ents. St Vincent was sent to oppose the progress 
of the British, who had landed at Jer£mie, 19 Sept, 
1793, and drove them from Tiburon, but was de- 
feated at Lfogane, and killed in the action. 

VINCENT. Francis, journalist b. in Bristol, 
England, 17 March, 1822; d. in Wilmington, Del., 
28 June, 1884. He was partly educated in Eng- 
land, emigrated at an earlv age to Dover, Del., 
where be acquired a knowledge of the classics, 
was apprenticed to the proprietor of the 44 Dela- 
ware Gasette" in 1839, and on 22 Aug.. 1845, 
began the publication in Wilmington of a news- 
paper which he called the 44 Blue Hen's Chicken," 
from a designation that was given to the Delaware 
soldiers in the Revolution on account of their 



VINCENT 



fighting qualities. He advocated representation 
according to population, election of all officers by 
the people, simplification of legal procedure, the 
abolition of the whipping-post and of lotteries, 
universal common-school education, the submis- 
sion of important laws to the popular vote, exemp- 
tion of household goods ana tools from seizure 
for debt, the ten -hour working-day. and other 
changes in the constitution and statute law of 
Delaware. His projects met with opposition from 
the leaders of parties, but gained ground among 
the people. In 1850 the Democrats accepted his 
proposition for a constitutional convention, which 
met on 4 March, 1853. and adopted the elective 
principle and other reforms, but left representa- 
tion disproportionate. Many who approved re- 
vision voteu against the instrument with the ex- 
pectation of ultimately securing a better one, but 
after Vincent sold his paper m 1854 the agita- 
tion ceased until he temporarily revived the ques- 
tion in 1862, when he had purchased the "Com- 
monwealth," and changed its name to the 44 Blue 
Hen's Chicken." He was a member of the Re- 
publican party from its first organization in Dela- 
ware, and strongly supported the government in 
his journal until he disposed of it in September, 
1864. He began the publication of "Vincent's 
Semi-Annual Register A in 1860, but discontinued 
it at the beginning of the war. He addressed to 
the Cobden club an 44 Essay recommending the 
Union of Great Britain and her Colonies and the 
United States, and the Final Union of the World 
into One Great Nation " (Wilmington, 1868). This 
scheme he discussed further in a paper that he pre- 
sented to the European league of peace at its meet- 
ing at Paris in 1870. In July, 1871, he published 
a plan for a railroad from New York to London by 
way of Bering strait which he also laid before 
the New York chamber of commerce and the Na- 
tional board of trade in Baltimore. He wrote a 
44 History of Delaware" (Philadelphia, 1870-*1). 

VINCENT, Frank, traveller, b. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 2 April, 1848. He was educated at Yale, 
from which college he received the honorary de- 
gree of A. M. in 1875, and was engaged dunng a 
period of eleven years in travel ana exploration in 
all parts of the world. Mr. Vincent is a member 
of many geographical, ethnological, and archaeo- 
logical societies, and has received decorations from 
the kings of Bunnah, Cambodia, and Siam. His 
valuable collection of Siamese and Cambodian anti- 
quities and art and industrial objects he presented 
in 1884 to the Metropolitan museum of ait, New 
York city. The ruined temples and palaces of 
Cambodia and Cochin China were described for 
the first time in his book entitled 44 The Land of 
the White Elephant " (New York, 1874). Among 
his other works are 44 Through and Through the 
Tropics 99 (1876) ; 44 Two Months in Bunnah " (1877) ; 
44 The Wonderful Ruins of Cambodia " (1878); 
"Norsk, Lapp, and Finn" (1881): 44 Around and 
about South America " (1888) ; and 44 The Republics 
of Central America" (1889). 

VINCENT, John, British soldier, b. in Eng- 
land in 1765; d. in London. England, 21 June, 
184a He entered the British army as ensign in 
July, 1781, was made a lieutenant in August of 
the following year, and became a captain in Octo- 
ber, 1786. He attained the grade of major in May, 
1795, in January, 1800, that of lieutenant-colonel, 
in July, 1810, that of colonel, and in June, 1813, 
was made a major-general. He was one of the 
ablest British officers in Canada during the war 
of 1812-'15. He was commandant of Fort George, 
and when compelled to evacuate that post in 1818, 

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VINCENT 



VINCENT 




took position at Stony Creek, where he was over- 
taken by Gen. John Chandler. He attempted to 
surprise the American camp at night, but was un- 
successful. He was made a lieutenant-general in 
May, 1825, and a full general in November, 1841. 

VINCENT, John ifeyl, M. E. bishop, b. in 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 23 Feb., 1832. He was educated 
at academies in Milton and Lewisburg, Pa., began 
to preach at the age of eighteen, completed his 
training for the 
ministryat Wesley, 
an institute, New- 
ark, N. J., and in 
the four years' the- 
ological course of 
the New Jersey 
conference, into 
which he was re- 
ceived in 1853. He 
was ordained dea- 
con in 1855 and el- 
der in 1857, when 
he was transferred 
to the Rock River 
conference, serv- 
ing as pastor in 
Galena, Chicago, 
and elsewhere till 
1805. In that vear he established the * 4 Northwest 
Sunday-School Ouarterly," and in 1866 the "Sun- 
day-School Teacher." lie was appointed general 
agent of the Methodist Episcopal Sunday-school 
union, and in 1868 was elected by the general con- 
ference corresponding secretary both of the union 
and of the tract society, in which posts he was con- 
tinued till 1884. He was the editor of the Sunday- 
school publications of his denomination, conduct- 
ing the " Sunday-School Journal," published in New 
York city, with such success that its circulation rose 
from 16,500 to 160,000, while that of his lesson-books 
has been nearly 2.500,000 conies. In 1873, with 
Lewis Miller, of Akron, Ohio, ne projected a Sun- 
day-school teachers* institute for the purpose of pre- 
paring teachers for their work by means of lectures 
and drills. The institute first met at Chautauqua, 
N. Y, in August, 1874, and has since assembled 
each year in the same place. It has extended be- 
yond the limits of its original design, and given 
rise to allied institutions, which, as well as the 
Sunday-school assemblies and the international 
lessons, extend their benefits to members of all 
Christian bodies. The Chautauqua literary and 
scientific circle, which prescribes courses of read- 
ing for all classes of people, was founded in 1878, 
and within a few years had 100,000 students on its 
rolls. In connection with this the Chautauqua uni- 
versity was established, a summer school in which 
lectures on roost of the arts and sciences are given, 
and of which Dr. Vincent, who received the degree 
of D. D. from Ohio Wcsleyan university in 1870, and 
that of LL. D. from Washington and Jefferson in 
1885, has been chancellor from the l>eginning. At 
the general conference of 1888 he was elected a 
bishop. Among his published works are •* Little 
Footprints in Bible Lands" (New York, 1861); 
44 The Chautauqua Movement " (1886) ; 44 The Home 
Book" (1886): 44 The Modern Sundav - School" 
(1887); and * 4 Better Not" (1887).— ilis cousin, 
Strong, soldier, b. in Waterford. Erie co., Pa., 
17 June, 1837: d. near Gettysburg, Pa., 7 July, 
1863, after passing through Erie academy and 
working for two years in his father's iron-foundry, 
cnterof the scientific school at Hartford, Conn., 
next became a student of Trinity college, and, 
leaving that, was graduated at Harvard in 1859. 



He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1860, and began practice in Erie. When the civil 
war began he enlisted as a private for three months 
in the volunteer army, was chosen 2d lieutenant, 
and soon afterward w,as appointed adjutant. He 
re-enlisted for three years, was made major, and 
promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 88d Pennsyl- 
vania infantry in September, 1801. He was en- 
gaged in the construction of siege-works at York- 
town, and soon after the battle of Hanover Court- 
House was prostrated with swamp fever. He re- 
turned to his regiment in October, 1862, as its 
colonel, and at Fredericksburg temporarily com- 
manded a brigade in a difficult retreat, lie de- 
clined the appointment of judge-advocate of the 
Army of the Potomac, in April, 1863, took command 
of his brigade as ranking colonel, and effectively 
supported Gen. Alfred Pleasonton's cavalry at 
Aidie. At Gettysburg, orders having come from 
the front from Gen. George Sykes, at the sugges- 
tion of Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, for a brigade 
to occupy Little Round Top, Vincent, in the ab- 
sence of the division commander, assumed the 
responsibility of taking up his own brigade. On 
reaching the hill, he quickly selected a position, 
posting his men on the left-hand crest of Little 
Round Top, and in the hollow between it and 
Round Top, where the Confederates made their 
first attempt to ascend the ravine and tum the 
left flank of the National army, in withstanding 
which his force was supported by the command of 
Gen. Stephen H. Weed and the battery of Capt. 
Charles E. Hazlett on the middle crest of Little 
Round Top, and by the regiment of Col. Patrick 
II. O'Rorke, which was sent up by Gen. Warren 
just in time to frustrate the flank movement of 
the enemy. Vincent was shot while cheering on 
this regiment as it faltered before the fire of the 
Confederate infantry. — Strong's brother, Boyd, 
P. E. bishop, b. in Erie, Pa., 18 May, 1845, was 
graduated at Yale in 1867, studied theology, and 
after serving in l871-*2 as assistant minister of St. 
Paul's Protestant Episcopal church in Erie, Pa., 
became rector of a new church in that town, which 
he left in 1874 to assume charge of Calvary church 
in Pittsburg, Pa. He was elected bishop of Dela- 
ware in 1887 by the clergy, but was not confirmed 
by the laity, and in October, 1888, was chosen as- 
sistant bishop of southern Ohio. 

VINCENT, Marvin Richardson, clergyman, 
b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1834. He ft 
the son of a Methodist clergyman, and was gradu- 
ated at Columbia in 1854, and for the ensuing four 
years was associated with Charles Anthon in the 
direction of Columbia college grammar-school. In 
1858 he went to. Troy, N. Y., as professor of lan- 
guages in the Methodist university, where he re- 
mained four years. He studied theology privately, 
entered the Methodist Episcopal minister in 1860, 
and in 1862 became pastor of a church in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. His religious views having changed, he 
attached himself to the Presbyterian church, and 
on 18 June, 1863, he was installed as pastor of a 
church of that denomination in Troy. This he 
left in May, 1873, to enter upon the pastorate of 
the Church of the Covenant in New York city, 
which he left in 1888 to accept a professorship in 
the Union theological seminary. New York city. 
He received the degree of D. I), from Union college 
in 1868. Dr. Vincent, while in Troy university, in 
collaboration with his colleague, Charlton T. Lewis, 
translated into English Johann Albrccht Bcngel's 
4 * Gnomon of the New Testament " (2 vols., Phila- 
delphia, 1860-'2). He has since published, besides 
single sermons, tracts, and review articles, "Ainusc- 



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Google 



300 VINCENT 

ment a Force in Christian Training n (1867) ; 44 The 
Two Prodigals" (1876); "Gates into the Psalm- 
Country," a series of discourses (1878); "Stranger 
and Guest," a book of tracts (1879); "Faith and 
Character" (1880); "The Minister's Handbook" 
(1882); " In the Shadow of the Pyrenees," a vol- 
ume of travels (1883); "God and Bread," sermons 
(1884): "The Expositor in the Pulpit" (1884); 
M Christ as a Teacher " (1886) ; and " Word-Studies 
in the New Testament" (3 vols., 1887- 9). 

VINCENT, Mary Anne, actress, b. in Ports- 
mouth, England, 18 Aug., 1818 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
4 Sept, 1887. She made her first appearance on 
• the stage, under her maiden name of Mary Farlev, 
at Cowes, England, on 25 April, 1835, as Lucy in 
George Col man's farce of " The Review," and in 
August of the same year married James R. Vin- 
cent, a comedian, with whom she appeared in Eng- 
land, Scotland, and Ireland, till 1846, when they 
came to the United States, first playing in the Na- 
tional theatre, Boston, on 11 Nov., in "Popping 
the Question." After her husband's suiciae, 10 
June, 1850, she played in the same theatre till it 
was burned in 1852, and then joined the company 
of the Boston museum, with which she remained 
connected thenceforth. She played a great variety 
of comedy characters, and till tne close of her life 
was a favorite with the audiences of Boston, and 
did much to elevate and dignify her profession in 
the eyes of the public. Her best-known roles were 
Mrs. Hardcastle, Lady Duberly, the Widow Green, 
and Mrs. Malaprop. 

VINCENT, Philip, English clergyman, b. near 
Conisbrough, Yorkshire, England, 20 Nov., 1600; 
d. probably in England after 1638. He studied 
at the University of Cambridge, receiving the de- 
gree of A. M., was ordained in 1625, and was 
rector at Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, till 1629, when 
he resigned his living. After the death in 1630 of 
his wile, who was a daughter of Sir Christopher 
Heydon, a writer on astrology, he began a wander- 
ing life, and about 1632 sailed for Guiana. He 
subsequently travelled in Germany, and in 1637 
was in Massachusetts. He published 44 The True 
Relation of the Late Battle fought in New Eng- 
land between the English and the Pequot Sal- 
vages " (London, 1638), which has been reprinted 
in the 44 Collections " of the Massachusetts histori- 
cal society, 3d series, vol. vi. 
. VINCENT, Thomas McCnrdy, soldier, b. near 
Cadiz, Harrison co., Ohio, 15 Nov.. 1832. He was 
graduated at the U. S. niilitarv academy in 1853, 
and on 8 Oct., 1853, became 2& lieutenant in the 
2d artillery. During the three years that followed 
he served with his company in Florida during ac- 
tive operations in the field against hostile Indians, 
and from severe exposure in the line of duty be- 
came dangerously ill in May, 1855. During his 
convalescence Lieut Vincent compiled a " Sketch 
of South Florida," which was used by troops in the 
final operations pending the removal ol the In- 
dians, and for which he received the thanks of the 
general-in-chief. During the years 1855-*6 he per- 
formed the duties of assistant adjutant-general and 
quartermaster and commissary of subsistence. He 
served with his company at Fort Hamilton and 
Plattsburg, N. Y., until August, 1859, when he was 
detailed as principal assistant professor of chemis- 
try at the military academy. Declining the ap- 
pointment of captain in the 18th infantry, he was 
appointed assistant adiutant-general in July, 1861, 
and assigned to the Army of Northwestern Vir- 

?inia, being engaged in the battle of Bull Run. 
n August, 1861, he became captain, and in July, 
1862, major of staff. From 1861 till 1865 he was 



VINES 



constantly on duty in the adjutant-general's office 
at Washington, particularly in charge of the " or- 
ganization and miscellaneous business of the vol- 
unteer armies of the United States," persistent ap- 
plications for service in the field being disapproved 
by Sec. Stanton for the reason that 44 the public 
interests demanded his presence in the war depart- 
ment." Not only did the responsibility for fram- 
ing all the rolls and instructions issued for the 
government of the volunteer forces in service dur- 
ing the war, and the charge connected with a per- 
aonnel of more than 90,000 commissioned officers, 
devolve upon Gen. Vincent, but the preparation of 
the plan (of which he was also the sole author), and 
the immediate general direction of the work 
under it, for the muster-out and disbandment of 
the volunteer armies, numbering 1,034,064 officers 
and men, distributed to 1,274 regiments, 316 inde- 
pendent companies, and 192 batteries. This plan 
was prepared in advance of any notification from 
the secretary of war, and was put into execution 
immediately upon submission to that officer and 
Gen. Grant Since the war Gen. Vincent has been 
identified with all important changes in the 
methods of transacting tne business of the war de- 
partment, the revision of array regulations, and he 
das served as adjutant-general of various depart- 
ments, and in September, 1888, was ordered to 
Washington on duty. He became lieutenant- 
colonel and assistant adjutant-general in July, 
1881, and was brevetted to the grade of brigadier- 
general, U. S. army, 44 for faithful and meritorious 
services during the rebellion." Gen. Vincent has 
made several reports to congress on "army or- 
ganization," and is the author of "The Military 
Power of the United States during the War of the 
Rebellion " (New York, 1881).— His brother, Al- 
bert OUrer, soldier, b. in Cadiz, Ohio, 7 Feb., 
1842 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 9 Dec., 1882, was edu- 
cated at common schools, and at the age of nine- 
teen was about to establish himself as a printer, 
when, at the opening of the civil war, he was tend- 
ered by Sec. Cameron a commission as 2d lieuten- 
ant in the 2d artillery. From 1861 till 1866 he 
served with his battery, part of the time command- 
ing it during all the operations of the Army of the 
Potomac, principally with horse artillery in con- 
junction with the cavalry, comprising thirty-five 
battles and minor affairs, besides continuous and 
rapid marches. He was commissary of musters 
and superintendent of volunteer recruiting service 
in 1865, and served with his regiment in California 
and Washington territory in 1865-'7. He was 
brevetted captain for Antietam, major for Gettys- 
burg, and lieutenant-colonel for faithful and meri- 
torious services, 18 Nov., 1865, and declined the ap- 

g>intment of captain, 88th infantry, in July, 1866. 
e served as major of the 4th Arkansas cavalry in 
1864-'5, and was retired from active service in 1869. 

VINES, Richard, colonist, b. near Bideford, 
Devonshire, England, about 1585 ; d. on the island 
of Barbadoes 19 April, 1651. He was educated as 
a physician, and was sent, with others, to Maine in 
1609, to explore the country and effect a settle- 
ment, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who appointed 
him his confidential agent and steward-general of 
the province. The settlement was established at 
Winter Harbor, near the mouth of Saco river, in 
1616-*17. In 1629 Vines and John Oldham re- 
ceived a patent of lands, that are now occupied by 
the town of Biddeford. Me., from the council of 
Plymouth, England. He was the principal super- 
intendent of the plantation until the arrival in 1635 
of William Gorees, who appointed him a coun- 
cillor, and left the government in his hands once 

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VINGUT 

more on returning to England in 1648. In 1645 
the general court, not having heard from the pro- 
prietor for more than a vear, constituted a provis- 
ional government, making Vines deputy - gover- 
nor, with authority to take possession of the prop- 
erty of Gorges and to pay his debts. The rival 
claims to the proprietorship of the province raised 
by Alexander Rigby, a lawyer from England, who 
belonged to the party of parliament, caused Vines 
such trouble that before the close of 1645 he re- 
signed his office and returned to England. Soon 
afterward he settled in Barbadoes, where he be- 
came a planter and practised his profession. 

VINGUT, Francisco Javier, educator, b. in 
Cuba in 1823. He came to the United States about 
1848, and for many years was professor of the 
Spanish language and literature in the University 
of the city of New York. He edited papers called 
44 La Aurora" and 44 La Indiana" in Spanish and Eng- 
lish, and published grammars and phrase-books for 
learning the Spanish, English, and French lan- 
guages.— His wife, Gertrude, author, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., about 1830, was a daughter of Sum- 
ner L. Fairfield, the poet. Her first work was 
44 Irene, or the Autobiography of an Artist's Daugh- 
ter" (Boston, 1854). She edited 44 Gems of Span- 
ish Poetry," in conjunction with her husband (New 
York, 1855), and afterward published two novels 
entitled "Madeline" and "Naomi Torrente: the 
History of a Woman " (1864). 

VINING, John, senator, b. in Dover. Del., 23 
Dec, 1758; d. there in February, 1802. He was a 
member of the Continental congress from 1784 till 
1786, and was elected to the 1st Federal congress 
as the only representative from Delaware, ana re- 
elected for another term, serving from 6 May, 1789, 
till 2 March, 1793. He was then sent to the U. S. 
senate, taking his seat on 2 Dec., 1793, and serving 
till 6 March, 1798, when he resigned. 

VINTON, Frederic, bibliographer, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 9 Oct., 1817; d. in Princeton, N. J., 
1 Jan., 1890. He was graduated at Amherst in 
1887, and studied theology at Andover. Having 
trained himself in a pnvate library during five 
years, he entered the service of the Boston public 
library in 1856 as first assistant He entered the 
new building on Boylston street, with the 80,000 
volumes that had been given by Joshua Bates, and 
organized the arrangement that now exists. He 
assisted in preparing the 44 Index to the Catalogue 
of Books in the Bates Hall " (1861) and the 44 First 
Supplement " to it (1866). He removed to Wash- 
ington, in January, 1865, to become first assistant 
in the library of congress, and held the post eight 
years. He there prepared six annual supplements 
to the 44 Alphabetical Catalogue of the Library of 
Congress " and the 44 Index of Subjects " (2 vols., 
Washington, 1869). In 1878 he became librarian 
of Princeton college, of whose library he printed 
the 44 Subject Catalogue " (New York, 1884). 

VINTON, Frederick Porter, painter, b. in 
Bangor, Me., 29 Jan., 1846. He went abroad in 
1875. studied for some time under Leon Bonnfit in 
Paris, and thence went, in 1877, to Munich, where 
he studied for a year in the academy under Ferdi- 
nand Wagner and Wilhelm Diez. Returning to 
Paris, he became a pupil in the school of Jean Paul 
Laurens. At the salon of 1878 he exhibited 44 Ital- 
ian Girl," and in the Paris exposition of the same 
year he also had two paintings. In 1878 he re- 
turned to the United States and opened a studio 
in Boston. He was elected an associate of the 
National academy in 1882. His works painted 
since he settled in Boston are mostly portraits, in- 
cluding those of Sir Lyon Playfair and Alexander 



VINTON 301 

H. Vinton (1880); Wendell Phillips (1881); Will- 
iam Warren (1882) ; Francis Parkman (1883) ; An- 
drew P. Peabody and Gen. Charles Devens (1384) ; 
and George F. Choate and George F. Hoar (1885). 

VINTON, John Adams, genealogist, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 5 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Winchester, Mass., 
13 Nov., 1877. He was graduated at Dartmouth 
in 1828, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1831, ordained as a Congregational minister, 16 
May, 1832. and held various pastorates in Maine, 
Vermont, and Massachusetts. In 1846-7 he was 
agent of the American society for ameliorating the 
condition of the Jews, and in 1859-'60 he was 
chaplain to the state almshouse at Monson, Mass. 
After the latter date he held no charge, but resided 
at South Boston and then at Winchester, and de- 
voted himself to genealogical researches. He con- 
tributed many articles to periodicals, including 
4 * Reminiscences of the Park Street Church " in the 
Boston 44 Recorder" (1849), and was the author of 
"The Vinton Memorial" (Boston, 1858; abridged 
ed., entitled 44 Sketches of the Vinton and other 
Families," 1858); "The Giles Memorial" (1864); 
44 The Sampson Family in America " (1864) ; 44 Deb- 
orah Sampson, the Female Soldier of the Revolu- 
tion," a reprint, with introduction and notes, of a 
rare work that was published at Dedham in 1797 
(1866); "The Symmes Memorial." containing an 
autobiography of the author (1873) ; 44 The Upton 
Memorial ' (printed privately, Bath, Me., 1874) ; 
and 44 The Richardson Memorial " (Portland, 1876). 

VINTON, John Rogers, soldier, b. in Provi- 
dence, R. I., 16 June, 1801 ; d. near Vera Cruz. 
Mexico, 22 March, 1847. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1817, served in Florida 
and Mexico, and was killed by the windage of a 
cannon-ball, at the siege of Vera Cruz. He had 
become captain in the 3d artillery on 28 Dec, 1835. 
He was brevetted major on 23 Sept, 1846, for gal- 
lantry at Monterey, and the degree of A. M. was 

B'ven him by Brown in 1837. — His brother, David 
ammond, soldier, b. in Providence, R. I., 4 May, 
1803 ; d. in Stamford, Conn., 21 Feb., 1873, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1822, 
was commissioned to the 4th artillery, and in 1828 
transferred to the infantry. After a term of gar- 
rison and special duty, he was sent to Florida in 
1836, where ne was employed on quartermaster duty, 
and in 1837 was made quartermaster-general of 
Florida. He continued in this service until 1846, 
in which year he was made chief quartermaster on 
the staff of Gen. John E. Wool, with the rank of 
major, and served in Mexico. He was chief quar- 
termaster of the Department of the West in 1852-'6, 
of the Department of Texas in 1857-'61, and was 
taken prisoner upon the surrender of Gen. Twiggs 
to the Confederates in February, 1861. Being ex- 
changed after a few months, in August, 1861, he was 
made deputy quartermaster-general and chief quar- 
termaster at New York, where until 1866 he ren- 
dered valuable services. In 1864 he was brevetted, 
for faithful and meritorious services, colonel and 
brigadier-general. In 1866 he became assistant 
quartermaster-general, and in the same year was 
placed upon the retired list. — Another brother, 
Alexander Hamilton, clergyman, b. in Provi- 
dence, R. I., 2 Mav, 1807 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 
26 April, 1881, studied at Brown and was graduated 
at the medical department of Yale in 1828. He 
settled in Pomfret, Conn., and there practised his 
profession for three years. Then entering the 
General theological seminary of the Protestant 
Episcopal church he was graduated in 1835 and 
ordained deacon on 28 June, 1835, by Bishop Ben- 
jamin T. Onderdonk. He had charge of St. Paul's 

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VINTON 



VINTON 



in Portland, Me., in 1885, and was made priest by- 
Bishop Gr is wold on 5 Oct., 1836. His successive 
parishes thereafter were Grace church. Providence, 
K. I. (183fr-'42); St. Paul's, Boston (1842-'58) ; Holy 
Trinity, Philadelphia (1858-'61); St. Mark's, New 
York city (1861-9) ; and Emmanuel church, Boston 
(1869-77}. Returning to Pomfret, where he had 
retained nis home, he continued during the winters 
to lecture on systematic divinity at the Episcopal 
divinity-school in Cambridge, Mass. The degree of 
S. T. D. was conferred on him by the Universitv of 
the citv of New York in 1843, and by Harvard in 
1853. t)r. Vinton was a candidate for the bishopric 
of Pennsylvania in 1845, but was defeated by Alonzo 
Potter. *Re was among the most active of the " low 
church " party of the Protestant Episcopal church. 
Dr. Vinton was the author of a volume of " Ser- 
mons" (Philadelphia, 1855); "Lectures on Evi- 
dences of Christianity" (1855); and "Sermons" 
(Boston, 1867) ; besides which he published single 
sermons and contributed to reviews and maga- 
zines. — Another brother, Francis, soldier and 
clergyman, b. in Providence, R. I., 29 Aug., 1809; 
d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 29 Sept, 1872, was graduated 
at the U. S. military academy in 1830, ana commis- 
sioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery. Shortly 
afterward he was placed in charge of a detachment 
of troops destined to form part of the garrison of 
Fort Snelling, Minn., near where the city of St. 
Paul now stands. He served against the Indians 
in Georgia and Alabama, receiving with other 
officers the thanks of congress and a grant of land 
in Indiana. He was next stationed at Fort Inde- 
pendence, Boston harbor, occupied his leisure in 
studying at the Cambridge law-school, and was 
admitted to the bar at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1834. 
In 1836 he resigned from the army and entered 
the General theological seminary of the Protestant 
Episcopal church. On 30 Sept., 1838, he was or- 
dained deacon, and on 8 March, 1839, priest, by 
Bishop Griswold. The chief churches of which he 
was successively in charge were St. Stephen's, Provi- 
dence, R. 1. (1840-'2); Trinity, Newport, R. I. 
(1842-'4); Emanuel, and Grace", Brooklyn, N. Y. 
(1844-'6); and Trinity, New York city (1855-72). 

, (See accompa- 

nying illustra- 
tion.) He was re- 
peatedly called 
to other par- | 
ishes, and in 
1848 was elect- , 
ed bishop of In- ( 
diana; DUt to 
none of these 
invitations did 
he yield assent. 
In 1852 he was 
a candidate for 
the provision- 
al bishopric of 
New York, but , 
was defeated by | 
one vote. In 
1869 he was 
elected profes- 
sor of ecclesias- 
tical law and 
polity in the 
General theo- , 
logical seminar)'. In all the parishes of which he 
had charire his oratory attracted large congrega- 
tions. He was also widely known as a lecturer, 
and during the civil war was a frequent public 
speaker. He received the degree of fcv T. 1). lrum . 




Columbia in 1848, that of D. C. L. from William 
and Mary in 1869. Dr. Vinton published u Ar- 
thur Tremaine. or Annals of Cadet Life" (New 
York, 1830); "Evidences of Christianity" (Phila- 
delphia, 1855); "Oration on the Annals of Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantation" (New York. 
1863) ; " Manual Commentary on the General Can- 
on Law of the Protestant Episcopal Church " (New 
York, 1870); and manv pamphlets and sermons. — 
Francis's son, Arthur Dudley, lawyer, b. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., 23 Dec., 1852, was educated at the Brook- 
lyn polytechnic institute, was graduated at Colum- 
bia college law-school in 1873, and entered the law- 
office of Evarts, South may d and Choate, where he 
remained six years. In 1879 he formed a law part- 
nership with Perry Belmont and George G. Fre- 
linghuysen, under the firm-name of Vinton, Bel- 
mont and Frelinghuvsen. In 1881 Mr. Freling- 
huysen withdrew anil in 1884 Mr. Belmont was 
elected to congress, and Mr. Vinton retired with a 
fortune; but he had become an investor in rail- 
roads, which proved insolvent, and for which he 
had indorsed largely. He is now assistant to 
the editor of the "North American Review," and 
has published two novels, " The Pomfret Mysterv " 
(New York, 1886), and " The Unpardonable Sin " 
(1888).— John Rogers's sou, Francis Laurens, en- 
gineer, b. in Fort Preble, Me., 1 June, 1835; d. in 
Leadville, Col., 6 Oct., 1879, was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1856, and assigned to the 
1st cavalry, but did not join his regiment, and on the 
expiration of his graduating leave of absence re- 
signed on 30 Sept, and entered the ficole des mines 
at Paris, where he received the degree of engineer 
of mines in 1860. He was then an instructor in 
Cooper union, New York city, and afterward in 
charge of explorations in Honduras till 5 Aug., 
1861, when he was commissioned captain in the 
16th infantry. On 31 Oct. he became colonel of the 
43d New York regiment, with which he served in 
the peninsular campaign, and after a month's leave 
of absence he took command of a brigade on 25 
Sept, 1862, having been commissioned brigadier- 
general of volunteers on the 19th, and led it in the 
Maryland and Rappahannock campaigns till the 
battle of Fredericksburg, 13 Dec, 1862, where, his 
men being reluctant to advance, he himself headed 
the charge, and received a disabling wound that 
forced him to resign from the army on 5 May, 1863. 
His appointment as brigadier-general had expired 
on 3 March, 1863, but had been renewed ten days 
later. On 14 Sept, 1864, on the organization of 
Columbia school of mines. Gen. Vinton became pro- 
fessor of mining engineering there, and in 1870 the 
duties of his chair were extended so as to include 
civil engineering ; but he was retired on 15 Aug., 
1877, and from that time till his death acted as a 
consulting mining engineer at Denver, Col. He 
was not only an accomplished mathematician, but 
a good draughtsman and musician. Many of his 
contributions to raining iournals, notably those to 
the " Engineering and Mining Journal,' of which 
he was staff correspondent after he went to the west, 
and his professional reports, were illustrated by his 
own hand. He was the author of *• The Guard- 
ian," a poem (New York, 1869); also "lectures 
on Machines," lithographed from notes (1869); and 
" Theorv of the Strength of Materials" (1874). 

VINtON, Justus Hatch, missionary, b. in 
Wellington. Conn., in 1806; d. in Kemendine, Bur- 
mah. 31 March, 1858. He was graduated in 1833 at 
Hamilton literary and theological institution (now 
Madison university), and in July, 1834, sailed as a 
missionary of the American Baptist board to Bur- 
mah, where he labored among the Karens till his 



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VINTON 



VIVANCO 



303 




death, being stationed successively at Chummerah, 
Newville, Maul main, where he had charge of the 
Karen theological semi nan- in 1851 -'2, and finally 
at Kemendine, a suburb of Rangoon. At one time 
eighteen stations, with fifteen churches, were un- 
der his care.— His wife, Calesta Holman, mis- 
sionary, b. in Union, Conn., in 1809 : d. in Rangoon. 
Bunnah, 20 Dec., 1864, was educated at Wesleyan 
academy. Wilbraham, Mass., and married Mr. Vin- 
ton in 1834. She was successful in teaching the 
Karen women, and was the author of several hymn- 
books in their language. 

VINTON, Samuel Finley, congressman, b. in 
South Hadley, Mass,, 25 Sept., 1792; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 11 
May, 1862. He was 
graduated at Will- 
iams in 1814, stud- 
ied law, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 
1816, and began to 

1>ractise in Gallipo- 
is, Ohio. He was 
chosen to congress 
as a Whig, serving 
from 1 Dec, 1823, 
till 8 March. 1837, 
was a presidential 
elector on the Har- 
rison ticket, and 
served again in con- 
gress in 1843-'51. 
His last public ser- 
/p vice was in 1862, 

w / * ^2T/P/ when he was ap- 

<^ya*HUl£ cJr 'tvtUfn pointed by Presi- 
aent Lincoln to ap- 

S*aise the slaves that had been emancipated in the 
istrict of Columbia by act of congress. He pub- 
lished numerous congressional and other speeches, 
including " Argument for Defendants in the Case 
of Virginia vs. Gamer and Others for an Alleged 
Abduction of Slaves " (1865). His daughter, Made- 
leine, married Admiral John A. Dahlgren. 

VIOMENIL, Antoine Charles du Hoax (ve- 
o-may-necl), Baron de, French soldier, b. in Fau- 
concourt, Vosges, 30 Nov., 1728: d. in Paris, 9 
Nov., 1792. He was descended from an ancient 
family of Lorraine, entered the army when he was 
twelve years of age as sub-lieutenant in the regi- 
ment Limousin, was promoted captain in 1747, 
and was severely wounded at the capture of Ber- 

?en-op-Zoom. During the seven years' war in 
756- 63 he served with credit as colonel of the 
Dauphinois volunteers, and he was commander of 
the light troops in Conde's army in the campaign 
of Hanover. He was promoted brigadier-general 
in 1762, commanded the Hainaut regiment during 
the Corsican campaign in 1768-'9, and assisted in 
the pacification of the island. He was made major- 
general, 3 Jan., 1770, and sent to Poland, where he 
captured for the confederation of Bar the fortress 
of Cracow. In 1780 he was appointed second in 
command of the army that was sent under Count 
de Rochambeau to assist the American colonists in 
their struggle for independence. He was promoted 
lieutenant-general, 13 June, 1781, and for his gal- 
lant conduct at the siege of Yorktown in October, 
1781. where he led his troops in the storming 
of the redoubt, was given the grand cross of St. 
Louis. After the conclusion of peace he was gov- 
ernor of La Rochelle in 1783-'9, and at the time 
of Louis XVI.'s flight in 1791 was named to ac- 
company the royal family. At the attack on the 
Tuileries palace, 10 Aug., 1792, he was so severely 



wounded in defending the king that he died a few 
weeks later. See " Lettres particulieres du Baron 
de Viom^nil sur les affaires de Pologne en 1771-'2 n 
(Paris, 1808).— His brother, Charles Joseph Hya- 
cinthe da Hoax, Marquis de, French soldier, b. 
in the castle of Rupnes, Vosges, 22 Aug.. 1734; d. 
in Paris, 5 March, lo27, entered the military ser- 
vice in 1747, was present at the battle of Law- 
feld and at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom. and in 
1757, as aide-de-camp to Gen. Chcvert, assisted 
in the taking of Prague. He commanded a bri- 
gade in Corsica in 1768-*9, and was promoted 
brigadier-general in 1770 and major-general, 4 
March, 1780. . He came with Rochambeau to this 
country as commander of the French artillery, 
took a commendable part in the capture of York- 
town, and was granted a pension of 5,000 francs 
for his valor in the siege. From February, 1789, 
till November, 1790, he was governor- general of 
Martinique, where he vigorously repressed the 
revolutionary uprisings. He emigrated in 1791, 
served in the army of Conde" in 1792-'7, and went 
afterward to Russia, where he became general of 
cavalry and commander-in-chief of the army of 
Samogitia. In 1801 he went to Portugal at the 
invitation of King Jofio VI., and was commander- 
in-chief of the Portuguese army till 1808, when he 
removed to England. After the restoration of 
Louis XVI II. he was made a peer of France and 
lieutenant-general, 4 June, 1814 ; field-marshal, 3 
July, 1816; and a marquis, 31 Aug., 1817. Before 
this he had been known as the Chevalier de Vio- 
m£nil.— His cousin, Antoine Lonis da Hoax, 
Chevalier de, French soldier, b. in Fauconcourt in 
1745; d. in Dijon in 1788, entered the army in 
1760, served with distinction in Germany and Po- 
land as colonel, accompanied in 1780 his cousin 
Antoine to this country as his first aide-de-camp, 
and was severely wounded at the capture of YorK- 
town in October, 1781. For his services during the 
war he was made a knight of St. Louis, and granted 
a pension and a petty government in Burgundy. 

VIROT, Claude Francis (ve-ro), French mis- 
sionary, b. in France, 16 Feb., 1721 ; d. near Fort 
Niagara in July, 1759. He became a Jesuit in 
1738, and in 1750 was sent to Canada, where he 
labored for several years among the Abnaki In- 
dians with great success. He was then sent to 
Ohio river, where he founded a mission among the 
Delawares at Sakunk on the mouth of the Big 
Beaver. The influence that he was gaining over 
the tribe excited the iealousy of Pakanke, chief of 
the Wolf tribe, and he was* forced to leave. He 
afterward acted as chaplain to a body of French 
soldiers, and was killed when he participated in an 
attempt to relieve Fort Niagara. 

VIVANCO, Manuel Ignaclo de (ve-vahn'-eo), 
Peruvian soldier, b. in Lima in 1806; d. in Santi- 
ago, Chili, in 1873. He was destined by his par- 
ents for a literary career, and was a student in the 
College of San Carlos, of Lima, when San Martin 
landed with the liberating army. Leaving college, 
he entered the patriotic ranks, and after 1821 took 
part in all the campaigns for independence, being 
present in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho. 
After the war he continued in the army, and was 
appointed director of the military college. At 
different times he was prefect of several of the de- 
partments of the republic, including Arequipa, 
where he was idolized by the people. After the 
death of Gamarra and the strife between Gen. 
Torrico and Gen. Vidal, Vivanco proclaimed him- 
self, on 20 April, 1843, supreme director of the 
nation. But the anarchy and intestine strife con- 
tinued ; Castilla overthrew Vivanco's government 



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804 VIVIER 

in 1845, and the latter was exiled. In 1851 he 
was proclaimed presidential candidate by a mili- 
tary rising in Areouipa, but his followers were soon 
defeated. In 185o he returned secretly from exile, 
and the whole population of Arequipa rose under 
his banner against the dictator. Castillo marched 
against Arequipa, and, although Lizard o Montero, 
who had mutinied with the frigate 44 Apurimac " 
and declared for Vivanco. occupied lslay and in 
1857 Arica, thus cutting off the dictator's com- 
munications, Vivanco was besieged, and in 1858 
defeated at Arequipa and again sought exile. 
After Castillo's fall in 1862 Vivanco returned to 
his country, and was appointed by San Roman 
minister to Chili, whence tie was recalled by Gen. 
Pezet to negotiate with Spain the treaty of 27 
Jan., 1865. When the government of Pezet was 
overthrown in November, 1865, Prado exiled Vi- 
vanco again; but he returned in 1868 and was 
elected senator for the department of Arequipa. 
The Spanish academy appointed him a correspond- 
ing member. In 1878 he went to Chili for the res- 
toration of his health, and died there. He was a 
brilliant and accomplished statesman, but his turbu- 
lent spirit kept him in continuous strife, and by 
tiis repeated revolutions he contributed to the de- 
moralization of his country. 

VIVIER, Jacques do (veev-yay), French natu- 
ralist, b. in Lorient, Prance, in 1720; d. there in 
1798. He studied botany in Paris, held an office 
in the laboratory of the Academy of sciences, and 
sailed as secretary of a commission that was sent 
to South America' to measure an arc of the meridian 
under Charles Marie de la Condaraine. When the 
authorities of Lima induced some of the mathe- 
maticians to stay in South America, Vivier re- 
mained with Jean God in, was employed in opening 
sulphur-mines at Cochabamba, and held for some 
time the chair of botany and mathematics in the 
College of Lima. In 1781 he obtained permission 
to return, and he embarked at Cayenne in 1782. 
On his arrival at Paris he vainly sought to recover 
his former place in the laboratory of the Acade- 
my of sciences, and for some time lived in pov- 
erty, until he obtained a place in the library of the 
Duke of Penthievre. His published works include 
44 Nova gendra et species plantarum quas in Ameri- 
ca, Jac. Vivierus collegit" (8 vols., Paris, 1788-'90) 
and "Sertum Peruanum " (2 vols., 1792) ; and his 
manuscripts contain a 44 Flora chilensis, which has 
never been published. 

VIZCAINO, Sebastian (veeth-cab-ee'-no), Span- 
ish navigator, b. in Huelva about 1550 ; d. in Aca- 
pulco in 1615. He followed the sea early in life, 
and, acquiring a great reputation, was made chief 
pilot of New Spain. Toward the close of the 16th 
century the general impression in Spain was that 
California contained great riches, especially in 
pearls, and orders were given in 1595 to the viceroy 
of Mexico to arm an expedition for the purpose of 
exploring that country. Vizcaino was chosen 
commander, and leaving Acapulco in 1596 with 
three ships, accompanied by missionaries, he en- 
tered the Gulf of California, establishing his head- 
quarters in the port of La Paz, where he built bar- 
racks and a church. He despatched expeditions 
to the interior; but the resistance of the natives, 
lack of provisions, and the burning of the barracks 
disheartened his men, and in October of that year 
he returned to Acapulco. In 1602 he was appointed 
captain-general of a new expedition that was de- 
spatched by the Count de Monterey, by order of 
Philip 111., to explore the Pacific coast north of 
Cape Mendocino, and to establish in the neighbor- 
hood a suitable harbor of refuge for vessels from 



VOGDES 



Manila. He sailed from Acapulco, 5 May, 1603, 
with three vessels, accompanied by the cosmog- 
rapher Geronimo Martin, and in June discovered 
in latitude 86° 40' N. a bay, which he named Mon- 
terey, in honor of the viceroy. He began to sur- 
vey the coast, taking observations of every notable 
point and inlet with such care that Alexander 
von Humboldt, in his 4 * Essai sur le rovaume de la 
Nouvelie Espagne," said that 44 no pilot had ever 
performed his duty with such zeal. After pass- 
ing Cape Mendocino he arrived at Cape Blanco de 
San Sebastian (now Cape Orford), and from that 

E>int despatched the frigate 44 Tres Reyes," under 
ieut. Martin Aguilar, to the north, who reported 
on his return that he had reached 46° N., where he 
discovered the mouth of a large river, probably 
the Columbia, which foggy weather had prevented 
him from entering for any distance. Having lost 
many of his crew by sickness, Vizcaino resolved 
to return, and entered Acapulco in March, 1603. 
His report was forwarded to Madrid ; but, although 
he urged upon the council of the Indies the advan- 
tage of colonizing the countries that he had dis- 
covered, as he had failed to find precious metals, 
little attention was paid to his advice. In 1610 he 
commanded an expedition to Manila, and, being 
carried out of his course, discovered near Japan a 
group of islands which he called Islas Ricas. At 
last his representations about colonizing California 
were heeded, and a new expedition under his com- 
mand was preparing in Acapulco when he died. 
From the observations that were taken by Viz- 
caino and his staff, thirty-two charts were designed 
in Mexico by the cosmographer Enrique Martinez, 
which are preserved in the archives of the council 
of Indies, and are remarkably exact for the time in 
which they were made. Vizcaino's reports of his 
two voyages to California were publisned by Tor- 

?uemada in his 44 Monarquia Indiana" (Madrid. 
615), and that of the second voyage appeared as 
an appendix to the French edition of Miguel Vene- 
gas's 44 Histoire de la Californie " (Paris, 1767). Leon 
Pinelo, in his 44 Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental n 
(Madrid, 1629), gives extracts of a manuscript of 
Vizcaino's report of his voyage to Manila, dated 
1611, under tne title of 44 Relaci6n del viage y des- 
cubrimiento de las Islas Ricas, que estan cerca del 
Japon," which was discovered in the library of 
Bare i a, the author of 44 Historiadores primitivos de 
las lndias." Hubert H. Bancroft often quotes 
from him, in his historical works. The greater 
part of Vizcaino's narratives has been published 
by Martin Fernandez de Navarrete in his 44 Colec- 
ci6n de Viajes y Descubriroientos, etc." (Madrid, 
1625-'9), and by Capt. James Burney in his 44 Collec- 
tion of Voyages to the South Sea " (London, 1811). 

VOGDES, Israel, soldier, b. in Willistown, 
Chester co., Pa., 4 Aug., 1816; d. in New York, 7 
Dec., 1889. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy, and promoted 1 July, 1837. For the next 
twelve years he was assistant professor and principal 
assistant professor of mathematics in the academy, 
being promoted 1st lieutenant in 1838, and captain 
in 1847. He was stationed in Florida from 1849 
till 1856, and took part there in the hostilities 
against the Seminole Indians. After being in com- 
mand at Fort Moultrie, S. G, and connected with 
the artillery-school for practice at Fortress Monroe, 
Va., in 1858-'61, he was ordered to re-enforce Fort 
Pickens, Fla., but he was virtually interdicted from 
carrying out his orders by instructions received 
from Washington subsequent to his arrival, and it 
was not until after the inauguration of President 
Lincoln that he was finally allowed to proceed 
with the work. He was promoted major, 14 



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VOLK 



306 



May, 1861. On 9 Oct. he was enraged in repelling 
the Confederate attack on Santa Kosa island, Fla., 
during which he was captured. After his release 
in August, 1862, he served on the staff of Gen. 
John P. Reynolds in the Maryland campaign of 
that year. He was commissioned brigadier-general 
of volunteers in the following November, and was 
in command of Folly island, S. C, from April till 
July, 1863, when he took part in the construction 
of the batteries on Lighthouse inlet for the pro- 
posed attack on Morris island. He took part in 
that engagement, and also in the one on Folly 
island. From August, 1868, till July, 1864, he was 
occupied in the operations against Fort Sumter 
and the city of Charleston. On 1 June, 1864, he 
was made lieutenant-colonel, and on 1 Aug. he 
became colonel. After seeing further service in 
Florida, he had charge of the defences of Nor- 
folk and Portsmouth, Va., from May, 1864, till 
April, 1865. in which month he was brevetted briga- 
dier-general in the regular army for gallant and 
meritorious services in the field during the civil 
war. On 15 Jan., 1866, he was mustered out of the 
volunteer service, and from that date until 2 Jan., 
1881. when he was retired at his own request, after 
forty- three years of active service, he was in com- 
mand of the 1st regiment of artillery. 

VOGDES, William, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 29 Dec, 1802 ; d. there, 29 Jan.. 1886. He be- 
gan life as a teacher, but, after studying law in 
Philadelphia, was admitted to the bar m 1832, and 
in 1836 was auditor of Philadelphia county. In 
1838 he was appointed professor of mathematics 
in the Central high-school, Philadelphia, where he 
remained till he resumed his law-practice in 1861. 
In his later years he became widely known by his 
decisions of legal points in insanity cases. He 
published 44 United States Arithmetic" (Philadel- 
phia, 1845), and " Elementary Treatise on Mensu- 
ration and Practical Arithmetic" (1847). 

VOGUfi, Jean Pierre de, Flemish adventurer, 
b. in Malines in 1570; d. in Brazil in 1630. He 
was a captain in the Spanish army when, hearing 
the fabulous description of the country of the Es- 
roeraldas, he went to Espiritu Santo, in Brazil, 
and succeeded to the command of the colony 
that had been founded there. The establish- 
ment soon dissolved, as the adventurers were only 
anxious for riches ; and Vogue\ having announced 
that he knew the location of the Mountain of 
Wealth, was soon at the head of a host, and led 
an expedition to the interior of the Mamalucos 
country, wandering for several years through cen- 
tral and south Brazil, and suffering many mis- 
fortunes. His confidence in ultimate success was 
never shaken, but he was abandoned by his follow- 
ers, and fell at last into the hands of the Charcas 
Indians. It is supposed that he died during his 
captivity, although the " Colleccfio de alguns manu- 
scripts curiosos " credits to him the work "Jor- 
nada por el descobrimento de las Serras Esme- 
ralda* v (Seville, 1690). 

VOISIN, Charles Antoine (vwah-zang), Span- 
ish missionary, b. in Charlevoix, Belgium, in 1698; 
d. in Panama in 1764. He early became a Jesuit, 
and was attached to the South American missions, 
laboring in Venezuela, Central America, Peru, and 
Chili. In 1749 he was rector of the College of 
Quito, and later he was superior of the Convent of 
Panama. His works include " Antiguedades del 
Peru" (Anvers, 1762); 44 Informacioh a la Real 
Audiencia de Quito sobre el descubrimiento de 
muchos y grandes rios, e infinitas naciones barbaras 

3ue los habitan " (2 vols., 1764) : and 44 Propagacion 
el Evangelio en la America meridional" (1766). 
vol. vi.— 20 



VOISIN, Pierre Joseph, French naturalist, b. 
in Toulouse, Languedoc, in 1759; d. in Cayenne. 
Guiana, in 1821. He early entered the colonial 
service, and was assistant treasurer of Guiana in 
1792, when he was ordered to France to answer for 
his administration before the convention, but he 
went instead to Dutch Guiana, and began farming 
on Essequibo river. Later he removed to Parama- 
ribo, ana was commissioned to survey the south- 
eastern counties of the colony, where he experi- 
enced difficulties of all kinds, being once detained 
as hostage by marroon negroes. After the sur- 
render of French Guiana to the Portuguese he re- 
turned to Cayenne in 1812, and was employed in 
the central administration till he was pensioned in 
1818. His works include 44 Statistique des parties 
basses de la Guiane Hollandaise, suivie d'un releve* 
du cours du fleuve Essequibo " (2 vols., Demerara, 
1806) ; 44 Petite histoire naturelle pittoresque de la 
Guiane Francaise" (1808); 44 Traits des legumi- 
neuses de la Guiane Hollandaise" (1810): and 
44 Monographic de la Goyave " (Cayenne, 1814). 

VOITUKE, Nicolas Angnste (vwah-tewr). 
South American explorer, b. in Santiago, Chili, 
about 1764 ; d. in Lima, Peru, in 1821. He was the 
son of a French merchant of Santiago, received his 
early education in Chili, and flnishea his studies in 
Pans, where he was a journalist during the revo- 
lution, but in 1794, after the fall of the Girondists, 
returned to South America. Inheriting an inde- 
pendent fortune by the death of his father, he be- 

fan to travel, and at the suggestion of a German 
unter, who had travelled through Patagonia and 
could speak some of the Indian dialects, resolved 
to visit that country. He left Montevideo in De- 
cember, 1801, but, after frequent landings on the 
desolate coast of Patagonia, abandoned his idea of 
visiting the interior. He made valuable nautical 
observations on the coast and at the entrance to 
the Strait of Magellan, visited Tierra del Fuego. 
doubled Cane Horn, and anchored at Valparaiso in 
October, 1803. Soon afterward he removed to 
Lima, and devoted his later years to literature and 
science. He published 44 Ensayo sobre el arte de 
navegar" (Lima, 1809); 44 Journal d'un voyage aux 
cotes de ratagonie, dans le detroit de Magellan, 
a la Terre de Feu, et a la cote de Chili " (3 vols., 
Paris, 1812) ; 44 Ensayo sobre la Patagonia " (Lima 
1814); and 44 Histoire litteraire de lAme>ique du 
Sud " (2 vols., Paris, 1818). 

YOLK, Leonard Wells, sculptor, b. in Wells- 
town (now Wells), Hamilton co., N. Y., 7 Nov., 
1828. At the age of sixteen he began the trade of 
marble-cutting in his father's shop at Pittsfield, 
Mass. In 1848 he went to St. Louis, Mo., and in 
the following year he undertook modelling in clay 
and drawing without instructors. He was subse- 
quently engaged in business. In 1855 Stephen A. 
Douglas, wno was his wife's cousin, aided him to 
go to Italy for study. Volk remained there until 
1857, when he settled in Chicago. His first sitter 
for a portrait-bust — the first that was ever modelled 
in that city — was his patron, and he subsequently, 
in 1858, made a life-size statue of Mr. Douglas in 
marble. In 1860 he executed a portrait-bust of 
Abraham Lincoln, the original marble of which 
was burnt in the Historical society building dur- 
ing the great fire of 1871. He revisited Italy for 
study in 1868-'9 and 1871-2. He was elected an 
academician of the Chicago academy in 1867, and 
was for eight vears its president. His principal 
works arc the £)ouglas monument in Chicago, sev- 
eral soldiers' monuments the statuary for the 
Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y.. life- 
size statues of Lincoln and Douglas in the state- 



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VOLLMERING 



VON SCHRADER 



house, Springfield, III. (1876), and portrait-busts 
of Henry Clay, Zachariah Chandler. Dr. Daniel 
Brainard, Bishop Charles H. Fowler. David Davis, 
Thomas B. Bryan, Leonard Swett, Elihu B. Wash- 
burne, and many others. — His son, Stephen Ar- 
nold Don it las (known as Douglas), artist, b. in 
Pittsfield Mass., 23 Feb., 1856. studied in Italy 
during 1871-'3, and was the pupil of Jean L. Ge- 
rome, in Paris, in 1878-'5 and again in 1876-'8. In 
1875 he exhibited at the salon "In Brittany," and 
his "Vanity" was at the Philadelphia centennial 
exhibition of 1876. His other important works are 
"In the Studio" (1880); "The Puritan Maiden" 
(1881): "The Puritan Captives" (1882): "Accused 
of Witchcraft" (1884); and "The Bride " (1886). 
In 1880 he was elected a member of the Society of 
American artists, and he is organizing the Minne- 
apolis school of fine arts, of which he is director. 

VOLLMERING, Joseph, artist, b. in Anholt, 
Westphalia, 27 Aug., 1810; d. in New York eitv, 

24 Sept., 1887. He was a pupil of the academy in 
Amsterdam in 1826-'30, after which he travelled 
for several years in Germany. During 1835-'44 he 
studied with Barend Cornells Koekkoek, and in 
1847 he removed to the United States. He opened 
a studio in New York and was elected an associate 
member of the National academy in 1853. Among 
his works are " Indian Falls, near Cold Spring, 
N. Y." (1848); "View on the Hudson"; "Holy 
Shrine at Sunset "(18o2); " Study of Trees "(1863): 
"Sunset landscape and Adirondack Mountains" 
(1869) ; " The Hudson from Garrison's" ; and " New 
York from Weehawken Heights" (1872). 

VOLNEY, ConsUntin Francois Chassetouf 
Bolsgirais, Count de, French author, b. in 
Craon, Mai ne-et- Loire, 3 Feb.. 1757; d. in Paris, 

25 April, 1820. He was the son of Francois Chas- 
sebceuf, a barrister of Craon, and was known until 
the age of twenty-five by the name of Boisgirais, 
but in 1782 he adopted that of Volney. After re- 
ceiving his education at the colleges of Ancenis 
and Angers he was given his inheritance at the 
age of seventeen. He then went to Paris, where he 
studied medicine, philosophy, ami chronology, and 
became a frequenter of the philosophical salons 

of Baron Holbach 
and Madame Hel- 
vetia, where he 
made the acquaint- 
ance of Voltaire, 
Diderot, D'Alem- 
bert, and Benja- 
min Franklin, with 
whom he main- 
tained a long cor- 
respondence. Af- 
ter travelling in 
the East and writ- 
ing accounts of his 
jounievs, he found- 
ed in 1788, at Rcn- 
nes, the journal 
" La Sentinelle," 
was elected to the 
states - general in 
1789, and in 171)2 
accompanied Poz- 
zo-di-Borgo to Cor- 




Being driven awav by the revolution, he re- 
ied to r ranee and published " La loi naturelle " 



sica. 
turne 

(Paris, 1793), in which he advocated those theories 
bv which h»» is now best known. During the reign 
of terror he was imprisoned for ten months, and 
on his release in 1794 he l»ecame professor of his- 
tory in the Normal college at Paris. That same 



year he dissuaded Bonaparte from entering the 
Russian service, and obtained his reinstatement in 
the French army. In 1795 he came to the United 
States with the intention of settling in this coun- 
try, and was welcomed by George Washington. 
He visited Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, and 
Louisiana, engaged in a controversy with John 
Adams concerning the latter's work on the con- 
stitution of the United States, and afterward 
answered Dr. Joseph Priestley, who had attacked 
Volney's infidel theories. Volnev's letter was pub- 
lished in English (Philadelphia^ 1797). While in 
this country volney predicted, day after day, the 
operations of Bonaparte's campaign in Italy, point- 
ing out the places where the Austrians we're to be 
defeated. This astonished every one, while many 
looked on Volney as a French general in disguise. 
Washington asked Volney for an explanation, and 
he replied: "In 1792 I met at Marseilles and in 
Corsica a young lieutenant of artillery, and, being 
much struck by his conversation, invited him to 
my house. I was soon satisfied that he was a man 
of* extraordinary genius. . . . The conversation fell 
on the war. Bonaparte developed a whole plan of 
operations to be pursued either in Italy or in Ger- 
many. I took down his words, and he now follows 
the plan of campaign that be explained to me years 
before." Volney snowed his notes to Washington, 
who became also convinced of the great future of 
the new commander. He returned to Paris early 
in 1799. refused, after the coup d'etat, to be con- 
sul with Bonaparte or secretary of the interior, 
and was created senator. He was made com- 
mander of the I^egion of honor in 1804, count of 
the empire in 1808, and a peer of France by Louis 
XVI II. in 1814. Volney. who was a member of 
the French institute after 1800 and of the Aca- 
(16m ie Franchise after 1803, founded the Volney 
prize of $240 to be awarded even- year by the 
academy to the author of the best work on the 
foundation of the study of language. He had in- 

i tended to write his impressions of the United States 
and a work on democratic institutions as they are 
understood here, but he was dissuaded on political 
and private considerations, among them being his 
friendship for Franklin and his respect for Wash- 
ington, whom he did not care to criticise, but he 
wrote "Tableau du climat et du sol des Etats- 
Unis d'Amcrique " (2 vols., Paris, 1803 ; English 
translation by Charles Brockden Brown, Philadel- 
phia, 1804). His other works include " Sur la chro- 
nologic d'Herodote" (Paris. 1781); "Voyage en 
Egypte et en Syrie" (Paris, 1787; revised ed., 
1822); "Considerations sur la guerre des Turcs et 
des Russes" (London, 1788); " Chronologie des 
douze siecles anterieurs au passage de Xerxes en 
Grece" (Paris, 1790); "Les mines, meditations 
sur les revolutions des empires" (Geneva, 1791), 
a philosophical work that gave Volney a great 
reputation; "Precis de l'ctatactuel de la Corse'* 
(li93) ; " Lecons d'histoire ancienne " (1799) ; " Re- 
cherches nouvelles sur l'histoire ancienne" (3 vols., 
1814); " L'alphabet Enropcen applique aux langues 
Asiatiques"(1819); " Ilistoirede Samuel, inventcur 
du sacre des rois " (1819) : and " Discours sur l'etude 
philosophique des langues" (1820). Adolphe Bos- 

1 sange edited " (Euvres completes de Volney," with 

i a biography (8 vols., Paris, 1820-'G). 

VON SOHRADER, Alexander, soldier, b. in 

I Germany about 1821 ; d. in New Orleans, I4L, 6 
Aug., 1867. He was graduated at the military 

; academy in Berlin, anu became 2d lieutenant in 

: the army of the duke of Brunswick, in which his 
father was a lieutenant-general. After twenty 

I years' service in Europe he came to this country 



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VOSE 



307 




at the opening of the civil war, and was made 
lieutenant-colonel of the 74th Ohio regiment. He 
was soon afterward made assistant inspector-gen- 
eral on the staff of Gen. George H. Tnomas, and 
served with credit at Chickamauga, Stone river, 
Chattanooga, the Atlanta campaign, and Nashville. 
On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier- 
general of volunteers. In 1867 he was commis- 
sioned maior of the 23d regular infantry and as- 
signed to duty as acting assistant inspector-general 
of the district of Louisiana. 

VOORHEES, Daniel Wolsey, senator, b. in 
Butler county, Ohio, 26 Sept., 1827. He was taken 
to Indiana in infancy by his parents, was graduated 
at Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university in 

1849, studied law, 
was admitted to 
the bar in 1851, 
and began to prac- 
tise in Covington, 
Ind., in the same 
year. lie was 
an unsuccessful 
Democratic can- 
didate for con- 
gress in 1856, and 
m 1858 was ap- 
pointed U. S. dis- 
trict attorney for 
Indiana, which of- 
fice he held until 
1861. In 1859 he 
went to Virginia, 
at the request of 
Gov. Ashbel P. 
Willard, of Indi- 
ana, to defend John E. Cook, the governor's broth- 
er-in-law, who had been put on trial for participa- 
tion in John Brown's raid. He was then chosen to 
congress and served from 1861 till 23 Feb., 1866, 
when his seat was contested successfully by Henry 
D. Washburn, but he sat in that body again in 
1869-*73. During his service in the house he was 
a member of the committees on elections, appro- 
priations, the judiciary, the revision of laws, and 
the Pacific railroad. On the death of Oliver P. 
Morton, Mr. Voorhees was appointed to fill his seat 
in the U. S. senate, serving from 12 Nov.. 1877, 
and he was elected for a full term in 1879, and 
re-elected in 1885. In early life Mr. Voorhees ob- 
tained the name of "The Tall Sycamore of the 
Wabash," by which he is still frequently called. 
He has made a reputation as an orator. 

VOORHEES, Philip Fnlkerson, naval officer, 
b. in' New Brunswick, N. J., in 1792; d. in An- 
napolis, Md., 26 Feb., 1862. He entered the navy 
as a midshipman, 15 Nov., 1809. and was engaged 
in the second war with Great Britain, taking part 
in the capture of the 44 Macedonian " by the ** United 
States," and of the 44 Epervier" by tne " Peacock," 
for which he received a medal from congress. He 
was promoted to commander, 24 April, 1828, and 
to captain, 28 Feb., 1838, and in 1842-5 was as- 
signed the frigate "Congress" on her first cruise, 
during which he assisted in rescuing the stranded 
British steamer *• Gorgon " in La Plata river. In 
1844 Capt. Voorhees captured an armed Argentine 
squadron and an allied cruiser which had fired 
into his convoy, a Boston bark, where some fish- 
ermen, chased by the cruiser, had taken refuge. 
Capt. Voorhees released this squadron after an 
apology had been made, but detained the cruiser, 
which had aggravated the assault by firing under 
a false flag. Com. Daniel Turner afterward re- 
leased the cruiser, but justified Capt. Voorhecs's 



action in a letter to the Argentine commander, 
and Voorhees was also highly praised by U. S. 
diplomatic and consular representatives and for- 
eign naval officers in South America. Yet this 
capture was made the occasion for a series of 
charges on which he was tried by courts- martial in 
1845. The sentences of these courts were not ap- 
proved, and after a few months* suspension Presi- 
dent Polk, in 1847, restored Capt. Voorhees to his 
full rank in the navy, and gave him command of 
the East India squadron — the post of an admiral 
at the present day, that grade not having been es- 
tablished at that time, 44 in manifestation of his 
complete rehabilitation in honor as well as in rank 
in the judgment of the government " as declared 
in the official opinion of Attorney-General Caleb 
Cushing, which also declared the proceedings of 
the courts-martial 44 null and void." He returned 
in 1851 in his flag-ship, the 44 Plymouth," and in 
1855 was placed on the reserved list. He regarded 
this as an injustice, and appealed to congress for 
reinstatement, but a court of inquiry reaffirmed 
the decision of the board. On a second appeal 
President Buchanan referred the whole matter to 
Attorney-General Jeremiah S. Black, who, in an 
opinion dated 15 Oct., 1858, said : 44 The history, 
even of the American navy, hardly contains an- 
other instance where one man has been the victim 
of so many blunders." President Buchanan, with 
the consent of the senate, therefore restored him 
to the leave pay-list, and at the opening of the civil 
war Capt. Voorhees urged his assignment to active 
duty, but he died a few months afterward. 

VOORHIES, John Stevens, publisher, b. in 
New York city, 9 May, 1809; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
19 Nov., 1865. He was a clerk for Oliver Halsted. 
who had established a law-book store in New York 
city in 1820, became his partner, and finally suc- 
ceeded him in 1842, becoming well known" as a 
publisher of legal works. He was specially kind 
to young lawyers in furnishing books on liberal 
terms, and great reliance was placed on his judg- 
ment and knowledge in the selection of law libra- 
ries. After his death his business was continued 
by the firm of Baker, Voorhies, and Co. He pro- 
jected and published " Sedgwick on Damages " (New 
York, 1848); 44 Voorhies's Code of Civil Procedure" 
(New York, 1851); 44 Burrill's Voluntary Assign- 
ments" (1853); "Greenleafs Overruled Cases" 
(1856) ; 44 Bun-ill's Circumstantial Evidence " (1856); 
"Abbott's Digest" (5 vols., 1860); 44 Cleveland's 
Banking Laws" (1860); and many other works. 

VOSE, George Leonard, civil engineer, b. in 
Augusta, Me., 19 April, 1831. He was educated in 
Augusta and in Salem, Mass. During 1849-'50 he 
studied at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- 
vard, then began his career as assistant engineer 
on the Kennebec and Portland railroad, and until 
1859 was engaged on various railroads. From 
1859 till 1863 he was associate editor of 44 The 
American Railway Times " in Boston, and then for 
three years he resided in Salem, Mass. In 1H66 
he removed to Paris. Me., and was occupied with 
projects in Maine and New Hampshire. He was 
professor of civil engineering in feowdoin college 
from 1872 till 1881, and held a similar chair in the 
Massachusetts institute of technology from 1881 till 
1886. His larger works include 44 Handbook of 
Railroad Const ruction " (Boston, 1857); "Oro- 

fraphic Geology, or the Origin and Structure of 
fountains" (I860): 44 Manual for Railroad Engi- 
neers and Engineering Students" (1873); 44 A 
Graphic Method for solving Algebraic Problems" 
(New York, 1875) ; 44 Elementary Course of Geomet- 
ric Drawing" (Boston, 1878); "Memoir of George 



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VOSE 



VROOM 



W. Whistler" (1887); and "Bridge Disasters in 
America : the Cause and the Remedy " (1887). 

VOSE, Joseph, soldier, b. in Milton, Mass., 26 
Nov., 1738 ; d. there, 22 May, 1816. He was chosen 
colonel of militia in 1774, in 1776 went to Canada, 
and in 1777, as colonel of the 1st Massachusetts 
regiment, joined the main army in New Jersey, 
serving at Monmouth and in Gen. John Sullivan's 
campaign in Rhode Island. He closed his services 
in Lafayette's corps at Yorktown, when he was 
brevetted brigadier-general. His brothers, Elijah, 
Moses, and William, also served through the 
Revolutionary war.— His son, Col. Josiab Howe, 
rendered important service in the war of 1812 at 
Portsmouth, at Sackett's Harbor, and in Canada. 

VOSTEY. or VOTEY, Gabriel Henry (vo-tay), 
Count de, Haytian historian, b. in Cape Francais 
about 1768; d. there in 1831. He was a mulatto, 
son of a French officer, and was first known under 
the name of Gabriel Henry. After receiving his 
education in France, he returned to Hayti and be- 
came lieutenant in the colonial militia,' but subse- 
quently he joined the national army and fought 
under Jean Francois and Toussaint l'Ouverture. 
The latter gave him his father's estates in 1800. 
after which he took the name of Count de Vostey. 
In 1802 he was among the first to submit to Gen. 
Victor Leclerc, but afterward he joined Dessa- 
lines with a regiment that he raised among his 
laborers, and assisted in the campaign that ter- 
minated in November, 1804. Afterward quarrelling 
with Dessalines, he took refuge in the Spanish part 
of the island till the elevation of Henry Christophe, 
when he returned to Hayti and became a courtier 
and the historian of the negro king. He published 
"Essai sur l'invasion Francaise de 1802 (2 vols.. 
Cape Francais, 1811); "Lc systeme colonial d<5- 
voil£" (1814); "Reflexions politiques sur l'etat 
present des noirs et des blancs " (1817) ; " Essai sur 
les causes des revolutions de Havti " (2 vols,. 1819) ; 
and 44 M6moircs pour servir a I'administration de 
Toussaint l'Ouverture " (2 vols., 1824). 

VOTAN, founder of the empire of Xibalbay. He 
lived, according to Ramon de Ordofiez v Aguiar, 
in his manuscript 44 Historia del cielo y de la tierra." 
about 955 b. c, or, according to Francisco Nufiez 
de la Vega, in his 44 Const ituciones Diocesanos para 
el Obispado de Chiapas" (Rome, 1702), about 600 
b. c. votan appears to have been a generic name 
for sovereigns of the valley of Chiapas. According 
to Ordoftez, Votan sailed from Cuba with his peo- 
ple, and, after coasting Yucatan, entered the La- 
guna de Terminos, went up Usumasinta river, and 
on one of its branches, the Chacamas, founded the 
city of Nachan or Culhuacan, near the present site 
of the ruins of Palenque. He conquered the coun- 
try with little difficulty, and became its legislator, 
building at Nachan a temple, where he deposited 
the archives of the nation, which were guarded by 
priests and nuns, and established also religious 
mysteries, which were celebrated with great pomp 
and splendor in the spring and autumn. Votan 
founded also the cities of Zacatlan or Ciudad Real, 
Matlan or Quiche, and Huehuetlan or Soconusco. 
It is also asserted that he promulgated a code of 
laws for his empire, which attained great prosper- 
itv, but it is generally conceded that the legislator 
of Xibalbay was Balum-Votan, who lived about 
four centuries after the founder of the empire. 
He is said to have written the national code of the 
Quiches, *' Popol-Vuh," the original of the 44 Teo- 
maxtli," or divine book of the Toltecs. The " Po- 
pol-Vuh " was first translated into Spanish about 
1650 by Friar Francisco Ximenes (q. r.), and Bras- 
seur de Bourbourg published the original text and 



French translations (Paris, 1861). The traditions 
of the Tzendales in regard to the Votans are con- 
firmed by Francisco ae Burgoa, in his " Palestra 
Historical 6 Historia de la provincia de San Hipo- 
lito de Guaxaca" (Mexico, 1670); by Bernardino de 
Sahagun, in his " Historia de las co'sas de la Nueva 
Espafia": by an anonymous Mexican author of 
Cuahutitlan, a contemporary of Montezuma II., in 
44 Historia de lo* reynos de' Culhuacan y Mexico," 
a manuscript in the Nahuatl language, which was 
discovered in 1850 by Brasseur de Bourbourg in 
the library of the convent of San Gregorio ; and by 
many other authors. Ordofiez asserts that he pos- 
sessed a manuscript history of the rei^n of Balum- 
Votan in the original language ; but it is now lost. 

VREDENBURGH Peter, jurist, b. in Read- 
ington, N. J., 31 Oct* f805 ; d. in St. Augustine. 
Fla., 24 March. 1873. He was graduated at Rut- 
gers in 1828, admitted to the bar as counsellor in 
1832, and began practice in Freehold, N. J. Sub- 
sequently he was a member of the legislative coun- 
cil under the old state constitution. In 1837-'52 
he was prosecuting attorney of Monmouth county, 
and in 1855-'69 he was associate justice of the su- 
preme court of New Jersey. The degree of LL. D. 
was conferred on him in 1866 by Rutgers, of which 
he was a trustee for twenty-four years. Judge 
Vredenburgh's opinions are contained in the New 
Jersey reports between 1855 and 1870. One of the 
most notable was delivered in the case of Proprie- 
tors of Bridges vs. the Hoboken land company. 

VROOM, Peter Duniont, governor of New Jer- 
sev, b. in Hillsborough township, N. J., 12 Dec, 
1791 ; d. in Trenton, N. J.. 18 Nov., 1873. He was 
the son of Col. Peter D. Vroom. a Revolutionary 
officer. He was graduated at Columbia in 1808, 
admitted to the bar in 1813, and practised in vari- 
ous counties of New Jersey. He was a member 
of the legislature in 1826-'9. and in the latter year 
was elected governor of New Jersey as a Jackson 
Democrat by joint ballot of the two houses, which 
was the method of election at that time. He was 
re-elected in 1830-'l and 1833-'6, and in 1837 was 
appointed by President Van Buren a commissioner 
to adjust the claims of the Indians in Mississippi, 
was a member of congress in 1839-'41, having been 
chosen as a Democrat, and a member of the State 
constitutional convention in 1844. In 1852 he was 
a presidential elector, and in 1853-'7 was minister 
to Prussia. He was appointed reporter of the su- 
preme court of New Jersey in 1865, and in 1868 
was again a presidential elector. The degree of 
LL. D. was conferred on him by Columbia in 1837 
and by Princeton in 1850. He published 44 Reports 
of the Supreme Court of New Jersey" (6 vols.. 
Trenton, 1866- 73).— His son, Peter Dtimont, sol- 
dier, b. in Trenton. N. J., 18 April, 1842, was grad- 
uated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, 
N. Y., in 1862. He served in the civil war, being 
wounded at South Mountain, was promoted major 
of the 2d New Jersey cavalry in 1863, and bre- 
vetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volunteers 
for meritorious services during the war. He be- 
came 1st lieutenant in the 3d U. S. cavalry in July, 
1866.— Another son. Garret Dorset Wall, law- 
yer, b. in Trenton, N. J.. 17 Dec., 1843, was gradu- 
ated at Rutgers in 1862, admitted to the wir in 
1865, appointed district attorney in 1870, and re- 
porter of the supreme court of New Jersey in 1873. 
He was elected mayor of Trenton in 1881, and re- 
elected for the two succeeding terms. Mr. Vroom 
possesses one of the finest libraries in New Jersey, 
and is an authority on questions of national and 
state political history. He has published 44 Supreme 
Court Reports" (15 vols., Trenton, N. J„ 1873-88). 



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WACKERHAGEN, Augustus, clergyman, b. 
in the electorate of Hanover, Germany, 22 May, 
1774 ; d. in Clermont, N. Y., 1 Nov., 1865. He 
was educated at the University of GOttingen, Ger- 
many, and, after the completion of his theological 
course, was for some time employed as an instruc- 
tor in a seminary for young ladies, and later as 
private tutor in a* nobleman's family. In 1801 he 
came to this country, where for three years he was 
private tutor to the only son of a merchant of 
Philadelphia. He was pastor of Lutheran con- 
gregations at Schoharie and Cobleskill, N. Y.. in 
1805-'15,and at Germantown and Livingston Man- 
or, Columbia county, N. Y„ from 1816 till his death. 
During this time he also preached at Ghent, 
Athens, West Camp, Pine Plains, Green Bush, 
Ancram and other distant places, doing pioneer 
work from which resulted the establishment of 
numerous flourishing congregations in the state of 
New York. In addition to his pastoral duties, he 
also had charge for several years of the academy 
at Clermont, N. Y., where he resided, midway be- 
tween his two principal congregations. He was a 
finished classical scholar and a diligent and criti- 
cal student of the Bible. In 1825 he received the 
degree of D. D. from Union college. Dr. Waeker- 
hagen was for many years the recognized leader 
of the Lutheran church in New York, and occu- 

Sied many posts of honor and trust, being presi- 
ent of the New York ministerium for twelve 
years and trustee of Hartwick seminary for thirty 
years. Though he was one of the most learned 
men of his time, his retiring modesty prevented 
him from publishing the results of his studies. 
Except an occasional sermon, he issued only one 
work, Inbegriff des Glaubens und Sittenlehre " 
(Philadelphia, 1804). 

WADDEL, James, preacher, b. in Newry, Ire- 
land, in July, 173U; d. in Louisa county, \a., 17 
Sept., 1805. His parents emigrated to this coun- 
try in the son's infancy, settling in southwestern 
Pennsylvania. James was educated at Notting- 
ham, under Rev. Samuel Finley, became an assist- 
ant teacher in Rev. Robert Smith's academy in 
Pequea, Lancaster co., afterward emigrated to 
Virginia, and, under the influence of Samuel 
Davies, decided to study for the ministry. He 
was licensed to preach in 1701. the next year be- 
came pastor of Presbyterian churches in the north- 
ern neck of Virginia, removed to the Tinkling 
Spring church, Augusta county, in 1775, also 
preached in Staunton, and in H85 settled on an 
estate in Louisa county, where he supplied vacant 
pulpits and was principal of a classical school. 
He became blind about 1787. but continued his 
labors without interruption, writing as well as 
preaching with great industry, and was known as 
**thc blind preacher." Before his death he or- 
dered that all his manuscripts be burned, so that 
his eloquence has become a matter of tradition. 
The best idea of him as a pulpit orator is to be 
gathered from the sketch of l)r. Waddel as the 
blind preacher in William Wirt's "British Spy.'' 
This was written in 180tf, when Dr. Waddel was 
old and infirm. It has been questioned how far 
the author gave himself the license of fiction in 
his description, but Dr. Waddel's biographer. Dr. 
James W. Alexander, says: "Mr. Wirt stated to 
me that, so far from adding colors to the picture 
of Dr. Waddei's eloquence, he had fallen below the 
truth. In person he was tall and erect, his mien 



was unusually dignified, and his manners graceful 
and eloquent. Under his preaching, audiences 
were irresistibly and simultaneously moved, like 
the wind-shaken forest." James Madison, who 
had been his pupil, said : " He has spoiled me for 
all other preaching," and Patrick Henry classed 
him with Samuel Davies as one of the two greatest 
orators he had ever heard. Dickinson gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1792. One of his daughters 
married the Rev. Archibald Alexander. See a 
"Memoir" of him by the Rev. James W. Alexan- 
der, in the " Watchman of the South " (1846). 

WADDELL, Hugh, soldier, b. in Lisburn, 
County Down, Ireland, in 1734: d. in Castle 
Haynes, New Hanover co., N. C, 9 April, 1773. 
He emigrated to North Carolina in 1753, was clerk 
of the council in 1754-'5, lieutenant in Col. James 
Innes's regiment in the Virginia campaign of 
1754, became captain in 1755, built Fort Dobbs, 
and commanded there in 1756-7. He led the 
North Carolina detachment with the rank of 
major in the expedition to Fort Du Quesne in 
1758, and became colonel the next year. In No- 
vember, 1765, he led the armed resistance to the 
landing at Brunswick of the English sloop-of- 
war " Diligence," which contained the government 
stamps, seized the ship's boat, and forced Gov. 
Tryon to deliver to the people William Houston, 
the stamp - master, from whom they exacted a 
pledge, which he signed in the market-place, that 
he would " never receive any stamped paper which 
might arrive from England, nor officiate in any 
wav in the distribution of stamps in the province 
of Korth Carolina." This act of patriotism was of 
not less importance in the history of pre-Revo- 
lutionary movements in North Carolina than the 
Boston tea-party in Massachusetts. In 1771 he 
commanded the expedition against the Regulators 
with the rank of major-general. During the in- 
tervals of his military career he frequently served 
in the legislature. — flis grandson, Hugh/ lawyer, 
b. in Newfields, Bladen co., N. C, in 1799 ; d. in 
Wilmington, N. C, 1 Nov., 1878, was graduated at 
the University of North Carolina in 1818, and 
studied medicine, but abandoned it for law, attain- 
ing high rank in that profession. He represented 
Orange county in the legislature in 1828, was 
speaker of the state senate in 1836-'7, and again 
a member of that body in 1844-'6. lie was an 
eloquent debater and an accomplished man of 
letters.— His son, Alfred Moore, lawyer, b. in 
Hillsborough, N. C, 16 Sept.. 1834, was gradu- 
ated at the University of North Carolina in 
1853, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. 
He became clerk of the court of equity of New 
Hanover county, N. C, edited the " Wilmington 
Herald" in 1800, and the same year was a dele- 
gate to the Conservative- Union convention which 
nominated John Bell for president During the 
civil war he served in the Confederate army 
as lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. He was chosen 
to congress as a Democrat in 1870, served by re- 
election till 1879, and was chairman of the com- 
mittee on post-offices and post-roads in the 44th 
congress, lie was defeated in the next election, 
and resumed the practice of law. He has in manu- 
script *• A Colonial Officer and his Times." — The 
second Hugh's nephew, James Iredell, naval offi- 
i cer, b. in Pittsboro', Chatham co., N. C, in 1824; 
I d. in Annapolis. Md., 15 March, 1886, on 10 Sept., 
t 1841, was appointed a midshipman in the U. S. 



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navy, and in May, 1842, he received a wound in a 
duel which incapacitated him from service for 
eleven months and lamed him for life. He did 
good service in the war with Mexico, was gradu- 
ated at the naval academy at Annapolis in 1847, 
and while on a cruise on the Brazilian station in 
September, 1855, was promoted from passed mid- 
shipman to 2d lieutenant and navigator of the 
44 Germantown." He was detached and served on 
the store-ship 44 Release " at Aspinwall during the 
building of the Panama railroad, where he con- 
tracted the yellow fever. The ship went to sea 
and day by day the officers and crew were stricken 
down by tne disease, until Lieut. Waddell was the 
only officer left to command her with a few convales- 
cent seamen. The vessel finally reached Boston. 
He afterward was on duty at the naval academy, 
as assistant professor of navigation, until 11 July, 
1859. In the spring of 1860 he sailed in the 44 Sagi- 
naw " for the China station, where he led a suc- 
cessful expedition. On 20 Nov., 1861, he forwarded 
his resignation to the secretary of the navy, but 
on 11 Jan., 1862, when he arrived in New York, he 
was offered a command in the U. S. bomb-fleet, 
then being fitted out for an attack on New Orleans, 
which he declined. In February, 1862, he ran the 
blockade from Annapolis to Richmond, where he 
entered the Confederate navy, his commission as 
lieutenant being dated 2? March. 1862. He was 
assigned to duty on board the ram 44 Louisiana " at 
New Orleans, and when the Confederate fleet at 
tha* port was dispersed by Farragut, Lieut Wad- 
dell was sent back to destroy the 44 Louisiana," 
which he did by blowing her up. He then served 
at Drewry's Bluff, on James river, as ordnance of- 
ficer, and afterward at Charleston, S. C, and sub- 
sequently was ordered to England to take com- 
mand of one of the cruisers that was fitting out at 
Liverpool He arrived there in May, 1863, and on 
5 Oct., 1864, was ordered to the command of the 
** Shenandoah " for a cruise in the Pacific ocean. 
She was originally a British merchant steamer. 
The 44 Shenandoah was commissioned off Madeira, 
19 Oct, 1864, and steered for Australia. Before 
arriving at Melbourne, 25 Jan., 1865, Commander 
Waddell made nine captures. The 44 Shenandoah " 
left that port 8 Feb., 1865, and in three months be- 
gan her destructive work among the whalers in 
the Okhotsk sea, Bering sea. and the Arctic ocean. 
Long after the fall of the Confederate government 
he captured and sank or burned vessels until 
2 Aug.. 1865, more than three months after the 
surrender of Gen. Lee, when he met with the Brit- 
ish bark 44 Barracouta," from whose captain he 
heard of the close of the war. After this he stowed 
away his guns in the hold and at once sailed for 
Liverpool, where he surrendered the ship to the 
British government. He and his crew were lib- 
erated, and on 10 Nov., 1865, the 44 Shenandoah M 
was delivered to the U. S. consul at Liverpool. 
The sultan of Zanzibar afterward bought her. and 
several years later she went down in a gale with all 
on board. The 44 Shenandoah." while under Com- 
mander Waddell. captured thirty-eight vessels, of 
which she released six on bond and destroyed 
thirty-two. She was the only vessel that carried 
the flag of the Confederacy around the world. 
After the release of Waddell ne remained in Liver- 
pool, and then went to Paris to reside. He after- 
ward returned to the United States, and in 1875 
was made commander of the "San Francisco," of 
the Pacific mail line between Yokohama and San 
Francisco. On 16 Mav. 1877. his steamer struck 
on a rock and sank. All the passengers were saved, 
and the captain was the last to leave the ship. 



WADDELL, Moses, clergyman, b. in Rowan 
county, N. C, 29 July, 1770; d. in Athens, Ga., 21 
July, 1840. His father, William, emigrated from 
the vicinity of Belfast, Ireland, about 1764, settling 
in Charleston, S. C, and subsequently in North 
Carolina. Moses taught to obtain means to enter 
college, was graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1791, 
and ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian 
church, and subsequently taught in South Caro- 
lina. He established a classical school in Willing- 
ton, S. C. in 1804, where among his pupils were 
Hugh S. Legare\ John C. Calhoun, and James L. 
Petipru. In 1819-*29 he was president of the Uni- 
versity of Georgia. The College of South Caro- 
lina gave him the degree of D. D. in 1807. As an 
instructor of youth, Dr. Waddell was one of the 
most popular and successful men of his day. Alex- 
ander H, Stephens says of him : 44 In his insight 
into the character of boys, the constitution of their 
minds, their capacities and aptitudes, and in draw- 
ing out and developing their faculties bv proper 
training, discipline, and government, he had few, 
if any, superiors in the United States." He pub- 
lished 44 Memoirs of Miss Catherine Elizabeth 
Smelt" (Augusta, Ga., 1819).— His first wife, Cath- 
erine, was a sister of John C. Calhoun, and his 
second wife was Elizabeth W. Pleasants, of Vir- 
ginia. — Their son, James Pleasants, educator, b. 
in Willington, S. C, 5 Jan., 1801 ; d. in Athens, 
Ga., 28 May, 1867, was graduated at the University 
of Georgia in 1822, became principal of Richmond 
academy, taught belles-lettres and oratory in the 
University of Georgia in 1836-'40, and at tne same 
time filled the chairs of Latin and Greek, which he 
held till 1856.— Another son, John Newton, edu- 
cator, b. in Willington, S. C, 2 April, 1812, was 
graduated at the University of Georgia in 1829, 
entered the ministry of the Presbyterian church 
in 1841, was professor of Latin and Greek in the 
University of Mississippi in 184£-'57, and from the 
latter date till 1860 occupied a similar chair in La 
Grange college, Tenn. He was then president of 
that institution till 1862, when, the town being 
occupied by the National army, the college was 
disbanded, and he became general superintendent 
of Presbyterian missions in the Western Confed- 
erate army, and was chiefly instrumental in found- 
ing the asylum for the orphans of Confederate 
soldiers in Tuskegee, Ala. In 1865-'74 he was 
chancellor of the University of Mississippi, and in 
1879- '88 he occupied the same post in tne South- 
western Presbyterian university, Clarksville, Tenn. 
The University of Nashville gave him the degree 
of D. I). in 1851, and the University of Georgia 
that of LL. D. in 1878. Since 1874 he has been 
secretary of the board of ministerial education of 
the Southern Presbyterian church. 

WADE, Benjamin Franklin, senator, b. in 
Feeding Hills, near Springfield, Mass., 27 Oct., 
1800; d. in Jefferson, Ohio, 2 March, 1878. Hia 
ancestor, Jonathan, came from Norfolk, England, 
to Massachusetts in 1632. His father, James, a 
soldier of the Revolution, removed to Andover, 
Ohio, in 1821, The son's education was received 
chiefly from his mother. He shared in the pioneer 
work of his new home, and in 1828, after aiding in 
driving a herd of cattle to Philadelphia, went to 
Albany, N. Y., where he spent two years in teach- 
ing, also beginning the study of medicine with his 
brother, and at one time working as a common 
laborer on the Erie canal to obtain funds. On his 
return to Ohio he began the study of law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1827, and began practice in 
Jefferson. He formed a partnership with Joshua 
R. Giddings in 1881, and in 1885 was elected 



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WADHAMS 



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prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula county, which 
office he held till 1 887. In that year he was chosen 
as a Whig to the state senate, where, as a member 
of the judiciary committee, he presented a report 
that put an end to 
the granting of di- 
vorces by the legisla- 
ture. In 1839 he was 
active in opposition 
to the passage of a 
more stringent fugi- 
tive-slave law, which 
commissioners from 
Kentucky were urg- 
ing on the legislature. 
The law passed, but 
his forcible speech 
against it did much 
to arouse state pride 
on the subject and to 
make it a dead letter. 
His action cost him 
his re-election to the 
senate, but he was 
chosen again in 1841. In February, 1847, he was 
elected by the legislature president-judge of the 
3d judicial district, and while on the oench he 
was chosen, on 15 March, 1851, to the U. S. sen- 
ate, where he remained till 1869. He soon be- 
came known as a leader of the small anti-slavery 
minority, advocated the homestead bill and the 
repeal of the fugitive-slave law, and opposed the 
Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854. the admission of 
Kansas under the Lecomnton constitution of 1858, 
and the purchase of CuW After the assault on 
Charles Sumner, Robert Toombs avowed in the 
senate that he had witnessed the attack, and ap- 
proved it, whereupon Mr. Wade, in a speech of 
great vehemence, tnrew down the gage of personal 
combat to the southern senators. It was expected 
that there would be an immediate challenge from 
Toombs, but the latter soon made peace. Subse- 
quently Mr. Wade, Zachariah Chandler, and Simon 
Cameron made a compact to resent any insult 
from a southerner by a challenge to light. This 
agreement was madepublic many years afterward. 
Wade was present at the battle of Bull Run with 
other congressmen in a carriage, and it is related 
that after the defeat seven of them alighted, at 
Wade's proposal, being armed with revolvers, and 
for a quarter of an hour kept back the stream of 
fugitives near Fairfax Court-House. This incident, 
as narrated in the journals, made a sensation at 
the time. Mr. Wade labored earnestly for a vigor- 
ous prosecution of the war, was the chairman and 
foremost spirit of the joint committee on the con- 
duct of the war in 1861-2, and was active in urg- 
ing the passage of a confiscation bill. As chair- 
man of the committee on territories, he reported 
a bill in 1862 to abolish slavery in all the terri- 
tories. He was instrumental in the advancement 
to the portfolio of war of Edwin M. Stanton, whom 
he recommended strongly to President Lincoln.' 
Though he cordially supported the administration, 
he did not hesitate to criticise many of its acts, 
and after the adjournment of the 38th congress he 
issued, with Henry Winter Davis, what became 
known as the Waue-Davis manifesto, condemning 
the president's proposed reconstruction policy. 
Mr. Wade became president pro tempore of the 
senate, and thus acting vice-president of the 
United States, on 2 March, 1867, succeeding La- 
fayette S. Foster. He advised President Johnson 
to put on trial for treason a few of the Confeder- 
ate leaders and pardon the rest, and was radical in 



his ideas of reconstruction. In the impeachment 
of President Johnson he voted for conviction. In 
1869, at the close of his second term, he was suc- 
ceeded in the senate by Allen G. Thurman, and he 
then returned to his home in Jefferson, Ohio. He 
was one of the chief members of the Santo Domingo 
commission in 1871, and then became attorney for 
the Nort hern Pacific railroad. He was chairman 
of the Ohio delegation in the Cincinnati national 
convention of 1876, and earnestly advocated the 
nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes, but after his 
accession to the presidency Mr. Wade bitterly con- 
demned his course in relation to the southern 
states. Though Mr. Wade had been called " Frank 
Wade" in Ohio, from his middle name, he was 
known in congress and throughout the country as 
Ben or " Old Ben " Wade. He was popularly 
looked upon as one of the bulwarks of the National 
cause in the darkest hours of the civil war. and 
was widely admired and respected for his fearless- 
ness, independence, and honesty. His rugged and 
forcible stvle of oratory always commandea atten- 
tion. See' his *' Life," by Albert G. Riddle (Cleve- 
land, Ohio, 1888).— His son, James Franklin, en- 
tered the army on 14 May, 1861, as 1st lieutenant 
of the 6th U. S. cavalry, and rose in rank till at 
the close of the war he was major and brevet 
brigadier-general of volunteers. He became lieu- 
tenant-colonel on 20 March, 1879, and colonel of 
the 5th cavalry on 21 April, 1887. 

WADE, Melancthon Smith, merchant, b. in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 Dec., 1802; d. in Avondale, 
near Cincinnati, Ohio, 11 Aug., 1868. His father, 
David E. Wade, removed to Ohio from New Jer- 
sey in 1789. The son was educated in his native 
place, and became a dry-goods merchant, but re- 
tired from business in 1840. He was active in 
militia matters, holding successively the offices of 
captain, colonel, and brigadier-general, and on 1 
Oct., 1861, was commissioned a brigadier-general 
of U. S. volunteers. He was the first post-com- 
mander of Camp Dennison, Ohio, but resigned 
from the army, 18 March, 1862, on account of 
feeble health. He devoted his leisure to the culti- 
vation of fruit, and was an active member of the 
Cincinnati horticultural society. 

WADHAMS, Edgar Philip, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Lewis, Essex co., N. Y., 21 May, 1817. His parents 
were Protestants, 
and destined him 
for the ministry 
of the Episcopal 
church. After 
studying at Mid- 
dlebury college, 
Vt.. he was gradu- 
ated at the Gen- 
eral theological 
seminary, New 
York city, receiv- 
ed deacon's or- 
ders, and was sta- 
tioned for some 
time near Port 
Henry. He was 
received into the 
Roman Catholic 
church in June, 
1846, entered St. 
Mary's seminary, 
Baltimore, immediately afterward, to prepare for 
the priesthood, and was ordained on 15 Jan., 1850. 
He was appointed assistant at the cathedral of Al- 
bany, ana continued in this post till 1865, when he 
was' appointed pastor of the cathedral and vicar- 




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WADSWORTH 



general of the diocese. In 1872 he was nominated 
to the new see of Ogdensburg, and on 5 May he was 
consecrated bishop. He was installed in his diocese 
on 16 May, and at once began an energetic adminis- 
tration, building many churches and about twenty 
chapels for the smaller missions. The numerous 
and heavy debts that were incurred for these build- 
ings were paid after a few years. He founded schools 
in Ogdensburg, which he placed in charge of the 
Clerks of St. viateur. Franciscan sisters opened 
others in Croghan and Mohawk Hill, a boys' college 
was established at Watertown by the Fathers of the 
Sacred Heart, and other schools were established 
in various places. The improvement of the clergy 
has also been an object with Bishop Wadhams, and 
with this view he established annual retreats and 
conferences, with periodical examinations for the 
younger priests. In 1888 there were 98 churches 
in the diocese and 58 stations, 77 priests, 5 religious 
communities of men, and 13 of women. 

WADLEIGH, Bain bridge, senator, b. in Brad- 
ford, N. H., 4 Jan., 1831. He received a limited 
education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1850, and practised in Mil ford. For eight terms, 
between 1855 and 1872, he served in the legislature, 
where he was conspicuous as a debater. He was 
elected to the U. S. senate, as a Republican, to 
succeed James W. Patterson, serving from 4 March, 
1873, till 3 March, 1879. In that body he was a 
member of the committees on patents, military 
affairs, and elections. After his retirement from 
the senate, he resumed the practice of law. 

WADSWORTH, Benjamin, educator, b. in 
Milton, Mass., in 1669 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 
March, 1737. He was the son of Capt Samuel 
Wadsworth, who fell in battle with the Indians at 
Sudbury, Mass., on 18 April, 1676, and the spot 
where he fell is designated by a monument tnat 
this son erected to his memory. After graduation at 
Harvard in 1690 he studied theology, was licensed 
to preach, became assistant teacher in the First 
church in Boston in November, 1693, and on 8 
Sept, 1696, was made its colleague pastor. On 7 
July, 1725, he was inaugurated president of Har- 
vard college, and he held this post until his death. 
John Eliot says: "The general opinion, however, 
was that he was better lit ted for the pastor of a 
church than to be master of the school of the 
prophets. He had confined his studies to theology, 
and was not a man of extensive erudition, or much 
acquainted with the sciences." He published nu- 
merous essays and sermons, which include "An 
Artillery Election Sermon " (1700) and " Five Ser- 
mons" (1711), the first, dated 30 Sept., being the 
last sermon that he delivered in the old meeting- 
house, which was burned on 2 Oct., 1711, and the 
last a " Thanksgiving Sermon for God's Goodness 
in providing a New Meeting- House for the Old 
Church," an account of the fire. 

WADSWORTH, Charles, clergyman, b. in 
Litchfield, Conn.. 8 May. 1814; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 1 April, 1882. After graduation at Union 
college in 1837 he was pastor of the 2d Presbyte- 
rian church in Troy, N. Y., in 1842-'50; of the 
Arch street Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, in 
1850-'62; of a Presbyterian church in San Fran- 
clhco in 1862-'9; of the 3d Reformed Dutch church, 
Philadelphia, in 1869-73; of the Clinton street 
Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, in 1873-'9: and 
of the Clinton street Immanuel church, Philadel- 
phia, in 1879- '82. Dr. Wadsworth was among the 
most eloquent divines of his day. The University 
of the city of New York gave him the degree of 
I). I), in 1857. His sermons were published, with a 
memoir (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1882-'4). 



WADSWORTH, James, soldier, b. in Durham, 

Conn., 6 July, 1730; d. there, 22 Sept, 1817. He 
was graduated at Yale in 1748. From 1756 till 
1786 he was town-clerk of Durham, and at the be- 
ginning of the Revolution he became a member of 
the committee of safety. In 1776 he was colonel 
and brigadier-general of Connecticut militia, and 
in. 1777 he was appointed 2d major-general. In 
the latter year he was ordered to New Haven to 
defend the towns on the coast. Subsequently he 
was a justice, and afterward presiding justice of 
the New Haven county court of common pleas, was 
a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental 
congress in 1783-'6, and from 1785 till 1790 a mem- 
ber of the executive council. — His nephew, James, 
philanthropist, b. in Durham, Conn., 20 April, 
1768; d. in Geneseo, N. Y., 8 June, 1844, was 
graduated at Yale in 1787, and in 1790 removed 
with his brother, William, to Genesee river, pur- 
chasing a large tract of land in what is now the 
town of Geneseo, and becoming one of the most 
wealthy land-proprietors in the state. At his per- 
sonal expense he printed and circulated publica- 
tions on education, employed lecturers on this sub- 
ject, and offered premiums to the towns that should 
be the first to establish libraries. In 1811 he pro- 
posed the establishment of normal schools, and in 
1838 he procured the enactment of a school-library 
law, and founded a library and institution for sci- 
entific lectures at Geneseo, which he endowed with 
$10,000. In his sales of land he always stipulated 
that a tract of 125 acres in each township should 
be granted free for a church, and another of the 
same size for a school.— James's brother, William, 
soldier, b. in Durham, Conn., in 1782 ; d. in Gene- 
seo, N. Y., in February, 1833, was also an early 
settler in western New York. At the beginning of 
the war of 1812 he was brigadier-general of New 
York militia, and he served in the U. S. army from 
26 June till 15 Nov., 1812, took part in the assault 
on Queenston Heights, 13 Oct., 1812, where he was 
in command when the Americans surrendered, and 
gave up his sword in person to Sir Roger Sheaffe. 
—James's son, James Samuel, soldier, b. in Gene- 
seo, N. Y., 30 Oct., 1807 ; & near ChancellorsviUe, 
Va., 8 May, 1864, 
was educated at 
Harvard and 
Yale and studied 
law in Albany, 
completing his 
course with Dan- 
iel Webster. Al- 
though he was 
admitted to the 
bar in 1833, he 
never practised 
his profession, 
but devoted him- 
self to the man- 
agement of the 
family estate in 
western New 
York, which 
amounted to 15.- 
000 acres. In 
1852 he was elect - 
j ed president of 
the State agricul- 
tural society, in which he was interested during his 
life. He promoted education and the interests of 
the community in which he lived. He founded 
a public library in Geneseo, was a subscriber to 
the endowment of Geneseo college, aided in estab- 
lishing the school-district library system, and was 




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WADSWORTH 



active in philanthropical labors. Although a Fed- 
eralist by education and a Democrat by conviction, 
he supported the Free-soil party in 1848, and con- 
tinued" to act in defence of the anti-slavery move- 
ment He was a presidential elector on the Re- 
publican ticket in 1856 and 1860. In 1861 he was 
a delegate to the Peace convention in Washington, 
and at the beginning of the civil war he was among 
the first to offer his services to the government. 
In April, 1861, he was commissioned a major-gen- 
eral by Gov. Edwin D. Morgan, but the appoint- 
ment was subsequently revoked. When communi- 
cation with the capital was cut off, he chartered 
two ships upon his own responsibility, loaded them 
with provisions, and went with them to Annapolis, 
where he superintended the delivery of the sup- 
plies. He was volunteer aide to Gen. Irvin Mc- 
Dowell at the first battle of Bull Run, where he 
was commended for bravery and humanity. After- 
ward he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 
9 Aug., 1861, assigned to a command in the ad- 
vance under Gen. George B. McClellan, and guard- 
ed the city of Washington. On 15 March, 1862, he 
became military governor of the District of Colum- 
bia. In the autumn of 1862 he was the Republi- 
can candidate for governor of New York, but was 
defeated bv Horatio Seymour. In the following 
December he was assigned to the command of a 
division in the Army of the Potomac under Gen. 
Ambrose E. Burnside, and participated in the bat- 
tle of Fredericksburg, 18 Dec., 1862. He displayed 
great military skill in the command of tne 1st 
division of the 1st armv corps under Gen. John F. 
Reynolds. At Gettysburg his division was the 
first to engage the enemy on 1 July, 1863, and on 
that day lost 2,400 out ot 4,000 men. During the 
second and third days* fighting he rendered good 
service in maintaining the heights on the right of 
the line. At the council of war held after the vic- 
tory he was one of the three that favored pursuit 
of the enemy. Early in 1864 he was sent on special 
service to the Mississippi valley, and made an exten- 
sive tour of inspection through the southern and 
western states. On the reorganization of the Army 
of the Potomac in 1864, he was assigned to the com- 
mand of the 4th division of the 5th corps, composed 
in part of his old command. While endeavoring 
to rally his troops during the battle of the Wilder- 
ness, 6 May, 1864, he was struck in the head by a 
bullet, and" before he could be removed the enemy 
had gained possession of the ground where he lay. 
Although unconscious, he lingered for two days. 
It is said that his troops were inspired by his he- 
roic bearing continually to renew the contest, when 
but for him they would have yielded. He was 
brevetted major-general of volunteers on 6 May, 
1864. Horace Greeley, in his " American Conflict " 
(Hartford, 1864-'6), says : 44 The country's salvation 
claimed no nobler sacrifice than that of James S. 
Wadsworth, of New York. ... No one surren- 
dered more for his country's sake, or gave his life 
more joyfully for her deliverance." In 1888 a 
movement was in progress for the erection in 
Washington of a monument to his memory. 

WADSWORTH, Jeremiah, congressman, b. in 
Hartford, Conn., in 1748; d. there, 80 April, 1804. 
He was the originator of numerous plans for the 
improvement of his native town, ana held several 
local offices. During the war of the Revolution he 
was commissary-general of the Continental army. 
In 1786-'8 he was a delegate to the Continental 
congress, and he was elected a representative from 
Connecticut to the 1st congress as a Federalist, 
serving by successive elections from 4 March, 1789, 
till 8 March, 1795. 



WADSWORTH 313 

WADSWORTH, Marshman Edward, geolo- 
gist, b. in Livermore Falls, Me., 6 May, 1847. He 
was graduated at Bowdoin in 1869, and' then taught 
in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In 1873 he was 
elected professor of chemistry in the Boston dental 
college, and in 1874 he became instructor in mathe- 
matics and mineralogy in Harvard. He held an 
assistantship in lithology at the Museum of com- 
parative zoOlogy, Cambridge, Mass., in 1877- 85, 
and was professor of mineralogy and geology in 
Colby universitv in 1885-7. Prof. Wadsworth 
was called in 18$7 to the directorship of the Michi- 
gan mining-school, with the chair of mineralogy, 
petrography, and geology, and in 1888 he was ap- 
pointed state geologist of Michigan. The degree 
of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 
1879 for post-graduate studies, and he is a fellow 
of the American association for the advancement 
of science, and a member of the Boston society of 
natural history and other scientific bodies. His 
bibliography embraces nearly 100 titles of papers 
on geology, lithology, and similar subjects, includ- 
ing the following books, "Geologv of the Iron and 
Copper Districts of Lake Superior" (Cambridge, 
1880) ; " The Azoid System and its proposed Sub- 
divisions," with Josian D. Whitney (1884) ; 44 Litho- 
logical Studies" (1884) ; and 44 Preliminary Descrip- 
tion of the Peridotytes, Gabbros, Diabases, and 
Andesites of Minnesota" (St Paul, 1887). 

WADSWORTH, Peleg, soldier, b. in Duxbury, 
Mass., in 1748 ; d. in Hiram, Oxford co., Me., 18 
Nov., 1829. He was graduated at Harvard in 1769, 
taught in Plymouth with Alexander Scammell, and 
then engaged in commercial pursuits. Early in 
the Revolutionary struggle he entered the army as 
a captain of minute-men in Roxbury and became 
aide to Gen. Artemas Ward. Afterward he was 
made adjutant-general for Massachusetts, and was 
present at the battle of Long Island, 1 Aug., 1776. 
He became brigadier-general of militia in 1777, and 
was second in command of the Penobscot expedi- 
tion in 1779, on which occasion he displayed great 
courage and was taken prisoner. He was again 
captured in his house by a party of British soldiers 
in February, 1781, and imprisoned in the fort at 
Castine, whence he escaped in June. In 1784 he 
established himself in business in Portland, Me., 
where he was much employed in surveying. In 
1792 he was in the state senate, and was elected to 
congress, serving from 2 Dec., 1793, till 8 March, 
1807. In the last-named year he removed to Ox- 
ford county, Me., to improve a large tract of land 
that had been granted to him by the government 
for his services. He developed the resources of 
that region, and was appointed major-general of 
Maine militia. — His son, Henry, naval officer, b. 
about 1788; d. in Tripoli harbor, 4 Sept., 1804, en- 
tered the navy as a midshipman, 28 Au£., 1799. 
He was attached to the frigate 44 Constitution," 
which sailed from Boston as Preble's flag-ship in 
August, 1803. to the Mediterranean for the Tripoli- 
tan war. He was appointed an acting lieutenant 
in that ship, and took part in the engagements 
with the Tripolitan fleet and forts. When the 
ketch **" Intrepid " was fitted out as a floating mine 
to explode in the harbor among the Tripolitan ves- 
sels, ne volunteered to serve in that enterprise 
(see Somers, Richard), and perished with his com- 
panions. His sister became the mother of the 
poet Longfellow, who was named for him. — Another 
son, Alexander Scammell, naval officer, b. in 
Portland, Me., in 1790; d. in Washington. D. C, 5 
April, 1851, entered the navy as a midshipman, 2 
April, 1804, and was promoted to lieutenant, 21 
April, 1810. He was ad lieutenant of the frigate 

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314 WAFER 

" Constitution " during her memorable escape from 
the British fleet, and also took part in the engage- 
ment with the frigate 44 Guerriere," 19 Aug., 1812, 
for which he received a silver medal and was in- 
cluded in the vote of thanks to Hull and his offi- 
cers. He was 1st lieutenant of the corvette 44 Ad- 
ams " during her cruise in 1814 when she captured 
ten prizes, but was chased by a British fleet into 
Penobscot bay. There she ran ashore, and, to pre- 
vent capture, was destroyed by her crew, who 
erected a fort armed with the guns from the ship, 
and drove the enemy away. He was promoted for 
his services during the war to master-commandant, 
27 April, 1816, and commanded the brig 44 Prome- 
theus" in the Mediterranean squadron after the 
Algerine war in 1816-'17, and then the sloop 44 John 
Adams " in the West Indies, suppressing piracy in 
two cruises— in 1818-'19 and 182P2. He served at 
the Washington navy-yard in 1823-'5, and as in- 
spector of ordnance in 1825-*9. He was promoted 
to captain, 3 March, 1825, surveyed Narragansett 
bay, R. I., and commanded the frigate 44 Constella- 
tion," of the Mediterranean squadron, in 1829-'32. 
He was commodore commanding the Pacific squad- 
ron in 1834-*6, a member of the board of navy 
commissioners in 1887-*40, and inspector of ord- 
nance from 1841 till 1850. 

WAFER, Lionel, British surgeon, b. in Wales 
about 1640; d. in London, England, about 1705. 
He made several voyages to the South sea as sur- 
geon on board merchant vessels, and in 1676 visited 
the Malay archipelago. In 1677 he settled in 
Jamaica, where ne practised his profession for 
some time, but in 16v9 he accepted the appoint- 
ment of surgeon on the fleet of two noted bucca- 
neers, named Cook and Linen, who were joined bv 
others while cruising along the coast of Soutn 
America, They met, in Cartnagena, William Dam- 
pier, who induced Wafer to enter his service. The 
fatter participated in Dampier's raids in the West 
Indies and on the Atlantic coast, and accompanied 
him in the expedition across the Isthmus of Darien 
in 1680. But they Quarrelled, and Wafer was aban- 
doned on the roaa with four mutineers. They 
were surrounded by hostile Indians; but one of the 
soldiers,, who understood their language, told the 
natives that Wafer was a great magician, and he 
lived with the Indians for several years, till he ob- 
tained permission to visit his own country, on 
promising to return and marry the chiefs sister 
and to bring with him some dogs from England. 
He sailed away in 1684 on board a French bucca- 
neer. He afterward was reconciled with Dampier, 
and sailed with him till 1685, when he became sur- 
geon on board Capt. Nathaniel Davis's ship, and 
continued to lead a privateer's life in the South sea. 
In 1688 he came to North America and was among 
the first settlers of Philadelphia, where he resided 
in 1688-'90, returning in the latter year to Lon- 
don. He wrote 44 A New Voyage ana Description 
of the Isthmus of America" (London, 1699), which 
was translated into French (Paris, 1706), and Ger- 
man (Halle, 1759). It contained the fullest descrip- 
tion that had been published of the Isthmus of 
Darien, the Indians that inhabited it, and its natu- 
ral productions, and also interesting facts regard- 
ing Mexico, communicated to him by a Spanish 
captain. The Swedish version (Upsala, 1789) con- 
tains also an interesting description of New Spain 
that is attributed to Wafer. 

WAGGAMANN, George Augustus, senator, b. 
in Somerset county. Md.. in 1782 ; d. in New Orleans, 
La., 22 March, 1843. He was educated in Mary- 
land, and practised law in New Orleans, was in- 
terested in sugar-planting, and held various offices. 



WAGNER 



including that of secretary of state of Louisiana in 
1880-'3. He was elected U. S. senator in place of 
Eld ward Livingston, resigned, and served as a Whig 
from 3 Jan., 1832, till 3 March, 1885. He died from 
the effects of a wound that he received in a duel. 

WAGNER, Daniel Christian, Alsatian navi- 
gator, b. in Mulhouse about 1501 ; d. in Patagonia 
in 1552. He early entered the Spanish service, 
and acted as chief pilot in Mexico and Peru. In 
1539 Gutierrez de Vargas, bishop of Placencia, 
sent Admiral Camargo to explore the Strait of 
Magellan. The fleet sailed from Seville in Au- 
gust. 1539, Wagner acting as chief pilot, anchored 
on 20 Jan., 1540, near Cape Virgins, and, after en- 
tering the strait, stopped at Port Famine, but was 
forced out bv a hurricane and two vessels sank, 
the crew seeking refuge on shore. A few days 
later Admiral Camargo returned to search for the 
shipwrecked, and Wagner went in a boat to re- 
connoitre ; but a new tempest carried Camargo out 
to sea, and he entered Islay, in Peru. Wagner, 
thus abandoned on the shore, met a part of the 
shipwrecked crews, and with their help built bar- 
racks in which they wintered, suffering -greatly 
from cold and famine. In the summer they built 
a boat and they arrived in Islay in December, 1541. 
In 1552 Wagner was appointed to the command 
of a new expedition to explore the strait, but died 
during the journey. The 44 Collection des grands 
et petits voyages (50 vols., Paris, 1750-'75) at- 
tributes to Wagner a narrative entitled 44 Relation 
de Texpedition de TAmiral Camargo au d£troit 
de Magellan en 1539-'40, du naufrage de deux na- 
vires ae la flotte, et des souffrances, aventures, et 
miraculeuse echappe des nauf rages." 

WAGNER, John, surgeon, b. in Charleston, 
S. C, 7 July, 1791 ; d. there, 22 May, 1841. He 
was graduated at Yale in 1812, studied medicine 
in New York, went to England in 1815, where 
\ he became the pupil of Sir. Astley P. Cooper for 
I three years, and, while attending his lectures, was 
employed as a dresser in Guy's hospital, London. 
Two large manuscript volumes on surgery and 
anatomy remain as a register of the important 
cases that he studied during this period. He re- 
ceived a degree from the Royal college of surgeons, 
and also studied in Paris under Dupuytren. On 
his return he settled in Charleston, S. C, where he 
soon rose to eminence as a surgeon. He success- 
fully performed the third operation for osteo- 
sarcoma of the lower jaw. In 1826 he began a 
course of dissections and demonstrations in practi- 
cal anatomy. In the art of making and preserv- 
ing anatomical preparations he was rarely excelled, 
and his specimens, which still remain, are models. 
In 1829 ne was elected professor of pathological 
and surgical anatomy in South Carolina medical 
college, which is said to have been the first college 
to establish this department In 1832 he succeeded 
Dr. James Ramsey in the chair of surgery. 

WAGNER, Moritz Friedrlch, German ex- 
plorer, b. in Baireuth, Bavaria. 3 Oct., 1818. He 
received his education at the University of Augs- 
burg, was afterward clerk in a mercantile house in 
Marseilles, and in 1834 went to Paris, Erlangen. 
and Munich, to study natural science. He visited 
Algiers in 1836-'8, studied geology at GOttingen 
in 1838-'42, explored the Caucasus and Armenia 
in 1842-'6. at the expense of the Berlin academy 
of sciences, and visited Italy in 1846-*9, and Asia 
Minor, Persia, and Kurdistan in 1850-'l. In 
1852- 5, with Karl von Scherzer, he visited the 
United States, Central America, and, the West 
Indies, and he went again to America in 1857, at 
the invitation of King Maximilian II. of Bavaria. 



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WAGNER 



WAINWRIGHT 315 



He explored the province of Chiruiui, on the Isth- 
mus of Panama, till 1858, visiting in 1859 the 
western Andes of Ecuador, and forming rich col- 
lections in natural history. On his return to Ger- 
many in 1860 he was appointed professor of ge- 
ography in the University of Munich, elected an 
associate member of the Munich and Berlin acade- 
mies of sciences, founded and became director of 
the Ethnographical museum of Munich, and dis- 
covered prehistoric habitations in some of the lakes 
in Bavaria, principally that of Starnberg. Wagner 
,has since devoted his labors exclusively to science. 
His works, besides those that describe his travels 
in the Old World, include "Reisen in Nordamerika" 
(8 vols., Leipsic, 1854), 44 Die Republik von Costa- 
Rica in Central-Amerika " (1850), both written 
with Scherzer ; 44 Ueber das Vorkommen von Pfahl- 
bauten " (Munich, 1867) ; and 44 Ueber Topogra- 
phic, Zweck und Alter der Pfahlbauten " (1867). 
He contributed also many papers describing his 
travels to Petermann's monthly collection and to 
the journal of the Geographical society of Berlin. 

WAGNER, Webster, inventor, b. near Palatine 
Bridee, N. Y., 2 Oct., 1817; d. near Spuyten Duy- 
vil, N. Y., 13 Jan., 1882. He received a common- 
school education and became a wagon-maker. Sub- 
sequently he received the appointment of freight 
agent on the New York Central railroad, and then 
invented the sleeping-car. In 1858 he had four of 
these cars in operation, and their use gradually ex- 
tended until they were adopted on all the lines of 
the Vanderbilt system. In 1867 he manufactured 
the first drawing-room car, and founded the Wag- 
ner palace-car company, of which he was president 
until his death. He also invented the oval car- 
roof, and patented the elevated panel. Mr. Wag- 
ner was elected as a Republican to the New York 
assembly in 1870, and from 1871 till 1882 he was 
state senator. In 1880 he was a delegate to the 
Republican national convention. He was killed in 
a railroad disaster on the Hudson river road. 

WAGNER, William, philanthropist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Jan., 1796; d. there, 17 Jan., 
1885. He received an academic education, and 
was desirous of studying medicine, but his parents 
decided otherwise, and he entered the counting- 
room of Stephen Girard. In 1816 he was sent as 
an assistant supercargo on a trading voyage that 
lasted nearly two years. On this voyage he made 
large collections of shells, plants, and fossils, which 
formed the beginnings of his museum. Subse- 
quently he engaged in various business enterprises, 
but finally retired in 1840. After a residence 
abroad of two years in 1841-2 he returned to 
Philadelphia ana devoted himself to arranging his 
collections. In 1847 he began to deliver scientific 
lectures to those that were interested, and in 1852 
his audiences had grown so large that he was com- 
pelled to secure the use of a hall. The Wagner 
free institute of science was inaugurated on 21 
May, 1855, with a corps of lecturers. Ten years 
later an edifice was dedicated, and Mr. Wagner 
transferred the building and its collections, cabi- 
nets, apparatus, and library to trustees on condi- 
tion that the property shall forever be used for 
instruction in natural science. It is estimated that 
his entire benefaction for this purpose was not 
less than half a million dollars. He continued 
president of the institute until his death, and was 
a member of learned societies, to whose proceed- 
ings he contributed scientific papers. 

WAINWRIGHT, Jonathan Mayhew, P. E. 
bishop, b..in Liverpool, England, 24 Feb., 1793; 
d. in New York city. 21 Sept., 1854. He was of 
American parentage, his mother being a daughter 




of Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, of Boston. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1812, where he was after- 
ward tutor, ordered deacon in the Protestant Epis- 
copal church in Trinity church, Boston, 13 April, 
1817, ordained priest in Christ church, Hartford, 
Conn., 29 May, 1818, and became rector of the lat- 
ter. In November, 1819, he removed to New York, 
and became assistant minister in Trinity church. 
He was made rector of Grace church in 1821, and 
remained in that charge until 1834, when he be- 
came rector of Trinity church, Boston. In 1837 
he returned to 
Trinity parish, 
New York, as as- 
sistant in charge 
of St. John's 
chapel, which 
post he retained 
until he was ele- 
vated to the epis- 
copate. He re- 
ceived the de- 
cree of D. D. 
from Union col- 
lege in 1823, and 
from Harvard in 
1885. The de- 
gree of D. C. L. 
was conferred 

^verertyofOx* ^'fofe*s~~~*fd* r 
ford, England, " 

in 1852. Dr. Wainwright was consecrated provis- 
ional bishop of New York in Trinity church, New 
York, on 10 Nov., 1852. He was for many years sec- 
retary of the house of bishops, aided in the estab- 
lishment of the University of New York, and was 
considered one of the first pulpit orators of his day. 
Bishop Wainwright wielded great social influence, 
was a ripe scholar, and was a devoted lover of 
music, contributing toward its improvement in the 
churches of his denomination. He was secretary 
of the board of trustees of the General theological 
seminary in 1828-84, and a trustee or officer of 
many other institutions and societies. In 1844 he 
engaged in a controversy with his friend Rev. Dr. 
George Potts, which grew out of an assertion that 
Rufus Choate made at a celebration of the New 
England society. The orator said that the Pilgrim 
fathers had founded a 44 state without a king and 
a church without a bishop." At the dinner that 
followed, Dr. Wainwright, in responding to a sen- 
timent, said in reply that 44 there is no church 
without a bishop. The subsequent discussion 
with Dr. Potts, which was carried on in nineteen 
letters in the New York "Commercial Advertiser." 
was afterward published in pamphlet-form (1844). 
His other works include 44 Four Sermons on Re- 
ligious Education" (New York, 1829): 44 Lessons 
on the Church " (1835); 44 Order of Familv Prayer" 
(1845); 44 Short Family Prayers" (1850): 44 The 
Pathway and Abiding-Places of our Lord, illus- 
trated in the Journal of a Tour through the Land 
of Promise" (1851): "The Land of Bondage: 
being the Journal of a Tour in Egypt" (1852); 
single sermons; and papers in periodicals. He 
also prepared three books of music : a 44 Book of 
Chants,'' adapted to services of the Episcopal 
church (1819) ; 44 Music of the Church " (1828) ; and 
44 The Choir and Family Psalter," in connection 
with Rev. Dr. William A. Muhlenberg (1851): and 
edited Bishop Ravenscroft's "Sermons," with a 
memoir (2 vols., 1830), and " Life of Bishop Heber," 
by his widow (2 vols., 1830). See a 44 Memorial 
Volume," containing thirty-four of his sermons 



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316 



WAINWRIGHT 



WAIT 



and a memoir by Bishop Doane (1856), and " Life 
of Bishop Wainwright/ by Rev. John N. Norton 
(1858). After his death a church was erected to 
his memory in New York city. — His son, Jona- 
than Mayhew, naval officer, b. in New York 
city, 27 July, 1821 ; d. near Galveston, Tex., 1 Jan., 
1863, entered the navy as a midshipman. 30 June, 
1837, attended the naval school at Philadelphia in 
1842-'3, and became a passed midshipman, 29 June, 
1843. He was appointed acting master, 10 Nov., 
1849, and commissioned lieutenant, 1 7 Sept., 1850. 
He was on special duty at Washington in 1861, 
and commanded the steamer "Harriet Lane," 
which was Admiral Porter's flag-ship in Farragut's 
fleet during the engagements with Fort Jackson 
and Fort St. Philip and the capture of New Or- 
leans in April, 1862. He took part in the opera- 
tions of the fleet below Vicksburg, and in October, 
1862, commanded the 44 Harriet Lane " in Com- 
mander Renshaw's squadron at the capture of 
Galveston. While he was holding possession of 
Galveston, Gen. Magruder attacked the " Harriet 
Lane," then lying above the city. Wainwright 
was killed while gallantly leading his men to re- 
pel the Confederate boarders, and in ten minutes 
after half the crew of the "Harriet Lane" were 
shot down and the vessel was captured by the Con- 
federates. — The second Jonathan Mayhew's son, 
Jonathan Mayhew, naval officer, b. in New York 
city, 29 Jan., 1849; d. at sea, 19 June, 1870, was 
graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1867, 
was promoted to master, 21 March, 1870, and 
while serving in the " Mohican " he had command 
of the boat expedition to cut out the pirate 
steamer " Forward," which was operating on the 
coast of Mexico, manned by a crew of filibusters. 
The " Forward " was lying alongside of the beach 
in the lagoon at San Bias when Wainwright at- 
tacked and attempted to capture the ship by board- 
ing. The pirates fired on the boat's crew, and 
shot Wainwright. The crew burned the steamer, 
and Wainwright was carried on board ship, where 
he died the next day. — The second Jonathan's 
daughter, Marie, now Mrs. Louis James, has at- 
tained some reputation as an actress. 

WAINWRIGHT, Richard, naval officer, b. in 
Charlestown, Mass., 5 Jan., 1817; d. near New Or- 
leans, 10 Aug., 1862. He entered the navy as a 
midshipman, 11 May, 1831, attended the naval 
school at Norfolk in 1837-'8, and became a passed 
midshipman, 15 June, 1837. In 1838-'41 he served 
on the coast survey in the brig " Consort." He 
was commissioned lieutenant. 8 Sept., 1841, com- 
manded the steamer " Water- Witch " on the home 
station in 1848-'9, served again on coast survey in 
1851-'7, and cruised in the steam frigate " Merri- 
mack " in 1857- 60. He was stationed at the Wash- 
ington navy -yard on ordnance duty in 1860-'l, 
promoted to commander, 24 April of the latter 
year, and given the flag-ship 44 Hartford " of Ad- 
miral Farragut's fleet, fitted out for the capture of 
New Orleans. During the passage of the forts 
the Confederate tug 44 Mosher " pushed a fire-raft 
alongside of the 44 Hartford," which threatened 
the destruction of the ship. Wainwright distin- 
guished himself in this conflict with the flames 
and continued to fight the forts on 24-25 April. 
He participated in the operations of Farragut's 
fleet below Vicksburg, and was highly commended 
by the admiral. At the time of his death he still 
commanded the 44 Hartford." 

WAIT, Benjamin, patriot, b. in Markham town- 
ship, Upper Canada, 7 Sept., 1813. He engaged in 
the Canadian rebellion, and was appointed a colonel 
in the insurgent forces that had their headquarters 



on Navy island. On a raid into Upper Canada he 
was captured, brought to trial for high treason, and 
condemned to be hanged on 25 Aug., 1838. Only 
a fortnight intervened between his sentence and its 
intended execution ; but in that short time his wile, 
Maria Wait (nie Smith), surmounting almost im- 
possible difficulties and the strong opposition of 
Sir George Arthur, governor of Upper Canada, ob- 
tained from Lord Durham, the governor-general, 
a commutation of his sentence from death to trans- 
portation for life to Van Dieman's Land. She then 
went alone and almost penniless to London to ob- 
tain his pardon. The case was laid before the 
queen's council, but they opposed any clemency so 
long as the disturbances continued to exist in 
Canada. Mrs. Wait supported herself at first by 
acting as companion to a wealthy lady, and then 
as teacher in an infant-school, meanwhile making 
constant efforts for the release of her husband. 
After two years, her health broken by long-con- 
tinued suspense and privation, she decided to join 
her husband in his banishment. She was about to 
embark for Van Dieman's Land when the ministry 
had decided to grant a pardon to her husband and 
his six surviving companions in exile if it should 
be recommended by tne governor-general of Can- 
ada. She set out at once for Toronto ; but she 
received from the governor only a kindly refusal. 
Not disheartened by this, she besought the mem- 
bers of the legislature to exercise their influence, 
and succeeded at the end of a year in securing the 
signatures of fifty of the number to her petition. 
With this she again waited upon the governor, 
who a^ain declined her request. She then induced 
her friends in the legislature to introduce a resolu- 
tion recommending the governor to urge upon the 
queen a pardon to Wait and his associate exiles. 
The resolution was passed, and then the governor 
yielded. In March, 1842, an order was issued for 
their absolute release. Meanwhile Wait had been 
allowed unusual freedom in Van Dieman's Land, 
and at the very time when the British ministry 
were signing the order for his release, he succeeded 
in escaping from Hobart Town. He had arranged 
with an American whaler to take him and a single 
companion up at sea from a small boat ; but they 
were missed in the darkness, and then for thirteen 
days they were tossed about with no food but raw 
fish. At last they were seen by an American vessel 
homeward bound. The ship was wrecked on the 
coast of Brazil, but none perished. Seven months 
afterward, ragged and penniless, Wait reached the 
United States, and rejoined his devoted wife, who 
was teaching at Niagara Falls. But, worn out with 
her efforts in her husband's behalf. Mrs. Wait's 
health had given way, and soon after his return she 
died. Wait is still living in Grand Rapids, Mich. 

WAIT, Samnel, educator, b. in Washington 
county, N. Y., 19 Dec., 1789; d. in Wake Forest, 
N. C, 28 July, 1867. He was graduated at Colum- 
bian college, Washington, D. C., and served there 
for a short time as tutor. In 1827, having already 
been ordained to the Baptist ministry, he removed 
to North Carolina, ana became pastor at New 
Berne. The remainder of his life was devoted to 
the promotion of the educational and religious in- 
terests of that state, and few men have accom- 
plished more for these interests, especially as con- 
nected with the Baptist denomination. Mainly 
by his exertions the Baptist state convention of 
North Carolina was organized in 1830. The first 
Baptist newspaper published in the state owed its 
existence to his labors. He was active in estab- 
lishing Wake Forest school, which subsequently 
became Wake Forest college, and was president 

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WAIT 



of it from its foundation to 1846, a period of four- 
teen years. In 1851-6 he had charge of a school 
for girls in Oxford, N. C. He has received the 
degree of D. D. from Wake Forest in 1849. 

WAIT, William, lawyer, b. in Ephratah, N. Y., 
2 Feb., 1821 ; d. in Johnstown, N. Y., 29 Dec., 1880. 
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, 
and became district attorney of Fulton county, 
N. Y., in 1848. In 1856 he held the office of school 
commissioner. As a law-writer Mr. Wait was pains- 
taking and accurate. Few legal works have been 
more widely known or more generally cited as 
authority than his. He was the author of " The 
Law and Practice in Civil Actions and Proceed- 
ings in Justices* Courts and on Appeals to the 
County Courts in the State of New York " (2 vols., 
Albany, 1865) ; " New York Annotated Code of 
Procedure " (1871) ; " A Table of Cases affirmed, 
revised, or cited in the Reports of the State of 
New York " (1872) ; " The Practice in Courts of 
Record of the State of New York" (1872); and 
"Wait's Actions and Defences at Law and in 
Equity" (7 vols., 1876-*9). Mr. Wait also edited 
an American edition of Herbert Broom and Edward 
A. Hadley's " Commentaries on the Law of Eng- 
land " (2 vols., Albany, 1875), and prepared a con- 
tinuation of Clinton s " Digest of New York Re- 

S>rts," which was published as 44 Clinton and Wait's 
igest of New York Reports " (1876). 
WAITE, Carlos Adolphus, soldier, b. in 1800; 
d. in Plattsburg, N. Y., 7 May, 1866. He entered 
the U. S. army as 2d lieutenant of infantry, 28 
Jan., 1820, became 1st lieutenant, 1 May, 1828, and 
capUin, 3 July, 1886. From 7 July, 1838, till 8 
May, 1845, he was captain and assistant quarter- 
master. He was appointed major of the 8th in- 
fantry, 16 Feb.. 1847, and served in the Mexican 
war, receiving the brevets of lieutenant-colonel, 20 
Aug., 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
Contreras and Uhurubusco, and colonel. 8 Sept., 
1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Mo- 
lino del Key, where he was severely wounded. He 
was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th infantry on 
10 Nov., 1851, and colonel of the 15th infantry on 
5 June, 1860. In 1864 he was placed on the re- 
tired list, owing to impaired health, and he resided 
in Plattsburg until his death. He was bre vetted 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, 
for long and faithful service in the army. 

WAITE, Charles Bnrlingame, jurist, b. in 
Wayne county, N. Y., 29 Jan., 1824. He was edu- 1 
cated at Knox college, 111., studied law at Gales- 
burg and Rock Island, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1847. After fifteen years* successful prac- 
tice, chiefly in Chicago, he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Lincoln in 1862 associate justice of the su- 
preme court of Utah. In 1865 he resigned this 
post and became district attorney of Idaho, and a 
year later he returned to Chicago, since which time 
he has devoted himself to literary pursuits. Judge 
Waite has published a 44 History of the Christian 
Religion to the Year A. D. 200 " (Chicago, 1881), 
and made numerous contributions to the press on 
suffrage and other politico-legal questions. — His 
wife, Catharine Van Valkenburg, author, b. in 
Dumfries, Canada West, in 1829, was graduated 
at Oberlin in 1853, and married Mr. Waite the next 
vear. In 1859 she established Hyde Park seminary. 
She is a graduate of the Union college of law and 
a member of the Illinois bar. In 1886 she founded 
the "Chicago Law Times," a auarterlv magazine, 
of which she is the editor. Mrs. Waite is active 
in all movements for the advancement of her sex. 
At the International council of women at Wash- 
ington she was elected president of the Woman's I 



WAITE 317 

international bar association, 26 March, 1888. She 
is chief manager of the publishing-firm of C. V. 
Waite and Co., and has published 44 The Mormon 
Prophet and his Harem " (Cambridge, 1865). 

WAITE, Henry Matson, jurist, b. in Lvme, 
Conn., 9 Feb., 1787; d. there, 14 Dec., 1869. ' His 
ancestor, Thomas, who came from England to Mas- 
sachusetts about 1663, is believed to have been a son 
of Thomas Waite,* one of the judges that signed 
the death-warrant of Charles I. Henry was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1809, studied law with Judge 
Matthew Griswold and his brother, Gov. Roger 
Griswold, was admitted to the bar in 1812, and 
practised law in Lyme. In 1815 he was elected 
to the legislature, serving several years as rep- 
resentative and as state senator in 1832-'3. He 
was appointed a judge of the supreme court of 
errors of Connecticut in 1834, and held that place 
and that of judge of the superior court for twenty 
years. In 1854 he was made chief justice of the 
state by the unanimous vote of the legislature. In 
1855 Vale gave him the degree of 1»L. D. — His 
son, Morrison Remick, jurist, b. in Lyme, Conn., 
29 Nov., 1816 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 23 March, 
1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1837, where 
he was a classmate of William M. Evarts, Ben- 
jamin Silliman, and Samuel J. Tilden, and be- 
gan the study of law in his father's office, but in 
1838 travelled extensively, and then completed his 
legal education with Samuel M. Young in Maumee 
City, Ohio. In 1889 he was admitted to the bar, 
and formed a partnership with Mr. Young. He 

§ roved himself capable of grasping all the minute 
etails of legal controversies and rose rapidly. 
The firm removed to Toledo in 1850, and contin- 
ued until his youngest brother, Richard, came to 
the bar, when the two brothers formed a partner- 
ship. Mr. Waite in the mean time had become 
widely known for his successful management of 
difficult cases, and his studious habits and upright 
character. Opposing counsel often said that nis 
assertion on any question of law was unanswer- 
able. During more than three decades he was the 
acknowledged leader of the Ohio bar. Politically 
he was a Whig until the disband men t of that par- 
ty, after which he was a Republican. But he took 
no part in political affairs, although repeatedly so- 
licited to accept a nomination to congress, and he 
declined a seat on the bench of the supreme court 
of Ohio. In 1849 he was a member of the Ohio 
1 legislature. He first attracted national attention as 
counsel for the United States before the tribunal 
of arbitration at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1871-*2, 
his associates being Caleb Cushing and William 
M. Evarts. He assisted in the preparation of the 
case, and was chosen to argue the liability of the 
English government for permitting Confederate 
steamers to be supplied with coal in British ports 
during the civil war, the robust clearness and di- 
rectness of his logic carrying conviction on all 
the points he raised. His argument was pub- 
lished (Geneva, 1872). When he returned in 1872, 
the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by 
Yale. In 1874 he was the choice of both political 
parties as a delegate to the Ohio constitutional con- 
vention, and on its assembling in Cincinnati he was 
unanimously elected its president When the death 
of Chief-Justice Chase had created a vacancy in the 
highest judicial office of the United States, two or 
three eminent jurists were successively nominated 
for the post, but their names were withdrawn. On 
19 Jan., 1874, the president sent to the senate the 
name of Mr. Waite. The nomination met with 
general approval, and the nominee received every 
I vote that was cast. Mr. Waite took the oath of 



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318 WAITE 

office on 4 March, 1874, and immediately entered 
upon its duties. He rigidly enforced the rules and 
precedents of the court in all matters of practice, 
watched the docket, and pushed the business rap- 
idly. The second great period of constitutional 
interpretation began with his first year on the 
bench. The amendments were coming up for ju- 
dicial exposition, and questions were to be settled 
as to the powers of congress, the rights of states, 
and the privileges of citizens. Some of the most 
important corporation cases that were ever argued 
in the United States came before him, involving 
the most intricate questions of interstate com- 
merce. One of his associates on the bench says : 
" His administrative ability was remarkable. None 
of his predecessors more steadily or more wisely 
superintended the court or more carefully ob- 
served all that is necessary to its workings. He 
has written many of the roost important opinions 
of the court — too many to be particularized.'* 
Among these opinions are the decision on the 
head-money-tax cases in 1876, on the polygamy 
cases in 1879, on the election laws in 1880, on the 
powers of removal by the president, and the Vir- 
ginia land cases in 1881, on the civil-rights act 
in 1883, on the Alabama claims, the legal - tender 
act, and the Virginia coupon - tax cases in 1885, 
on the express companies and the extradition cases 
in 1886, and on the Kansas prohibition cases, the 
Virginia debt cases, the national banks, and the 
affair of the Chicago anarchists in 1887. A 
marked feature of Chief-Justice Waite's judicial 
career was the pronounced advocacy of the doc- 
trine of state rights in his opinions. His concep- 
tion of our novel and complex theory of govern- 
ment, and his independence of political considera- 
tions, are clearly shown in the Ku-klux, civil rights, 
and other decisions, in which he did not hesitate 
to set aside Republican legislation if he deemed it 
necessary ; nor was he deterred, by fear of being 
accused of friendliness to large corporations, from 
pronouncing decisions in their favor — for example, 
nis decision on the validity of the Bell telephone 
patents, which was his last official action. He was 
assigned to the 4th circuit, which included Mary- 
land, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Carolinas, 
and also acted as circuit judge in New York in 
consequence of the disability of Justice Ward 
Hunt. He often was known to hurry away from 
a state dinner, to bestow conscientious labor upon 
some important opinion, working late into the 
night. It will be remembered to his honor that 
he never allowed any whisperings of ambition to 
divert his attention from his duties. He made it 
clear to the country in the most emphatic lan- 
guage in 1876 that he would not be considered a 
possible candidate for president He also declined 
to serve on the electoral commission. Judge Waite 
was from 1874 till his death one of the Peabody 
trustees of southern education, continuously served 
on one of the standing committees of that body, 
and was also on the special committee of three that 
urged on congress the bestowal of national aid for 
the education of the southern negroes. Robert C. 
Winthrop, chairman of the trustees, at their an- 
nual meeting in 1888, in the course of remarks on 
Judge Waite's life and character, said of him: 
"Coming to the office without the prestige of 
many, or perhaps of any, of those whom he fol- 
lowed, he had won year by year, and every year, 
the increasing respect and confidence of the whole 
country, and the warm regard and affection of all 
who knew him." Services were held in the capital 
by the two houses of congress before the removal 
of his remains to Toledo. In the U. S. circuit 



WAKEFIELD 



court in Charleston, S. C, where he had often pre- 
sided, members of the bar of that city spoke in his 
praise, especially alluding to his kindliness of man- 
ner and impartiality during the reconstruction pe- 
riod. " Fortunate, indeed, said one of the speak- 
ers, " that there was a man who, amidst the furious 
passions which rent the country and shook the 
land, could hold in his steady and equal hand the 
balances of justice undisturbed." The degree of 
LL. D. was given him by Kenyon in 1874. and by 
the University of Ohio in 1879. Chief-Justice Waite 
was of medium height, broad-shouldered, compact- 
ly built, and erect His step was light and firm, 
and all his movements were quick and decisive. 
His well-poised, classically shaped head was mas- 
sive and thickly covered with handsome grayish 
hair. His manners were graceful and winning, but 
unassuming. He was one of the most genial of 
men, and nis whole bearing commanded instant 
respect His private character was singularly pure 
ana noble. Judge Waite was a member of the 
Protestant Episcopal church, and a regular at- 
tendant on its services. Mrs. Waite, four sons, 
and one daughter survive him. 

WAITE, Henry Randall, editor, b. in Copen- 
hagen, Lewis co., N. Y., 16 Dec, 1845. After 
graduation at Hamilton in 1868, he was on the 
staff of the Utica " Herald " in 1869-'70. In 1878 
he was graduated at Union theological seminary, 
New York city, where he had edited the " Univer- 
sity Quarterly Review." In 1871-'4 he was pastor 
of the American church in Rome, Italy, and he 
was on the staff of the New Haven " Journal " in 
1875. In 1876-'7 he edited the " International 
Review," and in 1876-'80 was pastor of the Pres- 
byterian church in Pelham, N. Y. In 1876 he 
organized the National reform league, and in 
1876-'7 was president of the Political science as- 
sociation of rfew York. In 1880-'8 he was a spe- 
cial officer of the U. S. census. In 1885-6 he 
edited " The Citizen " in Boston, and he afterward 
became editor of " Civics" in New York. In 1885 
he founded the American institute of civics, of 
which he has since been president He was the 
first to employ the term "civics" to designate 
those branches of science that pertain to the ele- 
vation of citizenship. He has published " The Mo- 
tive of St Paul's Life" (Rome. 1873) and "Illit- 
eracy and the Mormon Problem " (Boston, 1885). 

WAKEFIELD, Cyrns, manufacturer, b. in 
Roxbury, Cheshire co., N. H., 7 Feb., 1811 ; d. in 
Boston, Mass., 26 Oct, 1878. About 1827 he went 
to Boston, where he engaged in trade. He origi- 
nated the rattan business m this country, and dis- 
covered several methods of utilizing the rattan 
waste, while of the split rattans he made furniture 
and carriage-bodies. He established a large fac- 
tory for these manufactures in South Reading, 
Mass., where his rattan- works cover seven acres of 
ground. In 1868 South Reading voted to change 
its name to Wakefield, in recognition of his bene- 
factions, particularly the gift of a town-hall that 
cost $100,000. He also gave $100,000 to Harvard, 
and left large bequests to benevolent objects. 

WAKEFIELD, Nancy Amelia Woodbury 
Priestjpoet b. in Royalton, Mass.. 7 Dec, 1886 ; 
d. in Winchendon, Mass., 21 Sent, 1870. Her 
maiden name was Priest, and in 1865 she married 
Lieut Arlington C. Wakefield, Her fame rests on 
the popular poem "Over the River," which first 
appeared in the Springfield, Mass., " Republican " 
in 1857. A collection of her poems was published 
by her mother, Mrs. Francis D. Priest, with a 
memoir by the Rev. Abijah P. Marvin, of Lan- 
caster, Mass. (Boston, 1871). 

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WAKELEY 



WAKELEY, Joseph B M clergyman, b. in Dan- 
bury, Conn., in 1804; d. in New York city, 27 
April, 1876. At an early age he was apprenticed 
to a hat-manufacturer m his native town, but 
studied for the ministry, and was admitted to the 
Methodist Episcopal conference of New York in 
1828. In 1857 he settled in Poughkeepsie, but he 
was subsequently aDpointed pastor of a church in 
Lexington avenue. New York. . He was the author 
of 44 The Heroes of Methodism" (New York, 1856) 
and "Lost Chapters recovered from the Early 
History of American Methodism " (1858) ; edited 
44 Reminiscences," by the Rev. Henry Boehm, Bish- 
op Asbury's travelling companion (1865) ; and also 
publisher 44 Anecdotes of the Wesleys," with an 
introduction by John McClintock (1869). 

WALBACH, John Baptist* de Barth, Baron 
di Walbach, soldier, b. in Munster. valley of St. 
Gregory, upper Rhine, Germany, 3 Oct., 1766; d. 
in Baltimore, Md., 10 June, 1857. He was the third 
son of Count Joseph de Barth, and received his 
military education at Strasburg. In 1786-'92 he 
was a lieutenant in the Lauzun hussars. He re- 
turned to his native land to join the army of the 
Cornte d'Artois, brother of Louis XVI. He was 
present during the campaign of 1702 in Champagne 
in the advance of the Prussian army until it was 
disbanded at Maastricht, on 6 Jan., 1798, partici- 
pated in the attack on Frankfort, and subsequently 
served during the campaign of 1798 in attacks on 
the French lines at Germersheim, Langenkandel, 
and Weissenburg. In October, 1798, he accepted a 
captaincy in the Hussars de Rohan in the German 
service, and took part in covering the retreat of 
the Duke of York upon Holland and Germany. In 
1798 he obtained a six months' leave of absence, 
with a view of visiting his father, who had come to 
the United States at the opening of the French 
revolution. But the father had died in Philadel- 
phia, and his estate had been sold by the sheriff. 
Resigning his commission in the Hussars de Rohan, 
in April 1798, he was appointed aide-de-camp to 
Gen. William Macpherson. He became 1st lieuten- 
ant of U. S. cavalry and adjutant on 10 Jan., 1799, 
was aide-de-camp to Gen. Alexander Hamilton in 
May. assistant adjutant-general to Gen. William 
North in September, and in December was assigned 
to the staff of Gen. Charles C. Pinckney, whom he 
assisted in preparing regulations for the cavalry. 
In February, 1801, he was made 1st lieutenant in 
the regiment of artillerists and engineers, and on 
25 Oct. following^ he was appointed aide-de-camp 
to Gen. J ames Wilkinson. He was retained in 
April, 1802, as 1st lieutenant of artillery, and be- 
came adiutant, 1 Dec., 1804. He was promoted 
captain, 81 Jan., 1806, made assistant deputy quar- 
termaster-general in March, 1812, assistant adju- 
tant-general, with the rank of major, in June, 1813, 
and on 6 Aug., 1818, adjutant-general. He took 
part in the battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, 11 
Nov., 1818. Gen. George W. Cullum, in his 44 Cam- 
paigns and Engineers of the War of 1812-' 15," 
says that the enemy, 44 discovering our disorder and 
slackened fire, pushed vigorously forward and en- 
deavored by a flank movement to capture our can- 
non, when Adjutant-General Walbach, a German 
veteran in our army who had seen much foreign 
service, gave the order to 4 charge mit de dragoons/ 
and thus saved the nieces." On 1 May. 1815, he re- 
ceived the brevet ox lieutenant-colonel 44 for meri- 
torious services." He became major of artillery, 
25 April, 1818, brevet colonel for 44 ten years' favor- 
able service," 1 May, 1825, lieutenant-colonel in 
the 1st regiment of artillery, 30 May, 1832, and colo- 
nel of the 4th artillery, 19 March, 1842. In May, 



WALCOT 319 

1850, he received the brevet of brigadier-general, to 
date from 11 Nov., 1828. Gen. Walbach possessed 
mental and physical vigor till an advanced age. He 
married in Philadelphia in 1807, and had two sons, 
John de Barth, who entered the navy, and Louis 
Augustus de Barth, who was graduated at West 
Point in 1884, and died a captain of ordnance, 26 
June, 1853. 

WALBRIDQE, Arthur Dewey, musical com- 
poser, b. in Gaines, Orleans co., N. Y., 10 April, 
1843 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 14 Dec., 1872. After 
graduation at Princeton in 1867 he studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1871, and practised in 
Rochester. He was the author of the words and 
music of several popular songs, including 44 Now I 
lay me down to Sleep" (1866); "Sleeping where 
the Daisies grow " (1870) ; " Baby meets me on the 
Stairs" 0871); and college songs. 

WALBRIDQE, Hiram, lawyer, b. in Ithaca, 
N. Y., 2 Feb., 1821 ; d. in New York city, 6 Dec., 
1870. He removed to Ohio with his parents at an 
early age, was educated at the university of that 
state, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, 
was elected colonel of militia the same year, and 
in 1848 he was appointed brigadier-general. With 
others he formed a plan to establish four news- 
papers in Texas, to advocate the independence 
of that country, and to create an anti-annexation 
sentiment ; but the annexation of Texas rendered 
their enterprise futile, and Wal bridge returned to 
Toledo, whence he removed to New York in 1847 
to engage in commercial transactions. He was 
elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 5 
Dec., 1858, till 3 March, 1855, and advocating a 
Pacific railroad bill and the introduction of a 
bill to regulate the militia of the seas, which at- 
tracted public attention. He was a personal friend 
of President Lincoln, and during the war he fre- 
quently addressed the boards of trade in western 
cities, advocating a support of the government. He 
was vice-president of the National commercial con- 
vention at Chicago, and subsequently presided at 
similar conventions in Detroit and Louisville. At 
these meetings he advocated free banking, a re- 
duction of taxation, and the development of the 
resources of the west. — His brother, Henry S. (1809- 
1869), served in congress as a Whig from 1 Dec, 

1851, till 3 March, 1853, and was a judge of the 
supreme court of New York. He was killed in a 
railroad accident in the Bergen tunnel, near Ho- 
boken, N. J. 

WALCOT. Charles Melton, actor, b. in Lon- 
don, England, in 1815 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 
May, 1868. He was educated at Eton, and became 
an architect, but left his profession for the stage, 
came to this country, made his first appearance in 
1889 in Charleston, S. C, and acquired popularity. 
He frequently played at the old Olympic theatre 
and at Wallace's, but in 1866 removed to Phila- 
delphia. He was particular! v excellent in eccentric 
comedy, and was also a prolific playwright. Among 
his original and arranged plays are * 4 The Course of 
True Love " (1889); 4 - Washington, or Valley Forge" 
(1842) ; 44 The Custom of the Country " (1848) ; 44 The 
Haunted Man" (1848); 44 David Copperfield" 
(1848) ; 44 Hoboken ,} (1849) ; 44 Edith " (1849) ; 44 One 
Cast for Two Suits" (1854); 44 Hiawatha (1855) ; 
and 44 A Good Fellow" (1857). His songs include 
44 My Love is a Sailor Boy " and 14 My own Little 
Rose."— His son, Charles Melton, actor, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 1 Julv, 1840. was graduated at St 
John's college, Fordham, N. Y., in 1858, and in 
that year made his dibut in Charleston. He is 
successful in light comedy and is a member of the 
Lyceum theatre company of New York. 



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320 



WALCOTT 



WALDEN 



WALCOTT, Charles Doollttle, palaeontolo- 

S'st, b. in New York Mills, N. Y M 31 March, 1850. 
e was educated in public schools in Utica, N. Y., 
and in 1870 turned his attention to geological work 
in the central part of the state. In 1876 he became 
assistant to James Hall, the state geologist, and in 
1879 he was appointed assistant geologist on the 
U. S. geological survey. His first work was in 
southern Utah, and in 1882 he was enraged in the 
survey of the Eureka district in Nevada. In 1883 
he investigated the geology of the Grand cafion of 
the Colorado, and in 1884 devoted his attention to 
the Cambrian geology of New York and eastern 
Vermont Subsequently he was engaged in ex- 
amining the deposits of Deer creek coal-field in 
Arizona and the palasozoic area in central Texas. 
In June, 1883, he was appointed palaeontologist in 
charge of the palaeozoic division of invertebrate 
paleontology of the U. S. geological survey. He 
is a member of scientific societies, and since 1882 
has been a fellow of the American association for 
the advancement of science. His bibliography in- 
cludes papers in scientific journals, the transactions 
of learned societies, and the volumes of the U. S. 
geological survey. 

WALDECK, Jean Frlderlc de, archaeologist, 
b. in Paris, France, 16 March, 1766; d. there, 30 
April, 1875. When nineteen years of age he went 
with Levaillant to the Cape of Good Hope, and 
made explorations in South Africa. On his return 
to Paris in 1788 
he began to studv 
art under the guid- 
ance of David and 
Prud'hon, and this 
experienceenabled 
him to make au- 
thentic records of 
his travels, espe- 
cially those in Cen- 
tral America. He 
was present at the 
siege of Toulon in 
1793, and in 1794 
joined the army in 
Italy. In 1798 he 
followed the expe- 
dition to Egypt, 
but did not serve, 
and, when Napo- 
leon's plans failed, 
he decided to travel in Africa. With four com- 
panions, he left Assouan, crossed the desert of 
Dongola, and passed the l)ji hel-el-Eumery. The 
four travellers, however, succumbed to fatigue and 
sickness, and De Waldeck alone lived to reach the 
coast, after four months of wearv travel, danger, 
and privation. He returned to France, and sub- 
sequently embarked for the Mauritius, going from 
there to* the Indian ocean. In 1819 he visited 
Chili with Lord Cochrane, and went upon an 
archaeological expedition to Guatemala. He re- 
turned to England in 1822 and settled in I/on- 
don, where he was engaged in making the litho- 
graphs to illustrate a work bv Capt. del Rio on 
the ruins of Palenque and Chiapas. From his 
own observations he was led to believe that these 
designs were incorrect, and he determined to visit 
the ruins. He left England for Mexico, as engineer 
for the silver-mines of Tlalpujahua, and, after re- 
maining there a short time, visited the Toltec and 
Aztec ruins. The French government had ^raiited 
him a pension of 2,000 francs in 1826, and with this 
encouragement he spent several years in studying 
the details of the Palenque ruins, making drawings 




of them and maps of the country, and collecting 
specimens of the flora and fauna. Having lost the 
greater part of his sketches and note-books, he was 
obliged to give up his researches, and returned to 
Europe after twelve years spent in America. On 
his return he pursued his archaeological studies, 
and sold his drawings of the Palenaue ruins to the 
French government They were published in 1863, 
and De Waldeck was engaged to make the litho- 
graphs, though he had passed his hundredth year. 
Two of his Mexican pictures were exhibited in i869, 
under the title of "Loisir du centenaire," In the 
same year he sent the senior editor of this work 
the original picture from which the accompany- 
ing portrait and autograph are taken. In 1870 he 
exhibited " Ruins of the Province of Tzendales." 
While in Mexico he discovered in a convent of 
nuns the unique copy of a work of Aretino, with 
illustrations by Jules Romain and Marc Antonio 
Raimondi, which had caused the banishment of 
the two artists, and had been confiscated and de- 
stroyed by the Inquisition, the copy deposited in 
the archives being afterward abstracted and find- 
ing its way to Mexico. M. de Waldeck was made 
a member of the Council of American archaeology. 
He spent the last forty years of his life in Paris, 
retaining his faculties to the end. He published 
" Voyage archasologique et pittoresque dans la Yu- 
catan " (Paris, 1837), and, with Brasseur de Bour- 
bourg, " Monuments anciensdu Mexique, Palenque, 
et autres mines de l'ancienne civilisation " (1866). 

WALDEN, John Morgan, M. E. bishop, b. in 
Lebanon, Warren co., Ohio, 11 Feb., 1831. He was 
graduated at Farmers' (now Belmont) college, near 
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1852, and engaged in educa- 
tional work for two years and in editorial work for 
four years, during the last year and a half of which 
he was editor and publisher of a free-state paper 
in Kansas*. He was also a member of the Topeka 
legislature, and of the Leavenworth constitutional 
convention at the time of its adoption of a consti- 
tution in 1858, under which he was elected super- 
intendent of public instruction. In September of 
that year he left Kansas and entered, as a minister, 
the Cincinnati conference of the Methodist Epis- 
copal church, where he occupied several important 
posts. After a few years he was elected correspond- 
ing secretary of the Freedmen's aid commission, an 
undenominational society. He remained in this 
office until August, 1866, when, on the organization 
of the Freedmen's 
aid society of the 
Methodist Episco- 
pal church, he was 
chosen its first cor- 
responding secre- 
tary, and he has 
been officially con- 
nected with it ever 
since, being its pres- 
ident at the present 
time. In 1868 he was 
elected one of the 
publishing agentsof 
the Western Meth- 
odist book concern, 
and he held that 
post sixteen years. 
He was a member of 
every general con- 
, ferenee from 1868 
till 1884, when he 
! was elected bishop. He is a man of great in- 
! dustry and capacity for business, givine atten- 
| tion to everything that is committed to nis care. 




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WALDERSEE, Mary, Countess von, b. in New 
York city, 3 Oct., 1837. She is the daughter of 
David Lee, a New York merchant, who left his 
widow and five children a large fortune. The 
second daughter, 
Blanche, married 
Augustus Charles 
Murray, a com- 
mander in the 
British navy, and 
the third, Jose- 
phine, married 
Baron August von 
Waechter, ambas- 
sador of the king 
of Wurtemberg to 
the French court. 
The baroness sent 
for her youngest 
sister, Mary, to 
live with her in 
Paris, where she 
met and married 
Prince Frederick 
of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein-Sonderburg.- 
Augustenburg-NoeY, who had been driven into exile 
by the A ustro- Prussian army in 1864. Miss Lee, 
however, not wishing to be trammelled by the ex- 
acting etiquette that attaches to high rank, induced 
the prince to renounce his rights and titles as a 
member of the royal house of Denmark. He subse- 
quently accepted from the emperor of Austria the 
title of Prince of Noe>, the name of his principal 
estate. The prince died shortly after his marriage 
while on a visit to the Holy Land, 2 July, 1865, 
and the princess then returned to Paris, where she 
resided with the Baroness Waechter until the be- 
ginning of the Franco-Prussian war, when she ac- 
companied the latter to Wurtemberg. In 1871 
she married Count von Waldersee, the successor of 
Field-Marshal von Moltke, and lived with him for 
some time at Hanover. There she soon became 
widely known through her interest in local chari- 
ties. Since she has resided in Berlin she has been 
equallv zealous in good works. She was for years 
the friend of Emperor Frederick William, of'Ger- 
many, and of the Empress Victoria. 

WALDO.Alblgence, surgeon, b. in Pomfret, 
Conn., 27 Feb., 1750; d. in Windham county, 
Conn., 29 Jan., 1794. He was educated bv the 
clergyman of his native town, studied medicine, 
and acquired an extensive practice. On 1 July, 
1775, he was appointed surgeon's mate of the 8th 
regiment, under Col. Jedediah Huntington, which 
was then stationed in Roxbury, but, owing to im- 
paired health, he was discharged on 6 Sept., 1775. 
On 14 Dec, 1776, he was appointed by the com- 
mittee of war of Connecticut chief surgeon of the 
ship "Oliver Cromwel,," and on 3 April, 1777, he 
joined Col. Huntington's newly raised regiment as 
surgeon, and served in the campaigns in New 
Jersey and Pennsylvania. At Monmouth and 
Valley Forge his professional service in the inocu- 
lation for small-pox gained him much reputation. 
He was a friend of David Humphreys, who in his 
" Life of General Putnam," acknowledges Dr. Wal- 
do's aid in its compilation. He was a founder of 
the Medical society in Windham county, which 
was the first society in Connecticut. Dr. Waldo left 
numerous medical and surgical treatises in manu- 
script, illustrated by well-executed drawings, and 
also a large collection of valuable historical docu- 
ments. His diarv at Valley Forge was published 
in the u Historical Magazine " (New York, 1861). 
vol. vi. — 21 



WALDO, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Windham, 
Conn., 10 Sept., 1702; d. in Syracuse, N. Y., 80 
July, 1864. His early years were spent on his 
father's farm, and in 1778 he entered the Revolu- 
tionary army for a month's service during a time 
of imminent peril in New London. Afterward he 
enlisted as a volunteer in the service of the state. 
He was captured at the battle of Horseneck. and 
imprisoned in the sugar-house in New York, where 
he endured many hardships, but after two months 
he was exchanged, and then resumed his labors on 
the farm. After graduation at Yale in 1788 he 
studied theology, was licensed to preach by the 
association of Windham county, and from 1792 
till 1809 was pastor of the Congregational church 
in West Suffolk, Conn., with the interval of a few 
months of missionary labor in Pennsylvania and 
New York. He then preached in Colchester, Sa- 
lem, and Cambridgeport, Mass., and went to Rhode 
Island to labor in the cause of education under the 
protection of the Society for promoting Christian 
knowledge. He was also pastor in Harvard, Mass., 
and at Exeter, R. I., where he labored twelve 
years, after which he retired. In 1855, at the age 
of ninety-three, he was made chaplain of the house 
of representatives. He was familiarly known as 
" Fatner Waldo," and is one of several undoubted 
centenarians mentioned in this work. 

WALDO, Leonard, astronomer, b. in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, 4 March, 1853. He was graduated at 
Marietta in 1873, and, after spending a few months 
at the Cincinnati observatory, entered the Colum- 
bia college school of mines and became assistant 
in astronomy in 1878. In the following year he 
was appointed assistant astronomer on the expedi- 
tion that was sent to Hobart Town, Tasmania, to 
observe the transit of Venus. He was appointed 
assistant at the Harvard observatory in 1875. and 
continued there until 1880, after which, until 1887, 
he was astronomer in charge of the horoiogical 
bureau of the Winchester observatory of Yale, 
where his work included the comparison of ther- 
mometers with standard instruments. He was 
also active in causing the introduction of a uni- 
form time system in Connecticut. The degree of 
S. D. was conferred on him by Harvard for origi- 
nal investigations in 1879, and he received the 
degree of A. M. from Yale in 1880. He has con- 
tributed reports of his astronomical researches to 
scientific journals, and is the author of cyclopaedia 
articles and popular papers on technical subjects. 

WALDO, Samuel, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 
in 1696; d. on Penobscot river. Me., 23 May, 1759. 
His father. Jonathan, was a wealthy merchant of 
Boston, and was a brigadier-general at the capture 
of Louisburg. The son was a landed proprietor, re- 
sided at Falmouth, Me., and commanded a regi- 
ment at Louisburg. There were remarkable coin- 
cidences between his life and that of his friend, Sir 
William Pepperell. They lived in Maine, were 
councillors together, commanded regiments, and 
were together at Louisburg, passed a year together 
in England, were born the same year, and died 
nearly at the same time. His family exercised 
much' influence in Maine on account of their im- 
mense estate. — His son, Samuel, jurist, b. in 
Maine in 1721 ; d. there, 16 April, 1770, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1743, and settled in Falmouth, 
where he was elected a member of the general 
court in 1744. In that year he was also commis- 
sioned a colonel in the British army. In 1753 he 
went to Europe with authority from his father to 
procure emigrants to settle the Waldo patent, and 
was successful in this mission. In 1760 he was ap- 
pointed judge of probate for Cumberland county. 



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WALDO 



WALDSTEIN 



retaining this office until his death, and thus hold- 
ing the first probate courts in Maine. For eight 
years he was a member of the legislature. — An- 
other son, Francis, b. in Falmouth, Me., in 1723 ; 
d. in London, England, in 1784, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1 747. He was appointed collector of the 
first custom-house in Maine in 1758. his authority 
extending from Cape Porpus to the Kennebec, 
and held this post until 1770. In 1703 he issued, 
44 in pursuance of strict orders from the surveyor- 
general, a proclamation against smuggling rum, 
sugar, and molasses, which had previously been 
winked at, and the officers were directed to execute 
the law with rigor." In 1762-'3 he was a repre- 
sentative to the general court from Falmouth, out, 
forfeiting the favor of the popular party, he was 
not re-elected. After the burning of Falmouth he 
went to England, and never returned, for in 1778 
he was proscribed and banished as a loyalist, and 
his property, which passed to the state under the 
confiscation act, was sold in 1782. 

WALDO, Samuel Lovett, artist, b. in Wind- 
ham, Conn., 6 April, 1783; d. in New York city, 16 
Feb., 1861. He had art instruction in his native 
state, and painted in Charleston, S. C. He went to 
London in 1806, and three years later opened a 
studio in New York, where he remained until his 
death. He was successful as a portrait-painter, and 
was elected an associate of the National academy 
in 1847. His likeness of Peter Kemsen is owned by 
the New York historical society, and several of his 
portraits are in the city-hall. New York. About 
1812 William Jewett came to him for instruction, 
but proved so useful that they formed a partner- 
ship. They jointlv executed several works, in which 
they were successful. Among these is one of John 
Trumbull, the painter, and another of Chief-Jus- 
tice Andrew Kirkpatrick, of New Jersey. 

WALDO, Samuel Pntnam, author, b. in Con- 
necticut in 1780; d. in Hartford, Conn., in March, 
1826. He was the author of 44 Narrative of a Tour 
of Observation made during the Summer of 1817, 
by James Monroe, President of the United States, 
with Sketch of his Life " (Philadelphia, 1818 ; Hart- 
ford, 1820); "Memoirs of Gen. Andrew Jackson" 

i Hartford, 1820) ; 44 Life and Character of Stephen 
)ecatur " (2d ed., Middletown, Conn., 1821) ; and 
"Biographical Sketches of Com. Nicholas Biddle, 
Paul Jones, Edward Preble, and Alexander Mur- 
ray " (Hartford, 1823). He also prepared for pub- 
lication Archibald Robbins's 44 Journal of the Loss 
of the Brig 'Commerce' upon the Western Coast 
of Africa." (See Riley, James.) 

WALDRON, Richard, soldier, b. in Alcester, 
England, 2 Sept.. 1615; d. in Dover, N. H., 27 
June, 1689. He came to this country first in 
1635, and, remaining two years, made some land 
purchases and returned to England. There he 
married, and came in 1640 to reside permanently 
at Cocheco (now Dover), N. H. He was elected a 
representative to the general court at Boston in 
16b4-'76, and in 1666- 8 was speaker of the house, 
also in 1673, 1674, and 1679. In 1672 he was given 
commission as captain, and in 1674 he was made 
sergeant-major in the military force* of the prov- 
ince. In 16H0 he became major-general. In Janu- 
ary, 1G80, he was elected one of the first council- 
lors of the province. In 1681, upon the death of 
President John Cutts, Waldron was chosen as 
deputy president to fill the place made vacant. His 
command over the military forces threw him into 
constant association with the Indians. Owinjr to 
trouble in 1676, they treasured up a grudge against 
him, which culminated in his death thirteen years 
later in a barbarous manner. — His son, Richard, b. 



in Dover, N. H., in 1650 ; d. there, 80 Nov., 1780, 
was deputy to the first assembly in 1680, a coun- 
cillor in 1681, chief justice of the court of common 
pleas, judge of probate, and for many years chief 
military officer of New Hampshire. He repre- 
sented Portsmouth. N. H., at Boston in 1691. In 
1681 he married Hannah Cutts, a daughter of 
President Cutts, who died with her infant son 
the following year. In 1693 he married Eleanor, 
a daughter of Richard Vaughan, and grandniece 
of John Cutts.— Their son, Richard, b. in Ports- 
mouth, N. H., 21 Feb., 1694; d. there in 1753, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1712, was a judge 
and councillor and secretary of the province in 
1T37. He was for many years widely known as 
Secretary Waldron. He married Elizabeth West- 
brooke, daughter of Col. Thomas Westbrooke, 31 
Dec., 1718. — Their great-grandson, Edmund 
Quincy Sheafe, clergyman, t>. in Dover, N. H., 6 
July, 1812; d. in Pikesville. Md., 16 April, 1888, 
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1833. and was for 
many years a professor in New York and Phila- 
delphia. Later he read law, and went into practice 
in Cincinnati in 1842. On 15 Dec., 1847. after be- 
coming a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, and 
studying divinity under Bishop Kenrick, he waa 
ordained priest. Before his ordination he was 
professor of belles-lettres in the University of St. 
Louis. His first pastorate was the southern half 
of New Jersey, and next the Cathedral church of 
Philadelphia, where he remained eight years, found- 
ing a Magdalen home, and St. Vincent's asylum 
for the care of infants. From 1857 till 1860 he had 
charge of St Matthew's church at Washington, 
D. C. From 1860 till 1869 he was president of 
Borromeo college, Pikesville, Md. He resigned his 
office in 1869, and the last nine years of his life 
were spent in the seclusion of a home for aged and 
infirm clergymen in Pikesville. 

WALDSEEM tlLLER, Martin (valt -zay-muel - 
ler). German geographer, b. in Freiburg about 1470 ; 
d. after 1522. He published an " Introduction to 
Cosmography, with the Four Voyages of Americus 
Vespucius " (1507), in which he advocated the ap- 
plication of the name America to the New World. 

WALDSTEIN, Charles, archaeologist, b. in New 
York city, 30 March, 1856. He studied at Colum- 
bia in 18'71-'3 and at the University of Heidelberg 
in 1873-'5, where he received the degree of Ph. D. 
on completing his course. In 1876 he was at 
Leipsic, but in October of that year he went to 
London, where he studied in the British museum. 
He delivered a course of art lectures in the mu- 
seum during that winter, then spent the greater 
part of the years 1878-'9 in Italy and Greece, and 
was present at the German excavation at Olympia. 
On his return to England in 1880 he delivered lec- 
tures in various places, becoming university lec- 
turer in classical archaeology in Cambridge in that 
year. His influence was soon felt by the art stu- 
j ilents there, and in 1882 he was made 44 reader" in 
Greek art in the university (a new form of profes- 
' sorship). He turned his attention toward founding 
a new archaeological school, and for its purposes 
I a museum of art has l>een created in connection 
with the Fitzwilliain museum, of which latter in- 
' stitution he has since 1883 been a director. In 
| 1888, while still holding his appointments in Cam- 
| bridge, he was called to the directorship of the 
I American school of archaeology at Athens. Hia 
1 reputation has been gained chiefly by his discov- 
eries, among which are that the so-called 44 A pol- 
ios" are simply athletes, the identification of a 
I head found in the Louvre as the work of Pheidias, 
I and that of a Hermes in Ephesian silver-work on a 



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323 



patera from Bernay in France. In April, 1883, he 
delivered a course of lectures before trie Royal in- 
stitute of Great Britain, and in 1886 he lectured at 
Columbia college, New York citv. The honorarv 
degrees of A. M. in 1882 and of" L. H. D. in 188*7 
were conferred on him by Columbia, and those of 
A. M. in 1882 and Litt. D. in 1887 by Cambridge. 
Dr. Waldstein is one of the foreign editors of the 
"American Journal of Archaeology," and he has 
contributed on his specialties to journals on both 
sides of the Atlantic. He has also published " The 
Balance of Emotion and Intellect" (London, 1878) 
and 41 Essay s on the Art of Pheidias " (1885). 

WALES, James Albert, caricaturist, b. in 
Clyde, Ohio, 30 Aug.. 1852: d. in New York, 6 
Dec, 1886. After leaving school, he apprenticed 
himself to a wood-engraver in Toledo, Dut soon 
afterward went to Cincinnati, and thence to Cleve- 
land, where he drew cartoons for the 44 Leader " 
during the presidential canvass of 1872. After 
working for some time in Chicago and Cleveland, 
he went to New York in 1873, and two years later 
secured an engagement on an illustrated news- 
piper. Afterward he was employed on 41 Puck," 
in which some of his best works appeared. In 
1881 he went abroad, and after his return he be- 
came one of the founders of 44 The Judge," and was 
for some time its chief cartoonist. He returned to 
44 Puck" in 1885. Wales was the only prominent 
caricaturist of the newer school who was a native 
American. He was clever at portraiture, and pro- 
duced some excellent cartoons. 

WALES. Philip Skinner, surgeon, b. in An- 
napolis, Md., 27 Feb., 1837. He was educated at 
the University of Maryland, and, after a course of 
study in the medical department there, settled in 
Baltimore, and finally in Washington. He en- 
tered the navy as an assistant surgeon, 7 Aug., 
1856, was commissioned surgeon, 12 Oct., 1861, 
and served in the steamer 44 Fort Jackson," of the 
North Atlantic and Western Gulf squadrons, in 
1862-'5. He was a member of the board of exam- 
iners in 1873-'4, commissioned medical inspector. 
30 June, 1873, and appointed surgeon-general of 
the navy and chief of the bureau of medicine and 
surgery* on 26 Jan., 1880, serving until 27 March, 
1884. When President Garfield was shot he as- 
sisted in attendance for a short time. While he 
was chief of the bureau of medicine, unscrupu- 
lous clerks in his office contrived to defraud the 
government, and he was tried by a court-martial 
and suspended for five years for neglect of duty, 
though acquitted of all real responsibility for the 
acts of his subordinates. He is a member of va- 
rious medical societies, and the author of " Me- 
chanical Therapeutics" (Philadelphia, 1867); 44 A 
New Method of controlling the velum Palati " 
in the New York 44 Medical Record " for Novem- 
ber, 1875; "A New Rectal Dilator and Explorer" 
(Washington, 1877); and papers in the 44 American 
Journal of Medical Science " and in the 44 Phila- 
delphia Medical and Surgical Reporter." He has 
in preparation a large work on medical science. 

WALES, Salem Howe, journalist, b. in Wales, 
Hampden co., Mass., 4 Oct., 1825. He was edu- 
cated at common schools and in Utica (N. Y.) acad- 
emy, engaged in journalism, and was associated in 
the publication of the 44 Scientific American." He 
was president of the department of parks, New 
York citv, in 1873, the Republican candidate for 
mayor of New York in 1874, president of the de- 
partment of docks in 1876, and of the park com- 
mission in 1880-'5. He wrote a series of letters on 
European travel in 1855 and 1867 for the New York 
44 Sun " and 44 Scientific American." 



WALES, Samuel, educator, b. in Raynham, 
Mass., 2 March, 1748 ; d. in New Haven. Conn., 18 
Feb., 1794. He was descended from Nathaniel 
Wales, an emigrant from England, who landed at 
Boston, Mass., in 1635. Samuel was graduated at 
Yale in 1767, was minister of Milford in 1770-'82, 
and in the latter year received the degree of D. D. 
from Yale, where he was professor of divinity from 
12 June, 1782, till his death. He published 44 Dan- 
gers of Our National Prosperity," an election ser- 
mon (Hartford, 1785). — His son, John, senator, b. 
in New Haven, Conn., 31 July, 1788; d. in Wil- 
mington, Del., 3 Dec, 1863, was graduated at Yale 
in 1801, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
began practice in his native state. After practis- 
ing for two years in Baltimore, he removed in 1815 
to Wilmington, Del., where he continued to follow 
his profession for about thirty years. He was one 
of the original promoters of Delaware college, 
president of one of the oldest banks in Wilming- 
ton, and bore a principal part in obtaining the city 
charter, and in the earlier steps to construct the 
railway between Philadelphia and Baltimore by 
way of Wilmington. In 1845 Mr. Wales was ap- 
Dointed secretary of state of Delaware, and in 
March, 1849, he was elected to the U. S. senate to 
fill the unexpired term of John M. Clayton, who 
had entered the cabinet of President Taylor. Mr. 
Wales served in the senate till 3 March, 1851, when 
he was succeeded by James A. Bayard. 

WALES, William, English astronomer, b. 
about 1734; d. in London, England, in 1798. He 
was sent by the British government to Hudson 
bay to observe the transit of Venus in 1769, and 
afterward accom^nied Capt. James Cook on his 
second and third voyages, becoming on his return 
to England mathematical master of Christ's hos- 
pital and secretary to the board of longitude. Be- 
sides other works, he published 44 General Observa- 
tions made at Hudson's Bav" (London, 1772). 

WALKE, Henry, naval officer, b. in Princess 
Ann county, Va., 24 Dec., 1808. He was ap- 
pointed from 
Ohio a mid- 
shipman in the 
navy, 1 Feb., 
1827, became a 
passed mid- 
shipman, 10 
June, 1833, and 
a lieutenant, 9 
Feb., 1839, and 
during the 
Mexican war 
served in the 
Gulf squadron 
as executive 
of the bomb 
brig 44 Vesuvi- 
us, was pres- 
ent at the cap- 
ture of Vera 
Cruz and par- 
ticipated in the S 
expeditions to Alvarado, Tobasco, and Tuspan. 
He was promoted to commander, 14 Sept., 1855, 
and during the secession excitement in tne south- 
ern states he was at Pensacola navy-yard, where 
he assisted in the removal of Lieut. Adam J. Slem- 
mer's command to Fort Pickens, by which that 
fort was saved to the Union. In January, 1861, 
he was ordered to Vera Cruz, but took the respon- 
sibility of conveying the loyal officers, seamen, 
and marines, with their families, to New York, 
when the navy-yard was seized by the secessionists. 




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WALKEM 



WALKER 



He was court-martialed for this disobedience of 
orders, and reprimanded bv the secretary of the 
navy ; but as this reprimand was published by Sec. 
Gideon Welles, it was more of a compliment to 
him for his good judgment than a censure for the 
disobedience of orders. He commanded the steamer 
"Mount Vernon " from May till September, 1801, 
after which he was assigned to difty in the Mis- 
sissippi river flotilla, where he served with ability 
until September, 1863. He commanded the gun- 
boat " Taylor " and the squadron of gun-boats at 
the battle of Belmont in co-operation with Gen. 
Grant, by whom he was complimented for his ser- 
vices in protecting the retreat. He had the gun- 
boat "Carondelet * in the engagement and capture 
of Fort Henry, 6 Feb., 1862, for which he, with 
other officers of Flag-Officer Foote's squadron, re- 
ceived a vote of thanks from congress and the 
state of Ohio. With the same vessel he was in the 
capture of Fort Donelson, 13-16 Feb., 1862, during 
which he bore the brunt of the engagement. In 
this ship he ran the batteries of Island No. 10, 17 
March, 1862, a feat that had never been performed 
before by the Mississippi river flotilla. It was done 
at night during a violent storm with only the light- 
ning and the flashes of the ener../s guns to indi- 
cate tho course down the river. After this he 
led in the "Carondelet" at the battle at Fort 
Pillow, 11 May. 1862, and at Memphis, 6 June. 

1862, when the Confederate gun-boats were captured 
and sunk, during which contest he chiefly engaged 
the ram " Arkansas." He was commissioned a 
captain, 16 July, 1862, and took command of the 
iron-clad ram " Lafayette/' in which he ran the 
batteries at Vicksburg, and served in the battle of 
Grand Gulf, Miss., 29 April, 1863. He dispersed 
Gen. Richard Taylor's army at Simmsport, La., 
and blockaded the mouth of Red river, 4 June. 

1863. He was transferred to the steamer " Fort 
Jackson," 24 July. 1863. and continued to render 
valuable services on the Mississippi river until 24 
Sept., 1863, when he was detached and placed in 
command of the steamer " Sacramento " to chase 
the " Alabama." He was promoted to commodore, 
25 July, 1806, and to rear-admiral, 13 July, 1870. 
and voluntarily went on the retired list, 26 April, 
1871. He is the author of " Naval Scenes in the 
Civil War " (New York, 1877). He is a good artist, 
and his sketches of the scenes in the civil war are 
valuable additions to the above-mentioned work. 

WALKEM, George Anthony, Canadian jurist, 
b. in Newry, Ireland. 14 Nov., 1834, and came to 
Canada with his father, Charles, who was on the 
Roval engineer staff in Canada. He was educated 
at ^IcGilT college, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar of Lower Canada in 1855. He settled 
in British Columbia in 1862. was a member of the 
legislature for several years preceding the union 
in 1807, appointed a member of the executive coun- 
cil, 12 Jan., 1872. and was chief commissioner of 
lands and works from that date till 23 Dec., of the 
same vear, when he became attorney-general. He 
held this portfolio till 11 Feb.. 1874, when he be- 
came premier. He occupied the latter office again 
in 1H7H, was appointed puisne judge of the supreme 
court of British Columbia in 1882, and became re- 
vi*ing-officer in 1885. In June, 1H74. he was a 
delegate from British Columbia to England to pre- 
sent the case of that province on the subject of 
the differences between it and the Dominion gov- 
ernment relative to the construction of the Cana- 
dian Pacific railway, which differences wen 1 ami- 
cably settled bv the friendly intervention of I»rd 
Carnarvon. Mr. Walkem is president of the l^aw 
society of British Columbia, a. fellow of the 



Royal geographical society, and a member of the 
British association for the advancement of sci- 
ence.— His brother, Richard Thomas, lawyer, 
b. in Waterford, Ireland, 30 Sept., 1840, was edu- 
cated at McGill college, studied law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1865, and began practice in Kings- 
ton. He became aueen's counsel in 1880, the same 
year was appointed professor of eouity in Queen's 
university, Kingston, which chair ne still fills, and 
since 1884 has been vice-president of the art-school. 
He has been a delegate to the synod of the diocese 
of Ontario for twenty years, and for fifteen years 
to the provincial synod. He published a work on 
" Wills " (Toronto, 1874), and " The Married Wom- 
en's Propertv Acts" (1875). 

WALKEft, Abraham Joseph, jurist, b. near 
Nashville, Tenn., in 1818; d. in Montgomery, i\la., 
25 April, 1872. He was graduated at Nashville 
university in 1838, admitted to the bar in 1841. 
and began practice at Jacksonville, Ala., in 1842. 
He became a successful lawyer and Democratic 
legislator, and in 1852 removed to Talladega. He 
was appointed one of the state chancellors in 1854. 
was jud^e of the state supreme court in 1856-'9, 
and its chief justice in 1859-'68. 

WALKER, Alexander, journalist, b. in Fred- 
ericksburg. Va., 13 Oct., 1819. He received a good 
education, taught while pursuing legal studies, was 
graduated at the law department of the University 
of Virginia, and removed to New Orleans. La., 
where he practised law and became a journalist at 
the same time. He was the editor of the" Jeffer- 
sonian," whioh was established as the organ of 
the lx>uisiana Democracy, and afterward of the 
"Delta," the "Times," the "Herald," the "Pica- 
yune," and for some time of the Cincinnati " En- 
quirer." He was appointed judge of the city 
court of New Orleans bv the governor, and in 
January, 1861, was a member of the secession con- 
vention of Louisiana. He has published "Jackson 
and New Orleans " (New York, 1856) : " Life of 
Andrew Jackson"; and, during the civil war. "His- 
tory of the Battle of Shiloh (New Orleans) and 
"Butler at New Orleans." 

WALKER, Am ana, political economist, b. in 
Woodstock. Conn., 4 May, 1799; d. in Brookfleld, 
Mass., 29 Oct., 1875. He received a district-school 
education in 
North Brook- 
field, where 
among his fel- 
low - students 
was William C. 
Bryant. In 1814 
he entered com- 
mercial life, and 
in 1820 formed 
a partnership 
with Allen New- 
ell in North 
Brookfield. but 
three years later 
withdrew to be- 
come the agent 
of the Met h li- 
en manufacture 
ingcompany. In 
i 1825 he formed 
I with Charles <J. 
I Carleton the 

! firm of Carleton and Walker, of Boston, Mass., 
I but in 1827 he went into business independently. 
In 1840 he withdrew permanently from commer- 
cial affairs, and in 1842 he went to Oberlin, Ohio, 
i on account of his great interest in the college 




Digitized by Google 



WALKER 



WALKER 



there, and gave lectures on political economy at 
that institution until 1848. After serving in the 
legislature, he became the Free-soil and Democratic 
candidate for speaker, and in 1849 was chosen to 
the Massachusetts senate, where he introduced a 
plan for a sealed-ballot law, which was enacted in 
1851, and carried a bill providing that Webster's 
Dictionary should be introduced into the com- 
mon schools of Massachusetts. He was elected 
secretary of state in 1851, re-elected in 1852, and 
in 1853 was chosen a member of the convention 
for revising the state constitution, becoming the 
chairman of the committee on suffrage. He was 
appointed in 1853 one of the examiners in politi- 
cal economy in Harvard, and held that office un- 
til 1860, and in 1859 he began an annual course 
of lectures on that subject in Amherst, which he 
continued until 1869. Meanwhile, in 1859, he was 
again elected to the Massachusetts legislature, and 
in 1860 he was chosen a member of the electoral 
college of that state, casting his ballot for Abraham 
Lincoln. He was also elected as a Republican to 
congress, and served from 1 Dec., 1862, till 3 March, 
1863. Mr. Walker is best known for his work in 
advocating new and reformatory measures. In 
1839 he urged a continuous all-rail route of com- 
munication between Boston and Mississippi river, 
and during the same year he became president of 
the Boston temperance society, the first total ab- 
stinence association in that city. He was active 
in the anti-slavery movement, though not to the 
extent of recommending unconstitutional methods 
for its abolition, and in 1848 he was one of the 
founders of the Free-soil party. Mr. Walker was 
a member of the first International peace congress 
in London in 1843, and was one of its vice-presi- 
dents, and in 1849 he held the same office in the 
congress in Paris. The degree of LL. D. was con- 
ferred on him by Amherst in 1867. In 1857 he 
began the publication of a series of articles on 
political economy in Hunt's Merchant's Maga- 
zine," and he was accepted as an authority on 
questions of finance. Besides other contributions 
to magazines, he published " Nature and Uses of 
Money and Mixed Currency" (Boston, 1857), and 
44 Science of Wealth, a Manual of Political Econo- 
my " (1866), of which eight editions have been sold, 
and it has been translated into Italian. With 
William B. Calhoun and Charles L. Flint he issued 
44 Transactions of the Agricultural Societies of 
Massachusetts " (7 vols., 18&-'54).— His son, Fran- 
cis Amasa, statistician, b. in Boston, Mass., 2 July, 
1840, was graduated at Amherst in 1860. and be- 
gan the studv of law under Charles Devens, and 
George F. Hoar in Worcester. He joined the 
15th Massachusetts volunteers, commanded by Col. 
Devens, on 1 Aug., 1861, as sergeant-major, and 
became assistant adjutant-general of the brigade 
under Gen. Darius N. Couch on 14 Sept., 1861, 
with the rank of captain. On 11 Aug., 1862, he 
was made adjutant-general of Gen. Couch's divis- 
ion, with the rank of major, and he was promoted 
colonel on the staff of the 2d armv corps, 23 
Dec., 1862. Thereafter he continued with that 
corps as adjutant-general, serving successively on 
the staffs of Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren and Gen. 
Winfield S. Hancock, and was severely wounded 
at Chancellorsville, 1 May, 1863, and captured at 
Ream's Station, 25 Aug., 1864. He was confined in 
Libbv prison, in consequence of which his health 
was impaired, so that he resigned on 12 Jan., 1865. 
The brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers was 
conferred on him on 13 March, 1865. He taught 
Latin and Greek at Williston seminary during 
1865-'7, and then was assistant editor of the 



"Springfield Republican." In 1869 he became 
chief of the bureau of statistics in the treasury de- 
partment at Washington, and in 1870-'2 he held 
the office of superintendent of the 9th census. 
During 1871 -'2 he was also commissioner of Indian 
affairs. He was called to the professorship of po- 
litical economy and history in the Sheffield scien- 
tific school of Yale in 1873, and held that chair till 
1881, when he was elected to the presidency of the 
Massachusetts institute of technology. Meanwhile, 
from May till November, 1876, he was chief of the 
bureau of awards at the World's fair in Philadel- 
phia, and during 1879-'81 he was superintendent of 
the 10th census while on leave of absence from Yale. 
He held the lectureship on tenure of land at Har- 
vard in 1883. While residing in New Haven he was 
a member of the city and state boards of education, 
and on his removal to Boston, Mass., he was called 
on to serve similarly in that state. The degree of 
A. M. was conferred on him by Amherst in 1863 
and by Yale in 1873, that of Ph. D. by Amherst in 
1875, and that of LL. D. by Amherst and Yale in 
1881, by Harvard in 1883, by Columbia in 1887, 
and by St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1888. He was 
U. S. commissioner to the International monetary 
conference in Paris in 1878, and was elected in 
1878 to the National academy of sciences. He is 
president of the American statistical society and 
of the American economic association, and is an 
honorary fellow of the Royal statistical society of 
London. His writings include annual reports as 
superintendent of the 9th census (3 vols., Wash- 
ington, 1870-'2), as commissioner of Indian af- 
fairs (1872), as superintendent of the 10th census 
(3 vols., 1879-'81), and as president of the Massa- 
chusetts institute of technology (5 vols., Boston, 
1883-'8) ; and he has compiled 14 Commerce and 
Navigation of the United States " (2 vols., Wash- 
ington, 1868-'9) ; 44 Ninth Census " (4 vols., 1872-'3) ; 
"Statistical Atlas of the United States" (1874); 
"Judges' Reports on Awards" (8 vols., Philadel- 
phia, 1878) ; and 44 Tenth Census " (24 vols., Wash- 
ington, 1883 et sea.). President Walker is the au- 
thor of 44 The Indian Question " (Boston, 1874) ; 
44 The Wages Question * (1876) ; 44 Money " (1878) ; 
44 Money, Trade, and Industry " (1879) ; 44 Land and 
its Rent " (1883) ; 44 Political Economy " (New 
York, 1883) ; and 44 History of the Second Army 
Corps "(1886). 

WALKER, Benjamin, soldier, b. in England in 
1753; d. in Utica, N. Y., 13 Jan., 1818. He settled 
in New York at an early age, became a merchant, 
served in the Revolution as captain in the 2d New 
York regiment, and was aide-de-camp to Baron 
Steuben, and in 1781-*2 to Gen. Washington. Af- 
ter the war he was secretary to the governor of 
New York, and then became a broker in New York 
city. He was naval officer of New York under 
Washington's administration, and was a representa- 
tive in congress from New York in 1801-'3. In 
1797 he became agent of the vast estates of the 
Earl of Bute in central New York, and he was 
identified with the progress and growth of Utica. 

WALKER, Charles Manning, journalist, b. in 
Athens, Ohio, 25 Dec., 1834. He was graduated at 
the University of Ohio in 1854, was clerk in the 
U. S. treasury department from May, 1861, till 
November, 1862 ; 5th auditor U. S. treasury from 
November, 1862, till July, 1869 ; and chief clerk 
in the post-office department from July, 1883, till 
July, 1885. He has been for many years an edito- 
rial writer on the Indianapolis 44 Journal," and has 
published "History of Athens County, Ohio, and 
incidentally of the' Ohio Land Company," and the 
" First Settlement of the State at Marietta, with Per- 



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326 



WALKER 



WALKER 



sonal and Biographical Sketches of the Early Set- I 
tiers " (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1869) ; " Life of Oliver 
P. Morton " (Indianapolis, 1877) ; 44 Life of Alvin 
P. Hovey " (1888). 

WALKER, Cornelias, clergyman, b. near Rich- 
mond, Va., 12 June, 1819. His education and 
training were obtained at the Episcopal high-school 
at Richmond. He was ordained deacon in bt. Paul's i 
church, Alexandria, 12 July, 1845, by Bishop I 
Meade, and priest in Grace church, Lexington, 23 ! 
Sept, 1846, by the same prelate. He was minister 
in Amherst county, Va., in 1845-7, assistant min- | 
ister in St. Paul's church. Richmond, in 1847-'8. | 
rector of Christ church, Winchester, in 184$-'60, | 
of Christ church, Alexandria, in 1860-'l, and of 
Emmanuel church, Henrico, in 1862-'6. He was i 
appointed professor of church history in the Theo- 
logical seminary of Virginia in 1866, and served 
for ten years, when he was made professor of sys- 
tematic divinity and homiletics. The degree "of 
D. D. was given him by William and Mary college 
in 1859. Dr. Walker has been a frequent contribu- 
tor to reviews and magazines, and has furnished 
articles on 44 Liturgies," 44 Evidences of Christian- 
ity," 44 Ecclesiastical History," and other similar 
subjects for religious cyclopaedias. He has pub- 
lished 44 Biography of Rev. William Duval, City 
Missionary " (Richmond, 1854) ; 44 Life and Corre- 
spondence of Rev. William Sparrow, D. D., Pro- 
fessor in the Theological Seminary, Va." (Philadel- 
phia, 1876); * 4 Biography of the'Rev. Charles W. 
Andrews, D. D." (1877) ; and 44 Sorrowing not with- 
out Hope" (New York, 1887). 

WALKER, Freeman, senator, b. in Charles 
City county, Va., 25 Oct., 1780 ; d. in Richmond 
county, Ga., 28 Sept., 1827. He removed to Georgia 
in 1797, was admitted to the bar, and began prac- 
tice in 1802 in Augusta, soon becoming eminent 
in his profession. In 1807 he was a member of the 
legislature, and in 1819 he was elected United States 
senator from Georgia, but in 1821 he resigned. His 
speech on the Missouri compromise question at- 
tracted general attention. 

WALKER, George, senator, b. in Culpepper 
county, Va., in 1768: d. in Nicholasville, Ky.. in 
1819. He was an early settler in Kentucky, where 
he held a leading placeat the bar, and was a member 
of the legislature. He was appointed U. S. senator 
from Kentucky in place of George M. Bibb, re- 
signed, serving from 10 Oct., 1814, till 2 Feb., 1815. 

WALKER, George, diplomatist, b. in Peter- 
borough, N. H., in 1824; d. in Washington, D. C, 
15 Jan., 1888. He was educated at \ale and at 
Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 1842, and 
studied law at Harvard, where he received his de- 
gree in 1845. He was admitted to the bar at 
Springfield, Mass., practising law there from 1847 
till 1875, was elected to the Massachusetts senate 
in 1857, was re-elected, and in 1868 was a member 
of the'lower house. He was instrumental in intro- 
ducing the national system of banking into the 
state, engaged in business in Springfield, Mass., 
and became president of the Third national bank 
of that city. In 1865 he was sent to Europe on 
a confidential mission by Sec. Hugh McCulloch, 
and wrote an article on the public debt and re- 
sources of the United States, which was published 
in the 44 Revue des deux mondes" and republished 
in German papers. In 1869 he visited Europe on 
business connected with the state of Massachu- 
setts, and on his return settled in New York city, 
engaged in banking, and was elected vice-president 
of the Gold and stock telegraph company. In 
1879 he was sent to Europe on a confidential 
mission by Sec. William M. Evarts, visited Eng- 



land, France, and Germany, and made investiga- 
tions with special reference to the question of a 
bimetallic monetary standard. He was consul- 
general in Paris from 1880 till 1887, when he re- 
signed, returned to this country, and resided in 
Washington. D. C, till his death. 

WALKER, Gilbert Carlton, congressman, b. 
in Binghamton, N. Y., 1 Aug., 1832; d. in New 
York city, 11 May, 1885. He was graduated at 
Hamilton college in 1854, admitted to the bar 
in 1855, and settled in Oswego, N. Y. He re- 
moved to Chicago, 111., in 1859, and engaged in 
politics while practising his profession. In 1864 
ne settled in Norfolk, Va., where he became presi- 
dent of the Exchange national bank, and in July, 
1869, he was elected governor of Virginia by a 
majority of 18,000 over Henry H. Wells, who was 
at that time military governor of the state. At 
the expiration of his service he was chosen to 
congress as a Conservative, serving from 1875 
till 1879. He resumed his profession in 1879, and 
removed to New York city. 

WALKER, Henderson, governor of North 
Carolina, b. in North Carolina in 1660: d. near 
Edenton, N. C, 14 April, 1704. He adopted the 
profession of law, ana became a judge of the su- 
preme court and president of the council, introduc- 
ing many judicial reforms. From 1699 until his 
death he was governor of North Carolina, assum- 
ing that post by virtue of his office as president of 
the council, and not under any appointment as 
deputy by the governor-general at Charleston. 
George Bancroft says of nis rule, 44 While Eng- 
land was engaged in world-wide wars, here the in- 
habitants multiplied and spread in the enjoyment 
of peace and liberty." The stone that marks 
Walker's grave also records that 44 North Carolina, 
during his administration, enjoyed tranquillity." 

WALKER, Sir Hovenden, British officer, b. in 
Somersetshire, England, about 1660; d. in Dublin, 
Ireland, in January, 1726. He entered the navy in 
his youth, became a captain in 1692, and rear- 
admiral of the white in 1710, and in 1711 was 
knighted by Queen Anne. In the last-named year 
he commanded the fleet that sailed from Boston 
on 30 July, for the conquest of Canada. Delays, a 
badly organized method of supplies, and the in- 
competencv of its leaders made the expedition a 
failure. Half of Walker's ships were wrecked in a 
storm on Isle aux CEufs, on St. Lawrence river, 
and Walker returned to England, where he charged 
that his troubles had been due to want of proper 
co-or»eration on the part of the New-Englandera. 
These charges were answered by Jeremiah Dum- 
mer in a ,4 Letter to a Noble Lord concerning the 
Late Expedition to Canada" (London, 1712). In 
1715 Walker's ship, the 44 Edgar," of seventy-four 
guns, blew up at hpithead, and nearly all the crew 
perished. lie was blamed for negligence in the 
matter, and, his Canadian experience being still 
fresh in the public mind, he was dismissed the 
service. He then settled on a plantation in South 
Carolina. Admiral Walker published in his vindi- 
cation 44 A Journal or Full Account of the Late 
Expedition to Canada " (London, 1720). 

WALKER, Isaac P, senator, b. in Virginia in 
1813; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 1 April, 1872. He 
adopted the profession of law, removed to Wiscon- 
sin in 1841, practised in Milwaukee, and took an 
active part in early political events in the state. 
He served in the territorial congress in 1847-'8, 
and in the latter year was chosen to the U. S. sen- 
ate as an Anti-slavery Democrat. His policy in 
that body was deemed timid by his constituents, 
for, although he wished to preserve the Union, he 



Digitized by Google 



WALKER 

did not properly represent their attitude on the 
Wilmot proviso. He was not returned in the next 
election, retired from politics, and resumed the 
practice of law in Milwaukee. 

WALKER, James, president of Harvard, b. in 
Burlington, Mass., 16 Aug., 1794; d. in Cambridge, 
Mass., 28 Dec., 1874. He was graduated at Harvard 
in 1814. studied theology at Cambridge, and was 
pastor of the Unitarian church in Charlestown for 
twenty-one years. During this period he was ac- 
tive in his parochial duties and in advocating the 
cause of school and college education, lectured ex- 
tensively and with success, and was a close student 
of literature and philosophy. In 1831-'9 he was 
an editor of the •* Christian Examiner." He re- 
signed his pastorate in July, 1839, the following 
September became professor of moral and intel- 
lectual philosophy m Harvard, was elected its 
president in 1853, and hold office till his resigna- 
tion in 1800. He devoted the remainder of his life 
to scholarly pursuits, and left his valuable library 
and $15,000 to Harvard. That college gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1835, and Yale that of LL. D. 
in 1860. He published numerous sermons, ad- 
dresses, and lectures, including three series of lec- 
tures on "Natural Religion, and a course of 
Lowell institute lectures on " The Philosophy of 
Religion"; "Sermons preached in the Chapel of 
Harvard College " (Boston, 1861) ; a " Memorial of 
Daniel Appleton White " (1863) ; and a "Memoir 
of Josiah Quincy " (1867). After his death a vol- 
ume of his " Discourses appeared (1870). He also 
edited, as college text-books, Dugald Stewart's 
"Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers" 

(1849) , and Dr. Thomas Reid's " Essays on the In- 
tellectual Powers, Abridged, with Notes and Illus- 
trations from Sir William Hamilton and Others " 

(1850) . See "Memorial" (Cambridge. 1875), and 
" Services at the Dedication of a Mural Monu- 
ment to James Walker in the Harvard Church in 
Charlestown " (1884). 

WALKER, James Birr, clergyman, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Julv, 1805 ; d. in Wheaton, 
111., 6 March, 1887. His father died when the son 
was a child, and he and his widowed mother re- 
sided near Pittsburg, where James worked in a 
factory, was errand-boy in a country store, and 
then labored four years in a printing-office. At 
the age of twenty he walked to New York, where 
he became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, 
and he was afterward a teacher in New Durham, 
N. J. He then studied law in Ravenna, Ohio, was 
graduated at Western Reserve college in 1831, and 
then edited successively the " Ohio Observer " at 
Hudson, the "Watchman of the Valley" at Cin- 
cinnati, and the " Watchman of the Prairies " at 
Chicago (now the " Advance ") — all religious news- 
papers. He also engaged in the publication and 
sale of books, but abandoned it for the ministry, 
and in 1841 was licensed to preach by the presby- 
tery of Chicago. He then resided in Mansfield, 
Ohio, where he established a private asylum for 
orphans, and he was for some time acting "pastor of 
a church in Sandusky. He was lecturer on the 
harmony between science and revealed religion at 
Oberlin college and Chicago theological seminary. 
Western Reserve college gave him the degree of 
D. D. Dr. Walker was the author of "The Phi- 
losophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anony- 
mously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. 
Stowe (Boston, 1855), which went through several 
editions in England, and has been translated into 
five foreign languages, including Hindustanee; 
"God revealed in Nature and in Christ," in op- 
position to theories of development (1855) ; " Phi- 



WALKER 327 



losophy of Scepticism and Ultraism " (1857) ; " Phi- 
losophy of the Divine Operation in the Redemption 
of Man " (London, 1862) ; " Poems " (1862) ; " Living 
Questions of the Age " (Chicago, 1869) ; and " Doc- 
trine of the Holy Spirit" (1870). 

WALKER, James Bradford Richmond, cler- 
gyman, b. in Taunton, Mass., 15 April, 1821. He 
was graduated at Brown in 1841, and at Andover 
theological seminary in 1846, was ordained the 
next year, and in 1847- 53 served as pastor of a 
Congregational church in Bucksport, Me. He oc- 
cupied a charge in Holyoke, Mass., in 1855-'64, in 
Hartford in 1864-'7, and subsequently has devoted 
himself to literary pursuits there, and in Boston, 
where he now resides. He has published 44 Memo- 
rial of the Walkers of the Old Plymouth Colony " 
(Northampton, Mass., 1861); and "The Genealogy 
of John Richmond " (1866). 

WALKER, JameB Daniel, senator, b. in Lo- 
gan county, Ky., 13 Dec., 1830. He removed to 
Arkansas in 1847, was educated in private schools 
and at Ozark institute, Ark., studied law, and was 
admitted to practice in Fayetteville, Ark., in 1850. 
During the civil war he served as colonel of an 
Arkansas regiment in the Confederate army. After 
the war he resumed the practice of his profession, 
was solicitor-general of the state of Arkansas, a 
presidential elector in 1876 on the Tilden and Hen- 
dricks ticket, and in 1878 was chosen to the U. S. 
senate as a Democrat, serving till 3 March, 1885. 

WALKER, James Murdock, lawyer, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 10 Jan., 1813; d. there, 18 Sept, 
1854. He was graduated at the College of South 
Carolina in 1830, studied law under Mitchell King, 
and in 1834 was admitted to the bar, where he at- 
tained hi^h reputation. He served several terms 
in the legislature, and was active in benevolent and 
educational enterprises. Mr. Walker published 
"The State vs. The Bank of South Carolina" 
(Charleston, 1836); "An Inquiry concerning the 
Use and Authoritv of Roman Jurisprudence in 
the Law concerning Real Estate" (1850); "The 
Theory of Common Law" (1852); and a "Tract 
on Government " (1853). 

WALKER, James Perkins, publisher, b. in 
Portsmouth, N. H., in 1829 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
10 May, 1868. He engaged in literary pursuits 
at an early age, becoming a contributor to the re- 
ligious press, and editing the " Oriental Annual " 
in New York in 1857, the "Religious Educator" 
in 1860-'l, " The Altar at Home," and subsequently 
was a member of the publishing-house of Walker, 
Wise, and Co. in Boston, Mass. He published 
" Faith and Patience," a story for boys (Boston, 
1860); "Book of Raphael's Madonnas" (1860); 
and " Sunny-Eyed Tim " (1861). See a 44 Memoir " 
of him, with selections from his writings (1869). 

WALKER, Jesse, missionary, b. in North Caro- 
lina about 1760; d. in Cook county, 111., 5 Oct., 
1835. He emigrated to Tennessee about 1800, be- 
came a travelling preacher in the western confer- 
ence of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1802, 
and served in Tennessee and Kentucky till 1806, 
when he was appointed a missionary to Illinois. 
He engaged in revival work in that state with great 
success, erected churches, and established congrega- 
tions. He was then appointed to Missouri, where 
his lessons of temperance and industry exercised a 
beneficial influence on the pioneer community. He 
became presiding elder of the Illinois district in 
1812, conference missionary in 1819, and in 1820 
built the first Methodist Episcopal church and 
formed the first Methodist Episcopal congregation 
in St. Louis, Mo. At that time there were only 
three persons of that denomination in the town. 

Digitized by Google 



828 WALKER 

He went on a mission to the Mississippi river In- 
dians in 1823, established several schools, and is 
credited with many converts. " Father Walker," 
as he was called, was without early advantages of 
education, but by his shrewd common sense, and 
by ignoring all personal needs, as well as difficul- 
ties, did efficient work in the pioneer ministry. 

WALKER, John, Canadian manufacturer, b. in 
Inverary, Argyllshire, Scotland, 24 Jan., 1832. He 
was educated at his native place and at Stirling 
academy, and came to Canada in 1864. He served 
in the Fort Erie Fenian affair of 1866, and after- 
ward was attached to the militia, from which he 
retired in 1884 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. 
Mr. Walker was vice-president of the first Canada 
Pacific railway company, and president of the 
School of art and design,' is active in various finan- 
cial and industrial societies, and was one of the 
founders of the London, Ont., Protestant orphans' 
home. In 1865 he purchased for Scotch capitalists 
the large tract of oil-producing land that belonged 
to George Brown, and afterward he erected chemi- 
cal worKs and an oil-refinery at London, Ont. In 
1874 he was chosen to the Canadian parliament ; 
but his election was contested in the courts, he 
was unseated, and in the second appeal to the con- 
stituency failed of election. He was afterward 
registrar of deeds for Middlesex county, Ontario. 

WALKER, John Grimes, naval officer, b. in 
Hillsborough, N. H., 20 March, 1835. He was 
graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1856, 

f>romoted to master, 22 Jan., 1858, and became 
ieutenant, 23 Jan., 1858. During the civil war 
he served on the Atlantic coast blockade in the 
steamer "Connecticut" in 1861, and was trans- 
ferred to the steamer •* Winona " of the Western 
Gulf blockading squadron in 1862. In this vessel 
he participated in tne engagements that ended in 
the capture of New Orleans, with the subsequent 
operations against Vicksburg in 1862. He was 
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, 
and had command of the river iron-clad "Baron 
de Kalb " of the Mississippi squadron in 1862-'8, 
in which he participated in the attacks on Vicks- 
burg and operations in Yazoo river in the winter 
of l862-'3, co-operating with Gen. William T. Sher- 
man and the army. He participated in both attacks 
on Haines's Bluff, in tne Yazoo river expedition 
against the Confederate gun-boats, in the capture 
of Fort Hindman and Yazoo City, and in the at- 
tack on Fort Pemberton. For these services he 
was highly commended by Admiral Porter in his 
report, and also in his " Naval History of the Civil 
War." After he had forced a passage through 
Yazoo pass, he took command of the naval batterv 
with cannon from the gun-boats in the bombard- 
ment of Vicksburg from the rear, which contrib- 
uted greatly to the final surrender. After the fall 
of that place he had command of the naval expe- 
dition against Yazoo river in co-operation with 
5,000 troops in transports. Walker led in the " De 
Kalb," and while engaging the batteries his vessel 
ran foul of a torpedo, which exploded and caused 
the vessel to sink almost instantly, a second tor- 

S;do exploding under her stern as she went down, 
e commanded the steamer "Saco" on the North 
Atlantic blockade in 1864. and the " Shawmut " in 
1865, in which he participated in the capture of 
forts near Wilmington. He was promoted and 
advanced over others for his services during the 
war to the grade of commander on 25 July, 1866, 
served at the naval academy in 1866-'9, and com- 
manded the frigate " Sabine " on a special cruise 
in 1869-'70. He was promoted t» captain, 25 June, 
1877, appointed chief of the bureau of navigation 



WALKER 

and office of detail, 22 Oct, 1881, for four years, 
and reappointed in 1885 for a second term. He 
is the senior captain on the list, and is entitled to 
be promoted to commodore upon the first occur- 
rence of a vacancy. 

WALKER, John Williams, senator, b. in 
Virginia in 1789; d. in Huntsville, Ala., 23 April, 
1823. He was graduated at Princeton in 1806 
with the valedictory, and studied law. In 1810 he 
settled in Huntsville, Ala., where he followed his 

{jrofession, and was several times elected to the 
egislatuTes of Mississippi and Alabama. He pre- 
si ded over the convention that framed the first 
constitution of Alabama, and was elected its first 
U. S. senator, but resigned after a year on account 
of the failure of his health. — His son, Leroy 
Pope, lawyer, b. near Huntsville, Ala., 8 July, 
1817 ; d. there, 22 Aug., 1884, studied law, attained 
a high place at the bar of northern Alabama, early 
entered public life, was speaker of the Alabama 
house of representatives in 1847-*50, and served as 
iudge of tne state circuit court in 1850-'3. He 
became well known as an advocate of the policy 
of internal improvement and of secession, and in 
1861— '2 was Confederate secretary of war, direct- 
ing the military operations by which the civil war 
was begun. He was also commissioned brigadier- 

fneral in the Confederate army, but resigned, 
March, 1862. After the war he resumed the 
practice of law at Huntsville. 

WALKER, Jonathan, reformer, b. on Cape 
Cod, Mass., in 1799; d. near Muskegon, Mich., 1 
May, 1878. He was captain of a fishing vessel, in 
his youth, but about 1840 he went to Florida, where 
he became a railroad-contractor. He was interested 
in the condition of the slaves, and in 1844 aided 
several of them in an attempt to make their escape 
in an open boat from the coast of Florida to tne 
British West Indies. After doubling the capes, he 
was prostrated by illness, and the crew being ig- 
norant of navigation, they would all have oeen 
drowned had they not been rescued by a wrecking- 
sloop that took Walker to Key West, whence he 
was sent in irons to Pensacola. On his arrival 
there he was put in prison, chained to the floor, 
and deprived of light and proper food. Upon his 
trial in a U. S. court, he was convicted, sentenced 
to be heavily fined, put on the pillory, and 
branded on his right hand with a hot iron with 
the letters "S. S.," for slave-stealer," a CJ. S. 
marshal executing the sentence. He was then 
remanded to jail, where he was confined eleven 
months, and released only after the payment of his 
fine by northern Abolitionists. For the subsequent 
five years he lectured on slavery in the northern 
and western states. He removed to Michigan 
about 1850, where he resided near Muskegon until 
his death. A monument was erected to his mem- 
ory on 1 Aug., 1878. He was the subject of John 
G. Whittier's poem " The Man with the Branded 
Hand." See " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power 
in America," by Henry Wilson (Boston, 1874). 

WALKER, Joseph Reddeford, guide, b. ih 
Knoxville, Tenn., in 1798; d. in Ignacio valley, 
Contra Costa co., CaL, 27 Oct., 1876. He removed 
to Jackson county. Mo., in 1818, began his career 
as a guide on the* frontier in 1822, served in that 
capacity with Capt. Bonneville's expedition to the 
Rocky mountains in 1832, conducted a party from 
Great Salt Lake to California in 1833, when ne dis- 
covered the Yosemite lake and valley and the 
river that bears his name, found Walker's pass in 
1834, and made many subsequent trips across the 
plains. He resided in Contra Costa county, CaL, 
during his later life. 

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WALKER, Katherlne Kent Child, author, b. 
in Pittsford, Vt., about 1840. She is a daughter 
of the Rev. Willard Child, D. D., and in 1863 mar- 
ried the Rev. Edward Ashley Walker, who was 
graduated at Yale in 1856. and died in 1866 after a 
brief pastorate at the Old South church, Worcester. 
Mass. She wrote a famous article on the " Total 
Depravity of Inanimate Things," which appeared 
originally in the " Atlantic Monthly " for Septem- 
ber, 1864, has contributed to various magazines, 
and published a version of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's 
Progress," for children (New York, 1869) ; " Prom 
the Crib to the Cross" (1869); and a "Life of 
Christ" (1869). She has also made translations 
from the German. 

WALKER, Robert John, statesman, b. at 
Northumberland, Pa., 23 July, 1801 ; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 11 Nov., 1869. ' His father was a sol- 
dier of the Revolution, and a judge of the common 
pleas, of the high 
court of errors and 
appeals of Penn- 
sylvania, and of 
the U. S. district 
court. After his 
graduation in Au- 
gust, 1819, at the 
state university at 
Philadelphia, with 
the first honor of 
a large class, he 
began the practice 
of law at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., in 1822, 
with great success. 
In 1826 he remov- 
ed to Mississippi, 
where he entered 
vigorously into law 
and politics, taking an active part in 1832 and 1833 
against nullification and secession. In January, 
1833, in the Natchez "Journal," he made an ex- 
tended argument against the doctrine of disunion 
and in favor of coercion against rebellious states, 
which was highly extolled by James Madison. In 
January, 1836, he was Union candidate for the U. S. 
senate in opposition to George Poindexter, and was 
elected, and at this time he influenced the legisla- 
ture of Mississippi to adopt resolutions denouncing 
nullification and secession as treason. In 1840 he 
was re-elected to the U. S. senate bv a two-to-one 
majority over the orator Sergeant S. Prentiss. Dur- 
ing his service in the senate he took an active part 
in it* debates, especially in opposition to John C. 
Calhoun. He supported the administrations of 
Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren ; but 
when the latter disapproved of the annexation of 
Texas, Walker opposed him, and in the Baltimore 
convention of 1844 labored for the nomination of 
James K. Polk to the presidency. By Mr. Polk he 
was appointed secretary of the treasury, which office 
he held till 5 March, 1849. In his course in the 
senate Mr. Walker opposed the Bank of the United 
States and the distribution of the surplus revenue 
among the states, advocating, instead, its applica- 
tion to the public defences. lie opposed a protec- 
tive tariff, and in a speech on 3 March, 1836, pro- 
posed the celebrated Homestead bill. He sustained 
with much energy the treaty for suppressing the 
African slave-trade, and throughout his political 
career always and consistently advocated gradual 
emancipation, exhibiting his sincerity in 1838 by 
manumitting all his own slaves. He sustained 
New York in the McLeod case, and int roduced and 
carried the resolution of 1837 recognizing the in- 




dependence of Texas. He was the first to propose 
the annexation of Texas by a letter in the public 
prints in January, 1844, recommending, as a con- 
dition, a scheme for gradual emancipation and 
colonization; which was fiercely attacked by John 
C. Calhoun. While secretary of the treasury he 
prepared and carried the tariff of 1846, various loan 
bills, the warehousing system, the Mexican tariff, 
and the bill to organize the department of the in- 
terior. After leaving the treasury, he was offered 
by President Pierce in 1853 the post of commis- 
sioner to China, which he declined. The part that 
he took in the events that immediately preceded 
the civil war was active. He opposed the repeal 
of the Missouri compromise, though after it be- 
came a law he supported it on the ground that 
was assumed by Stephen A. Douglas. In 1857 he 
accepted the post of governor of Kansas on the 
pledge of President Buchanan that the state con- 
stitution should be submitted to the vote of the 
people ; but after rejecting the forged and fraudu- 
lent returns in Kansas, and opposing the Lecomp- 
ton constitution, Mr. Walker resigned, and, going 
before congress, defeated the attempt, to force the 
corrupt measure on the territory. After Abraham 
Lincoln's election Mr. W r alker"took ground, ear- 
nestly and immediately, in favor of re-enforcing 
the southern forts and of sustaining the Union by 
force if necessary. In April, 1861, he addressed a 
great meeting in Union square, New York, advo- 
cating prompt and vigorous measures, and he did 
this when many of the best men of both parties 
deprecated a resort to extremities. His decided 
course had great influence in shaping the policy of 
the government. Early in 1863 he joined James 
R. Gilmore in the conduct of the "Continental 
Monthly," which the latter had established the 
year before to advocate emancipation as a politi- 
cal necessity, and he wrote for it some of its ablest 
political articles. In the same year he was an- 

Cointed by the government financial agent of tne 
United States in Europe, and succeeded in nego- 
tiating $250,000,000 of the 5-20 bonds. Returning 
to the United States in November, 1864, he de- 
voted himself thereafter to a large law-practice in 
Washington, and to writing for the " Continental 
Monthly " articles on financial and political topics, 
in which he was understood to present the views 
of the state and treasury departments. During 
this period he was influential in procuring the rati- 
fication of the Alaska treaty and in securing the 
passage of the bill for a railroad to the Pacific. 
During his public life of nearly forty years Mr, 
Walker exercised a strong and often controlling 
influence on affairs. He had a broad and compre- 
hensive mind, and a patriotism that embraced the 
whole country. As a financier he takes high rank. 

WALKER, Thomas, planter, b. in Gloucester 
county, Va., 25 Jan., 1715; d. at Castle Hill, Albe- 
marle co., Va., 9 Nov., 1794. His progenitor, 
Thomas, was an early settler of Virginia, and a 
member of the Provincial council in 1662. The 
younger Thomas was educated at William and 
Mary, adopted the profession of medicine, and 
settled in Fredericksburg, Va, In 1750 he went 
on an expedition to the west, and was probably 
the first white man that entered Kentucky, pre- 
ceding Daniel Boone by thirteen years. His hatchet 
with which he marked the trees" that divided the 
lands that he had bought from the Indians was 
discovered a few years ago, and is preserved in the 
Louisville, Ky., museum. Walker mountains in 
southwestern Virginia are named in his honor. 
He was commissary - general of Virginia troops 
under George Washington in Braduock's army, 



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and was at that general's defeat in 1755. In 1768 
he was a commissioner with Andrew Lewis on the 
part of Virginia to treat with the Six Nations of 
Indians at Fort Stanwix, N. Y. He was a mem- 
ber of the Virginia house of burgesses in 1775, 
organized a plan of defence, and served on the 
second general committee of safety. With his 
son, Col. John Walker, he was commissioned to 
treat with the Pittsburg, Pa., Indians in 1777, in 
order to conciliate them toward the colonists dur- 
ing the Revolution, and in 1778 he was president 
of the board of commissioners to determine the 
boundary-line between Virginia and North Caro- 
lina. Gen. Walker was the intimate friend of 
Gen. Washington, both his wives being near kins- 
women of the latter, and he was the guardian of 
Thomas Jefferson. By his marriage with the wid- 
ow of Nicholas Merriwether he came into posses- 
sion of one of the most valuable landed properties 
in Virginia, known as the Castle Hill estate, which 
subsequently became the property of his relative, 
William C. Rives. — His son, John, senator, b. at 
Castle Hill, Albemarle co., Va, 13 Feb., 1744; d. 
in Orange county, Va., 2 Dec., 1809, was carefully 
educated, settled on his estate, Belvoir, Albemarle 
co., and engaged in planting. During the Revo- 
lution he was extra aide to Gen. Washington, who, 
in a letter addressed to Patrick Henry, dated Mor- 
ristown, N. J., 24 Feb., 1777, explains his post as 
one of great trust and importance, and recom- 
mends him for "ability, honor, and prudence." 
In 1790 he was appointed by the governor U. S. 
senator in place of William Grayson, deceased, 
serving from 4 May, 1790, to 6 Dec of the same 

frear, when the senator that was chosen by the 
egislature took his seat. He married Elizabeth 
Moore, granddaughter of Gov. Alexander Spots- 
wood. See the *• Page Family in Virginia, by 
Richard C. M. Page (New York, 1883). 

WALKER, Timothy, clergvman, b. in Woburn, 
Mass., 27 July, 1705 ; d. in Concord, N. H., 1 Sept., 
1782. He was graduated at Harvard in 1725, 
studied theology, and was settled on 18 Nov., 1730, 
as first minister of the plantation of Penacook 
(now Concord, N. H.). He was soon called to lead 
his parishioners in a legal defence of the title to 
their farms, which thev had paid for and wrested 
from the wilderness. Penacook, twenty-five miles 
beyond its nearest white neighbor at the time of 
its settlement, had been granted in 1726 by Massa- 
chusetts to 100 carefully selected settlers from her 
towns of Bradford, Andover, and Haverhill, who 
had at once improved their grant The boundary- 
line between that province and New Hampshire 
was then undetermined, and the latter, claiming 
the same territory, granted it in 1727 to 44 the Pro- 
prietors of Bow," among whom were influential 
members of its government, who took no possession 
and made no improvements. When, in 1740, the 
settlement of this line threw the township into 
New Hampshire, the Bow claimants sought pos- 
session of it through suits brought in interested 
courts, which were uniformly decided in their favor, 
leaving, as their only hope, to the defendants of 
retaining their homes an appeal to the king in 
council. Mr. Walker, to prosecute an appeal, went 
to England three times, first in 1753, a second time 
in 1755, and a third in 1762, urging his cause as 
best he could until December, 1762, when the king 
in council decided that a change of provincial 
boundaries did not affect the title to private prop- 
erty that had been acquired in good faith. This 
decision substantially ended a controversy which 
had distressed his people for thjrtv years. Until 
the treaty of Paris in 1763 the situation of the 



town had exposed its inhabitants to the atrocities 
of the French and Indian wars. At times they 
lived in garrisons, and went armed to church, where 
their pastor preached to them with his gun in the 
pulpit. In his religious views Mr. Wall [er was a 
moaerate Calviuist, approving the " half-wav cov- 
enant " then in use, and opposing George w hite- 
field, against whom he preached a sermon (Boston, 
1743). His scholarship was more than respectable, 
and his sermons and diaries show that he retained 
through life his early acquaintance with the clas- 
sics. He acquired from necessity some knowledge 
of the law, and many of the early legal papers of 
his people are in his handwriting. He was an 
ardent patriot in the Revolution, and it was one 
of his greatest griefs that his son-in-law, Benjamin 
Thompson (afterward Count Rumford), embraced 
the Tory cause. He was the sole minister of Con- 
cord for fifty-two years. — His son, Timothy, jurist, 
b. in Concord, N. H., 26 June, 1737; d. there, 5 
May, 1822, was graduated at Harvard in 1756, 
studied theology, and preached several years, but 
was never settled. At the opening of the Revolu- 
tion he became an active participant in the resist- 
ance to British rule. He was a member of the 
4th and 5th New Hampshire provincial congresses 
and of the first house of representatives in 1776 
under the state constitution, and was one of the 
committee of the council and house to draft a 
declaration of independence. He was a member 
of the committee of safety from July, 1776, till 
January, 1777, a state councillor in 1777, and a 
senator in 1784. In 1788 he did his utmost to ren- 
der operative the constitution of the United States 
by its ratification by New Hampshire as the ninth 
state. Upon the reorganization of the state courts 
in 1777 he was made a justice of the court of com- 
mon pleas for Rockingham county, which office 
he held for twenty-three years. He took an active 
part in the conventions of 1778, 1781, and 1791, 
for amending the state constitution, and was four 
times elected a delegate to the Continental con- 
gress, but never took his seat. He was an early 
member of the Republican party, and its first can- 
didate for governor. As his judicial duties per- 
mitted, he shared the business activities of his 
town, serving twenty-one years as moderator of its 
annual meetings, twenty-four vears as chairman 
of its board of select-men, and forty-three years as 
clerk of its proprietary. He loved agriculture, and 
was continually improving his paternal estate. — 
The first Timothy's great-grandson, Joseph Bar- 
been, agriculturist, b. in Concord, N. H„ 12 June, 
1822, was graduated at Yale in 1844, studied law 
at Harvard, and was admitted to the New Hamp- 
shire bar in 1847. Subsequently he left the pro- 
fession and devoted himseli to the care of inherited 
estates, an extensive farm, and general business, 
Mr. Walker has been a director in various financial 
companies, and in 1847 was appointed a member of 
the board of trustees of the New Hampshire asylum 
for the insane, and subsequently became its secre- 
tary and financial agent. He has been vice-president 
of the New England historic-genealogical society, 
and took deep interest in founding the New Hamp- 
shire college of agriculture and the mechanic arts. 
He represented his city in the legislatures of 1866-'7. 
As chairman of a special committee, he drew and 
reported the bill that established the college, and 
he has been a trustee and lecturer before the stu- 
dents on drainage and irrigation, to which subjects 
he gave observation and study during extended 
travel in Europe. He has contributed much to 
historical research and to the agricultural interests 
of the state, and has published 44 Land Drainage n 



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(Nashua* 1871); "Forests of New Hampshire" 
(Concord, 1872) ; " Ezekiel Webster Dimond " 
(1877) : History of Town Meeting-House " (1881) ; 
"Prospective Agriculture in New Hampshire" 
(1883); "Rogers, the Ranger" (1885); "Oats" 
(Manchester, 1887) ; and other monographs. 

WALKER, Timothy, jurist, b. in Wilmington, 
Mass., 1 Dec., 1806 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 15 Jan., 
1856. He was graduated at Harvard in 1826, 
taught mathematics at the Round Hill school, 
Northampton, Mass., in 1826-'9, studied at Harvard 
law-school in the latter year and in 1830, and re- 
moved to Cincinnati in 1831, where he was ad- 
mitted to the bar and settled in practice. With 
Judge John C. Wright he established the Cincin- 
nati law-school in 1833, and when in 1835 it was 
united with Cincinnati college he assumed entire 
charge of that department, and was professor of 
law there till 1844. He was president-judge of 
Hamilton county court of common pleas in 1842-'3, 
founded the " Western Law Journal " in 1843, and 
was its editor for several years, at the same time 
practising his profession. Harvard gave him the 
degree of LL. D. in 1854. He translated Fischer's 
" Elements of Natural Philosophy " (Boston. 1827) ; 
was the author of " Elements of Geometry " (1828) 
and " An Introduction to American Law, for stu- 
dents (Philadelphia, Pa., 1837: revised ed., by J. 
Bryant Walker, 1869); and delivered several dis- 
courses, including " The Dignity of Law as a Pro- 
fession " (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1837) ; " On the History 
and General Character of the State of Ohio " (1838) ; 
"John Quincy Adams" (1848); " The Reform Spirit 
of the Day," delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa 
society of Harvard (Boston, 1850); and "Daniel 
Webster," a memorial (1852). — His brother, Sears 
Cook, mathematician, b. in Wilmington, Mass., 28 
March, 1805; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 30 Jan., 1853, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1825, and taught near 
Boston, and subsequently in Philadelphia, whither 
he removed in 1827. He built an observatory for 
the Philadelphia high-school in 1837, which was 
the first of importance in this country except that 
at Hudson, Ohio, and introduced a superior class 
of instruments. From its equipment in 1840 until 
1852 he published in the " Proceedings " of the 
Philosophical society and in the " American Jour- 
nal of Science " the astronomical observations and 
investigations that he made there. He was em- 
ployed in the Washington observatory in 1845-'7, 
where, on 2 Feb., 1847, four months after the dis- 
covery of the planet Neptune, he identified it with 
a star that had been observed bv Lalande in May, 
1795. From 1847 until his death Mr. Walker had 
charge of the longitude computations of the U. S. 
coast survey. With Prof. Alexander D. Bache he 
developed the method of determining differences 
of longitude by telegraph, which was put in suc- 
cessful operation in 1849, and introduced the 
chronographic method of recording observations. 
His parallactic tables, first prepared in 1834, greatly 
reduced the time in computing the phases of an 
occultation. He published various astronomical 
and mathematical papers of value, including " A 
Memoir on the Periodical Meteors of August and 
November" (Philadelphia, 1841); "Researches rela- 
tive to the Planet Neptune" (1850); and "Ephem- 
eris of the Planet Neptune for 1848-'52 " (1852). 
See an "Address in Commemoration of Sears Cook 
Walker, delivered before the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, 19 April, 1854," 
by Benjamin A. Gould, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1854). 

WALKER, William, Canadian merchant, b. 
in Scotland in 1793 ; d. in Quebec. Canada, 18 May, 
1868. He went to Canada in 1815, engaged in busi- 



ness, and was a partner in the firms of Forsyth, 
Richardson and Co., Montreal, and of Forsyth, 
Walker and Co., Quebec. He was part owner and 
one of the building committee of the ocean steamer 
"Royal William," which was constructed at Que- 
bec and was the first steam vessel that crossed the 
Atlantic from British America. In 1848 he retired 
from business. In 1839 Mr. Walker was appointed 
a member of the special council of Canada, and in 
1842 he became a life member of the legislative 
council by royal mandamus. He raised and com- 
manded the Quebec volunteer rifle corps, was the 
first president of the Quebec and Riviere du Loup 
railway company, president of the Quebec board 
of trade, and deputy master of Trinity house. He 
was the first chancellor of the University of Bish- 
op's college, Lennoxville, Canada East, which con- 
ferred on him the honorary degree of D. C. L. 

WALKER, William, adventurer, b. in Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 8 Mav, 1824 ; d. in Trujillo, Honduras, 
12 Sept., 1860. lie studied law in Nashville and 
medicine in Heidelberg, Germany, was a journalist 
in New Orleans and 
San Francisco, and 
finally settled in the 

Sractice of law in 
larysville, Cal. In 
July, 1853, he organ- 
ized an expedition 
for the conquest of 
the state of Sonora, 
Mexico, and, elud- 
ing the vigilance of 
the authorities of the 
port of San Francis- 
co, early in Novem- 
ber landed at La 
Paz, Lower Califor- 
nia, with 170 men 
and three field-guns. 
He then issued a 
manifesto to the peo- 
ple, proclaimed him- 
self president of the 
Pacific republic, and, 
having received re-enforcements, set out in Janu- 
ary, 1854, for Sonora. He was pursued by a 
strong force of Mexicans, and, as he was near the 
frontier, he surrendered to the U. S. commander 
at San Diego, Cal. In May, 1854, he was tried at 
San Francisco for violating the neutrality laws, and 
was acquitted. He continued to plan expeditions 
against Sonora, but was compelled to abandon, 
them, and in 1855 he was induced by American 
speculators in Nicaragua to interfere in the intes- 
tine troubles in that country, ostensibly in aid of 
the Democratic party there. He landed at Realejo 
on 11 June, with sixty-two followers, was joined by 
a small native force, and endeavored to take pos- 
session of the southern transit route. He was de- 
feated at Rivas, but, being re-enforced with 170 
native soldiers, routed the Nicaraguan army of 540 
men at La Virgen on 1 Sept., took possession of 
the city of Grenada on 15 Oct., and by a treaty 
with Gen. Ponciano Corral, the opposing leader, 
was made secretary of war and commander-in-chief. 
Recruits rapidly arrived from the United States, 
and on 1 March, 1856, Walker had 1,200 men. In 
the mean time he charged Corral with conspiracy, 
presided over a court-martial for his trial, and sen- 
tenced him to be shot on 8 Nov., 1855. War began 
with Costa Rica, and Walker was defeated at Gu- 
anacaste on 20 March. 1856, but routed the enemy 
at Rivas on 11 April, and hostilities ceased. He 
was then in undisputed control of Nicaragua, but 




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to replenish his treasury he broke up the inter- 
oceanic transit route by confiscating tne property 
and revoking the charter of the Vanderbilt steam- 
ship company. He caused himself to be elected 
president, and in September, 1856, annulled the 
existing prohibition of slavery. His minister, whom 
he sent to Washington, was recognized by Presi- 
dent Pierce. Walker's arbitrary acts soon provoked 
an insurrection, which was assisted by several sur- 
rounding states and by agents of the Vanderbilt 
company. He was defeated in several encounters, 
burned the city of Grenada, which he was unable 
to hold, and on 1 Mav, 1857, surrendered with six- 
teen officers, at San Juan del Sur, to Com. Charles 
II. Davis, of the U. S. sloop-of-war " Mary," which 
conveyed him to Panama. Thence he went to New 
Orleans and was put under bonds to keep the 
peace, but returned to Nicaragua in November. 
He soon organized a new force, but in December 
Com. Hiram Paulding, of the U. S. navy, compelled 
him and his 132 men to surrender, and took 
them to New York. President Buchanan declined 
to recognize Walker as a prisoner, on the ground 
that his arrest on foreign soil was illegal, ne 
sailed with a new expedition from Mobile, Ala., in 
October, 1858, but was arrested at the mouth of 
Mississippi river and tried at New Orleans and 
acquitted. In June, 1860, he again set out with 
a small force from that city, intending to create 
a revolution in Honduras.* He reached Trujillo 
and issued a proclamation against the govern- 
ment; but his arrest was demanded by the com- 
mander of the British man-of-war " Icarus," and 
he was forced to retreat to Tin to river, where 
he surrendered on 3 Sept., 1860. The commander 
of the "Icarus" delivered him to the Honduras 
Authorities on their demand, and he was tried by 
court-martial and shot. He published " The War 
in Nicaragua " (Mobile, 1860). See also " Walker's 
Expedition to Nicaragua" by William Vincent 
Wells (New York, 1856) and 44 Reminiscences of 
the Filibuster War in Nicaragua," by Col. Charles 
W. Doubleday (1886). 

WALKER, William David, P. E. bishop, b. 
in New York city, 29 June, 1839. He was gradu- 
ated at Columbia in 1859, and at the General theo- 
logical seminary, New York, in 1862, was ordered 
deacon by Bishop Horatio Potter in the Church of 
the Transfiguration, 29 June, 1862, and ordained 
priest in Calvary church, 29 June, 1863, by the 
same prelate. lie passed the entire terra of his 
priesthood as assistant minister of Calvary church 
in special charge of the chapel connected with that 
church. He was consecrated missionary bishop of 
northern Dakota in Calvary church, 20 Dec., 1883. 
The degree of S. T. D. was conferred upon him by 
Racine college in 1884. He is the author of sev- 
eral published addresses. 

WALKER, William H. T., soldier, b. in Georgia 
in October, 1816; d. near Decatur, Ga., 26 July, 
1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1837, served in the Florida war, was 
wounded three times at the battle of Okeechobee, 
25 Dec., 1837, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant 
for services in that action. He resigned from the 
army in 1838, was reappointed in 1840 as 1st 
lieutenant of infantry, served in the Florida war 
of 1840-'2, and became captain in 1845. During 
the Mexican war he participated in all the im- 
portant battles, and was brevetted major in the 
U. S. army for gallant conduct at Contreras and 
Churubusco, and lieutenant-colonel for Molino del 
Rey, where he was severely wounded. He was on 
recruiting service in 1849-'52, became deputy gov- 
ernor of the East Pascagoula branch military asy- 



lum in the latter year, and in 1854-*6 was com- 
mandant of cadets, and instructor in military tactics 
at the U. S. military academy. He became major 
in 1855, served on the frontier, and in 1860 resigned. 
He entered the Confederate army in 1861, became 
a major-general, served principally in the west, 
and was killed at the battle of Decatur. 

WALKER, William Johnson, benefactor, b. 
in Charlestown, Mass., 15 March, 1790; d. in New- 
port, R. I., 2 April, 1865. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1810, studied medicine, and successfully 
practised his profession in his native town. Late 
in life he came into possession of a large fortune, 
of which he gave to benevolent objects about 
$400,000 during his life-time, and by his will left 
nearly $1,000,000 to institutions of learning. 

WALKER, William McCreary, naval officer, 
b. in Baltimore, Md., 2 Sept., 1813 ; d. in New York 
city, 19 Nov., 1866. He entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman, 1 Nov., 1827, became a passed midship- 
man, 10 June, 1833, and was promoted to lieuten- 
ant, 8 Dec., 1838, serving in Lieut Charles Wilkes's 
exploring expedition in command of the "Flying 
Fish," in which he participated in the discovery 
of the Antarctic continent in 1838-'42. He com- 
manded the steamer " Union " on the home station 
in 1843-'4, and cruised in the Mediterranean squad- 
ron as aide in 1844-*6. He was promoted 14 Sept, 
1855, and commanded the frigate "Constellation " 
in 1856. He served on special duty on boards and 
inspecting duty until the beginning of the civil 
war, was commissioned a captain, 16 July, 1802, 
and commanded the steamer 4 * De Soto " through- 
out the civil war. He was one of the most success- 
ful blockaders during the war, and captured more 
prizes than any other vessel. Capt. Walker died 
of heart disease at the naval hospital in New York. 
He was the author of a work on * 4 Screw Propul- 
sion" (New York, 1861). 

WALKER, William S., naval officer, b. in New 
Hampshire, 6 Dec., 1793; d. in Boston, Mass., 24 
Nov., 1863. He entered the navv as a midshipman, 
30 Nov., 1814, was promoted to lieutenant, 13 Jan., 
1825, and to muster-commandant, 8 Sept., 1841, 
and commanded the sloop 44 Concord " on the coast 
of Africa in 1841-2, and the receiving-ship at 
Boston in 1843-'6. He saw no service during the 
Mexican war. He commanded the sloop 44 Sara- 
toga," on the Asiatic station, in 1850-'4, was pro- 
moted to captain, 14 Sept., 1855, and served at the 
receiving-ship at Boston in 1854-'5, after which he 
was on leave until the civil war becran, when he 
was ordered to command the steam sloop *' Brook- 
lyn," but his failing health compelled him to de- 
cline to go to sea. He was placed on the retired 
list, and promoted to commodore, 16 July, 1862. 

WALKER-MARTINEZ, Carlos, Chilian poet, 
b. in Valparaiso in 1842. In September, 1865, he 
was studying law at the University of Chili, when 
war with Spain began, and he enlisted in the navy, 
participating in the engagement of Abtao, 7 Feb., 
1866. In the same year he founded the literary 
magazine 44 La Republica Literaria," at the head 
of which he remained while he was in Chili. He 
was appointed in 1867 secretary of the legation in 
Bolivia, was graduated in law in 1868, and travelled 
through Europe and the United States. On his 
return in 1870 he was elected to congress for the 
department of Vallenar, and became secretary of 
the chamber of deputies. In 1873 he was appointed 
charge^ d'affaires of Chili in Bolivia, and in 1874 
he became minister in the same republic. During 
the war of 1879-'80 he was president of the ,4 So- 
ciedad Protectora," and in 1880-'2 he was an editor 
of the journal 44 El Nuevo Ferrocarril." During 



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WALK-IN-THE- WATER 



WALLACE 



the cholera epidemic of 1886-'? he was founder 
and president of the Red Cross society. He is still 
a member of congress, where he is well known as 
a parliamentary orator. He has written 44 Paginas 
de viage" (Santiago, 1871); •* Poesias liricas" (8 
vols., 1872) ; " Romances Americanos " (2 vols., 
1874) ; 44 Manuel Rodriguez," a historic drama in 
verse (1874) ; 44 El Proscripto " (1875); and 44 Diego 
Portales"(1877). 

WALK-IN-THE WATER, orMY EE RAH, In- 
dian chief, d. about 1817. He was a Huron of the 
Wyandot tribe, and at the beginning of the war of 
1812 offered his services to Oen. William Hull ; but 
they were declined, owing to the unwillingness of 
that officer to employ savages. He was afterward 
forced by circumstances to join the British at Mai- 
den, but he was instrumental in persuading several 
tribes to remain neutral, and in a council at that 
place he vindicated his course in a speech that was 
called bv his enemies 44 American talk." After 
this WaTk-in-the- Water and his associates, openly 
breaking with Tecumseh and the Prophet, declined 
to remain with the British, and deserted from Oen. 
Henry Proctor at Chatham, Canada. At the bat- 
tle of the Thames he offered his services, with those 
of sixty warriors, conditionally, to Gen. William 
Henry Harrison, who declined them, and the In- 
dians returned to Detroit river. 

WALL, Garret Dorset, senator, b. in Middle- 
town, Monmouth co., N. J., 10 March, 1788; d. in 
Burlington, N. J., 22 Nov., 1850. He received an 
academical education, studied law at Trenton, and 
was licensed in 1804 as an attorney, and in 1807 as 
a counsellor at law. At one time during the war 
of 1812 he commanded a volunteer company from 
Trenton at Sandy Hook. He was clerk of the 
state supreme court in 1812— '17, and quartermaster- 
general of New Jersey in 1815-'37. In 1827 he 
was chosen to the legislature and in 1829 he 
was elected governor, but declined the office to ac- 
cept that of U. S. district attorney. From 1885 
till 1841 he sat in the U. S. senate, and from 1849 
till his death he was a judge of the court of errors 
and appeals. — His son James Walter, senator, 
b. in Trenton. N. J., 26 May, 1820 ; d. in Elizabeth, 
N. J., 9 June, 1872, was graduated at Princeton in 
1838, studied law with Daniel Haines; was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1841, and began to prac- 
tise in his native place, holding the office of 
commissioner in bankruptcy. He removed to Bur- 
lington, N. J., in 1847, and devoted himself to 
literary pursuits, becoming mayor of the city in 
1854. During the early part of the civil war he 
attacked the administration for interfering with 
the liberty of the press, writing a severe letter to 
Montgomery Blair, and he was imprisoned for sev- 
eral weeks in Fort Lafayette. It is said that he 
offered to furnish 20,000' Belgian rifles to the so- 
called "Knights of the Golden Circle" for use 
against the U. S. government. He was chosen to 
the U. S. senate in 1863 to fill the unexpired term 
of John R. Thomson, deceased, and served from 
21 Jan. till 3 March of that vear. In 1869 he re- 
moved to Elizabeth. Mr. Wall's publications in- 
clude "Foreign Etchings" (Burlington, 1856); "Es- 
says on the Early English Poets, which appeared 
in the 44 Knickerbocker Magazine " ; and various 
essays and addresses. 

WALLACE, Alfred Rnssel, English natural- 
ist, b. in Usk, Monmouth, 8 Jan., 1822. He re- 
ceived his education at the grammar-school of 
Hertford, was for some time a land-surveyor, and 
assistant to his elder brother, an architect, engag- 
ing afterward in the study of natural sciences. 
In 1848 he visited South America, explored the 



basin of Amazon and Rio Negro rivers, and re- 
sided for several months in Para. He formed ex- 
tensive collections in ornithology and botany, and, 
through a long sojourn among the Indians of the 
Upper Amazon, obtained valuable information 
concerning their dialects, habits, and manners. 
Most of those collections were lost at sea when he 
returned to Eneland in 1852. From 1854 till 1862 
he visited the Malay archipelago, studied the flora 
and fauna of Molucca, Celebes, and New Guinea, 
and arrived, independently of Charles R. Darwin's 
researches, at a theory of natural selection, which 
he developed in a paper that he sent to Sir Charles 
Lyell entitled 44 On the Tendencies of Varieties to 
depart Indefinitely from the Original Type " (Lon- 
don, 1858). Besides works on his eastern travels 
and the theory of natural selection, Wallace is the 
author of 44 Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, 
with Remarks on the Vocabularies of the Amazo- 
nian Languages " (London, 1853); 44 Palm-Trees of 
the Amazon and their Uses" (1853); 44 On the Geo- 
graphical Distribution of Animals," which was is- 
suea simultaneously in English, French, and Ger- 
man (2 vols., 1876); 44 Island Life" (1880); and 
44 Land Nationalization " (1882). 

WALLACE, David, congressman, b. in Lancas- 
ter county, Pa., 4 April, 1799; d. in Indianapolis, 
Ind., 8 Sept, 1859. He removed with his father's 
family to Brook ville, Ind., in 1817, was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1821, and was 
assistant professor of mathematics there for two 
years, but resigned from the army, studied law, 
and established a lucrative practice in Franklin 
county, Ind. He served several terms in the legis- 
lature, was a member of the Constitutional con- 
vention, lieutenant-governor in 1831-'4, and gov- 
ernor in 1837-'40. During that service he was 
active as an advocate of internal improvements 
and in establishing a school system. He was cho- 
sen to congress as a Whig in 1840, served one term, 
and, as a member of the committee on commerce, 
gave the casting-vote in favor of an appropriation 
to develop Samuel F. B. Morse's magnetic tele- 
graph, which vote cost him his re-election. He re- 
turned to practice in 1842, and from 1856 until his 
death was judge of the Marion county court of 
common pleas. He was a popular political speak- 
er and a laborious and impartial jurist. — His son, 
Lewis, soldier, b. in Brookville, franklin co., Ind., 
10 April, 1827, received a common-school educa- 
tion, ana at the 
beginning of the 
Mexican war was 
a law-student in 
Indiana. At the 
call for volunteers 
he entered the 
army as a 1st lieu- 
tenant in compa- 
ny H, 1st Indiana 
infantry. He re- 
sumed his profes- 
sion in 1848, which 
he practised in 
Covington and sub- 
sequently in Craw- 
fordsville, Ind., 
and served four 
years in the state 
senate At the be- 
ginning of the civil 
war he was appointed adjutant-general of Indiana, 
soon afterward becoming colonel of the 11th Indi- 
ana volunteers, with which he served in West Vir- 
ginia, participating in the capture of Romney and 




oGu^. JYoJU 



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334 WALLACE 

the ejection of the enemy from Harper's Ferry. 
He became brigadier-general of volunteers, 8 Sept., 

1861, led a division and the centre of the Union lines 
at the capture of Fort Donelson. and displayed 
such ability that his commission of maior-general 
of volunteers followed on 21 March, 1862. The day 
before the battle of Shiloh, his division was placed 
on the north side of Snake creek, on a road leading 
from Savannah or Crump's landing, to Purdy. He 
was ordered by Gen. Grant, on the morning of 6 
April (the first day of the battle), to cross the creek 
and come up to Gen. William T. Sherman's right, 
which covered the bridge over that stream, that gen- 
eral depending on him for support ; but he lost his 
way, and did not arrive until the night He rendered 
efficient service in the second dav's fight, and in the 
subsequent advance on Corinth. In November, 

1862, he was president of the court of inquiry on 
the military conduct of Gen. Don Carlos Buell in the 
operations in Tennessee and Kentucky. In 1863 
he prepared the defences of Cincinnati, which he 
saved from capture by Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, 
and was subsequently assigned to the command of 
the middle department and the 8th army corps, with 
headquarters in Baltimore, Md. With 5,800 men 
he intercepted the march of Gen. Jubal A. Early 
with 28,000 men on Washington, D. C, and on 9 
July, 1864, fought the battle of the Monocacv. 
Although he was defeated, he gained sufficient 
time to enable Gen. Grant to send re-enforcements 
to the capital from City Point By order of Gen. 
Henry W. Halleck, he was removed! from his com- 
mand, and superseded by Gen. Edward O. C. Ord ; 
but when Gen. Grant learned the particulars of the 
action, he immediately reinstated Wallace, and in 
his official report in 1865 says : 44 On 6 July the 
enemy (Early) occupied Ha^erstown, moving a 
strong column toward Frederick city. Gen. Wal- 
lace, with Ricketts's division and his own com- 
mand, the latter new and mostly undisciplined 
troops, pushed out from Baltimore with great 
promptness and met the enemy in force on the Mo- 
nocacy.near the crossing of the railroad bridge. His 
force was not sufficient to insure success, but he 
fought the enemy nevertheless, and, although it re- 
sulted in a defeat to our arms, yet he detained the 
enemy and thereby served to enable Wright to reach 
Washington before him." Returning to his com- 
mand, Gen. Wallace was second member of the court 
that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and 
president of that which tried and convicted Capt 
HenryWirz, commandant of Anderson ville prison. 
Gen. Wallace was mustered out of volunteer ser- 
vice in 1865, returned to the practice of law in 
Crawfordsville, was governor of Utah in 1878-'81, 
and in 1881 became IT. S. minister to Turkey, serv- 
ing till 1885, when he again resumed practice in 
Crawfordsville. He has lectured extensively in 
this country, and is the author of two successful 
novels, entitled " The Fair God," a story of the 
conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1878), "Ben-Hur, a 
Tale of the Christ," of which 290,000 copies have 
been sold (New York, 1880) ; a 44 Life of Benjamin 
Harrison "(1888); and "The Boyhood of Christ " 
(1888).— His wife, Susan Arnold Elston, author, 
b. in Crawfordsville, Ind., 25 Dec., 1830. was edu- 
cated there, and married Gen. Wallace in 1852. 
Her maiden name was Elston. She has written 
many articles for newspapers and magazines, her 
short poem, " The Patter of Little Feet," attaining 
wide popularity. Her other publications are " The 
Storied Sea " (Boston, 1884) ; 44 Ginevra, or the Old 
Oak Chest" (New York, 1887); the "Land of the 
Pueblos," with other papers (1888); and "The Re- 
pose in Egypt " (1888). 



WALLACE 



WALLACE, Sir James, British naval officer, 
d. in London, England, 6 March, 1803. He be- 
came a lieutenant in the royal navy, 11 March, 
1755, was promoted commander in 1762, and was 
made post-captain in 1771. He was stationed at 
Newport, R. I., in 1774-'5, in command of the 
" Rose," a twenty-gun frigate, and greatly annoyed 
the people of Rhode Island by the detention of 
their shipping and attempts to carry off their 
property. On this account there was* a spirited 
correspondence between Wallace and Gov. Nicho- 
las Cooke. To Com. Abraham Whipple, whose 
leadership in the attack on the 44 Gaspee " was now 
avowed, Wallace wrote : 44 You, Abraham Whipple, 
on the 10th of June, 1772, burned his Majesty's 
vessel, the 4 Gaspee,' and I will hang you at the 
vard-arm " ; to which Whipple replied : 44 To Sir 
James Wallace, Sir : Always catch a man before 
you hang him." Not long afterward he bombard- 
ed Bristol, R. I. In 1777 he had the "Experi- 
ment," of fifty guns, and he afterward served in 
the " Nonesuch," of sixty-four guns. In October, 
1777, he ascended Hudson river on a marauding 
expedition, burned the town of Kingston, where 
the legislature was then in session, and plundered 
other places, wantonly destroying private property. 
At Livingston Manor they heard of Burgoyne's 
surrender, and returned to New York. He saw 
much service on the coast during the war, and was 
detested for his severity. On 24 Sept., 1779, he 
was captured in the 44 Experiment " by Count D'Es- 
taing. He commanded the 44 Warrior" in Rod- 
ney's victory over De Grasse. Sir James became 
a rear-admiral, 12 April, 1794, vice-admiral, 1 Jan., 
1795, and admiral of the blue, 1 Jan., 1801. In 
1793-'5 he was governor of Newfoundland. 

WALLACE, James Hope, British officer, b. in 
Rankeilour, Fifeshire, Scotland. 7 June, 1807; d. 
in Featherstone Castle, Northumberland, England. 
7 Jan., 1854. He was the second son of Geu. John 
Hope, fourth Earl of Hopetoun, entered the Cold- 
stream guards in 1821, and served in that regi- 
ment till 1844, when he retired with the rank of 
lieutenant-colonel. He went to Canada with his 
regiment in 1838, and in November of the same 
vear was selected by the governor-general, Lord 
Beaton, to raise volunteers for service in the prov- 
ince. In less than a week after receiving the com- 
mission he had succeeded in organizing the 
"Queen's volunteers," a regiment of 1,000 men, 
ready to perform garrison duties in Quebec, which 
enabled tlie Grenadier guards to be moved up the 
country. Soon after leaving Canada, Col. Hope 
succeeded to the estates of his uncle, Lord Wal- 
lace, whose name he took, but not the title. 

WALLACE, John Bradford, lawyer, b. in 
Somerset county, N. J., 17 Aus:., 1778; d. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 7 Jan., 1837. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1794, adopted the profession of law, 
and in 1797 was admitted to the bar of Philadel- 
phia, where he practised with eminent success. 
He wrote ably in defence of the Federal party. 
His publications include 44 Remarks on the Law of 
Bailment" (Philadelphia, 1840) and editions of 
" Reports of Cases of the Third Circuit Court " 
(1801), and "Abbot on Shipping" (1802). See a 
" Memoir" by his wife (printed privatelv, 1848J. 
—His son, John William, author, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 17 Feb., 1815; d. there, 12 Jan., 1884, 
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1888, studied law in Philadelphia and in the 
Temple, London, became the standing master in 
chancery in the supreme court of Pennsylvania 
in 1844, was reporter of the 3d circuit of the 
U. S. circuit court in 1842- 58, and in 1863-76 

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WALLACE 



WALLACE 



335 




was reporter of the supreme court of the United 
States. In 1860-'84 he was president of the histori- 
cal society of Pennsylvania. He published "lie- 
porters, chronologically arranged, with Occasion- 
al Remarks upon 
their Respective 
Merits " (Phila- 
delphia, 1843) ; 
" Cases in the Cir- 
cuit Court of the 
United States for 
the 3d District" 
(2 vols., 1849-'53) ; 
" Cases argued 
and abridged in 
the U. S. Supreme 
Court" (23 vols., 
1864 - 76) ; and 
f "An Old Phila- 
'delphian, Colo- 
nel William Brad- 
ford, of 1776 " 
(1884). He also 
edited " British 
Crown Cases Re- 
served" (6 vols., 
183d-'53) ; an address delivered at the celebration 
of the New York historical society, 3 May, 1863, of 
the 200th anniversary of the death of William Brad- 
ford (Albany, N. Y., 1863) ; and, after the death of 
Horace Binney Wallace, revised the 4th edition of 
John William Smith's 44 Leading Cases " (2 vols., 
1857); and "American Leading Cases" (2 vols., 
1857).— Another son, Horace Binney, scholar, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Feb., 1817; d. in Paris, 
France, 16 Dec, 1856, was graduated at Princeton 
in 1835. studied medicine, chemistry, and law, the 
latter under his father and Charles Chauncey, but 
never adopted a profession, devoting himself to lit- 
erary pursuits. He travelled in Europe in 1849-'50 
and in 1852, giving assiduous study to philosophi- 
cal subjects. In a St of insanity, produced by over- 
work, he committed suicide. Augiiste Comte said of 
him : " In him heart, intellect, and character united 
in so rare combination and harmony that, had he 
lived, he would have aided powerfully in advanc- 
ing the difficult transition through which the 10th 
century has to pass." He was the author of a novel 
entitled M Stanley, or the Recollections of a Man of 
the World" (Philadelphia, 1838); aided Rufus W. 
Griswold in the preparation of his 44 Napoleon and 
the Marshals of the Empire " (2 vols., 1847) ; and 
also wrote ,4 Art, Scenery, and Philosophy in Eu- 
rope, with other Papers " (1855) ; and 44 Literary 
Criticism, and other Papers " (1856). With J. I. 
Clarke Hare he edited 44 American Leading Cases 
in Law" (2 vols., 1847); John William Smith's 
" Leading Cases" (2 vols., 1852); and White and 
Tudor's 44 Leading Cases in Equity " (2 vols., 1852). 

WALLACE, William, Canadian member of 
parliament, b. near Galston, Ayrshire. Scotland, 4 
Feb., 1820. He was educated at the parish school, 
emigrated to Canada in 1840, founded the 44 British- 
Canadian " newspaper at Simcoe in 1861, and has 
been its editor and proprietor ever since. He was 
elected for South Norfolk to the Canadian parlia- 
ment in 1872, re-elected in 1874 and 1878, and re- 
tired in 1882. He has been reeve of Simcoe, a 
member of the county council, and was elected 
mayor of Simcoe in 1884. He favors imperial fed- 
eration, and introduced to the Canadian parlia- 
ment in 1873 resolutions bearing on that question. 

WALLACE, William A, senator, b. in Clear- 
field, Pa. 28 Nov., 1827. He received an academic 
education, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and 



devoted himself to his profession till his entrance 
into politics in 1862 as a member of the state sen- 
ate. He served five successive terms in that body, 
was its speaker in 1871, senatorial delegate and 
chairman of the Pennsylvania delegation to the 
National Democratic convention in 1872, chairman 
of the Democratic state committee of Pennsylvania 
for five years, and a member of the commission 
to suggest amendments to the state constitution 
in 1874. In 1875-'81 he was U. S. senator, having 
been chosen as a Democrat. He was returned to 
the state senate in 1882, and was the author of 
the arbitration statute and several amendments to 
the Pennsylvania railroad laws. He became in- 
terested in developing the mineral resources of cen- 
tral Pennsylvania in 1881, and was president of the 
Beech Creek railroad. 

WALLACE, William Harvey Lamb, soldier, 
b. in Urbana, Ohio, 8 July, 1821 : d. in Savannah, 
Tenn.. 10 April, 1862. He removed with his father 
to Illinois in 1832, and adopted the profession of 
law, which he was licensed to practise in 1846, but 
the same year volunteered as a private in the 1st 
Illinois regiment for the Mexican war. He rose to 
the rank of adjutant, participated in the battle of 
Buena Vista and other engagements, and after the 
peace resumed his profession, becoming district 
attorney in 1853. In May, 1861, he was appointed 
colonel of the 11th Illinois volunteers, and at the 
battle of Fort Donelson, in February, 1862, he com- 
manded a brigade in Gen. John A. McClernand's 
division, with ability that led to his appointment 
as brigadier-general of volunteers. In the suc- 
ceeding battle of Shiloh he commanded Gen. 
Charles F. Smith's brigade, which for six hours 
withstood the assault of the enemy, and was the 
last to leave the field. Wallace fell, mortally 
wounded, in an ineffectual attempt to resist the 
enemy. See James Grant Wilson s 44 Sketches of 
Illinois Officers " (Chicago, 1862). 

WALLACE, William James, jurist, b. in Syra- 
cuse, N. Y., 14 April, 1839. He was educated under 
private tutors, studied law in Hamilton college, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He was 
mayor of Syracuse in 1873-'4, United States district 
judge for northern New York from 1874 till 1882, 
and since the last-named year has been United 
States circuit judge for the 2d judicial circuit, 
which includes the 6tates of New York, Vermont, 
and Connecticut. Syracuse university gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1882. 

WALLACE, William Ross, poet, b. in Lex- 
ington, Ky., in 1810; d. in New York city, 5 May, 
1881. He was educated at Bloomington and South 
Hanover college, Ind., studied law in Lexington, 
Ky., and in 1841 removed to New York city, where 
he practised his profession, and at the same time 
engaged in literary pursuits. His first work that 
attracted favorable criticism, a poem entitled 44 Per- 
dita," published in the 44 Union Magazine," was 
followed by 44 A loan." a poetical romance (New 
York, 1848), and 44 Meditations in America, and 
other Poems " (1851). Other fugitive verses that 
attained popularity include 44 The Sword of Bunker 
Hill," a national hymn (1861) ; "Keep Step with 
the Music of the C T nion" (1861); and 44 The Lib- 
erty Bell " (1862). William Cullen Bryant said of 
his writings : 44 They are marked by a splendor of 
imagination and an affluence of diction which show 
him the born_poet. M 

WALLACE, William Vincent, musician, b. in 
Waterford, Ireland, 1 June. 1814; d. in Haute Ga- 
ronne, France, 12 Oct, 1865. Under the tuition 
of his father he early wrote pieces for the bands 
I and orchestras of his native place. When eighteen 



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336 



WALLACK 



WALLACK 



years of age, for the purpose of recovering his 
health by a voyage, he sailea for Sydney. Australia, 
remaining during several years and leading a life 
of adventure. Irom Australia he went to New 
Zealand, made a whaling- voyage in the South seas, 
and flnallv landed in the East Indies. He visited 
most of the interior provinces of Hindostan and 
spent some time in tiger-hunting. From Hindo- 
stan, Wallace sailed for Chili, and in turn visited 
Peru and Buenos Ay res, giving concerts in the 
large cities of those countries. This musical 
progress was gradually extended to Mexico and 
the West Indies, His earliest appearance in the 
United States as a virtuoso was in New Orleans. 
Thence he travelled through the Union for several 
vears, riving entertainments in the large cities. 
Later Wallace went to England, turning his atten- 
tion to the composition of operas. In London he 
produced in succession 44 Maritana" and 44 Matilda 
of Hungary." The first named readily found its 
way to the chief opera-houses of the European 
continent. Later the composer brought out 44 Lur- 
line," 44 The Maid of Zurich," 44 The Amber Witch," 
44 Love's Triumph," and 44 The Desert Flower." Af- 
ter a short stay in Paris, for the restoration of his 
health, he again crossed the Atlantic, landing at 
Rio Janeiro. Thence he sailed for New Orleans, 
whence he continued a prolonged concert tour in 
the principal cities of the Union. As a performer 
on the violin and piano-forte Wallace was more 
than respectable, and free from sensationalism. 
His compositions for the piano-forte are melodious 
and effective. As an opera-composer he was de- 
ficient in the science of instrumentation, but he 
well understood how to write for the voice, and 
many of his melodies combine fluency and grace 
with the charms of originality. This is particu- 
larly the case with his first two lyric dramas. His 
earliest works continue to hold the stage. 

WALLACK, James William, actor, b. in Lam- 
beth, England, 24 Aug., 1794; d. in New York 
city. 2.*> Dec., 1864. His parents were comedians, 
who performed at the London minor play-houses 
and in the British provinces. His first appearance 
on the stage was as a child at the Surrey theatre 
in London. Soon afterward he performed in ju- 
venile characters at Drury I>ane, and at the age 
of eighteen entered on a permanent career at the 
same house as Laertes in 44 Hamlet." He also 
acted in the British provinces and in Ireland, 
gradually winning his way to popularity as a use- 
ful representative of drama ana comedy. In 1824 
Wallack became stage-manager at Drury Lane, 
and rose to the performance of secondary rSles in 
tragedy. Later tie played at the Hav market, and 
officiated as stage-manager at the Princess's thea- 
tre. For about twenty years his attention was 
divided between the theatres of the United States 
and those of his native land. He made numer- 
ous voyages to this country, where he was always 
received with favor. On the occasion of his first 
visit to the United State*, in 1818, he boldly ad- 
vanced himself to the interpretation of Macbeth. 
Romeo, Shylock, Coriolanus, Hamlet, and Rich- 
ard III., without making any favorable impression. 
But in the principal r61es in 44 The Stranger," 
44 Pizarro," and 44 The Gamester," closely copied in 
the manner of Kemble, he attracted favorable con- 
sideration. From 1818 until 1845 Wallack per- 
formed at intervals in all the principal cities of 
the Union. Among his best renderings were the 
chief characters in 44 The Brigand," 44 The Rent- 
Dav." 44 The Wonder." *• Don Oesar de Bazan," 
44 Wild Oats," and the refined comedy parts of 
Mercutio, Jaquea, and Benedick. 44 Love s Ritor- 



nello." as sung by him in 44 The Brigand," was 
hummed from one end of the land to the other. 
In 1822 Wallack met with an accident, in which 
his leg was fractured by the overturning of a stage- 
coach between New York and Philadelphia This 
mishap retired him from active life for about 
eighteen months; from its effect he never en- 
tirely recovered. From 1837 until its destruc- 
tion by fire Wallack conducted the New York Na- 
tional theatre. There he presented a repertory of 
the best plays in the English language, rendered 
by a company such as never before had been seen 
iii this country. In 1852 he assumed the manage- 
ment of Wallack's lyceum, and in 1801 established 
Wallack's theatre. As a performer he was en- 
dowed with a fine personality ; his voice was highly 
melodious, set off by flexibility and careful elocu- 
tion, and his knowledge of stage-effect was unex- 
celled. In refined ana eccentric comedy Wallack 
had few superiors. Some of his r61es in the 
romantic dramas of his own creation were en- 
tirely unequalled, and have passed away with him. 
—His son, John Lester, actor, b. in New York 
city, 1 Jan., 1820; d. in Stamford, Conn., 6 Sept., 
1888, spent his in- 
fancy and boyhood 
in England. At the 
age of twenty he was 
entered as lieuten- 
ant in the British 
army, but after two 
years' service he 
abandoned his mili- 
tary career. Ambi- 
tious of following in 
the footsteps of his 
father, he began his 
new experience on 
the Dublin stage in 
the part of Don Pe- 
dro in "Much Ado 
about Nothing." He 
remained there two 
seasons, which were 
followed by an en- 
gagement at Edinburgh and a brief connection 
with the Haymarket theatre in London. In this 
country Mr. Wallack at first became known as 
John W. Lester, making his first appearance as 
such at the New York Broadway theatre, 27 Sept., 
1847, as Sir Charles Coldstream in Dion Boucicault'a 
adaptation of 44 Used Up." After two years' con- 
nection with this establishment he appeared in suc- 
cession at several other houses — the Bowery, Bur- 
ton's, Niblo's, and Brougham's lyceum. In 1852 
he joined the company at his father's theatre, 
where he acted as stage-manager and played lead- 
ing parts. On the death of the elder Wallack, in 
1864. he succeeded him as proprietor of Wallack's 
theatre, which he conducted with more or less suc- 
cess for twenty-four years. On 21 May, 188®, af- 
ter his managerial retirement, Mr. Wallack was 
the recipient of a brilliant dramatic testimonial 
that netted the beneficiary the unexampled pro- 
ceeds of $20,000. Among the actor's best per- 
formances were Don Felix in 44 The Wonder, St 
Pierre in 44 The Wife," Alfred Evelyn in 44 Money." 
Charles Surface in 44 The School for Scandal," 
Young Marlowe in 44 She Stoops to Conquer," Harry 
Domton in 4 'The Road to Ruin," and Claude 
Melnotte in 44 The Lady of Lyons." In his youth 
Mr. Wallack had a pleasing tenor voice, which he 
often used to advantage. In many respects his 
abilities were similar to his father's*. But, unlike 
him, he never aspired to the leading r51es in trage- 




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dy or those of the heavy sentimental drama, but 
wisely confined his efforts to genteel comedy and 
romantic youthful characters. He wrote for the 
stage "The Veteran "and "Roscdale," both of which 
were deservedly popular, and prepared three papers 
that were published in "Scribner's Magazine" in 
October and following months after his death. 

WALLBRIDGE, Lenin. Canadian jurist, b. in 
Belleville, Ont., 27 Nov., 1810. He studied law, 
was admitted as a barrister in 1839, and became 
queen's counsel in 1856. He was elected to the 
Canadian parliament in 1857. became a member 
of the executive council in 1863, and sneaker of 
the Canadian assembly the same year. In 1882 he 
was appointed chief justice of Manitoba. 

WALLEN, Henry Davles, soldier, b. in Sa- 
vannah, Ga., 19 April, 1819; d. in New York city. 
2 Dec., 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1840 in the class with William T. 
Sherman and George H. Thomas, and was as- 
signed to the 4th infantry. His first service was 
in the Florida war in 1840-*2, and, after garrison 
duty during 1842- '5, he was engaged in the mili- 
tary occupation of Texas and in the war with Mex- 
ico, being wounded at Palo Alto. After five years 
of frontier duty at Detroit and Plattsburg, he was 
sent to the Pacific coast, where he remained until 
the beginning of the civil war, serving in various 
forts, with the Yakmia expedition in 1855, and in 
command of the exploring expedition to Salt Lake 
in 1859. Meanwhile he had been promoted captain 
on 31 Jan., 1850, and major on 25 Nov., 1861. He 
was acting assistant inspector-general of the De- 
partment of New Mexico from June, 1862, till 
June, 1864, ami in command of a regiment at Fort 
Schuyler, N. Y., thereafter until May, 1865. The 
brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel were given 
him on 23 Feb., 1865. and that of brigadier-general 
on 13 March, 1865, while the actual rank of lieu- 
tenant-colonel was conferred on him, 30 July, 1865. 
For a year he served in the west, and commanded 
successively the district of the Gila and the district 
of Arizona, but in 1867 he was given command 
of Governor's island. New York harl>or, which 
post he held until 1869. In 1872 he was on the 
Yellowstone cxf>edition. and on 19 Feb., 1873, he 
was made colonel of the 2d infantry. He was 
retired from active service on 18 Feb., 1874, and 
subsequently resided in New York city. 

WALLER, Frank, artist, b. in New York city, 
12 June, 1842. During 1863-8 he was engaged 
in business in New York. In 1870-'l he studied 
under John G. Chapman in Rome. The following 
year he travelled in Egypt with Edwin White, mak- 
ing many studies and sketches for future works. 
He was one of the founders in 1875 of the Art- 
students' league, of which he was also the first 
president, and for which he wrote " Report on Art 
Schools " (New York, 1879). His paintings include 
"Tombs of the Caliphs" (1874) : " Interior of mv 
Studio ;"" Caravan on the Desert" (1878); "In- 
terior of Metropolitan Museum of Art "(1879); 
44 Temple of Kom Ombos " (1881); "Eventide. 
Venice "(1883); "Testing his Toledo" (1884) ; and 
"Hop-Picking "(1885). Of the last three he has 
also made etchings. He has adopted architecture 
as a profession, and now devotes his attention 
principally to that art.— -His brother. El wyn, chem- 
ist, b. in New York city, 22 March, 1846, was grad- 
uated at Harvard in 1867, and at the Columbia 
school of mines in 1870, with the degree of engineer 
of mines. In 1871 he became an assistant in the 
department of analytical chemistry in the School 
of mines, in 1871 he became an instructor, and 
.since 1885 he has been professor of analytical 
vol. vi.— 22 



I chemistry, ne was appointed assistant sanitary 
[ inspector on the New York health board in May, 
1872. and in 1875 became its chemist, which place 
he filled until 1885. The degree of Ph. I), was 
conferred on him for post-graduate researches by 
Columbia in 1875. lie is a member of various 
scientific bodies and a fellow of the London 
chemical society. Dr. Waller was connected edi- 
torially with "The American Chemist." and has 
contributed articles on water, food, and sanitary 
and analytical chemistry to scientific journals. 
The chapter on " Disinfection " in Buck's " Treatise 
on Hygiene "(New York, 1879), and that on " Wa- 
ter" in Parkes's "Manual of Practical Hygiene" 
(1883), were written by him. He has edited Cairns's 
"Manual of Quantitative Analysis " (New York, 
1879), and has contributed a " Report on Butter" 
to the New York state dairy commissioners' report 
published in 1885. 

WALLER, John, clergyman, b. in Spottsylvania 
county, Va., 23 Dec.. 1741 ; d. in Abbeville, S. C, 4 
July, 1802. By reason of his notorious wickedness 
in earlv life, he was styled " Swearing Jack Waller" 
and "'The Devil's Adjutant." He was especially 
hostile to the Baptists, and was one of the grand 
jury that prosecuted the Rev. Lewis Craig, of that 
denomination, for preaching. Craig's address to 
the jury deeply impressed him, and was the means 
of his conversion. He soon became a Baptist 
preacher, travelling extensively, and attracting 
crowds of hearers to his zealous ministrations. 
But the intolerant spirit that he had once shared 
now made him its victim. He lay 113 days in 
four different jails of Virginia, and was repeatedly 
scourged. He was one of the most laborious ana 
useful of the pioneer preachers of the south. 

WALLER, John Light foot clergyman, b. in 
Woodford county, Ky.. 23 Nov., 1809 : d. in Louis- 
ville, Ky., 10 Oct., 1854. He was educated under 
private tutors, and became an accomplished scholar. 
After teaching for several years, he took in 1835 
editorial charge of the " Baptist Banner," and sub- 
sequently he edited that paper when it was com- 
bined with the "Western Pioneer" in Louisville, 
Ky. In 1840 he was ordained to the Christian 
ministry, and he was for a time pastor of a church 
in Woodford county. In 1845 ne established the 
" Western Baptist Review," afterward called the 
"Christian Repository," of which he remained edi- 
tor until his death. He was a member of the con- 
vention that in 1849 formed the present constitu- 
tion of Kentucky, and in that lx>dy displayed 
debating talent of a high order. In 1842 he en- 
gaged in a celebrated debate with the Rev. Nathan 
L. Rice on the subiect of baptism. He resumed 
in 1850 editorial charge of tne "Baptist Banner 
and Western Pioneer." The degree of LL. D. was 
conferred on him by Madison university in 1852. 

WALLER, Thomas McDonald, governor of 
Connecticut, b. in New York city about 1840. He 
was left an orphan at the age of nine, and was a 
newsbov for some lime, but he attracted the atten- 
tion of a citizen of New London, Conn., who 
adopted him. and whose name he assumed. He 
studied law, was admitted to the Connecticut bar 
in 1861, and attained note as an advocate. He 
early entered politics, became well known as a pub- 
lic speaker, and served in the legislature in 1867, 1868, 
1872, and 1876, being chosen as a Democrat. Dur- 
ing his last term he was speaker of the house. In 
1870 he was secretary of state, and in 1873 he be- 
came mayor of New London. He served as state's 
attorney in 1876-'83, and in 1882 was elected gov- 
ernor of Connecticut, after canvassing the state in 
his own behalf, contrary to custom. On the ex- 



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WALLERTON 



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Ciration of his term he was appointed, in 1885, 
S. consul-general at London. Kngland. 
WALLERTON, Charles Louis Auguste, 

French naturalist, b. in Sainte-Menchould in 1?21 ; 
d. in Nancy in 1788. He was sent to Mexico in 
1759 to study the botany of that country, at the 
suggestion of the Academy of sciences of Paris, 
and obtained a special privilege to enter the Span- 
ish dominions. Landing in Vera Cruz in October. 
1760, he explored the province of Michoacan, 
where he formed a rich herbarium of medicinal 
plants, and afterward he searched the public libra- 
ries and the convents for information about the 
remedies that were formerly used by the Aztecs. 
He then visited the Isthmus of Panama, Santo Do- 
mingo, and Cuba, and made a thorough explora- 
tion of the latter island. On his return to France 
in 17G5, with an herbarium of 1,500 medicinal 
plants, he was elected corresponding member of 
the Academy of sciences, and secretary of the 
Academy of Nancy, where he settled. Ho wrote 
** Traite explicatif d'un horbier de plantes medici- 
nales recueillies dans un voyage a la Nouvelle Es- 
pagne, dans l'isthme do Darien et a Tile de Cuba" 
(3 vols., Nancy, 1767-'70); " Monographie des mala- 
dies syphilitiques et des simples en usage chez les 
ancicns Indiens du Mexique" (1770); and "Ta- 
bleau de la flore du royaume de la Nouvelle Es- 
pagne, et en particulier do la province de Mechoa- 
can" (2 vols., 1775-'9). 

WALLEY, John, soldier, b. probably in Lon- 
don, England, in 1044; d. in Boston, Mass.. 11 
Jan., 1712. He was a son of the Rev. Thomas Wal- 
ley. On 12 Feb., 1089. he commanded the first ex- 
pedition against the French and Indians in Canada, 
and in August, 1690. he sailed from Boston as the 
lieutenant of Sir William Phips in a second ex- 
pedition. He landed near Quebec with al»out 
1,200 men, and after some courageous but ineffect- 
ual fighting, and an unsuccessful bombardment 
by Phips's fleet, he re-embarked. Walley was one 
of the principal founders of the town and church 
of Bristol, became a member of the council in 
1687, ami was captain of the Ancient and honorable 
artillery of Boston. His journal of the Canadian 
cxfKHlition is printed in Thomas Hutchinson's 
"History of Massachusetts." 

WALLING, Henry Francis, cartographer, b. 
in Bnrrillvillc, R. I., 11 June, 1825; d. in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 8 April, 1888. He was educated at 
public schools and was fitted for college, but be- 
came assistant librarian in the Providence athe- 
na>um. While so engaged he studied mathematics 
and surveying, and entered the office of Barrett 
Cushing, a civil engineer in Providence, whose 
partner he became in 1846. He began topographic 
work in 1849, and prepared atlases containing full 
maps and scientific descriptions of most of the 
northern states and the Dominion of Canada. In 
1807 he was called to the chair of civil engineering 
in Ijafayette, which he filled for three years, and 
then resigned to accept an appointment as assist- 
ant on the U. S. coast survey. Subsequently he 
became connected with the U. S. geological survey, 
and in 1884 was assigned to duty in connection 
with the geodetic survey of Massachusetts, on the 
preparation of the state maps, on which work' he 
was engaged at the time of his death. He was a 
fellow of the American association for the advance- 
ment of science, and of the American society of 
civil engineers, to whose proceedings he contributed 
papers of value. It was said that 44 to him more 
than to any one else is due the better appreci- 
ation of good maps, which is now bearing iruit in 
the work of the national survey." 



WALLIS, Gnstav. German botanist, b. in Lune- 
burg, Prussia, 1 May, 1830 ; d. in Cnenca, Ecuador, 
20 July, 1878. Little is known of his early life. 
In 1860 he began his search for botanical rarities 
in tropical America for a horticultural house in 
Brussels. His explorations were confined chiefly 
to Amazon river and its tributaries, the mountain- 
ous coast-line, and the Isthmus of Panama. He 
also visited the Philippine islands for a London 
house, and before his death began to explore the 
Pacific coast of Ecuador at his own expense. He 
enriched horticulture with 1,000 new species. 

WALLIS, Samuel, English navigator, b. about 
1720; d. in London in 1795. He entered the navy, 
commanded a division of cutters in Canada in 
1760, and after the conclusion of peace was charged 
with the completion of the discoveries of Capt 
John Byron in the Pacific. Sailing from Plym- 
outh. 22 Aug., 1766, he anchored in the following 
November near Cape Virgins on the coast of Pata- 
gonia, where he had intercourse with the natives, 
and discovered that they were not giants, as had 
been asserted by former navigators. On 17 Sept. 
he entered the Strait of Magellan, which he ex- 
plored for four months. Leaving the strait on 11 
April, Wallis discovered Pentecost island on 3 
June, 1767, and later Queen Charlotte island. He 
returned to Dover, 19 May, 1708, and in 1780 
was appointed commissioner of the admiralty, 
which post he retained till his death. Wallis's 
narrative was published in John Hawkcsworth's 
collection, entitled 44 An Account of the Voyages 
undertaken for making Discoveries in the South- 
ern Hemisphere" (3 vols., London, 1773). 

WALLIS, Severn Teackle, lawyer, b. in Balti- 
more. Md., 8 Sept., 1816. He was graduated at St. 
Mary's college. Baltimore, in 1832, studied law 
with William Wirt and John Glenn, and in 1837 
was admitted to the 
bar. Mr.WalliscHrly 
developed a taste for 
literature and con- 
tributed to periodi- 
cals many articles of 
literary and histori- 
cal criticism, also oc- 
casional verses. He 
became a proficient 
in Spanish literature 
and history and was 
elected a correspond- 
ing member of the 
Royal academy of 
history of Madrid in 
1843. In 1846 he was 
chosen a fellow of 
the Royal society of 
northern antiquaries 
of Copenhagen. In 
1847 he visited Spain and in 1849 the U. S. govern- 
ment sent him on a special mission to that coun- 
try to examine the title to the public lands in east 
Florida, as affected by roval grants during the ne- 
gotiations for the treaty'of 1819. From 1859 till 
1861 he cont ributed largely to the editorial columns 
of the Baltimore 44 Exchange," and he has also 
written for other journals. He was a Whie till 
the organization of the American or Know-Noth- 
ing party, after which he was a Democrat In 1861 
he was sent to the house of delegates of Maryland, 
and took an active part in the proceedings of 
the legislature of that year at Frederick. He was 
chairman of the committee on Federal relations, 
and made himself obnoxious to the Federal au- 
thorities by his reports, which were adopted by the 




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legislature, and which took strong ground against 
the civil war, as well as against the then prevailing 
doctrine of military necessity. In September of 
that year Mr. Wallis was arrested with many 
members of the legislature and other citizens of 
the state, and imprisoned for more than four- 
teen months in various forts, lie was released 
in November, 1862, without conditions and with- 
out being informed of the cause of his arrest. lie 
then returned to the practice of the law in Balti- 
more. In 1870, on the death of John P. Kennedy, 
he was elected provost of the University of Mary- 
land. In December, 1872, as chairman of the art 
committee of private citizens appointed bv the 
Maryland legislature, he delivered the address 
upon the unveiling of William II. Rinehart's statue 
of Chief-Justice laney. He has contributed to pe- 
riodicals, and has published "Glimpses of Spain " 
(New York, 1849); "Spain: her Institutions, Poli- 
tics, and Public Men" (Boston, 1853); a "Dis- 
course on the Life and Character of George Pea- 
body " (Baltimore, 1870); and numerous pamphlets 
on legal and literary subjects. 

WALLON, Louis Florentin (vol-Iong). mission- 
ary, b. in Bourges, France, about 1670 ; d. in Peru 
in 1725. After serving in the army he became a 
Jesuit at Saint- Acheui, and went to* Peru in 1714, 
after visiting Paraguay, Chili, and the West Indies. 
He intended to take charge of a mission in the 
Philippine islands, but remained in Peru instead, 
and founded a prosperous mission in the plateau 
of Quito, where he died. He wrote several inter- 
esting accounts of his travels, which were printed 
in the "Collection des lettres cdifiantes et curi- 
euscs, envoyees des missions ctrangeres" (Paris, 
1715-'80). Among them are " Voyage aux Indes 
Orientales, par le Paraguay, le Chili et le Perou, 
fait en 1712, '13-'14," which describes the condition 
of the Indians in South America at the beginning 
of the 18th century ; and "Etat des missions de la 
Compagnic de Jesus dans le Perou." 

WALN, Robert, merchant, b. in Philadelphia. 
Pa., 22 Feb., 1765; d. there, 24 Jan.. 1836. His 
great- great-grandfather, Nicholas an English 
Quaker, came to this country with William Penn 
in 1682, and bought a tract of land in what is now 
the citv of Philadelphia. He took an active part 
in public affairs, was a inemk»r of the first grand 
jury that was called in 1683, and represented Bucks 
county in the first legislature of Pennsylvania 
from that year till 161)5, when he removed to 
Philadelphia, and in 1711 became a director in the 
first public school of that city. lie died there in 
1721. Rolwrt was educated at the FricnuV acade- 
my in his native city. He inherited a large estate, 
and with his brother Jesse continued the business 
that had been established by his father, which be- 
came widely known in the East India and China 
trade, and almost equalled that of Stephen Girard 
in the comprehensive character of its enterprises. 
He served in the legislature several years, and in 
congress from 1708 till 1801 as a Federalist, and 
was a member of the common council of Phila- 
delphia. During the war of 1812 he built one of 
the first cotton-factories in the country, and, being 
also largely interested in iron-works, he became a 
strong protectionist. He was the author of an 
" Answer to the Anti-Protective Report of Henry 
Lee," while the excitement on the tariff question 
was at its height, and of " Seven Letters to Elias 
Hicks," which attracted great attention. — His son, 
Robert, poet. b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 Oct., 
1794; d. in Providence, R. I., 4 July, 1825, was 
liberally educated, and devoted himself to litera- 
ture. He published " The Hermit in America on 



a Visit to Philadelphia" (Philadelphia, 1819; 2d 
series, 1821); "American Bards," a satire (1820); 
" Sisyphi Opus, or Touches at the Times, with oth- 
er Poems" (1820) : " Life of Lafayette" (1825-'6); 
" History of China " (1825) ; and numerous contri- 
butions to periodicals, lie edited John Sanderson's 
" Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of In- 
dependence " from the third volume, contributing 
several of the subsequent lives (7 vols., 1820-'7). 

WALSH, Benjamin Dann, entomologist, b. 
in Frome, Worcestershire, England, 21 Sept, 
1808; d. in Rock Island, 111., 18 Nov., 1860. He 
was graduated at Cambridge, and it was the de- 
sire of his parents that he should study for the 
ministry. His own inclinations led him into lit- 
erary work, and he wrote extensively for periodi- 
cals, including a pamphlet on university reforms, 
almost all the suggestions in which he lived to see 
practically carried out. In 1838 he came to the 
United States and settled in Henrv county, 111., 
where for thirteen years he led a secluded life, de- 
voted to the care of his farm. His health becom- 
ing impaired, he removed to Rock Island in 1851, 
and there followed the lumber business for seven 
vears. His active entomological career began after 
his retirement from business, and thereafter he 
contributed regularly from his observations and 
experience to various journals and proceedings of 
societies. In October, 1865, the " Practical Ento- 
mologist " was founded in Philadelphia, his name 
appeared as its associate editor from the west, and 
ultimately the editorial management passed entire- 
ly into his hands. During the session of 1866-7 
the legislature of Illinois authorized the appoint- 
ment of a state entomologist, and Mr. Walsh's 
name was presented for confirmation. Although 
final action was deferred by the state senate until 
its next session, he discharged the duties of the 
office, and as acting state entomologist issued his 
first annual report for 1867. lie was a member 
of various scientific societies, and was regarded as 
a standard authority on his sjvcialty. 1 1 is more 
important entomological works were published in 
the "Proceedings of the Philadelphia Entomo- 
logical Society." Mr. Walsh was associated with 
Charles V. Riley in founding the " American En- 
tomologist " in 1868, and was~ its senior editor until 
his death. In addition to the works that have been 
mentioned, he published " Walsh's Comedies of 
Aristophanes " (London, 1837). 

WALSH, John, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in 
Mooncoin, County Kilkenny. Ireland, 24 May, 1830. 
After completing his classical studies he entered 
St. John's college, Watcrford, where he took a 
course of theology. Resolving to devote himself 
to foreign missions, he went to Canada in 1852, 
entered the Seminary of St. Sulpicc, Montreal, and 
was ordained a priest on 1 Nov., 1S54. lie was sta- 
tioned for two years at Brock, and was then ap- 
pointed pastor of St. Mary's parish. Toronto. He 
was afterward transferred to St. Paul's, and sub- 
sequently was made rector of tho cathedral, but 
was reappointed pastor of St. Mary's. He was then 
nominated to the sec of Sandwich, and consecrated 
bishop on 10 Nov., 1807. In 1S68 he removed his 
episcopal residence from Sandwich to London, and 
in 1860 he procured from the Propaganda a decree 
that made London the titular diocese. He at once 
entered on the task of removing the enormous 
debt that weighed on his flock, and in a few 
months succeeded in paying $40,000. He began 
with zeal to build churches and found schools, 
academics, and convents, but at the end of two 
years his health failed, and he was not able to at- 
tend the Vatican council. In 1875 he published a 



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work on the questions that were discussed in that 
body. In 1876 he |>aid his first visit to Rome, and. 
after his return in the following year, the tenth 
anniversary of his consecration was appropriately 
celebrated. In 1881 he laid the corner-stone of the 
new cathedral of Ijondon, which is now nearly fin- 
ished, and is unequalled among Canadian churches. 
In 1882 he visited Ireland, returning the same 
year. In 1884 he took part in the deliberations of 
the third plenary council of Baltimore at the so- 
cial invitation of the American bishops. During 
Bishop Walsh's episcopate twenty-eight churches 
were built and five were enlarged, and more than 
$500,000 were spent on church improvement. 
Three convents were built, and a new orphanage 
was founded and placed under the care of the 
Sisters of St. Joseph. The College of Sandwich was 
opened by the Basilian Fathers, and nine academies 
and nine convents were established. The number 
of priests have increased to seventy-seven, and the 
Roman Catholic population to about 70,000. 

WALSH, John Johnson, missionary, b. in 
Newburg, N. Y., 4 April, 1820; d. in Amenia, N. Y.. 
7 Feb., 1884. He was graduated at Union college 
in 1889, and at Princeton theological seminary in 
1843, was ordained, and sailed the same year as a 
missionary under the American board for India, 
where he occupied stations at Futtehghur, Myn- 
poorie, and Allahabad till 1873. Returning home 
in 1874, he was pastor at Millerton, N. Y., for two 
years, and subsequently lived in Amenia. Mr. 
\Valsh had just left India for the United States, 
and thus escaped the massacre of the mission at 
Futtehghur by the Sepoys in 1857. He published 
44 A Memorial of the Futtehghur Mission and her 
Martyred Missionaries " (Philadelphia, 1859). 

WALSH, Michael, educator, b. in Ireland in 
1703; d. in Amesburv. Mass., 20 Aug., 1840. He 
came to America when a youth and became a 
teacher in Marblehead academy about the time of 
its organization in 1792, where Judge Joseph Story 
was one of his pupils. Harvard gave him the 
degree of A. M. in 18011 He was the author of 
a "Mercantile Arithmetic" (Ncwburvport, 1801), 
and a " New System of Book-keeping" (1826). 

WALSH, Michael, politician, b. in Youghal, 
Ireland, 7 March, 1810; d. in New York city, 17 
March, 1859. He went to Baltimore in his youth, 
received a good education, and became a lithog- 
rapher. Removing to New York, he entered the 
assembly in 1839. and continued for many years 
to be a leader of the Democratic party. He estal>- 
lishcd in 1840 "The Knickerbocker." which was 
stopped after two years' existence by his conviction 
and imprisonment for the publication of a libel. 
On his release he ta'gan "The Subterranean," an 
abusive and scurrilous sheet, that came to an end 
in a few years. On his release he served in con- 
gress, having been elected in 1853-*5 as a Demo- 
crat, and was then sent on a confidential mission to 
England and to Mexico by the government. Mr. 
Walsh visited the camps of the great contending 
powers in the Crimea, and was for a time the guest 
of Carroll Spence, then U. S. minister in Constan- 
tinople, having reacluKl there from Sevastopol pen- 
niless and without suitable clothing. He had great 
talents, independence, and honesty, and was a keen 
satirist, and nis letters from abroad were unrivalled 
in their vein. He was found dead in the area of 
a house in New York city. He published his 
"Speeches, Poems, and other Writings" (New- 
York. 1H43). 

WALSH, Robert, author, b. in Baltimore, Md., 
in 1784; d. in Paris. 7 Feb., 1859. His father, a 
native of Ireland, was a merchant of Baltimore. 




He was educated at the Roman Catholic college at 
Baltimore and at the Jesuit college at Georgetown, 
D. C, where in 17JKJ he delivered a poetical ad- 
dress before Gen. Washington, who was then presi- 
dent. He afterward sjient a numl>er of years in 
Kurope, and, returning to this country in 1809, 
studied law. was admitted to the bar. and began 
practice in Philadelphia. In consequence of deaf- 
ness he aUmdoned law and enptged in journal- 
ism. In 1811 he began the publication of the 
first quarterly that was issued in the United 
States, "The 
American Re- 
view of His- 
tory and Poli- 
tics," which he 
continued two 
vears, and in 
1817-'18 edit- 
ed ^"Ameri- 
can Register." 
In 1819 he es- 
tablished the 
44 National Ga- 
zette "at Phil- 
adelphia, and 
remained con- 
nected with it 
till 1836, when 
he sold it to 
William Pry. 
He also edit- 
ed the " Maga- _ _ 
zine of For- 
eign Literature," and resuscitated the " American 
Review" in March, 1827, which he continued to edit 
with much ability for ten years. About 1836 he 
went to reside in t*aris, where he was U. S. consul 
in 1845-'51, and remained there till his death. He 
was at one time a writer for Dennie's 44 Portfolio," 
wrote biographical prefaces to an edition of the 
English poets in fifty small volumes, and biographi- 
cal sketches for " Delaplaine's Repository " and 
1 for the 44 Encyclopa?dia Americana, and while in 
| Europe he corresponded with the "Journal of 
| Commerce" and the "National Intelligencer." 

He was a member of the American philosophical 
! society and the Royal Spanish academy of history. 
I His " Letter on the Genius and Disj>osition of the 
I French Government " (Philadelphia, 1810) was re- 
published in England, where it was very popular, 
j and passed through four editions. Mr. walsh's 
i other books include " Correspondence respecting 
Russia," with Robert Goodloe Harper (1813) ; 44 Es- 
say on the Future State of Europe" (1813); " Ap- 
peal from the Judgment of Great Britain respect- 
ing the United States" (1819): "The Museum of 
Foreign Literature and Science "(1822); and "Di- 
dactics : Social, Literarv, and Political " (2 vols., 
1830). He also issued "The Select Speeches of 
George Canning" (Philadelphia, 1835) and "The 
Select Speeches of Windham and William Huskis- 
son " (1841), for both of which he wrote biographical 
sketches.— His grandson, William Shepard, au- 
thor, b. in Paris, France, 1 Feb., 1854, is the son of 
Robert M. Walsh, who was secretary of legation 
I in France, and held various other diplomatic posts 
j in Europe and in South America. He spent his 
j boyhood in Italy. In 1867 he came with his fam- 
! ily to this country, studied at Georgetown college, 
1 D. C. was graduated at the law department of the 
I University of Pennsylvania in 1876, and in the 
same year accepted a post as reader and critio 
« with J. B. Lippincott and Co., during which oon- 
! nection he has compiled, edited, or written about 



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twenty juvenile, historical, and scientific books, 
under various pen-names, chiefly under that of 
44 William Shepard." In 1886 he became editor of 
44 Lippincott's Magazine." He has published un- 
der his own name " Faust : the Legend and the 
Poem," a critical commentary (Philadelphia, 1887), 
and " Paradoxes of a Philistine" (1888). 

WALSH, William. Canadian R. C. archbishop, 
b. in Waterford, Ireland, in November, 1804; a. 
in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 10 Aug., 1858. He was 
educated in theology and philosophy in St. John's 
college, Waterford, "and was ordained a priest on 
25 March, 1828. He exercised his ministry for 
the following ton years in the archdiocese of Dub- 
lin, where he was nominated bishop of Calcutta. 
He was permitted to decline the appointment, but 
in 1834, in obedience to the command of his supe- 
riors, he consented to become coadjutor vicar apos- 
tolic of Nova Scotia. On the creation of the see of 
Halifax in 1845 he became bishop, and in 1852 he 
was made archbishop of the same diocese. He not 
only contributed to the advancement of the Ro- 
man Catholic church in Nova Scotia, but did much 
to increase the general well-being of the prov- 
ince. He labored to create a Roman Catholic 
literature, and for this purpose published transla- 
tions of the works of St. Alphonsus Liguori, Grif- 
fet's Meditations," Berthier's " God and I," and 
the " Spiritual Maxims " of St. Vincent de Paul. 
His original works are "Lenten Manual" (New 
York, ia55); "Catholic Offering" (1855); and 
" Eucharistica" (1856). 

WALTER, Nehemlah, clergyman, b. in Ire- 
land in December, 1663; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 17 
Sept., 1750. He was of English parentage, and 
came with his father, Thomas, to this country in 
1679, settling in Boston. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1684, and, after living for a time in 
Nova Scotia, became colleague to John Eliot, the 
apostle to the Indians. He was minister of Rox- 
burv, Mass., from 17 Oct., 1688, till his death. Mr. 
Walter married a daughter of Increase Mather. 
He published " An Essay on the Sense of Indwell- 
ing Sin in the Regenerate " (Boston, 1707) ; " Prac- 
tical Discourses on the Holiness of Heaven " 
(1726); and a posthumous volume of "Sermons 
on Isaiah LV. ^(1755).— His son, Thomas, clergy- 
man, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 13 Dec., 1696 ; d. there, 
10 Jan., 1725, was graduated at Harvard in 1713. 
and ordained as his father's colleague, 19 Oct, 1718. 
He published " Grounds and Rules of Music Ex- 
plained" (Boston, 1721): "A Sermon at the Bos- 
ton Lecture " (1723); and 44 Infallibility may Some- 
times Mistake, an essay (1724).— Thomas's nephew, 
William, clergyman,* b. in Roxbury, Mass., 7 
Oct, 1737; d. in Boston, 5 Dec., 1800, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1756, ordained by the bishop 
of London in 1764 as a minister of the Anglican 
church, and on 22 July of the same year installed 
rector of Trinity church, Boston. He sympathized 
with the loyalists, and, resigning the rectorship of 
Trinity church, 17 March, 1776, accompanied Gen. 
Howe to Halifax, Nova Scotia, with his family and 
many others. He afterward went to New York, 
acted for some time as chaplain of a British regi- 
ment, and, returning to Nova Scotia, received a 
grant of land from the crown as compensation for 
his losses, which amounted to £7,000. He re- 
turned to Boston in 1791, and the next year became j 
rector of Christ church in that city, where he 
ministered till his death. In 1796 he was invited 
to deliver the Dudleian lecture at Harvard col- 
lege, and in 1798 he pronounced the anniver- 
sary discourse before the Massachusetts humane 
society, which was published. The degree of D. D. 



was conferred on him by King's college, Aberdeen, 
in 1784. — William's grandson, Lynde Minshall. 
journalist (1799 — 1842), was graduated at Harvard 
in 1817, established the "Boston Transcript " in 
1830, and was editor till 1842. — Another grandson 
of William, William Bicker, author, b. in Bos- 
ton, 19 April, 1796; d. in Charleston, S. C, 2:. 
April, 1822. was graduated at Bowdoin in 1818, and 
studied divinity at Cambridge, but did not preach. 
He possessed an active fancy and great facility of 
versification. Mr. Walter contributed odes, son- 
nets, and translations to the newspapers and maga- 
zines, and in 1822 went to the southern states to 
give lectures on poetry. He published " Poems " 
(Boston, 1821), and " Sukey " a poem (1821). The 
latter was suggested by Fitz-Greene Halleck's 
44 Fanny," which appeared in 1819. 

WAITER, Thomas, botanist, b. in Hampshire, 
England, about 1745: d. near Charleston, S. C, 
about 1800. He received a liberal education in 
England, but, emigrating to this country, settled 
on a plantation in St. Stephen's parish, S. C. There 
he followed the business of a planter and devoted 
his leisure to botany. In his garden he cultivated 
the plants that he subsequently described, and sev- 
eral species have since been named after him. His 
principal publication is " Flora Caroliniana, se- 
cundum Svstema Vegetabilium perillustris Linnei 
digesta" (London, 1788). 

WALTER, Thomas Ustick, architect, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Sept., 1804; d. there, 30 Oct., 
1887. His early education was liberal but not col- 
legiate, and at the age of fifteen he entered the 
office of William Strickland, the architect of the 
mint and the custom-house, Philadelphia. After 
acquiring a knowledge of linear drawing and a 
general acquaintance with the professional prac- 
tice of architects, he resumed his general studies, 
prosecuted them for seven years, and after two 
more years with Mr. Strickland he began practice 
as an architect in 1830. His first important work 
was the new county prison (1831), which is now gen- 
erally known as Moyamensing jail, and in 1833 he 
made the original designs for Girard college, and 
was sent to Europe by the building committee of 
that institution, tnat he might study there. On his 
return he took charge of the college building, which 
was completed in 1847, and which it is claimed is 
the finest specimen of classic architecture on this 
continent. Mr. Walter's next great work was the 
breakwater at Laguayra for the Venezuelan gov- 
ernment ; in 1851 his design for the extension of 
the capitol at Washington was adopted. Having 
been appointed government architect, he removed 
to Washington, and remained there till the comple- 
tion of the work in 1865. (See illustration.) While 




in Washington he also designed the extensions of 
the patent-office, treasury, and post-office build- 
ings, the dome on the old capitol, the congressional 



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WALTER 



WALTHALL 



library, and the government hospital for the in- 
sane. Among the works of his private practice in 
Philadelphia were the designs for St. George's hall, 
the Preston retreat, and the Biddlc and Cowpcr- 
thwaite places on Delaware river. He assisted the 
architect of the new Public buildings at Philadel- 
phia in their erection, and was so engaged till his 
death. He was a member of the Franklin institute 
after 1829, held its professorship of architecture, 
and in 1860 delivered a course of lectures on that 
subject in Columbia college, New York. He was 
a member of the American philosophical society 
after 1841, and was one of the original members 
of the American institute of architects, of which 
he was president at the time of his death. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. C. L. from the University 
of Lewisburg, Pa., in 1853. and that of LL. D. from 
Harvard in 1857. 

WALTER, William Henry, musician, b. in 
Newark, N. J., 1 July, 1825. He removed to New 
York in 1842, was appointed organist in Trinity 
parish in 1847, and placed successively in charge 
of the music at St. John's chapel, St. Paul's, Trin- 
ity church, and Trinity chapel, where he remained 
until 1809. He studied composition under Dr. 
Edward Hodges, was appointed organist at Colum- 
bia college, New York, in 1850, and in 1805 re- 
ceived the honorary degree of Mus. Doc. from that 
institution, with which he is still connected. His 
published works are *• Manual of Church Music" 
(New York, 1860); "Chorals and Hvmns" (1860) ; 
" Common Prayer with Ritual Song '* (1808); " Les- 
sons in Music" (1882); and "Mass in C," with 
Latin and English text (1880).— His son, George 
William, organist, b. in New York city, 10 Dec., 
1851, at the age of eleven was placed under the 
musical instruction of John K. Paine, of Boston, 
and subsequently under Samuel P. Warren, of New 
York. In 1809 ne went to Washington, D. C, and 
was given the degree of Mus. Doc. by Columbian 
university of that city. H is compositions are rather 
for the virtuoso than for the popular ear. As an 
organist he is known for his powers in extemporane- 
ous performance and novelty in registration. His 
musical library contains more than 8,000 works. 

WALTER, William Joseph, author, b. in 
England ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Oct., 1846. He 
was a professor in St. Edmund's college, Ware, 
England, till 1839, when he emigrated to this 
country, and settled in Philadelphia, where, at the 
time of his death, he acted as secretary to the 
British consul. His chief publications were "Ac- 
count of a Manuscript of Ancient English Poetry, 
entitled 4 Clavis Sciential, or Bretayne*s Skyll-Kay 
of Knawing,' by John de Wageby " (London. 1816) ; 
editions of "Marie Magdalen's Punerall Teares" 
and others of Robert Southwell's poems; "Sir 
Thomas More : his Life and Times " (Philadelphia, 

1839) ; " Beauties of Sir Thomas More " (Baltimore, 

1840) ; "Mary, Queen of Scots: a Journal of her 
Twenty Years' Captivity, Trial, and Execution" 
(Philadelphia, 1840); "St. John Chrysostom " 
(1841) ; and " The New Following of Christ " (1841). 

WALTERS, William Thompson, merchant, 
b. on the Juniata river, Pa, 23 May, 1820. He is 
of Scotch- Irish ancestry, and his father, Henry 
Walters, a banker of Pennsylvania, sent him to 
Philadelphia to be educated as a civil engineer. 
He was placed in charge of a large smelting 
establishment in Lycoming county, Pa, where 
under his management the first iron that was 
manufactured in the United States from min- 
eral coal was made. In 1841 he removed to Bal- 
timore, Md., and engaged in the general commis- 
sion business, and in 1847 he established the 



firm of W. T. Walters and Co.. wine-merchants. 
When the first line of steamers between Baltimore 
and Savannah was established he was chosen its 
president, and from that time he has *been a direc- 
tor in every line from Baltimore to the south. Af- 
ter the civil war he aided in the reorganization of 
the southern steamship lines. For many years he 
has been a director of the Northern Central rail- 
way company, and he is also interested in many 
southern lines. From 1861 till 1865 he resided in 
Europe, where he became the j>ersonal friend of 
many prominent continental artists, and travelled 
extensively to study the history and development 
of art and to purchase pictures for the collection 
that he had oegun at an early period. He was 
art commissioner from the United States to the 
Paris exposition of 1867, that in Vienna in 1873, 
and that in Paris in 1878. He is one of the per- 
manent trustees of the Corcoran art gallery in 
Washington, D. C, and is also chairman of" the 
purchasing committee, a trustee of the Peabody 
institute, and chairman of its committee on art. 
He is also a trustee of the estate left for art 
uses by the sculptor William H. Rinehart. who 
was enabled to procure his art education largely 
through the generosity of Mr. Walters. Albert 
Wolff, the French critic, says that Mr. Walters's 
private collection is the most complete gallery of 
French pictures in the world with a single excep- 
tion. He owns a large and rare collection of 
Bonvin's water-colors, and many Barye bronzes. 
His collection of Oriental porcelain, and ceramics 
numbers 3,000 pieces. For many years Mr. Wal- 
ters has annually opened his gallery to the pub- 
lic, and the proceeds are devoted to the Poor 
association of Baltimore. He has given to the 
city of Baltimore several bronzes, which adorn 
the four public squares adjoining the Washington 
monument. They are the great lion, a master- 
piece made by Antoine Louis Barye, in 1847, 
for the Tuileries ; four groups—" War," " Peace," 
" Strength," and " Order " — productions of the 
models made by Barye for the exterior decoration 
of the Louvre; and a reproduction in bronze by 
Barbedienne of " Military Courage," made by Paul 
Dubois for the Lamoriciere monument in Nantes. 
He has also given to the city a reproduction in 
bronze of the statue of Chief- Justice Taney in An- 
napolis, Md., made by Rinehart. During his visit 
to Europe, Mr. Walters became interested in the 
Percheron horses ; he brought eighteen of them to 
the United States in 1866, and extended the importa- 
tion of this stock. To increase an intelligent inter- 
est on this subject, he published "The Percheron 
Horse," from the French of Charles Du Hays, with 
artistic etchings (printed privately, New York, 
1886). He has also published "Antoine Louis 
Barye, from the French of Various Critics " (Balti- 
more, 1885), and " Notes upon Certain Masters of 
the XIX. Century" (New York, 1886). 

WALTHALL, Edward Cary, senator, b. in 
Richmond, Va., 4 April, 1831. He was educated 
at Holly Springs, Miss., studied law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1852, and practised at Coffeevillc, 
Miss. In 1856 he was elected district attorney of 
the 10th judicial district of Mississippi, and he 
was re-elected in 1859, but resigned in 1861 and 
entered the Confederate army as a lieutenant in 
the 15th Mississippi infantry. He was promoted 
to lieutenant-colonel, and commanded the regi- 
ment in the battle of Fishing Creek, or Mill 
Springs, Ky., 19 Jan., 1862. Subsequently he be- 
came colonel of the 29th Mississippi regiment, 
and he was promoted brigadier, 13 Dec., 1862, 
and major-general, 6 June, 1864. His service was 



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in the western army. At the battle of Mission 
Ridge, after the National forces had penetrated 
the Confederate lines, Gen. Walthall, under direc- 
tion of Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham, threw his 
brigade across the 
ridge and held the 
advancing troops 
in check until 
darkness enabled 
the Confederates 
to make their es- 
cape. He com- 
manded the rear- 

fuard of General 
ohn B. Hood's 
army after that 
general's disas- 
trous defeat at 
Nashville, and 
protected them 
from capture by 
the pursuing 
forces of General 
George H. Thom- 
as. In January, 
1871, Gen. Walt- 
hall resumed the practice of law at Grenada, 
Miss., which he continued until March, 1885. He 
was delegate at large to the National Demo- 
cratic conventions of 1868, 1876, 1880, and 1884. 
He was appointed to the U. S. senate as a Demo- 
crat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation 
of Lucius Q. C. Lamar, took his seat on 12 March, 

1885, and was elected by the legislature in January, 

1886, for the unexpired term, without opposition. 
He was unanimously chosen in January, 1888, for 
the term that will end in 1895. 

WALTHER, Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm, theo- 
logian, b. in Langenchnrsdorf, Saxony, 25 Oct., 
1811; d. in St Louis, Mo., 7 May, 1887. He was 
the youngest son of Rev. Gottlieb Heinrich Wil- 
helm Walther and a descendant of a long line of 
Lutheran clergymen. He received his classical 
education in the gymnasium at Schneeberg, in the 
Hans mountain, and his theological training at the 
University of Leipsic, where he was graduated in 
1883. In the same year he became tutor in the 
family of a councilman at Kahla, and in 1837 be- 
came pastor at Brftunsdorf. During his residence 
at Kahla he was acquainted with Rev. Martin 
Stephan in Dresden, who was at that time at the 
height of his popularity, but with whom Walther 
could not always agree. When, in 1838, Stephan gave 
the signal for emigration to this country, Walther, 
with a number of his members, decided to accom- 
pany them, and they arrived at New Orleans, La., 
on 5 Jan., 1839. On the way Stephan disclosed 
his true nature as a religious fanatic, and Walther 
separated from him. Some of the emigrants set- 
tled in St Louis, while others went to the interior 
of the state, especially in Perry county. Among 
the latter was Walther, who located at Altenburg, 
as a Lutheran pastor, and after the deposition of 
Stephan became the deliverer of his deluded fol- 
lowers. In 1841, after the death of his brother 
Herman, he accepted the pastorate of the Lutheran 



congregation of Saxons in St Louis, Mo., where he 
restored harmony among the people and gave 
them a proper form of government. His labors 



were so successful that in the fall of 1842 he dedi- 
cated the first Lutheran church of the Holy Trin- 
ity in St Louis. He became the recognized leader 
among his countrymen, who settled in large num- 
bers in Missouri, and was chief in the movement 
that resulted in 1847 in the organization of the 



synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states, of which 
he was the first president, and which is now the 
largest Lutheran synod in the country. In 1849 
the theological seminary that was organized at 
Altenburg in a log-hut, 9 Oct., 1839, was removed 
to St. Louis, and Mr. Walther was elected its presi- 
dent, which post he held until his death. He was 

Ere-eminently the leader of the so-called Missouri 
tutherans. In 1872 the sy nodical conference of 
the Evangelical Lutheran church in North Amer- 
ica was organized, of which he was also the rec- 
ognized leader and in which he exercised a con- 
trolling influence throughout his life. He was an 
earnest and faithful student of the writings of 
Luther and the confession of the Evangelical Lu- 
theran church, a fine classical scholar, a profound 
theologian, an able leader and organizer, and a 
prolific author. In 1844 he began the publication 
of " Der Lutheraner," a semi-monthly, in St Louis, 
Mo., of which he was the editor until 1887, and 
in 1855 he established there 41 Lehre und Wehre," 
a monthly, which he conducted until his death. 
He published a large number of sermons, ad- 
dresses, and criticisms, many of which appeared 
in German and English, and which are widely cir- 
culated in the United States and Europe. He has 
also issued several works, among which are ** Dr. 
M. Luther's kleiner Katechismus ausgelegt von 
Dr. J. C. Dietrich, mit Zusatzen" (St Louis, 1858); 
** Amerikanisch-Lutherische Evangelien-Postille " 
(1871 ; 9th ed., 1883) ; " Amerikanisch-Lutherische 
Epistel-Postille" (1871); "Amerikanisch-Luther- 
ische Pastoral Theologie" (1872); "Baieri, J. G., 
Compendium Theologi® Positive : Editio auctior 
et emendatior " (3 vols., 1879). 

WALTON, George, signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, b. in Frederick county, Va., in 
1740 ; d. in Augusta, Ga., 2 Feb., 1804. He was 
entirely self-taught, and was early apprenticed to 
a carpenter. His employer would not permit 
him tne use of a 
candle to read at 
night, but in his 
zeal for knowledge 
he found a substi- 
tute in pine-knots. 
At the expiration 
of his apprentice- 
ship he removed 
to Georgia, studied 
law with Henry 
Young, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 
1774, and began 
practice at Augus- 
ta. He was one of 
four persons that 
called a public 
meeting at Savan- 
nah, Ga., 27 J uly, 
1774, for the con- 
sideration of public grievances, and was one of a com- 
mittee that was appointed on that occasion to insti- 
tute a correspondence with the different parishes, 
inviting them to co-operate with the other provinces 
in North America in opposition to the arbitrary 
exercise of power by the British government. On 
12 Jan., 1775, another meeting of the citizens was 
convened, but the majority were opposed to taking 
any decisive measures against the mother country, 
though Mr. Walton eloquently urged such action. 
He was one of the committee that prepared a peti- 
tion to the king, and drew up tho patriotic resolu- 
tions that were adopted on tnat occasion ; was ac- 
tive in promoting the Revolution in Georgia, and 




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WALWORTH 



from February, 1776, till October, 1781, was a dele- 
gate to the Continental congress, signing the Dec- 
laration of Independence in the former year. In 
December, 1778, he was appointed a colonel of 
militia, commanded a battalion on the right of 
Gen. Robert Howe's army when Savannah was 
taken by the British, was severely wounded in the 
thigh, and. having been taken prisoner, was not 
liberated till September, 1779. In October of the 
same year, and again in 1789, he was chosen gov- 
ernor of Georgia. He was appointed chief justice 
of the state in 1783, and in 1787 was elected a dele- 
gate to the convention for framing the constitution 
of the United States, but did not take his seat In 
1793 he was again a judge of the supreme court, 
and in 1795-'6 he was U. S. senator. He was also 
one of the IT. S. commissioners to negotiate a treaty 
with the Cherokee Indians in Tennessee, and was 
several times a member of the legislature of Geor- 
gia. Gen. Mcintosh, then in command of the 
militia in Georgia, accused Mr. Walton of indirect 
participation in the production of a forged letter, 
dated 30 Nov., 1779, which was transmitted to the 
president of congress, requesting his removal from 
the command of the troops in the state. This ac- 
cusation was considered by the legislature of Geor- 
gia in January, 1783. A vote of censure was passed 
on Mr. Walton, and the attorney-general was rec- 
ommended to institute such proceedings against 
him as the case required. This action of the legis- 
lature seems strangely inconsistent with Mr. Wal- 
ton's appointment by the same bod v as chief justice 
of Georgia on the preceding day. — ft is son, George, 
held the office of secretary of state for West Florida 
under the administration of Andrew Jackson. 

WALTON, George Edward, physician, b. in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 25 Dec., 1839. He was gradu- 
ated at Bcllevue hospital medical college, New 
York, in 1864, and, after serving as acting as- 
sistant surgeon in the National army, visited Eu- 
rope for study in 1865, and, returning in 1866, be- 
gan practice in Cincinnati. He afterward became 
professor of the principles and practice of medicine 
in Cincinnati college, took the chair of medicine 
and surgery in 1880, and was president of the Cin- 
cinnati academy of medicine in 1880-'l. In addi- 
tion to monographs on European and American 
climatic resorts, and contributions to periodicals, 
he has published " Mineral Springs of the United 
States and Canada " (New York, 1872). 

WALTON, William, British author, b. in Eng- 
land in 1784; d. at Oxford in 1857. He was Brit- 
ish resident at Santo Domingo, and, in addition 
to articles for reviews and magazines, published 
44 Present State of the Spanish Colonies (2 vols., 
London, 1810); "Historical Account of Peruvian 
Sheep" (1811); 44 Sketch of the United States of 
America, 1800-1810, by Le C. F. de Beaujour," 
translated (1814) ; 44 Expose of the Dissensions of 
Spanish America" (1814) : "Reports on Mines in 
Hayti" (1825); 44 Memoir on Slavery in Brazil," 
translated (1826) ; and 44 Spain ; or Who is the Law- 
ful Successor to the Throne t" (1834). 

WALTON, William Claiborne, clergyman, b. 
in Hanover countv, Va., 4 Nov., 1793 ; d. in Hart- 
ford, Conn., 18 Feb.. 1834. He was the son of a 
blacksmith, and received but few advantages of 
early education, but afterward studied at Hamp- 
den Sidney college, and was licensed as a preacher 
of the Presbyterian church, 22 Oct., 1814. at Fred- 
ericksburg. He afterward preached at Smithfield 
and Berryville, Va., at Washington, D. C, for a 
short period in 1821, and in February, 1823, became 
pastor of the 3d Presbyterian church, Baltimore. 
In May, 1827, he was installed as pastor of the 2d 



Presbyterian church at Alexandria, which charge 
he retained till 1832. In November, 1830, he was 
deputed by the presbytery of the District of Co- 
lumbia to attend the annual meeting of the synod 
of Virginia, and in 1832 he was chosen missionary 
agent and evangelist for the presbyteries of East 
and West Hanover. Subsequently he became pas- 
tor of the Free church, Hartford, Conn. He was 
remarkably successful as an evangelist, and con- 
tributed in a considerable degree to the revival of 
religion in the Presbyterian, Congregational, and 
other churches during 1831, whereby more than 
100,000 persons were brought into church com- 
munion. He published a small volume of sermons, 
besides separate discourses, and a sketch of the life 
of his daughter, Margaret Ann. A poem com- 
memorative of him was written by Mrs. Lydia H. 
Sigournev after his death, and his life was pub- 
lished by" Joshua N. Danforth (New York, 1837). 

WALWORTH, Jeannette Ritchie Hader- 
mann, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Feb., 
1837. She removed to Natchez, Miss., while a 
child, with her father, Charles Julius Hadermann, 
a German baron, who was afterward president of 
Jefferson college. On his death the family re- 
moved to Louisiana, and when she was sixteen 
vears old Miss Hadermann became a governess. 
Saving married Maj. Douglas Walworth, of Nat- 
chez, she accompanied him to his plantation in 
southern Arkansas, thence removed to Memphis, 
Tenn., and finally to New York city, where she 
now resides. In addition to contributions to the 
periodical press, the 44 Continent," and other maga- 
zines, she has published 44 Forgiven at Last " (Phila- 
delphia, 1870); 44 The Silent Witness "(1871); "Dead 
Men's Shoes" (1872); "Heavy Yokes" (Boston, 
1874); "Nobody's Business" (New York, 1878); 
"The Bar Sinister" (1885); "Without Blemish" 
(1885); "Alice and Scruples" (1880); "At Bay" 
(New York, 1887); "The New Man at Rossmere" 
(1887); "Southern Silhouettes " (New York, 1887); 
"True to Herself " (New York, 1888); 4 That Girl 
from Texas" (New York, 1888). 

WALWORTH, John, pioneer, b. in Groton, 
Conn., in 1765; d. in Cleveland. Ohio, 10 Sept, 
1812. He settled at Painesville, Ohio, in 1800, and 
in 1802 was made justice of the peace for Trum- 
bull countv. In 1803 Gov. Tiffin appointed him 
associate ludge of the superior court. In 1806 he 
held simultaneously four distinct offices — those of 
inspector of the port of Cuyahoga, collector of the 
district of Erie, associate "judge of Geauga county, 
and postmaster at Cleveland, to which place he 
had removed in 1805. The post-office at Cleve- 
land was kept in the upper story of a small build- 
ing on Superior street, and the total receipts of the 
office for the first quarter were only f 2.83. The 
place had then a population of less than fifty, and a 
mail came to it only twice a week. When it arrived 
Mr. Walworth delivered the letters personally, 
carrying them around in his hat; and that duty 
performed, it is said that he would lock up his 
office and 44 go a-fishing with the bovs." He held 
the offices of associate judge and collector of cus- 
toms till his death, and was much esteemed.— His 
wife. Jullanna Morgan, b. in Groton, Conn., 31 
Dec, 1709: d. in Cleveland, 2 March, 1853, was one 
of the three women that refused to leave their 
homes when the stampede occurred at Cleveland 
on the occasion of Gen. William Hull's surrender. 
She was an accomplished horsewoman, and often 
took long horseback journevs with her husband, 
once crossing the Alleghanies with him, and go- 
ing in this manner to the eastern states by way of 
Pittsburg and Philadelphia. 



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WALWORTH, Reuben Hyde, jurist and the 
last of the chancellors of New York state, b. in 
Bozrah, Conn., 26 Oct., 1788 ; d. in Saratoga Springs, 
N. Y., 27 Nov., 1867. He was the third son of 
Benjamin Walworth, 
who in the early part 
of the Revolutionary 
war was quartermas- 
ter of Col. Nicholl's 
New York regiment, 
and acted as adju- 
tant at the battle of 
White Plains. The 
family was original- 
ly of London, Eng- 
land, the American 
branch descending 
from William Wal- 
worth, who emigrat- 
ed from that city in 
1671 and settled on 
Fisher's island, and 
afterward in New 
London, Conn. His father removed to Hoosick, 
N. Y., during the son's early childhood, where the 
latter acquired the mere rudiments of an educa- 
tion by great industry, and at the age of sixteen 
taught in a school. At seventeen he began the 
stuay of law at Troy, N. Y., and in 1809 he was 
admitted to the bar. In January, 1810, he settled 
at Plattsburg, N. Y., where he speedily rose to 
eminence in his profession, and m 1811 he was 
appointed a master in chancery, and one of the 
county judges. At the invasion of Plattsburg 
by the British army in September, 1814, Mr. Wal- 
worth, who since 1812 had held the post of adju- 
tant-general of the New York militia, was aide to 
Gen. Benjamin Mooers, and witnessed Com. Mc- 
Donough's battle and victory on the lake, having 
been deputed to watch the contest from the shore 
and report the result to his chief. He was a mem- 
ber of congress in 1821-'3, and in April of the 
latter year was appointed judge of the 4th judicial 
district of New York state, which office he held 
for five years. In October of the same year he re- 
moved to Saratoga Springs. He presided in his 
circuit until 1828, when he was appointed chan- 
cellor of the state of New York. This office he 
held for twenty vears, when the new constitution 
of 1848 abolished: the court of chancery. In 1828 
he removed to Albany, but in the spring of 1833 
he returned to Saratoga Springs and to his resi- 
dence at Pine Grove, where he remained until his 
death. Pine Grove (seen in the accompanying 
illustration) was for many years a much-fre- 
quented place, few residences in the land seeing 
more of the great celebrities of the country, es- 
pecially jurists and statesmen, among them De 
Witt Clinton, Martin Van Buren, Silas Wright, 
Daniel D. Tompkins, William L. Marcy, Francis 
Granger, William H. Seward, Stephen A. Douglas, 
Millard Fillmore, James Buchanan, Chancellor 
Kent, Judge Story, Washington Irving, Fenimore 
Cooper, and Gen. Winfield Scott. Chancellor 
Walworth may justly be regarded as the great 
artisan of our equity laws. In some sense he was 
the Bentham of America, without the bold specu- 
lations and fantastical theories which, to a certain 
extent, characterized the great British jurist. 
What Bentham did in removing defects in English 
jurisprudence Walworth did in renovating and 
simplifying the equity laws of the United States. 
Justice Story pronounced him " the greatest eauity 
jurist living." Before his day the court of chan- 
cery in New York state was a tribunal of ill-de- 



fined powers and uncertain jurisdiction, in a meas- 
ure subservient to the English court of chancery 
in its procedure. Chancellor Walworth abolished 
much of that subtlety, many of those prolix and 
bewildering formalities which had their origin in 
the middle ages. He reduced the practice of his 
court to standard rules, which he prepared with 
great industry. These rules greatly improved the 
old system of equity practice, and though he has 
been charged with thus complicating the court of 
chancery with expensive machinery, it cannot be 
gainsaid that with Chancellor Walworth equity 
was the soul and spirit of law, " creating positive 
and defining rational law, flexible in its nature, 
and suited to the fortunes, cases, and reciprocal 
obligations of men." The contents of fourteen 
volumes of Paige and Barbour's "Chancery Re- 
ports," containing the adjudications in his own 
court, and a large part of the matter of the thirty- 
eight volumes oi Wendell, Hill, and Denio's " Re- 
ports," consisting of the opinions he pronounced 
in the court of errors, attest his vast judicial la- 
bors. All widows and orphans in the state were 
wards of the court of chancery. The chancellor 
construed this tutelage in the most simple sense 
and acted accordingly. His wards had easy ac- 
cess to him without any formalities of red tape. 
He listened to their stories patiently, instituted 
inquiries after his own fashion, and often made 
some prompt order in their favor upon such in- 
formal appli- 
cation. Chan- 
cellor Wal- 
worth was of 
such a genial, 
winning man- 
ner that who- 
ever came in 
contact with 
him was at 
once placed at 
ease. He was 
also very be- 
nevolent, and 
was constant- 
ly looking 
about him for 

some deserving object upon whom to exercise his 
kindness. He was for many years an elder in the 
Presbyterian church, and took it upon himself to 
care especially for the poor of the congregation. 
He was an early and stanch friend of temperance, 
and for a long period was president of the Ameri- 
can temperance union. He was also vice-president 
of the Bible societ y and the Tract society. Prince- 
ton gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1835. He 
was the author of " Rules and Orders of the New 
York Court of Chancery " (Albany, 1829; several 
revised eds.), and " HydeGenealogy " (2 vols., 1864). 
—His son, Clarence Alphonsus, author, b. in 
Plattsburg, N. Y., 30 May, 1820, was graduated at 
Union college in 1838, and studied law, first at 
Canandaigua, N. Y., and afterward at Albany. Ho 
was admitted to the bar in July, 1841, and prac- 
tised one year at Rochester. Afterward he was a 
student at the General theological seminary of the 
Protestant Episcopal church. New York city, for 
three years, and then, uniting with the Roman Cath- 
olic church, went to Belgium, spending three years 
with the Redemption ists, and at the College of 
Wittemberg, where he was ordained priest. He 
was then sent to England, taking charge, while 
there, of a new church at Upton on Severn, and 
acting as a missionary in London, Liverpool, and 
Manchester. He returned in March, 1850, and 




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WALWORTH 



WANTON 



was a travelling missionary throughout the United 
States for fifteen years. He was also one of the 
five founders of the order of Paulists in the United 
States. (See Hecker, Isaac T.) In 1864 his health 
compelled him to relinquish his work as a mission- 
ary and return to his home at Saratoga Springs, 
and he was afterward made rector of St. Mary's 
parish, Albany, N. Y M in which post he has since 
remained. Father Walworth has ever been an ad- 
vocate of the cause of temperance, and has for 
several years been vice-president of the Law and 
order league of the state of New York. He is the 
author of 44 The Gentle Skeptic," a work on the 
authorship and inspiration of the Old Testament 
(New York, 1860); •♦The Doctrine of Hell, venti- 
lated in a Discussion between Rev. C. A. Walworth 
and William H. Burr, Esq." (1874); and " Andia- 
tarocte, or the Eve of Laay Day on Lake George, 
and other Poems, Hymns, and Meditations in 
Verse " (1888). He has also contributed to " Brown- 
son's Review " and to 44 The Catholic World," and is 
well known as a lecturer. — Another son, Mansfield 
Tracy, novelist, b. in Albany, N. Y., 3 Dec., 1830; 
d. in New York city, 3 June, 1873, was graduated 
at Union college in 1849 and at Harvard law- 
school in 1852, and admitted to the bar in 1855. 
After practising in Albany with his father for some 
time, he abandoned his profession for that of lit- 
erature, began writing for the " Home Journal," 
and subsequently composed many sensational ro- 
mances. He was intentionally shot and killed by 
his son, whose trial for the crime is celebrated in 
American law annals. The son was acquitted on 
the ground of mental aberration, and placed in an 
insane asylum. Mr. Walworth's books, which at 
one time had a large circulation, include 44 Mission 
of Death " (New York, 1853) ; 44 Lulu " (1860) ; " Hot- 
spur" (1861); "Stormcliff" (1865); - Warwick" 
(1868); 44 Delaplane, or the Sacrifice of Irene" 
(1872) ; and 44 Beverly, or the White Mask " (1873). 
At the time of his death he was engaged on the 
44 Lives of the Chancellors of New York State," 
and had just completed a 44 Life of Chancellor Liv- 
ingston." After nis death two works were pub- 
lished from his manuscripts : 44 Married in Mask " 
(1888), and "Tahara, a Leaf from Empire" (1888). 
—His wife, Ellen Hardin, author, b. in Jackson- 
ville, 111., 20 Oct., 1832, is the daughter of Col. John 
J. Hardin, who was killed at Buena Vista. She 
has been a member of the board of education for 
three years in Saratoga Springs, and principal, for 
six years, of a school for young ladies. She is an 
active trustee of the Saratoga monument associa- 
tion, and through her instrumentality about twen- 
ty spots of historic interest on the battle-fields 
have been recently marked by granite tablets. 
Mrs. Walworth has published an account of the 
Burgoyne campaign, with several original map 
(New York, 1877), and has contributed to the 
* 4 Magazine of American History" an account of 
the battle of Buena Vista — a chapter of the work 
on which she is now engaged, 44 The Life of Col. 
John J. Hardin, and a History of the Hardin 
Family." She has also written several patriotic 
and other poems, and has ready a volume of essays 
on literary, artistic, scientific, and educational top- 
ics. — Their daughter, Ellen Hardin, author, b. in 
Saratoga Springs, 2 Oct., 1858, has published 44 An 
Old World, as seen through Young Eyes " (New 
York, 1875), and has now ready a work entitle* I 
"The Lily of the Mohawks, or the Life and Times 
of Katarie Tegokwithi," the first Iroquois convert 
to the Christian faith. — Another daughter, Ren- 
bena Hyde, b. in Louisville, Ky., 21 Feb., 1867, 
has published poems in magazines, and is the au- 



thor of a comediette entitled 44 Where was Elsie I 
or the Saratoga Fairies" (New York, 1888). 

WANAMAKER, John, merchant, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in 1838. He was educated in the 
common schools, and engaged early in business. 
In 1861 he established a clothing-house, to which 
he afterward added other branches of business, and 
he now has oue of the largest retail stores in the 
United States. In 1887 Mr. Wanamaker adopted 
the system of co-operation in his store, and dur- 
ing the first year of its operation over $100,000 
was paid to employes in excess of salaries. He 
has also organized a savings-bank for employes, 
a building association, classes for instruction, and 
a library. In 1858 he began a Sunday-school 
in southwest Philadelphia, out of which has grown 
Bethany Presbyterian church, and he was one of 
the founders of the Christian commission, and 
president of the Youn^ men's Christian asso- 
ciation of Philadelphia in 1870-'83. .Mr. Wana- 
maker was chairman of the bureau of revenue and 
of the press committee, which rendered efficient 
service in aid of the Centennial exposition in Phila- 
delphia in 1876. 

WANUENHEIM, Frederick Adam Julius 
(vong'-en-hime). Baron von, German scientist, b. in 
the castle of Wangenheim, near Waltershausen, 
duchy of Coburg-Gotha, in 1747; d. in Gumbin- 
nen, Prussia, 25 March, 1800. He received his 
education at Waltershausen, and in 1766 entered 
the service of the duke of Coburg as lieutenant. 
He passed afterward to the Prussian army and at- 
tained the rank of captain. He came to the United 
States in 1777 in the Hessian contingent in the 
British service, commanded a squadron of light cav- 
alry in New York and Pennsylvania in 1778- 83. and 
won a reputation for his successful raids. On his 
return to Germany he was given the cross of the 
Hessian military order, and later re-entered the 
Prussian service. He had studied while in North 
America the natural history of the country, and 
especially the trees and shrubs, and in 1785, in a 
memoir to the Berlin academy, showed the im- 
mense advantages that would be derived from the 
naturalization of several species of American trees. 
On request of the academy he was then sent to 
Guinbinnen as director- general of the waters and 
forests of eastern Prussia, where he carried on ex- 
periments on a large scale and planted a great 
number of American trees. His works include 
44 Beschreibung einiger Arten von Baumen die in 
Nordamerika wachsen, mit Bezug auf ihren Ge- 
brauch in den deutschen W&ldern, nach den Be- 
obachtungen in den nordamerikanischen Provinzen 
von 1778-1783" (Gottinccn, 1781); "Supplement 
zur Wttlder-Kultur- Wissenschaft, mit Anwcn- 
dung auf die Umpfianzung der Baumarten die in 
Nordamerika wachsen " (1787) ; 4 * Beschreibung der 
verschiedenen Holzarten die in Nordamerika 
wachsen" (1788); 44 Betrachtungen Qber die Tan- 
nen von Preussisch-Litthauen " (1780); 4 * Betrach- 
tungen uber die WeichhSlzer die in Nordamerika 
wachsen " (1795); and several memoirs in the 
44 Transactions" of the Berlin academv of sciences. 

WANTON, Joseph, governor of Rhode Island, 
b. in Newport, R. I., in 1705 ; d. there, 19 July, 
1780. His father, William (1080-1737), was gov- 
ernor of Rhode Island in 1732-'4. The son was 
graduated at Harvard in 1751, acquired wealth as 
a merchant, and in 1769 wju* elected governor. In 
June, 1775, the assembly of Rhode Island deprived 
Gov. Wanton of all r»ower, in consequence of his 
opposition to the will of that body and his sup- 
posed sympathy with the royalists, and from that 
period beputy-Governor Nicholas Cooke acted as 



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WARBURTON 



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347 



the executive authority. Among the chief causes 
that induced the people to regard Gov. Wanton 
with suspicion was, doubtless, his acceptance, in 
1773, of an appointment, under the great seal of 
England, to inquire into the burning of the king's 
ship, the 44 Gaspee,"by the Whigs. While New- 
port was occupied by the British he was superin- 
tendent of the troops, and at the evacuation he 
followed the royal army to New York. He was a 
man of amiable disposition, elegant manners, and 
handsome person. 

WARBURTON, George, British author, b. 
near Tullaraore, County Galway, Ireland, about 
1812; d. in 1857. He entered the British army, 
attained the rank of major, and resided in Canada 
for some time. After his return to England he 
was a member of parliament for Harwich. He 
died by his own hand. Mr. Warburton published 
44 Hochelaga, or England in the New World " (2 
vols., London, 1846); "The Conquest of Canada" 
(2 vols.. 1849) ; and 44 A Memoir of Charles Mor- 
daunt, Earl of Peterborough " (3 vols., 1853). His 
books were edited by his brother Eliot, who became 
distinguished as an author. 

WARD, Aaron, congressman, b. in Sing Sing, 
N. Y., 5 July, 1790; d. in Georgetown, D. C, 2 
March, 1867. He received a classical education, 
and began the study of law, which he relinquished 
to join the army atthe ago of eighteen. He served 
as a lieutenant under Gen. Wade Hampton in the 
expedition against Montreal, and was promoted 
captain in 1814. After the close of the war with 
Great Britain he resumed his legal studies in 
Oxford, N. Y., was admitted to the bar, and began 

Sractice in Sing Sing. He married in 1820 a 
aughter of Elkanah Watson, and shortly afterward 
was appointed district attorney for Westchester 
county. He entered congress on 5 Dec., 1825, and 
served till 3 March, 1829. After an intermission 
of one term he was again elected for three consecu- 
tive terms, serving from 5 Dec., 1831, till 3 March, 
1837, and four years later returned for a single 
congress, which closed its sessions on 3 March, 
1843. He was a supporter of the administrations 
of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, took 
an active part in commercial legislation and in all 
measures that affected the interests of New York, 
and also concerned himself with the framing of 
military bills, and was the sf >ccial advocate of state 
education for soldiers' children. In 1846 he was 
a member of the State constitutional convention, 
and in 1855 he was defeated as a candidate for 
secretary of state of New York. He was a major- 
general of militia from 1835 till 1853. Gen. Ward 
was the author of 44 Around the Pyramids," de- 
scribing travels in Europe and the East (New 
York, 1863). He died at the home of his son-in- 
law, Samuel J. Randall. Another daughter married 
John R. Thompson. U. S. senator from New Jersey. 
— His nephew, Elijah, congressman, b. in Sing 
Sing, N. V., 16 Sept., 1816; d. in Roslyn, L. I., 7 
Feb., 1882, received a classical education, engaged 
in commercial pursuits in New York city, and was 
chosen president of the Mercantile library associa- 
tion in 1839. Afterward he studied law. was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1843, and practised in New York 
city. He was judge-advocate-general of the state in 
1853-'5, and was elected as a Democrat to congress, 
serving from 7 Dec., 1857, till 3 March, 1859. He 
was defeated at the next election, but was successful 
in the following two, serving from 4 July, 1861. till 
3 March, 1865. On being again defeated, he spent 
two years in Europe, and whs not again a candidate 
till 1874, when he defeated his Republican competi- 
tor, but he was beaten in the succeeding election 



by a rival Democrat. In congress he took part in 
the discussion of commercial questions, advocating 
an interoceanic canal, uniform bankruptcy laws, 
postal subsidies to steamships, and reciprocity with 
Canada, and opposing a paper currency. In March, 
1861, he addressed commercial bodies in New York 
city in favor of free canals, and in 1871, in response 
to a request from members of congress for an ex- 
pression of his views, proposed freedom of com- 
mercial intercourse bet weeen the United States and 
Canada, on which subject he published two reports. 
Besides single* speeches on commercial relations 
with Canada, the Geneva award, the Hawaiian 
treaty, and the shipping act, there has been pub- 
lished a volume of his 44 Speeches on Commercial, 
Financial, and other Subjects " (New York. 1877).— 
His cousin, Horatio, banker, b. in New York city 
about 1810: d. in London, England, in April, 1868, 
resided in London for many years before his death. 
He bequeathed $100,000 to the National soldiers* 
and sailors' home, Washington, D. C, and an equal 
sum for the education of soldiers' orphans. 

WARD, Andrew Henshaw, antiquary, b. in 
Shrewsbury, Mass., 26 May, 1784; d. in Newton- 
ville, Mass., 18 Feb., 1864. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1808, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar at Northampton, Mass., in 1811, and practised 
till 1829 at Shrewsbury, where, while filling the 
office of town-clerk, he transcribed all the records 
of births, deaths, and marriages, and was active in 
putting an end to the custom of 44 farming out " 
the town's poor. For the period between 1829 
and 1853, except during two years, he was employed 
in the custom-house at Boston, and from 1837, 
when a general bankruptcy law went into force, 
till 1846. when it expired, he was U. S. commis- 
sioner of insolvency for the district of Massachu- 
setts. He was a delegate from Newton to the con- 
vention of 1853 for revising the constitution of 
Massachusetts. For more than fifty years ho was 
a justice of the peace, either in Shrewsbury, Bos- 
ton, or West Newton, where he settled in 1842. 
Mr. Ward was an active member of the New 
England historic-genealogical society almost from 
its first organization, ana a frequent contributor 
to its 44 Register." He published a 44 History of the 
Town of Shrewsbury ''(Boston, 1847), containing 
a 44 Family Register, which was also issued sepa- 
rately; 44 Wara Family: Descendants of William 
Ward" (1851); and 44 Genealogical History of the 
Rice Family " (1858). See his 44 Memoir," by Will- 
iam B. Trask " (Boston, 1863). 

WARD, Arte in as, soldier, b. in Shrewsbury, 
Mass., in 1727; d. there, 28 Oct., 1800. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1748, entered public life 
at an early age as a representative to the general 
assembly, and was afterward chosen to the execu- 
tive council. In 1752 he was a justice of the peace 
in his native town. In 1755 he served as major in 
Col. Abraham Williams's regiment, and in 1758 
he was maior in the one that was commanded by 
William Williams. He accompanied the oxj>edi- 
tion under Gen. James Abercrombie against the 
French and Indians, attaining the rank of lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and succeeded to the command of the 
3d regiment. Afterward he represented his native 
town in the legislature, where he took an active 
part in the controversies bet ween the colonial gov- 
ernors and the house of representatives and was 
one of the regularly chosen members that were dis- 
placed by the 44 mandamus councillors" in 1774. 
On 27 Oct., 1774, ho was appointed a brigadier- 
general by the Provincial congress of Massachu- 
setts, to which ho was a delegate, and on 19 May, 
1775, he was made commander-in-chief of the 



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WARD 



WARD 




Massachusetts forces. He was in nominal com- 
mand at the battle of Bunker Hill, though he re- 
mained at headquarters in Cambridge and had no 
share in determining the events of that day. On 
17 June he was appointed by the Continental con- 
first on the 



list of major-gen- 
erals, and he was 
in command of the 
forces besieging 
Boston until the ar- 
rival of Gen. Wash- 
ington, after which 
he was second in 
command, being 
stationed with the 
right wing on Rox- 
bury heights. In 
consequence of im- 
paired health he 
resigned his com- 
mission in April, 
" tthere- 
t.Wash- 
contin- 
ued to act until the 
end of May. He was elected chief justice of the 
court of common pleas of Worcester county in 1776, 
was president of tne Massachusetts executive coun- 
cil in 1777, and a member of the legislature for six- 
teen years, serving as speaker in 1785. In 1779 he 
was appointed a delegate to the Continental con- 
gress, out, owing to failing health, did not take his 
seat Being afterward elected to congress as a Fed- 
eralist, he served from 4 Oct., 1791, till 8 March, 
1795. He possessed integrity and unyielding prin- 
ciples, and his judicial conduct, especially during 
Shays's rebellion in 1786, was highly commended.— 
His son, Artemas, jurist, b. in Shrewsbury, Mass., 
9 Jan., 1762 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 Oct, 1847, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1783, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and practised in Shrewsbury un- 
til 1809, when he removed to Boston. He served in 
the legislature, was a member of the council, and 
was elected to the 18th congress as a peace candi- 
date, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 8 March, 
1817. Prom 1820 till 1839 he was chief justice of 
the court of common pleas. Harvard gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1842. 

WARD. Christopher Longstreet, lawyer, b. 
in New Milford, Susquehanna co., Pa., in 1807; 
d. in Towanda, Pa., 14 May, 1870. His father, 
William Ward, emigrated from Litchfield county, 
Conn. Christopher was apprenticed to a printer, 
and from January, 1831, till March, 1836, published 
the " Susquehanna Register " at Montrose, Pa. In 
1832 materials that he had collected for a history 
of Susquehanna county were destroyed by fire. In 
1837 he was admitted to the bar. In 1840 he removed 
to Towanda, Bradford co., where he lent his aid to 
many enterprises of lasting benefit to the town. 
He was agent for many of tne large landed estates 
in northern Pennsylvania, was president of the 
Atlantic and Great Western railway during its 
construction through the state, and through his 
instrumentality the means for its early completion 
were obtained in Europe. He was a personal friend 
of Andrew Jackson, and active in the counsels of 
the Democratic party, but never held office. Mr. 
Ward collected a library of about 10,000 volumes, 
which contained, it is said, more rare works than 
any other private library in the state. His collec- 
tion of autographs was unusually complete. This 
library, with his pictures and collections of art, 
was presented by his family to Lafayette college. 



WARD, Durbin, lawyer, b. in Augusta, Ky., 
11 Feb., 1819; d. in Lebanon, Ohio, 22 May, 1886. 
He removed with his family to Fayette county, 
Ind., where he was brought up on a farm, entered 
Miami university at the age of nineteen, remain- 
ing two years, then studied law with Thomas Cor- 
win, and, on being admitted to practice in 1842, 
became his partner. From 1845 till 1851 he was 
prosecuting attorney of Warren countv, Ohio. He 
was elected to the first legislature under the pres- 
ent constitution in 1851, was defeated as a Demo- 
cratic candidate for congress in 1856. also as nomi- 
nee for the office of attorney-general of Ohio in 
1858, and in 1860 was a member of the Democratic 
national convention that met at Charleston, S. C, 
and reassembled at Baltimore. Md., in which he 
supported the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas. 
He enlisted in the National army as a private, 
served in West Virginia under Gen. George B. 
McClellan, and subsequently took part in the cam- 
paigns of Gen. George H. Thomas, Deing appointed 
raaior of the 17th Ohio infantry on 17 Aug., 1861, 
ana lieutenant-colonel on 31 l)ec., 1862. He re- 
ceived a disabling wound at Chickamauga and was 
mustered out without his knowledge ; but he ob- 
tained the recall of the order, was made colonel of 
his regiment on 13 Nov., 1868, and with a crippled 
arm served through the remainder of the war, be- 
ing brevetted brigadier-general on 18 Oct., 1865. 
In November, 1866, he was appointed U. S. district 
attorney for the southern district of Ohio, but he 
was removed when Gen. Grant became president 
He entered the state senate in 1870. The plan of 
the present circuit-court system of Ohio was drafted 
by him. Gen. Ward was a political orator, and at 
the Democratic national convention of 1884 pre- 
sented the name of Allen G. Thurman as a candi- 
date for the presidency. He began, but did not 
live to complete, a work on constitutional law, to 
be entitled ** The Federal Institutes." A volume 
of his speeches has been published by his widow 
(Columbus, 1888). 

WARD, Frederick Townsend. soldier, b. in 
Salem, Mass., 29 Nov., 1831 ; d. in Ningpo, China, 
21 Sept, 1862. He was educated at the Salem high- 
school, became a sailor, served in the French army 
during the Crimean war, was in business for some 
time as a ship-broker in New York city, and about 
1860, at the period when the Taeping rebels were 
everywhere successful, landed in Shanghai. Rais- 
ing a band of various nationalities, he offered to 
capture a certain city for a fixed price. His first 
victor)' was the capture of the walled town of 
Sungkiang, which was held by 10,000 rebels, for 
which service he was made a mandarin of the fourth 
degree. He cleared the country about Shanghai, 
receiving his pay for each victory, disappeared for 
a time, returned at the head of three native regi- 
ments that he had armed and trained like European 
soldiers, and routed a greatly superior force, saving 
the city from capture. The 'European officers, who 
had shunned him as an adventurer and an outlaw, 
now admitted him into their counsels and welcomed 
his aid in organizing troops and guarding a radius 
of thirty miles around Shanghai. In the autumn 
of 1861 he captured Ningpo, an important strong- 
hold. He adopted the Chinese nationality and 
manners, being called Hwa, married the daughter 
of an influential native, and was made a mandarin 
of the highest grade and admiral -general in the 
service of the emperor. He was mortally wounded 
while directing an assault on Tsekie. At the time of 
the "Trent" affair, when war between the United 
States and England was expected, and the British 
in China laid plans to seize American shipping and 



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WARD 



WARD 



other property, Ward prepared to take possession 
of war-ships and merchant vessels of Great Britain 
then in Chinese waters. He was anxious to close 
up his affairs in China, in order to take part in the 
civil war, and offered a contribution of $10,000 to 
the National cause, but was killed before the an- 
swer came from Minister Anson Burlin^aine. He 
was succeeded in his command by Major Charles 
G. Gordon, who gained renown by the subsequent 
exploits of the "Ever- Victorious Army," which he 
brought to a high state of discipline, but which 
Ward had created and first organized. The Chinese 
paid Ward the honor of burying him in the Con- 
fucian cemetery at Ningpo, where they have erected 
a great mausoleum, besides placing monuments on 
the scenes of his victories. He had converted his 
large possessions into money and negotiable securi- 
ties, which disappeared from his person when he 
was killed. The English officer who was last with 
him was suspected of the theft, and in the United 
States consular court at Shanghai there were pro- 
tracted proceedings in the Ward estate case. 

WARD, Genevieve, the stage-name of Lucia 
Genoveva Teresa, Countess Guerbel, actress, b. 
in New York city, 27 March, 1833. She is a errand- 
daughter of Gideon Lee. Her childhood and 
youth were passed in France and Italy. When 
she was fifteen years old her voice attracted the 

interest of Rossi- 
ni, who superin- 
tended her mu- 
sical education. 
After appearing 
at La Scala, Mi- 
lan, in " Lucrezia 
Borgia," she was 
received with 
great applause at 
Bergamo, and 
afterward sang 
in principal roles 
of Italian opera 
at the Theatre des 
Italiens, Paris. 
Her first perfor- 
mances in Lon- 
don were in Eng- 

*"*t*«*W ] iLZZ 1851. 

she took part in 

the "Messiah" at Exeter hall. Having married 
Count Constant ine Guerbel, a Russian officer, be- 
fore going upon the operatic stage, she sang un- 
der the name of Madame Guerrabella. She gave 
Italian operas in London during the season of 
1802. and at its clo^e came to the United States, 
appearing in New York city and Philadelphia, 
and in the winter sang in Havana. Exposing her- 
self in judiciously to diphtheria, she caught the in- 
fection, and suffered a severe attack of the disease 
by which her voice was ruined for sinking. For sev- 
eral vears she r aught vocal music m a school in 
New York, and finally she prepared herself for the 
dramatic stage. Being coldly received by an audi- 
ence of New York critics, she sailed for" England, 
making her first appearance on 1 Oct., 1873, in 
Manchester, as Ijady Macbeth. She was success- 
ful in this part, and still more as Lady Constance 
in 44 King John," and, going to Dublin in the same 
year, was applauded in the roles of Adriennc I;e- 
couvreur, Medea, and Lucrezia Borgia. Adelaide 
Ristori, who had been her adviser in dramatic 
studies, desired Miss Ward to join her Italian 
troupe, but she preferred to enact English plays. 
She played UnariU in ** The Prayer in the Storm " 




in London for six months in 1874, and was suc- 
cessful as Julia in 44 The Hunchback," and in the 
following year as Rebecca in " Ivanhoe." After- 
ward she travelled through the provinces, pro- 
ducing 44 Despite the Worlu," by Lewis Wingneld, 
and 44 Sappho," bv William G. Wills, both of which 
were written for her. In December. 1875, she first 
played' 4 Antigone "at the Crystal Palace, London. 
She went to Paris in 1877 to study under Francois 
Joseph Regnier, and on 11 Feb. gained such suc- 
cess in a French version of 44 Macbeth " that the 
managers of the Comedie Francaise invited her to 
become a member of their company. She returned 
to London for the season of 1878, playing Emilia 
in "Othello" among other parts, and in June 
sailed for the United States, appearing at Booth's 
theatre, New York city, in 44 Jane Shore." 44 Henry 
VIII.," and other plays. Returning to London in 
April, 1879, she leased the Lyceum theatre, where 
she failed in the double role of the heroine and the 
gypsy in 44 Zillah," but made a success in the title 
role of William Young's ,4 Lucrezia Borgia " and 
as Stephanie in 44 Forget-Me-Not," which she first 
produced on 22 Aug. She reappeared in the same 
piece at the Prince of Wales's theatre on 22 Feb., 
1880, and on 10 May of that year performed the 
part of Clorinde in Emile Augier's 44 L\A venturiere," 
which was given in French. In 1881-'2 she played 
44 Forget-Me-Not " in the chief cities of the United 
States and British America, and, after reproduc- 
ing the same play in London, she sailed for India 
in December, 1882, playing in the Australian colo- 
nies, and, after a tour around the world, returned 
to England in November, 1885. She has since been 
the lessee of the Lyceum theatre, London, but in 
1888 finally retired: from the stage. Her earlier 
career was recounted in a "Memoir of Ginevra 
Guerrabella," which was published anonymously 
by Henry Wikoff (New York. 1863). and her later 
in 44 Genevieve Ward," bv Zadel Barnes Gustafson 
(Boston, 1882). 

WARD, Sir Henry George, English diploma- 
tist, b. in England about 1796 ; d. in Madras, In- 
dia, 2 Aug., 1800. He was a son of Robert Plumer 
Ward, juristic writer and novelist, and entered the 
diplomatic service in 1816. He was charge d'af- 
faires in Mexico and travelled extensively in that 
country in 1825-*7, sat in parliament from 1832 
till 1849, was afterward high commissioner to the 
Ionian islands, and governor of Ceylon, whence he 
was transferred to Madras, dying of cholera a few 
davs after his arrival. He was the author of 
"Mexico in 1827 "(2 vols., London, 1828), which 
was enlarged and reissued under the title of 
"Travels in Mexico" (1829).— His wife, Emily 
Elizabeth, b. in England about 1805, was a 
daughter of Admiral Sir John Edward Swinburne, 
and married Sir Henry Ward in 1824. She drew 
the illustrations for her husband's work on Mexico, 
and published also 44 Views of Towns in Mexico " 
(2 vols.. London, 1829). 

WARD, James Harman, naval officer, b. in 
Hartford, Conn., in 1806; d. near Matthias point, 
Potomac river, 27 June, 1861. He was appointed 
as a midshipman in the navy, 4 March, 1823, 
and was allowed to remain under instruction in 
the military school at Norwich, Vt, with several 
other midshipmen. He made a cruise in the 
" Constitution" in 1824-'8, became a passed mid- 
shipman, 23 March, 1829, and was commissioned 
lieutenant, 3 March, 1831. He Was an instructor 
at the naval academy at Annapolis from its es- 
tablishment on its present basis in 1845 till 1847. 
He commanded the steamer 44 Vixen " of the home 
squadron in 1849- '50, and was promoted to corn- 



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350 



WARD 



WARD 



mander, 9 Sept., 1858. He was appointed to com- 
mand the Potomac flptilla in May, 1861, and im- 
mediately essayed to open that river and silence 
the Confederate batteries on its banks. His flo- 
tilla consisted of three small improvised gun-boats, 
the steamer M Freeborn," " Anacostia," and " Reso- 
lute." He attacked and silenced the batteries at 
Acquia creek, 20 May, 1861, the first time the navy 
engaged the Confederate batteries during the war. 
The next day the battle was renewed, and Ward's 
flotilla was re-enforced by the arrival of the " Paw- 
nee " under Commander Stephen C. Rowan. Ward 
conducted a series of fights with his flotilla, and 
succeeded in clearing the banks and keeping the 
river open, On 27 June, 1861, he planned a land- 
ing expedition at Matthias point, and in the bom- 
bardment of the batteries he was killed while 
sighting a gun. He was the author of "Ele- 
mentary Course of Instruction in Naval Ordnance 
and Gunnery - (Philadelphia, 1851) ; " Manual of 
Naval Tactics" (New York, 1859); and "Steam 
for the Million " (1860). The first two were used 
as a text-book at the United States naval academy 
for many years. 

WARD, John Elliott, lawyer, b. in Sunbury, 
Liberty co., Ga., 2 Oct., 1814. He entered Amherst 
in 1881, but left on account of the indignation that 
was manifested toward Georgians after the im- 

Erisonment of two Cherokee missionaries, studied 
iw in Savannah, Ga., and was admitted to the bar 
in 1885. He attended the lectures in the Harvard 
law-school before beginning practice, and on his 
return to Savannah was appointed, in January, 
1836, solicitor-general for the eastern district of 
his state, to fill an unexpired term, at the close of 
which the legislature continued him in the office. 
He was appointed U. S. district attorney for 
Georgia in 1888, but resigned in the following 
year in order to enter the state legislature. He 
returned to the house in 1845 and in 1858, when 
he was chosen speaker, and in 1854 was elected 
mayor of Savannah. In 1856 he presided over the 
Democratic national convention that met in Cin- 
cinnati In 1857 he entered the state senate, and 
was chosen its president and acting lieutonant- 
governor of the state, resigning in 1858 on being 
appointed U. S. minister to China. He departed 
for his post in January, 1859, and remained till 
April, 1861, when he returned and resigned in 
consequence of the adoption by Georgia of the 
ordinance of secession, although he was strongly 
opposed to that measure. In January, 1866, he 
removed from Savannah to New York city, where 
he has since practised law. 

WARD, John Henry Hobart, soldier, b. in 
New York city, 17 June, 1823. His grandfather, 
John, a soldier of the Revolution, and his father, 
James, who fought in the war of 1812, were both 
disabled by wounds that they received in the ser- 
vice. The son was educated at Trinity collegiate 
school, enlisted at the age of eighteen in the 7th 
U. S. infantry, and in four years rose through the 
several grades to that of sergeant-major. In the 
Mexican war he participated in the siege of Fort 
Brown, received wounds at Monterey, and was at 
the capture of Vera Cruz. He was* assistant com- 
missary-general of the state of New York from 
1851 till 1855, and commissary-general from 1855 
till 1859. In the beginning of the civil war he re- 
cruited the 38th New York volunteers, was appoint- 
ed colonel of the regiment, and led it at Bull Run 
and in all the battles of the peninsula campaign, 
and subsequently at the second Bull Run and Chan- 
tilly. Being promoted brigadier-general of volun- 
teers on 4 Oct., 1862, he commanded a brigade in 



the 3d corps at Fredericksburg, Chancoilorsville, 
Gettysburg, the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania. 
On the third day at Gettysburg, where he was 
wounded, as also at Kelly s Ford and Wapping 
Heights, he was in temporary command of the di- 
vision. He was again wounded at Spottsylvania, 
and was frequently commended for courage and 
capacity, in official reports. After the war he en- 
gaged in a civil employment in New York city. 

WARD, John (Julncy Adams, sculptor, b. in 
Urbana, Champaign co., Ohio, 29 June, 1830. At 
the age of nineteen he began to study with Henry 
K. Browne, with whom he remained until 1857, 
assisting him in many of his works. In 1857-8 
he was in Washington modelling busts of Joshua 
R. Giddings, Alexander H. Stephens, John P. 
Hale, Hannibal Hamlin, and other public men. 
At this time he also made his first sketch for the 
" Indian Hunter," and he subsequently visited the 
Indian country to make studies for this subject. 
In 1861 he opened a studio in New York, where he 
has since resided. He was elected an associate of 
the National academy the following year, and an 
academician in 1863. During this period he made 
many designs in wax for presentation swords, and 
executed in 1861 a 
bronze statuette, 
"The Freedman," 
his first full-length 
figure. It attracted 
much attention by 
its subject, and its 
merits as a work of 
art won for it the 
admiration of crit- 
ics. It was exhibit- 
ed, together with 
the " Indian Hun- 
ter," at the Paris ex- 
position of 1867, and 
has been repeated 
several times by the artist. The " Indian Hunter," 
completed in 1864 and now in the Central park, 
was nis next work of importance. It won univer- 
sal praise for its excellence in design and execu- 
tion, and is among the best of his statues. (See 
illustration.) New York city possesses several 
other of his most important works. They are a 
colossal statue of a citizen soldier for the 7th 
regiment (1868); "Shakespeare" n870-'l); a co- 
lossal statue of Washington, on tne steps of the 
Sub-Treasurv building in Wall street (1882) ; "The 
Pilgrim" (i884); and a statue of William E. 
Dodge (1887). His other notable works are "The 
Good Samaritan," a group to commemorate the 
discovery of sulphuric ether as an anaesthetic 
(1865), in Boston ; statues of Matthew C. Perry, in 
Newport, R. I. (1866), Gen. John F. Reynolds* at 
Gettysburg, Pa. (187l), Israel Putnam, in Hartford, 
Conn. (1874), George Washington, in Newburyport, 
Mass. (1876), an equestrian statue of Gen. George H. 
Thomas, in Washington, D. C. (1878), Gen. Daniel 
Morgan, at Spartansburg, S. C, and Gen. Lafay- 
ette, in Burlington, Vt (1880) ; and the monument 
to James A. Garfield, in Washington (1887). He 
is engaged on a large statue of Henry Ward 
Beecher for the city of Brooklyn. He has also exe- 
cuted various portrait busts, including, besides 
those already mentioned, Valentine Mott, James 
T. Brady, Dr. Orville Dewey, and Gov. William 
Dennison, of Ohio. Mr. Ward was vice-president 
of the National academy in 1870-'l and president 
in 1872.— His brother, Edgar Melville, artist, b. 
in Urbana, Ohio, 24 Feb., 1889, studied at the 
National academy in 1870-'l, and under Alexandre 




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WARD 



Cabanel at the ticole des beaux arts, Paris, during 
1872-'8. He was elected an associate of the Na- 
tional academy in 1875, and an academician in 
1883, and is director of its schools. His more im- 
portant works are " Paternal Pride " (1878); " Lock- 
smith" ; •« Lace-Makers " ; " Motherly Care " ; •» The 
Tobacco-Field" (1881): "Scene in a Foundry"; 
" The Last Shock * ; and " The Cobblers " and " The 
Blessing" (1886). His " Brittany Washerwomen " 
was at the salon of 1876, the Philadelphia exhibi- 
tion of 1876, and at Paris in 1878 with " Venetian 
Water-Carriers" and "The Sabot-Maker." 

WARD. Julius Hammond, clergyman, b. in 
Charlton, Worcester co., Mass., 12 Oct., 1837. He 
was graduated a t Yale in 1860, and at Berkeley 
divinity-school, Middletown, Conn., in 1862, and 
took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. 
He was rector of parishes in Ansonia and Cheshire, 
Conn., Rockland and Thomaston, Me., and Mar- 
blehead, Mass., till 1878, since which time he has 
engaged in literary work. In 1877 he was an edi- 
tor of the "North American Review." Besides 
contributions on religious subjects to the secular 
and religious press, he is the author of " Life and 
Letters of James Gates Percival" (Boston, 1866); 
and has ready for the press works on "The Church 
in Modern Society," and " The White Mountains." 

WARD, Lester Frank, botanist, b. in Joliet, 111., 
18 June, 1841. He was educated at various schools, 
but served in the National army in the civil war, 
during which he was wounded. In 1865 he settled in 
Washington, where he served in the treasury depart- 
ment, principally as chief of the division of naviga- 
tion and immigration, and as librarian of the U. S. 
bureau of statistics. While holding office he was 
graduated at Columbian university in 1869 and 
at its law department in 1871, and in 1878 for 
higher studies was given the degree of A. M. He 
began the study of botany in 1872. and has fol- 
lowed that science professionally since 1874. In 
1881 he entered the service of the U. S. geologi- 
cal survey as assistant geologist, and in 1888 at- 
tained the grade of geologist, devoting his atten- 
tion chiefly to the study of paleo- botany. He also 
holds the office of honorary curator of botany and 
fossil plants in the U.S. national museum. Mr. 
Ward is a member of scientific societies, and his 
bibliography inc ludes about 200 titles. His larger 
works are " Guide to the Flora of Washington and 
Vicinity" (Washington, 1881); "Dynamic Soci- 
ology, or Applied Social Science" (2 vols., New 
York, 1883); "Sketch of Paleo- Botany" (Wash- 
ington, 1885); "Synopsis of the Flora of the 
Laramie Group" (188o); "Types of the Laramie 
Flora" (1887): and "Geographical Distribution of 
Fossil Plants" U888). 

WARD, Levi, physician, b. in East Guilford 
(now Madison), Conn., 29 July, 1771 ; d. in Roches- 
ter, N. Y., 4 Jan., 1861. He was educated at Yale, 
leaving college to pursue the study of medicine in 
East Guilford. After completing his professional 
studies he removed to Haddam, Conn., and prac- 
tised there for seventeen years. In 1807 he emi- 
grated to Bergen, Genesee co., N. Y., where he 
managed a large tract of land as agent for the state 
of Connecticut He established mail routes, and 
carried on mercantile business at various points, 
besides practising medicine, and in 1817 removed 
to Rochester, where he became president of the 
first savings bank, and also of the Rochester bank, 
and was active in enterprises for religious and 

fublic objects and in commercial affairs. — His son, 
'erdlnand de Wilton, missionary, b. in Bergen, 
Genesee co., N. Y., 9 July, 1812, was graduated at 
Union in 1881 and at Princeton theological semi- 



WARD 351 

nary in 1884, and preached at Albion, N. Y., and 
Philadelphia, Pa. He was ordained as an evangel- 
ist in Rochester, N. Y., on &1 Aug., 1886, and de- 
parted as a missionary of the American board of 
commissioners for foreign missions to Madura, 
whence he went to Madras. India, and remained 
until 1847, laboring with success as a teacher of 
Christianity, publishing several volumes in Tamil, 
and editing the first periodical in advocacy of ab- 
stinence from intoxicating liauors that was printed 
in a Hindu language. After returning to the 
United States he acted for a year as agent for the 
missionary board in western New York, was stated 
supply in Rochester in 1849, and then served as 
pastor of Presbyterian churches in Geneseo, N. Y., 
till 1861, when he went with the army as chaplain 
of the 104th New York volunteers, and was at the 
second battle of Bull Run, Chancel lorsvi lie, and 
Gettysburg. After the close of the civil war he 
returned to his former church in Geneseo. resign- 
ing in 1871, and acting during the succeeding four 
years as district secretary of the American Bible 
society. Dr. Ward, who received his degree of D. D. 
from Washington college in 1861, is the author of 
many historical and literary pamphlets, and has 
published in book-form " India knd the Hindus " 
(New York, 1850); " A Christian Gift, or Pastoral 
Letters " (Rochester, 1852) ; and " Summer Vacation 
Abroad "(1854).— Levi's grandson, Henry Augus- 
tus, naturalist, b. in Rochester, N. Y., 9 March, 
1834, was educated at Williams college and at 
the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where 
he became assistant to. Louis Agassiz in the Muse- 
um of comparative zodlogy. He went to Europe 
in 1854, studied zoology in Paris and mineralogy 
in Freiberg, and then travelled through Palestine, 
Egypt, Nubia, and Arabia, down the west coast of 
Africa from Morocco to Guinea, and up Niger 
river. He has visited the West Indies and Central 
America, and as a mining engineer in the cause 
of gold -mining investigations has crossed the 
American continent ten times at different places. 
From 1860 till 1875 he was professor of natural 
sciences in the University of Rochester, and in 
1861 he received the degree of A. M. from Williams. 
Meanwhile he established in Rochester a labora- 
tory for the production of fac-similes of fossils 
that he had copied from the great museums of the 
world. From this he has developed a natural- 
science establishment, which makes a specialty of 
obtaining and compiling systematic cabinets in 
any department of nature for institutions of learn- 
ing ana public museums. For this purpose he has 
travelled extensively, and has representatives in all 
parts of the globe gathering specimens of every- 
thing that is rare and curious in natural history. 
His aim in this work has been to give system 
and exactitude to scientific teaching in America, 
Eighty of his cabinets, having an average value of 
$6,000 each, are distributed through nearly every 
state in the Union. Taxidermy plays an impor- 
tant part in his business, and his representations of 
animal forms are famous. His best-known work 
of this character is the elephant Jumbo, whose 
stuffed effigy, mounted by him, is now in Barn urn's 
museum at Tufts college, and the skeleton, care- 
fully prepared, is at the National museum in Wash- 
ington, D. C. The Ward cabinets of mineralogy 
and geology collected by him fill fourteen rooms 
in the University of Rochester, and be has made 
an extensive collection in modern zoology. In 
1871 he was naturalist of the U. S. expedition to 
Santo Domingo. Prof. Ward has been elected a 
fellow of the geological and zoological societies of 
London, has been a fellow of the American associ- 



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862 WARD 

ation for the advancement of sciences since 1875, 
and is a member of other scientific societies. In 
addition to his series of catalogues, which contain 
valuable notes on the articles that are described 
therein, he has published "Notice of the Mega- 
therium Cuvieri ' (Rochester, 1863) and " Descrip- 
tion of the most Celebrated Fossil Animals in the 
Royal Museums of Europe " (1866). 

WARD, Marcos Lawrence, governor of New 
Jersey, b. in Newark, N. J., 9 Nov., 1812: d. there, 
25 April, 1884. He received a good education and 
engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was originally 
a Whig, aided in forming the Republican party, 
and was a delegate to the National Republican con- 
ventions in Chicago in 1860 and in Baltimore in 
1864. During the civil war he frequently visited 
the camps and battle-fields to alleviate suffering, 
and for nis many services was called the Soldiers' 
Friend. He devised a system by which communi- 
cation could be transmitted without cost from the 
soldier on the field to his family, and also estab- 
lished a free pension bureau, which he maintained 
at his personal expense. In recognition of his 
patriotism the government gave to the hospital 
that he equipped in Newark the name of the 44 U. S. 
Ward hospital," which after the war was converted 
into a home for disabled soldiers. In 1862 he was 
defeated as a candidate for governor of New Jer- 
sey, but he held this office in 1865-'8. In 1866 he 
was chosen chairman of the National Republican 
committee. He was afterward elected to congress 
as a Republican, serving from 1 Dec., 1873, till 3 
March, 1875. In the latter year he declined the 
office of Indian commissioner. Gov. Ward was an 
early member of the New Jersey historical society, 
of the Newark library association, and the New 
Jersey art union, aided, education in the state, im- 
proved the condition of the state prison, and was 
an active philanthropist. 

WARD, Matt Flournoy, author, b. in Scott 
county, Ky., 19 May, 1826; d. in Helena, Ark., 30 
Sept, 1862. He was educated at Louisville, Ky., 
and Cambridge, Mass., travelled extensively, and 
engaged in cotton-planting in Arkansas on nis re- 
turn, but resided much of the time in Louisville, 
Ky. In 1854 he shot a schoolmaster, named 
W. H. G. Butler, for chastising his brother, was 
tried on an indictment of murder, and acquitted. 
He was killed before his house by a Confederate 
soldier, who mistook him for one or the enemy, as 
he wore a blue blouse like a National officer. 
His publications are " Letters from Three Conti- 
nents " (New York, 1850) ; and " English Items, or 
Microscopic Views of England and Englishmen " 
(1852). A report of his trial was printed (Louis- 
ville, 1854), and at the time of his death he was 
writing a book in which he intended to use some 
of the incidents of the Butler tragedy. 

WARD, Matthias, senator, b. in Elbert county, 
Ga., about 1800; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 13 Oct., 
1861. He was taken while a child to Madison 
county, Ala., where be received a classical educa- 
tion. After teaching for two years, he studied for 
the bar. Removing to Texas in 1836, he became 
a citizen of the new republic, and was elected to 
its congress, serving for several years. After the 
admission of Texas to the Union, he was a member 
of the state senate. He was a delegate to the 
Democratic national conventions of 1852 and 1856, 
and in the latter year presided over the State con- 
vention. On the death of J. Pinckney Henderson 
he was appointed to the seat in the U. S. senate 
that was thus made vacant, serving from 6 Dec, 
1858, till 4 Jan., 1860, when he was succeeded by 
Louis T. Wigfall, whom the legislature had elected. 



WARD 



WARD, Nancy, Indian prophetess, b. about 
1740 ; the time of her death is unknown. Her fa- 
ther was a British officer named Ward, her mother 
a sister of the reigning vice-king, Atta-culla-culla. 
She was the sibyl of the Cherokees. The power of 
Oconostota over the nation was absolute in time 
of war, but in war or peace it had generally to 
give way to the will of Nancy Ward, who was sup- 
posed to be the inspired mouth-piece of the Great 
Spirit. James Robertson, who visited her at the 
Cherokee capital, Echota, in 1772, describes her as 
a woman "queenly and commanding," and her 
lodge as furnished in a style of barbaric splendor. 
Other traditional accounts speak of her as strik- 
ingly beautiful, with a tall, erect form, a promi- 
nent nose, regular and flexible features, a clear, 
though tawny, complexion, long, silken black hair, 
large, piercing black eyes, and an air that was im- 
perious and yet kindly. She must have possessed 
remarkable traits of character to have retained 
almost autocratic control over the fierce and un- 
tamable Cherokees when she was known to sympa- 
thize with their enemies, the white settlers. The 
first event recorded of her is the saving the lives 
of two pioneers — Jeremiah Jack and William Ran- 
kin — who had ventured down to buy corn of the 
Indians. They had come into collision with a dis- 
orderly party of Cherokees, and their lives were 
about to be sacrificed, when Nancy Ward appeared 
among the Indians and commanded them to de- 
sist. She was instantly obeyed, and the settlers 
went home with their canoe loaded with corn. An- 
other instance of her kindly spirit was her saving 
the life of the wife of William Bean, the first white 
settler beyond the Alleghanies. Mrs. Bean had 
been captured on the eve of the attack on the fort 
at Watauga, and, being taken to the Indian towns, 
was condemned to be burned at the stake. The 
fagots were already heaped about her, and Drag- 
ging Canoe, the chief of the Chickamaugas, who 
nad ordered the execution, was standing by, when 
Nancy Ward came upon the ground and com- 
manded her to be liberated. This was done, and 
Mrs. Bean was sent back with a strong escort to 
her husband. Numerous other instances are re- 
lated of her releasing captives that were taken by 
her nation in their many wars with the whites. 
Among others was that of a young woman who be- 
came the ancestress of John M. Lea, of Nashville. 
She is reported to have said : " The white men are 
our brothers ; the same house holds us, the same 
sky covers us all " ; and she always acted in ac- 
cordance with this sentiment. But her greatest 
service to the white settlers was in giving them 
constant warnings, through a course of years, of 
every intended raid of the Cherokees. The light- 
est hostile whisper spoken in the Cherokee coun- 
cils was repeated by her to Isaac Thomas, an In- 
dian trader, to be by him conveyed to John Sevier 
and James Robertson at Watauga. Thus were the 
whites always prepared for the attacks of the In- 
dians, and, with the overpowering numbers against 
them, it is hard to conceive how in any other way 
they could have been saved from extermination. 
In doing this Nancy Ward betrayed her own peo- 
ple, but she did so from noble motives and in the 
interest of humanity, and for this service she is to 
this day held in grateful remembrance by the de- 
scendants of the early settlers. 

WARD, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. between the 
years 1578 and 1580 ; d. in Shenfleld, England, in 
1652. Cotton Mather, in the "Magnalia," gives 
his birthplace as Haverhill, England, which is 
probably correct; and the date of his birth as 
•'about 1570," which is evidently wrong. His 



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father was John Ward, a famous Puritan minister, 
who, according to a mural tablet that was placed 
by his sons in the chancel of the church at Haver- 
hill, England, preached the gospel in Haverhill 
and Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, for twenty-live 
years. Nathaniel Ward had two brothers, who, 
like himself, were authors and clergymen, and 
who also suffered for non-conformity. The eldest, 
Samuel, town-preacher of Ipswich, England, was 
author of The Life of Faith," 44 The Wonders of 
the Loadstone," and several other works, while 
the youngest, John, who was rector of St Clem- 
ent's, Ipswich, and a member of the Westminster 
assembly of divines, preached two sermons before 
the house of commons, which were printed. The 
44 Sermons and Treatises of Samuel Ward, B. D.," 
were edited by the present bishop of Liverpool, 
the Rt. Rev. John C. Kyle, D. D. (Edinburgh, 1862). 
It was said of the brothers — Samuel, Nathaniel, and 
John— that they together 44 would not make up the 
abilities of their father. Nor were they them- 
selves offended by this hyperbole, to have the 
branches lessened to greaten their root." Nathan- 
iel Ward was graduated at Cambridge in 1603, 
educated for the law, and admitted an outer bar- 
rister. After practising in England, he accom- 
panied some merchants to the continent, where he 
travelled extensively. At Heidelberg he met the 
celebrated writer David Pare us, who induced him 
to quit the law and enter the ministry. As early 
as 1618 he was a clergyman at Elbing, in Prussia, 
probably acting as chaplain at the factory there of 
the Eastland merchants. Afterward he returned 
to his native country. At first he is said to have 
been a lecturer in London, but as early as 1628 he 
was presented by Sir Nathaniel Rich, a relative of 
the Earl of Warwick, to the rectory of Stondon 
Massey, in Essex. Mr. Ward was one of the chief 
Puritan ministers in that county, and in 1631 was 
brought before Laud, who was then bishop of Lon- 
don, for non-conformity, but escaped excommuni- 
cation. Laud tried to induce him to conform, and 
had frequent conferences with him without avail 
Two years later, in 1633, he was deprived of the 
living. Early in the next year, 1634, he sailed for 
New England His first and only settlement in 
this country was at Ipswich, where Rev. Thomas 
Parker was already the minister of the church, and 
Mr. Ward settled as his colleague. Two years 
later, owing to feeble health, he resigned his pas- 
torate. He still continued to reside at Ipswich, 
and while living here compiled for the colony of 
Massachusetts the 44 Body of Liberties," which was 
adopted by the general court in December, 1641. 
This was 44 the first code of laws established in New 
England." It 4 * exhibits throughout," says Dr. 
Francis C. Gray, 44 the principles and securities of 
English liberty, and, although it retains some 
strong traces of the times, is in the main far in 
advance of them, and in several respects in ad- 
vance of the common law of England at this day. 
It shows that our ancestors, instead of deducing 
all their laws from the books of Moses, established 
at the outset a code of fundamental principles, 
which, taken as a whole, for wisdom, equity, adapta- 
tion to the wants of the community, and a liber- 
ality of sentiment superior to the age in which it 
was written, may fearlessly challenge a comparison 
with any similar production from Magna Charta 
itself to the latest bill of rights that has been put 
forth in Europe or America." As early as 1645 
Mr. Ward began to write 44 The Simple Cobler of 
Aggawam in America. " This was completed in 
the autumn of 1646, and sent to England for pub- 
lication, where it was issued in January, 1648-'7. 
vol. vi.— 23 



WARD 353 

It was published under the pen-name of Theodore 
de la Guard, which is merely a slight disguise of 
his own name, Theodore being the Greek equiva- 
lent of the Hebrew Nathaniel, and de la Guard 
the French of the English Ward. He soon after- 
ward sailed for his native country, probably in 
company with Edward Winslow, who left near the 
middle of December. He had a 44 hard winter 
voyage," and probacy arrived before the opening 
of spring. A second edition of the 44 Simple Cob- 
ler was issued soon after Mr. Ward's arrival, and 
a third and a fourth followed the same vear. All 
the editions bear the date of 1647, each one be- 
ing corrected by the author, who made material 
additions to the several issues. No later editions 
have been printed in England, but two have ap- 
peared in this country, both at Boston, one in 1718 
and the other, which was edited by David Pulsifer, 
in 1843. Prof. Moses Coit Tyler, in his 44 History of 
American Literature," says of this book : 44 It is a 
tremendous partisan pamphlet, intensely vital even 
yet, full of nre, wit, whim, eloquence, sarcasm, in- 
vective, patriotism, bigotry." About a year after 
his arrival in England, Ward became the minister 
of the church at Shenfield, in Essex, four or five 
miles distant from Stondon Massey, where he was 
formerly settled. He held this living till his death 
in the autumn of 1652. Besides the works that have 
been noticed, his publications were a 44 Sermon 
preached before the House of Commons" (1647); 
44 A Religious Retreat sounded to a Religious 
Army," anonymous (1647): 44 To the High and 
Honorable Parliament, Humble Petitions, Serious 
Suggestions, and Dutifull Expostulations," anony- 
mous (1648); and 4% Discollirainium, or A Most 
Obedient Reply to a Late Book called 4 Bounds and 
Bonds.' By B " (1050). The following works have 
been attributed to Mr. Ward. Probably the first 
and last were written by him : 44 A Word to Mr. 
Peters, and Two Words for the Parliament and 
Kingdom " (1648) ; 44 The Pulpit Incendiary " (1648) ; 
and 4 * Mercurius Anti-Mechanicus, or The Simple 
Cooler's Boy, with his Lap-full of Caveats. By 
Theodore de la Guarden " (1648).— His son, John, 
clergyman, was born, according to Cotton Math- 
er's 44 Magnalia," in Haverhill, England, 5 Nov., 
1606, but, if the age in his marriage license be 
correct, he was born at a later date, probably in 
November, 1600. He died at Haverhill, Mass., 
27 Dec., 1698. He was matriculated in 1622 at 
Emmanuel college, Cambridge, where his father 
was educated, and was graduated in 1626. On 16 
Nov., 1633, he was instituted rector of Hadleigh, 
in Essex, but he resigned in 1689 and came to New 
England. For a short time he assisted his father's 
step-brother, Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, of Rowley. He 
settled in 1641 at Pentucket (afterward Haverhill), 
Mass., where in 1645 a church was formed and he 
was ordained the first minister. There he offici- 
ated for more than fifty years till his death. He 
was an able and influential minister. 

WARD, Richard, colonial governor, b. in New- 
port, R. I., 15 April, 1689; d. there. 21 Aug., 1768. 
His father, Thomas Ward, son of John Ward, who 
was an officer in one of Cromwell's cavalry regi- 
ments, came from Gloucester, England, after the 
restoration of Charles II., as his father did also, 
and both settled in Newport. Thomas Ward, who 
followed the business of a merchant, was general 
treasurer of the colony, 1677-8, a deputy to the 
general assembly in 1678-'9, an assistant in 1679-'81, 
and then deputy from 1688 till 1686. Richard was 
also engaged in commerce. He was attorney-gen- 
eral in 1712-'18, deputy and clerk of the assembly 
in 1714, recorder from 1714 till 1780, deputy gov- 



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354 



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WARD 




ernor from May to July, 1740, when Gov. Wanton 
died, and governor from 15 July, 1740, till May, 
1743— three terms. His able report to the Eng- 
lish board of trade 
on paper money, 
9 Jan., 1741, is 
printed in the 
"Rhode Island Co- 
lonial Records," 
edited by John 
R. Bartlett. — 
His son, Samuel, 
statesman, b. in 
Newport, R. I., 27 
May, 1725; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 
26 March, 1776, 
removed in early 
life to Westerly, 
R. I., where he 
prospered in busi- 
ness both as a 
farmer and mer- 
chant. After rep- 
resenting his 
adopted home for 
several years in the legislature, he was appointed 
in 1761 chief justice of the colony, and in 1762 he 
was chosen its governor. He was active in the 
founding of Rhode Island college (now Brown uni- 
versity), and was one of its trustees from 1764 till 
1776. In 1765 he was re-elected governor. When 
the stamp-act was passed he was the only one of 
the colonial governors that refused to take the re- 
quired oath to sustain and enforce it. For a third 
time he was chosen governor in 1766. From the 
outset he took a decided stand against the oppres- 
sive encroachments of the British crown. With 
Stephen Hopkins he represented Rhode Island in 
the Continental congress in 1774-'6,and uniformly 
advocated the most vigorous patriotic measures. 
He was always called to the chair when congress 
went into committee of the whole, was chairman 
of the committee that reported in favor of a gen- 
eral for the American army, when Col. George 
Washington was unanimously chosen. Dying of 
small-pox in the midst of his arduous duties, he 
was buried in the grounds of the 1st Baptist church 
in Philadelphia, where a monument was erected to 
his memory by order of the Rhode Island general 
assembly. In 1860 his remains were removed to 
the cemetery of Newport, R. I. — Another son. 
Henry, member of the colonial congress, b. in 
Rhode Island, 27 Dec., 1732; d. there, 25 Nov., 
1797, was secretary of Rhode Island from 1760 
till his death, and took part in the congress that 
met at New York city on 7 Oct., 1765. He early 
espoused the principle of national independence, 
and during the Revolution acted as a member of 
the committee of correspondence. — Samuel's son, 
Samuel, soldier, b. in Westerly, R. I., 17 Nov., 1756 ; 
d. in New York city 16 Aug., 1832, was graduated at 
Brown in 1771. He raised a company, and marched 
to the siege of Boston in 1775, was commissioned 
captain by congress, and ioined Benedict Arnold's 
expedition into Canada, being taken prisoner at 
the siege of Quebec, and conveyed to New York 
city bv sea. He was commissioned as major of the 
1st Rhode Island line in 1777, was in action at 
Red Bank, writing the official report of the battle, 
and was with the army at Valley Forge. In 1778. 
after marrying a daughter of Gov. William Greene, 
he assisted in raising a new regiment in Rhode 
Island, which he commanded in Gen. John Sulli- 
van's campaign in that state. He was promoted 



lieutenant-colonel in 1779, and retired on 1 Jan., 
1781. Ho was a delegate in 1786 to the convention 
at Annapolis, Md., for the regulation of commerce 
between the states. He made a vovago to China 
in 1788, and in 1790 established himself in mer- 
cantile business in New York city. After serving 
as president of the New York marine insurance 
company in 1806-'8, he relinquished business, re- 
tiring to an estate in Rhode Island, whence he was 
sent as a delegate to the Hartford convention of 
1814. He afterward resided in Jamaica, L. I., and 
at the close of his life in New York city.— The sec- 
ond Samuel's son, Samuel, banker, b. in Rhode 
Island, 1 May, 1786; d. in New York city, 27 Nov., 
1839, received a common-school education, entered 
a banking-house as clerk, and in 1808 was taken 
into partnership, continuing a member of the firm 
of Prime, Ward and King until his death. In 
1838 he secured through the Bank of England a 
loan of nearly $5,000,000 to enable the banks to 
resume specie payments, and established the Bank 
of commerce, becoming its president He was a 
founder of the University of the city of New York 
and of the City temperam-e society, of which he 
was the first president, and was active in organiz- 
ing mission churches, a patron of many charities, 
and the giver of large sums in aid of Protestant 
Episcopal churches and colleges in the west. — The 
third Samuel's wife, Julia Rush, poet, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 5 Jan., 1796; d. in New York city. 0 
Nov., 1824, was a sister of Rev. Benjamin Clarke 
Cutler, and, through her mother, a grandniece of 
Francis Marion. She married Mr. Wan! in Oc- 
tober, 1812. One of her occasional poems is pre- 
served in Rufus W. Griswold's " Female Poets of 
America" (Philadelphia, 1848).— Their son, Sam- 
uel, author, b. in New York city, 27 Jan., 1814; 
d. in Pegli, Italy, 19 May, 1884, was educated at 
Round Hill school, Northampton, Mass., and at 
Columbia, where he was graduated in 1831. He 
went abroad to perfect his studies, received the 
degree of Ph. D. from the University of Tubingen, 
travelled extensively, and became proficient in the 
modern languages. Returning in 1835, he mar- 
ried a daughter of William B. Astor, and entered 
his father's banking-house as a partner. After his 
second marriage, in 1843, to Medora, a daughter of 
John R. Grymes, he left the firm, and in 1848 went 
to California, where he engaged in mining. Dur- 
ing his stay in the interior he acquired several 
Indian dialects. He visited Mexico in 1854. acted 
as secretary of an expedition sent by the United 
States government to Paraguay in 1858, went on a 
diplomatic mission to Nicaragua in 1862, securing 
the renewal of transit across the isthmus, and on 
his return settled in Washington, D. C, where his 
powers of conversation, persuasive manners, and 
skill in entertaining his friends, which extended 
even to inventing delicate dishes, enabled him to 
exert such influence over legislators that he waa 
spoken of as " the king of the lobby." He wa« also 
known as " Uncle Sam Ward." His last years were 
spent in Europe, principally in England, where he 
was a social favorite. He died after returning 
from a iourney to Malta from the home of his 
sister, Mrs. Terry, of Rome, whose first husband 
was Thomas Crawford, the sculptor. Another 
sister is Julia Ward Howe. Ward was for a score 
of years the intimate friend and correspondent of 
the poets Hal leek and Longfellow. His nephew, 
Marion Crawford, has depicted him in the charac- 
ter of Mr. Bellingham in Dr. Claudius" (18*3). 
He published a volume of verse entitled " Lyrical 
Recreations" (New York, 1865).— The second Sam- 
uel's grandson, William Greene, soldier, b. in New 



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WARD 



WARD 



865 



York city, 20 July, 1832. was graduated at Columbia 
in 1851, and became a hanker. He was lieutenant- 
colonel of the 12th regiment of New York militia, 
with which he served in the field from 21 April till 
5 Aug., 1861. As colonel of the same regiment he 
was again in the United States service in 1862, par- 
ticipating as acting brigadier, and personally di- 
recting his artillery fire, in the defence of Harper's 
Ferry, where he was made prisoner and paroled. 
In 1863 he served again as colonel of the regiment 
in the Pennsylvania campaign. He partly invent- 
ed and greatly improved the Ward-Burton breech- 
loading rifle. After the war he was made a briga- 
dier-general in the state militia service, and served 
for nearlv twenty years. — William Greene's brother, 
John, soldier, b. in New York city, 30 Nov., 1838, 
was graduated at Columbia college in 1858 and at 
Columbia law-school in 1860, then studied medicine 
at the New York university medical college, taking 
his degree of M. D. in 1864. During the civil war 
he served with his brother in the field as lieutenant, 
and afterward captain, in the 12th New York Na- 
tional guard, taking part in September, 1862, in 
the defence of Harper's Ferry, under a heavy ar- 
tillery fire for three days, when surrounded by a 
large part of Lee's army under Stonewall Jackson, 
when he was made prisoner and paroled. Subse- 
quently he became colonel of the 12th New York 
regiment for eleven years, till October, 1877, and 
for some time he aetecl as secretary to the National 
rifle association. He is the author of many his- 
torical papers and of 44 The Overland Route to 
California, and other Poems" (New York, 1875). 

WARD, Richard Halsted, microscopist, b. in 
Bloomfield, N. J., 17 June, 1837. He was gradu- 
ated at Williams in 1858, and at the College of 
physicians and surgeons, New York city, in 1862, 
was assistant surgeon in the military hospital at 
Nashville, Tenn., for a few months, resigned on 
account of failing health, and in 1863 established 
himself in Troy, N. Y. He became interested while 
in college in botany, and in 1867 accepted the pro- 
fessorship of that science in Rensselaer polytech- 
nic institute, while continuing his practice as a 
physician, and becoming in 1868 physician to the 
Marshall infirmary. He also delivered lectures on 
the use of the microscope, and from 1871 till 1883 
conducted a department in the 44 American Natu- 
ralist" on microscopy, on which subject he has 
also given lectures in the Rensselaer institute. On 
botany he has been a frequent lecturer before sci- 
entific societies and institutions. He has invented 
an illuminating appliance for binocular micro- 
scopes and other improvements, and was active in 
organizing the national committee on micrometry. 
As an expert in microscopical examinations, he was 
one of the first to discriminate between different 
kinds of blood, and his testimony is sought in 
murder and forgery trials, and in connection with 
the purity of water-supply and adulterations of 
food and medicine. He nas also been a cultivator 
of medical microscopy, and has published some 
original investigations. Dr. Ward is a mem- 
ber of microscopical societies of this country and 
Europe, was president of the American society 
of microscopists, and has been the manager of 
the American postal microscopical club since 1875. 
He has contributed to the periodicals that are 
devoted to his specialty, and was joint editor, 
with the Rev. Alpheus B. Hervey, of the Ameri- 
can revision of the work of Julius W. Behrens on 
"The Microscope in Botany" (Boston, 1885).— His 
sister, Anna Lydia, author, b. in Bloomfield, N. J., 
about 1850, was educated at Ripley female college, 
Poultney, Vt She assisted in compiling a '* Dic- 




tionary of Quotations" (New York, 1881), and has 
published 44 A Dictionary of Quotations from the 
Poets " (1883) : 44 Surf and Wave " (1883) ; and 44 Fa- 
miliar Quotations from American Authors" in a 
"Library of Quotations" (4 vols., 1884). She is 
at present engaged on a 44 History of Waterbury, 
Conn.," in association with Miss Sarah J. Pritchard. 

WARD, Thomas, poet, b. in Newark, N. J., 8 
June, 1807; d. in New York city, 13 April, 1873. 
He studied at Princeton and at Rutgers medical 
college. New York city, practised his profession two 
or three years, and after travelling some time in 
foreign countries returned to that city to follow a 
life of literary leisure, having married a lady of 
fortune. He built a large music-hall in his house 
in New York, in which, between 1862 and 1872. 
nearlv fifty musical entertainments were given. 
Dr. Ward was 
the author of 
"A Month of 
Freedom "(New 
York, 1837) ; 
44 Passaic : a 
Group of Poems 
touching that 
River, with oth- 
er Musings," by 
44 Flaccus T '(New 
York, 1842) ; 
"Flora, or the 
Gipsy's Frolic," 
a pastoral opera, 
for which he al- 
so wrote the mu- 
sic, and which 
had several pub- 
lie and pri- 
vate representa- 
tions for the 
benefit of charitable objects, yielding about $40,- 
000; and "War Lyrics (printed privately. New 
York, 1865).— His nephew, James Warner, poet, 
b. in Newark, N. J., 5 June, 1817, was educated at 
the Boston high-school, became the pupil and assist- 
ant of Prof. John Locke in the Medical college of 
Ohio, Cincinnati, was professor of general literature 
and of botany at the Female college of Ohio in 
1853-4, and afterward edited for several years the 
44 Botanical Magazine and Horticultural Review " at 
Cincinnati, in association with Dr. John A. Warder. 
In 1859 he removed to New York city. Since 1874 
he has been librarian of the Grosvenor public 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Mr. Ward has composed 
pieces for the voice and the organ, and is a member 
of botanical and microscopical societies. Besides 
contributions to periodicals he has published a vol- 
ume of 44 Home-made Verses and Stories in Rhyme," 
that were usually signed 4 * Yorick " (Boston, 1857) ; 
44 Woman," a poem (1852); and 44 Higher Water," 
a parody of Henry W. Longfellow's 44 Hiawatha," 
descriptive of a freshet in the Ohio river (1855). 

WARD, Thomas, A. M. E. bishop, b. in Penn- 
sylvania, 28 Sept., 1823. He is of negro parentage, 
was brought up on a farm, went to Philadelphia in 
1843, attended a Quaker night-school, united with 
the African Methodist Episcopal church in 1843, 
and was licensed to exhort in the same year. He 
preached in Pennsylvania, New York, and New 
England, and was the first secretary of the New 
England conference of his church. He asked to 
be sent to do missionary work on the Pacific coast, 
and arrived there, 19 May, 1854, but returned in 
1860 to meet the general conference in Pittsburg. 
He went back to his post in 1861, and under his 
guidance and inspiration societies were organized 



Mi* 



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356 WARD 

and churches built at Stockton, Sacramento. Pe- 
taluma. Grass Valley, Coloma, Placerville, Los 
Angeles, Negro Hill, Virginia City. Carson City, 
Red Bluffs, and Chico. He was elected bishop in 
1868. Since 1884 he has had charge of Arkansas, 
Louisiana, and Indian territory. 

WARD, William Hayes. Assyriologist, b. in 
Abington, Mass., 25 June. 1835. He was gradu- 
ated at Amherst in 1856, and entered Union theo- 
logical seminary. New York city, was a tutor at 
Beloit college in 1857-*8, and then completed his 
theological studies at Andover seminary, being 
graduated in 1859. Ho preached for one year at 
Oskaloosa, Kan., receiving ordination on 8 Jan., 
1860. resumed teaching at Williston seminary, 
Easthampton. Mass., in 1861. taught natural sci- 
ence at the Utica free academy in 1863-75, and 
was subsequently professor of Latin at Ripon col- 
lege. Wis., till 1868, when he went to New York 
city as associate editor of the 44 Independent," of 
which he became superintending editor two years 
later. In September, 1884. he went, in charge of 
the Wolfe expedition, to Babylonia, and remained 
about a year, exploring the ruins south of Bagdad. 
He received the degree of D. I), from the Univer- 
sity of the city of New York and from Rutgers 
college in 1873,* and that of LL. D. from Amherst 
in 1885. Dr. Ward, who still edits the " Independ- 
ent," is the author of articles on oriental archae- 
ology in the " Proceedings " of the Palestine ex- 
ploration society, the American archaeological in- 
stitute, and the American oriental society, as well 
as in 44 Bibliothoca Sacra " and other periodicals. 
He wrote a biographical introduction to the 
44 Poems " of Sidney Lanier (New York. 1884), and 
on his return from the East prepared a report of 
the expedition in pamphlet-form. 

WARD, William Thomas, soldier, b. in Amelia 
county, Va., 9 Aug., 1808 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., 12 
Oct., 1878. He was educated at St. Mary's college, 
near Lebanon. Ky., studied law, and practised in 
Oreensburg. In 1847 he joined a regiment of Ken- 
tucky volunteers, was commissioned as major, and 
served in Mexico till July, 1848. He was elected 
to the Kentucky legislature on his return, and was 
a representative in congress from 1 Dec.. 1851. till 
3 March, 1853. He was appointed a brigadier-gen- 
eral in the National army on 18 Sept, 1861, organ- 
iied a brigade of volunteers in Kentucky, com- 
manded all troops south of Louisville and "was en- 
gaged in the pursuit of Gen. John H. Morgan in 
1862. was attached to the Army of the Ohio in No- 
vember, commanded at Gallatin, Tenn., and served 
through Gen. William T. Sherman's campaigns, re- 
linauishing the command of a division in the Cum- 
berland at the beginning of the Atlanta campaign 
to assume that of a brigade in the 20th corps. His 
men effected a lodgment in the enemy's fortifica- 
tions at Resaca, and he was severely wounded in 
the arm and side, but would not leave the field. 
He was also in the battles before the fall of At- 
lanta, and in the march to the sea commanded a 
division, performing effective services in the lights 
that preceded the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston's army. He was bre vetted major-gtmeral 
on 24 Feb., 1865, and mustered out on 24 Aug., 
after which he practised law in Louisville, Ky. 

WARDEN, Darid Bailie, author, b. in Ireland 
in 1778; d. in Paris, France, 9 Oct., 1845. He 
came to this country when young, received a classi- 
cal education, and was graduated at New York 
medical college. He was appointed secretary of 
legation to Gen. John Armstrong, minister to 
France, in 1804, and subsequently consul at Paris, 
which post he held forty years. He was distin- 



WARDER 



guished for his scientific attainments and varied 
learning, was a member of the French academy, 
and formed two libraries of American books, one 
of which was acquired by Harvard in 18*23, and 
the other by the New York state library in 1R40. 
He published 44 Inquiry concerning the Intellectual 
and Moral Faculties and Literature of the Ne- 
groes" (Paris, 1810); "Origin and Nature of Con- 
sular Establishments " ; 44 Description of the District 
of Columbia" (1816); "Statistical, Political, and 
Historical Account of the United States of North 
America" (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1819); "L'art do 
verifier les dates, chronologic de I'AmeYique " (10 
vols., Paris, 1826-'44); 44 Bibliotheca Americana 
Septentrionalis, etc." (1820); " Recherches sur les 
antiquites de l'Amerique Sententrionale " (1827) ; 
and 44 Bibliotheca Americana (1831). 

WARDEN, Robert Bruce, author, b. in Bards- 
town, Nelson co., Kv., 18 Jan., 1824. He was edu- 
cated privately, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in April. 1845, became president-judg*» of the 
court of common pleas at Cincinnati, afterward 
reporter of the supreme court of Ohio, and then 
associate judge of that court Since 1873 he has 
resided in Washington, D. C. Judge Warden has 
written much for the press and has published 44 A 
Familiar Forensic View of Man and Law " (Colum- 
bus, 1859); 44 A Voters Version of the Life and 
Character of Stephen Arnold Douglas" (l$t30); 
4 * An Account of the Private Life and Public Ser- 
vices of Salmon Portland Chase" (Cincinnati, 
1874) ; and vols, ii., iii., and iv. of the 44 Ohio Re- 
ports." He is preparing for publication 44 A View 
of Land and Life. 

WARDER, John Aston, phvsician, b. near 
Philadelphia, Pa., 19 Jan., 1812 : d. in North Bend. 
Ohio, 14 July, 1883. In early life he was associ- 
ated with William Bartram and William Darling- 
ton, who were among his neighbors, and with John 
J. Audubon, Francois A. Michaux. and Thomas 
Nuttall, who were visitors at his father's house 
and from whom he acquired a great fondness for 
nature and learned to use his powers of observa- 
tion. In 1830 he removed with his parents to 
Springfield, Ohio, but, returning to Philadelphia, 
was graduated at Jefferson medical college in 1836. 
Settling in Cincinnati in 1837, he followed his 
profession there until 1855. Meanwhile he took 
an active interest in everything that tended to ad- 
vance education and science. He was early cho- 
sen a member of the school-board, and he trav- 
elled extensively, studying svstems of teaching and 
the construction of school-nouses that he might 
introduce improved plans into Cincinnati. He 
was associated in the organization of the Cincin- 
nati astronomical society, the Western academy of 
natural sciences, the Cincinnati horticultural so- 
ciety, the Ohio Medical college, and the Cincin- 
nati' society of natural history, of which he was 
president for five years. Dr. Warder also served 
on the State board of agriculture and was among 
the first to direct public attention to the beautify- 
ing of public ana private parks and cemeteries. 
He was associated in the establishment of the 
Spring Grove cemetery and did much to develop the 
public interest in landscape gardening. In 1873 
he was appointed U. S. commissioner to the World's 
fair in Vienna, and prepared the official report for 
the U. S. government on 44 Forests and Forestry." 
Ho was connected with the founding of the Ameri- 
can forestry association in 1875 and was active in 
the establishment of the American forestry con- 
gress. In 1883 he was chosen honorary president 
of the Ohio state forestry association, and was ap- 
pointed by tho department of agriculture to report 



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357 



upon the forestry of the northwestern states. He 
described in 1858 the Catalpa speciosa, a tree that 
had not been recognized until that time as a dis- 
tinct species, but which is now accepted as one of 
the most valuable of forest-trees. In 1850 he be- 
gan the publication of the " Western Horticultural 
Review,' which continued until 1854, when, with 
James W. Ward, he established the u Botanical 
Magazine and Horticultural Review," which he 
then edited for several years. Besides making con- 
tributions to medical, agricultural, and horticul- 
tural periodicals, he translated Trousseau and Bel- 
loc on *• Laryngeal Phthisis" (Philadelphia, 1839), 
and published 44 Hedge Manual : a Complete Trea- 
tise on Hedges, Evergreens, and all Plants suit- 
able for American Hedging" (New York, 1858); 
" American Pomology : Part I., Apples " (1867) ; 
and an edition of Alphonse Du Breuil's "Vine- 
yard Culture " (1807).— His son, Robert Bowne, 
chemist, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 March, 1848, 
was graduated at Earlham college, Richmond, Ind., 
in 1866 and at the Lawrence scientific school of 
Harvard in 1874. He has since that time been en- 
gaged in teaching chemistry and physics, and in 
1883-7 was state chemist of Indiana.' In 1887 he 
removed to Washington, D. C. Prof. Warder is a 
member of various societies, and has contributed pa- 
pers to their transactions and to scientific journals. 

WARE, Henry, clergyman, b. in Sherburne, 
Mass., 1 April, 1764; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 12 
July, 1845. He was the descendant in the fourth 
generation of Robert Ware, a native of England, 
who was one of the early settlers of Dedham, Mass., 
in 1642. Henry was graduated at Harvard in 
1785, and while studying theology taught in Cam- 
bridge. He was ordainea pastor of the first church 
at Hingham, Mass., 24 Oct., 1787, which charge he 
retained till 1805. when he became Hollis professor 
of divinity in Harvard. His election originated 
the discussion that led to the separation of the 
Unitarians — to whom he adhered — from the ortho- 
dox Congregationalists. He took no part in the 
controversy till 1820. when he engaged in a po- 
lemical discussion with Dr. Leonard Woods. He 
resigned the professorship of theology in 1840 in 
consequence of impaired eyesight, but continued 
two years longer in the chair of pulpit eloquence, 
which he had assumed in 1826. Harvard gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1806. With Noah Worces- 
ter, William E. Channing, and Andrews Norton 
he laid the- foundation of the conservative school 
of Unitarianisra. He published " Letters to Trini- 
tarians -and Calvinists," in reply to Dr. Leonard 
Woods's "Letters to Unitarians" (Cambridge, 
1820); "Answer to Dr. Woods's Reply " (1822) ; 
" Postscript to an Answer" (1823); "An Inauiry 
into the Foundation. Evidences, and Truths of Re- 
ligion " (2 vols., Cambridge and London, 1842) ; also 
various single sermons. — His son, Henry, clergv- 
man, b. in ilingham, Mass., 21 April, 1794; d. in 
Framingham, Mass., 22 Sept., 1843, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1812. He was assistant teacher at 
Phillips Exeter academy in 1812-'14, studied the- 
ology under his father's direction, and was or- 
dained pastor of the Second church (Unitarian) at 
Boston, 1 Jan., 1817. He took an active part in 
organizing the Unitarian body, and edited its or- 
gan, the "Christian Disciple," whose name was 
subsequently changed to the "Christian Exami- 
ner " in 1819-'22. He visited Europe in 1829-'30 
for the benefit of his health, resignea his pastorate 
soon after his return, and was appointed Park- 
man professor of pulpit eloquence and pastoral 
care in the divinity-school of Harvard in 1830, 
which chair he resigned in 1842. He received the 




degree of D. D. from Harvard in 1834. and pub- 
lished "Hints on Extemporaneous Preaching" 
(Boston, 1824); "Sermons on the Offices and Char- 
acter of Jesus Christ" (1825); "The Formation of 
Christian Charac- 
ter "(1881); "The 
Life of the Sav- 
iour "(1832); me- 
moirs of Joseph 
Priestley, Noah 
Worcester, and 
others ; and sepa- 
rate sermons, es- 
says, and poems. 
The Rev. Chan- 
dler Robbins pub- 
lished selections 
from his writings 
(4 vols., Boston, 
184&-'7), and his 
brother, John, 
published his 
"Memoir "(2 vols., 
Boston, 1846).— 
The second Hen- 
ry's second wife, Mary Lovell Pickard, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 2 Oct., 1798 ; d. in Milton, Mass., 
4 April, 1849, was distinguished for charitable 
traits, and her life forms the subject of a "Me- 
moir" by the Rev. Edward B. Hall, a brother- 
in-law of Dr. Ware (Boston, 1852).— The second 
Henry's son, John Fothergill Waterhouse, cler- 
gyman, b. in Boston, 31 Aug., 1818; d. in Milton, 
Mass., 26 Feb., 1881, was graduated at Harvard in 
1838 and at the divinity-school in 1842. He was first 
settled as a pastor of the Unitarian society at Fall 
River, Mass., afterward was stationed at Cam- 
bridgeport, and in 1864 became pastor of the Uni- 
tarian church in Baltimore, Md. During his resi- 
dence in Baltimore he gave much attention to the 
religious needs and other wants of the negroes, 
and before and during the civil war was an anti- 
slavery man. Mr. Ware returned to Boston, and 
in 1872 became pastor of the Arlington street 
church. He organized a Unitarian society at 
Swampscott, Mass., of which he was pastor at the 
time of his death, as well as of the Boston church. 
He was a favorite with the members of the Grand 
army of the republic, having been a worker among 
the soldiers during the civil war, and was a frequent 
orator before their organizations. He published 
"The Silent Pastor" (Boston, 1848); "Hymns and 
Tunes for Sunday-School Worship " (1853-'5&-'60) ; 
and " Home Life : What it Is, and what it Needs " 
(1873). — Another son of the second Henry, Will- 
iam Robert, architect, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 27 
May, 1832, was graduated at Harvard in 1852, and 
at the Lawrence scientific school in 1856. He was 
professor of architecture in the Massachusetts in- 
stitute of technology from 1865 till 1881, and since 
the latter year has held a similar professorship in 
the School of mines of Columbia college, where he 
has entire charge of the department of architect- 
ure. He was a trustee of the Museum of fine arts, 
Boston, in 1876-'81,and since 1881 has held a simi- 
lar office in connection with the Metropolitan mu- 
seum, New York. In conjunction with Henry Van 
Brunt he designed the Memorial hall at Harvard 
college, the first church in Boston, the Union rail- 
way station, Worcester, and other buildings : and 
later he designed the American school of classical 
studies at Athens, Greece. Prof. Ware is an ac- 
cepted authority on architectural matters and is 
largely consulted in a professional capacity. He 
has published "Modern Perspective: a Treatise 



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358 WARE 

on Plane and Curvilinear Perspective" (Boston, 
1883). — John, brother of the second Henry, physi- 
cian, b. in Hingham, Mass., 19 Dec., 1795: d. in 
Boston, 29 April, 1864, was graduated at Harvard 
in 1813, afterward studied medicine, and received 
his degree in 1816. After practising for one year 
at Duxbury, Mass., he removed to Boston. From 
1832 till 1858 he was professor of the theory and 
practice of medicine in the medical department of 
Harvard. Dr. Ware was for several years presi- 
dent of the Massachusetts medical society, ana also 
a member of the American academy of arts and 
sciences. In addition to lectures, discourses, and 
essays, he published "Life of Henrv Ware, Jr." 
(2 vols., Boston, 1846); "Hints to Young Men " 
(1850) ; and •* Philosophy of Natural History " 
(I860).— His second wife* Mary Greene Chan- 
dler, b. in Petersham, Mass., 22 May, 1818, is the 
author of 44 Elements of Character " (Boston, 1854); 
"Thoughts in My Garden" (1862); and "Death 
and Life " (1864).— William, another brother of 
the second Henry, author, b. in Hingham, Mass., 3 
Aug., 1797; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 19 Feb., 1852, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1816 and at the 
divinitv-school in 1819, and began preaching at 
Northborough, Mass. From 18 Dec., 1821, till 19 
Oct., 1836, he was minister of the 1st Congregational 
church in New York. From June, 1837, till April, 
1838, he had charge of the 2d Congregational 
church in Waltham, Mass., and in December, 1843, 
was settled at West Cambridge, but feeble health 
soon compelled him to relinquish preaching. Mr. 
Ware was editor and proprietor of the 44 Christian 
Examiner" in 1839-'44. He travelled in Europe 
in 1848-'9, and delivered a course of lectures on 
European travel in 1849-*51. He published vivid 
representations of ancient life ana manners, en- 
titled 44 Letters from Palmyra" (2 vols., New York, 
1837), which had appeared in the 44 Knickerbocker 
Magazine" the previous year, and were subse- 
quently republished in London and New York 
with the title of 44 Zenobia, or the Fall of Palmvra" 
(new ed., 1868). He also wrote 44 Probus " (2 vols., 
New York, 1838 ; afterward entitled 44 Aurelian ") ; 
"Julian, or Scenes in Judea" (2 vols., 1841); 
" American Unitarian Biographv " (2 vols., Boston, 
1850-'l) ; " Sketches of European Capitals " (1851) ; 
" Lectures on the Works and Genius of Washington 
Aliston " (1852) ; and a 44 Memoir of Nathaniel Ba- 
con," in Sparks's 44 American Biography " (1848). — 
The first Henry's nephew, Ashur, jurist, b. in 
Sherburne, Mass., 10 Feb., 1782; d. in Portland, 
Me., 10 Sept, 1873, was graduated at Harvard in 
1804, held a tutorship there from 1807 till 1811, 
and was professor of Greek from 1811 till 1815. 
He was admitted to the Boston bar in 1816, re- 
moved to Portland, Me., in 1817, and in 1820 
became the first secretary of the state of Maine on 
its separation fronTMassachusetts. From 1822 till 
1866 ne was judge of the U. S. district court of 
Maine. He edited the "Boston Yankee" for a 
year, the Portland 44 Argus" for several years, con- 
tributed articles on admiralty jurisdiction to John 
Bouvier's 44 Law Dictionary, and published 44 Re- 

Snrts of Cases, United States District Court of 
aine " (Boston, 1889). 

WARE, Katharine Augusta, poet, b. in Quin- 
cv, Mass., in 1797; d. in Paris, France, in 1843. 
Me was a daughter of Dr. Rhodes, of Quincy, 
in 1819 married Charles A. Ware, a naval officer, 
removed to Europe in 1839, and remained there 
till her death. She edited the 44 Bower of Taste " 
in Boston, and, in addition to poems for the news- 
papers, published " Power of the Passions, and 
other Poems" (London 1842). 



WARING 



WARE, Nathaniel A., author, b. near Abbe- 
ville, S. C, 16 Aug., 1780; d. in Galveston, Tex., in 
1854. He engaged in teaching in South Carolina, 
where he studied and practised law. Removing to 
Natchez, Miss., he became major of militia and 
secretary of the territorial government, acquiring 
a large fortune by judicious purchases of land. 
He travelled extensively and was known for his 
attainments in botany, geography, and the natural 
sciences. He resided* at Philadelphia and Cincin- 
nati during his later years, and published a small 
work on the Pestalozzian system of education; 
44 Views of the Federal Constitution " ; and 44 Notes 
on Political Economv, as Applicable to the United 
States " (New York, 1844), He was the father of 
Catharine Ann Warfleld, mentioned below. 

WARE, Nicholas, senator, b. in Caroline coun- 
ty, Va., in 1769; d. in New York citv, 7 Sept., 
1824. While a vouth he accompanied his father, 
Capt. Robert Ware, to Edgefield, S. C. He after- 
ward studied medicine at Augusta, Ga., and then 
law, completing his studies at the Litchfield, Conn., 
law-school, lie attained success in his profession 
at Augusta, represented Richmond county in the 
Georgia legislature, was mayor of Augusta, after- 
ward judge of the city court, and U. S. senator 
from Georgia in 1821-'4. He was president of the 
board of trustees of Richmond county academy, 
Augusta, at the time of his death, and was also a 
trustee of the University of Georgia at Athens. 

WARFIELD, Catharine Ann, author, b. in 
Natchez, Miss., 6 June, 1816; d. in Pewee Val- 
ley, Ky., 21 May, 1877. She was a daughter of 
Nathaniel A. Ware, and her maternal grandfather 
was Capt. Charles Percy, of the British navy, one of 
the early colonists of Louisiana. She was educated 
with her sister Eleanor in Philadelphia, where the 
family then resided, but afterward went to Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, where in 1833 she married Robert E. 
Warfleld, of Lexington, Ky. In 1857 they removed 
to a farm near Louisville, Ky. Conjointly with her 
sister Eleanor she published 44 The Wife of Leon, 
and other Poems, by Two Sisters of the West" 
(New York, 1844), and 44 The Indian Chamber, and 
other Poems" (1846). Mrs. Warfield's own publi- 
cations were 44 The Household of Bouverie" (2 
vols., New York, 1860): "The Romance of the 
Green Seal " (1867) ; 44 Miriam Monfort, or Mon- 
fort Hall" (1873); "Hester Howard's Tempta- 
tion " (Philadelphia, 1875) ; 44 A Double Wedding" 
(1875) ; 44 Lady Ernestine " (1876) ; 44 Miriam's Me- 
moirs, or the Romance of Beauseincourt " (1876); 
44 Sea and Shore " (1876) ; 44 Feme Fleming " (1877) ; 
and 44 The Cardinal's Daughter" (1877).— Her sis- 
ter, Eleanor Percy Ware Lee. b. in Washington, 
Miss., in 1820; d. in Natchez, Miss., 14 Oct., 1849, 
married Henry Lee, a native of Virginia, and with 
her sister was the author of several novels. 

WARING, George E, sanitarian, b. in Pound- 
ridge, N. Y., 4 July, 1833. He was educated at 
College Hill, Poughkeepsie, and then studied agri- 
culture with James J. Mapes. During the winter of 
1854 he made an agricultural lecture tour through 
Maine and Vermont, and in 1855 he took charge 
of Horace Greeley's farm at Chappaqua, N. Y., 
which he conducted on shares for two years. In 
August, 1857, he was appointed agricultural and 
drainage engineer of Central park, New York city, 
where ne remained for four years, during which 
time, among other duties, he prepared the soil of 
the Mall and set out the four rows of elms upon it. 
He was appointed in May, 1861, after the opening 
of the civil war, major of the Garibaldi guard, with 
which he served three months. In August, 1861, 
he was made major of cavalry by Gen. John C. 



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359 



Fremont and went to St. Louis to join him. There 
he raised six companies of cavalry under the name 
of the Fremont hussars, which were afterward con- 
solidated with the Benton hussars to form the 4th 
Missouri cavalry, of which he was commissioned 
colonel in January, 1862. In this capacity he served 
throughout the war, chiefly in the southwest. He 
settled in Newport, R. I., in 1867, where he became 
the manager of Ogden farm. Col. Waring then 
devoted himself to agriculture and cattle-breeding 
and to engineering, until the latter occupation re- 
quired his full attention in 1877. Since that date 
he has been in active practice as an engineer of 
drainage. He was appointed in June, 1879, expert 
and special agent of trie 10th census of the United 
States, with charge of the social statistics of cities, 
and he has been a member of the National board of 
health since 1882. After the yellow-fever epidemic 
in Memphis in 1878 he devised the system of sew- 
erage that was accepted for that citv and since that 
time has been generally adopted, tie has invented 
numerous sanitary improvements chiefly in connec- 
tion with the drainage of houses and towns. He 
has been connected with various journals and edit- 
ed the " Herd-Books of the American Jersey Cattle 
Club " in 1868-'81, of which organization he was 
the founder. His other works are "Elements of 
Agriculture " (New York, 1854) ; " Draining for 
Profit and Draining for Health" (1867) ; •» Handv 
Book of Husbandry " (1870, now called " Book of 
the Farm"); »• A Farmer's Vacation" (Boston, 
1875) ; 44 Whip and Spur" (1875) ; 44 Sanitary Drain- 
age of Houses and Farms" (1876): "The Bride of 
the Rhine " (1877) ; 44 Village Improvements and 
Farm Villages" (1877); 44 Sanitary Condition of 
City and Country Dwelling-Houses* (1877); 44 Tyrol 
and the Skirt of the Alps " (New York, 1879) ; 44 How 
to Drain a House " (1885) ; and 44 Sewerage and Land 
Drainage" (1888). 

WARNER, Adoniram Jndnon, soldier, b. in 
Wales, Erie co„ N. Y., 13 Jan., 1834. He was edu- 
cated at Beloit, Wis., and in New York central col- 
lege. Soon after leaving college he became princi- 
pal of the Lewiston, Pa., academy and superin- 
tendent of public schools of Mifflin county, and he 
was principal of the Mercer union schools from 
1856 till 1862. In the latter year he entered the 
National army as captain in a Pennsylvania regi- 
ment, and was successively promoted to lieutenant- 
colonel, colonel, and brevet brigadier-general of 
volunteers. 13 March, 1865. He participated in 
several engagements, and was severely wounded at 
Antietam. After the close of the war he studied 
law and was admitted to the bar at Indianapolis, 
Ind., but never practised, and since 1866 has en- 
gaged in the railroad, coal, and iron business. He 
was elected to congress from Ohio as a Democrat 
in 1878, 1882, and 1884. He has published 44 Ap- 
preciation of Money" (Philadelphia. 1877) ; 44 Source 
of Value in Money " (1882); and various pamphlets 
on the silver and other economic questions. 

WARNER, Charles Dudley, author, b. in 
Plainflcld, Mass.. 12 Sept., 1820. His father, a man 
of culture, died when Charles was five years old. 
During his early lx>yhood he had access to few 
books except biblical commentaries, biographies of 
austere divines, and some Calvinistic treatises, but 
he was fond of study, especially of the classics, and 
in 1851 was graduated at Hamilton with the first 
prize for English. He has embodied his recollec- 
tions of his youth in New England in one of his 
most popular works, 44 Being a Bov " (Boston, 1877), 
which is partly an autobiography, and a faith- 
ful and amusing picture of ruraf life in a Calvin- 
istic New England neighborhood fifty years ago. 




While in college he contributed to the 44 Knicker- 
bocker " and 44 Putnam's Magazine." He also pre- 
pared a 44 Book of Eloquence " (Cazenovia, N. Y., 
1853), which displayed a critical and appreciative 
judgment. He joined a surveying party on the 
Missouri frontier 
in 1853, became 
familiar with va- 
ried phases of 
frontier life, re- 
turned to the east 
in 1854, and was 
graduated at the 
law department 
of the University 
of Pennsylvania 
in 1856. fle then 
practised his pro- 
fession in Chica- 
go, 111., till 1860, 
when he returned 
to the east and be- 
came assistant edi- 
tor of the 44 Press," 
an evening newspaper in Hartford, Conn., of 
which he assumed control in the following year. 
In 1867 the 44 Press" was consolidated with the 
44 Courant," of which he became a co-editor. He 
spent fourteen months abroad in 1868-'9, and 
gained reputation by a series of foreign letters to 
that journal, which were widely copied. He sub- 
sequently travelled extensively in Europe and the 
East, on his return resumed the editorship of the 
44 Courant," and in 1884 became a co-editor of 
44 Harper's Magazine." His most important work 
in connection with that monthly has been a series 
of papers beginning with 44 Studies in the South," 
followed by 44 Mexican Papers" and u Studies in 
the Great West," in which the educational, politi- 
cal, and social condition of these states are care- 
fully discussed. He has also interested himself 
in the treatment of social science topics in Con- 
necticut, and was for several years a member of 
the State commission on prisons, and of the Na- 
tional prison association. He has delivered lec- 
tures iHjfore educational and other societies, which 
for the most part have been pleas for a higher in- 
dividual and national culture, for an enlargement 
of our collegiate courses, and an improvement in 
their methods. These include an address at Bow- 
doin on "Higher Education" (Brunswick, Me., 
1871), a series of lectures on 44 Literature in Rela- 
tion to Life," delivered before the law department 
of Yale (1884), address at the unveiling of Paul 
Gerhardt's statue of Nathan Hale in the capitol at 
Hartford (1887), that before the literary societies 
of Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Va., 
1888, and one on 44 Shelley " (1888). He was an ar- 
dent Abolitionist during the anti-slavery agitation, 
and has been a Republican since the formation of 
the party. Yale gave him the degree of A. M. in 
1872, and Dartmouth the same honor in 1884. His 
career as an aut hor began in 1870. In the spring 
and summer of that year he wrote for the "Courant 
a series of sketches, lightly and humorously depict- 
ing the experiences of an amateur gardener, into 
which were woven caustic comments on some of 
the foibles of social and political life, These papers 
were published in book-"form, with an introduction 
by Henry Ward Beecher, under the title of * 4 My 
Summer in a Garden," and met with immediate 
favor (Hartford, 1870). It was followed by 44 Saun- 
terings," reminiscences of the author's travels on 
the European continent (Boston, 1870), and 44 Back- 
log Studies " (1872), a collection of essays, a part 



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300 WARNER 

of which first appeared in " Scribner's Monthly." 
This book is a panegyric of the kindly influences 
of the fireside circle, and a discussion of current 
topics of social life, in the peculiar vein of humor 
that characterizes the writer. His other works in- 
clude contributions to the magazines on social, 
artistic, and literary topics ; 14 Baddeck, and That 
Sort of Thing " (1874) ; 44 My Winter on the Nile " 
(Hartford, 1876) ; " In the Levant " (1877) ; 44 In the 
Wilderness" (Boston, 1878); "Capt. John Smith" 
(New York, 1881); "Washington Irving," in the 
44 Men of Letters " series, of which he is editor (Bos- 
ton, 1881) ; 44 Roundabout Journey " (1888) ; 44 Their 
Pilgrimage," a serial, depicting the exploits of an 
author and an artist on a tour of the Atlantic coast 
and inland northern and southern watering-places 
(New York, 1886); and 44 On Horseback ,r (1888). 
He has also published, with Samuel L. Clemens, 
"The Gilded Age" (1878). 

WARNER, Hiram, jurist, b. in Hampshire 
county, Mass., 29 Oct., 1802 ; d. in Atlanta, Ga., 
in 1881. He received an academical education, 
removed to Georgia in 1819, and taught there for 
three years. He was admitted to the bar in 1825, 
and began practice in Knoxville, Ga. He was a 
member of the state house of representatives in 
1828-'81, was elected in 1888 a judge of the su- 
perior court of Georgia, re-elected in 1886, and 
served till 1840. He was appointed in 1845 a judge 
of the supreme court of the state, served till 1858, 
when he resigned, and was elected to congress in 
1855. He was a member of the Charleston Demo- 
cratic convention in 1860, and opposed the seces- 
sion movement there and in the Georgia secession 
convention of 1861. After the war he sustained 
the reconstruction acts of congress. On the re- 
organization of the judiciary of the state, he was 
appointed a judge of the supreme court, and in 
1872 he was appointed chief justice of that court. 

WARNER, Seth, soldier, V in Roxbury, Conn., 
17 May, 1748; d. there, 26 Dec., 1784. He early 
became known for his skill in hunting, his energv, 
sound judgment, and manly* bearing. In 1763 
he removea with his father, Benjamin Warner, 
M. D., to Bennington, then in the 44 New Hamp- 
shire Grants." During the dispute between New 
York and the inhabitants of the Grants, over 
whom that state claimed jurisdiction, Ethan Allen 
and Seth Warner, who were the leaders of the peo- 

{>le, were outlawed. At the opening of the Revo- 
ution, Warner espoused the patnot cause, and, 
though the New York legislature several times pro- 
tested against his commission, congress refused to 
revoke it As second in command, he assisted in 
the capture of Ticonderoga, and on the following 
day took the important post of Crown Point with 
its garrison and 118 cannon. For this he was 
given a colonel's commission by congress, dated 
27 July, 1775, and joined Gen. Richard Mont- 
gomery in Canada. He took part in the following 
September in the siege of St. John's, New Bruns- 
wick, and defeated Sir Guy Carle ton, who at- 
tempted its relief. His regiment was then dis- 
charged, and after the death of Gen. Montgomery, 
on the last day of the year, he raised another body 
of troops and marched to Quebec. On the night 
of 4 July, 1777, when Ticonderoga was evacu- 
ated, the main body of the American army took 
the road leading through Hubbardton and Castle- 
ton. At the former place the rear-guard was 
placed under the command of Warner, who was 
attacked by Gen. Simon Frazer on 7 July and 
compelled to retreat after a severe engagement. 
At the battle of Bennington, Warner's regiment 
arrived in time to repel the re-enforcement that 



WARNER 



had been sent to the enemy. He afterward 

joined the forces of Gen. Horatio Gates at Still- 
water. He remained with the army until 1782, 
when his health gave way, and he returned with 
his family to Roxbury. Warner was more than 
six feet in height, erect, and well proportioned. 
See a memoir of him by Daniel Chipman (Middle- 
bury, Vt., 1848). In 1787 the state of Vermont 
granted him 2,000 acres of land in Essex county. — 
His great-grandnephew, Olin Levi, sculptor, b. in 
Suffield, Conn., 9 April, 1844, began life as a tele- 
graph-operator, but subsequently adopted sculp- 
ture as a profession, studying at the £cole des 
beaux arts, Paris, under Francois Jouffroy, dur- 
ing 1869-'72. His studio is in New York, where 
he was elected a member of the Society of Ameri- 
can artists in 1877, and an associate of the Na- 
tional academy in 1888. His works include the 
statuettes "May" (1872) and "Twilight" (1878); 
a colossal medallion of Edwin Forrest, which was 
exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876; 44 Dancing 
Nymph " (1879) : a fountain for Portland, Oregon, 
completed in 1888; "Diana" (1888): portrait- 
statues of Gov. William A. Buckingham, which 
was placed in the capitol in Hartford in 1888, and 
William Lloyd Garrison (1885) in Boston; and 
numerous portrait-busts, among them those of 
Rutherford B. Hayes, owned bjrthe Union league 
club, New York (1876), and the Rev. William F. 
Morgan, D. D. (1887). 

WARNER, Susan, author, b. in New York city, 
11 July, 1819; d. in Highland Falls, N. Y., 17 
March, 1885. She was the daughter of Henry W. 
Warner, a member of the New York bar, who died 
at his residence on Constitution island, opposite 
West Point, in 1875. She inherited a talent for 
writing from her father, who was the author of 
44 An Inquiry into the Moral and Religious Charac- 
ter of the American Government," ana 44 The Liber- 
ties of America" (New York, 1&58). Under the 
pen-name of 44 Elizabeth Wetberell" Miss Warner 
published her first novel, 44 The Wide, Wide World," 
when she was thirty-one years old (New York, 1851). 
The publisher, George r. Putnam, was advised by 
his critics to reject it, and was about to do so, 
when his mother read the manuscript and per- 
suaded him to put it into print. For months it 
seemed to have fallen dead, then it suddenly be- 
gan to be called for. and ultimately a quarter 
of a million copies were sold. The work was also 
published in Europe, where it enjoyed almost equal 
popularity. In 1852 Miss Warner issued "Queechy," 
which had a large sale, and has constantly been re- 
printed. The year following she published 44 The 
Law and the Testimony," in which the texts es- 
tablishing the great doctrines of Christianity are 
brought together under their appropriate heads, 
Her next work, 44 The Hills of the Shatemuc" 
(1856), containing descriptions of scenery on Hud- 
son river, was followed by 44 The Old Helmet" 
(1863); "Melbourne House" (1864); "Daisy" (1868); 
44 A Story of Small Beginnings" (1872); "The Say 
and Do Series: Stories on the Lord's Supper 
(1875) ; 44 The Broken Walls of Jerusalem, and the 
Rebuilding of Them " (1878) ; and " The Kingdom 
of Judah ' (1878). In collaboration with her sister 
she wrote 44 Say and Seal " (New York, 1860) ; 44 Ellen 
Montgomery's Book-Shelf" (1863-'9); 44 Books of 
Blessing " (1868); and 44 Wych Hazel " (1876). Some 
of Miss Warner's works were soon translated into 
French, German, and Swedish. 44 The Wide, Wide 
World " was the most popular novel ever written 
by an American, with the single exception of Mrs. 
Stowe's famous story. 44 It was not." says a critic, 
• 4 as a picture of life that 4 Uncle Tom's Cabin ' ap- 



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pealed to readers. It was as a contribution of the 
writer to the discussion of a burning question, and 
its unexampled popularity was much more than 
merely literary. The success of 'The Wide, Wide 
World,' on the other 
hand, was purely ar- 
tistic, so to speak. It 
owes nothing to the 
subject and nothing 
to incidents. There is 
not a touch of melo- 
drama in its treat- 
ment, and it has as 
little story as if it had 
been written by Hen- 
ry James." Taine ex- 
pressed his astonish- 
ment that in America 
" a three-volume nov- 
el is devoted to the 
history of the moral 
progress of a girl of 
thirteen." Miss War- 
ner was buried, by 
her desire, near the Cadets' monument in the West 
Point cemetery, shown in the illustration. Her 
tombstone bears the inscription : 44 The author of 
4 The Wide, Wide World' was born 11 July, 1819, 
and passed gently into the life that knows no end- 
ing, 1 7 March, 1885. I n trust for a few of the friends 
that loved her, her sister has placed this stone. 
Auf Wiedersehen." — Her sister, Anna Bartlett, 
b. in New York in 1820, has published, under the 
pen-name of 44 Amy Lothrop, the novels of 44 Dol- 
lars and Cents " (New York, 1858), and " My Broth- 
er's Keeper " (1855) ; also 44 Stories of "Vinegar 
Hill " (6 vols., 1871), 44 The Fourth Watch" (1872), 
44 Gardening by Myself " (1872), 44 Miss Tiller's Vege- 
table Garden ''(1873), and 44 The other Shore " (1873). 

WARNER, Willard, senator, b. in Granville, 
Ohio, 4 Sept., 1820. He was graduated at Marietta 
college in 1845, went to California in 1849, en- 
gaged in mercantile business in Cincinnati after 
his return in 1852, and a few years later became 
general manager of the Newark machine- works. 
He was a delegate to the Republican national con- 
vention in I860. In December, 1861, he joined the 
volunteer army as maior of the 76th Ohio infantry, 
and was engaged at bort Donelson, at the siege of 
Corinth, and in the Vicksburg campaign. In 1863 
he became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, which 
he led from Vicksburg to Chattanooga, and through 
the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission 
Ridge, and at Ringgold, where he broke through 
Gen. Patrick Cleburne's strongly posted lines. In 
the Atlanta campaign he served on the staff of 
Gen. William T. Sherman as inspector-general. 
On 20 Oct., 1804, he was appointed colonel of the 
180th Ohio volunteers. lie was bre vetted briga- 
dier- and major-general of volunteers in March, 
1805 for gallant and meritorious services, and was 
mustered out in July. He served one term in the 
Ohio state senate immediately after the war, re- 
moved to the south in 1807, where he engaged in 
cotton-planting, was it member of the Alabama 
legislature in the succeeding year, and was elected 
to the U. S. senate as a Republican from Alabama 
on the reorganization of the state government, 
serving from 25 July, 1808, till 3 March. 1871, when 
his term ended. Ife was collector of customs at 
Mobile. Ala., from July. 1871, till February, 1872. 
when he declined the appointment of governor of 
New Mexico, as he did also that of minister to the 
Argentine Republic. Ho was a meml»cr of the 
Republican national convention of 1808, of the 



Cincinnati convention that nominated Rutherford 
B. Hayes in 1870, and of all that have since been 
held. In 1873 he organized the Tecumseh iron 
company, of which he has since been the general 
manager, and in 1887 he was elected president and 
manager of the Nashville iron, steel, and charcoal 
company. He resides at Tecumseh, Ala. 

WARNER, William, congressman, b. in Wis- 
consin in 1840. He was educated at Lawrence 
university. Wis., and at the University of Michi- 
gan, but was not graduated, lie studied law and 
was admitted to the bar, but entered the army in 
1802, and served till the end of the civil war in* the 
33d and 34th Wisconsin regiments. He then set- 
tled in the practice of his profession at Kansas 
City, Mo., became city attorney in 1807, and cir- 
cuit attorney in 1809, and in 1871 was elected 
I mayor. He was a Republican presidential elector 
in 1872, U. S. district attorney for western Mis- 
souri in 1882-'4, and twice received the votes of 
the Republican members of the legislature for 
U. S. senator. In 1884 he was chosen to congress, 
and he was re-elected in 1880. He was the first 
department commander of the Grand army of the 
republic in Missouri, and was chosen commander- 
in-chief at the National encampment in 1888. 

WARNER, Zebedee, clergyman, b. in Pendle- 
ton county, Va., 28 Feb., 1833. He was educated 
at Clarksburg (Va) academy, which he left in 1852. 
He entered the* ministry of the United Brethren 
in Christ in 1854, was presiding elder in 18C2-'9 t 
in charge of a church at Parkersburg, W. Va., in 
1809-'8O, and was presiding elder of the district in 
1880-'5. He was graduated in the Chautauqua 
Sunday-school normal course in 1879. He was 
elected corresponding member of the General mis- 
sionary society in 1885, has been seven times in the 
general conference, and was for two years president 
of the Eastern Sunday-school assembly. He was for 
eight years teacher of theology in the" Parkersburg 
conference, and since 1858 has been a trustee of 
Otterbein university. Which conferred upon him the 
degree of D. D. in 1878. He published * 4 Christian 
Baptism ? ' (Parkersburg, 1804); 44 Rise and Progress 
of the United Brethren Church " (1805) ; 44 Life 
and Times of Rev. Jacob Bachtcl " (Dayton, Ohio, 
1807) ; and 44 The Roman Catholic not a True 
Christian Church " (Parkersburg, 1808). 

WARREN, Cyrus More, chemist, b. in Ded- 
ham, Mass., 15 Jan., 1824. He was graduated at 
the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in 1855, 
and spent three years studying chemistry, chiefly 
at Heidelberg and Berlin. On his return he devoted 
himself to original research, especially in connec- 
tion with the volatile hydrocarbons, and his later 
investigations have resulted in practical applica- 
tions in the use of coal-tar and asphaltum for roof- 
ing and paving purposes, which have been intro- 
duced by the Warren chemical and manufacturing 
company and the Warren-Scharf asphalt paving 
company, of which corporations he is president and 
treasurer. In 18GO-'8 ne held the chair of organic 
chemistry in the Massachusetts institute of tech- 
nology. He has obtained jmtents for a process of 
fractional distillation, for various improvements in 
asphalt roofing and paving materials, and for a 
method for the distillation of anthracene. Prof, 
j Warren is a fellow of the American academy of 
I arts and sciences and of the American association 
I for the advancement of science. His papers, de- 
! scriptivo of his original researches, have been pub- 
lished in the 44 American Journal of Science" and 
i in the 44 Memoirs of the American Academy." 

WARREN, Fitz-Henry, soldier, b. in Brim- 
I field, Mass., 11 Jan., 1810; d. there, 21 June, 1878. 



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He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, in 1844. and 
became interested in journalism and politics in 
that locality. He was appointed secona assistant 
postmaster-general in 1849, and afterward served 
as first assistant. During the civil war he was in 
command of the 1st Iowa cavalry, and he became 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 16 July, 1862, and 
afterward major-general by brevet, being mustered 
out of the service, 24 Aug., 1865. He was a mem- 
ber of the Iowa state senate in 1866, minister to 
Guatemala in 1867-'8, and a presidential elector 
on the Democratic ticket in 1872. He was editor 
of the Burlington (Iowa) 44 Hawkeye " for a time, 
and was also, at a later period, connected with the 
44 Sun " and the 44 Tribune *' in New York city. 

WARREN, George William, musician, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 17 Aug., 1828. He displayed mu- 
sical talent early in life, but for seven years was 
engaged in business. During that time he began 
to study music, and played the organ at St Peter's 
church, Albany. He subsequently settled in New 
York, where he became a successful organist In 
1860 he was invited to take charge of the music 
of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, and 
ten years later he bee ime organist of St. Thomas's 
church. He has written much church music and 
several pieces for the piano, and has published 
44 Hymns and Tunes as sung at St. Thomas's 
Church, New York " (New York, 1888). 

WARREN, Gouverneur Kenrtrie, soldier, b. in 
Cold Spring, N. Y., 8 Jan., 1830; d. in Newport, 
R. L, 8 Aug., 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1850, standing second in his 
class, and was assigned to the topographical engi- 
neers as brevet 2d lieutenant After four years of 
duty in connection with the surveys of the delta 
of the Mississippi and other river surveys under 
Capt Andrew A. Humphreys, he engaged in com- 
piling reports of the Pacific railroad exploration. 
In 1855 ne accompanied the Sioux expedition as 
chief topographical engineer on Gen. William S. 
Harney's staff, being engaged in the action of Blue 
Water, and subsequently until 1859 he was occu- 
pied in Dakota and Nebraska in making maps of 
those territories for the exploration of the routes 
for railroads between Mississippi river and the Pa- 
cific ocean. The general direction of this route 
was under Capt. Humphreys, and Lieut Warren 
was his principal assistant. He then served at the 
military academy as assistant professor of mathe- 
matics until the beginning of the civil war, when 
he entered active service as lieutenant-colonel of 
the 5th New York volunteers, of which regiment 
he became colonel on 31 Aug., 1861. He was also 
promoted captain in the engineers on 9 Sept, 1861. 
His regiment was ordered to Fortress Monroe and 
he took part in the action of Big Bethel, where he 
was the last to leave the field, remaining to rescue 
the body of Lieut John T. Greble, the first officer 
in the regular army killed in the civil war. Dur- 
ing the remainder of the year he was stationed at 
Baltimore, where he constructed the fort on Fed- 
eral Hill. In the spring of 1862 he joined the 
Army of the Potomac, serving in the peninsular 
campaign, and at Yorktown his regiment formed 
part of the siege-train under the command of the 
chief of artillery. He was given a brigade in the 
5th army corps in May, with which he covered the 
extreme right of the arm v and took part in the cap- 
ture of Hanover Court-House, the pursuit of Con- 
federate cavalry under Gen. James E. B. Stuart, 
the battle of Gaines's Mills, the affair at Malvern 
Hill and subsequent battle, and the skirmish at 
Harrison's Landing. His brigade was then sent to 
re-enforce Gen. John Pope, and he participated in 



the battle of Manassas. In the subsequent cam- 
paign he served with the 5th corps, was engaged 
at Antietam, and then took part in the Rappahan- 
nock campaign and the battle of Fredericksburg. 
On 26 Sept, 1862, he was appointed brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers for his services at Games's Mills. 
During the winter months of 1862-'3 he did much 
individual work in reconnoitring and correcting 
maps, and on 2 Feb., 1863, he was ordered, as chief 
of topographical engineers, to the staff of Gen. 
Joseph Hooker, then in command of the Army of 
the Potomac. Soon after the consolidation of the 
two corps of engineers on 3 March, 1863, he was 
appointed chief of engineers of the Armv of the 
Potomac, and during the Chancellorsville cam- 
paign he took part in the action on Orange Pike, 
the storming of Marye's Heights, and the battle of 
Salem. He continued as chief of engineers under 
Gen. George G. Meade, and was engaged at Gettys- 
burg, where he seized Little Round Top, the key 
to the entire National position, and, using Gen. 
Meade's name as his staff-officer, ordered the 140th 
New York regiment, under Col. Patrick H. O'Rorke 
(q. v.), to occupy the hill. This was accomplished 
after a severe hand-to-hand fight Thereafter he 
was engaged in engineering duties connected with 
the passage of the Potomac until 11 Aug., when 
on tne receipt of his major-general's commission, 
bearing date of 3 May previous, he was assigned 
to the temporary command of the 2d corps. His 
next important service was during- the march on 
Centervule in October, 1863, when he was attacked 
by Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, and, although his force 
was about one half that of the Confederates, he 
held his position until he was re-enforced by the 
5th corps. In the official report it was said : " The 
handling of the 2d corps in this operation, and the 
promptitude, skill, and spirit with which the ene- 
my was met, were admirable." When the Army of 
the Potomac was reorganized into three corps for 
the Richmond campaign, he received the perma- 
nent command of the 5th corps and participated in 
the battles of the Wilderness, North Anna, Bethes- 
da Church, Cold Harbor, and those around Pe- 
tersburg. Before the battle of Five Forks, Gen. 
Sheridan, having expressed 
to Gen. Grant his dissatis- 
faction with Gen. Warren's 
habit of criticising the acts 
and orders of his superior 
officers, received authority 
to remove him, should there 
be satisfactory reasons for 
so doing. At Five Forks, 
when the 5th corps ad- 
vanced according to Gen. 
Sheridan's orders, it was 
found that the indicated 
point of attack was too far 
to the right. This error was 
corrected by Gen. Warren, 
who in person led the charge 
that closed the battle and 
secured the victory. At this 
moment he received an or- 
der relieving him from the 
command of his corps. The 
reasons given by Gen. Sheridan for this act were : 
1. 44 That Warren failed to reach me on the 1st 
of April, when I had reason to expect him " : 2. 
44 That the tactical handling of his corps was un- 
skilful " ; 3. 44 That he did not exert himself to 
get his corps up to Gravelly run church " ; and 4. 
44 That when portions of his line gave way he did 
not exert himself to restore confidence to his 




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troops." In reply to these charges Gen. Warren 
answered that his first order to relieve Gen. Sheri- 
dan on 31 March was received from Gen. George 
G. Meade at 9.17 p. m., when he had already ac- 
complished Gen. Sheridan's relief by sending troops 
to his assistance without orders, on" his own respon- 
sibility, earlier than 5 p. m., also that he carried out 
his orders to Gen. Meade's entire satisfaction and 
joined Gen. Sheridan sooner than Gen. Meade had 
expected ; that the only lack of skill was that of 
Gen. Sheridan, who delivered the attack of the 5th 
corps at a point three quarters of a mile distant 
from the point intended. A court of inquiry, con- 
vened in 1879 at Gen. Warren's request, found : 1. 
That Gen. Warren, after the receipt of Gen. Meade's 
first order, should have moved his main force sooner 
than he did. 2. It did not find that his handling 
of the corps was unskilful. 3. 44 That there was no 
unnecessary delay in this march of the 5th corns, 
and that Gen. Warren took the usual methods of a 
corps commander to prevent delay." 4. That " by 
continuous exertions of himself and staff he sub- 
stantially remedied matters" ; and the court thinks 
** that this was for him the essential point to be at- 
tended to, which also required his wnole efforts to 
accomplish." Gen. Warren after his removal was 
assigned by Gen. Grant to the charge of the de- 
fences of the Petersburg and Southside railroad, 
and then had command of the Department of the 
Mississippi. On 27 May, 1865, he resigned his com- 
mission in the volunteer army ana returned to 
duty as major in the corps of engineers, to which 
grade he had been advanced on 25 June, 1864. He 
received the successive brevets in the U. S. army 
up to major-general, of which the last two were 
given him on 13 March, 1865. From May, 1865, 
till his death he was employed in various parts of 
the country in making surveys and in other works 
connected with his department. He was made 
lieutenant-colonel on 4 March, 1879. Gen. Warren 
was elected a member of the American association 
for the advancement of science in 1858, of the 
American philosophical society in 1867, of the 
American society of civil engineers in 1874, and to 
the National academy of sciences in 1876. A heroic 
statue by Paul Gerhardt (shown in the accompany- 
ing illustration) was unveiled with appropriate cere- 
monies on Little Round Top, Gettysburg, on 8 Aug.. 
1888. His works include "Explorations in the 
Dacota Country" (2 vols., Washington, l85£-'6); 
" Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska 
and Dakota in the Years 1855-'7" (1858): various 
reports to the government on military and engineer- 
ing subjects ; and a pamphlet giving " An Account 
of the 5th Army Corps at the Battle of Five Forks " 
(New York, 1866). See sketch by Gen. Henry L. 
Abbot in 44 Biographical Memoirs of the National 
Academy of Sciences" (vol. ii., Washington, 1886). 

WARREN, Henry White, M. E. bishop, b. in 
Williamsburg, Hampshire co., Mass., 4 Jan.. 1831. 
He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1853, 
taught natural science for two years, and in 1855 
became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal 
church in the New England conference. For fif- 
teen years he filled posts in Boston, Worcester, 
Lynn, Westfield, Cambridgeport, and Charlestown. 
In 1861 -'2 he was a member of the Massachusetts 
house of representatives. He was pastor of the 
Arch street Methodist Episcopal church, Philadel- 
phia, in 1871-'4. and again in 1877-80. In 1881 
he was elected by the Philadelphia annual con- 
ference a delegate to the general conference that 
assembled in Cincinnati, where he was elected 
bishop. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Dickinson college in 1872. Bishop Warren is noted 




as a preacher, his chief characteristics being a good 
voice, commanding presence, great fluency, and fine 
play of fancy. He 
has also been prolific 
as a writer of books, 
and for periodicals. 
His residence is at 
Denver, Colorado, 
but his duties since 
his election have 
taken him over a 
large part of the 
United States, and in 
1888 he visited Japan 
to inspect the mis- 
sions of his church. 
Besides many pam- 
phlets and sermons, 
he has published 
41 Sights and In- 
sights, or Knowledge Of n/i> 
by Travel" (New ' ' CtsW^- 

York, 1874); "Stud- 
ies of the Stars " (1878) ; and " Recreations in As- 
tronomy : with Directions for Practical Experi- 
ments and Telescopic Work " (1879). 

WARREN, Ira, journalist, b. in Hawkesbury, 
Canada, in 1806 ; d. in 1864. He was educated at 
Brown and Kenyon, and studied medicine. He 
contributed to the Montreal 44 Episcopal Observer" 
and the "Christian Witness," and subsequently 
edited in Boston, Mass., the "Christian Alliance*' 
and the "Family Visitor." Under the signature 
of "Laicus" he reviewed the Rev. William Cms- 
well's answer to Bishop Manton Eastburn in 1845. 
Dr. Warren contributed to the same controversy a 
volume entitled 44 Causes and Cure of Puseyism " 
(Boston, 1847), and published 44 The Household 
Physician " (1859), of which, before his death, more 
than 30,000 copies were sold. 

WARREN, Israel Perkins, author, b. in New 
Bethany, Conn., 8 April, 1814. He is a descendant 
of Richard Warren, one of the 44 Mayflower " Pil- 
grims. He was graduated at Yale in 1838, was 
principal of the Cromwell, Conn., academy in 
1838-'9, afterward studied at Y r ale theological 
seminary, and became pastor of the Congregational 
church at Granbv, Conn., in 1842. He was sta- 
tioned at Mount Carmel, Conn., in 1846, at Plym- 
outh, Conn., in 1851, was secretary and editor of 
the American tract society at Boston in 1859, an 
editor and book-publisher there in 1870, and be- 
came editor and proprietor of 44 The Christian 
Mirror" in Portland, Me., in 1875, which post he 
has held ever since. In addition to numerous 
sermons, tracts, and pamphlets, he has published 
in book-form " The Seaman's Cause " (New York, 

1858) ; "The Sisters, a Memorial of Elizabeth H., 
Abbie A., and Sarah F. Dickerman" (Boston, 

1859) ; " Sadduceeism, a Refutation of the Doctrine 
of the Annihilation of the Wicked" (1860); 44 The 
Cross- Bearer, a Vision" (1861); "The Picture 
Lesson- Book," designed for the use of the refugee 
slaves in camp (1861); "A Chapter from the Book 
of Nature " (1863) ; 44 The Christian Armor " (1864) ; 
" The Cup-Bearer " (1865J; "The Sabbath at Home : 
an Illustrated Religious Magazine for the Family " 
(3 vols., 1867-9); 44 The New Testament, with 
Notes, etc." (vol. i., 1868); "Jerusalem, Ancient 
and Modern " (1873); 44 The Three Judges, Story 
of the Men who beheaded their King, with an 
introduction by Rev. Leonard Bacon (New York, 
1873) ; "Chauncey Judd, or the Stolen Boy of the 
Revolution" (Boston, 1874); "The Parousia, a 
Critical Study of the Scripture Doctrine of Christ's 



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Second Coming, etc." (Portland, 1879; 2d ed., re- 
written and enlarged, 1884) ; " Our Father's Ik>ok. 
or the Divine Authority and Origin of the Bible" 
(Boston, 1885); "The Book of Revelation, a 
Study" (New York, 1886); and "The Stanley 
Families in America" (Portland. 1887). 

WARREN, James, Revolutionary leader, b. in 
Plymouth, Mass., 28 Sept., 1726; d. there. 27 Nov., 
1808. He was graduated at Harvard in 1745, and 
became a prosperous merchant in Plymouth. In 
1766 he was chosen a member of the colonial as- 
sembly, where he served until its final dissolution 
in 1774. He took a prominent part in the estab- 
lishment of the system of committees of corre- 
spondence in 1772. After the death of (ien. Joseph 
Warren at Bunker Hill, he was chosen to succeed 
him as president of the Provincial congress of 
Massachusetts. The connection between his family 
and that of Joseph Warren, if there be any, is to lie 
sought in England liefore 1600. — His wife, Mercy, 
author, b. in Barnstable. Mass., 25 Sept., 1728; d. 
in Plymouth, 19 Oct., 1814, was a sister of the il- 
lustrious orator James Otis, and married James 
Warren in 1754. She was one of the most highly 
educated and brilliant women of her time, and her 
friendship was much prized by such men as Jeffer- 
son and the Adamses. Throughout her life she 
was an intimate friend of Abigail Adams. One of 
her earliest writings was " The Group," a dramatic 
piece in two acts, in which Gov. Hutchinson and 
other Tories were satirized. '* The Squabble of the 
Sea-Nymphs" gives an account of the Boston tea- 
party, somewhat 
after the style of 
the " Rape of the 
Lock." Her two 
tragedies, " The 
Sack of Rome " and 
" The I^adies of 
Castile," were well 
thought of in their 
day. These were col- 
lected in "Poems, 
Dramatic and Mis- 
cellaneous" (Bos- 
ton, 1790). A work 
of much greater 
importance is her 
History of the 
American Revolu- 
tion " (3 vols., Bos- 
ton, 1805), which is 
valuable bccausv of 
the personal ac- 
quaintance of the 
writer with so many of the characters. There is a 
sketch of Mrs. Warren in Mrs. Elizabeth F. Ellet's 
" Women of the Revolution " (New York, 1856). 

WARREN, Joseph, physician, b. in Roxbury. 
Mass., 11 June, 1741 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 17 
June, 1775. He was descended from Peter Warren, 
whose name appears on the town records of Bos- 
ton in 1659, where he is called " mariner." Peter's 
second son, Joseph, built a house in 1 720 in what 
is now Warren street, Roxbury. and died there in 
1729. A view of the homestead is presented on 
page 365. His son, Joseph, b. in 1696, married. 29 
Mav, 1740, Man', daughter of Dr. Samuel Stevens, 
of Koxbury. and the subject of this sketch was 
their eldest child. Joseph Warren, the father, was 
a thrifty fanner, much rcspcet^l bv his townsmen, 
by whom he was elected to several offices of trust. 
He was interested in fruit-raising, and introduced 
into that Part of thecountrv the apple long known 
as the "Warren russet." In Octol>er, 1755, while 





ren's articles, published under the signature of * 
True Patriot, aroused the anger of Gov. Fran 



j gathering fruit in his orchard, he fell from the 
ladder and was instantly killed. His son, Joseph. 

1 was graduated at Harvard in 1759, and in the fol- 
lowing year was apixnnted master of the Roxbury 

frammar-school. He studied medicine with Dr. 
ames Lloyd, and 
, began to practise 
I his profession in 
i 1764. He married, 
, 6 Sept, 17(54, Miss 
| Elizabeth Hooton, 
a young lady who 
j had inherited an 
ample fortune. 
1 The passage of the 
1 stamp -act in the 
1 following year led 
I Dr. Warren to pulw 
| lish several able ar- 
j tides in the Boston 
I "Gazette." About 
I this time began his 
j intimate friend- 
' ship with Samuel 
i Adams, who con- 
| ceived a warm ad- 
I miration for him, 
. and soon came to 
regard him as a stanch and clear-headed ally, who 
could be depended upon under all circumstances. 
On the occasion of the Townshend acts, Dr. War- 

A 

anger or Gov. Francis 
Bernard, who brought the matter before his coun- 
cil, and endeavored to prosecute Messrs. Edes and 
Gill, the publishers of the "Gazette," for giving 
currency to seditious libels; but the grand jury re- 
fused to find a bill against these gentlemen. The 
affair created much excitement in Boston, and led 
Gov. Bernard to write to Lord Hillsborough, secre- 
tary of state for the colonies, recommending the 
arrest of the publishers on a charge of treason. In 
the affair of the sloop " Liberty," in June, 1768. Dr. 
Warren was one of the committee appointed to 
wait upon the governor at his country-seat at Ja- 
maica Plain, and protest against the impressment 
of seamen and the vexatious enforcement of the 
revenue laws. He was present at every town-meet- 
ing held in Boston, from the arrival of the British 
trtMips in October, 1768, to their removal in March, 
j 1770, and he was one of the committee of safety ap- 
I pointed after the so-called " massacre " on 5 Marcn. 
In Julv he was apf>ointed on a committee to con- 
sider the condition of the town, and send a report 
\ to England. It was apparentlv of him that a Tory 
pamphleteer wrote : " One of our most bawling 
demagogues and voluminous writers is a crazy doc- 
| tor." In March, 1772, he delivered the anniversary 
i oration upon the "massacre": in November his name 
was recorded immediately after those of James Otis 
j and Samuel Adams in the list of the first committee 
of correspondence. During the next two years he 
' was in active co-operation with Samuel Adams, and 
I when, in August, 1774. that leader went to attend 
the meeting of the Continental congress at Phila- 
delphia, the leadership of the partv in Boston de- 
i volved upon Dr. Warren. On 9 .Sept., 1774, the 
| towns of Suffolk county met in convention at Mil- 
ton, and Dr. Warren read a pa|»er drawn up bv him- 
self, and since known as the "Suffolk resolves/* The 
j resolutions, which were adopt ed unanimously, de- 
clared that a king who violates the chartered rights 
of his people forfeits their allegiance; they declared 
the regulating act null and void, and ordered all the 
officers appointed under it to resign their offices at 



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once ; they directed the collectors of taxes to refuse 
to pay over money to Gen. Gage's treasurer ; they 
advised the towns to choose their own militia offi- 
cers; and they threatened Gage that, should he 
venture to arrest anybody for political reasons, they 
would retaliate by seizing upon the crown officers 
as hostages. A copy of these resolutions, which 
virtually placed Massachusetts in an attitude of re- 
bellion, was forwarded to the Continental congress, 
which forthwith approved them and pledged the 
faith of all the other colonies that they would aid 
Massachusetts in case armed resistance should be- 
come inevitable. After the meeting of the Pro- 
vincial congress at Concord in October, Dr. War- 
ren acted as chairman of the committee of safety, 
charged with the duty of organizing the militia 
and collecting military stores. As the 5th of 
March, 1775, drew near, several British officers were 
heard to declare that any one who should dare to 
address the people in the Old South church on this 
occasion would surely lose his life. As soon as he 
heard of these threats, Dr. Warren solicited for 
himself the dangerous honor, and at the usual hour 
delivered a stirring oration upon 44 the baleful in- 
fluence of standing armies in time of peace." The 

concourse in 
the church 
was so great 
that, when 
the orator ar- 
rived, every 
approach to 
the pulpit was 
blocked up ; 
and rather 
than elbow his 
way through 
the crowd, 
which might 
lead to some 
disturbance, he procured a ladder and climbed in 
through a large window at the back of the pulpit. 
About forty British officers were present, some of 
whom sat on the pulpit-steps, and sought to annoy 
the speaker with groans and hisses, but everything 
passed off quietly. 

On Tuesdav evening, 18 April, observing the 
movements of the British troops, Dr. Warren de- 
spatched William Dawes, by way of Roxbury, and 
Paul Revere, by way of Cnarlestown, to give the 
alarm to the people dwelling on the roads toward 
Concord. Next morning, on hearing the news of 
the firing at Lexington, he left his patients in 
charge of his pupil and assistant, William Eustis, 
and rode off to the scene of action. He seems to 
have attended a meeting of the committee of safety 
that morning at the Black Horse tavern in Menot- 
omy (now Arlinjrton), and there to have consulted 
with Gen. William Heath. By the time Lord 
Percy reached Menotomy on his retreat. Gen. 
Heath had assumed command of the militia, and 
the fighting there was perhaps the severest of the 
day. Dr. Warren kept his place near Heath, and 
a pin was struck from his head by a musket-ball. 
During the next six weeks he was" indefatigable in 
urging on the military preparations of the New 
England colonies. At the meeting of the Pro- 
vincial congress at Watertown, 81 May, he was 
unanimously chosen its president, and thus became 
chief executive officer of Massachusetts under this 
provisional government. On 14 J une he was chosen 
second major-general of the Massachusetts forces, 
Artemas Ward being first. On the 16th he pre- 
sided over the Provincial congress, and passed the 
night in the transaction of public business. The 




| next morning he met the committee of safety at 
Gen. Ward's neadquarters on Cambridge common, 
and about noon, hearing that the British troops 
had landed at Cnarlestown, he rode over to Bunker 
Hill. It is said that both Putnam and Prescott 
successively signified their readiness to take orders 
from him, but he refused, saving that he had come 
as a volunteer aide to take a fesson in warfare under 
such well-tried officers. At the final struggle near 
Prescott's redoubt, as he was endeavoring to rally 
the militia, Gen. Warren was struck in the head by 
a musket-ball and instantly killed. His remains 
wore deposited in the tomb of George R. Minot in 
the Granary burying-ground, whence they were re- 
moved in 1825 to the Warren tomb in St. Paul's 
church, Boston. In 1855 they were again removed 
to Forest Hills cemetery, where they now repose. 

Dr. Warren's wife died, 28 April, 1773, leaving 
four children. After the death of their father 
they were left in straitened circumstances until in 
April, 1778, Gen. Benedict Arnold, who had con- 
ceived a warm friendship for Dr. Warren while at 
Cambridge, came to their relief. Arnold contrib- 
uted $500 for their education, and succeeded in 
obtaining from congress the amount of a major- 
general's half-pay, to be applied to their support 
from the date of the father's death until the young- 
est child should be of age. The best biography of 
Dr. Warren is by Richard Frothingham, 41 Life and 
Times of Joseph Warren" (Boston, 1865).— His 
brother, John, physician, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 27 
July, 1753 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 4 April, 1815, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1771, studied medicine 
for two years with his brother Joseph, and then 
began practice in Salem, where he attained rapid 
success. He attended the wounded at the battle 
of Bunker Hill, where he received a bayonet- wound 
in endeavoring to pass a sentry in order to see his 
brother. Soon afterward he was appointed hos- 
pital surgeon, and in 1776 he accompanied the 
army to New York and New Jersey. He was at 
Trenton and Princeton, and from 1777 till the 
close of the war was superintending surgeon of the 
military hospitals in Boston. For nearly forty 
years he occupied the foremost place among the 
surgeons of New England. In 1780 he demon- 
strated anatomy in a series of dissections before 
his colleagues, and in 1783 he was appointed pro- 
fessor of anatomy and surgery in the newly estab- 
lished medical school at Harvard. He was first 
president of the Massachusetts medical society, re- 
taining the office from 1804 till his death. He was 
also president of the Agricultural society and of 
the Humane society. He frequently made public 
addresses, and in 1783 was the first Fourth-of-July 
orator in Boston. Besides 44 Memoirs" addressed 
to the American academy, " Communications " pub- 
lished by the Massachusetts medical society, an 
44 Address " to the Freemasons, in whose lodge he 
was a grand-master, and articles in the 44 Journal 
of Medicine and Surgerv," he was the author of 
44 Mercurial Practice in Febrile Diseases." See his 
life by James Jackson (Boston, 1815), and bv his 
son Edward (1873). — John's son, John Collins, 
surgeon, b. in Boston, Mass., 1 Aug., 1778; d. 
there, 4 May, 1856, was graduated at Harvard in 
1797, studied medicine in London, and formed 
there a portion of the collection of anatomical 
preparations which he subsequently gave to the 
Massachusetts medical college. In 1800 he went 
to Edinburgh, where he studied chemistry, and in 
1801 attended the lectures of Vauquelin, Cuvier, 
and Desfontaines in Paris. He then settled in 
Boston. In 1803 he became joint editor of the 
44 Monthly Anthology," gave public demonstrations 



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in anatomy in 1805, was active in establishing the 
reading-room that was developed into the Boston 
athenieura, and formed a private medical society. 
In 1806 he was chosen adjunct professor in anato- 
my and surgery in Harvard, in 1810 he assisted 
in founding a hospital for the destitute, and in 
1811 the "New England Journal of Medicine and 
Surgery." In 1815 he was appointed professor of 
anatomy and surgery in Harvard. He was one of 
the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital 
in 1820, and principal surgeon until his death. In 
1827 he was elected president of the Boston tem- 
perance society. He exercised great caution in 
performing surgical operations, many of which 
were hitherto unknown in the United States, and 
he was almost invariably successful. He was the 
first to operate for strangulated hernia, and even- 
tually his method was adopted. He introduced 
the operation for aneurism, and performed it in 
numerous cases, all of which were successful except 
two. In 1837 he went to Europe for further study. 
After his return he became an active member of 
the Agricultural society of Massachusetts, and im- 
proved the breed of cattle by importation of for- 
eign stock. He was also chosen president of the 
Society of natural history. In 1845 he obtained 
the most perfect skeleton of the mastodon that ex- 
ists. In 1846 he gave a new impulse to operative 
surgery by the introduction of ether, and his ad- 
vocacy of its use in certain cases led to its general 
adoption by the profession. Besides frequent con- 
tributions to scientific journals, Dr. Warren pub- 
lished " Cases of Organic Diseases of the Heart " 
(Boston, 1809) ; " Description of an Egyptian Mum- 
my " (1821) ; " Comparative View of the Sensorial 
and Nervous Systems in Man and Animals " (1822) ; 
"Some Account of the Medical School in Boston, 
and of the Massachusetts General Hospital " (1824) ; 
" Letter to Hon. I. Parker on the Dislocation of the 
Hip-Joint, etc." (Cambridge, 1826); "Description 
of the Siamese Twins " (Boston, 1829) ; " Surgical 
Observations on Tumors : with Cases and Observa- 
tions " (1837) ; " Physical Education and t he Pres- 
ervation of Health" (Boston. 1846); "Etheriza- 
tion: with Surgical Remarks" (1848): "Effects of 
Chloroform and of Strong Chloric Ether as Nar- 
cotic Agents " (1849) ; " Description of a Skeleton 
of the Mastodon Giganteus of North America" 
(1852) ; " Remarks on Some Fossil Impressions in 
the Sandstone Rocks of Connecticut River " (1854) ; 
"Genealogy of Warren, with Some Historical 
Sketches ^(1854) ; and " The Great Tree on Boston 
Common " (1855). See " The Life of John Collins 
Warren, M. D., compiled chiefly from his Auto- 
biography and Journals," by his brother Edward 
(2 vols., Boston, I860).— John's son. Edward, phy- 
sician, b. in Boston, Mass., 19 Dec., 1804, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1826, and at the medical 
school in 1829, began practice in Boston, removed 
in 1840 to Newton Falls, and while continuing 
to practise his profession engaged in agriculture. 
Among his medical writings are a "Sketch of the 
Progress of Cholera in America in 1832"; three 
Boylston prize essays on " Scrofula," " Rheuma- 
tism," ana "Erysipelatous Inflammation." which 
were published together (Philadelphia, 1840). — A 
son of John Collins, Jonathan Mason, surgeon, 
b. in Boston, Mass., in 1811; d. there, 19 Aug., 
1867, was graduated at the medical department of 
Harvard in 1832, and afterward studied in I^ondon 
and Paris. He established himself in Boston, 
where for twenty years he was attending phvsician 
to the Massachusetts general hospital. lie per- 
formed a great variety of operations, and was a 
voluminous contributor to medical literature. His 



chief work was " Surgical Observations, with Cases 
and Operations " (Boston, 1867). His wife was a 
daughter of Gov. John Collins.— Jonathan Mason's 
son, John Collins, physician, b. in Boston, 4 May, 
1842, was graduated at Harvard in 1863 and at 
Harvard medical school in 1866, studied two years 
at the Imperial hospital in Vienna, and afterward 
with several eminent surgeons in Berlin, Paris, and 
Loudon, and began the practice of his profession in 
Boston in 1869. He is now surgeon in the Massa- 
chusetts general hospital, and since 1887 has been 
associate professor of surgery in the Harvard medi- 
cal school. He was editor of the " Boston Medical 
and Surgical Journal " in 1873-'81, and is author of 
" Anatomy of Keloid," in " Archives of the Impe- 
rial Academy of Sciences " (Vienna, 1869) ; " Anato- 
my and Development of Rodent Ulcer" (Boston, 
1872) ; " Pathology of Carbuncle and Column* Adi- 
pose " (1879) ; ana " Healing of Arteries after Liga- 
ture in Men and Animals" (New York, 1886). 

WARREN, Joseph, journalist, b. in Water- 
bury, Vt., 24 July, 1829; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 30 
Sept.. 1876. He studied at the University of Ver- 
mont, and soon afterward went to Albany, N. Y., 
where he was made assistant editor of the " Coun- 
try Gentleman " in 1849, and also teacher of Latin 
and Greek at the Albany academy. He became 
associate editor of the Buffalo " Courier " in 1853 
and editor-in-chief in 1858, and was chosen presi- 
dent of the New York press association in 1870. 
He was a member at large of the Democratic state 
central committee, and a leader of his party in 
western New York. He was elected superintend- 
ent of public schools in Buffalo in 1857, advocated 
a public park system for that city, and served 
on the park commission from its formation in 
1871 till nis death. He was instrumental in secur- 
ing the establishment of the State insane asylum 
and the State normal school in Buffalo, took an 
active part in the organization of the Fine-arts 
academy, and was interested in the project of the 
Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia railroad. He 
was at one time president of the Young men's 
Christian association, and was a member of the 
council of the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Buffalo. 

WARREN, Josiah, reformer, b. in 1799 ; d. in 
Boston, Mass., 14 April, 1874. He took an active 
part in Robert Owen's communistic experiment 
at New Harmony, Ind., in 1825-'6, and was so dis- 
couraged by its* failure that he was on the point 
of abandoning any further attempt in that direc- 
tion when, as he said, "a new train of thought 
seemed to throw a sudden flash of light upon our 
past errors, and to show plainly the path to be 
pursued." He forthwith gave up the idea of main- 
taining a communal system of society, and sought 
to attain the same ends through individual sover- 
eignty. He held that the proper reward of labor 
was a like amount of labor, and elucidated his 
theory by a supposition. " If I am a bricklayer, 
and neea the services of a physician, an hour of 
my work in bricklaying is the proper recompense 
to be given the physician for an hour of his ser- 
vices. He proved the sincerity of his belief in this 
idea bv establishing what was known as the " time 
store in Cincinnati, Ohio, which he conducted 
with fair success for two years, giving and receiv- 
ing labor-notes in transactions with his customers. 
He propounded his theories in a work entitled the 
" True Civilization," and some of his views elicited 
the commendation of John Stuart Mill. 

WARREN, Lott, jurist, b. in Burke county, 
Ga., 30 Oct., 1797 ; d. in Albany. Ga., 17 June, 1861. 
He received a public-school education, was clerk in a 



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store, and served in 1818 as 2d lieutenant of volun- 
teers against the Seminoles. Afterward he studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1821, and practised 
in various places, finally establishing his residence 
in Albany. He was a member of the legislature 
in 1824 and 1831, state senator in 1830, solicitor- 
general, and judge of the southern circuit in 
1831-'4. He was twice elected to represent his 
district in congress as a Whig, serving in 1839-'43. 
and subsequently was made judge of the superior 
court, where he served in 1843-'52. Judge War- 
ren was also an ordained Baptist minister, though 
he preached only occasional nr. He was active in 
promoting temperance, Sunday-school work, and 
all philanthropic enterprises. 

WARREN, Minnie, dwarf, b. in Middlebor- 
ough, Mass., 2 June, 1849; d. there, 23 July, 1878. 
She was the younger sister of Lavinia Warren, 
who married Charles S. Stratton (Tom Thumb), 
her real name being Huldah Peirce Bump. In 
1863 she was engagea by Phineas T. Barnum, and 
assumed the name of Warren. Under his manage- 
ment she travelled extensively with Gen. Tom 
Thumb, Commodore Nutt, and her sister. She 
was bridesmaid at the celebrated wedding of the 
latter in Grace church, New York, on 10 Feb., 1863. 
Subsequently she married Maj. Edward Newall, a 
dwarf, and died in childbirth. 

WARREN, Nathan Boughton, author, b. in 
Troy, N. Y., 4 July, 1805. His grandfather and 
father removed from Norwalk, Conn., to Troy in 
1798, and were successful merchants, and from 
them he inherited an independent fortune. He 
was educated privately, visited England with Bish- 
op Doane, of New Jersey, in 1841, and made a tour 
of the cathedrals, which suggested to him the idea 
of adapting the cathedral or choral service of the 
English church to the American Book of Common 
Prayer. These services were first introduced in 
1844 into a mission church that was founded by 
his mother. He had a fine taste for music, com- 
posed some anthems, and received the degree of 
Mus. Doc. from Trinity college. He was also skilled 
in architecture, and designed his villa residence at 
Mount Ida, which is built in a chastely ornamented 
Gothic style. lie published •* The Order of Daily 
Service, with the Musical Notation as used in Eng- 
lish Cathedral ami Collegiate Churches. etc. " (New 
York, 1846); "The Ancient Plain Song of the 
Church " (1855); "The Holidays: Christmas, Eas- 
ter, and Whitsuntide, their Social Festivities, Cus- 
toms, and Carols" (1868) ; and " Hidden Treasure, 
or the Good St. Nicholas: a Goblin Story for 
Christmas" (1872). 

WARREN, Sir Peter, British naval officer, b. 
in Ireland before 1703 ; d. there, 29 July, 1752. He 
entered the navy in 1727, and had attained the rank 
of commodore in 1745, when he was appointed to 
command an armament that was intended for an 
attack on Louisburg. He joined the fleet, of trans- 
ports with the land forces under Sir William Pep- 
perrell from Boston, in Casco bay, on 25 April, 
with four ships, carrying 180 guns. On 30 April 
the combined forces appeared before Louisburg, 
and on I May the siege was begun. (See Pepper- 
rell, William.) On 18 May, Capt. Edward Tyng, 
in the 44 Massachusetts " frigate, captured a French 
man-of-war of 64 guns, with more than 500 men 
and a large quantity of stores for the garrison, and 
this success greatly raised the spirits of the l>c- 
siegers. Warren's fleet was re-enforced by the ar- 
rival of three large ships from England and three 
from Newfoundland, and, serious breaches having 
been made in the walls, it was determined to order 
a general assault ; but the French commander, see- 



ing that further resistance would be useless, sur- 
rendered the fortress on 16 June. By the canitu- 
lation, G50 veteran troops, more than 1,300 militia, 
and other persons—in all about 4,000 — agreed not 
to bear arms against Great Britain during the war. 
Seventy-six cannon and mortars, and a great quan- 
tity of military stores, were also taken. The French 
loss in killed was 300; the English was 130, but 
the latter suffered heavily from disease. Pepper- 
rell was made a baronet for his share in the victory, 
and Warren was promoted to rear-admiral, 8 Aug., 
1745. He aided in defeating a French squadron off 
Cape Finisterre in 1747, capturing the greater part 
of it, and in the same year was elected to parliament 
for Westminster. Sir Peter married Susan, eldest 
daughter of Stephen De Lancey, of New York, and 
was the owner of a valuable estate in the Mohawk 
valley, which he placed in charge of his nephew, 
William, afterward Sir William Johnson. 

WARREN, Samuel Edward, educator, b. in 
West Newton, Mass., 20 Oct, 1831. He was 
graduated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute 
in 1851, where, during the same year, he became 
assistant in charge of descriptive geometry and 
drawing. In 1854 he was appointed professor, and 
remained until 1872, when ne accepted a similar 
chair in the Massachusetts institute of technology. 
In 1875 he resigned the latter post, and also that 
of lecturer in the Massachusetts normal art-school, 
which he had held from 1872. He then devoted 
his attention to the revision of his series of text- 
books and to conducting a school of private in- 
struction in Newton, Mass., his present residence. 
Prof. Warren made an exhibit of his works and of 
drawings by his pupils, illustrating their use, at 
the World's fair in Philadelphia in 1870, which 
was complimented in the official reports, and a 
similar one at the fair in Paris in 1878, for which 
he received a diploma. He is a member of various 
scientific and educational societies, and, in addition 
to numerous contributions on educational subjects 
to current reviews and periodicals, he has published 
a series of text-books, including 44 General Problems 
from the Orthographic Projections of Descriptive 
Geometry " (New York, 1860) ; 14 Students', Drafts- 
men's, and Artisans' Manual n (1861 ; afterward 
issued as 44 Elementary Projection Drawing," 1867) ; 
44 Elementary Linear Perspective " (1863) ; 4 * Draft- 
ing Instruments and Operations" (1865): 44 Ele- 
mentary Plane Problems (1867) ; 4 * General Prob- 
lems of Shades and Shadows" (1867); 44 General 
Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form, 
Shadow, and Reflection" (1868); "Elements of 
Machine Construction and Drawing " (2 vols., 1870) ; 
44 Elementary Free-hand Geometrical Drawing " 
1873) ; 44 Elements of Descriptive Geometry : Part 
., Surfaces of Revolution, afterward issued as 
44 Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descrip- 
tive Geometry " (1874); "Problems in Stone-Cut- 
ting " (1875) ; 44 Elements of Descriptive Geometry, 
Shadows and Perspective" (1877); "Elements of 
Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing" 
(1878); and * 4 A Primary Geometry" (1887). 

WARREN, Samuel Prowse, organist, b. in 
Montreal. Canada, 18 Feb., 1841. He is the son of 
Samuel Russell Warren (1809-'82), a well-known 
orgun-builder of that city. He went to Berlin in 
1861, and studied for four years, giving his atten- 
tion especially to the organ. In 1864 he returned to 
Montreal, and in the following year he removed to 
New York, where he still resides. For two years he 
played the organ at Dr. Henry W. Bellows's church, 
after which he became organist of Grace church. 
He then played for some time at Trinity church, 
after which he returned to his old post at Grace 



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church. He has given several series of organ re- 
citals, in which he covered the whole field of organ 
music, giving interpretation to all its schools. 

WARREN, William, actor, b. in Bath, Eng- 
land, 10 May, 1767; d. in Washington, D. C, 19 
Oct., 1832. His first appearance was as Young 
Norval in Home's trageuy of u Douglas." Soon 
afterward Warren came to this country, making 
his debiU at Baltimore. Md., as Friar Lawrence in 
44 Romeo and Juliet." In 1805 he went to England, 
as agent for the Philadelphia theatre, to collect a 
company of comedians, and on his return in 1806 
he married the actress, Mrs. Ann Merrv (g. v.). 
Later, Warren became manager of the Chestnut 
street theatre in Philadelphia, where he made his 
last appearance on 25 Nov., 1829, as Robert Bram- 
ble in the 44 Poor Gentleman."— His son, William, 
actor, b. in Philadelphia, 17 Nov., 1812 ; d. in Bos- 
ton. 12 Sept., 1888, was educated at the Franklin 
institute, Philadelphia. He also made his first 
appearance as Young Norval at the Arch street 
theatre in that city, 27 Oct., 1832. After con- 
tinuing for some time in his native place, he ap- 
peared in New York, Boston, and other cities, 
playing in various characters, from broad and ec- 
centric corned v to juvenile tragedy, with general 
acceptance. In 1845 Warren appeared at the 
Strand theatre in London, and a year later, for the 
extraordinary term of thirty-five years, he was per- 
manently connected with the Howard athenaeum 
in Boston. There he was held in special esteem, 
both as a man and artist, and retired from that 
theatre and his profession on 7 Nov., 1882, with a 
complimentary benefit. Toward the last Warren 
was particularly successful in rendering the roles 
of fine old English gentlemen. He was a cousin of 
Joseph Jefferson, and one of the few recent actors 
who, in their own persons, represented the early 
age of the American drama. Sir Peter Teazle in 
44 The School for Scandal," Dr. Pangloss in 44 The 
Heir at Law," and Touchstone in 44 As You Like 
It," were among his noted characters. 

WARREN, William, clergyman, b. in Water- 
ford, Me., 21 Oct, 1806; d. In Gorham, Me., 28 
Jan., 1879. He entered Bowdoin, but left without 
being graduated, passed through the theological 
course at Andover seminary, where he was gradu- 
ated in 1839, was ordained as a Congregational 
minister on 14 Feb., 1840, and was pastor of the 
church and teacher of a private school at Wind- 
ham, Me., for nine years. He had charge of a 
congregation at Upton, Mass., from 1849 till 1856, I 
acted as agent for the American colonization so- 1 
ciety for a few months, in 1857 was appointed dis- I 
trict secretary for northern New England of the | 
American board of commissioners for foreign mis- 
sions, and retained that offiiv till his death, mak- , 
ing Gorham his home, Bowdoin gave him the 
degree of I). I), in 1870. He published, besides 
school-books, 44 Household Consecration and Bap- 
tism"; "The Spirit's Sword"; 44 Twelve Years 
among Children : and "These for Those." 

WARREN, William Fairfield, educator, b. 
in Williamsburg, Mass., 13 March, 1833. He was 
graduated at Wesleyan university in 1853, became 
a Methodist minister in the New England confer- 
ence in 1855, and afterward studied theology at 
Andover, Berlin, and Halle. In 1857 he was a 
delegate to the world's convention of the Evan- 
gelical alliance at Berlin, and he afterward made 
a tour through the East. In 1861 he was appointed 
professor of systematic theology in the Methodist 
Episcopal mission theological institute at Bremen, I 
Gennanv, which subsequently became the Martin 
institute at Frankfort, and in 1866 in Boston theo- | 



I logical seminary, subsequently a department of 
I Boston university, of which institution he has been 
i president since 1873, and also professor of the com- 
parative history of religions, comparative theology, 
and philosophy of religion. He was appointed "a 
memoer of the American committee for the revis- 
ion of the New Testament, but did not attend its 
meetings. He received the degree of D. D. from 
I Ohio Wesleyan university in 1862, and that of 
LL. D. from Wesleyan university, Middletown, 
Conn., in 1874. He published 44 Anfangsgrlinde der 
Logik" (Bremen, 1864); 44 Einleitung in die sys- 
tematische Theologie " (part i., 1865) ; and 44 Para- 
dise Found : the Cradle of the Human Race at the 
North Pole" (Boston, 1885). 

WARRINER, Francis, clergyman, b. in 
Springfield, Mass., 24 Nov., 1805; d. in Chester, 
Mass., 22 April, 1866. He was graduated at Am- 
herst in 1830, and in 1831-'4 was chaplain and 
teacher of mathematics and navigation to midship- 
men on the frigate 44 Potomac," which was one of a 
squadron that was sent to protect American sea- 
men in the Indian archipelago. On his return he 
studied theology in New Haven and New York, was 
pastor over the Congregational church in Chester 
in 1841-'8, and again in 1859- 65, when he resigned 
on account of failing health. He was the author of 
"The Cruise of the Potomac" (New York, 1835). 

WARRINGTON, Lewis, naval officer, b. in 
Williamsburg, near Norfolk, Va.. 3 Nov., 1782; d. 
in Washington, D. C, 12 Oct., 1851. He was edu- 
cated at William and Mary college, and entered 
the navy as a midshipman, 6 Jan., 1800. He made 
his first cruise in the frigate 44 Chesapeake " in the 
West Indies to suppress piracy, ana in 1803 he 
joined the schooner 44 Vixen," of Preble's squadron, 
during the Tripolitan war, where he served with 
credit, and was included in the vote of thanks by 
congress to Preble and his officers. He was pro- 
moted to acting lieutenant on the station, and 
transferred to the brig 44 Siren " in 1805, and to the 
"Enterprise" in 1806-'7, in which he returned 
home, lie was commissioned a lieutenant, 7 Feb., 
1807, and served as executive of the brig 44 Siren," 
bearing despatches to France in 1809-'ll. He 
served in the "Essex" and frigate "Congress" in 
1811-13, and as 1st lieutenant of the frigate 
44 United States" from March till July, 1813. Ho 
was promoted to master-commandant, 24 July, 




1813, had charge of the sloop 44 Peacock," and cap- 
tured the Brit ish sloop 44 Epervier " after an engage- 
ment of forty-two minutes. For this victory, in 
which the two vessels were of the same armament, 
he was promoted to captain, 22 Nov., 1814, and 
received a gold medal and the thanks of congress. 
(See illustration.) He commanded the frigate 
44 Macedonian," in the Mediterranean, in 1816-'18, 
and the frigate 44 Java," on the same station, in 
1818-'19, returning home in the frigate "Guer- 
riere" in 1820. He was commandant of the navy- 
yard at Norfolk, Va., in 1821-'4, and first com- 
mandant of that at Pensacola in 1826. He corn- 



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manded the West India squadron in 1824- 6, was 
a member of the board of navy commissioners in 
1827-'3l, again commandant of the Norfolk navy- 
yard in 1832-'9, member of the board of commis- 
sioners a second time in 1840, and president of the 
board in 1841. After the new organization of the 
navy department he was chief of the bureau of 
yards and docks in 1842 '0, and of the bureau of 
ordnance in 1847-51. The town that was built 
near the Pensacola navy-yard was named Warring- 
ton in his honor. Being on the government res- 
ervation, it was subject to the naval jurisdiction 
of the commandant, whose duties included those 
of a magistrate. 

WARROCK, John, printer, b. in Richmond, 
Va., 4 Nov., 1774; d. there, 8 March, 1858. He 
received a common-school education, became a 
printer, and for forty years issued annually " War- 
rock's Almanac." He was chosen to the office of 
printer to the Virginia senate, and held that place 
for more than fortv years. 

WASHBURN, Edward Abiel, clergyman, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 16 April, 1810; d. in New York 
city, 2 Feb., 1881. He was graduated at Harvard 
in 1838, studied theology in Andover seminary 
and in New Haven, was licensed as a Congre- 
gational minister in 1842. and officiated accept- 
ably in several churches. Having resolved, through 
the influence of Bishop Clark and others, to enter 
the ministry of the Episcopal church, he made due 
preparation and was ordained deacon, in Trinity 
church, Boston, 12 Julv, 1844, by Bishop Eastburn, 
and priest, in Grace church, Boston, 9 Oct., 1845, 
bv the same bishop. He was rector of St. Paul's, 
Newburynort, Mass.. in 1844- '51, travelled in Egypt, 
Syria, India, and China, in l851-'3, on returning 
home was rector of St. John's. Hartford, Conn., 
1853-62, and lectured on ecclesiastical polity in 
Berkeley divinity-school, Middletown, Conn. He 
received the degree of D. D. from Trinity in 1860. 
Dr. Washburn was rector of St. Mark's church, 
Philadelphia, in 1862-'5, and of Calvary church, 
New York, in 1866-'8l. He was a contributor to 
theological literature, and an active supporter of 
the Evangelical alliance in 1871, 1873, and 1879, 
before which he read papers on " Reason and 
Faith," and on *• Socialism. He was also a mem- 
ber of the New Testament company of revisers, an 
acknowledged leader among the " broad church " 
clergy of the Episcopal church, a true lover of 
scholarship in its hignest sense, and an eloquent 
and effective preacher of the gospel. He pub- 
lished " Relation of the Episcopal Church to the 
other Christian Bodies" (1874) ; "The Social Law 
of God, Sermons on the Ten Commandments" 
(New York, 6th ed., 1884); and "Voices from a 
Busy Life," a volume of poems (1883). 

WASHBURN, Emory, jurist, b. in Leicester. 
Mass., 14 Feb., 1800; d. in Cambridge. Mass., 18 
March, 1877. His grandfather, Seth Washburn, 
grandson of John Washburn, who was the first 
secretary of the Massachusetts Bay company, was 
born in Bridgewater, Mass., in 1723, ana married 
the granddaughter of Mary Chilton, the first white 
person that stepped upon Plymouth Rock. He 
held various town offices in Leicester, and served 
at different times in each branch of the legislature. 
He was in the campaign against the Indians in 
New Hampshire in 1749, and in the battle of Bunk- 
er Hill as a captain. His son, Joseph (1755-1807). 
the father of Emory, was lieutenant in the 15th 
Massachusetts regiment, was on duty at the cap- 
ture of Bur^oyne at Saratoga, served afterward 
under Washington in New Jersey, and after the 
war held, among other offices, that of deputy 
vol vi. — 24 




sheriff of Worcester county till his death. Emory 
studied for two vears at Dartmouth, and was 
graduated at Williams in 1817, studied law at 
Harvard, was admitted in 1821 to the bar in Lenox, 
and practised in 
his native town 
till 1828, when 
he removed to 
Worcester, where 
he was eminent 
in his profession 
for nearly thirty 
years, and became 
the partner of 
Gov. John Davis. 
He was in the low- 
er house of the leg- 
islature in 1826-7 

and 1838, and made during his first term the first 
report that suggested the feasibility of a railroad 
between Boston and Allmny. He served in the state 
senate in 1841-'2, being chairman of the judiciary 
committee, and from 1844 till 1848 was judge of 
the court of common pleas. He was elected gov- 
ernor in 1853, and re-elected for the succeeding 
term, bcinjj the last Whig governor in Massachu- 
setts, and m 1856 he was appointed Bussy professor 
of law in Harvard. Resigning his professorship 
in 1876, he opened a law-office in Cambridge, and 
represented that city in the legislature until his 
death. The illustration is a view of the state- 
house in Boston, which is on Beacon hill, oppo- 
site the common. The degree of LL. D. was con- 
ferred upon him by Harvard and Williams in 
1854. He was a member of the board of education, 
took a prominent part in the establishment of the 
Worcester county free institute of industrial sci- 
ence, was a trustee of Williams college, a member of 
the International code committee, a fellow of the 
American antiquarian society, and a member of 
the Massachusetts historical society, the American 
acadcmv of arts and sciences, and other learned so- 
cieties, before which he frequently delivered public 
addresses on timely topics. Gov. Washburn's writ- 
ings, many of them on genealogical and historical 
subjects, exhibit scholarship and research, while 
his Wal works are standard authorities in the law- 
schools and courts of this country. His most im- 
portant works are a "Judicial History of Massa- 
chusetts, 1630-'75 " (Boston, 1840) ; "History of Lei- 
cester " (1860) ; " Treatise on the American" Law of 
Real Property" (2 vols., 1860-'2; 3d ed., 1868); 
"Treatise on the American Law of Easements and 
Servitudes " (Philadelphia, 18(i3: Boston, 1867); a 
pamphlet on the "Testimony of Experts" (18C6); 
and " Lectures on the Study and Practice of the 
Law" (1871). He also contributed an introduction 
to Rev. Calvin Durfre's " Historv of Williams Col- 
lege, Williamstown, Mass." (Boston, I860). 

WASHBURN, Ueorge, educator, b. in Middle- 
boro'. Mass., 1 March, lfc33. He was graduated at 
Amherst in 1855, studied in the following year at 
Andover theological seminary, was sent by the 
American board as a missionary to Turkey in 
1858, and licensed to preach in Constantinople in 
1860. On 29 July, 1863, he was ordained at Mid- 
dleboro' while on a visit to the United States, but 
he returned the same year to Turkey and was re- 
leased from the service of the board in 1868. He 
was professor of philosophy and political economy 
and acting president in Robert college, Constanti- 
nople, in 1869-76, and since the latter year he has 
been president. Amherst conferred upon him the 
degree of D. D. in 1874. He was drawn into inti- 
mate relations with the political events that were 



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brought about by the Russo-Turkish war, in which 
his policy secured him the esteem of several Eng- 
lish statesmen. His efforts also in behalf of Bul- 
garian liberty and for the elevation of the people 
were recognized by the first Bulgarian parliament 
in a vote of thanks, and in 1884 he was made a 
commander of the Order of St. Alexander. He 
has regularly contributed to English and American 
periodicals and papers, and in 1808 published in 
pamphlet-form a series of articles on *' Woman's 
Work in the Church." 

WASHBURN, Henry Stevenson, editor, b. 
in Providence, R. I., in 1813. He was gradu- 
ated at Brown in 1830, and while president of 
the Union mutual life insurance company, of Bos- 
ton, spent threo years abroad. Besides holding 
many other important offices, he represented the 
city of Boston for two years in the legislature, 
and served one term in the state seriate, where he 
was chairman of the committee on education. He 
originated the * 4 Young Reaper," of which he was 
editor for seven years, ana has written many 
hymns and lyrics that have been widely circulated. 
He has been active in the various public enter- 
prises of the Baptist denomination. 

WASHBURN, Israel, governor of Maine, b. 
in Livermore, Me., 6 June, 1813; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 12 May, 1883. He was descended from 
John Washburn, who was secretary of Plymouth 
colony in England and who carne to this country 
in 1631 and settled in Duxbury, Mass. His grand- 
father, Israel, served in the Revolutionary war 
and attained the rank of captain. He was re- 
peatedly elected to the legislature, and was a mem- 
tx?r from Massachusetts of the convention which 
ratified the constitution of the United States. In 
1800 Israel, son of the foregoing, removed to 
Maine, where he taught at first, but in 1808 settled 
at White's Landing (now Richmond), on Kennebec 
river, where he engaged in ship-building. He es- 
tablished a trading-post at Livermore, Me., in 1800, 
at what is now called The Norlands, and soon after- 
ward settled there. Israel, the subject of this 
sketch, was educated at public schools and by pri- 
vate tutors, and was admitted to the bar in Octo- 
ber, 1834. Settling in Orono, Me., he soon acquired 
a large practice, and in 1842-'3 was a meml**r of 
the legislature. In 1850 he was sent to congress, 
serving as a Whig fro?n 1 Dec, 1851, to 1 Jan., 
1801, when he resigned, having been chosen gov- 
ernor of Maine. Declining a re-election, he was 
appointed in 1803 by President Lincoln collector 
or customs at Portland, Me., which ollice he held 
until 1<S77. He was president of the hoard of 
trustees of Tufts college, and wjis elected to the 
presidency of that institut ion in 1875, but declined. 
The degree of LL. I), was conferred on him by 
Tufts college in 1872. Gov. Washburn was a mem- 
ber of historical and genealogical societies, and. 
in addition to many of his addresses and speeches, 
which have had a wide circulation, published 
"Notes, Historical, Descriptive, and Personal, of 
Livermore, Me." (1874).— Israel s brother, Elihu 
Benjamin, statesman, b. in Livermore, Me., 23 
Sept., 1810; d. in Chicago, 111.. 22 Oct., 1887, 
wrote his family name with a final 44 e." He was 
educated at public schools, and. after working 
on his father's farm, entered the office of the 
44 Christian Intelligencer" in Gardiner in 1833 as 
a printer's apprentice. The paper was discon- 
tinued a year later, and he was chosen to teach in 
the district school. In May, 1835, he entered the 
office of the 44 Kennclwc Journal," at Augusta, 
where he continued for a year, during which time 
he rose gradually until he* became an assistant of 




the editor, and acquired his first knowledge of 
political life during the sessions of the state 
legislature. He then decided to study law, and 
entered Kent's Hill seminary in 1836. After a 
year in that institution he began his professional 
studies in the office of John Otis in Hallowell, 
who, impressed by his 
diligence and ambi- 
tion, aided him finan- 
cially and took him 
into his own home to 
board. In March, 1839, 
he entered the law- 
school at Harvard, 
where among his class- 
mates were Richard 
H. Dana, Charles Dev- 
ens, and William M. 
Evarts. He was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 
1840, and at once de- 
termined to establish 
himself in the west. 
Settling 'n Galena, 111., 
he there entered into 
law-partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, and, 
being a strong Whig, made speeches in behalf of 
that party, which had nominated William H. Har- 
rison for the presidency. In 1844 he was a dele- 
gate to the Whig national convention in Balti- 
more that selected Henry Clay as its candidate, 
and on his return he visited that statesman in 
Washington. Meanwhile his business increased, 
and he was frequently called upon to practise in 
the supreme court of the state. In 1848 he was 
nominated for congress in the Galena district, but 
was defeated by Col. Edward D. Baker. In 1852, 
as a delegate to the National Whig convention, he 
advocated the nomination of Gen. Winfield Scott, 
and in the same year he was elected to congress, 
serving thereafter from 5 Dec, 1853, till 0 March, 
1809. He soon gained an excellent reputation, 
and, on the election of Nathaniel P. Banks as 
speaker in 1855, was given the chairmanship of the 
committee on commerce, which he held for ten 
years. He was selected by the house to accompany 
William H. Seward, representing the senate, to 
receive Abraham Lincoln when ho Arrived in 
Washington after his election. From the length 
of his continuous service he became recognized as 
the 44 Father of the House," and in that capacity 
administered the oath as speaker to Schuyler Col- 
fax three times, and to James G. Blaine once. 
From his continual habit of closely scrutinizing all 
demands that were made upon the treasury and 
persistently demanding that the finances of the 
government should be administered with the 
strictest economy, he acquired the name of the 
44 Watch-dog of the Treasury." He was a stead- 
fast friend of Ulysses S. Grant during the civil 
war, and every promotion that the latter received 
was given either solely or in part upon the recom- 
mendation of Mr. W*ashburne. Subsequently he 
originated the bills that made Gen. Grant lieuten- 
ant-general and general. Mr. Washburne was a 
mcmltfr of the joint committee on reconstruction 
and chairman of the committee of the whole house 
in the matter of the impeachment of Andrew 
Johnson. He opposed all grants of the public 
lands and all subsidies to railroad companies, and 
resisted with all his power what he called "the 
greatest legislative crime in history "—the bill 
that subordinated the first mortgage of the gov- 
ernment on the Pacific railroad to the mortgage 
of the railroad companies. He also opposed 14 log- 



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rolling" river and harlxir bills, all extravagant ap- 
propriations for public buildings, all subsidies for 
steamship lines, and all undue renewals of patents. 
Among the important bills that he introduced was 
the one that provided for the establishment of 
national cemeteries. At the beginning of his ad- 
ministration President Grant appointed Mr. Wash- 
burne secretary of state, which office lie resigned 
soon afterward to become minister to France. 
This place he held during the Franco- Prussian 
war, and on the withdrawal of the German am- 
bassador, the latter was ordered by Count Bis- 
marck to turn over his archives to the American 
legation. At the request of Bismarck, and with 
the permission of the French minister of foreign 
affairs, he exercised his official influence with re- 
markable tact and skill for the protection of the 
Germans in Paris and acted as tne representative 
of the various German states and other foreign 

fovernments. When the empire was overthrown, 
_lr. Washburne was the first foreign representa- 
tive to recognize the new republic. He remained 
in Paris during the siege, and was at his post 
when the Commune ruled the city. He visited 
the venerable archbishop Darboy of Paris when he 
was hurried to prison, and succeeded in having the 
prelate removed to more comfortable quarters, but 
failed to prevent his murder. He retained the 
respect ana good-will of the French during all the 
changes of government, and the emperor of Ger- 
many recognized his services by conferring upon 
him the Order of the lied Eagle. This he declined, 
owing to the provision of the U. S. constitution 
that prevented its acceptance, but on his resigna- 
tion m 1877 the emperor seni him his life-size por- 
trait, and he was similarly honored by Bismarck, 
Thiers, and Gambetta. On his return to this coun- 
try he settled in Chicago, and in 1880 his name was 
brought forward as a candidate for the presidency, 
but he refused to have it presented to the conven- 
tion. He was president of the Chicago historical 
society from Noveml>er, 1884, till his death, and 
was frequently invited to lecture on his foreign 
experiences, lie wrote a series of articles on that 
subject for "Scribner's Magazine," which were ex- 
panded into" Recollections of a Minister to France, 
18GU-1877 " (2 vols.. New York, 1887). His collec- 
tion of pictures, documents, and autographs he de- 
aired to be given to the city of Chicago, provided 
they should be exhibited free to the general public. 
Efforts are being made to secure the erection of 
a suitable building in Lincoln park for their exhi- 
bition. Mr. Washburne edited "History of the 
English Settlement in Kdwards Count v, Illinois " 
(Chicago, 1882); and " The Kdwards Papers" (1884). 
— Another brother, Cadvialluder Golden, lawyer, 
b. in Livermore, Me., 22 April, 1818; d. in Kureka 
Springs, Ark., 14 Mav, 1882, worked on his father's 
farm in summer ami attended the town school in 
winter until about 1835, when he went to Hallowcll 
and was employed in a store. He also served in the 
post-office, and during the winter of 1838-'D taught 
in Wiscassct. In the spring of 183D he set out lor 
the west and settled at Davenport, Iowa, where he 
joined the geological survey of that state under 
David Dale Owen. Toward the close of the year 
he entered the law-office of Joseph B. Wells, having 

Creviouslv studied undet his uncle. Reuel Wash- 
urn, in Livermore. Me., and was ndmitted to the 
bar on 20 March, 1842. In 1840 lie was elected sur- 
veyor of the county of R<K-k Island, 111., the duties 
of which he jM-rformed while preparing for his pro- 
fession. He removed to Mineral Point, Wis., in 1842, 
and in 1844 entered into j>artnership with Cyrus 
Woodman, agent of the New England land com- 



panv, but their law-practice gradually diminished 
as they paid greater attention to financial matters. 
They dealt largely in the entry of public lands for 
settlers and the location of Mexican land- warrants. 
In 18.V2 the firm established the Mineral Point 
bank, which never suspended specie payments and 
during its existence had a high reputation. On 
the repeal of the Missouri compromise, Wushburn 
was chosen as a Whig to congress, and served with 
re-elections from 3 Dec, 1855, till 3 March, 1861. 
He then declined a renomination, but was sent as 
a delegate from Wisconsin to the Peace congress 
that was held in Philadelphia in 1801. At the 
beginning of the civil war he raised the 2d Wis- 
consin cavalry, and was commissioned its colonel, 
10 Oct., 1801. His first service was under Gen. 
Samuel R.Curtis in Arkansas. Among his acts 
at this period were the dislodging of a Confeder- 
ate force that was preparing to obstruct the prog- 
ress of the National army at the crossing of the 
Tallahatchie, and the opening of the Yazoo pass; 
and he was conspicuous in the battle of Grand 
Coteau, where he saved the 4th division, under Gen. 
Stephen G. Burbridge, from annihilation by an 
overwhelming force of the enemy. He was com- 
missioned brigadier on 16 July, 1862, and on 29 
Nov., 1862, major-general of volunteers. He took 
part in the siege of Vicksburg. and on its surren- 
der was given command of the 13th corps and 
sent to the Department of the Gulf. On 21) Nov.. 

1863, he landed on the coast of Texas with 2.800 
men and compelled the evacuation of Fort Esper- 
anza, a bomb-proof work, which was cased with 
railroad iron, surrounded by a deep moat filled 
with water, manned by 1,000 men. and mounted 
ten guns. This fort was at Pass Cavallo, and 
guarded the entrance to Matagorda bay. In April, 

1864. he was ordered to relieve Gen. Stephen A. 
Hurlburt. in command at Memphis, of the district 
of west Tennessee. This post he held almost con- 
tinuously until his 

resignation on 20 
May, 1805. Gen. 
Washburn was 
sent as a Republi- 
can from the 0th 
district of Wis- 
consin to con- 
gress, and served 
with re - election 
from 4 March, 
1807, till 3 March, 
1871. In the au- 
tumn of 1871 he 
was elected gov- 
ernor of Wiscon- 
sin, and he held 
that office for two 
years, beginning 1 

Jan., 1872. He was an unsuccessful candidate for 
the office in 1873. and afterward for the U. S. sen- 
ate. On retiring from office, he directed his atten- 
tion to the care of his property. The timber lands 
that he had purchased soon after he settled in the 
state had become very valuable, and he operated 
extensively in lumber. In 1870 he erected an im- 
mense flouring-mill in Minneapolis, where first in 
this country was introduced the "patent process" 
and the Hungarian system. It was destroyed by 
an explosion in 1878, but he at once replaced it 
with one more capacious. He was also one of 
the largest owners of the water-power at St. An- 
thony Falls, ami a heavy stock-holder in the Min- 
neapolis and St. Iiouis railroad. (Jen. Washburn 
was actively interested in the Wisconsin historical 




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society, and was its president for several years. 
He founded, in connection with the State university 
of Wisconsin, the Washburn observatory, which, 
with its instruments, cost more than $50,000. The 
legislature of the state made him a life regent of 
the university, which in 1873 conferred upon him 
the degree of LL. D. His country-house of Edge- 
wood, near Madison, worth $20,000, he presented 
to the Dominican Sisters for use as a school for 
girls. In his will he bequeathed $50,000 to found 
a public library at La Crosse, and $375,000 for the 
establishment of an orphans' home in Minneapolis. 
—Another brother, Charles Ames, editor, b. in 
Livermore, Me.. 10 March, 1822, was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1848, and after studying law was ad- 
mitted to pract ice in Mineral Point, Wis. In 1850 
he went to California and connected himself with 
the press, settling in San Francisco in 1853, where 
he became editor and then proprietor of the " Alta 
California." Mr. Washburn took an active part 
in the foundation of the Republican party, ana his 
journal was the first on the Pacific coast to advo- 
cate the distinctive principles of that organization. 
From 1858 till 1800 he edited and owned the San 
Francisco " Daily Times." In I860 he was an 
elector-at-large from California, and in 1801 he 
was appointed by President Lincoln commissioner 
to Paraguay, where he was afterward minister-resi- 
dent from 1863 till 1808. His term of office in- 
cluded the period of the war between Paraguay 
and Brazil, and in 1808, when the foreign residents 
were accused of conspiring against President Fran- 
cisco S. Lopez, Mr. Washburn escaped through the 
opportune arrival of the U. S. war-steamer * 4 Wasp," 
while two of his subordinates, unable to escape, 
were seized and tortured. (See Lopez.) His action 
in trying to save the lives of those that were sup- 
posed to be connected with the conspiracy brought 
niin into collision with officers of the U. S. navy, 
but a congressional committee exonerated him. 
On his return to this country he settled at first in 
Oakland, Cal., but ultimately made Morristown, 
X. J., his home. He has devoted his attention to 
the invention of several ingenious machines, nota- 
bly the topograph, a form of type- writer. In ad- 
dition to various contributions to periodicals, he 
has published two works of fiction. '* Philip Thax- 
ter" (New York, 1801) and "Gomery of Montgom- 
ery" (1865); a - History of Paraguay" (2 vols., 
Boston, 1870): - PoliticalEvolution (Philadelphia, 
1*87), and " From Poverty to Competence " (1887). 
—Another brother, William Drew, b. in Liver- 
more, Me., 14 Jan., 1831, was graduated at Bowdoin 
in 1854. admitted to the bar in 1857, and began 
practice in Minnesota. In 1801-'5 he was surveyor- 
general of that state. Subsequently he settled in 
Minneapolis and engaged in manufacturing. He 
became president of the MinneH|K>lis and St. Louis 
railroad, and in 187* was elected to congress, served 
for three terms, and in 1889 became U. S. senator. 

WASHBI KN. Peter Thaeher. lawyer, b. in 
Lynn, Mass., 7 Sept., 1814; d. in Woodstock, Vt, 
7 Feb.. 1X70. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1H35. studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the 
bar in in;*s. and praotis«Ml in Ludlow. Vt.. till 1H44. 
Removing then to Woodstock, he was reporter of 
the state supreme court for eight vears, and for 
several terms a member of the legislature, serving 
as chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1801 
lie was a member of the Chicago convention, and 
was the fir*t to give the vote of his state to Lin- 
coln. He was adjutant- and inspector-general of 
the state in 1801-*6. and his records show only 75 
men unaccounted for out of more than 34.000. 
He served in the field as a lieutenant, and after- i 



ward as acting colonel of the 1st Vermont volun- 
teers, which, with the Massachusetts troops, he 
commanded at the battle of Big Bethel. In 18G9 
he was elected governor by the Republicans, and 
died in office. He was trustee of the University of 
Vermont, and president of the Woodstock railroad. 
He was the author of Digest of all Cases in the 
Supreme Court of Vermont, including the First 
Fifteen Volumes of Vermout Reports" (Woodstock, 
1845): supplement to " Aiken's Forms " (Claremont, 
N. H., 1847) ; 44 Digest of Cases in the Supreme 
Court of Vermont," vols, xvi.-xxii. (1852); and 
"Reports of the Supreme Court of Vermont,'* 
vols, xvi.-xxiii. (1845- 52). 

WASHBURN, William Barrett senator, b. 
in Winchendon, Mass., 31 Jan., 1820; d. in Spring- 
field, Mass., 5 Oct., 1887. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1844. and became a manufacturer at Green- 
field, Mass., where he was for many years president 
of the National bank, and which he* represented in 
both branches of the legislature in 1850-'4. He 
was identified with the Republican party from its 
organization in 1856. and at the beginning of the 
civil war contributed liberally to the National 
cause. In 1862 he was sent to congress as a Re- 
publican, and he was returned biennially till on 1 
Jan., 1872. he resigned his seat to become governor 
of Massachusetts. This office he resigned also 
during his third term to fill the vacancy that was 
made in the U. S. senate by the death of Charles 
Sumner, serving from 1 May, 1874, till 8 March, 
1875, when he withdrew from public affairs. Be- 
sides holding many offices of trust under corporate 
societies, he was a" trustee of Yale, of the Massa- 
chusetts agricultural college, and of Smith college, 
of which he was also a benefactor, and a member 
of the board of overseers of Amherst from 18<>4 
till 1877. Harvard conferred the degree of LL. D. 
upon him in 1872. By his will he made the Ameri- 
can board, the American home missionary society, 
and the American missionary association residuary 
legatees, leaving to each society about $50,000. He 
was also a great benefactor of the Greenfield public 
library. He died suddenly while attending a ses- 
sion of the American board of commissioners for 
foreign missions, of which he was a member. 

WASHINGTON, Booker Taliaferro, educa- 
tor, b. in Hale's Ford, Franklin co., Va., 18 April, 
1856. He is of African descent, and early removed 
to West Virginia. He was graduated at Hampton 
institute in 1875, and in the same year entered 
Way land seminar)', whence he was called to fill 
the" chair of a teacher at Hampton. There he 
was elected by the Alabama state authorities to the 
presidency of 
Tuskegee in- 
stitute, which 
he organized 
in 1881. Un- 
der his man- 
agement it 
has grown 
from an insti- 
tution with 
one teacher 
and thirty 
students to 
one with 
twenty teach- 
ers and 300 students. The property consists of 540 
acres, a blacksmith's shop, saw-mill, carpenter's 
shop, brick- vard. printing-office, and several large 
school-buildings, one of which, shown in the vig- 
nette, was built bv the students. It is valued at 
$G8,000, and is out of debt. 




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WASHINGTON, George, first president of the 
United States, b. at Pope's Creek, near Bridge's 
Creek, Westmoreland co., Va., 22 Feb., 1732 ; d. 
at Mount Vernon, 14 Dec., 1799. Of his English 

ancestry vari- 
ous details are 
given in more 
than one form- 
al biography of 
him, out none 
of them can be 
safely followed 
while several 
questions of 
genealogy re- 
main unsolved. 
His earliest an- 
cestor in this 
country was 
John Washing- 
ton, who had 
resided for some 
years at South 
Cave, near the 
r\ n*) Humber. in the 

" land, and who 

came over to Virginia, with his brother Andrew, 
in 1657. Purchasing lands in Westmoreland coun- 
ty and establishing his residence at Pope's Creek, 
not far from the Potomac, he became, in due 
course, an extensive planter, a county magistrate, 
and a member of the house of burgesses. He 
distinguished himself, also, as colonel of the Vir- 
ginia forces in driving off a band of Seneca In- 
dians who were ravaging the neighboring settle- 
ments. In honor of his public and private char- 
acter, the parish in which he resided was called 
Washington. In this parish his grandson, Augus- 
tine, the second son of Lawrence Washington, was 
born in 1094. By his first wife Augustine had 
four children. Two of them died youn^, but two 
sons, Lawrence and Augustine, survived their 
mother, who died in 1728. On 6 March, 1730, 
the father was again married. His second wife 
was Mary Ball, and George was her first child. If 
tradition is to be trusted, few sons ever had a more 
lovely and devoted mother, and no mother a more 
dutiful and affectionate son. Bereaved of her 
husband, who died after a short illness in 1743, 
when George was but eleven years of age, and with 
four younger children to be cared for, she dis- 
charged the responsibilities thus sadly devolved 
upon her with scrupulous fidelity ana firmness. 
To her we owe the precepts and example that gov- 
erned George's life. The excellent maxims, moral 
and religious, which she found in her favorite 
manual— "Sir Matthew Hale's Contemplations"— 
were impressed on his memory and on nis heart, as 
she read them aloud to her children ; and that little 
volume, with the autograph inscription of Mary 
Washington, was among the cherished treasures 
of his library as long as he lived. To her, too, 
under God, we owe especially the restraining in- 
fluence and authority, that held him back, at the 
last moment, as we shall see, from embarking on 
a line of life that would have cut him off from 
the great career that has rendered his name im- 
mortal. Well did Dr. Sparks, in his careful and 
excellent biography, spealc of *' the debt, owed by 
mankind to the mother of Washington." Unhap- 
pily no authentic portrait of her is extant, though 
a pleasing conjectural picture, not without some 
weight of testimony, has been adopted by Mr. Loss- 



ing in his "Mary and Martha." (See vignejte.) 
She delighted in saying simply that George had 
always been a good son " ; and her own life was 
fortunately prolonged until she had seen him more 
than fulfil' every hope of her heart. On his way to 
his first inauguration as president of the United 
States Washington came to bid his mother a last 
farewell, just before her death. That parting scene, 
however, was not at his birthplace. The primitive 
Virginia farm-house in which he was born had long 
ceased to be the family residence, and had gradual- 
ly fallen into ruin. The remains of a large kitchen- 
chimney were all that could be identified of it in 
1878, by a party of which Sec. Evarts, Gen. Sher- 
man, and Cnarles C. Perkins, of Boston, were three, 
who visited the spot with a view to the erection 
of a memorial under the authority of congress. 
Not long after the birth that has' rendered this 
spot forever memorable, Augustine Washington 
removed to an estate in Stafford county, on the 
east side of the Rappahannock, opposite Fredericks- 
burg, and resided there with his family during the 
remaining years of his life. That was the scene of 
George's early childhood. There he first went to 
school, in an old-field " school-house, with Hob- 
by, the sexton 
of the parish, 
for his first 
master. After 
his father's 
death, how- 
ever, he was 
sent back to 
the old home- 
stead at Pope's \ 
Creek, to live 1 
for a while jj 
with his elder 4 
half - brother, ' 
Augustine, to 
whom the Westmoreland estate had been left, and 
who, on his marriage, had taken it for his resi- 
dence. There George had the advantage of at 
least a better school than Hobby's, kept by a Mr. 
Williams. But it taught him nothing except read- 
ing, writing, and arithmetic, with a little geometry 
and surveying. For this last study he evinced a 
marked preference. Many of his copy-books of 
that period have been preserved, and they show no 
inconsiderable proficiency in the surveyor's art. 
even before he finally left school, toward the close 
of his sixteenth year. One of those manuscript 
books, however, is of a miscellaneous and peculiar- 
ly interesting character, containing carefully pre- 
pared forms for business papers; a few selections 
or, it may lie, original compositions in rhyme; and 
a series of " Rules of Behavior in Company and Con- 
versation," fifty-seven in all, compiled or copied, 
doubtless, from some still unt raced original, em- 
bracing many moral and religious maxims, of which 
the last and most noteworthy one must never be 
omitted from the story of Washington's boyhood : 
" Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark 
of celestial fire, Conscience'' All these school-boy 
manuscripts bear witness alike to his extreme care 
in cultivating a neat, clear, and elegant handwrit- 
ing, and his name is sometimes written almost as 
if in contemplation of the great instruments and 
state papers to which it was destined to be the at- 
testing signature. 

Meantime he was training himself for vigorous 
manhood by all sorts of robu>t exercises and ath- 
letic sports. He played soldier, sometimes, with 
his school-mates, always asserting the authority of 
captain, and subjecting the little company to a 




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rigid discipline. Running, leaping, and wrestling 
were among his favorite pastimes. He became a 
fearless rider, too, and no horse is said to have been 
too flery for him. M Above all," as Irving well says, 
his inherent probity, and the principles of justice 
on which he regulated his conduct, even at this 
early period of his life, were soon appreciated by 
his school-mates; 
he was referred to 
as an umpire in 
their disputes, and 
his decisions were 
never reversed.'' 
A crisis in Wash- 
ington's life oc- 
curred before he 
left school. His 
eldest half-broth- 
er, Lawrence, had 
already been an 
offlcer in the Eng- 
lish service, and 
was at the siege of 
Carthagena under 
Admiral Vernon, 
for whom he 
formed a great re- 
gard, and whose 
name he afterward 
gave to his estate 
on the Potomac. 
Observing George's military propensities, and think- 
ing that the English navy would afford him the 
most promising field for future distinction, Law- 
rence obtained a midshipman's warrant for him in 
1746, when he was just fourteen years old, and 
George is said to have been on the point of em- 
barking on this English naval service. The earnest 
remonstrance of his mother was interposed, and 
the project reluctantly abandoned. He thereupon 
resumed his studies, and did not leave school till 
the autumn before his sixteenth year. Soon after- 
ward he went to reside with his brother Lawrence, 
who had married a Fairfax of Bel voir, and had es- 
tablished himself at Mount Vernon. 

Washington's education was now finished, so far 
as schools and school- masters were concerned, and 
he never enjoyed or sought the advantages of a col- 
lege. Indeed! only a month after he was sixteen he 
entered on the active career of a surveyor of lands, 
in the employment of William Fairfax, the father 
of his brother's wife, and the manager of the great 
estate of his cousin. Lord Fairfax. In this work 
he voluntarily subjected himself to every variety of 
hardship ana personal danger. Those Alleghany 
valleys and hills were then a wilderness, where dif- 
ficult obstructions were to be overcome, severe ex- 
posures to be endured, and savage tribes to be con- 
ciliated or encountered. For three successive years 
he persevered undauntedly in this occupation, hav- 
ing obtained a commission from the president and 
master of William and Mary college as a public 
surveyor for Culpeper county, which entitled his 
survevs to a nlace in the county office, where they 
were held in high esteem for completeness and accu- 
racy. During these three years he allowed himself 
but little relaxation, yet found time in the winter 
months for an occasional visit to his mother, and 
for aiding her in the management of her affairs. 

And now, at nineteen years of age, he received 
an appointment as adjutant-general, with the rank 
of major, to inspect and exercise the militia in 
one of the districts into which Virginia was di- 
vided in view of the French encroachments and 
the Indian depredations with which the frontiers 



were menaced. Before he had fairly entered on 
this service, however, he was called th accompany 
his brother Lawrence to the West Indies, on a voy- 
age for his brother's health, and was absent from 
home for more than four months, during which he 
had a severe attack of small-pox. His brother re- 
mained longer, and returned at last only to die, 
leaving George as one of his executors, and involv- 
ing him in large responsibilities as well as in much 
personal affliction. Meantime his appointment as 
adjutant-general was renewed by Gov. Diuwiddie, 
and he was assigned to the charge of one of the 
grand military divisions of the colony. A wider 
field of service was thus opened to Washington, on 
which he entered with alacrity. War between 
France and England was now rapidly approach- 
ing, involving a conflict for the possession of a 
large part of the American continent. French 
posts were already established on the banks of the 
Ohio, with a view of confining the English colonies 
within the Alleghany mountains. Gov. Dinwiddie, 
under instructions from the British ministry, re- 
solved upon sending a commissioner to the oflficei 
commanding the French forces to inquire by what 
authority he was invading the kings dominions, 
and to ascertain, if possible, his further designs. 
Washington was selected for this delicate and dan- 
gerous mission, after several others had declined 
to undertake it. He accepted it at once, and to- 
ward the end of November, 1758. he set out from 
Williamsburg, without any military escort, on 
a journey of nearly 600 miles— a great part of 
it over " lofty and rugged mountains and through 
the heart of a wilderness." The perilous inci- 
dents of this expedition cannot be recounted here. 
They would occupy a whole article by themselves. 
His marvellous and providential escapes, at one 
time from the violence of the savages, at another 
from assassination by a treacherous guide, at a 
third from being drowned in crossing the Alle- 
ghany river on a raft, have been described in all 
the accounts of his early manhood, substantially 
from his own journal, published in London at the 
time. He reached Williamsburg on his return on 
16 Jan., 1T54, and delivered to Gov. Dinwiddie the 
reply of the French commander to his message of 
inquiry. No more signal test could have been af- 
forded of Washington's various talents and char- 
acteristics, which this expedition served at once to 
display and to develop. " From that moment," 
says Irving, " he was the rising hope of Virginia." 

He was then but iust finishing his twenty-first 
year, and immediately after his return he was ap- 
pointed to the chief command of a little body 
of troops raised for meeting immediate exigen- 
cies; but the military establishment was increased 
as soon as the governor could convene the legisla- 
ture of Virginia, and Washington was appointed 
lieutenant-colonel of a regiment, with Joshua Fry. 
an accomplished Oxford scholar, as his colonel 
Upon Washington at once devolved the duty of 
going forward with such companies as were en- 
listed, and the sudden death of Col. Fry soon left 
him in full command of the expedition. The 
much- misrepresented skirmish with the French 
troops, resulting in the death of Jumonville, was 
followed, on 3 July, 17o4, by the battle of the 
Great Meadows, where Washington held his ground, 
in Fort Necessity, from eleven in the morning to 
eight at night, against a great superiority of num- 
bers, until the French requested a parley. A 
capitulation ensued, in every way honorable to 
Washington as it was translated and read to him, 
but which proved, when printed, to contain terms 
in the French language which he never would 



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have signed or admitted had they not been sup- 
pressed or softened by the interpreter. (Sec note 
at end of chapter xii., vol. i., of Irving's Life 
of Washington.*') The course now adopted by 
Gov. Dinwiddie in the reorganization of the Vir- 
ginia troops, against which Washington remon- 
strated, and which would have reduced him to an 
inferior grade, led at once to his resignation, and, 
after a orief visit to his mother, he retired to 
Mount Vernon. He was soon solicited by Gov. 
Sharpe, of Maryland, then the commander-in-chief 
of the English forces, to resume his station, but un- 
der circumstances and upon conditions incompati- 
ble with his self-respect. In declining the invita- 
tion he used this memorable language: "I shall 
have the consolation of knowing that I have 
opened the way, when the sinallness of our num- 
bers exposed us to the attacks of a superior enemy ; 
and that I have had the thanks of my country for 
the services I have rendered." But now Gen. 
Braddock was sent over from England with two 
regiments of regulars, and Washington did not 
hesitate to accept an appointment on his staff 
as a volunteer aide-de-camp. The prudent coun- 
sels that he gave Braddock before he set out on 
his ill-fated expedition, and often repeated along 
the road, were not followed ; but Washington, 
notwithstanding a violent attack of fever, was 
with him on the bloody field of the Monongahela, 
behaving, as his fellow aide-de-camp, Col. Orme, 
testified, "with the greatest courage and resolu- 
tion," witnessing at last Braddock's defeat and 
death, and being the only mounted officer not 
killed or disabled. " By the all-powerful dispensa- 
tions of Providence." wrote he to his brother, " I 
have been protected beyond all human probability 
or expectation : for I had four bullets through my 
coat, and two horses shot under me, yet I escaped 
unhurt, although death was levelling my compan- 
ions on every side." It fell to him by a striking 
coincidence — the chaplain being wounded— to read 
the funeral service at the burial of Braddock at 
the Great Meadows, the scene of his own capitu- 
lation the year before. In a sermon to one of the 
companies organized under the impulse of Brad- 
dock's defeat, and 
in view of the im- 
pending dangers 
of the country, the 
Rev. Samuel Da- 
vies, an eloquent 
and accomplished 
preacher, who, in 
1759, succeeded 
Jonathan Edwards 
as president of 
Princeton college, 
after praising the 
zeal and courage 
of the Virginia 
troops, added these 
prophetic words : 
" As a remarkable 
instance of this, I 
may point out to 
the public that 
heroic youth, Col. 
Washington, whom I cannot but hope rrovidence 
has hitherto preserved in so signal a manner for 
tome important service to his country." 

A force of 2,000 men having now been ordered 
to be raised by the Virginia assembly, Washington 
was appointed to the chief command, and estab- 
lished his headquarters at Winchester. He broke 
away from the perplexing cares of this place in 




February, 1756, to make a hurried visit to Gov. 
Shirley in Boston, where he settled successfully 
with him, then the commander-in-chief of the 
English forces on this continent, a vexatious ques- 
tion of precedence between the provincial officers 
and those appointed by the crown. On his return 
he devoted himself to measures for the security 
of the frontier. In the course of the following 
year he was again the subject of a violent fever, 
which prostrated him for several months. "My 
constitution," he wrote to a friend, " is much im- 
paired, and nothing can retrieve it but the greatest 
care and the most circumspect course of life." Un- 
der these circumstances he seriously contemplated 
again resigning his command and retiring from all 
further public business. But his favorite measure, 
the reduction of Fort Duquesne, was at length to 
be undertaken, and, after much disappointment 
and delay, Washington, on 25 Nov., 1758, was 
privileged: to "march in and plant the British flag 
on the yet smoking ruins M of that fort — henceforth 
to be known as Fort Pitt, in honor of the great 
minister of England, afterward Lord Chatham. 

Meantime Washington had chanced to meet on 
his way to Williamsburg, at the house of a hos- 
pitable Virginian with whom he dined, a charming 
widow, who at once won his heart. Most happily 
he soon succeeded in winning hers also, and on 
6 Jan., 1759. she became his wife. Martha Cus- 
tis. daughter of John Dandridge and widow of 
John Parke Custis, was henceforth to be known 
in history as Martha Washington. He had now 
finally resigned his commission as a colonial offi- 
cer, and was preparing to enjoy something of 
the retirement of private life. But while he was 
still absent on his last campaign he hud been 
chosen a delegate to the Virginia house of bur- 

f esses, and he had hardly established himself at 
lount Vernon, a few months after his marriage, 
when he was summoned to attend a session of that 
body at Williamsburg. He was not allowed, how- 
ever, to enter unobserved on his civil career. No 
sooner did he make his appearance than the speaker, 
agreeably to a previous vote of the house, present- 
ed their thanks to him, in the name of the colony, 
for the distinguished military service he had ren- 
dered to his country, accompanying the vote of 
thanks with expressions of compliment and praise 
which greatly embarrassed him. He attempted to 
make his acknowledgments, but stammered and 
trembled and "could not give distinct utterance 
to a single syllable." "Sit down, Mr. Washing- 
ton," said the speaker, with infinite address ; " your 
modesty equals your valor, and that surpasses the 
power of any language I possess." 

Fourteen or fifteen years more elapsed before 
the great struggle for American independence 
began, and during all this time he continued to 
be a member of tne house of burgesses. He was 
punctual in his attendance at all their sessions, 
which were commonly at least two in a year, and 
took an eaniest interest in all that was said and 
done, but " it is not known," says Sparks, " that he 
ever made a set speech or entered: into a stormy 
debate." He had a passion for agricultural pur- 
suits. He delighted in his quiet rural life at 
Mount Vernon with his wife and her children- 
he had none of his own — finding abundant occu- 
pation in the management of his farms, and abun- 
dant enjoyment in hunting and fishing with the 
genial friends and relatives in his neighborhood. 
He was vestryman of two parishes, regular in his 
attendance at one or the other of the parochial 
churches, at Alexandria or at Pohick, ana both he 
and his wife were communicants. Meantime he 



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was always at the service of his friends or the com- 
munity for any aid or counsel that he could render 
them. He was often called on to be an arbitra- 
tor, and his judgment and impartiality were never 
questioned. As a commissioner for settling the 
military accounts of the colony, after the treaty of 
peace of 1763, he spared himself no labor in the 
execution of a most arduous and complicated task. 
In a word, he was a good citizen, an exemplary 
Christian, a devoted father, a kind master to the 
slaves who had come to him by inheritance or mar- 
riage, and was respected and beloved by all. 

At length, at forty-three years of age. he was 
called upon to begin a career that closed only with 
his life, during which he held the highest ana most 
responsible positions in war and in peace, and ren- 
dered inestimable services to his country and to 
mankind. To follow that career in detail would 
require nothing less than a history of the United 
States for the next five-and-twenty years. Wash- 
ington was naturally of a cautious and conserva- 
tive cast, and by no means disposed for a rupture 
with the mother country, if it could be avoided 
without the sacrifice of rights and principles. But 
as the various stages of British aggression succeed- 
ed each other, beginning with the stamp-act, the 
repeal of which he hailed with delight, and fol- 
lowed by the tea tax and the Boston port bill, he 
became keenly alive to the danger of submission, 
and was ready to unite in measures of remon- 
strance, opposition, and ultimately of resistance. 
When he neard at Williamsburg, in August, 1773, 
of the sufferings resulting from the port bill, he is 
said to have exclaimed, impulsively : 44 1 will raise a 
thousand men, subsist them at my own expense, 
and march with them, at their head, for the relief 
of Boston/* He little dreamed at that moment 
that within two years he was destined to be hailed 
as the deliverer of Boston from British occu- 
pation. He accepted an election as a delegate to 
the 1st Continental congress in 1774, and went 
to the meeting at Philadelphia in. September of 
that year, in company with Patrick Henry and Ed- 
mund Pendleton, who called for him at Mount 
Vernon on horseback. That congress sat in Car- 
penter's Hall with closed doors, but the great pa- 
pers that it prepared and issued form a proud 
part of American history. Those were the papers 
and that the congress of which Char ham in the 
house of lords, in nis memorable speech on the re- 
moval of troop from Boston, 20 Jan., 1775, said: 
44 When your lordships look at the papers trans- 
mitted to us from America, when you consider 
their decency, firmness, and wisdom, you cannot 
but respect their cause, and wish to make it your 

own. For my- 
self, I must de- 
clare and avow 
that in all my 
reading anil 
observation — 
and it has been 
my favorite 
study — I have 
read Thucydi- 
des, and Have 
studied and 
admired the 
master states 
of the world— 
that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, 
and wisdom of conclusion, under such a complica- 
tion of difficult circumstances, no nation or body 
of men can stand in preference to the general con- 
gress at Philadelphia." The precise part taken by 




Washington within the closed doors of Carpenter's 
Hall is nowhere recorded, but the testimony of one 
of its most distinguished members cannot be for- 
gotten. When Patrick Henry returned home from 
the meeting, and was asked whom he considered the 
greatest man in that congress, he replied : 44 If you 
speak of eloquence, Mr. Rutledge, of South Caro- 
lina, is by far the greatest orator; but if you speak 
of solid information and sound judgment, CoL 
Washington is unquestionably the greatest man 
on that floor." It is an interesting tradition that, 
during the prayers with which Dr. Duche opened 
that meeting at Carpenter's Hall on 5 Sept, 1774, 
while most of the other members were standing, 
Washington was kneeling. 

He was again a delegate to the Continental con- 
gress (the 2d) that assembled at Philadelphia on 10 
May, 1775. by which, on the 15th of June, on the 
motion of Tnomas Johnson, a delegate of Mary- 
land, at the earnest instigation of John Adams, 
of Massachusetts, he was unanimously elected 
commander-in-chief of all the Continental forces 
raised, or to be raised, for the defence of American 
liberty. On the next morning he accepted the ap- 
pointment and expressed his deep and grateful 
sense of the high honor conferred upon him, 44 but" 
added he, 44 lest some unlucky event should happen, 
unfavorable to ray reputation, I beg it may be re- 
membered by every gentleman in the room that I 
this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, that I 
do not think myself equal to the command I am 
honored with." * 4 As to pay," he continued, 44 1 beg 
leave to assure the congress that, as no pecuniary 
consideration could have tempted me to accept 
this arduous employment, at the expense of my 
domestic ease and happiness, 1 do not wish to make 
any profit of it I will keep an exact account of 
my expenses. Those I doubt not they will dis- 
charge, and that is all I desire." 44 You may be- 
lieve me," he wrote to his wife at once, 44 when I 
assure you, in the most solemn manner, that so far 
from seeking this appointment, I have used every 
endeavor in ray power to avoid it not only from 
my unwillingness to part with you and the family, 
but from a consciousness of its being a trust too 
great for my capacity." Washington's commission 
was agreed to by congress on 17 June, and on the 21st 
he set out from Philadelphia on horseback to take 
command of the American army encamped around 
Boston, of which place the Bntish forces were in 
possession. The tidings of the battle of Bunker 
Hill reached him at New York on the 25th, and 
the next day he was in the saddle again on his way 
to Cambridge. He arrived there on 2 July, and es- 
tablished his headquarters in the old V assail (after- 
ward Craigie) mansion, which has recently been 
known as the residence of the poet Longfellow. 
On 8 July he took formal command of the army, 
drawing his sword under an ancient elm, which 
has of late years been suitably inscribed. The 
American army numbered about 17.000 men, but 
only 14.500 were fit for duty. Coming hastily 
from different colonies, they were without supplies 
of tents or clothing, and there was not ammunition 
enough for nine cartridges to a man. Washington's 
work in combining and organizing this mass of 
raw troops was most embarrassing and arduous. 
But he persevered untiringly, and, after a siege of 
eight months, succeeded in driving the British 
from Boston on 17 March, 1775. For this grand 
exploit congress awarded him a splendid gold 
medal, which bore an admirable likeness of him on 
one side, and on the other side the inscription 
44 Hostibus primo fugatis Bostonium recuperet um." 
Copies of this medal in silver and bronie have 



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been multiplied, but the original gold medal has 
found a fit place, within a few years past, in the 
Boston public library. 

The way was now opened, and the scene of the 
war was soon transferred to other parts of the coun- 
try. The day after the evacuation of Boston, five 
regiments, with a battalion of riflemen and two 

companies of ar- 
tillery, were sent 
to New York. 
But, as the Brit- 
ish fleetwas still 
in Nantasket 
road, Washing- 
ton did not ven- 
ture to move 
more of his 
army, or to go 
away himself, 
until the risk of 
a return was 
over. On 13 
April he reached 
New York, and 
was soon sum- 
moned to Phil- 
adelphia for a 
conference with 

congress. On his return to New York, while he was 
anxiously awaiting an attack by the British forces, 
the Declaration of Independence, signed on 4 July, 
was transmitted to him. The regiments were forth- 
with paraded, and the Declaration was read at the 
head of the army. " The general hopes," said he in 
the orders of the day, " that this important event 
will serve as a fresh incentive to every officer and 
soldier to act with fidelity and courage, as knowing 
that now the peace and safety of his country de- 
pend, under God, solely on the success of our arms.'' 
He hailed the Declaration with delight, and had 
written to his brother, from Philadelphia, that he 
was rejoiced at " the noble act " of the Virginia 
convention, recommending that such a declaration 
should be adopted. But his little army, according 
to the returns of 5 Aug. following, hardly num- 
bered more than 20,000 men, of whom six or seven 
thousand were sick or on furlough or otherwise ab- 
sent, while the British forces were at least 24,000, 
supported by a large and thoroughly equipped 
fleet The battle of Long Island soon followed, 
with disastrous results to the Americans, and the 
British took possession of New York. Other re- 
verses were not long delayed, and the strategy of 
Washington found its exhibition only in his skilful 
retreat from Long Island and through the Jerseys. 
But he was not disheartened, nor his confidence in 
ultimate success impaired. When asked what was 
to be done if Philadelphia were taken, he replied : 
"We will retreat beyond the Susquehanna, and 
thence, if necessary, to the Alleghany mountains." 
His masterly movements on the Delaware were 
now witnessed, which Frederick the Great is said 
to have declared "the most brilliant achievements 
recorded in military annals." " Many years later," 
Mr. Lossing informs us in his interesting volume 
on Mount Vernon and its associations, "the great 
Frederick sent him a portrait of himself, accompa- 
nied by the remarkable words : • From the oldest 
general in Europe to the greatest general in the 
world!'" Meantime he had a vast work to ac- 
complish with entirely inadequate means. But he 
went along with heroic fortitude, unswerving con- 
stancy, and unsnaring self-devotion, through all 
the trials and sufferings of Monmouth and Brandy- 
wine and German town and Valley Forge, until the 



grand consummation was at last reached at York- 
town, on 19 Oct., 1781. There, with the aid of our 
generous and gallant allies, he achieved the crown- 
ing victory of independence on the soil of his be- 
loved Virginia. 

The details of this protracted contest must be 
left to history, as well as the infamous cabal for 
impeaching his ability and depriving him of his 
command (see Conway, Thomas), and the still 
more infamous treason of Arnold, in September, 
1780 (see Arnold, Benedict). Standing on the 
field of Yorktown, to receive the surrender of 
Lord Cornwallis and the British army, Washing- 
ton was at length rewarded for all the labors and 
sacrifices and disappointments he had so bravely 
endured since his first great victory in expelling 
the British from Boston nearly seven years before. 
Massachusetts and Virginia were thus the scenes of 
his proudest successes, as they had been foremost 
in bringing to a test the great issue of American 
independence and American liberty. The glori- 
ous consummation was at last accomplished. But 
two years more were to elapse before the treat v of 
peace was signed and the war with England ended ; 
and during that period Washington was to give 
most signal illustration of his disinterested patriot- 
ism and of his political wisdom and foresight. 

Discontents nad for some time been manifested 
by officers and soldiers alike, owing to arrearages 
of pay, and they were naturally increased by the 
apprehension that the army would now be disbanded 
without proper provision being made by congress 
for meeting the just claims of the troops. Not a 
few of the officers began to distrust the efficiency 
of the government and of all republican institu- 
tions. One of them, " a colonel of the army, of a 
highly respectable characterand somewhat advanced 
in life," whose name is given by Irving as Lewis 
Nicola, was put forward to communicate these 
sentiments to Washington, and he even dared to 
suggest for him the title of king. Washington's 
reply, dated Newburg, 22 May, 1782, expressed the 
indignation and "abhorrence" with which he had 
received such a suggestion, and rebuked the writer 
with severity. " I am at a loss to conceive," wrote 
he, " what part of my conduct could have given 
encouragement to an address which to me seems 
big with the greatest mischiefs that can befall my 
country. If 1 am not deceived in the knowledge 
of myself, you could not haye found a person to 
whom your schemes are more disagreeable. . . . 
Let me conjure you, then, if you have any regard 
for your country, concern for yourself or posterity, 
or respect for me, to banish these thoughts from 
your mind, and never communicate, from yourself 
or any one else, a sentiment of the like nature." 
Nothing more was ever heard of making Washing- 
ton a king. He had sufficiently shown his scorn 
for such an overture. 

The apprehensions of the army, however, were by 
no means quieted. A memorial on the subject of 
their pay was prepared and transmitted to congress 
in December, 1782, but the resolutions that con- 
gress adopted did not satisfy their expectations. 
A meeting of officers was arranged, and anonymous 
addresses, commonly known as the Newburg ad- 
dresses, were issued, to rouse the army to resent- 
ment Washington insisted on attending the meet- 
ing, and delivered an impressive address. Gen. 
Gates was in the chair, and Washington began by 
apologizing for having come. After reading the 
first paragraph of what he had prepared, he begged 
the indulgence of those present while he paused to 
put on his spectacles, saying, casually, nut most 
touchingly, that " he had grown gray in the service 



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of his country, and now found himself growing 
blind." He then proceeded to read a most forcible 
and noble paper, in which, after acknowledging the 
just claims of the army on the government, and as- 
suring them that those claims would not be disre- 
garded, he conjured them " to express their utmost 
horror and detestation of the man who wishes, 
under any specious pretences, to overturn the liber- 
ties of our country, and who wickedly attempts to 
open the floodgates of civil discord and deluge 
our rising empire in blood." The original auto- 
graph of this ever-memorable address, just as it 
came from Washington's own pen. is in the archives 
of the Massachusetts historical society, and a litho- 
graphed copy was published by them, together 
with t he letters of eye- witnesses 'to the scene, as a 
contribution to the centennial papers of 1870. 
Washington retired at once from the meeting, but 
resolutions were forthwith unanimously adopted, 
on motion of Gen. Knox, seconded by "Gen. Put- 
nam, reciprocating all his affectionate'expressions, 
and concurring entirely in the policy he had pro- 
posed. "Every doubt was dispelled," says Maj. 
Shaw in his journal, "and the tide of patriot- 
ism rolled again in its wonted course. The 
treaty of peace was signed in Paris on 20 Jan., 
1783. On 17 April following, a proclamation by 
congress was received by Washington for the cessa 
tion of hostilities. On 19 April, the anniversary 

of the shed- 
ding of the 
first blood 
at Lexington, 
which com- 
pleted the 
eighth year of 
the war, the 
cessation was 
proclaimed at 
the head of 
every regi- 
ment of the 
army, after 
which, said 

Washington's general orders, "the chaplains of 
the several brigades will render thanks to Almighty 
God for all his mercies, particularly for his over- 
ruling the wrath of man to his own glory, and caus- 
ing the rage of war to cease among the nations." 

On the following 8th of June, in view of the disso- 
lution of the army, Washington addressed a letter to 
the governors of "the several states — a letter full of 
golden maxims and consummate wisdom. "The 
great object," he began, "for which I had the 
honor to hold an appointment in the service of my 
country being accomplished, I am now preparing 
to return to that domestic retirement which, it is 
well known, I left with the greatest reluctance— a 
retirement for which I have never ceased to sigh 
through a long and painful absence, and in which, 
remote from the noise and trouble of the world, I 
meditate to pass t he remainder of my life in a state 
of undisturbed repose." Then, after remarking 
that "this is the favorable moment for giving such 
a tone to the Federal government as will enable it 
to answer the ends of its institution," he proceeded 
to set forth and enlarge upon the four things 
that he conceived to be essential to the well-being, 
or even the existence, of the United States as an 
independent power: "First, an indissoluble union 
of the states under one federal head ; second, a 
sacred regard to public justice : third, the adoption 
of a proper peace establishment; and, fourth, the 
prevalence of that pacific and friendly disposition 
among the people of the United States which will 




induce them to forget their local prejudices and 
policies, to make those mutual concessions which 
are requisite to the general prosperity, and, in some 
instances, to sacrifice their individual advantages to 
the interest of the community. These are the pil- 
lars," said he, "on which the glorious fabric of our 
independency and national character must rest." 

Washington took final leave of the army in 
general orders of 2 Nov., in accordance with a 
proclamation by congress of 18 OcL He accom- 
panied Gov. Clinton in a formal entry into New 
York, after its evacuation by the British, on 25 
Nov. On 4 Dec, after taking affectionate leave 
of his principal officers at Fraunce's tavern, he set 
off for Annapolis, and there, on 23 Dec., 1783, he 
presented himself to " the United States in congress 
assembled," and resigned the commission that he 
had received on 17 June, 1775. " Having now fin- 
ished," said he, "the work assigned me, I retire 
from the great theatre of action, and, bidding an 
affectionate farewell to this august body, under 
whose orders I have long acted, I here offer my 
commission, and take my leave of all the employ- 
ments of public life." "You retire," replied the 
president of congress, "from the theatre of action 
with the blessings of your fellow-citizens; but the 
glory of your virtues will not terminate with your 
military command : it will continue to animate re- 
motest ages." The very next morning, Irving tells 
us, Washington left Annapolis, and " hastened to 
his beloved Mount Vernon, where he arrived the 
same day, on Christmas eve, in a frame of mind 
suited to enjoy the sacred and genial festival." 
Once more, at the close of the filty-second year 
of his age, Washington was permitted to resume 
his favorite occupations of a farmer and planter, 
and to devote himself personally to his crops and 
cattle. Indeed, throughout his whole military 
campaign, he had kept himself informed of what 
was going on in the way of agriculture at Mount 
Vernon, and had given careful directions as to 
the cultivation of his lands. His correspondence 
now engrossed not a little of his time, and he was 
frequently cheered by the visits of his friends. 
Lafayette was among his most welcome guests, and 
passed a fortnight with him, to his great delight. 
Afterward Washington made a visit to his lands 
on the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, travelling on 
horseback, with his friend and physician, Dr. Graik, 
nearly seven hundred miles, through a wild, moun- 
tainous country, and devising schemes of internal 
navigation for the advantage of Virginia and 
Maryland. His passion for hunting, also, was re- 
vived, and Lafayette and others of the French offi- 
cers sent him out fine hounds from their kennels. 

But the condition of his country was never ab- 
sent from his thoughts, and the insufficiency of 
the existing confederation weighed heavily on his 
mind. In one of his letters he writes: "The con- 
federation appears to me little more than a shadow 
without the substance, and congress a migratory 
body." In another letter he says: "I have ever 
been a friend to adequate powers in congress, with- 
out which it is evident to me we shall never estab- 
lish a national character. . . . Wc are either a 
united people under one head and for federal pur- 
poses, or we are thirteen independent sovereignties, 
eternally counteracting each other." In another 
letter, to John Jay, he uses still more emphatic 
language: " I do not conceive we can exist long as 
a nation without lodging somewhere a power which 
will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a 
manner as the authority of the state governments 
extends over the several states. . . . Retired as I 
am from the world, I frankly acknowledge 1 can- 



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not feel myself an unconcerned spectator. Yet, 
having happily assisted in bringing the ship into 
port, and having been fairly discharged, it is not 
my business to embark again on the sea of troubles." 
Meantime the insurrection in Massachusetts, com- 
monly known as "Shays's rebellion," added greatly 
to his anxiety and even anguish of mind. In a 
letter to Madison of 6 Nov., 1786, he exclaimed : 
44 No mom ever dawned more favorably than ours 
did, and no day was ever more clouded than the 
present. . . . We are fast verging to anarchy and 
confusion." Soon afterward he poured out the 
bitterness of his soul to his old aide-de-camp, Gen. 
Humphreys, in still stronger terms: "What, gra- 
cious God! is man, that there should be such in- 
consistency and perfidionsness in his conduct! It 
was but the other day that we were shedding our 
blood to obtain the constitutions under which we 
now live — constitutions of our own choice and 
making — and now we are unsheathing the sword 
to overturn them.** He was thus in full sympathy 
with the efforts of his friends to confer new ancl 
greater powers on the Federal government, and he 
yielded to their earnest solicitations in consenting to 
be named at the head of the Virginia delegates to the 
convention in Philadelphia on 14 May, 1787. Of that 
ever-memorable convention he was unanimously 
elected president, and on the following 17th of Sep- 
tember ne had the supreme satisfaction of address- 
ing a letter to congress announcing the adoption of 
the constitution of the United States, which had 
been signed on that day. 44 In all our delil>cra- 
tions on this subject,"' he said in that letter, 
44 we kept steadily in our view that which appears 
to us the greatest interest of every true Ameri- 
can — the consolidation of our Union — in which 
is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, and 
perhaps our national existence." v fhis constitu- 
tion having passed the ordeal of congress and 
been ratified and adopted by the people, through 
the conventions of the states, nothing remained 
but to organize the government in conformity with 
its provisions. As early as 2 July, 1788, congress 
had been notified that the necessary approval of 
nine states had been obtained, but* not until 13 
Sept. was a day appointed for the choice of electors 
of president. That day was the first Wednesday 
of the following January, while the beginning 
of proceedings under the new constitution was 
postponed until the first Wednesday of March, 
which chanced in that year to be the 4th of March. 
Not. however, until 1 April was there a quorum 
for business in the house of representatives, and 
not until 6 April was the senate organized. On 
that day, in the presence of the two houses, the 
votes for president and vice-president were opened 
and counted, when Washington, having received 
every vote from the ten states that took part in 
the election, was declared president of the United 
States. On 14 April he received at Mount Vernon 
the official announcement of his election, and on 
the morning of the 16th he set out for New York. 
44 Reluctant," as he said, 44 in the evening of life to 
exchange a peaceful alxxle for an ocean of difficul- 
ties." he bravely added: 44 Be the voyage long or 
short, although I may be deserted by all men, 
integrity and firmness shall never forsake me." 
Well does Bancroft exclaim, after recounting these 
details in his 44 History of the Constitution " : " But 
for him the country could not have achieved its 
independence ; but for him it could not have 
formed its Union : and now but for him it could 
not set the government in successful motion." 

Reaching New York on the 23d, after a continu- 
ous triumphal journey through Alexandria, Balti- 



more, Wilmington, Philadelphia, and Trenton, he 
was welcomed by the two houses of congress, by 
the governor of the state, the magistrates of the 
city, and by great rr.nsses of the people. The city 
was illuminated in his honor. But he proceeded 
on foot from the barge that had brought him 
across the bay to the house of the president of the 
late confederation, which had been appointed for 
his residence. John Adams had been installed in 
the chair of the senate, as vice-president of the 
United States, on 21 April, but congress could not 
get ready for the inauguration of the president 
until the 30th. On that day the oath of office was 
administered to Washington by Robert R. Living- 
ston, chancellor of the state of New York, in the 
presence of the two houses of congress, on a bal- 
cony in front, of the hall in which congress held its 
sittings, where a statue has recently been placed. 
Washington then retired to the senate-chamber 
and delivered his inaugural address. " It would 
be peculiarly improper to omit," said he, 44 in this 
first official act. my fervent supplications to that 
Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who 
presides in the councils of nations, and whose provi- 
dential aids can supply every human defect — that 
his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and 
happiness of the people of the United States a gov- 
ernment instituted by themselves. ... No people 
can be bound to acknowledge the invisible hand 
which conducts the affairs of man more than the 
people of the United States. Every step by which 
they have advanced to the character of an inde- 
pendent nation seems to have been distinguished 
by some token of providential agency. . . . These 
reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have 
forced themselves too strongly on my mind to l>e 
suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in 
thinking that there are none under the influence 
of which the proceedings of a new and free gov- 
ernment can more auspiciously commence." In 
accordance with those sentiments, at the close of 
the ceremony, Waj-hington and both branches of 
congress were escorted to St. Paul's chapel, at the 
corner of Broadway and Fulton street, where the 
chaplain of the senate read prayers suited to the 
occasion, after which they all attended the presi- 
dent to his mansion near Franklin square. 

Thus began the administration of Washington, 
as first president of the United States, on 30 
April, 1789. This is a 
date never to be for- 
gotten in American 
history, and it would 
be most happy if the 
30th of April could be 
substituted forthe4th 
of March as the in- 
auguration-day of the 
second century of our 
constitutional' exist- 
ence. It would add 
two months to the too 
short second session 
of congress, give a 
probability of propi- 
tious weather for the 
ceremony, and be a 
perpetual commemo- 
ration of the day on 
which Washington en- 
tered upon his great 
office, and our nation- 
al government was practically organized. An 
amendment to the constitution making this change 
has twice been formally proposed and has passed the 




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U. S. senate, but has failed of adoption in the house 
of representatives. Prom first to last, Washington's 
influence in conciliating all differences of opinion in 

regard to the 
rightful inter- 
pretation and 
execution of 
the new con- 
stitution was 
most effective. 
The recently 
printed -jour- 
nal of William 
Mac lay, a sena- 
tor from Penn- 
sylvania in the 
1st congress, 
says, in allu- 
sion to some 
early contro- 
versies: "The 
p resident's am - 
lable deport- 
ment, however, 
smoothes and 

sweetens every thing/* Count Moustier, the French 
minister, in writing home to his government, five 
weeks after the inauguration, says : " The opinion 
of Gen. Washington was of such weight that it 
alone contributed more than any other measure to 
cause the present constitution to be adopted. The 
extreme confidence in his patriotism, his integrity, 
and his intelligence, forms to-day its principal 
support. ... All is hushed in presence of the trust 
of the people in the saviour of tne country." Wash- 
ington had to confront not a few of the same per- 
plexities that all his successors have experienced 
in a 'still greater degree in regard to appoint- 
ments to office. But at the earliest moment he 
adopted rules and principles on this subject which 
might well be commended to presidents and gov- 
ernors in later days. In a letter to his friend. 
James Bowdoin, of Massachusetts, bearing date 0 
May, 1789, less than six weeks after his inaugura- 
tion, he used language that might fitly serve as 
an introduction to the civil-service reform manual 
of the present hour. 44 No part of my duty," he 
says, "will be more delicate, and in many instances 
more unpleasing, than that of nominating or ap- 
pointing persons to office. It will undoubtedly 
often happen that there will be several candidates 
for the same office, whose pretensions, ability, and 
integrity may be nearly equal, and who will come 
forward so equally supported in every respect as 
almost to require the aid of supernatural intuition 
to fix upon the right I shall, however, in all 
events, have the satisfaction to reflect that 1 en- 
tered upon my administration u neon fined by a 
single engagement, uninfluenced by any ties of 
blood or friendship, and with the best intentions 
and fullest determination to nominate to office 
those persons only who, upon every consideration, 
were the most deserving, and who would probably 
execute their several functions to the interest anil 
credit of the American Union, if such characters 
could be found by my exploring every avenue of 
infonnation respecting their merits and pretensions 
that it was in my power to obtain." Appointing 
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, as his secretary of 
state ; Alexander Hamilton, of New York, as his 
secretary of the treasury : and Henry Knox, of 
Massachusetts, as his secretary of war, he gave 
clear indication at the outset that no sectional in- 
terests or prejudices were to control or shape his 
policy, t'nder Jefferson, the foreign affairs of the 



country were administered with great discretion 
and ability. Under Hamilton, the financial af- 
fairs of the country were extricated from the con- 
fusion and chaos into which they had fallen, and 
the national credit established on a firm basis. 
The preamble of the very first revenue bill, signed 
by Washington on 4 July, 1789, was a notable ex- 
pression of the views entertained in regard to the 
powers and duties of the new government in the 
regulation of trade and the laying and collect- 
ing of taxes : " Whereas, it is necessary for the 
support of government, for the discharge of the 
debts of the United States, and the encouragement 
and protection of manufacturers, that duties be 
laid on goods, wares, and merchandise imported. 
Be it enacted, etc." The incorporation or a na- 
tional bank and kindred measures of the highest 
interest soon followed. The supreme court of the 
United States was organized with John Jay as its 
first chief justice. Important amendments to the 
constitution were framed and recommended to the 
states for adoption, and congress continued in ses- 
sion till the close of September. 

But in the course of the summer Washington 
had a severe illness, and for some days his life 
was thought to be in danger. Confined to his 
bed for six weeks, it was more than twelve weeks 
before he was restored. With a view to the re- 
establishment of his health, as well as for seeing 
the country, he then set off on a tour to the east- 
ern states, and visited Boston, Portsmouth, New 
Haven, and other places. He was welcomed every- 
where with unbounded enthusiasm. No "royal 
progress" in any country ever equalled this tour 
in its demonstrations of veneration and affection. 
A similar tour with the same manifestations was 
made by him in the southern states the next 
year. As the four years of his first term drew 
to an end, he was seriously inclined to withdraw 
from further public service, but Jefferson and 
Hamilton alike, with all their respective follow- 
ers, while they differed widely on so many other 
matters, were" of one mind in earnestly remon- 
strating against Washington's retirement. "The 
confidence of the whole country," wrote Jeffer- 
son, "is centred in you. . . . North and south 
will hang together if they have you to hang on." 
" It is clear,' wrote Hamilton, 14 that if you con- 
tinue in office nothing materially mischievous is 
to be apprehended ; if you quit, much is to be 
dreaded. ... I trust, and I pray God, that you 
will determine to make a further sacrifice of your 
tranquillity and happiness to the public good." 
Washington could not find it in his heart to resist 
such appeals, and allowed himself to be again a 
candidate. He was chosen unanimously by the 
electors, and took the oath of office again on 4 
March, 1793. He had but just entered on this sec- 
ond term of the presidency when the news reached 
him that France nad declared war against England 
and Holland. He lost no time in announcing his 
purpose to maintain a strict neutrality towara the 
belligerent powers, and this policy was unani- 
mously sustained by his cabinet. His famous 
proclamation of neutrality was accordingly issued 
on 22 April, and soon became the subject of violent 
partisan controversy throughout the Union. It 
gave occasion to the masterly essays of Hamilton 
and Madison, under the signatures of " Paciflcus" 
and "Helvidius," and contributed more than any- 
thing else, perhaps, to the original formation of 
the Federal and Republican parties. The wisdom 
of Washington was abundantly justified by the 
progress of event*, but he did not escape the as- 
saults of partisan bitterness. Mr. Jay, still chief 



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justice, was sent to England as minister early in 
1794, and his memorable treaty added fuel to the 
flame. Meantime a tax on distilled spirits had 
encountered much opposition in various parts of 
the country, and in August, 1794, was forcibly re- 
sisted and defied by a large body of armed insur- 
gents in the western counties of Pennsylvania. 
Washington issued a proclamation calling out the 
militia of the neighboring states, and left home to 
cross the mountains and lead the troops in person. 
But the insurrection happilv succumbed at his 
approach, and his presence became unnecessary. 
The arrogant and offensive conduct of the French 
minister. M. Genet, irreconcilable dissensions in 
the cabinet, and renewed agitations and popular 
discontents growing out of the Jay treaty, gave 
Washington no little trouble in these latter years of 
his administration, and he looked forward with 
eagerness to a release from official cares. Having 
made up his mind unchangeably to decline another 
election as president, he thought it fit to announce 
that decision in the most formal manner. He had 
consulted Madison at the close of his first term in 
regard to an address declining a second election, 
lie now sought the advice and counsel of Alexan- 
der Hamilton, no longer a member of the cabinet, 
and the farewell address was prepared and pub- 
lished nearly six months before his official term 
had expired. That immortal paper has often been 
printed with the date of 17 Sept., 179G. and special 
interest has been expressed in the coincidence of 
the date of the address with the date of the adop- 
tion of the constitution of the United States. But, 
as a matter of fact, the address bears date 19 Sept, 
1796, as may be seen in the autograph original 
now in the Lenox library, New York. Mr. James 
Lenox purchased that precious original from the 
family of the printer Olaypoole, by whom it was 
published in Philadelphia, and to whom the manu- 
script, wholly in Washington's handwriting, with 
all its interlineations, corrections, and erasures, 
was given by Washington himself. 

On the following 4th of March, Washington was 
present at the inauguration of his successor, John 
Adams, and soon afterward went with his family 
to Mount Vernon, to resume his agricultural oc- 
cupations. Serious difficulties with France, were 
soon developed, and war became imminent A 
provisional army was authorized by congress to 
meet the exigency, and all eyes were again turned 
toward Washington as its leader. President Adams 
wrote to him : *• We must have your name, if you 
will permit us to use 
it. There will be more 
efficacy in it than in 
many an army." Ham- 
ilton urged him to 
make 44 this further, 
this very great sacri- 
fice." And thus, on 3 
July. 1798. Washing- 
ton, yielding to the 
; ^ tJ^^^k entreaty or friends 
^7f / - IfjJmr^^. anc * a sense °' duty *° 
'/h '' r J7& ^r^\ n,s countr y». was once 
/ £ / ^ Jr more commissioned as 

44 Lieutenant - General 
and Commander-in- 
chief of all the armies 
raised, or to be raised, 
in the United States." The organization and ar- 
rangement of this new army now engrossed his at- 
tention. Deeply impressed with the great responsi- 
bility that had been thrust upon him. and having 
selected Alexander Hamilton as his chief of staff, to 




the serious disappointment of his old friend. Gen. 
Knox, he entered at once into the minutest details 
of the preparation for war, with all the energy and 
zeal of nis earlier days. Most happily this war with 
our late gallant ally was averted. Washington, 
however, did not live to receive the assurance of a 
result that he so earnestly desired. Hiding over his 
farms, on 12 Dec., to give directions to the mana- 
gers of his estate, he was overtaken by showers of 
rain and sleet and returned home wet and chilled. 
The next day he suffered from a hoarse, sore throat, 
followed by an ague at night. His old physician 
and surgeon, Dr. Craik, who had been with him in 
peace and in war, was summoned from Alexandria 
the next morning, and two other physicians were 
called into consultation during the day. At four 
o'clock in the afternoon he requested his wife, who 
was constantly at his bedside, to bring him two 
papers from his study, one of which he gave back 
to her as his will. At six o'clock he said to the 
three physicians around him : 44 1 feel myself go- 
ing ; I thank you for your attentions, but I pray 
you to take no more trouble about me." He had 
previously said to Dr. Craik : 44 1 die hard, but I 
am not afraid 
to go." About 
ten o'clock 
he succeeded £ 
with difficul- i 
ty in giving • J 
some direc- a, 
tions about 
his funeral 
to Mr. Lear, 
his secretary, 
and on Mr. 
Lear's assur- 
ing him that 
he was under- 
stood, he uttered his last words : 44 It is well." And 
thus, between ten and eleven o'clock on Saturday 
night, 14 Dec., 1799, the end came, and his spirit 
returned to God who gave it. The funeral took 
place on the 18th. Such troops as were in the 
neighborhood formed the escort of the little proces- 
sion ; the general's favorite horse was led behind the 
bier, the Freemasons performed their ceremonies, 
the Rev. Thomas Davis read the service and made 
a brief address, a schooner lying in the Potomao 
fired minute-guns, the relatives and friends within 
reach, including Lord Fairfax and the corporation 
of Alexandria, were in attendance, and the body 
was deposited in the vault at Mount Vernon. At 
Mount Vernon it has remained to this day. Vir- 
ginia would never consent to its removal to the 
stately vault prepared for it beneath the capitol at 
Washington. Congress was in session at Philadel- 
phia, and the startling news of Washington's death 
only reached there on the day of his funeral. The 
next morning John Marshall! then a representative 
from Virginia, afterward for thirty-four years chief 
justice of the supreme court of the United States, 
announced the death in the house of representa- 
tives, concluding a short but admirable tribute to 
his illustrious friend with resolutions prepared by 
Richard Henry Lee, which contained tne grand 
words that have ever since been associated with 
Washington : 44 First in war, first in peace, and first 
in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." Gen. l^ee pro- 
nounced a eulogy, by order of both houses of con- 
gress, on 26 Dec, in which he changed the last word 
of his own famous phrase to "countrymen," and it 
is so given in the eulogy as published by congress. 
Meantime congress adoptea a resolution recom- 
mending to the people of the United States to as- 




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semble on the following 22d of February, in such 
manner as should be convenient, to testify publicly 
by eulogies, orations, and discourses, or by public 
prayers, their grief for the death of George Wash- 
ington. In conformity with this recommendation, 
eulogies or sermons were delivered, or exercises of 
some sort held, in almost every city, town, village, 
or hamlet throughout the land. Such was the first 
observance of Washington's birthday; — thence- 
forth to be a national holiday. But not in our 
own land only was his death commemorated. Na- 
poleon Bonaparte, then first consul, announced it 
to the army of France, and ordered all the stand- 
ards and flags throughout the republic to be bound 
with crape for ten days, during which a funeral 
oration was pronounced in presence of the first 
consul and all the civil and military authorities, 
in what is now the Hotel des Invalides. More strik- 
ing still is the fact, mentioned by Jared Sparks, 
that the British fleet, consisting of nearly sixty 
ships of the line, which was lying at Torbay, Eng- 
land, under the command of Lord Bridport, low- 
ered their flags half-mast on hearing the intelli- 
gence of Washington's death. 

In later years the tributes to the memory of 
Washington have been such as no other man of 
modern or even of ancient history has command- 
ed. He has sometimes been compared, after the 
manner of Plutarch, with Epaminondas, or Timo- 
leon, or Alfred the Great of England. But an 
eminent living English historian has recently and 
justly said that the place of Washington in the his- 
tory of mankind "is 

A well-nigh without 
a fellow." Indeed, 
the general judg- 
ment of the world 
has given ready as- 
sent to the careful- 
ly weighed, twice re- 
peated declaration 
of Lord Brougham : 
44 It will be the duty 
of the historian and 
sage in all ages to 
let no occasion pass 
of commemorat- 
ing this illustrious 
man ; and, until 
time shall be no 
more, will a test of 
the progress which 
our race has made 
in wisdom and vir- 
tue be derived from 
^ the veneration paid 
to the immortal name of Washington 1" Mociest, 
disinterested, generous, just, of clean hands and a 
pure heart, self-denying and self-sacrificing, seek- 
ing nothing for himself, declining all remuneration 
beyond the reimbursement of his outlays, scrupu- 
lous to a farthing in keeping his accounts, of spot- 
less integrity, scorning gifts, charitable to the needy, 
forgiving injuries and injustice, fearless, heroic, 
with a prudence ever governing his impulses and a 
wisdom ever guiding his valor, true to his friends, 
true to his whole country, true to himself, fearing 
God, believing in Christ, no stranger to private de- 
votion or public worship, or to the holiest offices of 
the churcn to which he belonged, but ever grate- 
fully recognizing a divine aid and direction in all 
that he attempted and in all that he accomplished — 
what epithet, what attribute, could be added to that 
consummate character to commend it as an example 
above all other characters in merely human history t 



Washington's most important original papers 
were bequeathed to his favorite nephew, Bushrod 
Washington, and were committed by him to Chief- 
Justice John Marshall, by whom an elaborate life, 
in five volumes, was published in 1804. Abridged 
editions of this great work have been published 
more recently. 4, The Writings of Washington." 
with a life, were published by Jared Sparks (12 
vols., Boston, 1834-7). A new edition of Washing- 
ton's complete works in 14 vols., edited by Worth- 
ington C. Ford, containing many letters and papers 
now published for the first time, is in course of 
publication (vol. i., New York, November, 1888). 
Biographies have also been published by Mason L. 
Weems, David Ramsay, James K. Paulding, Charles 
W. Upham, Joel T. Headley, Caroline M. Kirkland, 
and others. Benson J. Lossing made an interest- 
ing and important contribution to the illustration 
of the same theme by his 4 * Mount Vernon and its 
Associations" in 1859. Meanwhile the genius of 
Washington Irving has illuminated the whole story 
of Washington's life, public and private, and thrown 
around it the charms of exquisite style and lucid 
narrative (5 vols.. New York, 1855-'9). An abridg- 
ment and revision of Irving's work, by John Fiske 
(New York, 1888), and a 44 Life of George Washing- 
ton," by Edward E. Hale (1887), have recently ap- 
peared. A sketch was prepared by Edward Everett, 
at the request of Lord Macaulay, for the eighth 
edition of the 44 Encyclopaedia Britannica" (1853- 
1860), which was afterward published in a separate 
volume. To Edward Everett, too, belongs the prin- 
cipal credit of having saved Mount Vernon from 
the auctioneer's hammer, and secured its preserva- 
tion, under the auspices of the Ladies' Mount Ver- 
non association, as a place of pilgrimage. He wrote 
52 articles for the New York 44 Ledger," and deliv- 
ered his lecture on Washington manv times, con- 
tributing the proceeds to the Mount Vernon fund. 

The marble statue in the capitol at Richmond, 
Va. (for bust of this, see page 379), by the French 
sculptor Houdon, from life, must be named first 
among the standard likenesses of Washington. 
Excellent portraits of him by John Trumbull, by 
both the reales, and by Gilbert Stuart, are to be 
seen in many public galleries. Stuart's head leaves 
nothing to be desired in the way of dignity and 
grandeur. Among the numerous monuments that 
nave been erected to bis memory may be men- 
tioned the noble column in Baltimore; the colossal 
statue in the Capitol grounds at Washington, by 
Horatio Greenough; the splendid group in Rich- 
mond, surmounted by an equestrian statue, by 
Thomas Crawford : the marble statue in the Mas- 
sachusetts state-house, by Sir Francis Chantrey; 
the equestrian statue in the Boston public garden, 
by Thomas Ball; the equestrian statue in Union 
square. New York, by Henry K. Brown ; and, last- 
ly, the matchless obelisk at Washington, of which 
the corner-stone was laid in 1848, upon which the 
capstone was placed, at the height of 555 feet, in 
1884, and which was dedicated by congress on 21 
Feb., 1885, as Washington's birthday that year fell 
on Sunday. See vignet te, and also illustrations of 
his birthplace by Charles C. Perkins; a drawing of 
the locality by Gen. William T. Sherman, the church 
at Pohick" (page 37G), the Newburg headquarters 
(page 378), Mount Vernon (page 383), Washington's 
tomb, a portrait of him in youth (page 374); also 
the pictures by Trumbull (page 377), Wertmllller 
(page 380), and Du Simitiere (page 381). The steel 
engraving, which appears as a frontispiece to this 
volume, is from Stuart's original in the Boston 
athenaeum. The vignette of Mrs. Washington is 
from the portrait by the same artist. — His wife, 



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Martha, b. in New Kent countv, Va., in Mav, 1782 ; 
d. at Mount Vernon, Va., 22 May, 1802, was the 
daughter of Col. John Dandridge, a planter in New 
Kent county. Martha was fairly educated by pri- 
vate tutors, and became an expert performer on 
the spinet. She was introduced to the vice-regal 
court, during the administration of Sir William 
Gooch, at fifteen 
years of age, and 
in June, 1749. 
married Daniel 
Parke Custis, a 
wealthy planter, 
with whom she re- 
moved to his resi- 
dence, the White 
House. on Pamun- 
key river. They 
had four children, 
two of whom died 
in infancy, and in 
1757 Mr. Custis 
also died, leaving 
his widow one of 
the wealthiest wo- 
men in Virginia. 
About a year after 
her husband's death she met Col. Washington, who 
was visiting at the house of Maj. William Cham- 
berlayne. wnere she too was a guest. In Mav, 1758, 
they became engaged, but the marriage was delayed 
by Col. Washington's northern campaign, ana it 
was not till January, 1759, that it was solemnized, 
at St. Peter's church, New Kent county, the Rev. 
John Mossum performing the ceremony.* The wed- 
ding was one of the most brilliant that had ever 
been seen in a church in Virginia. The bridegroom 
wore a suit of blue cloth, the coat lined with red 
silk, and ornamented with silver trimmings; his 
waistcoat was embroidered white satin, his knee- 
buckles were of gold, and his hair was powdered. 
The bride was attired in a white satin quilted 
petticoat, a heavily corded white silk over-dress, 
diamond buckles, and pearl ornaments. The gov- 
ernor, many members of the legislature, British 
officers, and the neighboring gentry were present 
in full court dress. Washington's body-servant, 
Bishop, a tall negro, to whom he was much at- 
tached and who had accompanied him on all his 
military campaigns, stood in the porch, clothed in 
the scarlet uniform of a soldier of the royal army 
in the time of George II. The bride and her three 
attendants drove back to White House in a coach 
drawn by six horses led by liveried postilions, Col. 
Washington and an escort of cavaliers riding by 
its side. Mrs. Washington's life at Mount Ver- 
non for the subsequent seventeen years partook 
much of the style of the English aristocracy. She 
was a thorough* housekeeper, and entertained con- 
stantly. Her daughter, Martha Parke Custis, who 
died in the seventeent h year of her age, was known 
as the '* dark lady," on account of her brunette com- 
plexion, and was greatly loved by the neighboring 
poor, to whom she frequently ministered. On her 
portrait, painted by Cnarles Willson Peale. is in- 
scribed "A Virginia Beauty." Mrs. Washington 
ardently sympathized with her husband in his 
patriotic measures. To a kinswoman; who depre- 
cated what she called^ his folly," Mrs. Washing- 
ton wrote in 1774: ** Yes, I foresee consequences — 
dark days, domestic happiness suspended, social 
enjoyments abandoned, and eternal separations on 
earth possible. But my mind is made up, my 
heart is in the cause. George is right ; he is al- 
ways right. God has promised to protect the 



righteous, and I will trust him." Patrick Henry 
and Edmund Pendleton spent a day and night 
at Mount Vernon in August, 1774, on their way 
to congress. Pendleton afterward wrote to a 
friend: "Mrs. Washington talked like a Spar- 
tan to her son on his going to battle. 4 1 hope 
you will all stand firm,' she said ; * I know George 
will.'" After her husband became commander- 
in-chief she was burdened with many cares. He 
visited Mount Vernon only twice during the war. 
She joined him at Cambridge. Mass., in 1775, oc- 
cupying the mansion, an illustration of which is 
shown in the article on Longfellow, Henry W. 
She subsequently accompanied Gen. Washington 
to New York and Philadelphia, and whenever it 
was possible joined him in camp. During the 
winter at Valley Forge she suffered every priva- 
tion in common with the officers, and " was busy 
from morning till night providing comforts for 
the sick soldiers." Although previous to the war 
she had paid much attention to her attire, as 
became her wealth and station, while it con- 
tinued she dressed only in garments that were 
spun and woven by her servants at Mount Vernon. 
At a ball in New Jersey that was given in her 
honor she wore one of these simple gowns and a 
white kerchief, " as an example of economy to the 
women of the Revolution. Her last surviving 
child, John Parke Custis, died in November, 1781, 
leaving four children. The two younger. Eleanor 
Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Cus- 
tis, Gen. Washington at once adopted. After Mrs. 
Washington left headquarters at Newburg in 1782, 
she did not again return to camp life. She was 
residing quietly at Mount Vernon (see illustration) 
when Washington was chosen president of the Unit- 
ed States. When she assumed the duties of mistress 
of the executive mansion in New York she was fifty- 
seven years old, but still retained traces of beauty, 
and bore herself with great personal dignity. She 
instituted levees, that she ever afterward continued, 
on Friday evening of each week from eight to nine 
o'clock. 44 None were admitted but those who had 
a right of entrance by official station or established 
character," and full dress was required. During 
the second term of the president they resided in 
Philadelphia, where their public receptions were 
conducted as those in New York had been. An 
English gentleman, describing her at her own 
table in 1794, savs : " Mrs. Washington struck me 
as being older than the president. She was ex- 
tremely simple in dress, and wore her gray hair 
turned up under a very plain cap." She greatly 
disliked official life, and rejoiced when her hus- 
band refused a third term in 1790. She resided at 




Mount Vernon during the remainder of her life, 
occupied with her domestic duties, of which she 
was fond, and in entertaining the numerous guests 
that visited her husband. She survived him two 
and a half years. Before her death she dest royed 



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her entire correspondence with Gen. Washington. 
" Thus," says her grandson and biographer, George 
Washington Parke Custis, 14 proving her love for 
him, for she would not permit that the confidence 
they had shared together should be made public." 
See * 4 Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Wash- 
ington," by Margaret C. Conkling (Auburn, N. Y., 
1851). and 44 Mary and Martha," by Benson J. Loss- 
ing (New York, 1887). — George Washington's kins- 
man, William, soldier, b. in Stafford county, Va., 
28 Feb., 1752; d. near Charleston, S. C, 6 March, 
1810, was the son of Bailey Washington. But lit- 
tle is known of his life before the opening of the 

Revolution. He 
was educated for 
the church, but, 
espousing the 
patriot cause, 
received a com- 
mission early in 
the war as cap- 
tain of infantry 
in the 3d regi- 
ment of the Vir- 
ginia line, and 
in this post ac- 
quitted himself 
with great cred- 
it in the opera- 
tions about New 
York, being se- 
verely wounded 
/t4 JJj^ y , m the battle of 

(//^/fl^£t^/£^ JnTfn^eraent 
0 at Trenton, 26 

Dec., 1776. he led a charge upon one of the enemy's 
batteries, capturing the guns. On this occasion he 
was again wounded. In 1778 he was transferred to 
the dragoons and assigned to the refluent of Lieut.- 
Col. George Baylor, in 1779 he joined the army of 
Gen. Benjamin Lincoln in the south. After being 
promoted to the command of the regiment, with the 
rank of lieutenant-colonel, on 23 March, 1780, he en- 
countered and defeated Lieut.-Col. Banastre Tarle- 
ton at Rantowles. Col. White and Col. Washing- 
ton were surprised by Tarleton at Monk's Corner 
and Lenudes Ferry a few weeks afterward. In 
December. 1780, Washington, then attained to the 
command of Gen. Daniel Morgan, by means of the 
stratagem of a painted log or 44 Quaker gun," re- 
duced the post at Rudgely's, receiving the sur- 
render of Col. Rudgely and one hundred men with- 
out resistance. In the battle of the Cowpens, Wash- 
ington made a successful charge upon the enemy 
at a critical moment, and congress voted medals 
to him and to Gen. Morgan and Lieut-Col. How- 
ard. In this battle he nad a personal encounter 
with Col. Tarleton, in which both were wounded. 
The wound that Tarleton received from Washing- 
ton was the subject of the sallies of wit of several 
American ladies. A Mrs. Ashe, daughter of Col. 
Joseph Montford, of North Carolina, heard Tarle- 
ton say, with a sarcastic sneer : 44 1 would be happy 
to see this Col. Washington," whereupon she in- 
stantly replied: 44 If you had looked behind you. 
Col. T'arleton, at the battle of Cowpens, you would 
have had that pleasure." Almost immediately after 
this battle Morgan effected a junction with Gen. 
Greene, who, requiring a light corps to act as a cov- 
ering party during his retreat and to harass the 
enemy, selected for this purpose the troops of Lieut- 
Cola. Howard. Washington, and Lee. Washington 
also took an active part in the operations about 
Guilford Court-House, N. C, and in the battle of 



Hobkirk's Hill, on 25 April, he charged the enemy 
with great vigor, secured: many prisoners, and saved 
the artillery from capture. At the close of the 
engagement he succeeded in drawing Maj. Coffin, 
the commander of the British cavalry, into am- 
bush and dispersing or capturing his squadron. 
At Eutaw Springs, S. C, 8 Sept., 1781. after the 
most heroic efforts, he was unhorsed, and while 
attempting to disengage himself received a bayo- 
net wound and was taken prisoner. In 1782 CoL 
Washington married Miss Elliot, of Charleston, 
S. C, to a place near which city he soon afterward 
removed. He was subsequently elected a mem* 
ber of the legislature of that state, and solicited to 
become a candidate for governor, but declined 44 be- 
cause he could not make a speech." In 1798, when 
the United States was threatened with war by 
France, Gen. Washington recommended the ap- 
pointment of his kinsman as brigadier-general, 
which was done 19 July, 1798, and in a letter to the 
secretary of war suggested that he be given the 
direction of affairs in South Carolina and Georgia. 
His wife, a son, and a daughter survived him. 
On the occasion of his death the American Revolu- 
tion society of South Carolina adopted resolutions, 
in which he was spoken of as: 4 * Modest without 
timidity, generous without extravagance, brave 
without rashness, and disinterested without aus- 
terity ; which imparted firmness to his conduct and 
mildness to his manners; solidity to his judgment 
and boldness to his achievements ; which armed him 
with an equanimity unalterable by the frowns of 
adversity or the smiles of fortune, and steadiness 
of soul not to be subdued by the disasters of defeat 
or elated by the triumphs of victory."— George 
Washington s nephew, Bush rod, jurist, b.in West- 
moreland county, Va., 5 June, 1762 ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 26 Nov., 1829, was the son of John Augus- 
tine, a younger brother of the general. He was 
graduated at William and Mary in 1778, studied 
law with James Wilson, of Philadelphia, and began 
practice in his native county. His professional du- 
ties were interrupted by his entrance into the pa- 
triot army, and he served as a private in the Revo- 
lution. He was a member of trie Virginia house of 
delegates in 1787, and the next year ofthat to ratify 
the constitution of the United States. He sub- 
sequently removed to Alexandria, and thence to 
Richmond, Va. He was appointed an associate 
justice of the U. S. supreme court in 1798, which 
office he held until his death. Judge Washing- 
ton was the first president of the Colonization 
society, and a learned jurist. He was the favor- 
ite nephew of Gen. Washington. At the death 
of Mrs. Washington he inherited the mansion 
and 400 acres of the Mount Vernon estate. He 
died without issue. Judge Washington's publica- 
tions include 44 Reports of Cases argued and deter- 
mined in the Court of Appeals of Virginia " (2 vols., 
Richmond, Va., 1798-'9), and "Reports of Cases 
determined in the Circuit Court of the United 
States, for the 3d Circuit, from 1803 till 1827," 
edited by Richard Peters (4 vols., 1826- ? 9). Of 
these Horace Binney says in his 44 Life of Bush- 
rod Washington " (printed privately, Philadelphia, 
1858): 44 1 have never thought that his reports of 
his own decisions did him entire justice, while they 
in no inadequate manner at all fully represent his 
judicial powers, nor the ready command he held of 
his learning in the law." See also a sketch of 
Judge Washington in Mr. Justice Story's 44 Mis- 
cellaneous Writings" (Philadelphia, 1852).— -A 
grand-nephew of George, George Corbin, con- 
gressman, b. in Westmoreland countv, Va., 20 Aug., 
1789 ; d. iu Georgetown, D. C. 17 July, 1854, was 



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WATERBURY 385 



the son of William Augustine Washington, the 
son of George Washington's brother, John Augus- 
tine. His mother, Jane, was the daughter of Au- 
gustine, the elder half-brother of the general. 
George Corbin was educated at Harvard and 
studied law, but devoted himself to agricultural 
pursuits, which he followed at his plantation in 
Maryland, but resided for the most part on Dum- 
barton heights, Georgetown, D. C. He represent- 
ed the Rockville district, Md., in congress in 
1827-'33, having been chosen as a Whig, and was 
again a member of that body in 1835- 7. He was 
subsequently president of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal company, and commissioner of Indian 
affairs. He was widely spoken of as a candidate 
for the vice-presidency when Gen. Winficld Scott 
was nominated for the presidency. At the time 
of his death he was the oldest and nearest surviv- 
ing male relative of his grand-uncle, George Wash- 
ington.— George Corbin s son, Lewis William, b. 
in Georgetown, D. C, about 1825 ; d. at Harper's 
Ferry, W. Va., I Oct., 1871. was carefully educated, 
became a planter, and settled in Jefferson county, 
Va. He was conspicuously connected with the in- 
cidents of the John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry 
in 1859, serving at that time as aide on the staff of 
Gov. Henry A. Wise. Brown captured and held 
him as one of his hostages. Mr. Washington took 
no active part in the civil war, passing most of 
that time in Europe, but his estate was confiscated, 
although the government subsequently released it. 
He possessed a valuable collection of' Gen. Wash- 
ington's relics, including the sword that was sent 
him bv Frederick the Great, on which was in- 
scribed *• From the oldest general in the world 
to the greatest." — Lewis William's son, William 
d'Hertburne, engineer, b. in Hanover county, Va., 
29 June, 1863, was educated at Charlestown, W. 
Va., and at Maryland college, became a civil engi- 
neer, and in 1886 was appointed consul at London, 
England. — John Augustine, soldier, great-great- 
grandson of Gen. Washington's brother, John Au- 
gustine, b. in Blakely, Jefferson co., Va., 3 May, 
1821 ; d. near Rich Mountain, Va., 13 Sept., 1861, 
was the son of John A. Washington, and on his 
mother's side the grandson of Gen. Richard Henry 
Lee. He was graduated at the University of Vir- 
ginia in 1840. He served as aide-de-camp, with 
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, on the staff of Gen. 
Robert E. Lee, and was killed with a reconnoitring 
party near Rich Mountain, Va. He inherited the 
Mount Vernon property, but, bein^ unable to keep 
it in proper preservation, he sold it to the associa- 
tion of ladies that now has possession of it. 

WASHINGTON, John Marshall, soldier, b. in 
Virginia in October, 1797; d. at sea, 24 Dec. l&W. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1814, and promoted 3d lieutenant of artillery, 17 
July, 1817, 2d lieutenant, 20 March, 1818, and 1st 
lieutenant, 23 May, 1820. On the reorganization 
of the army in 1821 he was transferred to the 4th 
regiment of artillery, and during 1824- '5 he served 
as instructor of mathematics in the artillery-school 
of practice at Fort Monroe. On 23 May, 1830, he 
received the brevet of captain for faithful service 
for ten years in one graue, and on 30 May, 18132, 
he was promoted to the full rank. In 1833-'4 and 
in 1836 he was engaged in operations in the Creek 
nation, in 1836-'8 and 1839 in the Florida war 
against the Seminole Indians, and on the northern 
frontier during the Canada troubles of 1839-'40. 
In the summer of 1846 Capt. Washington, then in 
command of a light battery of eight guns, joined 
Gen. John E. Wool's division, and, after a most ardu- 
ous march through a barren country, took part 
vol. vi. — 25 



with it in the battle of Buena Vista. On the first day 
of the battle he was placed by Gen. Wool to guartl 
the pass of La Angostura, near the right of the 
line, the loss of which would have brougnt Inevita- 
ble defeat, and he held it against the most vigorous 
attacks of overwhelming numbers. On the second 
day, when three regiments of Illinois and Ken- 
tucky troops were overpowered by a greatly supe- 
rior force, he repelled the enemy, and by judicious 
management covered the retreat of these confused 
masses, thereby saving the lives of hundreds who 
would inevitably have been cut to pieces. Holding 
as he did the key-point of the American position 
during the entire action, his battery was the con- 
stant object of attack from the enemy, and each 
of these attacks was repelled with promptness and 
gallantry. On 16 Feb., iust six aays before the 
battle, Capt. Washington had been promoted major 
of the 3d regiment of artillery, and he was subse- 
quently brevetted lieutenant-colonel for 44 gallant 
and meritorious conduct in the battle of Buena 
Vista." He was acting governor of Saltillo, Mexi- 
co, from 24 June till 14 Dec., 1847, chief of artil- 
lery of Gen. Wool's division from 12 March till 9 
Dec, 1847, and of the Army of Occupation from 9 
Dec, 1847, till 80 May, 1848, and in command of 
an expedition to Santa Fe\ N. M., in 1848. From 
October, 1848, till October, 1849, Col. Washington 
was in command of the 9th military department and 
civil and military governor of tfew Mexico. He 
was with his regiment, the 3d artillery, on board 
the steamer •* San Francisco " when she was 
wrecked off the Capes of the Delaware in Decem- 
ber, 1853. With numerous other officers and 180 
soldiers he was drowned. 

WASSON, Parld Atwood, author, b. in West 
Brooksville, Me., 14 May, 1823; d. in West Med- 
ford. Mass., 21 Jan., 1887. He entered Bowdoin in 
1845, but remained only one year, owing to feeble 
health. He then went to sea and afterward studied 
law, but in 1849 entered Bangor theological semi- 
nary. In 1851 he settled in Groveland, Mass., as 
a pastor; but his liberal opinions led to a rupture 
in the society. An independent church was then 
established, to which Mr. Wasson ministered for 
several years, but retired in 1857. owing to impaired 
health. In 1865-'6 he was minister of the society 
that had been formed by Theodore Parker. Sub- 
sequently he served in the custom-house of Boston, 
resided in Germany, and then retired to West Med- 
ford, where he devoted himself to literarv work. 
He was a contributor to various periodicals. His 
poems include " Bugle Notes." Seen and Unseen," 
and 44 Ideals."— His son, George Savary, artist, b. 
in Groveland, Mass., 27 Aug., 1855, was educated in 
Boston and in Stuttgart. His works are 44 Great 
Misery Island " (1880) ; "The Constitution and the 
Guerriere" (1881); 44 A Wreck at Isle au Haut" 
(1885); "Moore's Head, Isle au Haut" (1886); 
"Going to Pieces" (1887); and ''Running for a 
Harbor" (1888). 

WATERBURY, David, soldier, b. in Stamford, 
Conn., 12 Feb.. 1722: d. there. 29 June, 1801. He 
took part in the French and Indinn war, served 
under Sir William Johnson at the battle of Lake 
George in 1755, and was present at Gen. James 
Abercrombie's attack on Ticonderoga in 1758. He 
was also with Gen. Richard Montgomery in his cam- 
paign against Quebec in 1775 as lieutenant-colonel 
of the 9th Connecticut regiment, and at the siege 
of St. John's and the surrender of Montreal. On 3 
June, 1776, he was appointed by the general assem- 
bly of Connecticut a brigadier for the northern de- 
partment, and assigned to the command of the post 
at Skeensborough (now Whitehall, N. Y.), where a 

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fleet was building for Lake Cham plain. He re- 
mained here during the summer of 1776, actively 
engaged in pushing the flotilla to completion. At 
the battle of Valcour Bay. 11 Oct., 1776. between 
the Americans and the British, he was second in 
command to Benedict Arnold, and was captured 
with his vessel, the "Washington." The state- 
ment of Gen. James Wilkinson, who was not pres- 
ent during the action, that Waterbury struck his 
colors without firing a shot, is contradicted by Ar- 
nold, who, in his report of the engagement to Gen. 
Horatio Gates, says that Waterbury fought with 
distinguished gallantry, his vessel being hulled 
several times. Gen. Carleton was greatly elated 
over the capture of Waterbury and made haste to 
report it to Lord Germaine. He was soon ex- 
changed, and in the summer of 1781 commanded a 
brigade under Washington, rendering more or less 
active service during the remainder of the war. 
After the Revolution he spent the rest of his life in 
cultivating a farm in his native town and in rep- 
resenting his fellow-townsmen in the general as- 
sembly during the years 1783. 1794, and 1795. His 
uncompromising patriotism rendered him at times 
harsh and severe toward those who did not support 
the cause of the colonies. The historian of Stam- 
ford writes that "lie seems to have shown them 
no mercy; one of the reasons given by citizens 
going over to the enemy being the excessive rigor 
of Col. Waterbury." See Elijah B. Huntington's 
"History of Stamford" and the "Journal" of 
Lieut James M. Hadden (Albany, 1884). 

WATERBVRY, Jared Bell,' clergyman, b. in 
New York city. 11 Aug.. 1799; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 31 Dee., 1870. He was graduated at Yale in 
1822, studied two years in Princeton theological 
seminary, and was licensed to preach in 1823. In 
that year he was an agent for the American Bible 
society, and in 1820-'9 he was pastor of the Con- 
gregational church in Hatfield, Mare. He was pas- 
tor of Presbvterian churches in Portsmouth, N. H., 
from 1829 till 1832. and in Hudson, N. Y., in 1833, 
of the Bowdoin street Congregational church in 
Boston, Mass., from 1846 till 1S57, and of the Cen- 
tral church in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1859. Subse- 
quently he served as city missionary there until his 
death. Cnion gave him the degree of S. T. D. in 
1 H4 1. He was the author of " Advice to a Young 
Christian " (New York, 1827) : " The Brighter Age." 
a jMX'm (IWton, 1830); "Child of the Covenant" 
(1853); "Voyage of Life" (1853); "The Soldier 
from Home "(New York. 1802): "The Soldier on 
Guard" (1803): "Sketches of Eloquent Preach- 
ers" (1804); "Southern Planters and Frecdmen " 
(1805); and a life of Rev. John Scudder (1870). 

WATERHOISK, Benjamin, physician, b. in 
Newport. R. I., 4 March. 1754; d. in Cambridge, 
Mass.. 2 Oct., 1840. At the age of sixteen he began 
the study of medicine with Dr. John Halliburton in 
Newport, and he subsequently continued it under 
Dr. John Fothergill in London, in Edinburgh, and 
at lieyden, where he was graduated in 1780. He 
began" to practise in Newport, and in 1783 aided in 
establishing the medical «chool at Harvard, where 
he was professor of medium* from 1783 till 1812. 
He wa> al-o professor of natural history at Brown 
from 17*4 til! 1791. and delivered in* the state- 
house of Providence the fir>t course of lectures on 
that science in this country. He obtained from 
Dr. John C. Lett-om. of Leyden. a valuable col- 
lection of minerals, introduced tluir study into 
Harvard, and procured the establishment of a bo- 
tanic garden there. In 1M2 he retired from his pro- 
fession and Weaine medieal sn|»ervi<or of military 
in New England, holding this office until 



| 1825. In 1799 he subjected his family to the ex- 
I periment of vaccination, which ho vindicated 
against the ridicule of the profession and the pub- 
lic. Dr. Waterhouse supported the measures of 
Thomas Jefferson in his political writings. His 
works include "Lectures on the Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine" (Cambridge, 1780): "On the 
Principles of Vitality" (Boston. 1790); "Rise. 
Progress, and Present State of Medicine" (1792): 
"Prospect of exterminating the Small -Pox" 
(1800); •* Heads of a Course of lectures on Natu- 
! ral History" (1810); "The Botanist " (1*1 1) ; "The 
I Journal of a Young Man of Massachusetts," a 
; novel (1816); and an essay on the "Junius" let- 
j ters. in which he supi>orts the claim of Lord Chat- 
i ham to their authorship (Boston, 1831). 

WATERMAN, Elijah, clergyman, b. in Boz- 
rah. New London co.. Conn., 28 Nov.. 1709 ; d. in 
i Springfield, Mass., 11 Oct., 1825. nis father was 
| a magistrate and an active patriot during the Revo- 
lutionary war. The son was graduated at Yale in 
1791, taught in Hartford in 1791-2, studied theol- 
ogy under Timothy Dwight in Greenfield Hill, and 
I under Jonathan Edwards, was licensed to preach 
I in 1793. and in 1794 was installed pastor of a Con- 
! gregational church in Windham, Conn., where he 
remained until 1804. After supplying the pulpit 
| in New Milford, Conn., he became pastor of the 
church in Bridgeport, of which he held charge until 
his death. He contributed prose and verse to peri- 
odicals, and his other publications include "An 
| Oration before the Society of the Cincinnati" 
(Hartford, 1794); "A Century Sermon at Wind- 
ham" (Windham, 1800): and " Life and Writings 
of John Calvin " (Hartford, 1813). 
I WATERMAN, Marcus, artist, b. in Provi- 
dence, R. 1., 1 Sept., 1834. He was graduated at 
Brown in 1855, and during 18f>7-'70 worked in 
I New York, where he was elected an associate of 
| the National academy in 1801. In 1N74 he o[>encd 
a studio in Boston, where an exhibition of his 
works was held in 1878. previous to his departure 
for Europe. He visited Algeria in 1879 and 1883, 
ami Spain in 1882, and went abroad again in 1884. 
His landscapes include "Gulliver in Lilliput," 
which was at the Centennial exhibition, Phila- 
delphia, in 1870; "The Rocs Egg" (1880); "The 
Journey to the City of Brass " (1888) : and numer- 
ous American forest scenes and Arabian subjects. 

WATERMAN, Robert Whitney, governor of 
California, b. in Fairfield, Herkimer co.. N. Y., 
15 Dec, 1820. II is father was a merehant. and 
died while the son was quite young. Two years 
afterward Robert removed to Sycamore, HI., where 
three elder brothers had preceded him. Until his 
twentieth year he was a clerk in a country store. 
' and in 1840 he engaged in business for himself in 
Belvidere, 111. In 1849 he was |w»stmaster at Ge- 
noa, III. In 1850 he went to California and en- 
gaged in mining on Feather river, but two years 
later he returned to Wilmington. 111., where in 
1853 he tmbli>hed the Wilmington "Independ- 
ent," at the same time carrying on other business 
enterprises. In 1854 he was a delegate to the 
convention at Bloomington. 111., that gave a name 
| to the Republican partv, and he was an associate 
of Abraham Lincoln. Lyman Trumbull, Richard 
Yates. David Davis, and Owen Loxejoy. In 1850 
he took an active part in the Fn'mont cam- 
paign, and in 1858 he was engaged in the senato- 
rial contest between Lincoln and Douglas. In 
1873 he returned to California, and he established 
his home at San Bernardino in that state the fol- 
lowing year. He was successful in discovering 
and developing silver-mines in what has since 



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WATERSTON 



387 



come to be known as the Calico mining district in 
San Bernardino county. In 1886 he was elected 
lieutenant-governor as a Republican. Upon the 
death of Gov. Washington Bartlett, 12 Sept, 1887, 
Mr. Waterman was called to the duties of chief 
executive. During recent years Gov. Waterman 
has engaged in numerous business enterprises in 
various parts of California. He is the owner of 
the famous Stonewall gold-mine in San Diego 
county, and has extensive ranch properties m 
southern California. He is president of the San 
Diego, Cuyamaca and Eastern railway, and is con- 
nected with many other public enterprises. 

WATERMAN, Slgismund, physician, b. in 
Bruck, Bavaria, 22 Feb.. 1819. He was educated 
in Erlangen, Bavaria, and was graduated in medi- 
cine at Yale in 1848. His professional life has 
been passed chiefly in New York, where he has en- 
gaped in general practice. In 1857 he was ap- 
pointed police surgeon, which place he Ailed for 
nearly thirty years, and during the civil war he 
was made one of the draft surgeons. Dr. Water- 
man became consulting physician in 1875 to the 
Home for aged and infirm Hebrews, ami is now 
medical director of that institution. He has de- 
voted special attention to the use of the spectroscope 
in the practice of medicine, and has been success- 
ful in iLs application. During 1868 he lectured 
on that subject before the medical societies of New 
York, and he has since spoken elsewhere on the 
same topic. He is a member of various medical 
societies and has contributed to the literature of 
his profession. Among his papers are •* Practical 
Remarks on Scarlatina M (1859) ; " Therapeutic Em- 
ployment of Oxide of Zinc" (1861); "Spectral 
Analysis as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Disease " 
(1869*) ; •« The Blood-Crystals and their Physiologi- 
cal Importance" (1872); " Spectral Analysis of 
Blood-Stains" (1873); "The Importance of the 
Spectroscope in Forensic Cases" (1874); and "Re- 
vivification " (1884). 

WATERMAN, Thomas Glosby, lawyer, b. in 
New York city, 23 Jan., 1788; d. in Binghamton, 
N. Y M 7 Jan., 1862. At an early age he removed 
with his parents to Salisbury, Conn., where his 
father, David, established extensive iron-works. 
The son was graduated at Yale in 1806 in the 
class with James Fenimore Cooper, studied in the 
Litchfield law-school, and afterward with Samuel 
Sherwood in Delhi. N. Y., and after admission to 
the bar in 1809 remained with the latter until 
1812, when he went to Owego. N. Y.. for a few 
months, but settled finally in Binghamton. N. Y., 
where he practised until about 1830. He served in 
the lower nousc of the legislature in 1826 and from 
1827 till 1831 in the state senate, where he was one 
of a committee that made a thorough revision of 
the statutes of the % state. By appointment of the 
governor he discharged the duties of judge of the 
court of common ideas for the state. He prepared 
and published "The Justice's Manual, or a Sum- 
mary of the Powers and Duties of Justices of the 
Peace in New York State" (Albany, 1828).— His 
son, Thomas Whitney, lawver. b. in Binghamton, 
N. Y., 28 June, 1821, entered' Yale in 1838, but was 
not graduated. He travelled in Europe in 1842-'4, 
studied law. and was admitted to the bar of New 
York in 1848. Until 1870 he practised in New 
York city, and he then removed to Binghamton. 
He has edited many law-books, including American 
editions of J. H. Fiart's " Vendors and Purchasers 
of Real Estate," with notes (New York, 1851): J. 
F. Archbold's " New System of Criminal Proced- 
ure" (3 vols., New York, 1852); Robert Henley 
Eden's " Treatise on the Law of Injunctions " (2 



vols., New York, 1852); vols. viii. and ix. of Alonzo 
C. Paige's " Reports of Cases in the Court of Chan- 
cery of the State of New York" (ia52) ; Murray 
Hoffman's "Chancery Reports" (1853); George 
Caines's "New York Reports" (3d ed., 3 vols.. 

1854) ; voL ii. of Elijah Paihe's 4i Reports of Cases 
argued and determined in the Circuit Court of the 
United States for the Second Circuit, 1816-'26" 
(1856); the 4th American edition of William Pa- 
ley's " Treatise on the Law of Principal and Agent 
Chiefly in Reference to Mercantile Translations " 
(1856); and vols xviii., xix., and xx. of John L. 
Wendell's " Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court 
of Judicature and in the Court for Trial of Im- 
peachments and the Correction of Errors of the 
State of New York. 1828-'41 " (ia57). He is the 
author of a " Treatise on the Civil Jurisdiction of 
Justices of the Peace, to which are added Outlines 
of the Powers and Duties of Country and Town 
Officers in the State of New York " (New York, 
1849); the 3d edition of the " American Chancery 
Digest," with notes and a copious index (3 vols., 
1851) ; " Treatise on the Civil and Criminal Juris- 
diction of Justices of the Peace for the States of 
Wisconsin and Iowa: containing Practical Forms" 
(1853); "Treatise on the Principles of Law and 
Equity which govern Courts in the granting of 
New Trials in Cases Civil and Criminal " (2 vols., 

1855) ; " Digest of the Reported Decisions of the 
Superior Court and of the Supreme Court of Er- 
rors of the State of Connecticut from the Organi- 
zation of said Courts to the Present Time " (1858) ; 
and a " Treatise on the Law of Set-Off, Recoup- 
ment, and Counter-Claim" (1869). 

WATERS. Henry Fltz-Oilbert, genealogist, 
b. in Salem, Mass., 29 March, 1833. After gradu- 
ation at Harvard in 1855 he engaged in teaching, 
and was a member of the school committee of Sa- 
lem in 1881-2, and its secretary in 1882-'3. He 
received the honorary degree of A. M. from Har- 
vard in 1885 for tracing the family of John Harvard, 
when other genealogists had failed. He has spent 
several years in England pursuing irenealogieal in- 
quiries, on which he is still engaged. 

WATERS, Nicholas Baker, nhvsieian, b. in 
Maryland in 1764; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., in 1796. 
He received a classical education, was graduated 
in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1786, and practised in Philadelphia until his death. 
In 1790 he married Hester, daughter of David 
Rittenhouse, the astronomer. He published an 
abridged edition of A System of Surgery," bv 
Benjamin Bell, of Edinburgh, to which notes were 
added by Dr. John Jones (Philadelphia, 1791). 

WATERS, Robert, educator, b. in Thurso, 
Caithness-shire, Scotland, 9 May, 1835. He came 
to Canada in 1842, and was taught to read and 
write by his mother. At the aj;e of thirteen he was 
employed at setting type, and in 1851 came to this 
country. In this manner he acquired an educa- 
tion, and in 1862 he went to France, where, after 
working in a printing-office for a time, he began to 
teach. Subsequently he went to Germany to study, 
and gave instruction there in English and French 
for four years. In 1868 he accepted an appoint- 
ment in the Hobokeu. N. J., academy, where he 
remained until 1883, when he became principal of 
the West Hoboken public school, which place he 
still holds. Mr. Waters has published a - Life of 
William Cobbett " (New York. 1883) ; " Shakespeare 
portrayed by Himself" (1888); "How Genius 
works its Wonders" (1889); and edited and anno- 
tated "Cobbett's English Grammar" (1883). 

WATERSTON, Robert Cassle, clergyman, b. 
I in Kennebunk, Me., in 1812. He studied three 



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WATERTON 



WATKTNS 



years in Cambridge, was ordained in 1839, and was 
pastor of various churches in Boston. For five 
vears he had charge of a sailors' Sunday-school. 
Vie has been engaged in various benevolent, educa- 
tional, and literary associations. He has published 
"Thoughts on Moral and Spiritual Culture" (Bos- 
ton, 1842) ; " Arthur Lee and Tom Palmer " (1845) ; 
and addresses on Thomas Sherwin and William 
Cullen Bryant.— His wife, Anna C. Quincy. the 
daughter of Josiah Quincv, has published " Verses 
by A. C. O. W." (Boston, 1803). 

WATERTON, Charles. English naturalist, b. at 
Walton Hall, near Wakefield, Yorkshire. England. 
3 June, 1782; d. there, 27 May, 1865. He was of 
an old Roman Catholic family, from Lincolnshire, 
and through his grandmother was descended from 
Sir Thomas More. He was educated first at a 
school at Tudhoe, near Durham, and then at the 
Jesuit college at Stonyhurst, in Lancashire. In 
boyhood he displayed greater fondness for open- 
air observations of natural history than for books. 
Shortly after attaining his majority he visited 
Spain, where some of the Waterton family were in 
business. In 1804 he went to Demerara to super- 
intend the estates of an uncle, and travelled through 
the interior of the country, noting its fauna, flora, 
and scenery. On the death of his father he gave 
up the management of these estates and returned 
to England, but onlv for a short time: so that, for 
twenty years from fiis first going to Demerara in 
1804 till 1824, with the exception of a few visits to his 
ancestral home, he rambled al>out in South America, 
having no other object than the pursuit of natural 
history. Although not distinguished as a scientific 
man, he is well known as a good and enthusiastic 
field-naturalist, while his vivid and spirited style 
of writing has rendered his narratives popular. 
Waterton was eccentric and abstemious. He was 
noted as a skilful taxidermist, and his ornitho- 
logical co] lection at Walton Hall was almost un- 
rivalled. During the latter nart of his life, settling 
in his ancestral home, whicn was on a small island 
in the midst of fine scenery, he surrounded him- 
self with the creatures and pets he loved. He for- 
bade the use of fire-arms on his grounds, so that 
they became the chosen haunt of many rare and 
shy birds and animals, and. to discourage poachers, 
he nlaeed ingenious wooden images of game-birds 
in nis trees. His adventures in South America, 
often daring, are grnphieally described in his 
"Wanderings in South America, the Northwest of 
the United States, and the Antilles, in 1M12, 181G, 
1820, and 1*24; with Original Instructions for the 
Preservation of Birds, etc., for Cabinets of Natural 
History" (Ixmdon. 1825). The frequent journeys 
that he afterward made to Belgium and Italy, wiih 
his home-life at Walton Hall, are descried in the 
autobiography prefixed to his " Essavs on Natural 
History, chiefly Ornithology (3 vol*., 1838-'44; 
new cd., with a continuation of the life, by Norman 
Moore, based entirely upon autobiographical notes. 
1871). See also a life of him entitled "Charles 
Waterton, his Home, Habits, and Handiwork," bv 
Richard Hol»son. M. D. (1H0<>). 

WATIE, Stand. soldi.-r, b. in Cherokee, Oa. 
(the site of the present city of Home), in 1*15; d. 
in August, 1H77. He was a full-blooded Cherokee 
Indian, was educated at the mission schools in the 
Indian <nuntry, served as a meml>er of the Chero- 
kee legislative couneil. and wa« speaker of the 
lower hou*e from 1*02 till imVi. He became 
colonel of the 1st Cherokee Confederate infantry 
regiment in October. 1*01, and was promoted hriga- 
dier-general in the Confederate armv on 10 May, 
1*04. His brigade wa> composed of the 1st and 2d 



Cherokee regiments of infantry, a Cherokee bat- 
talion of infantry, and a l>attalion each of Seminole 
and Osage Indians. He was a younger brother of 
Elias Boudinot and nephew of Maj. Ridge, who 
were assassinated in the Cherokee nation in 1830. 

WATKINS, Louis Douglas, soldier, b. in Flori- 
da about 1835; d. in Baton Houge, La., 29 March. 

1808. He joined the U. S. army as 1st lieutenant. 
14th infantry. 14 May, 1861, was transferred to the 
5th cavalry, 22 June. 1801, and became captain, 17 
July, 1802, and colonel of the 20th infantry, 28 
July, 1806. He received the brevets of major. 8 
Jan., 1868, for gallant service in the expedition to 
east Tennessee under Gen. Samuel P. Carter, lieu- 

I tenant-colonel, 24 June. 1804, for service at Ln- 
favette, and that of brigadier-general, 13 March, 
I 1805. He was mustered out on 1 Sept,, 1866. 
WATKINS, Samuel, donor, b. in Campbell 
county, Va., in 1794; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 16 
| Oct., i880. His parents died in his infancy, and 
he was bound to a Scotch family, whose cruelty to 
| hiin attracted attention, and, owing to this, the 
1 county court placed htm with the family of James 
! Robertson, upon whose plantation he labored for 
1 several years. He then joined the U. S. army. 
I served in the war against the Creek nation under 
Gen. Andrew Jackson, and was also at the battle 
of New Orleans. When peace was declared he re- 
turned to Nashville and became a brick-mason, 
pursuing this craft until 1827, when he began to 
erect houses and churches, among which were the 
1st Baptist church and the 2d Presbyterian church 
! in Nasnville. During the civil war his farm of 600 
acres was the battle-field of Nashville, his city 
i buildings were destroyed, and his mansion was 
1 sacked and robbed, his "loss amounting to $300,000. 
| After the civil war he engaged in banking, manu- 
facturing, and building, and dealt in real estate, 
| was president of the Nashville gas-light company, 
I and acquired a fortune. He bequeathed |130.0()0 
1 for the establishment of a polytechnic institution 
in Nashville, which was ercctea there in 1882. Mr. 
Watkins made liberal provision for courses of free 
public lectures, and also classes in mathematics for 
those who could not attend colleges tind schools. 

WATKINS, Tobias, physician, b. in Man land 
in 1780; d. in Washington, D. C. 14 Nov.,1855. 
He was graduated at St. J ohn's college. Annnpolis, 
in 1798, and at the Philadelphia medic al college in 
1802, and began practice in Havre de Grace. Md. 
Afterward he removed to Baltimore, uhcrc he 
edited the "Medical and Phvsieal Recorder" in 

1809. He was surgeon in the army during the war 
1 of 1812-'15, and was asMstant surgeon-general of 

the United States in 181M-'21. and fourth auditor 
of the C. S. treasury in 1824-9. With his brother- 
in-law. Stephen Simpson. Dr. Watkins edited in 
Philadelphia the " Portico" (4 vols., 1816-'20). He 
contributed to periodicals, and translated from the 

i French Xavier Bichat's "Physiological Researches 
upon Life and Death " (Philadelphia, 1809), and 
I^ouis de Onis's "Memoir upon t tie Negotiations 
between Spain and the United States which led to 
the Treaty of 1819" (Baltimore, 1822). 

WATKINS, William Brown, i.hilolmrist, b. 
in Bridgeport. Belmont co., Ohio. 2 may. ls;J4. At 
an early age he removed to Wheeling, Va.. where 
he received a public-school education and l»egan 
the study of law, but abandoned it to enter the 
Pittsburg conference of the Methodist Episcoi»al 
church. From 186H till 1H72 he whs presiding 
elder at Steul>enville, Ohio, after which he was 

I stationed in Pittsburg for nine years. He was a 
delegate to the general conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal church in 1*#*. and has delivered many 



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WATKINSON 



lectures on philology and educational subjects. 
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by 
Mount Union college, Ohio, and Alleghany college, 
Meadville, Pa., in 1861, and that of D. D. by Mount 
Union in 1868. Besides contributing to reviews 
and magazines, chiefly on subjects pertaining to 
the English and Indian languages, he has prepared 
several school-books. Dr. Wat kins is a reader of 
the historical dictionary of the Philological society 
now in course of publication in London, and for 
many years has been preparing an 44 Etymological 
Dictionary of American Geographical Names.'* 

WATKINSON. David, philanthropist, b. in 
Lavenham, Suffolk, England, 17 Jan., 1778 ; d. in 
Hartford, Conn., 13 Dec, 1857. His education was 
partly conducted by Mrs. Anna Letitia Barbauld, 
and he came to this country with his parents in 
1795, settling in Middletown, Conn. He was em- 
ployed in a counting-house in New York city, and 
in 1800 began business with his brother, William, 
in Hartford. In 1841 he retired with a fortune. 
By his will he gave $40,000 to the Hartford hos- 
pital, $20,000 to the orphan asylum, $40,000 for 
the foundation of a juvenile asylum and farm 
school for neglected and abandoned children, and 
$100,000 for a library of reference in connection 
with the Connecticut historical society, also mak- 
ing the trustees of the library of reference residu- 
ary legatees of his estate. 

WATMOUOH, John Goddard, soldier, b. in 
Wilmington. Del., 6 Dec, 1793; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa.. 27 Nov., 1861. He entered the army 
as 3d lieutenant in the 2d artillery, 22 Sept, 1813, 
and was promoted 2d lieutenant, 19 April, 1814. 
He was present in the Niagara campaign of that 
year, ana served under Capt. Alexander J. Williams 
at Fort Erie, where he was severely wounded. The 
effects of this wound he carried with him to the 
end of his life For " gallant. and meritorious con- 
duct in defence of Fort Erie " Lieut. Watmough 
received the brevet of 1st lieutenant, 15 Aug., 1814. 
The same year Gen. Gaines, who has left on record 
the most exalted idea of his gallantry, intrepidity, 
and perseverance in battle, appointed him his aide- 
de-camp. On 1 Oct., 1816, he resigned his com- 
mission in the army, and from 1831 till 1835 he 
represented in congress one of the districts of 
Philadelphia county. From 1835 till 1838 he was 
high sheriff of that county, and in 1841 he was 
appointed surveyor of the port of Philadelphia. 
When the civil war opened, mortal disease alone 
prevented him, in spite of his advanced age, from 
pressing on the government his services for active 
command in the field.— His son, James Horatio, 
naval officer, b. in Whitemarsh, Montgomery co., 
Pa., 30 July, 1822, was an acting midshipman in 
the navy from 24 Nov., 1843, till October, 1844, 
and on 12 Dec, 1844, became paymaster. During 
the Mexican war he was in most of the operations 
in California, including the bombardment of Guav- 
mas. From 1849 till 1855 he was on the brig 
" Perry " and the frigate " Constitution," on the 
coast of Africa : in 1857-8 on the steamer " Michi- 
gan," on the lakes: in 1859-'60 on the sloop *• Sara- 
toga" and in action with two Spanish steamers, 
which were taken. In 1864-'5 he was fleet pay- 
master of the South Atlantic squadron and was in 
most of the operations of that squadron, including 
those on Stono river and on James and John isl- 
ands previous to the evacuation of Charleston, S. C. 
He was subsequently general inspector, and from 
July, 1873, till November, 1877, paymaster-general. 
In 1884 he was retired.— Another son, Pendleton 
Gaines, naval officer, b. in Whitemarsh, Montgom- 
ery co., Pa., 3 May, 1828, entered the navy in 1841, 



WATSON 389 

served on the Brazil station, the Mediterranean, 
and the Pacific, and shared in the capture and oc- 
cupation of California during the Mexican war. 
He returned home in 1847, the following year was 
graduated at the naval academy, served in the 
Mediterranean and Pacific and on the coast of 
China, and resigned in 1858. In April, 1861, he 
volunteered for the civil war and was reappointed 
in the navy. The same month he was sent to plant 
a battery at Perryville, Md., to cover the transpor- 
tation tnence to Annapolis, and for a short time 
was in command of a steamer on Chesapeake bay, 
keeping open communications, and subsequently 
on other active duty afloat. In October, 1861, he 
commanded the "Curlew," of Admiral Dupont's 
fleet, and shared in the capture of Port Koval. 
Later he was in command of the " Potomska '* in 
the capture of Fernandina and occupation of the 
inland waters of the South Atlantic In 1863 he 
was ordered to the " Kansas," was in the two at- 
tacks on Fort Fisher, and in James river partici- 
pated in the final operations against Richmond. 
He resigned as lieutenant-commander in July, 1865, 
and in 1869 was appointed by President Grant col- 
lector of the port of Cleveland, Ohio, which post 
he held for eight years. 

WATSON, Alfred Augustin, P. E. bishop, b. 
in New York city, 21 Aug., 1818. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of New York in 1837, stud- 
ied law, and was admitted to practice in the su- 
preme court of the state of New York in 1841. He 
followed his profession for little more than a year 
and then began his studies for holy orders. He was 
ordered deacon in St. Ann's church, Brooklyn, by 
Bishop Onderdonk,3 Nov., 1844, and ordained priest 
in St. John's church, Favetteville, N. C, by Bishop 
Ives, 25 May, 1845. ile was rector of Grace 
church, Plymouth, and St. Luke's, Washington 
county, N. C, soon afterward, and remained there 
fourteen years. In 1858 he became rector of 
Christ church. New Berne, N. C. He served as 
chaplain to the 2d regiment of North Carolina 
state troops from 1861 till 1863, when he was elect- 
ed assistant to Bishop Atkinson, in charge of St 
James's church, Wilmington, N. C, of which he 
became rector in 1864, and served there until his 
consecration to the episcopate He received the 
degree of D. D. from the University of North 
Carolina in June. 1868. Dr. Watson was a mem- 
ber of the diocesan standing committee, and for 
many years a deputy from the diocese of North 
Carolina to the general convention. He was con- 
secrated bishop of east Carolina in St. James's 
church, Wilmington, 17 April, 1884. 

WATSON. Benjamin Frank, lawyer, b. in 
Warner, N. H., 30 April, 1826. He lived in Lowell, 
Mass., from 1835 until 1848, studied law there and in 
Lawrence and Boston, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1850. He was editor and proprietor of the 
Lawrence " Sentinel," postmaster of the city under 
Presidents Pierce, Buchanan, and Lincoln, was 
nominated for mayor, and subsequently elected 
city solicitor. He was major of the 6th regiment 
of Massachusetts militia, and on 19 Jan., 1861, at 
a meeting of its field and company officers. Col. 
Edward F. Jones presiding, offered a resolution 
tendering the services of the regiment to the presi- 
dent of the United States, which was the first offer of 
any military organization. In Anril, 1861, the 6th 
Massachusetts regiment was the first to respond to 
the president's call for volunteers. The colonel 
with eight companies passed through Baltimore, 
on their way to Washington, with no interruption 
except insulting demonstrations, but as the car 
that contained Maj. Watson and part of his corn- 
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WATSON 



WATSON 



mand was turning into Pratt street, it was de- 
railed by the moh. Ho superintended its righting, 
and kept the driver of the hordes to his duties at 
the muzzle of his revolver. The moh fired into 
the car repeatedly, and after one of his men had 
lieen wounded severely the order to fire was given 
by Maj. Watson. Afterward the detachment left 
the shattered car and marched to the depot, 
where the main body under the colonel had ar- 
rived in safety. Several soldiers were injured 
by stones and pistol-shots during the transit, 
and this was undoubtedly the first blood shed in 
the war. Shortly after this Maj. Watson was 
elected lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, and its 
command devolved noon him. In 1807 he removed 
to New York, where no has since practised law. 

WATSON, Beriuli Andre, phvsician, b. in 
Lake George, N. Y., 20 March, 1830. He ob- 
tained his education through his own exertion and 
was graduated at the medical department of the 
University of New York in 1801, and settled at 
White House. N. J. In 1802 he entered the IT. S. 
service as contract surgeon, and he was engaged in 
hospital and field service until the end of the war. 
At his retirement, on 10 July, 1805, he was surgeon 
in charge of the 1st division 0th army corps hos- 
pital, and also acting medical purveyor. He then 
settled in Jersey City, where he still practises his 
profession. He was appointed attending surgeon 
to the Jersey City charity hospital at the time of 
its organization in 1809. and since 1873 has been 
attending surgeon to St. Francis hospital, and 
Christ's hospital since 1885. The passage of the 
act that legalized the dissection of the human cada- 
ver in New Jersey was secured principally through 
his efforts and those of Dr. John I). MoGill. Dr. 
Watson has been president of the New Jersey 
academy of medicine, of which he was a founder. 
Rutgers gave him the degree of M. A. in 1882. 
He has contributed essays and rcf>orts of car.es to 
medical journals, including "A Case of Neuralgia 
treated by Extirpation of the Superior Maxillary 
Nervo" (1X71); "Pathology and Treatment of 
Chronic Ulcers M (1875) ; "Cases of Rabies Can ina 
treated with Strychina and Woorara" (1870); 
"Disease Germs: their Origin. Nature, and Rela- 
tion to Wounds" (1878); "Woorara: its Medical 
Properties and Availability for the Treatment of 
Diseases " (1882); and an " Experimental Study of 
Anaesthetics," read l>efore the American surgical 
association in Washington. D. C, 30 April, 1884. 
Dr. Watson has also translated medical essays 
from the French and German, and has published 
two book*. "Amputations and their Complica- 
tions" (Philadelphia, 1885) and "The Sportsman's 
Paradise, on the Lake Lands of Canada" (1888), 
and contributed the chapter on " Pv.Ttnia and Sep- 
ticaemia "to "Practical Medicine/' edited by Dr. 
William Pepper (Philadelphia, 1885). 

WATSON, Sir Brook, bart.. English soldier, 
b. in Plymouth, England, 7 Feb.. 1735; d. 2 Oct., 
1807. At an early age he entered the British 
navy, but he was forced to abandon his profes- 
sion, for, while he was bathing in the harbor of 
Havana, in 1740, his right leg was bitten off by a 
shark. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits 
and came to this country. In 1755 he was com- 
missarv with Col. Robert Monckton at the siege of 
Beauscjour, and in 1758 he served in the same ca- 
pacity at Louhburg with (ion. James Wolfe's di- 
vision, and was known as the " wooden-legged 
commissary." In 1759 he l>ceame a merchant in 
London, and he subsequently engaged in business 
in Montreal, Canada, and afterward in Boston. 
In 1703, with others, he obtained a grant from the 



government of Nova Scotia of the township of 
Cumberland. Before the Revolution he visited 
Massachusetts, New York, and other colonies, pro- 
fessing to be a Whig, but intercepted letters to 
(ion. Thomas Gage proved him to l>e a spy. In 
1774 he went from Boston to England in the same 
ship with John Singleton Copley, who. in 1778, 
painted a picture of Brook Watson's rescue from 
the shark. When Lord North's bill to cut off the 
fisheries of New England was before parliament in 
1775, he was examined by the house of commons. 
In 1782 he was made commissary-general to his 
friend, Sir Guy Carleton, in this country. From 
1784 till 1793 he was a member of parliament from 
London, and he was sheriff of London and Middle- 
sex in 1785, and lord mayor in 1790. In reward 
for his services in America, parliament voted his 
wife an annuity of £500 for life. He was agent in 
London for New Brunswick from 1780 till 1794, 
commissary-general to the Duke of York in 1793-'5, 
and of England from 1798 till 1800. He was made 
a baronet on 5 Dec., 1803. 

WATSON, Ebenezer. editor, b. in Bethlehem, 
Conn., in 1744; d. in Hartford, Conn., 10 Sept., 1777. 
His ancestor, John Watson, came from England 
and settled in Hartford in 1044. For several years 
El>enezer was the editor and publisher of "The 
Courant." It had been established in 1704 by 
Thomas Green, who took Watson into partnership, 
and, removing to New Haven about 1708, left him 
to be manager and editor of this journal. After 
his death his second wife, Hannah Bunco, conduct- 
ed the paper and was probably the first woman to 
edit a journal in this country. — His brother, James, 
senator, b. in New York city. 0 April, 1750; d. 
there, 15 May, 1806, was graduated at Yale in 
1770. engaged in mercantile business in New York, 
and acquired a large estate. He was a memlwr of 
the Society of the Cincinnati, and served in the 
assembly in 1791-'0, and in the state senate in 
1798. Ue was elected U. S. senator as a Democrat, 
in place of John Sloss Holwrt, and served from 11 
Dec, 1798, till 19 March. 1801, when he resigned 
to become U. S. navv agent for New York citv. 

WATSON, Fdkanah, agriculturist, b. in Plym- 
outh, Mass.. 22 Jan., 1758; d. in Port Kent, N. Y., 
5 Doc, 1842. 
In Septeml>cr, 
1773, he was 
apprenticed to 
John Brown, 
the Providence 
merchant, by 
whom he was 
sent in 1775 
to Cambridge 
with a ton ami a 
half of powder 
for Gen. Wash- 
ington's army. 
He afterward 
went to the res- 
cue of John 
Brown, who had 
been captured 
by the British. 
In 1777 he went 
to Charleston 

and other southern ports with more than $50,000 
to be invested in cargoes for the European markets. 
The description of this journey that he subse- 
quently published is the liest extant account of 
the principal towns and villages of the colonies at 
the time of the Revolution. In August, 1779, he 
was the bearer of despatches from the American 




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391 



government to Dr. Benjamin Franklin at Paris, 
who gave him letters of introduction to eminent 
English statesmen. He engaged in mercantile 
pursuits in Nantes, but after three years of pros- 
perity lost his property, lie then visited Eng- 
land, where he contributed to the relief of Com. 
Silas Talbot, who was confined in the Mills prison, 
near Plymouth, went to Holland and Flanders in 
1784, and returned to Newport in December of 
that year, bringing with him a present of books 
from Dr. Sharp, a brother of Granville Sharp, to 
Gen. Washington, whom he visited at " Mt. Ver- 
non." Mr. Watson says: "I remained alone in 
the society of Washington for two days, the rich- 
est of my life." Much of the conversation of 
Washington was in regard to his plans for improv- 
ing the navigation of the Potomac, and Mr. Wat- 
son thus became interested in schemes of internal 
improvement. He went to South Carolina, where 
he engaged in trade between that state and Hayti. 
In 1789 ne removed from Providence, R. I., to Al- 
bany, N. Y., where for eighteen years he was an 
active promoter of public enterprises, including 
the improvement of the navigation of Hudson 
river, the projection of an interior canal for New 
York state, the establishment of the Albany 
bank, the paving of the city, the organization of 
sta^e routes to the west, and the advancement of 
agriculture and education. In 1791, with Jere- 
miah Van Rensselaer, Gen. Philip Van Cortlandt, 
and Stephen Bayard, he made a tour through the 
state to examine into the practicability of the 
schemes for inland navigation. After travelling 
several years in Europe, he published in London 
an account of his pioneer trip in western New 
York. In 1807 he removed to Pittsfield, Mass., 
where he engaged in farming, introduced merino 
sheep into Berkshire county, and founded there 
the Berkshire agricultural society. In 1816 he re- 
turned to Albany, and in that year organized the 
first agricultural society in New' York. He visited 
Michigan, examined the lake region, and explored 
the route to Montreal with a view to its improve- 
ment and to connect the lake region with the sea- 
board. He again visited Eurooc, and in 1828 set- 
tled in Port Kent, on Lake Cnamnlain. Besides 
frequent contributions to periodicals, he published 
many pamphlets on agriculture and economical 
topics, and was the author of a "Tour in Holland 
in MDCCLXXXIV, by an American" (Worcester, 
1790); " History of the Rise, Progress, and Exist- 
ing Condition of the Western Canals in the State 
of New York, 1788-1819," etc. (Albany, 1820); 
44 Rise, Progress, and Existing State of Modern 
Agricultural Societies" (1820); and "History of 
Agricultural Societies on the Modern Berkshire 
System" (1820). A pamphlet was published by 
Col. Robert Troup entitled "A Vindication of the 
Claim of Elkanah Watson to the Merit of project- 
ing the Lake Canal Policy" (Geneva, 1831); and 
his son, Winslow C. Watson, edited a valuable 
autobiographical work entitled ** Men and Times 
of the Revolution, or Memoirs of Elkanah Wat- 
son; including Journals of Travels in Europe and 
America from 1777 to 1842; with his Correspond- 
ence with Public Men, and Reminiscences and In- 
cidents of the Revolution " (New York and Lon- 
don, 1855; 2d ed., with illustrations, 1850).— His 
son, Winslow Cossonl, author, b. in Albany, N. Y., 
22 Dec., 1803, published a "Treatise on Practical 
Husbandry" (2 |»arts, Albany, 1854-'5): "Eulogy 
on Lieut.-Col. G. T. Thomas" (Burlington, N. J., 
1862); " Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley, 
being an Account of the Settlement of the Town 
of Willsborough, by William Gilliland, together 



with his Journal and other Papers and a Memoir" 
(Albanv, 18G3); "The History of Essex County, 
New York, and Military Annals of Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point, etc." (1870); and addresses, pam- 
phlets, and religious, political, and agricultural 
papers in periodicals. 

WATSdN, Henry Clay, author, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., in 1831 ; d. in Sacramento. Cnl.. 10 July, 
1809. He removed to Philadelphia, Pa., at an early 
age, adopted the profession of journalism, and was 
editorially connected with the "North American," 
the " Evening Journal," and other papers. He sub- 
sequently removed to California, and at the time 
of his death edited the Sacramento " Times." He 
was the author of several volumes of hunting ad- 
venture, besides which his publications include 
"Camp-Fires of the Revolution" (Philadelphia, 
1851); "Nights in a Block-House" (l& r )2); "Old 
Bell of Independence " (1852); "The Yankee Tea- 
pot" (1853); "Lives of the Presidents of the 
United States" (Boston. 1853); "Heroic Women 
of Historv" (Philadelphia, 1853); "The Ladies' 
Glee-Book" (New York, 1854); "The Masonic 
Musical Manual " (1855) : and " Camp-Fires of Na- 
poleon " (Philadelphia, 1856). 

WATSON, Henry Cood, musical critic, b. in 
London. England, in 1810; d. in New York city, 2 
Dec, 1875. His father was conductor of the or- 
chestra at Covent Garden theatre, and his sisters 
were well-known oratorio-singers. He had a fine 
voice, and made his debut in the first performance 
of Weber's opera "Oberon" at Covent Garden, in 
November, 1829. Subsequently he achieved suc- 
cess in London as a composer and musical critic, 
came to this country in 1840, and was art-critic for 
the New York " World," in which he published 
several poems. He became connected with the 
"Musical Chronicle" in 1843. and contributed to 
various periodicals. In 1844 he was art and musi- 
cal critic for the New York " Albion," and in 1845 
was associated with Charles F. Briggs and Edgar 
Allan Poe in founding the " Broadway Journal." 
He founded the " Musical Guest," a monthly maga- 
zine, separate editions of which were devoted to 
sacred and operatic music, and published in it 
many of his own compositions. For several years 
previous to 1801 he was editor-in-chief of Frank 
Leslie's " Illustrated Newspaper and Ladies' Maga- 
zine." In 1802 he founded the" Art Journal," and 
in 1803 became musical critic of the New York 
" Tribune." He was a founder of the New York 
Philharmonic society, of the 1 American Musical 
fund association, and of the Vocal society (after- 
ward called the Mendelssohn union), and was asso- 
ciated with William Vincent Wallace and Carlos 
D. Stuart in organizing the famous Mendelssohn 
concert at Castle Garden. Mr. Watson wrote the 
libretto for Wallace's opera " Lurline" (1854). 

WATSON, James Craig, astronomer, b. in 
Fingal, Ontario, Canada. 28 Jan., 1838; d. in 
Madison, Wis., 23 Nov.. 1880. He was of Ameri- 
can ancestry, and was born during a visit, of his 
parents to Canada. He was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1857, and in his junior year 
performed the phenomenal task of reading lja- 
place's " Mecanique celeste" from beginning to 
end. During his final year he was the sole pupil 
in the observatory, where he spent part of his time 
in grinding lenses and in the construction of a 
telescope. On his graduation he became assistant 
to the chair of astronomy, and in his work he dis- 
played such aptitude as "an observer and such ra- 
pidity in his computations that in 1859 he was 
appointed professor of astronomy. In 1800 he was 
given the department of physics, but in 1863 re- 



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392 WATSON 

sumed charge of the department of astronomy, and 
was made director of the observatory. In 1879 he 
was called to the chair of astronomy and the di- 
rectorship of Washburn observatory in the Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin. He discovered a comet on 29 
April, 1856, while he was still an undergraduate, 
and on 20 Oct, 1857, he discovered independently 
an asteroid that had been found a few days pre- 
viously. In 1858 he devoted his attention to Do- 
nati's comet, and his computation of its orbit is 
accepted as authoritative. His first independent 
planetary discovery was on 14 Sept., 1863, of the 
asteroid Eurynome, and on 9 Jan., 1864, the comet 
known as 1,868, vi., which had previously been 
noted, was found by him. He discovered on 7 Oct., 
1865, the asteroid that has since been named Io, 
and on 24 Aug., 1867, he discovered Minerva, and 
on 6 Sept., 1867, Aurora. During 1868 he added 
six minor planets to the solar system. He was a 
member of the government expedition to observe 
the solar eclipse at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in 1869, 
and was sent on a similar mission in 1870 to Car- 
lentini, Sicily. In 1874 he was appointed to the 
charge of the American party that observed the 
transit of Venus from Peking, China. On this ex- 
pedition he made his eighteenth planetary discov- 
ery, to which he gave the name Juewa. Prof. 
Watson was one of the iudges of award at the 
World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876, and wrote a 
"Report on Horological Instruments." In 1878 
he had charge of the government expedition to 
Wyoming to observe the total solar eclipse, and on 
that occasion he paid special attention to the ex- 
istence of an intra- Mercurial planet as well as that 
of an extra-Neptunian one, in both of which he 
believed. On 29 July, 1878, he determined the 
exact locality of what he believed to be 44 Vulcan," 
and he further satisfied himself of the existence of 
a second intra-Mercurial planet. Subsequent to 
his removal to Madison he devoted his energies to 
remodelling the observatory structure, and intro- 
ducing original features of nis own devising. For 
many years he was actuary of the Michigan mu- 
tual life insurance company, and by commercial 
enterprises he acquired a moderate fortune, of 
which he bequeathed $16,000 to the National 
academy of sciences, the income of which is used 
partly as a research fund and partly for the Wat- 
son medal. The total number of asteroids that 
he discovered was twenty-three, and in 1870 he 
received the Lalande gold medal from the French 
academy of sciences for the discovery of six aster- 
oids in one year. In 1875 the khedive of Egypt 
made him knight commander of the Imperial order 
of the Medjidieh. The degree of Ph. D. was con- 
ferred on him by the University of Leipsic in 1870, 
and that of LL. D. by Columbia in 1877. In 1867 
he was elected to the National academy of sci- 
ences. His contributions to astronomical journals 
were frequent, besides which he published a 44 Popu- 
lar Treatise on Comets " (Philadelphia, 1860) ; 
44 Theoretical Astronomy " (1868) ; and 44 Tables for 
Calculation of Simple and Compound Interest and 
Discount" (Ann Arbor, 1879). 

WATSON, James Madison, author, b. in 
Onondaga county, N. Y„ 8 Feb., 1827. He was 
educated, in the public schools, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar of Syracuse, N. Y., in 
1858. He then connected himself with the pub- 
lishing-house of A. S. Barnes and Co., New York 
city, and, aided by Richard G. Parker, prepared a 
senes of 44 National Readers and Spellers (New 
York, 1853-'5). For the subsequent twelve years 
he devoted himself to teaehingin New York and 
adjacent states. He settled in Elizabeth, N. J., in 



WATSON 



1871, became president of the city board of educa- 
tion, was president of the New Jersey sanitary 
association in 1871 and 1882, and of the Temper- 
ance reform and order club. He has given much 
time and study to temperance and sanitary re- 
forms, and to physical training. He has published 
44 Hand- Book of Gymnastics and Calisthenics ** 
(New York, 1864) ; 44 Manual of Calisthenics " (1864) : 
a series of 4 * Independent Readers " (1868-'71) ; and 
one of 44 Independent Spellers " (1871-8). 

WATSON, James Mulr, naval officer, b. in Vir- 
ginia, 15 July. 1808 ; d. in Vallejo, Cal., 17 April, 
1878. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 1 Feb., 
1823, and became a lieutenant, 80 Dec., 1831. On 
14 March. 1847, he took command of the store- 
ship 44 Erie," in which he served during the Mexi- 
can war. On 11 Nov., 1847, under direction of 
Com. Shubrick. he commanded the naval force of 
600 men in the boats of the 44 Independence." 
"Congress," 44 Cyane," and "Erie," with which he 
captured the city of Mazatlan without resistance 
from the Mexicans, who retreated to the interior. 
He returned from this cruise in command of the 
44 Erie," 24 June, 1848, was placed on the reserved 
list, 13 Sept., 1855, and was unemployed, waiting 
orders, the rest of his life, except in 1863-'6, when 
he served as light-house inspector. He was com- 
missioned a commander on the reserved list, 1 Feb., 
1861, retired 21 Dec., 1861, and was promoted to 
commodore on the retired list, 16 July, 1862. He 
resided in California after he was put on the re- 
served list until his death. 

WATSON, James V., author, b. in London, 
England, in 1814 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 17 Oct., 1856. 
He came to this country at the age of six years, 
and in 1832 entered the ministry of the Methodist 
Episcopal church, afterward receiving the degree 
of D. D. He was editor of the 44 Michigan Chris- 
tian Advocate "and of the " Northwestern Chris- 
tian Advocate " in Chicago in 1852-'6, and was the 
author of 44 Helps to the Promotion of Revivals " 
(New York, 1856) and " Tales and Takings, Sketches 
and Incidents from the Itinerant ana Editorial 
Budget of the Rev. J. V. Watson " (1857). 

WATSON, John, physician, b. in Londonderry, 
Ireland, 16 April, 1807; d. in New York city, 8 
June, 1863. He came to this country with his 
parents in 1810, settled in New York city in 1818, 
was graduated at the New York college of phy- 
sicians and surgeons in 1882, and was on the surgi- 
cal staff of the New York hospital in 1832-'3. In 
1838-75 he was physician of the New York dispen- 
sary, and from 1839 till 1862 he was an attending 
surgeon of the New York hospital, where he intro- 
duced many reforms and improvements. In con- 
nection with Dr. Henry D. Bulkley, he established 
an infirmary for cutaneous diseases, which was or- 
ganized soon afterward as the Broome street school 
of medicine, where Dr. Watson held the chair of 
surgical pathology. He was instrumental in or- 
ganizing the New York medical and surgical so- 
ciety, the American medical association, and the 
New York academy of medicine, of which latter 
institution he was president in 1859-'60. With 
Dr. John A. Swett he established the 44 New York 
Medical and Surgical Journal." Dr. Watson was 
the author of numerous reports, essays, and re- 
views in professional journals, and published a 
•* Lecture on Practical Education in Medicine and 
on the Course of Instruction at the New York 
Hospital" (New York, 1846); "Thermal Ventila- 
tion and other Sanitary Improvements applicable 
to Public Buildings and recently adopted at the 
New York Hospital" (1851); 44 The Medical Pro- 
fession in Ancient Times" (1856); "The Parish 



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Will Case Critically Examined in Reference to the 
Mental Competency of Mr. Henry Parish to exe- 
cute the Codicils appended to his Will ; and Notes 
in Reply to an Article entitled 4 The Parish Will ' " 
(1857); "The True Physician" (1860); "Obscuri- 
ties of Disease " ; 44 Clinical Acumen, or the Sources 
of Misjudgraent in the Study of Disease''; and a 
44 History of Medicine " (1862). 

WATSON, John Tadwell, British soldier, b. in 
London, England, in 1748; d. in Calais, France, 
11 June, 1826. He entered the 3d foot-guards in 
April, 1767, and became captain and lieutenant- 
colonel in November, 1778. In the spring of 1781, 
with 500 picked men, he undertook the destruction 
of Gen. Francis Marion's brigade. After several 
skirmishes, and being constantly annoyed by the 
wary partisan, whom he could not bring to a con- 
flict except on his own terms, he fled to George- 
town, complaining that Marion 44 would not fight 
like a gentleman or a Christian." He became 
colonel in 1783, and general in April, 1808. 

WATSON, John Whitaker, poet. b. in New 
York city, 14 Oct., 1824: died there, 18 July, 1890. 
He was educated at the New York University, and 
studied medicine, but became a journalist and en- 
graver. He wrote forty-eight serials for a weekly 
paper, some of which have been dramatized, notably 
the story of "Thirty Millions," under the title of 
"The World." He published "Beautiful Snow, 
and other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1869). 

WATSON, Paul Barron, author, b. in Morris- 
town, N. J., 25 March, 1861. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1881, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1885. and practises in Boston. He has pub- 
lished a 44 Bibliography of the Pre-Columbian Dis- 
coveries of America in the 14 Library Journal " 
(1881), which was reprinted in Rasmus B. Ander- 
son's "America not Discovered by Columbus" 
(Chicago, 1884), and is the author of a 44 Life of 
Marcus Aurelius " (New York, 1884). 

WATSON, Sereno, botanist, b. in East Wind- 
sor Hill, Conn., 1 Dec., 1826. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1847. From 1867 till 1871 he was botanist 
to the U. S. geological exploration of the 40th par- 
allel under Clarence King. In 1874 he became 
curator of the herbarium of Harvard, which place 
he still holds. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred 
on him by Iowa college in 1878. He is a fellow of 
the American academy of arts and sciences, and of 
the American association for the advancement of 
science. Besides numerous contributions to scien- 
tific journals on American botany, he is the author 
of vol v. on " Botany " in the series of 44 Reports of 
the Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel" 
(Washington, 1871); 44 Bibliographical Index to 
North American Botany, Part I., Polvpetalae " 
(1878); and, in connection with William l). Brewer 
and Asa Gray, 44 Botany of California " (2 vols., 
Cambridge. 1876-'80). 

WATSON, William, educator, b. in Nantucket, 
Mass., 19 Jan., 1834. He was graduated at the 
Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in 1857, 
where he was then instructor in differential and 
integral calculus until 1859, meanwhile taking a 
second degree in 1858. From 1859 till 1863 he 
was in Europe collecting information on technical 
education, which he communicated to William B. 
Rogers, who made it the basis of the scheme of or- 
ganization of the Massachusetts inst itute of technol- 
ogy in Boston. He also took a partial course at 
the Ecole des ponts et chaussees in Paris, and re- 
ceived in 1862 the degree of Ph. D. from the Uni- 
versity of Jena, Germany. In 1865 he became pro- 
fessor of mechanical engineering and descriptive 
geometry in the Institute of technology, which 



chair he held until 1873. He was a commissioner 
to the World's fair in Vienna in 1873, and served 
on the international jury of that in Paris in 1878, 
during which year he was honorary vice-president 
of the Paris congress of hygiene, and honorary 
president of the Paris congress of architects. He 
field the same relation to the French association 
for the advancement of science in 1878, 1881, and 
1883. Prof. Watson is a member of engineering 
societies in this country and abroad, and was 
elected secretary of the American academy of arts 
and sciences in 1884. In addition to papers that 
he has read before learned societies, he has pub- 
lished "Technical Education" (printed privately, 
Boston, 1872); "Course in Descriptive Geometry 
for the Use of Colleges and Scientific Schools 
(1873); 44 Report on the Civil Engineering, Public 
Works, and Architecture of the Vienna Exhibi- 
tion" (Washington, 1876); and "Course in Shades 
and Shadows" (Boston, 1885). 

WATSON, William Robinson, politician, b. 
in South Kingston, R. I., 14 Dec, 1799; d. in 
Providence, R. 1., 29 Aug., 1864. He was gradu- 
ated at Brown in 1823, studied law in Providence, 
and was admitted to the bar, but engaged little in 
the practice of his profession, devoting his life 
chiefly to politics. From 1827 till 1838, and again 
in 1835, he was clerk of the court of common pleas 
for the county of Providence. In 1841-'5, and 
1849-'54. he was collector of the port of Providence. 
In 1854 he was chosen secretary of state of Rhode 
Island, but he lost his election the following year, 
when the Native American party carried the state. 
In 1856 he was appointed bv the general assembly 
state auditor, serving until May, 1868. He fre- 
quently edited political journals, and wrote for 
the press, vindicating and explaining the doctrines 
of the Whig party with great vigor. The most 
elaborate of his writings was a series of papers that 
was first published in 1844 in the Providence 44 Jour- 
nal," under the signature of " Hamilton," and which 
were afterward printed in pamphlet-form. — His 
son, William Henry, physician, b. in Providence, 
R. I., 8 Nov., 1829, was graduated at Brown in 1852, 
studied medicine in Providence, and, after receiv- 
ing his degree in 1854, settled in Ut ica. N. V. He 
also received the honorary degree of M. D. from 
the University of the state of New York in 1878. 
He travelled extensively in Europe to study the 
various systems of medical education, and on his 
return delivered an address at the 23d convocation 
of the University of the state of New York on 9 
July, 1885, in which he insisted that it is the pre- 
rogative of the state to determine the educational 
qualifications of physicians, and that there must 
be an entire separation of the teaching from the 
licensing interests. This address received the 
unanimous approval of the convocation, and widely 
attracted public attention. He was examiner in 
diagnosis and pathology in the State board of 
medical examination from 1872 till 1881, U. S. 
examining pension surgeon from 1875 till 1881, 
surgeon - general of New York state from 1880 
till 1883, and since 1882 has been regent of the 
University of the state of New York. Dr. Watson 
has been active in establishing homoeopathic soci- 
eties and institutions, was a founder of the Homoe- 
opathic medical societv of Oneida county, N. Y., 
and was its president in 18G0-'l, and in 1868 be- 
came president of the Homoeopathic medical soci- 
ety of New York state. lie was a founder of the 
New York state homceoi»athic asylum for the in- 
sane at Middletown, ana was a trustee in 1873-'6. 
He was appointed a commissioner of the state 
reservation at Niagara in 1888. In addition to 



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addresses, he is the author of several monographs 
and papers, including "The Past and Present Posi- 
tion of Homoeopathy and the Duties of its Prac- 
titioners " (1861); 44 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis" 
(1863); " Nosological Classification of Disease," 
with Dr. Horace M. Paine (1863); "The Medical 
Profession, its Duties and Responsibilities, and the 
Relation of the Homoeopathic to its Allopathic 
Branch" (1869); "No Sectarian Tests for Office, 
and No Sectarian Monopoly of National Institu- 
tions " (1871) ; 44 The Homoeopathic School " (1872) : 
and "The Advanced Medical Act" (1872). 

WATTEAU, Boudoin Louis (vat-to), French 
explorer, b. in Douai in 1570; d. in Paris in 1627. 
He traded with the West Indies and South Ameri- 
ca, visited also Brazil, and, lured by accounts of 
riches in the fabulous Eldorado, induced mer- 
chants of Douai and Dunkirk to arm an expedition 
to explore Guiana. The scheme failed, as the com- 
pany of the twelve lords refused permission to en- 
ter the country, and Watteau sailed for the Indies, 
where he took a cargo for the western coast of 
Peru, returning by way of the Strait of Magellan 
in 1624-'6. He went afterward to Paris to solicit 
permission to establish a colony in Patagonia, but 
he died without obtaining the grant. He wrote 
** Voyage des Franeais aux Indes Orientales, Peru, 
delroit de Magellan. Patagonie et au Brcsil, fait 
pendant les annees !624-'6" (2 vols., Paris, 1627). 
This is a curious work, which contains interesting 
details on the manner of trading in India and Peru 
at the beginning of the 17th century. It was never 
reprinted, and only a few copies are known to 
exist. One of them was sold in 1829 for $ 280. 

WATTERS, John, naval officer, b. in Michi- 
gan, 5 Jan., 1831 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 Jan.. 
1874. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 12 
Feb., 1846, was promoted to lieutenant, 16 Sept., 
1855. and was on duty as an instructor at the naval 
academy in 1857-'9. While he was attached to 
the "Minnesota" the civil war began, and he was 
actively employed in engagements and captures at 
Hatteras inlet* and in the sounds of North Caro- 
lina. He served in command of boat expeditions 
by which he captured several blockade-runners in 
the vicinity of Fort Monroe, and he also partici- 
pated in the engagements with the ** Merrimac " 
and the batteries at Sewell's point. He was pro- 
moted to lieutenant -commander, 16 July, 1862, 
was executive officer of the steamer 44 Mononga- 
hela " in Farragut's squadron, and during the 
operations against Port Hudson and Vicksburg 
commanded the gun-boat "Kineo." He was as- 
signed to patrol Mississippi river in this vessel in 
1863-'5, and convoyed army transports by the Con- 
federate batteries along the banks of the river. 
He was promoted to commander. 14 April, 1867. 
and was attached to the naval academy in 1866-'8. 
He was assigned the sloop "Cyane," in the Pacific 
squadron, in 1868-*9, and was stationed at the New 
York navy-yard, in 1870-'3, on the receiving-ship. 
In 1873 he had of charge the "Ossipee" on the 
North Atlantic station, from which he was de- 
tached just before his death. 

WATTERS, William, clergyman, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., 16 Oct., 1751 ; d. in Fairfax county, 
Va., 29 March. 1829. His parents were Episco- 
palians, but he became a convert to Methodism in 
1771, and in the following year began to preach. 
In 1773 he was received on trial bv the Philadel- 
phia conference, thus becoming tlie first native 
Methodist itinerant in this country. He preached 
in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia till 1805, 
when he retired to his farm on Potomac river. 
His seven brothers were among the first in that 



region to open their house to Methodist preachers, 
and his home was looked upon as the headquarters 
of Methodism in that region. 

WATTERSON, Harvey McOee, journalist, b. 
in Bedford county, Tenn., 23 Nov., 1811. He was 
educated at Cumberland college, Princeton. Ky., 
and established a newspaper at Shelbyville, Tenn., 
the capital of his native county, in 1831. He was 
elected to the legislature in 1835, served in con- 
gress in 1839-'43, having been chosen as a Demo- 
crat, declined a re-election in the latter year, and 
was sent by the president on a diplomat ic mission 
to Buenos Ay res. On his return in 1845 he was 
elected to the state senate, and chosen president 
of that body. He was owner and editor of the 
Nashville 44 Cnion " from 1850 till the close of 1851. 
was connected with the editorial department of 
the Washington 44 Union " in 1853-'4, was a dele- 
gate to the National Democratic convention of 
1860, where he voted for the nomination of Stephen 
A. Douglas, was an elector for the state at large 
on the Douglas ticket the same year, and chosen 
to the State convention in February. 1861, as a 
Unionist. He practised law in Washington for 
fourteen years after the war, and since 1878 has 
been a member of the editorial staff of the Louis- 
ville 44 Courier-Journal." — His son, Henry, jour- 
nalist, b. in Washington. D. C, 16 Feb., 1840, in 
consequence of defective eyesight, was educated 
chiefly by private tutors, lie entered the profes- 
sion of iournalism 
in Washington in 
1858. and in 1861, 
returning to Ten- 
nessee, he edited 
the 44 Republican 
Banner" in Nash- 
ville. He served 
on the Confeder- 
ate side during the 
civil war in vari- 
ous capacities, be- 
ing a staff-officer 
in 1861-'3, and 
chief of scouts in 
Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston's army 
in 1864. After the 
war he revived the 
44 Banner," but 
soon afterward 
went to Louisville, Kv., to reside, and in 1867 
succeeded George D. Prentice as editor of the 
"Journal." In the year following he united the 
"Courier" and the "Times" with it, and in con- 
nection with Walter N. Haldeman founded the 
44 Courier- Journal," of which he has since been the 
editor. He was a member of congress from 12 
Aug., 1876, till 3 March, 1877, being chosen to fill 
a vacancy, but, with this exception, has always de- 
clined public office. He has sat for Kentucky as 
delegate-at- large in four National Democratic con- 
ventions, presiding over the St. Louis convention 
in 1876, and serving as chairman of the platform 
committees in the Cincinnati convention in 1880 
and in the one at St. Louis in 1888. He is identi- 
fied with the revenue-reform movement of the 
Democratic party as an aggressive advocate of free- 
trade ideas. He was a personal friend and a reso- 
lute follower of Samuel J. Tilden. Mr. Watterson 
has often appeared as a public speaker, notably on 
political occasions, and his advice is sought by 
the leaders of his party. He has also contributed 
freely to periodicals, and edited 44 Oddities of South- 
ern Life and Character" (Boston, 1882). 




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WATTERSON, John Ambrose, R. C. bishop, 
b. in Blairsville, Indiana co.. Pu., 27 May. 1844. 
After being graduated at Mount St. Mary's col- 
lege, Emmitsburg, in 1805, he studied for the 
priesthood and was ordained on 8 Aug., 1808. He 
was then appointed professor in Mount St. Mary's, 
and in 1877 he was made president. In 1880 he 
was nominated bishop of Columbus, and was con- 
secrated on 8 Aug. of that year. He devoted him- 
self specially to the work of education, and in 1884 
founded a college in Columbus. The diocese con- 
tains 92 churches, 37 chapels and stations, 80 
priests, and 17 ecclesiastical students. 

WATTERSTON, George, librarian, b. in New 
York city, 23 Oct., 1783 ; d. in Washington. D. C, 
4 Feb., 1854. He was educated at Charlotte Hall 
college. St Mary's county, Md., studied law, and 
followed his profession in Maryland and in the 
District of Columbia. In 1814 he served in the 
defence of Washington against the British, and in 
March, 1815. was appointed the first librarian of 
congress, which place he held until 1829. He was 
also secretary to the National Washington monu- 
ment association from its inception. He was the 
author of numerous books, including "Letters 
from Washington" (Washington, 1818); "Course 
of Study preparatory to the Bar or the Senate " 
(1823) ; and " The Wanderer in Washington " (1827). 

WATTS, Frederick, soldier, b. in Wales, 1 
June, 1719 ; d. on his farm on Juniata river, 3 Oct., 
1795. He received a fair English education, came 
to this country with his wife and family about 
1700, and settled in Cumberland county, Pa. When 
the Revolutionary war began he became a member 
of the Cumberland county committee, and was 
commissioned a lieutenant-colonel of one of the 
associated battalions. When the Flying camp was 
organized by direction of congress he was in com- 
mand of the battalion that was assigned to Cum- 
berland county, which was captured at the surren- 
der of Fort Washington, 10 Nov., 1770. After his 
exchange he served in various capacities. He was 
commissioned justice of the peace, 1 April, 1778, 
chosen representative to the assembly in 1779, and 
appointed a sub-lieutenant of Cumberland county 
in 1780. He was commissioned brigadier-general of 
Pennsylvania militia, 27 May, 1782, in which capa- 
city he did excellent service in protecting the 
frontier counties of the state from the wild savages 
and marauding Tories. He was a member of the 
supreme executive council from October, 1787, un- 
til its abolition by the state constitution of 1790. 
At the close of his official life he returned to his 
farm on the Juniata.— His son, David, lawyer, b. 
in Cumberland county, Pa., 29 Oct., 1764; d. in 
Carlisle, Pa., 25 Sept., 1819, was graduated at 
Dickinson college in 1787, read law in Philadel- 
phia under William Lewis, and was admitted to 
the bar in October, 1790. For a long period he 
was the leader at the bar in the interior of Penn- 
sylvania, and his practice extended over two thirds 
of the state. He was an impassioned, forcible, and 
fluent speaker.— David's son, Frederick, jurist, b. 
in Carlisle, Pa., 9 May, 1801, was graduated at 
Dickinson college in 1819, entered the office of 
Andrew Carothers as a law-student in 1821, and 
was admitted to the bar in August, 1824. In 1845 
he became president of the Cumberland Valley 
railroad, ana through his energy that corporation 
was brought to a high state of prosperity. He was 
commissioned, 9 March, 1849, president-judge of 
the 9th judicial district of Pennsylvania, which 
office he filled until 1852, when the elective judi- 
ciary began. He then resumed hi' practice at the 
bar at Carlisle, which has been one of great activi- 



ty and success. In 1871 he was tendered the ap- 
pointment of commissioner of agriculture, which 
ne at first declined ; but, the offer being renewed, 
he accepted the appointment, and entered upon his 
duties on 1 Aug. of that year, serving till 1877, 
when he retired to Carlisle, As state reporter he 
edited the reports of the supreme court from 1832 
till 1840 (10 vols., Philadelphia, 1834-'41), and sub- 
sequently he edited the reports from 1841 till 1845 
(9 vols., 1842-'0).— Another son of David, Henry 
Miller, lawyer, b. in Carlisle. Pa., 10 Oct., 1805, 
was graduated at Dickinson college in 1824, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and began 
practice at Pittsburg. He served as deputy attor- 
ney-general in 1828-'9, sat in the legislature in 
1835-'8, and in 1841 was appointed U. S. attorney 
for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. He visited 
Europe in 1857, in 1801 was one of the founders of 
the tnion league of Philadelphia, and in 18G8-'9 
was U. S. minister to Austria. After leaving Vi- 
enna, Mr. Watts visited several countries in Eu- 
rope, and on his return engaged in the develop- 
ment of the iron and coal interests of his state. 

WATTS, John, lovalist, b. in New York city, 
10 April, 1715; d. in Wales in August, 1789. fie 
married Ann, daughter of Stephen De Lancey, in 
July, 1742, represented New York city in the as- 
sembly for many years, and was a member of the 
council in 1757-'75. He was one of the wealthiest 
land-proprietors of the colony, one of the original 
founders and trustees of the New York society li- 
brary in 1754, presented its first clock to the New 
York exchange in 1700. and the same year was 
elected the first president of the New "\ork city 
hospital. He was opposed to the Revolution, anil 
in 1775 removed to England. His estate was con- 
fiscated, but part of it was repurchased and re- 
conveyed on 1 Julv, 1784, to his sons. Robert and 
John. His wife, Ann De Lancey, died two months 
after leaving New York. His daughter, Ann (died 
in 1793) married Capt. Archibald Kennedy, of the 
royal navy, who became eleventh Earl of Cassilis. 
Their son, the twelfth earl, was born in this coun- 
try. — John's son, John, b. in New York city, 27 Aug., 
1749; d. there, 3 Sept., 1830, was the last roval re- 
corder of the city of New York. He served three 
times as speaker of the New York assembly, was a 
member of congress in 1793-'0, and from 1802 till 
1808 was judge of Westchester county. John G. 
Leake, a wealthy resident of New York city, dying 
childless, left his extensive properties to his rela- 
tive, Rol>ert J. Watte, on condition that Mr. Watts 
should assume the name of I^eake. The gentle- 
man, the only living son of John Watts, Jr., ac- 
cepted the property on the terms mentioned, but 
very soon died. Mr. Leake's will being defective 
as to the real estate, that escheated to the state of 
New York, and the personal property went to his 
father, who, being grieved that his only male rep- 
resentative should have consented to change his 
name, and deeply afflicted by the loss of his son, 
determined that* he would not benefit personally 
by the money thus acquired, but apply it to the 
purpose designed by Mr. Leake in case Robert J. 
Watts had not assumed his name. John Watts 
then founded and endowed the charity entitled the 
Leake and Watts orphan-house. In 1887 the insti- 
tution was removed to Westchester county, N. Y., 
the property having been purchased as a site for 
the Protestant Episcopal cathedral. Mr. Watte 
married his cousin, Jane De Lancey, and they were 
considered the handsomest couple of the day. 

WATTS, Robert, educator, b. in Fordham, 
N. Y., in 1812 ; d. in Paris, France, 8 Sept, 1807. 
He was graduated at Columbia in 1831 and at the 

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College of physicians and surgeons in 1835. While 
an undergraduate he was appointed lecturer on an- 
atomy in Vermont medical college, and in 1838 he 
was professor of anatomy there and at the Berk- 
shire medical institution at Pittsfield, Mass. From 
1839 till his death he was professor of anatomy in 
the College of physicians and surgeons. New \ork 
city, and from 18&9 he was one of the attending 
physicians of the Nursery and child's hospital 
During all this period he was extensively engaged 
in private jiractice. He was one of the founders of 
the New \ ork pathological society and for several 
years its presiding officer. Dr. Watts contributed 
many articles to medical periodicals and revised and 
edited, with notes, several manuals of anatomy. 

WATTS, Robert, author, b. in Moneylane, 
County Down, Ireland, 10 July, 1820. He re- 
moved to this country and was graduated at Wash- 
ington college, Lexington, Va., in 1849, and at 
Princeton theological seminary in 1852. He en- 
tered the ministry of the Presbyterian church, es- 
tablished the Westminster church in Philadelphia, 
Pa., in 1852, and became its pastor in 1853. Re- 
turning to Ireland, he was installed as pastor in 
Dublin in 1863, and in 1806 was appointed profes- 
sor of systematic theology in the Assembly's col- 
lege at Belfast He has published "Calvin and 
Calvinism" (Edinburgh, 1866); "Utilitarianism" 
(Belfast, 1868) ; " What is Presbyterian ism t " (1870) : 
" Prelatic Departures from Reformation Princi- 
ples" (Edinburgh, 1871); "Arminian Departures 
from Reformation Principles" (1871) ; " Atomism " 
(Belfast, 1874) ; " Herbert Spencer's Biological Hy- 
pothesis " (1875); "The Doctrine of Eternal Pun- 
ishment" (1877); "The New Apologetic" (Edin- 
burgh, 1879) ; " The Newer Criticism " (1881) ; and 
"The Rule of Faith and the Doctrine of Inspira- 
tion " (London, 1885). 

WATTS, Stephen, lawyer, b. about 1743; d. in 
Louisiana in 1788. He was the son of Stephen 
Watts, of Southampton, Bucks co., Pa., and was 
graduated at the College of Philadelphia (now Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania) in 1762, becoming a tutor 
while still a student. In 1766 John Sargent, a 
member of the British parliament, offered to the 
college a gold medal for the best English essay on 
the " Reciprocal Advantage of a Perpetual Union 
between Great Britain and tier American Colonies." 
Young Watts competed for the medal, and his es- 
say on the subject was published (Philadelphia, 
1766). The medal was won by John Morgan, who 
shortly afterward became the founder of the first 
medical school in America. Watts was elected on 
8 March, 1768, a member of the American philo- 
sophical society. He studied law, and in 1769 was 
admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. In 1774 he 
settled in Louisiana, and afterward became re- 
corder of deeds of the English settlement on the 
Mississippi, nis wife was a daughter of Ralph 
Assheton, a provincial councillor of Pennsylvania, 
and his daughter, Margaret Cyrilla, became the 
wife of Don Manuel Gagoso de Lemos, who was 
brigadier-general and governorof the Spanish colo- 
ny at Natchez until 1797, when he succeeded the 
Baron de Carondclet as governor of Louisiana. 
Mr. Watts contributed to John Beveridgc's " Epis- 
tolro Familiares" (1765). 

WATTS, Thomas Hill, statesman, b. in Butler 
county, Ala., 3 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at 
the University of Virginia in 1840, and began the 
practice of law at Greenville, in his native county, 
in 1841. In 1842 he was elected to the legislature, 
and he was returned in 1844 and 1845. He removed 
to Montgomery county in 1847, and was in 1849 
sent to the legislature from that district and in 



1853 to the state senate. In 1861, with William L. 
Yancey, he represented Montgomery county in the 
Secession convention. In the same year he went 
to the seat of war as colonel of the 17th Alabama 
regiment, remaining there until April, 1862, when 
he was called by Jefferson Davis to act as attorney- 
general in his cabinet. In 1863 he was elect ed 
governor of Alabama, and he held this post until 
the close of the civil war. He is active in the re- 
ligious enterprises of the Baptist denomination, to 
which he belongs. 

WAUOH, Beverly, M. E. bishop, b. in Fairfax 
county, Va., 28 Oct., 1789 ; d. in Baltimore, Md.. 9 
Feb., 1858. At the age of fifteen he became a mem- 
ber of the Methodist church at Alexandria. Va. It 
is supposed that he was employed in one of the 
government offices for three or four years, for 
through life he was noted for his excellent pen- 
manship and accuracy in accounts. From the 
time he was eighteen years old until a short time 
before his death he kept a journal which amounted 
to several manuscript volumes. In 1808 he entered 
the ministry, and at the end of three years he was 
stationed in the city of Washington. He was 
elected by the Baltimore conferences to the general 
conferences of 1816 and 1820. In 1824, on account 
of his favoring the election of presiding elders, 
which the majority of his conference did not ap- 
prove, he was not a representative. In 1828 he was 
again elected a member, and he was at that time 
chosen assistant editor and book-agent and removed 
to the city of New York. In 1832 he was made 
principal agent, though not a member of the gen- 
eral conference, and in 1830 he was made bishop. 
In this post he continued, travelling almost con- 
stantly until 1852, when he became senior bishop 
of the church. After that time his health gradu- 
ally failed until he died. He is buried in Mount 
Olivet cemetery, Baltimore, near the graves of 
Bishops Asbury and Emory. 

WAUL, Thomas N., lawyer, b. in Sumter dis- 
trict, S. C, 8 Jan., 1815. He was educated at the 
University of South Carolina, studied law in Vicks- 
burg, Miss., under Sargeant S. Prentiss, and began 
to practise in 1835. While residing in M ississippi he 
was chosen judge of the circuit court. Having re- 
moved to Texas, he was elected one of her repre- 
sentatives in the 1st Confederate congress. He was 
a brigadier-general in the Confederate armv, hav- 
ing raised a command that was known as " Waul's 
legion," and he was severely wounded during an 
engagement in Louisiana. Both in Mississippi 
and Texas he has been active in the affairs of tho 
Baptist denomination, with which he is associated. 

WAY, Andrew John Henry, artist, b. in 
Washington, D. C, 27 April, 1826; d. in Balti- 
more, Md., 7 Feb., 1888. He studied first with 
John P. Frankenstein in Cincinnati, then with 
Alfred J. MQllcr in Baltimore, and in 1850 went 
to Paris. After a stay in Europe of four years he 
returned to his native country, settling in Balti- 
more. For some time his attention was given 
mainly to portraiture, but a fruit-piece that he 

Siinted about 1859 attracted tho attention of 
manuel Leutze,on whose advice he devoted him- 
self thenceforth to the painting of still-life sub- 
jects. In this branch he had great success, ex- 
celling especially in the representation of grapes. 
At the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876 he received 
a medal for two panels. His numerous works in- 
clude "A Christmas Memory" (1870); "Prince 
All>ert Grapes " and 44 Flora and Pomona" (1874): 
"Wild Fowl" (1882): "A Sportsman's Luck" 
(1883); and "Tomv Sweetheart" and " Prepara- 
| tion for Apple Toiidy" (1887). Several of his 



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paintings have been lithographed. — His son. George 
Brevitt, b. in Baltimore, Md., 29 Oct, 1854, was 
educated at the U. S. naval academy, studied art 
in Paris, and has followed it as a profession. 
Among his works are "Sunset" (1883) and "Twi- 
light on the Susquehanna," "Village Scene in 
Brownsville," and " On the Upper Potomac " (1884). 

WAYLAND, Frauds, educator, b. in New York 
city, 11 March, 1796; d. in Providence, R. I., 80 
Sept, 1865. He was the son of Francis Way land, 
a Baptist minister, who emigrated from England, 
and was the pastor of churches in Poughkeepsie, 
Troy, Albany, and Saratoga Springs. The son 

was graduated in 
1813 at Union 
college, then un- 
der the presiden- 
cy of Dr. Elipha- 
lnt Nott whose 
spirit and meth- 
ods influenced 
largely his own 
future course as 
a college presi- 
dent Immedi- 
ately upon his 
graduation he 
spent three years 
in the study of 
medicine. Hav- 
ing meanwhile 
united with a 
Baptist church, 
ana feeling that 
duty called him to the Christian ministry, he en- 
tered in 1816 the Andover theological seminary, 
but at the end of a year he left to become a tutor in 
Union college, which office he held for four years. 
He was called in 1821 to the pastorate of the 1st 
Baptist church in Boston, and soon became recog- 
nized as a man of rich and varied gifts. His preach- 
ing, though unaided by an attractive delivery, was 
greatly admired for its broad and deep thoughtful- 
ness and its fine grace of expression. His sermons 
on "The Moral Dignity of the Missionary Enter- 
prise " (1823) and " The Duties of an American Citi- 
zen" (1825) placed him in the front rank of Ameri- 
can preachers. The former, in particular, has ob- 
tained wide celebrity. In 1826 ne accepted & pro- 
fessorship in Union college, but he left it in Feb- 
ruary, 1827, to take the presidency of Brown uni- 
versity, which office he filled for twenty-eight years 
with distinguished honor to himself and the highest 
advantage to the university. It felt at once in all 
its departments the inspiration of a new life, and 
speedily enjoyed a greatly enlarged prosperity. 
l)r. Wayland's instructions in psychology, political 
economy, and ethics, especially the last were in 
a high degree stimulating to his pupils, while his 
strong personality was felt by the students of 
every class as an educating and elevating force. 
Not satisfied with the old text-books, he prepared 
lectures on all the subjects that he taught He 
delivered weekly sermons to the students in the 
chapel, often attended their prayer-meetings, and 
gathered them for Bible instruction. In all these 
services he was singularly effective. Though he 
was naturally conservative, his clear perceptions 
and sound judgment made him a pioneer reformer 
in educational methods. In 1850 his views led to 
a reorganization of Brown university, so as to {rive 
a place to the more modern branches of learning, 
and to allow a larger liberty in the election of 
studies, changes that since his day have almost uni- 
versally been adopted. After his retirement from 



the presidency in 1855 he served for a year and a 
half as pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Provi- 
dence. Subsequently he gave his strength to re- 
ligious and humane work, devoting much time to 
the inmates of the Rhode Island state prison and 
reform school. He received the degree of D. D. 
from Union in 1827 and Harvard in 1829, and that 
of LL. D. from the latter in 1852. Dr. Wayland 
was a prolific author. Besides about fifty sermons 
and addresses, his published works are " Occasional 
Discourses" (Boston, 1833); "Elements of Moral 
Science" (New York, 1835; abridged ed. for 
schools, Boston, 1836 ; with notes and analysis by 
Joseph Angus, D. D., London. 1857; with analysis 
by Rev. George B. Wheeler, 1863; translated into 
several foreign languages) ; Elements of Political 
Economy" (New York, 1837; abridged ed., Bos- 
ton, 1840) ; " Moral Law of Accumulation " (Bos- 
ton, 1837) ; " The Limitations of Human Respon- 
sibility" (1838); "Thoughts on the Present Colle- 
giate System in the United States" (1842); "Do- 
mestic Slavery considered as a Scriptural Institu- 
tion," a correspondence between Dr. Wayland and 
Rev. Richard Fuller, of Beaufort, S. C. (1845); 
"Sermons delivered in the Chapel of Brown Uni- 
versity" (1849); "Report to the Corporation of 
Brown University on the Changes in the System 
of Collegiate Education " (Providence, 1850); me- 
moirs of Harriet Ware (1850) and Adonirara Judson 
(2 vols., Boston, 1853) ; " Elements of Intellectual 
Philosophy " (1854) ; " Notes on the Principles and 
Practices of Baptist Churches" (1857); "Sermons 
to the Churches" (1858); "Salvation by Christ" 
(1859) ; " Letters on the Ministry of the Gospel," 
addressed to Heman Lincoln (I860) ; and " Memoir 
of Thomas Chalmers, D. D." (1864). See a memoir, 
with selections from his personal reminiscences and 
correspondence, by his sons, Francis and Heman 
Lincoln Wayland (2 vols., New York, 1867), and 
his funeral sermon by Prof. George I. Chace (1866). 
—His son, Francis, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 
23 Aug., 1826, was graduated at Brown in 1840, 
studied at Harvard Taw-school and in Springfield, 
Mass., and began practice in Worcester in 1850. In 
1858 he removed to New Haven, Conn., and in 
1864 he was elected judge of probate for that city. 
In 1869 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Con- 
necticut. In 1872 he was appointed to a profes- 
sorship in the law-school of Yale, and in the next 

{rear he was made dean of that school. Dr. Way- 
and is president of the boards of directors of the 
Connecticut state prison, the Connecticut prison 
association, the National prison association, the 
Organized charities of New Haven, and the Con- 
necticut general hospital in that city. He was 
president of the American Baptist education so- 
ciety, and is vice-president of the American Baptist 
missionary union. In 1874 he was president of the 
board of visitors to the U. S. military academy at 
West Point, and in 1880 he was vice-president of 
the board of visitors to the U. S. naval academy at 
Annapolis. He was for several years chairman of 
the jurisprudence department of the American so- 
cial science association, and was chosen in 1880 
president of that body. He is active in the edu- 
cational and benevolent enterprises of the Baptist 
denomination, to which he belongs. He received 
in 1879 from Rochester university the degree of 
LL. D., and the same from Brown in 1881. Be- 
sides articles in the " Atlantic Monthly," he pub- 
lished papers on " Tramps " and " Out-Door Relief," 
prepared for the American social science asso- 
ciation.— Another son, Heman Lincoln, clergy- 
man, b. in Providence, R. I., 23 April, 1830, was 
graduated at Brown in 1849, and, alter spending a 



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398 



WAYMAN 



WAYNE 



year (1840-'5O) in studying theology at Newton, 
taught for a short time at the academy in Town- 
shend, Vt., and spent the vears 1852-'4 as tutor in 
the University of Rochester. From 1854 till 1861 
he was pastor of the Main street Baptist church in 
Worcester, Mass., and during the civil war he 
served as chaplain of the 7th Connecticut volun- 
teers. After the war he spent a year in mission- 
ary work among the colored people in Nashville, 
Tenn., and from 1865 till 1870 he was professor of 
rhetoric and logic in Kalamazoo college, Mich, 
lie was president of Franklin college, Ind., for 
two years, and then became editor of the " National 
Baptist " in Philadelphia, Pa., which office he 
still holds. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Brown in 1869. Dr. Wayland has contributed 
articles to the " New Englandcr " and the 4 * Baptist 
Quarterly," and has published numerous sermons 
and addresses on education. 

WAYMAN, Alexander Washington, A. M E. 
bishop, b. in Caroline county. Md., in September, 
1821. He is of African descent and was brought up 
on a farm. In 1843 he was admitted into the Phila- 
delphia conference of the African Methodist Epis- 
copal church, and he was elected the secretary of 
three successive general conferences of his church 
—those of 1856, 1860, and 1864. He was made 
bishop in 1864, and received from Howard uni- 
versity the degree of D. D. in 1877. He has visited 
almost every county of the Union, and has written 
My Recollections. 1 * " Cyclopaedia of African Meth- 
odism," and 44 Wavman on the Discipline." 

WAYNE, Anthony, soldier, b. in Easttown, 
Chester co., Pa., 1 Jaq., 1745: d. in Presque Isle 
(now Eric), Pa., 15 Dec, 1796. His grandfather 
was a native of Yorkshire, England, and settled in 

County Wick- 
low. Ireland. Al- 
though a farmer 
by occupation, he 
saw military ser- 
vice, and com- 
manded a body 
of dragoons at 
the battle of the 
Bovne, under 
William III. He 
sold out in Ire- 
land, and, coming 
to Chester coun- 
ty, Pa., purchased 
property there. 
His youngest son 
was I saw:, who 
was a farmer and 
legislator, and 
/O ylty/^fx held a commis- 

sion in part of 
p e the forces operat- 

ing against the 
Indians. Anthony was Isaac's only son, «nd was 
educated at the Philadelphia academy. He became 
a land-surveyor, and in 1765 was sent to Nova Sco- 
tia as financial agent and surveyor in the service of 
a wealthy association, on the recommendation of 
Benjamin Franklin. In 1767 he married and set- 
Jed on a farm in his native county, but he con- 
tinued to follow the practice of his profession, and 
filled several local offices. He was chosen in 1774 
one of the provincial deputies to consider the dis- 
turbing relations between the colonies and Great 
Britain, and also a member of the Pennsylvania 
convention that was held in Philadelphia to dis- 
cuss similar questions. During 1774-'5 he was 
representative from his native county to the Penn- 




sylvania colonial legislature, and in 1775 he was a 
member of the committee of safety. Meanwhile, 
his fondness for military affairs led to his study- 
ing works on the art of war, and to his drilling 
such of his neighl>ors as he could inspire with his 
own feelings. He raised the 4th regiment of 
Pennsylvania troops, and was commissioned colonel 
on 3 Jan., 1776. With the Pennsylvania regiments 
he was sent to re-enforce the northern army, and 
in June, 1776, was assigned to Gen. John Thomas's 
brigade. At Three Rivers his command attacked 
the British, and. although wounded and defeated, 
he withdrew his troops creditably and concen- 
trated the force at Ticonderoga. where he was 
ordered to assume charge. On 21 Feb., 1777. he 
was commissioned brigadier-general, and joined 
the army under Gen. George Washington in New 
Jersey. During the summer of that year he was 
constantly on the alert, engaged in driving the 
enemy from the state, and his 44 bravery and good 
conduct " were publicly testified to by Gen. Wash- 
ington. At the Brandywine he commanded a 
division, and was charged with the defence of 
Chadd's Ford, where he opposed the passage of the 
river by Baron von Knyphausen with the Hessians. 
He fought all day, and at sunset effected a success- 
ful retreat. Wayne led the attack at Warren 
Tavern a few days later, and then had command 
of a flving detachment of 1,500 men. for the pur- 
pose of harassing the British rear ; but he was at- 
tacked near Paoli bv superior numbers on the night 
of 20 Sept. Gen. Wayne quickly formed his di- 
vision, and, while his right sustained a fierce at- 
tack, a retreat was directed by the left, and the 
whole formed again not far from the ground on 
which they were attacked. Charges by Col. Rich- 
ard Humpton led to Wayne's demand of a court of 
inquiry, which unanimously acquitted him 44 with 
the highest honor." He was with the right wing 
at Gcrmantown, and carried the position that was 
assigned to him to take, driving the enemy back 
more than two miles, when the Americans, having 
failed in their purpose, retreated. During the 
winter of 1777-'8 he did much to supply the Ameri- 
can camp at Valley Forge with supplies, and in 
March, 1778, made a successful raid into the Brit- 
ish lines, capturing horses, cattle, and other mate- 
rial. After Sir Henry Clinton abandoned Phila- 
delphia, Wayne hung on the rear of the English, 
realizing the truth of what had been said of him 
early in the war, that 44 where Wayne went there 
was a fight always; that was his" business." At 
Monmouth Wayne was the first to attack, but was 
ordered to retreat by Gen. Charles Lee. After 
Washington had assumed command.Wayne came up 
with his troops and gave victory to the Americans. 
Col. Henry Monckton, perceiving that the fate of the 
conflict depended upon driving Wayne away or 
capturing him, led his troops in a bayonet charge, 
in which almost every British officer was killed, in- 
cluding the leader. * After this the British fell 
back, and in the night silently retreated. During 
the summer of 1779 Washington organized a corps 
of light infantry, the command of which he gave 
to Gen. Wayne. His best-known achievement was 
the capture of Stony Point, a post on the Hudson 
river that commanded King's Ferry, the crossing- 
place between the New England colonies and those 
to the southward. It was strongly fortified, and was 
connected with the main-land bv a tide-submerged 
causeway across a narrow marsh, making it an isl- 
and at high tide. The garrison of 600 infantry 
was commanded by Col. Johnson. Wayne de- 
termined to carry the place by storm, and on 15 
July, 1779, marched toward the fort, reaching a 



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WAYNE 



WAYNE 



399 



point within a mile ami a half of the works at 8 
o'clock in the evening. At midnight the Ameri- 
cans advanced in two columns, with unloaded 
muskets and fixed bayonets, and. surprising the 
pickets, forced their way through every obstacle to 
the centre of the fort. Wayne received a wound 
in the head, but. determining to die in the fort if 
the wound was mortal, entered the works with his 
troops, supported by his aides. The garrison soon 
surrendered, ami not a life was taken after the flag 
was hauled down. The ordnance and stores were 
conveyed to West Point, and the works were de- 
stroyed. Congress voted a gold medal to Wayne, 
and silver ones to his two sul>ordinate command- 
ers, lie also received thanks from congress " for 
his brave, prudent, and soldier-like conduct in the 
well-conducted attack on Stony Point,*' and a simi- 
lar testimonial was given him by the general as- 
scmblvof his native state of Pennsylvania. A year 
later he was sent to capture Fort Lee, but it was 
too strongly fortified. He was, however, success- 
ful in sweeping the country of cattle, horses, and 
of everything available for the use of the enemy's 
army, and thwarted Gen. Clinton's plans. This 
raid gave rise to Maj. John Andre's poem of 44 The 
Cow Chase." which ended with the stanza: 
44 And now I've closed my epic strain, 
I tremble as I show it. 
Lest this same warrio-d rover Wayne 
Should ever catch the poet." 
As if by poetic justice, Wayne had command of 
the troops from whom the guard was drawn that 
attended Andre's execution. On 1 Jan., 1781, 
1.300 men of the Pennsylvania line mutinied; but 
Wavnc, by his tact, arranged the matter peaceably 
to the advantage of the government and the satis- 
faction of the troops. Soon afterward he was sent 
by Washington to join Lafayette, who was then 
operating against Lord Cornwallis in Virginia. At 
Jamestown Ford the British appeared to l>e falling 
back to avoid Lafayette, and Wayne attacked, by 
the hitter's orders, but found himself confronted by 
the entire British force. Unable to retreat, he at 
once charged the enemy and fell back after discon- 
certing a projected manoeuvre against Lafayette. 
This aetion at Green Springs on 6 July, 1781, dem- 
onstrated Wayne's great ability as a general, in 
that he turned an almost positive defeat into a 
success. Wavne was actively engaged in the in- 
vestment and capture of Yorktown. The first 
parallel was opened by him and Gen. James Clin- 
ton with six regiments on 0 Oct., 1781, and five 
days later the second parallel was begun by the 
Pennsylvania and Maryland troops, covered by two 
battalions under the command of Wayne. In the 
attack on the 14th, Wayne supported the French 
troops with his Pennsylvania regiments. After 
the surrender he was sent to join Gen. Nathanael 
Greene in the south, and on the night of 23-24 
June he was surrounded by a numerous body of 
Creek Indians under an able chief and a British 
officer. For a few moments they held possession 
of his artillery, but, mustering his forces, Wayne 
attacked the assailants so furiously in flank and 
rear with sword and bayonet alone, that they soon 
broke and fled. With his own hand Wayne cut 
down a Creek chieftain, and in the morning the 
dead body of Guistersigo. the principal warrior of 
the Creeks, and the bitterest enemy of the Ameri- 
cans among these Indians, was found on the battle- 
field. When Charleston, S. C, was evacuated by 
the British on 14 Dec. 1782, Gen. Wayne took 
possession of that city, which was the last military 
service he performed during the Revolutionary 
war. The brevet rank of major-general was con- 




ferred on him on 10 Oct., 1783. ITc then returned 
to Pennsylvania and resinned his civil life. In 
1784 he was elected to the general assembly from 
Chester countv, and also served in the convention 
that, ratified the constitution of the United States. 
Subsequently he settled in Georgia on a tract of 
land that the state gave him as a recompense for 
his military services, and was elected a delegate to 
the convention that framed the state constitution 
in 1787. lie was elected from Georgia to congress, 
and served from 24 Oct., 17!)1, to 21 March. 171)2, 
when his seat was contested and congress declared 
it vacant. A new election was ordered, but he de- 
clined to l)c a candidate. lie was nominated on 
Washington's recommendation to Ik? general-in- 
chief of the U. S. arm v. with the rank of major- 
general, and was confirmed in that ofllce on 3 
April, 1792. 
Certain of the 
Indian tribes 
of the north- 
west, instigat- 
ed by the Brit- 
ish, refused to 
cease hostili- 
ties after the 
peace of 1783, 
and previous 
attempts bv 
(ten. Josiah 
Manner and 
Gen. Arthur 
St. Clair at subjugating the savages had failed. 
Wayne collected an adequate force, and, con- 
scious that failure in negotiating with the In- 
dians would Ik? followed by immediate hostilities 
on the frontiers, spent more than a year in drill- 
ing his troops and training them for the peculiar 
service for which they were required. In the au- 
tumn of 1793 he marched into the northwest, and 
near Greenville, Ohio, built a stockade which he 
called Fort Kecovcrv. He pushed on during the 
following summer through the wilderness toward 
Maumee river, and at its junction with the Au- 
glaize he built. Fort Adams, as an intermediate 
post. In August he went down the Maumee with 
1,000 men, and encamped near a British post at 
the foot of the Maumee rapids, called Fort Miami. 
Here Gen. Wayne, with a force ample to destroy 
the Indians in spite of British influence, offered 
them peace if they would lay down their weapon^. 
On their refusal he advanced to the head of the 
rapids, and on 20 Aug.. at Fallen Timbers, attacked 
and defeated the Indians. Almost all the dead 
warriors were found with British arms. After 
laying their country waste he moved up to the 
junction of St. Mary's and St. Joseph s rivers, 
where he built a strong fortification which he called 
Fort Wayne. lie spent the winter in Greenville, 
where, on 3 Aug., 1 <95, was signed a treaty with 
the Indians, in which twelve tribes participated. 
A lasting peace followed, and a large territory 
was acquired by the United States. Wayne re- 
turned on a visit to Pennsylvania, and was ap- 
pointed sole commissioner to treat with the Indians 
of the northwest, and to take possession of all the 
forts that had been held by the British in that 
territory: but. while descending Lake Erie from 
Detroit, he died from an attack of the gout. Al- 
though Washington called him " prudent." Wayne's 
unexpected successes in perilous expeditions won 
for him his more popular appellation of " Mad 
Anthony Wayne." The title of 44 Dandy Wayne" 
was also applied to him, owing to his constant at- 
tention to dress, and in one of his letters to Wash- 



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400 WAYNE 

ington he expressed himself in favor of an elegant 
uniform and soldierly appearance in preference to 
poorly clad troops with a greater amount of ammu- 
nition. He was called »• Black Snake " by the In- 
dians, perhaps because that reptile will attack any 
othor species and rarely gets the worst of an en- 
counter. After he defeated them in 1794 he was 
given the name of 44 Wind " or 44 Tornado," because 

he was exactly like a hurricane, that drives and 
tears and prostrates everything before it" His 
body was removed from Presque Isle in 1809 by 
his son, and buried in Radnor churchyard in his 
native county, where the Pennsylvania Society of 
the Cincinnati caused a marble monument to be 
erected, which was dedicated with appropriate 
ceremonies on 4 July of that year. His portrait 
was painted by Charles Wilson Peale and by John 
Trumbull, from whose picture our vignette is 
copied. Wayne's residence at Blast town, Chester 
co.. Pa., is represented in the accompanying illus- 
tration. See 44 Life of Anthony Wayne, * by John 
Armstrong, in Sparks's "American Biography," 
and 44 Orderly Book of the Northern Army at Fort 
Ticonderoga and Mount Independence" (Albany, 
1859).— His son, Isaac, b. in Warren county, Pa., 
in 1770 ; d. in Chester county. Pa., 25 Oct, 1852, 
received a public-school education, was graduated 
at Dickinson college, and acquired the title of colo- 
nel by his military experiences. He studied law, 
and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1795. 
In 1814 he was the Federal candidate for governor 
of Pennsylvania, but was defeated. He was elected 
to congress from Pennsylvania as a Federalist, and 
served from 1 Dec.. 1823, to 3 March, 1825.— His 
great-nephew, William, b. 6 Dec, 1828, is the 
grandson of Gen. Wayne's daughter, and took the 
name of Wayne, being the representative of the 
family and the owner of Waynesborough. He was 
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1846, and during the civil war held the rank of 
captain in the 97tn Pennsylvania volunteers. From 
1881 till 1887 he served as a member of the Penn- 
sylvania assembly. 

WAYNE, Henry Constantino, soldier, b. in 
Savannah, Ga., 8 Sept., 1815 ; d. there, 15 March, 
1883. He was educated at Northampton and Cam- 
bridge, Mass., and at the U. S. military academy, 
where he was graduated in 1838. He served on the 
northern frontier at Plattsburg, N. Y., in 1838-*40, 
during the Canadian border disturbances ; on the 
Maine frontier at Houlton in 1840-'l, pending the 
disputed-territory controversy, and at the U. S. 
military academy in 1841-*6 as assistant instructor 
of artillery and cavalry, of the sword-exercise and 
of infantry tactics, and as quartermaster. He 
was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 1st artillery, 16 
May, 1842. He was on quartermaster duty dur- 
ing the war with Mexico, 1846-7. He took part 
in the battles of Churubusco and Contreras, being 
ore vetted major for gallant conduct in those en- 
gagements. From 1848 till 1855 he was in charge 
of the clothing bureau of the quartermaster-gen- 
eral's office at Washington, D. U. Soon after the 
annexation of the territory acquired by the United 
States from Mexico, the question of transportation 
coming up, Maj. Wayne suggested that camels 
should be used as a means of conveyance over the 
plains of Texas and New Mexico. The government 
adopted the suggestion, and Maj. Wayne was sent 
to Egypt to investigate and report uoon the sub- 
ject On his return his recommendations were 
adopted, and he was employed in Texas in 1857-'8 
in testing the adaptability of these animals for 
army transportation. He was again employed at 
the quartermaster - general's office from 1858 till 



WEAKLEY 



1860. when he resigned to become adjutant- and 
inspector-general of the state of Georgia under the 
Confederacy. He received in 1858 a first-class gold 
medal from the Societe imperiale zoologique d'ac- 
climatation of Paris, for the successful introduc- 
tion and acclimation of the camel in the United 
States. He was also the author of 44 The Sword Ex- 
ercise, arranged for Military Instruction " (1856). 

WAYNE, James Moore, jurist, b. in Savan- 
nah, Ga., in 1790; d. in Washington. D. C, 5 Jnlv, 
1867. He was graduated at Princeton in 1808. 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and 
began practice at Savannah. He served for two 
years in the state house of representatives, was 
elected mayor of Savannah in 1823, and chosen 
judge of the superior court in 1824, serving for five 
years. He was a member of congress in 1829-'85, 
took an active part as a debater, and was a sup- 
porter of Gen. Andrew Jackson, who appointed 
him, 9 Jan., 1835, associate justice of the U. S. su- 
preme court His opinions upon admiralty juris- 
prudence are cited as being of high authority. In 
congress he favored free-trade, opposed internal 
improvements by congress, except of rivers and 
harbors, and opposed a recharter of the U. S. 
bank, claiming that it would confer dangerous 
political powers upon a few individuals. He took 
an active part in the removal of the Indians to 
the west Judge Wayne presided in two conven- 
tions that were held for revising the constitution 
of Georgia. Princeton college gave him the de- 
gree of LL. D. in 1849. 

WE AD, Charles Kasson, physicist, b. in Ma- 
lone, N. Y., 1 Sept, 1848. He was graduated at 
the University of Vermont in 1872, afterward was 
appointed professor of physics in the Pittsburg 
(Pa.) high-school, and in 1877 accepted a similar 
chair in the University of Michigan, where he con- 
tinued until 1885. Subsequently he settled in Hart- 
ford, and became an electrician. Since 1880 he has 
been a fellow of the American association for the 
advancement of science. He has prosecuted origi- 
nal experimental work in acoustics, the results of 
which he has contributed to the 44 American Jour- 
nal of Sciences" and other periodicals. He has 
published 44 The Aims and Methods of the Teach- 
ingof Physics " (Washington, 1884). 

WEAKLEY, Robert, pioneer, b. in Halifax 
county, Va.. 20 July, 1764 ; d. near Nashville, Tenn., 
4 Feb., 1845. He joined the Revolutionary army at 
the age of sixteen, and served in it till the close of 
the war. He then emigrated to the country beyond 
the Alleghanies, taking with him his entire worldly 
possessions, a horse, saddled and bridled, and one 
dollar and seventy-five cents in currency. He soon 
rose to the rank of colonel in the force of riflemen 
with which James Robertson beat oft* the raids of 
the Creeks and Cherokee*. When but twenty-two 
years of age he was chosen a member of the con- 
vention that North Carolina convened to ratify the 
Federal constitution, and subsequently he was a 
member of the Tennessee house of representatives. 
In 1809 he was elected to congress, and in 1811 he 
was chosen a member of the state senate, of which 
he was speaker from 1819 till 1821, and again from 
1823 till 1825. His last office was that of memlier 
of the convention to revise the constitution of Ten- 
nessee in 1834. In early life he was a zealous 
member of the Methodist church, but marrying a 
lady who was not a church member, he was called 
to account for thus violating the rules of the de- 
i nomination. He was told that if he expressed his 
regret, no further action would be taken ; but he 
refused to do so, and thenceforward was connected 
with no religious body. 

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WE ARK 



WEAVER 



401 



WEARE, Meshech, jurist, b. in Hampton. 
N. II.. 10 June, 1713; d. in Hampton Fulls, N. II.. 
15 Jun., 1780. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1735, admitted to the bar, and practised law, also 
sitting in the legislature for several years, and 
serving as speaker in 17.52. In 1754 he was a com- 
missioner to the colonial congress at Albany, and 
he was afterward a justice of the supreme court, 
md in 1777 became chief justice, lie was also a 
member of the executive council, and chairman of 
the committee of safety at the outset of the Revo- 
lution. He was elected president of the state in 
1770, and was annually re elected during the war, 
and in 17S4 under the new constitution. He was 
made fellow of the American academy of arts and 
sciences in 1782. During the Revolution he ren- 
dered great services in raising and equipping the 
forces that were sent to the northern frontier of 
New Hampshire under Gen. John Stark to oppose 
the progress of Gen. John Bnrgoyne. 

WEATH ERSFOKD, William, Indian chief, b. 
in the Creek settlement, Ala., al>out 1770; d. in 
Monroe county, Ala., in 1824. His father w«s a 
white trader, and his mother a Seminole Indian. 
William was a skilful hunter and warrior, and in 
the second war with Great Britain commanded the 
Creeks against the U. S. forces. On 14 April, 1814, 
he surrendered voluntarily to Gen. Andrew Jack- 
son, and he afterward lived peaceably on his plan- 
tation at Little River. Monroe county, Ala. 

WEAVER, George Stunner, author, b. in 
Rockingham. Vt., 24 Dec, 1818. He studied law 
and was admitted to the bar, but, relinquishing law 
for theology, was ordained ns a Cnivcrsalist min- 
ister in 1848. lie has published "Lectures on 
Mental Science according to the Philosophy of 
Phrenology "(New York, 1852): "Hopes and Helps 
for the Young of Both Sexes " (1858); "Aims and 
Aids for Girls" (1854) ; "The Ways of Life" 
(1855); "The Christian Household " (1855) : "The 
Open Wav " (1873) ; " Moses and Modern Science " 
(1874); -The Heart of the World" (1888); and 
" Lives and Graves of our Presidents" (1884). 

WEAVER, J Ames B., candidate for the presi- 
dency, b. in Dayton, Ohio. 12 June. 1883. He was 
graduated at the law-school of Ohio university. 
Cincinnati, in 1854. In April. 1801, he enlisted as 
a private in the 2d Iowa infantry, was elected a 
lieutenant, rose to be major on 3 Oct., 1801, and 
after the senior field-officers had fallen at Corinth 
was commissioned colonel. 12 Oct.. 1802. He was 
brevet ted brigadier-general on 13 March, 18(55, for 
gallantry in action. After the war he resumed 
lecral practice, was elected district attorney of the 
2d judicial district of Iowa in 1800, and was ap- 
pointed assessor of internal revenue for the 5th 
district of the state in 1807, serving six vears. He 
became editor of the " Iowa Tribune," published 
at Des Moines, and was elected to congress, taking 
his seat on 18 March, 1879. In June, 1880. he was 
nominated for the presidency by the convention of 
the National Greenbnck-Ijubor party, and in the 
November election he received 307,740 votes. He 
was returned to congress after an interval of two 
terms by the vole of the Greenback - Labor and 
Democratic parties, taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1885, 
and in 1880 was re-elected. 

WEAVER. Jonathan, bishop of the United 
Brethren in Christ, b. in Carroll county, Ohio, 23 
Feb., 1824. He was brought up on a farm, educated 
at the common schools and at Hagerstown acad- 
emy, and in 1845 began to preach. He was a 
pastor in 1847- 52, presiding elder in 1852-7. and 
general apent for Otterbein university in 1 857— "(55. 
He was elected in 1805 a bishop of the Church of 
vol. vi. — 26 



| the United Brethren in Christ, has been re-elected 
I five times, und was in the Ohio diocese in 1887. 
lie received the degree of D. D. from Otterbein 
university in 1873. He has published " Discourse* 
on the Resurrection " (Dayton, Ohio, 1871): "Min- 
isterial Salary" (1872):" "Divine Providence" 
(1873): and " (Jniversal Restoration not sustained 
hy the Word of God" (1878). He has written 
niuch for his church organ, the "Religious Trie- 
scope," published at Dayton, and is now preparing 
for the press a volume of sermons by different 
ministers of his denomination. 

WEAVER, William Aii^nstns, naval officer, 
b. in Dumfries, Va., in 17!>7; d. there in 1840. He 
entered the navy as a midshipman, 4 Feb.. 1811. 
and made his first cruise in the "Chesapeake," 
which was captured by the frigate " Shannon " 
after a short engagement off Boston. 1 June, 1813. 
Midshipman Weaver was severely wounded in this 
battle and was taken to Halifax as a prisoner with 
the rest of the officers and crew who survived. He 
was promoted to lieutenant after the war and com- 
manded the schooner " Tom Bowlin"in 1810 and 
the schooner "Spark" in 1817, in the Mediterra- 
nean squadron. He served in the ship " Franklin " 
in 1818-'24 in the Mediterranean and the Pacific 
squadrons. By a misunderstanding as to his leave 
of absence, he was obliged to abandon the naval 
service, 27 Nov., 1824, after which he was employee! 
by the government in the state department, where 
his knowledge of modern languages made his ser- 
vices specially valuable. He was secretary of the 
commission to adjust the claims of the Spanish 
citizens, was commissioner to Mexico in 1834, and 
superintendent of the census of 1840.— His son, 
Aaron Ward, naval officer, b. in the District of 
Columbia, 1 July, 1832, was appointed a midship- 
man in the navy, 10 May, 1848, attended the naval 
academy in 18oi*-'4, was* graduated, and became a 
passed midshipman, 15 June, 1854. He was com- 
missioned lieutenant, 1G Sept., 1855. He cruised 
in the sloop "Marion," on the coast of Africa, in 
1858-*9, and came home in the prize slaver "Ar- 
dennes " in command. When the civil war opened 
he was assigned to the steamer "Susquehanna" on 
the blockade, in which he participated in the bom- 
bardment and capture of Fort Hatteras and Fort 
Clarke at Hatteras inlet, in the battle of Port 
Royal and capture of Fort Beauregard and Fort 
Walker, and in operations on the coast in com- 
mand of the armed boats before the fall of Fort 
Pulaski. He was present at the engagements with 
batteries on Se wall's point and at the capture of 
Norfolk, Va. He was commissioned lieutenant- 
commander, 10 Julv, 1802, and commanded the 
steam gun-boat "Winona," in the Western Gulf 
squadron, in 1802-'3. He participated in the en- 
gagements at Port Hudson in December. 1802. at 
Plaquemine, La., at the defeat of the Confederates 
when they attacked Donaldson ville, and in the 
engagements below that place after the capture of 
Port Hudson. He was highly commended by Ad- 
miral Farragut for his services. He had the gun- 
boat "Chippewa," in the North Atlantic blockading 
squadron, in 1804. in which he took part in the 
first attack on Fort Fisher. He was transferred to 
command the monitor " Mahopac," in which he 
participated in the final attack and capture of Fort 
Fisher in January, 1805, and was recommended for 
promotion. He went to Charleston, S. ('., and was 
in the advanced picket when the city surrendered 
and its forts were captured. He next took the 
"Mahopac" up James rivor, and was present at 
the fall of Richmond. After the war he served at 
the Boston navy-yard. He was promoted and ad- 
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vanced to the erode of commander, 25 July, 1800. 
He commanded the double-turreted monitor 44 Ter- 
ror" in 1870-'l, in which he went to Havana under 
great difficulties, owing to defective boilers, and 
arrived in season on the occasion when the Spanish 
students were executed by order of the govern- 
ment. During the excitement and threatened war 
with Spain owing to the "Virginius" affair, he was 
selected to command the sea-going iron-clad "Dic- 
tator," then one of the most formidable vessels of 
the navy, in which he was for some time the senior 
officer of the forces in the harbor of Havana, He 
remained in command of the 44 Dictator" until May, 
1877. He was commissioned captain, 8 Aug., 1876, 
was equipment-officer at the Norfolk naw-yard in 
1879-'80, and captain of the yard in 1880- r l. He 
commanded the steam sloop* 4 ' Brooklyn," on the 
South Atlantic station, in 1881-4. He'was a mem- 
ber of the naval examining and retiring board in 
1885-'G, was promoted to commodore, 7 Oct., 1880, 
and is now president of the retiring-board. 

WEBB, Charles, soldier, b. m Stamford, Conn., 
13 Feb., 1724; d. after 1794. He was a member of 
the Connecticut legislature in 1758, and was re- 
chosen twenty-three times. He served in the 
French war, and attained the rank of captain in 
1760, was sent by congress, in May, 1775, on a 
tour of inspection to Tieonderoga, and became 
colonel of the 19th regiment in July, 1775. IJe 
participated in the battles of Long Island. 27 Aug., 
1776, White Plains, 28 Oct., 1770, and Whitemarsh, 
5 Dec, 1777, in which his regiment suffered severe- 
ly. He retired from the service in June, 1778. 

WEBB, Charles Henry, author, b. in Rouse's 
Point, Clinton co., N. Y., 24 Jan., 1834. He re- 
ceived his preliminary education in his native 
place. In early youth he ran away to sea, was ab- 
sent three years, "and on his return went to Illinois, 
to which state his parents had removed in the 
mean time. He was editorially connected with the 
New York 44 Times" in 1800- f 3 and with the San 
Francisco 44 Bulletin" in 18G3-'4, and then edited 
44 The Californian," a weekly, which he left in 1860. 
He had been engaged in business on the banks of 
Mississippi river from 1856 till 1800, dealt subse- 
quently in wheat in Chicago, and at a later period 
was a banker and broker in Wall street. New York. 
In 18G8 he invented and patented 44 Webb's adder," 
an adding-machine which was placed upon the 
market in that year ; and in 1874 ne invented, pat- 
ented, and manufactured a cartridge-loading ma- 
chine, the utility of which was recognized by the 
manufacturers of fire-arms and others. Mr. Webb 
is now engaged in constructing an improved add- 
er. He has published 44 Liffith Lank, or Lunacy," 
a travesty of Charles Reade's 44 Griffith Gaunt" 
(New York, 1867); 44 St Twel'mo, or the Cunei- 
form Cyclopedist of Chattanooga," a travesty of 
Mrs. Augusta Evans Wilson's 44 St. Elmo" (1868) ; 
"John Paul's Book" (Hartford, 1874); "The 
Wickedest Woman in New York" (New York, 
1875); "Parodies, Prose, and Verse " (1876); and 
44 Sea- Weed and what we seed : my Vacation at 
Long Branch and Saratoga " (1876). In San Fran- 
cisco he brought out two plays, 44 Our Friend from 
Victoria" (1865), and " Ar'rah-na-Poke," a bur- 
lesque of Dion Boucicault's " Arrah-na-Pogue" 
( 1 805). He edited, under the name of 44 John Paul," 
44 The Celebrated Jumping Frog." 

WEBB, George James, musician, b. near Salis- 
bury, Wiltshire, England, 24 June, 1803; d. in Or- 
ange, N. J., 7 Oct., 1887. He studied music under 
Alexander Lucas in Salisbury* and became organ- 
ist of the church at Falmouth. In 1880 he came 
to the United States, settling in Boston. He be- 



came well known as an organist and teacher, and 
was the friend and associate of Lowell Mason. 
When the Boston academy of music was founded, 
in 1833, he and Mason were appointed as musical 
directors. He also held office in the Handel and 
Haydn society, and other associations. In 1871 he 
resided in Orange, N. J., and his time after this 
was devoted principally to teaching his new meth- 
od for treating the voice. He wrote, with Chester 
G. Allen, 44 Voice-Culture " (New York, 1871 ; re- 
vised ed., 1884), and edited collections of vocal 
music, most of them jointly with Lowell Mason. 

WEBB, James, iurist, b. in Georgia in 1792 ; 
d. in Goliad, Tex., 1 Nov., 1856. He was educated 
at William and Mary college, studied law, and, re- 
moving to Georgia, practised his profession for a 
few years, after which he was made judge of the 
supreme court. While filling this office he was 
appointed U. S. district judge in the territory of 
Florida, which post he held for many years, when 
he resigned. In 1839 he removed to the republic 
of Texas, and was successively attorney-general and 
secretary of state under the administration of Presi- 
dent Mirabeau B. Lamar. He served one term in 
the Texas senate, and after the annexation was re- 
porter of the decisions of the supreme court, and 
secretary of state. At the time of his death he was 
judge of the 14th judicial district. With Thomas 
II. Duval he published 44 Reports of Cases in the 
Supreme Court of the State of Texas, 1846-'8" 
(3 vols., Galveston, 1848-'51). 

WEBB, John Russell, educator, b. in Brown- 
villc, Jefferson co., N. Y., 0 Aug.. 1824 ; d. in Ben- 
ton Harbor, Berrien co., Mich., 10 Sept., 1£87. He 
was graduated at the New York state normal 
school at Albany among the first students in 1846. 
While still a pupif of David P. Page, he conceived 
the idea of teaching children to read by familiariz- 
ing them at once with the complete forms of words, 
without first compelling them to learn the letters 
of the alphabet Soon after leaving school, and 
while teaching, he published a book to exemplify 
this method. He taught with success, went to In- 
dianapolis in 1851, and soon afterward relinquished 
professional work on account of failing health, and 
settled in Minneapolis, Minn., removing in 1801 to 
Michigan. He published 44 John's First Book " (Wa- 
tertown, N. Y., 1840) and 44 Webb's Word Method," 
in which he expounded his system cf instruction 
(Detroit, 1804; revised ed., New York, 1885). be- 
sides a series of readers embodying the method. 

WEBB, Samuel Blatchlej, soldier, b. in Weth- 
ersfleld, Conn., 15 Dec, 1753 ; d. in Claverack, N. Y„ 
3 Dec, 1807. He was descended from Richard 
Webb, of Gloucestershire, England, who was made 
a freeman of Boston in 1032, and accompanied the 
Rev. Thomas Hooker in the settlement of Hart- 
ford, Conn., in 1035. He was a step-son and pri- 
vate secretary to Silas Deane, and took part at an 
early age in the movements that preceded the Revo- 
lution. In command of a company of light infant- 
ry he left Wethersfield for Boston on hearing of 
the battle of Lexington, participated in the battle 
of Bunker Hill, where he was wounded, and was 
commended in general orders for gallantry. A let- 
ter that he wrote to his step-father describing that 
battle is now possessed by the Connecticut histori- 
cal society at Hartford. He was soon afterward 
appointed aide to Gen. Israel Putnam, and on 21 
June, 1770, was made private secretary end aide- 
de-camp to Washington, with the rank of lieuten- 
ant-colonel. He wrote the order for promulgating 
the Declaration of Independence in New York city, 
9 July, 1770, and was associated with Col. Joseph 
Reed a few days later in refusing to receive a let- 



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WEBB 



403 



ter from Lord Howe that was addressed to " George 
Washington, Esq." He was present at the battle 
of Long Island, was wounded at White Plains and 
Trenton, and was engaged also at Princeton. He 
raised and organized, almost entirely at his own 
expense, the 3d Connecticut regiment, of which he 
assumed command in 1777. lie took pnrt with it 
in Gen. Samuel II. Parsons's unfortunate expedi- 
tion to Long Island, was captured with his com- 
mand by the British fleet, 10 Dec., 1777, and was 
not exchanged till 1780, when he took command 
of the light infantry, with the brevet rank of 
brigadier-general. He arranged the meeting be- 
tween Washington and Rochambeau at Wethers- 
field. Conn., li) May, 1781, and was a founder of 
the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783. When 
Washington took the oath of office as first presi- 
dent of the United States, Gen. Webb was selected 
to hold the Bible on which he was sworn. From 
1789 till his death he resided at Claveraek, Colum- 
bia co., N. V.— His son, James Watson, journal- 
ist, b. in Claverack, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1802 ; d. in New 
York city, 7 June, 1884, was educated at Coopers- 
town, N. Y., en- 
T tered the army 

as 2d lieutenant 
in 1819, and be- 
came 1st lieuten- 
ant in 1823. as- 
sistant commis- 
sary of subsist- 
ence in 1824, and 
adjutant of the 
3d regiment in 
1826. In 1827 he 
resigned and be- 
came editor of 
the New York 
"Courier," which 
had been estab- 
lished the same 
vear,and in 1829 
lie purchased the 
" Enquirer," and united the two under the name of 
the " Morning Courier and New York Enquirer." 
To expedite the business of reporting, Mr. Webb 
established a daily horse-express between New York 
and Washington, with relays of horses every six 
miles of the way. This cost him $7,500 a month, 
but enabled him to obtain news twenty-four hours 
before his rivals. He owned and edited the " Courier 
and Enauirer " till June, 1801, when it was merged 
in the "World." During the existence of the Whig 
party his paper was the chief advocate of its princi- 
ples." In June, 1842. he fought a duel with Tnomas 
F. Marshall, a member of congress from Kentucky, 
concerning whom he had published an article, and 
was wounded. He was indicted by the New York 
grand jury in November "for leaving the state 
with the intention of giving or receiving a chal- 
lenge," pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to the 
full penalty under the law, but was pardoned after 
two weeks'detention. In 1843 he became engineer- 
in-chief of the state of New York with the rank of 
major-general, and in 1849 he was appointed min- 
ister to Austria, but was rejected oy the senate. 
At the beginning of the civil war he applied for 
an appointment as major-general of volunteers, 
which was refused; but he was offered a briga- 
dier-generalship, which he declined. lie refused 
the mission to Turkey in 1801, but was imme- 
diately appointed minister to Brazil, in which office 
he secured the settlement of long-standing claims 
against that country, and, through his intimacy 
with Napoleon III., aided in procuring the with- 




drawal of the French from Mexico. He resigned 
the Brazilian mission in 1809 and returned to New 
York in 1870. He published ** A ltowan, or Inci- 
dents of Life and An vent ure in the Rocky Moun- 
tains" (2 vols.. New York, 1840) ; " Slavery and its 
Tendencies" (Washington, 1850); and a pamphlet 
on National Currency " (New York, 1875). — James 
Watson's son, Alexander Stewart, soldier, b. in 
New York city, 15 Feb.. 1835, was educated at pri- 
vate schools and at the U. S. military academy, 
where he was graduated 13th in a class of 34 in 
1855. and assigned to the artillery. He served in 
Florida, Minnesota, and for three' years as assistant 
professor at West Point, became 1st lieutenant in 
the 2d artillery, 28 April, 1801, captain in the 11th 
infantry, 14 May, and major of the 1st Rhode Island 
artillery on 14 Sept. He was present at Bull Run 
and in the defences of Washington until 1802. when 
he participated in the battles of the peninsula cam- 
paign of the Army of the Potomac and as chief- 
of-staff of the 5th corps during the Maryland and 
Rappahannock campaigns till 23 June, 1803. He 
was then commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 
teers, and placed in command of a brigade of the 
2d corps, serving with great credit at the battle of 
Gettysburg. At the 4 * angle" he met the famous 
charge of Pickett's Confederate division, and took 
the major part in its repulse. He was wounded 
while leading his men. and received from Gen. 
George G. Meade a bronze medal for "distin- 
guished nersonal gallantry on that ever-memora- 
ble field.' During the Rapidan campaign he com- 
manded a division in the battle of Brittow Station 
and auxiliary affairs. Gen. Webb then returned to 
the command of his brigade, and led it with abil- 
ity during the Wilderness campaign, being severe- 
ly wounded at the battle of Spottsylvania in May, 
1804. On his return from sick-leave he was ap- 
pointed chief-of-staff to Gen. George G. Meade, 
commanding the Army of the Potomac in the op- 
erations before Petersburg. From June. 1805, till 
February, 1800, Gen. Webb was acting as inspect- 
or-general of the military division of the Atlantic, 
and then he was professor at the military academy 
till August, 1808. On the reorganization of the 
army he became lieutenant-colonel of the 44th in- 
fantry, 28 July, 1800. and commanded his new 
regiment in 1808-'9 and (with his brevet rank) the 
5th military district in April, 1809, and was, at his 
own request, discharged the service, 3 Dec, 1870. 
He was brevetted major, U. S. A., 3 July. 1803, 
"for gallant and meritorious services" at Gettys- 
burg: lieutenant-colonel, U. S. A., 11 Oct.. 18G3. for 
Bristow Station : colonel, U. S. A., 12 May, 1804, 
for Spottsylvania ; major-general of volunteers, 
1 Aug., 1804, "for gallant and distinguished con- 
duct ; and brigadier-general and major-general, 
U. S. A., 13 March, 1805, " for gallant and merito- 
rious services in the campaign terminating with 
the surrender of the insurgent army under Gen. 
Lee." Gen. Webb has been since 21 July, 1809, 
president of the College of the city of New York, 
and in 1870 the degree of LL. D." was conferred 
upon him by Hobart college. He has published 
"The Peninsula: McClellan's Campaign of 1802" 
(New York, 1882) and articles on tne civil war, in 
the "Century" magazine. — Another son of Samuel 
Blatchlev. Henry Livingston, soldier, b. in Clav- 
erack, N. Y., 0 Feb., 1795 ; d. in Makanda, 111., 5 
Oct., 1870, settled in southern Illinois in 1817. 
and was repeatedly a member of both houses of the 
legislature. He was a major of volunteers in the 
Black Hawk war, colonel of the 18th regiment, 
U. S. infantry, in the Mexican war, and was after- 
ward a general of Illinois militia. 



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WEBB, Thomas, Methodist pioneer, b. in Eng- 
land in 1724; d. in Bristol. England, 20 Dec., 1790. 
lie was a British officer, served in the royal Amer- 
ican army, and was wounded at Lou is burg and 
Quebec. He was converted to Methodism in 1705 
by the preaching of .John Wesley at Bristol, Eng- 
land, united with a Methodist society, was licensed 
to preach, and pave freely of his means to found 
societies, attending conferences, and preaching fre- 
quently with great fervor. Being ordered again 
to this country, he was stationed at first at Albany, 
N. Y., as barrack-master, and there conducted re- 
ligious services in his house. When Barbara Heck 
established a society in New York city, he went 
thither, making his first appearance in the congre- 
gation about tebruary, 1767. He preached in al- 
ternation with Philip Embury, always wearing 
regimentals, with his sword on the pulpit before 
him. He was the most active worker and the 
largest contributor for the erection of a meeting- 
house. On being placed on the retired list, with 
the rank of captain, he thenceforth travelled much 
as a missionary, preaching in Trenton, Burlington, 
and other New Jersey towns, where he founded 
societies, and holding regular services in Jamaica, 
L. I., which was his home. He began to visit 
Philadelphia as early as 17(57. and there founded 
the first Methodist society, to which he ministered 
until the arrival of Wesley's itinerants in 1709. In 
that year he introduced Methodism into Delaware, 

f reaching in Newcastle and Wilmington, and later 
le labored in Baltimore, Md. In 1772 he went to 
England, preached in Dublin, London, and other 
places, made appeals for missionaries and pecuniary 
aid at the conference in Leeds and elsewhere, and 
returned in the following year with two of the 
preachers that were sent in response to his solicita- 
tions. Repeating his vi«*it, he gained other recruits 
for the itinerancy. Returning to England at the 
iK'ginning of the Revolution, he spent the remain- 
der of his life at Bristol, preaching there and in 
the neighborhood, visiting Winchester during the 
war, where he preached to the French prisoners in 
their own language, and addressing large congre- 
gations of soldiers and sailors at Portsmouth. 

WEBB, Thomas Smith, Masonic author, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 30 Oct., 1771 ; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 
0 Julv, 1819. At the age of sixteen he was ap- 
prenticed to a printer in Boston, and he afterward 
removed to Keene, N. H.. where he worked for 
some time at his trade. Here the three degrees of 
ancient craft Masonry were conferred upon him by 
Rising Sun lodge. In 1793 he removed to Alba- 
ny and established a puper-staining factory. On 
14 Sept., 1797, as appears from the copyright, he 
published " The Freemason's Monitor, or Illustra- 
tions of Masonry," and thus secured for himself 
fame as a Masonic ntualist and author. This small 
volume, which is now exceedingly rare, consisted of 
two parts, the second part containing an account 
of the 44 Ineffable Degrees of Masonry," together 
with several Masonic songs by the author. The 
publication of this work was followed by suc- 
cessivelv enlarged and improved editions in 1802, 
1805, 1808, 1810. 1*1*. and by numerous editions 
after the author's decease. It is still regarded as 
a standard work. Mr. Webb has long been known 
as the founder of the American system of chap- 
ter and encampment Masonry. He presided over 
a convention of committees in Boston in OctoU*r, 
1797, for the formal ion of a general grand chapter 
of royal arch Masons, and at a meeting in Provi- 
dence in January. 1799. he presented, as chairman 
of a committee, a constitution which was adopted. 
The formation of the grand encampment of the 



United States was the result of his Masonic work. 
The original draft of the constitution, with all the 
changes, additions, and interlineations in his own 
handwriting, is now on file among the archives 
of St. John's commandery, Providence. In 1799 he 
removed with his family to Providence, where he 
spent the greater part of his remaining years. His 
musical attainments were considerable, and he was 
the first president of the Psal Ionian society, an or- 
ganization for the improvement of its members in 
sacred melody. In 1815, having changed his resi- 
dence to Boston, he instituted, in connection with 
others, the Handel and Haydn society, of which 
he was the first president. 

WEBB, Thomas T., naval officer, b. in Vir- 
ginia about 1800; d. in Norfolk, Va., 11 April, 
1853. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 1 
Jan., 1808, and was promoted to lieutenant. 19 
Dec.. 1814. He served in the navy during the war 
of 1812. cruised in the frigate "'Macedonian " of 
the Mediterranean station in 1815-M8 during the 
Algerine war. was attached to the Norfolk navy- 
yard in 1818-'21, cruised in the sloop "John 
Adams" in the West Indies in lS21-'4, served in 
the receiving-ship " Alert " at Norfolk in 1825-'6, 
and at the navy-yard, Pensacola, 1828-'9. He com- 
manded the schooner " Shark " in the West Indies 
in 1830-'2, was promoted to master-commandant, 
8 March, 1831, and commanded the sloop " Van- 
dalia " on the coast of Florida in 1833-'fl. In 1&37 
he was on leave, and in 1838-'41 he commanded 
the receiving-ship at Norfolk. He was promoted 
to captain. 8 March, 1841, and was on waiting or- 
ders until his death. 

WEBB, William Bcnning, lawyer, b. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 17 Sept., 1825. He was graduated 
at Columbian college in 1844, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1847, and entered upon active 
practice, in which he was soon successful. When 
the civil war opened in 1801 he became captain of 
a company of District of Columbia volunteers, and 
when the district police force was reorganized 
about that time, Mr. Webb was appointed its su- 
perintendent. After holding the office for three 
years, and doing much good in the way of organi- 
zation, he resigned his commission and resumed 
the practice of his profession. He subsequently be- 
came counsel for the Washington gas-light com- 
pany, for Adams express company, and the 1st na- 
tional bank of Washington ; was also a director in 
the first-named company, and was chosen president 
of the Washington bar association. In 1885 he be- 
came president of the board of district commis- 
sioners. He is the author of a codification of the 
laws of the Corporation of Washington, which is 
accepted as a standard authority (Washington, 1808). 

WEBB, William Henry, ship-builder, b. in 
New York city, 19 June. 1816. He was educated 
privately and at Columbia college grammar-school, 
learned the ship-building trade in the yard of his 
father, Isaac, and after 1843 carried on the business 
alone. He has constructed many vessels of great 
speed and capacity, upon original plans, among 
^ tliem "The General Admiral," a steam frigate for 
j the Russian navy, two steam screw-fritrates for the 
I Italian navy, and the iron-clad ram " Dundcrberg" 
for the U. navy. He has declined all offers of 
public office. Mr. Webb purposes to erect in New 
York a building to be known as " Webb's free 
academy and home for shipbuilders," and has in 
preparation a work on *• Practical Ship-Building." 

WEBBER, Charles Wilkin*, author, b. in 
Russellville, Ky., 29 May, 1819; d. in Nicaragua, 
Central America. 11 April, 1H.VJ. He was the son of 
Dr. Augustine Webber, a well-known physician in 



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405 



Kentucky, and inherited from his mother, who was 
the daughter of Gen. John Tannehill, a fondness 
for out-door life. In 1888 he went to Texas, then 
struggling for independence, and was for several 
years connected with the famous Texas rangers, 
with whom he saw much wild and adventurous 
life. He then returned to Kentucky and studied 
medicine ; but this he soon relinquished, and in 
1843 entered Princeton theological seminary with a 
view to the Presbyterian ministry. This ne soon 
abandoned, and settled in New York city, where he 
devoted himself to a literary career and became 
connected with the " New World," the " Demo- 
cratic Review," and the 4b Sunday Despatch." Sub- 
sequently he was joint proprietor and associate 
editor of the *■ Whig Review "for two years. In 
1849 he organized an expedition to the region of 
Colorado and Gila rivers; but, for various reasons, 
the principal of which was the seizure of the horses 
by Comanche Indians, it failed. The difficulty 
in crossing the western deserts led to his efforts to 
form a camel company, for which he obtained a 
charter from the New York legislature in 1854. 
In the winter of 1855-'6 he left New York to join 
William Walker, who was then endeavoring to 
maintain himself in Central America. He took 
part with Walker's forces in the battle of Rivas, 
and fell in some chance rencontre or ambuscade in 
that engagement In addition to many stories that 
he contributed to periodicals, he published Old 
Hicks, the Guide, or Adventures in the Comanche 
Country in Search of a Gold-Mine " (New York, 
1848); ♦•Gold-Mines of the Gila" (1849); "The 
Hunter Naturalist, a Romance of Sporting" (Phila- 
delphia, 1851); "Texan Virago, or the Tailor 
of Gotham" (1852); "Wild Girl of Nebraska" 
(1852); "Tales of the Southern Border "(part i., 
1852 ; complete, 1853) ; " Spiritual Vampirism : 
the History of Ethered Softdown and her Friends 
of the New Light" (1853); "Shot in the Eye" 
(which was his most successful story) and " Adven- 
tures with Texas Rifle Rangers" (Ixmdon, 1&53); 
" Wild Scenes and Song Birds " (New York, 1854) ; 
and " History of Mystery " (Philadelphia, 1855). 

WEBBEft, Samuel, educator, b. in Byfield, 
Mass., in 1759; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 17 July, 
1810. He was graduated at Harvard in 1784, tak- 
ing high rank in mathematics, entered the minis- 
try, and in 1787 was made tutor. In 1789 he was 
appointed to the chair of mathematics and natural 
philosophy, which he held till he was raised in 1804 
to the presidency of the college. Dr. Webber was 
one of the commissioners that were appointed to 
settle the boundary-line between the United States 
and the British provinces. He was vice-president 
of the American academy, and Harvard gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1866. He was the author of 
a "System of Mathematics," which was intended 
for use in Harvard, and for a long time was almost 
the only text-book on that subject in New England 
colleges (2 vols., Boston, 1801), and a " Eulogy on 
President Willard " (1804). He also revised the 
introduction to Jedidiah Morse's "American Uni- 
versal Geography" (1796). See a "Eulogy" by 
Henry Ware, D. D. (Cambridge, 1810).— His son. 
Samuel, physician, b. in Cambridge, Mass.. 15 
Sept, 1797 ; d. in Charlestown, N. H., 5 Dec.. 1880. 
was graduated at Harvard in 1815, taught four 
years, at the same time studying medicine, and re- 
ceived his medical degree in 1822, after serving. as 
assistant to the professor of chemistry at Harvard 
for eighteen months. During the rest of his life 
he resided at Charlestown, N. H., on Connecticut 
river, where he gave much attention to study, 
and was elected a fellow of the Royal society of 



northern antiquarians of Copenhagen, Denmark. 
He published several poems, including "Logan, an 
Indian Tale " (1821), and " War " (1824). 

W EBER, Gustav C. E M physician, b. in Bonn, 
Prussia, 26 May, 1828. His father, Dr. M. 1. 
Weber, became professor of anatomy in the Uni- 
versity of Bonn on its foundation in 1818, and 
is the author of many professional works. The 
son studied at the university till the revolution- 
ary movement of 1848 caused him to emigrate 
to the United States, where he settled near St 
Louis, Mo., and engaged in farming. He after- 
ward completed his studies in Vienna. Amsterdam, 
and Paris, and in 1853 began to practise medicine 
in New York city. In 1856-'63 he was professor 
of surgery in Cleveland medical college, and in 
1861, as surgeon-general of the state, he organized 
a system for the loetter medical care of the troops 
in the field. In 1864 he organized Charity hos- 
pital medical college, where he became professor 
of clinical surgery and dean of the faculty, and he 
was also consulting surgeon to the Charity hospi- 
tal, which had. been founded chiefly through his 
efforts. The school subsequently became the 
medical department of the University of Wooster, 
Dr. Weber retaining his chair. He" is the origi- 
nator of a new method of closing large arteries in 
surgical operations without a ligature, and of a 
method for removing stone from the bladder. In 
1859 Dr. Weber established the Cleveland "Medi- 
cal Gazette," which he conducted for several years. 

WEBER, Max, soldier, b. in Achern, Baden, 
27 Aug., 1824. He was graduated at the military 
school of Carlsruhe, in 1843. as a lieutenant of in- 
fantry, and held a commission in the army of 
Baden until 1849. when he served with the revo- 
lutionists under Gen. Franz Sigel. He came to 
this country in the same year, settled in New York 
city, and oh 16 May, 1861, became colonel of the 
20th New York regiment He was stationed at 
Fort Monroe and took part in the capture of Fort 
Hatteras,and from September, 1861, till May, 1862, 
commanded Camp Hamilton, near the former post, 
being commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 
teers, 28 April, 1862. He was at Newport News 
during the nght between the " Monitor " and " Mer- 
rimac," in anticipation of a Confederate attack 
by land, took part in the capture of Norfolk in 
May, and then commanded at Suffolk till Sep- 
tember, when he was ordered to the Army of the 
Potomac. He led a brigade at South Mountain 
and Antietam, where he received a wound that 
crippled his right arm for life. He served under 
Gen. David Hunter and Gen. Franz Sigel in the 
Shenandoah valley in 1864, and, while command- 
ing at Harper's Ferry, repelled Gen. Jubal A. 
Early*s attack of 4-7 July. Gen. Weber resigned 
his commission on 18 May. 1865. He was assessor 
of internal revenue in New York in 1870-'2, and 
then collector till April, 1883, when he resigned. 

WEBER, Paul, German artist b. about 1823. 
He studied art in Frankfort, and in 1848 came 
to the United States, settling in Philadelphia. 
In 1858 he went to Darmstadt, where be was ap- 
pointed court painter. Among those of his works 
that are owned in the United States are "A Scene 
in the Catskills," in the Corcoran gallery, Wash- 
ington (1858); "Morning," in the Pennsylvania 
academy of fine arts; and "Lake Chiemsee, in the 
Bavarian Highlands." 

WEBSTER, Albert Falrey, author, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., in 1848; d. at sea, 27 Dec, 1870. His 
father was a confectioner in Boston. After en- 
gaging for a short time in various kinds of busi- 
ness, he became a writer for the magazines, and 



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published many short stories in " Scribner's 
Monthly," "The Atlantic Monthly/' and Anple- 
tons' Journal," in which api>earcd* his " Boaruing- 
House Sketches." lie also published a series of 
articles exposing abuses in the administration of 
criminal law and in the management of prisons. 
He was consumptive, went to California by way of 
the isthmus, and died on his way from San Fran- 
cisco to Honolulu, and was buried in the Pacific. 
At the time of his death Mr. Webster was en- 
caged to be married to Una, eldest daughter of 
Nathaniel Hawthorne. He left an unfinished 
novel. His most notable stories arc "Our Friend 
Sullivan," 44 My Daughter's Watch," "The Clytein- 
ncstra," and "An Operation in Money." 

WEBSTER, Ebenezer, patriot, b.'in Kingston, 
N. II., in 1739; d. in Salisbury (now Franklin), 
N. H., in 1800. He served in the old French war 
under Sir Jeffrey Amherst, and in 17H1 was one of 
the first settlers in what is now Franklin, N. II., 
then the most northern of the New England set- 
tlements. There he became a farmer and also 
kept a tavern. At the o|>ening of the Revolution 
he led the Salisbury militia to Cambridge, and 
subsequently saw much service till the close of the 
war, when he had attained the rank of colonel of 
militia. He was a member of the lower branch of 
the legislature for several years, served also in the 
state senate, and from 1791 till his death was judge 
of the court of common pleas of Hillsborough 
count v, N. II. — His son, Ezekiel, lawver, b. in 
Salisbury, N. II., 11 March, 1780; d. in' Concord, 
N. H., 10 April, 1829, was graduated at Dartmouth 
in 1804. studied law, and rose to eminence at the 
bar. He was also a member for several years of 
the New Hampshire legislature. His death re- 
sulted suddenly from disease of the heart while he 
was trying a ease. — Another son, Daniel, states- 
man, b. in Salisbury (now Franklin). N. 11 , 18 Jan., 
1782; d. in Marshficld, Mass.. 24 Oct., 1852, wns 
the second son of Ebenezer Webster by his second 
wife, Abigail Eastman. He seemed so puny and 
sickly as an infant that it was thought he would 
not live to grow up. He was considered too deli- 
cate for hard work on the farm, and was allowed a 
great deal of time for play. Much of this leisure 
he spent in fishing and hunting, or in roaming about 
the woods, the rest in reading. 1 n later life he could 
not remember when he learned to read. As a child 
his thirst for knowledge was insatiable; he read 
every book that came within reach, and conned his 
favorite authors until their sentences were in great 
part stored in his memory. In May, 179G, he was 
sent to Exeter academy, where he made rapid 
progress with his studies, but was so overcome by 
shyness that he found it impossible to stand up 
and "speak pieces" before his school-mates. In 
spite of this timidity, some of his natural gifts as 
an orator had already begun to show themselves. 
His great, lustrous eves and rich voice, with its 
musical intonations, had already exerted a fas- 
cination upon those who came within their range; 
passing teamsters would stop, and farmers pause, 
sickle in hand, to hear him recite verses of poetry 
or passages from the Bible. In February, 1797, his 
father sent him to Boscawen, where he* continued 
his studies under the tuition of the Rev. Samuel 
Wood. Although Ebenezer Webster found it diffi- 
cult, by unremitting labor and strictest economy, 
to support his numerous family, he still saw such 
signs of promise in Daniel as to convince him that 
it was worth while, at whatever sacrifice, to send 
him to college. In view of this decision, he took 
him from school, to hasten his preparation under 
a private tutor, and on the journey to Boscawen he 



informed Daniel of his plans. The warm-hearted 
boy, who had hardly dared hope for such good 
fortune, and keenly felt the sacrifice it involved, 
laid his head upon his father's shoulder and burst 
into tenrs. After six months with his tutor he 
had learned enough to fulfil the slender require- 
ments of those days for admission to Dartmouth, 
where he was duly graduated in 1801. At college, 
although industrious and punctual in attendance 
and soon found to be very quick at learning, he 
was not regarded as a thorough scholar. He had 
not, indeed, the scholarly temperament — that rare 
combination of profound insight, sustained atten- 
tion, microscopic accuracy, iron tenacity, and dis- 
interested pursuit of truth— which characterizes 
the great scientific discoverer or the great his- 
torian. But, while he had not these qualities in 
perfect combination — and no one knew this better 
than Mr. Webster himself — there was much about 
him that made him more interesting and remark- 
able, even at that early age, than if he had been 
consummate in scholarship. He was capable of 
great industry, he seized an idea with astonishing 
quickness, his memory was prodigious, and for 
power of lucid and convincing statement he was 
unrivalled. With these rare gifts he possessed that 
supreme poetic quality that defies analysis, but is at 
once recognized as genius. He was naturally, there- 
fore, considered by tutors and fellow-students the 
most remarkable man in the college, and the po- 
sition of su[K*riority thus early gained was easily 
maintained by him* through life and wherever he 
was placed. While at college he conauered or out- 
grew his boyish shyness, so as to take pleasure in 
public speaking, and his eloquence soon attracted 
so much notice that in 1800 the townspeople of 
Hanover selected this undergraduate to deliver the 
Fourth-of-July oration. It has been well pointed 
out by Henry Cabot Lodge that "the enduring 
work which Mr. Webster did in the world, and his 
meaning and influence in American history, are all 
summed up in the principles enunciated in that 
boyish speech at Hanover, which " preached love 
of country, the grandeur of American nationality, 
fidelity to the constitution as the bulwark of na- 
tionality, and the necessity and the nobility of the 
union of the states." After leaving college, Mr. 
Webster began studving law in the office of Thomas 
W. Thompson, of Salisbury, who was afterward U. S. 
senator. Some time before this he had made up 
his mind to help his elder brother. Ezekiel, to go 
through college, and for this purpose he soon 
found it necessary to earn money by teaching 
school. After some months of teaching at Frye- 
burg, Me., he returned to Mr. Thompson's office. 
In July, 1804, he went to Boston in search of em- 
ployment in some office where he might complete 
liis studies. Ho there found favor with Chris- 
topher Gore, who took him into his office as stu- 
dent and clerk. In March, 1805, Mr. Webster was 
admitted to the bar, and presently he began prac- 
tising his profession at Boscawen. In 1807, having 
acquired a fairly good business, he turned it over 
to his brother, Ezekiel, and removed to Ports- 
mouth, where his reputation grew rapidly, so that 
he was soon considered a worthy antagonist to 
Jeremiah Mason, one of the ablest lawyers this 
country has ever produced. In June, 1808, he 
married Miss Grace Fletcher, of Hopkinton, N. H. 

His first important political pamphlet, published 
that year, was a criticism on the embargo. In 1812, 
in a speech before the Washington benevolent so- 
ciety at Portsmouth, he summarized the objections 
of the New England people to the war just de- 
clared against Great Britain. He was immediately 



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afterward chosen delegate to a convention of the 
people of Rockingham county, and drew up the 
so-called "Rockingham Memorial," addressed to 
President Madison, which contained a formal pro- 
test against the war. In the following autumn he 
was elected to congress, and on taking his seat, in 
May, 1813, he was placed on the committee on for- 
eign relations. His first step in congress was the 
introduction of a series of resolutions aimed at the 
president, and calling for a statement of the time 
and manner in which Napoleon's pretended revo- 
cation of his decrees against American shipping 
had been announced to the United States. His 
first great speech, 14 Jan., 1814, was in opposition 
to the bill for encouraging enlistments, and at 
the close of that year he opposed Sec. Monroe's 
measures for enforcing what was known as the 
"draft of 1814.'* Mr. Webster's attitude toward 
the administration was that of the Federalist party 
to which he belonged ; but he did not go so far as 
the leaders of that party in New England. He 
condemned the embargo as more harmful to our- 
selves than to the enemy, as there is no doubt it 
was; he disapproved the policy of invading Cana- 
da, and maintained that our wisest course was to 
increase the strength of the navy, and on these 
points history will probably judge him to have 
been correct But in his opinion, that the war 
itself was unnecessary and injurious to the country, 
he was probably, like most New Englanders of that 
time, mistaken. Could he have foreseen and taken 
into account the rapid and powerful development 
of national feeling in the United States which the 
war called forth, it would have modified his view, 
for it is clear that the war party, represented by 
Henry Clay and his friends, was at that moment 
the truly national party, and Mr. Webster's sym- 
pathies were then, as always, in favor of the broad- 
est nationalism, and entirely opposed to every sort 
of sectional or particularist policy. This broad, 
national spirit, which was strong enough in the 
two Adamses to sever their connection with the 
Federalists of New England, led Mr. Webster to 
use his influence successfully to keep New Hamp- 
shire out of the Hartford convention. In the 13th 
congress, however, he voted 191 times on the same 
side with Timothy Pickering, and only 4 times on 
the opposite side. In this and the next congress 
the most important work done by Mr. Webster 
was concerned with the questions of currency 
and a national bank. He did good service in kill- 
ing the pernicious scheme for a bank endowed 
with the power of issuing irredeemable notes and 
obliged to lend money to the government. He was 
disposed to condemn outright the policy of allow- 
ing the government to take part in the manage- 
ment of the bank. He also opposed a protective 
tariff, but, by supporting Mr. Calhoun's bill for in- 
ternal improvements, he put himself on record as 
a loose constructionist. His greatest service was 
unquestionably his resolution of 20 April, 1816, re- 
quiring that all payments to the national treasury 
must be made in specie or its equivalents. This 
resolution, which he supported in a very powerful 
speech, was adopted the same day by a large ma- 

J'ority, and its effect upon the currency was speedi- 
y beneficial. In the course of this session he de- 
clined, with grim humor, a challenge sent him by 
John Randolph. 

In June, 1816, he removed to Boston, and at the 
expiration of his second term in congress, 4 March, 
1817, he retired for a while to private life. His 
reason for retiring was founded in need of money 
and the prospect of a great increase in his law- 
practice. On his removal to Boston tins prospect 



was soon realized in an income of not less than 
$20,000 a year. One of the first cases upon which 
he was now engaged was the famous Dartmouth 
college affair. While Mr. Webster's management 
of this case went far toward placing him at the 
head of the American bar, the political significance 
of its decision was such as to make it an important 
event in the history of the United States. It 
shows Mr. Webster not only as a great constitu- 
tional lawyer and consummate advocate, but also 
as a powerful champion of Federalism. In its ori- 
gin Dartmouth college was a missionary school for 
Indians, founded in 1754 by the Rev. Eleazar 
Wheelock, at Lebanon. Conn. After a few years 
funds were raised by private subscription for the 
purpose of enlarging the school into a college, and 
as the Earl of Dartmouth had been one of the chief 
contributors, Dr. Wheelock appointed him and 
other persons trustees of the property. The site 
of the college was fixed in New Hampshire, and 
a royal charter in 1769 created it a perpetual cor- 
poration. The charter recognized Wneelock as 
founder, and appointed him president, with power 
to name his successor, subject to confirmation by 
the trustees. Dr. Wheelock devised the presidency 
to his son, John Wheelock, who accordingly be- 
came his successor. The charter, in expressly for- 
bidding the exclusion of any person on account of 
his religious belief, reflected" the broad and toler- 
ant disposition of Dr. Wheelock, who was a liberal 
Presbyterian, and as such had been engaged in 
prolonged controversy with that famous repre- 
sentative of the strictest Congregationalism, Dr. Jo- 
seph Bellamy. In 17U3 Bellamy's pupil, Nathan- 
iel Niles, became a trustee of Dartmouth, and be- 
tween him and John Wheelock the old controversy 
was revived and kent up with increasing bitterness 
for several years, uividing the board of trustees 
into two hostile parties. At length, in 1809, the 
party opposed to President Wheelock gained a 
majority in the board, and thus became enabled in 
various ways to balk and harass the president, 
until in 1815 the quarrel broke forth into a war of 
pamphlets and editorial articles that convulsed the 
whole state of New Hampshire. The Congrega- 
tional church was at that time the established 
church in New Hampshire, supported by taxation, 
and the Federalist party found its strongest adher- 
ents among the members of that church. Natu- 
rally, therefore, the members of other churches, and 
persons opposed on general principles to the estab- 
lishment of a state church, were inclined to take 
sides with the Republicans. In 1815 President 
Wheelock petitioned the legislature for a commit- 
tee to investigate the conduct of the trustees, 
whom he accused of various offences, from intoler- 
ance in matters of religion to improper manage- 
ment of the funds. Thus the affair soon became a 
party question, in which the Federalists upheld the 
trustees, while the Republicans sympathized with 
the president. The legislature granted the peti- 
tion for a committee, out the trustees forthwith, 
in a somewhat too rash spirit of defiance, de|>oscd 
Mr. Wheelock and chose a new president, the Rev. 
Francis Brown. In the ensuing slate election Mr. 
Wheelock and his sympathizers went over to the 
Republicans, who thus succeeded in electing their 
candidate for governor, with a majority of the legis- 
lature. In June, 1816, the new legislature passed 
an act reorganizing the college, and a new board 
of trustees was at once appointed by the governor. 
Judge Woodward, secretary of the old board, went 
over to the new board, and became its secretary, 
taking with him the college seal. The new board 
proceeded to expel the old board, which forthwith 



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brought suit against Judge Woodward in an action 
of trover for the college seal. The case was tried 
in May, 1817, with those two great lawyers, Jere- 
miah Mason and Jeremiah Smith, as counsel for 

the plaintiffs. It 
was then post- 
poned till Sep- 
tember, when Mr. 
Webster was se- 
cured by the 
plaintiffs as an 
additional coun- 
sel. The plain- 
tiffs contended 
that, in the case 
of a corporation 
chartered for pri- 
vate uses, any 
alleged miscon- 
duct of the trus- 
tees was proper- 
ly a quest ion for 
the courts, and 
not for the legis- 
lature, which in 
meddling with 
such a question 
plainly transcended its powers. Their chief reliance 
was upon this point, but they also contended that 
the act of legislature reorganizing the college was 
an act impairing the obligation of a contract, and 
therefore a violation of the constitution of the 
United States. The state court at Exeter decided 
against the plaintiffs, and the point last mentioned 
enabled them to carry up their case to the supremo 
court of the United States. As the elder counsel 
were unable to go to Washington, it fell to Mr. 
Webster to conduct the case, which was tried in 
March, 1818. Mr. Webster argued that the charter 
of Dartmouth college created a private corporation 
for administering a charity ; that in the adminis- 
tration of such uses the trustees have a recognized 
right of property ; that the grant of such a charter 
is a contract between the sovereign power and the 
grantees, and descends to their successors; and 
that, therefore, the act of the New Hampshire legis- 
lature, in taking away the government from one 
board of trustees and conferring it upon another, 
was a violation of contract. These points were de- 
fended by Mr. Webster with masterly cogency, and 
re-enforced by illustrations calculated to appeal to 
the Federalist sympathies of the chief justice. He 
possessed in the highest degree the art of so pre- 
senting a case that the mere statement seemed 
equivalent to demonstration, and never did he ex- 
hibit that art in greater perfection or use it to 
better purpose than in this argument. A few sen- 
tences at the close, giving utterance to deep emo- 
tion, left judges and audience iu tears. The de- 
cision, rendered in the autumn, sustained Mr. 
Webster and set aside the act of t he legislature as 
unconstitutional. It was one of those far-reaching 
decisions in which the supreme court, under John 
Marshall, fixed the interpretation of the constitu- 
tion in such wise as to mid greatly to its potency 
as a fundamental instrument of government. The 
clause prohibiting state legislation in impairment 
of contracts, like most such general provisions, 
stood in need of judicial decisions to determine its 
scope. By bringing under the protection of this 
clause every charter granted by a state, the decis- 
ion in the Dartmouth college case went further 
perhaps than any other in our history toward lim- 
iting state sovereignty and extending the jurisdic- 
tion of the Federal supreme court. 



In the Massachusetts convention of 1820 for re- 
vising the state constitution Mr. Webster played an 
important part. He advocated with success the abo- 
lition of religious tests for office-holders, and in a 
speech in support of the feature of property-repre- 
sentation in the senate he examined the t heory and 
practice of bicameral legislation. His discussion of 
that subject is well worthy of study. In the same 
year, at the celebration of the second centennial of 
the landing of the Pilgrims, his commemorative 
oration was one of the noblest ever delivered. In 
1825, on the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker 
Hill monument (see illustration), he attained still 
higher perfection of eloquence ; and one year later, 
on the deat hs of Adams and Jefferson, his eulogy 
upon those statesmen completed a trio of historical 
addresses unsurpassed in splendor. The spirit of 
these orations is that of trie broadest patriotism, 
enlightened by a clear perception of the funda- 
mental importance of the Fetieral union between 
the states and an ever-present consciousness of the 
mighty future of our country and its moral signifi- 
cance in the history of the world. Such topics 
have often been treated as commonplaces and made 
the theme of vapid rhetoric; but under Daniel 
Webster's treatment they acquired a philosophical 
value and were fraught with most serious and 
earnest meaning. These orations were conceived 
in a spirit of religious devotion to the Union, and 
contributed powerfully toward awakening such a 
sentiment in those who read them afterward, while 
upon those who heard them from the lips of the 
majestic speaker the impression was such as could 
never be effaced. The historian must assign to 
them a high place among the literary influences 
that aroused in the, American people a sentiment 
of union strong enough to endure the shock of 
civil war. 

Iu 1822 Mr. Webster was elected to congress 
from the Boston district, and he was twice re- 
elected bv a popular vote that was almost unani- 
mous. When he took his seat in congress in De- 
cember, 1823, the speaker, Henry Clay, appointed 
him chairman of the judiciary committee. In that 
capacity he prepared and carried through the 
" Crimes act," which was substantially a thorough 
remodelling of the criminal jurisprudence of the 
United States. The preparation of this bill showed 
in the highest degree his constructive genius as a 
legislator, while in carrying it through congress 
his parliamentary skill and persuasiveness in debate 
were equally conspicuous. In 1825 he prepared a 
bill for increasing the number of supreme court 
judges to ten, for making ten Federal circuits and 
otherwise strengthening the working capacity of 
the court; but this bill, after passing the house, 
was lost in the senate. Of his two most celebrated 
speeches in congress during this period, the first 
was on the revolution in Greece. Mr. Webster 
moved, 19 Jan.. 1824, the adoption of his own reso- 
lution in favor of making provision for a commis- 
sioner to Greece should President Monroe see fit to 
appoint one. In his speech on this occasion he 
set forth the hostility of the American people to 
the principles, motives, and methods of the " Holy 
Alliance," and their sympathy with such struggles 
for self-government as that in which tho Greeks 
were engaged. The resolution was not adopted, 
but Mr. Webster's speech made a profound im- 
pression at home and abroad. It was translated 
into several European languages, and called forth 
much foreign comment. The other great speech, de- 
livered on 1 and 2 April, 1824, was what is commonly 
called his "free-trnac speech." A bill had been in- 
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extend the operation of the protective system. In 
this speech Mr. Wel>stcr found fault with the 
phrase "American policy," as applied by Mr. Clay- 
to the system of high protective duties. " If 
names are thought necessary," said Mr. Webster, 
"it would be well enough, one would think, that 
the name should be in some measure descriptive of 
the thing; and since Mr. Sneaker denominates the 
policy which he recommends a 'new policy in this 
country'; since he speaks of the present measure 
as a new era in our legislation ; since he professes 
to invite us to depart from our accustomea course, 
to instruct ourselves by the wisdom of others, and 
to adopt the policy of the most distinguished for- 
eign states— one is a little curious to know with 
what propriety of speech this imitation of other 
nations is denominated nn 'American policy,' 
while, on the contrary, a preference for our own es- 
tablished system, as it now actually exists and al- 
ways has existed, is called a 'foreign policy.' This 
favorite American policy is what America has never 
tried; and this odious foreign policy is what, as we 
are told, foreign states have never pursued. Sir, 
that is the truest American policy which shall 
most usefully employ American capital and Ameri- 
can labor." After this exordium, Mr. Webster 
went on to give a masterly exposition of some of 
the elementary theorems of political economy and 
a survey, at once comprehensive and accurate, of 
the condition of American industry at the time. 
He not only attacked Mr. Clay's policy on broad 
national grounds, but also showed more specifical- 
ly that it was likely to prove injurious to the mari- 
time commerce in whicn the New England states 
had so long taken the lead ; and he concluded by 
characterizing that policy as "so burdensome and 
so dangerous to the interest which has steadily en- 
riched, gallantly defended, and proudly distin- 
guished us. that nothing can prevail upon me to 
give it my support." Upon this last clause of his 
speech he" was afterward enabled to rest a partial 
justification of his change of attitude toward the 
tariff. The other chief incidents in his career in 
the house of representatives were his advocacy of a 
national bankrupt law, his defence of William II. 
Crawford, secretary of the treasury, against sun- 
dry charges brought against him by Ninian Ed- 
wards (q. »».), lately senator from Illinois, and his 
defence of President Adams's policy in the matter 
of Georgia and the Creek Indians. 

In politics Mr. Webster occupied at this time 
an independent position. The old Federalist party, 
to whicn he had formerly belonged, was completely 
broken down, and the new National Republican 
party, with its inheritance of many of the princi- 
ples, motives, and methods of the Federalists, was 
just beginning to take shape under the leadership 
of Adams and Clav. Between these eminent 
statesmen and Mr. Webster the state of feeling 
was not such as to insure cordial co-operation, but 
in their views of government there was similarity 
enough to bring them together in opposition to the 
new Democratic party represented by Jackson, 
Benton, and Van Burcn. With the extreme south- 
ern views of Crawford and Calhoun it was imjms- 
sible that he should sympathize, although his per- 
sonal relations with those leaders were quite 
friendly, and after the death of Calhoun, the no- 
blest culogium upon his character and motives was 
made by Mr. Webster. There is a sense in which 
all American statesmen may be said to be intel- 
lectually the descendants and disciples cither of 
Jefferson or of Hamilton, and as a representative 
follower of Hamilton, Mr. Webster was sure to lie 
drawn rather toward Clay than toward Jackson. 



The course of industrial events in New England 
was such as to involve changes of opinion in that 
part of the country, which were soon reflected in a 
complete reversal of Mr. Webster's attitude toward 
the tariff. In 182? he was elected to the U. S. sen- 
ate. In that year an agitation was begun by the 
woollen-manufacturers, which soon developed into 
a promiscuous scramble among different industries 
for aid from government, and finally resulted in 
the tariff of 1828. That act, which was generally 
known at the time as " the tariff of al>omi nations," 
was the first extreme application of the protective 
system in our Federal legislation. When the bill 
was pending before the senate in April, 1828, Mr. 
Webster made a memorable speech, in which he 
completely abandoned the position he had held in 
1824, and from this time forth he was a supporter 
of the policy of Mr. Clay and the protectionists. 
For this change of attitude he was naturally 
praised by his new allies, who were glad to inter- 
pret it as a powerful argument in favor of their 
views. By every one else he was blamed, and this 
speech has often been cited, together with that of 
7 March, 1850, as proving that Mr. Webster was 
governed by unworthy motives and wanting in po- 
litical principle. The two cases, as we shall see, 
are not altogether parallel. Probably neither ad- 
mits of entire justification, but in neither case did 
Mr. Webster attempt to conceal or disguise his real 
motives. In 1828 he frankly admitted that the 
policy of protection to manufactures by means of 
tariff duties was a policy of which he had disap- 
proved, whether as a political economist or as a 
representative of the interests of New England. 
Against his own opposition and that of New Eng- 
land, the act of 1824 had passed. " What, then, 
was New England to dot . . . Was she to hold out 
forever against the course of the government, and 
see herself losing on one side and yet make no ef- 
fort to sustain herself on the othcrt No. sir. 
Nothing was left for New England but to conferin 
herself to the will of others. Nothing was left to 
her but to consider that the government had fixed 
and determined its own policy; and that policy 
was protection" In other words, the tariff j>olicy 
adopted at Washington, 
while threatening the com- 
mercial interests of New 
England, had favored the 
investment of capital in 
manufactures there, and 
it was not becoming in 
a representative of N« w 
England to take part in 
disturbing the new ar- 
rangement of things. This 
argument, if pushed far 
enough, would end in the 
doctrine — now apparently 
obsolete, though it has of- 
ten been attacked and de- 
fended — that a senator is 
simply the minister of his 
state in congress. With 
Mr. Webster it went so far 
as to modify essentially 

his expressions of opinion as to the constitutional- 
ity of protective legislation. He had formerly been 
inclined to interpret the constitution strictly upon 
this point, but in 1828 and afterward his i>osition 
was that of the loose constructionists. Ilerc the 
strong Federalist bias combined with that temj»eni- 
ment which has sometimes been called "opportun- 
ism " to override his convictions upon the economic 
merits of the question. 




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This tariff of 1828 soon furnished an occasion 
for the display of Mr. Webster's strong Federalist 
spirit in a way that was most serviceable for his 
country and has earned for him undying fame as 
an orator and statesman. It led to the distinct 
announcement of the principles of nullification by 
the public men of South Carolina, with Mr. Cal- 
houn at their head. During President Jackson's 
first term the question as to nullification seemed 
to occupy everybody's thoughts and had a way of 
intruding upon the discussion of all other ques- 
tions. In December, 1829, Samuel A. Foote, of 
Connecticut, presented to the senate a resolution 
inquiring into the expediency of limiting the sales 
of the public lands to those already in the market, 
besides suspending the surveys of the public lands 
and abolishing the office of surveyor-general. The 
resolution was quite naturally resented by the 
western senators as having a tendency to check the 
growth of their section of the country. The de- 
bate was opened by Mr. Benton, and lasted several 
weeks, with increasing bitterness. The belief in the 
hostility of the New England states toward the west 
was shared by many southern senators, who desired 
to unite south and west in opposition to the tariff. 
On 1U Jan., 1830, Robert Y. Hayne, of South Caro- 
lina, attacked the New England states, accusing 
them of aiming by their protective policy at ag- 
grandizing themselves nt the expense of all the 
rest of the Union. On the next day Mr. Webster 
delivered his " first soeech on Foote's resolution," 
in which he took up Air. Hayne's accusations and 
answered them with great power. This retort pro- 
voked a long and able reply from Mr. Havne, in 
which he not only assailed Mr. Webster and Massa- 
chusetts and New England, but set forth quite 
ingeniouslv and elaborately the doctrines of nulli- 
fication. In view of the political agitation then 
going on in South Carolina, it was felt that this 
speech would work practical mischief unless it 
should meet with instant refutation. It was finished 
on 25 Jan., and on the next two days Mr. Webster 
delivered his "second soeech on Foote's resolu- 
tion," better known in history as the "Reply to 
Hayne." The debate had now lasted so long that 
people had come from different parts of the coun- 
try to Washington to hear it, and on 26 Jan. the 
crowd not only filled the galleries and invaded the 
floor of the senate-chamber, but occupied all the 
lobbies and entries within hearing and even be- 
yond. In the first part of his speech Mr. Webster 
replied to the aspersions upon himself and New 
England; in the second part he attacked with 
weighty argument and keen-ed^ed sarcasm the 
doctrine of nullification. He did not undertake 
to deny the right of revolution as a last resort in 
cases with which legal and constitutional methods 
are found inadequate to deal : but he assailed the 
theory of the constitution maintained by Cal- 
houn and his followers, according to which nulli- 
fication was a right, the exercise of which was 
compatible with loyal adherence to the constitu- 
tion. His course of argument was twofold; he 
sought to show, first, that the theory of the con- 
stitution as a terminable league or compact be- 
tween sovereign states was unsupported by the 
history of its origin, and, secondly, that the attempt 
on the part of any state to act upon that theory 
must necessarily entail civil war or the disruption 
of the Union. As to the sufficiency of his histori- 
cal argument there has been much difference of 
opinion. The question is difficult to deal with in 
such a way as to reach an unassailable conclusion, 
and the difficulty i« largely due to the fact that in 
the various ratifying conventions of 1787-'© the 



men who advocated the adoption of the constitu- 
tion did not all hold the same opinions as to the 
significance of what they were doing. There was 
great divergence of opinion, and plenty of room 
for antagonisms of interpretation to grow up as 
irreconcilable as those of Webster and Calhoun. 
If the South Carolina doctrine distorted history in 
one direction, that of Mr. Webster probably 'de- 
parted somewhat from the record in the other: but 
the latter was fully in harmony with the actual 
course of our national development, and with the 
increased and increasing strength of the sentiment 
of union at the time when it was propounded with 
such powerful reasoning and such magnificent 
eloquence in the " Reply to Hayne." As an appeal 
to the common sense of the American people, 
nothing could be more masterly than Mr. Webster's 
demonstration that nullification practically meant 
revolution, and their unalterable opinion of the 
soundness of his argument was amply illustrated 
when at length the crisis came which he deprecated 
with such intensity of emotion in his concluding 
sentences. To some of the senators who listened 
to the speech, as, for instance, Thomas H. Benton, 
it seemed as if the passionate eloquence of its 
close concerned itself with imaginary dangers 
never likely to be realized : but the event showed 
that Mr. Webster estimated correctly the perilous- 
ness of the doctrine against which he was contend- 
ing. For genuine oratorical power, the " Reply to 
Hayne " is probably the greatest speech that has 
been delivered since the oration of Demosthenes 
on the crown. The comparison is natural, as there 
are points in the American orator that forcibly 
remind one of the Athenian. There is the fine 
sense of proportion and fitness, the massive weight 
of argument due to transparent clearness and 
matchless symmetry of statement, and along 
with the rest a truly Attic simplicity of diction. 
Mr. Webster never indulged in mere rhetorical 
flights; his sentences, simple in structure and 
weighted with meaning, went straight to the mark, 
and his arguments were so skilfully framed that 
while his most learned and critical hearers were 
impressed with a sense of their conclusiveness, no 
man of ordinary intelligence could fail to under- 
stand them. To these high qualifications of the 
orator was added such a physical presence as but 
few men have been endowed with. Mr. Webster's 
appearance was one of unequalled dignity and 
power, his voice was rich and musical, and the im- 

Sressiveness of his delivery was enhanced by the 
epth of genuine manly feeling with which he 
spoke. Yet while his great speeches owed so 
much of their overpowering effect to the look and 
manner of the man, they were at the same time 
masterpieces of literature. Like the speeches of 
Demosthenes, thev were capable of swaying the 
reader as well as the hearer, and their effects went 
far beyond the audience and far beyond the occa- 
sion of their delivery. In all these respects the 
"Reply to Hayne "marks the culmination of Mr. 
Webster's power as an orator. Of all the occa- 
sions of his life, this encounter with the doctrine 
of nullification on its first bold announcement in 
the senate was certainly the greatest, and the 
speech was equal to the occasion. It struck a chord 
in the heart of the American people which had 
not ceased to vibrate when the crisis came thirty 
years later. It gave articulate expression to a 
sentiment of loyalty to the Union that went on 
growing until the American citizen was as prompt 
to fight for the Union as the Mussulman for his 
propnet or the cavalier for his king. It furnished, 
moreover, a clear and comprehensive statement of 



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the theory by which that sentiment of loyalty was 
justified. Of the men who in ufter-years gave up 
their lives for the Union, doubtless the greater 
number had as school-boys declaimed passages 
from this immortal speech and caught some inspi- 
ration from its fervid patriotism. Probably no 
other speech ever made in congress has found so 
many readers or exerted so much influence in giv- 
ing shape to men's thoughts. 

Three years afterward Mr. Webster returned to 
struggle with nullification, being now pitted against 
the master of that doctrine instead of the disciple. 
In the interval South Carolina had attempted to 
put the doctrine into practice, and had been res- 
olutely met by President Jackson with his procla- 
mation of 10 Dec., 1832. In response to a special 
message from the president, early in January, 1833, 
the so-called 44 Force bill," empowering the president 
to use the army and navy, if necessary, for enforc- 
ing the revenue laws in* South Carolina, was re- 
ported in the senate. The bill was opposed by 
Democrats who did not go so far as to approve of 
nullification, but the defection of these senators 
was more than balanced by the accession of Mr. 
Webster, who upon this measure came promptly 
to the support of the administration. For this, 
says Benton, * 4 his motives . . . were attacked, and 
he was accused of subserviency to the president for 
the sake of future favor. At the same time all the 
support which he gave to these measures was the 
regular result of the principles which he laid down 
against nullification in the debate with Mr. Hayne, 
and he could not have done less without being der- 
elict to his own principles then avowed. It was a 
proud era in his life, supporting with transcendent 
ability the cause of the constitution and of the 
country, in the person of a chief magistrate to 
whom he was politically opposed, bursting the 
bonds of party at the call of duty, and displaying 
a patriotism worthy of admiration and imitation. 
Gen. Jackson felt the debt of gratitude and admira- 
tion which he owed him; the country, without dis- 
tinction of party, felt the same. ... He was the 
colossal figure o"n the political stage durinp that 
eventful time ; and his lal»ors, splendid'in their day, 
survive for the benefit of distant posterity" (*• Thirty 
Years' View," i., 334). The support of the presi- 
dent's policy by Mr. Webster, and its enthusiastic 
approval by nearly all the northern and a great 
many of the southern people, seems to have alarmed 
Mr. Calhoun, probably not so much for his personal 
safety as for the welfare of his nullification schemes. 
The story that he was frightened by the rumor that 
Jackson had threatened to begin by arresting him 
on a charge of treason is now generally discredited. 
He had seen enough, however, to convince him 
that the theory of |>caceful nullification was not 
now likely to be realized. It was not, his aim to 
provoke an armed collision, and accordingly a mo- 
mentary alliance was made between himself and 
Mr. Clay, resulting in the compromise tariff bill of 
12 Feb.. 1833. Only four days elapsed U'tween Mr. 
Webster's announcement of his intention to support 
the president and the introduction of this com- 
promise measure. Mr. Wel*tcr at once opposed 
the compromise, both as unsound economically and 
as an unwise and dangerous concession to the 
threats of the nullifiers. At this point the Forte 
bill was brought forward, and Mr. Calhoun made 
his great speech, 15-lfi Feb.. in support of the reso- 
lutions he nad introduced on 22 Jan., affirming the 
doctrine of nullification. To this Mr. Webster re- 
plied, 16 Feb., with his speech entitled 44 The Con- 
stitution not a Compact between Sovereign States," 
in which he supplemented and re-enforced the 



argument of the 44 Reply to Hayne." Mr. Calhoun's 
answer, 26 Feb., was perhaps the most powerful 
speech he ever delivered, and Mr. Webster did not 
reply to it at length. The burden of the discussion 
was what the American people really did when they 
adopted the Federal constitution. Did they simply 
create a league between sovereign states, or did 
they create a national government, which operates 




immediately upon individuals, and, without super- 
seding the state governments, stands superior to 
them, and claims a prior allegiance from all citi- 
zens f It is now plain to be seen that in point of 
fact they did create such a national government ; 
but how far they realized at the outset what they 
were doing is quite another question. Mr. Web- 
ster's main conclusion was sustained with colossal 
strength : but his historical argument was in some 
places weak, and the weakness is unconsciously be- 
trayed in a tiisnosition toward wire-drawn subtlety, 
from which Mr. Wel>ster was usually quite free. 
His ingenious reasoning upon the meaning of such 
words as 44 compact " and 44 accede " was easily de- 
molished by Mr. Calhoun, who was, however, more 
successful in hitting upon his adversary's vulnerable 
points than in making good his own case. In fact, 
the historical question was not really so simple as 
it presented itself to the. minds of those two great 
statesmen. But in whatever way it was to bo 
settled, the force of Mr. Webster's practical conclu- 
sions remained, as he declared in the brief rejoinder 
with which he ended the discussion: 44 Mr. Presi- 
dent, turn this question over and present it as we 
will — argue it as we may — exhaust upon it all the 
fountains of metaphysics — stretch over it all the 
meshes of logical or political subtlety— it still comes 
to this: Shall we have a general government f 
Shall we continue the union of the states under a 
government instead of a league f This is the upshot 
of the whole matter ; because, if we arc to have a 
government, that government must act* like other 
governments, by majorities; it must have this 
power, like other governments, of enforcing its own 
laws and its own decisions; clothed with authority 
by the people and always responsible to the people, 
it must be able to hold its course unchecked by ex- 
ternal interposition. According to the gentleman's 
views of the matter, the constitution is a league; 
according to mine, it is a regular popular govern- 
ment. This vital and all-important question the 
people will decide, and in deciding it they will de- 
termine whether, by ratifying the present constitu- 
tion and frame of government, they meant to do 
nothing more than to amend the articles of the old 
confederation." As the immediate result of the 
debates, both the Force bill and the Compromise 
tariff bill were adopted, and this enabled Mr. Cal- 
houn to maintain that the useful and conservative 
character of nullification had been demonstrated, 
since the action of South Carolina had, without 
leading to violence, led to such modifications of the 



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tariff as she desired. But the abiding result was, 
that Webster had set forth the theory upon which 
the Union was to be preserved, and that the ad- 
ministration, in acting upon that, theory, had estab- 
lished an extremely valuable precedent for the 
next administration that should be called upon to 
meet a similar crisis. 

The alliance between Mr. Webster and President 
Jackson extended only to the question of main- 
taining the Union. As an advocate of the j>olicy 
of a national bank, a protective tariff, and internal 
improvements, Mr. Webster's natural place was by 
the side of Mr. Clay in the Whig party, which was 
now in the process of formation. He was also at 
one with both the northern and the southern 
sections of the Whig party in opposition to what 
Mr. Benton called the "demos krateo" principle, 
according to which the president, in order to carry 
out the 44 will of the people," mi^ht feel himself 
Authorized to override the constitutional limita- 
tions upon his power. This was not precisely what 
Mr. Benton meunt by his principle, out it was the 
way in which it was practically illustrated in 
Jackson's war against the bank. In the course of 
this struggle Mr. Webster made more than sixty 
speeches, remarkable for their wide and accurate 
knowledge of finance. His consummate mastery 
of statement is nowhere more thoroughly exempli- 
fied than in these speeches. Constitutional ques- 
tions were brought up by Mr. Clay's resolutions 
censuring the president for the removal of the de- 
posits, and for dismissing William J. Duane, sec- 
retary of the treasury. In reply to the resolutions, 
President Jackson sent to the senate his remarka- 
ble 44 Protest," in which he maintained that in the 
mere discussion of such resolutions that body tran- 
scended its constitutional prerogatives, and that 
the president is the •* direct representative of the 
American people," charged witn the duty, if need 
be, of protecting them against the usurpations of 
congress. The Whigs maintained, with much 
truth, that this doctrine, if carried out in all its 
implications, would push democracy to the point 
where it merges in Caesarism. It was now that 
the opposition began to call themselves Whigs, and 
tried unsuccessfully to stigmatize the president's 
supporters as Tories." Mr. Webster's speech on 
the president's protest, 7 May, 1884. was one of 
great importance, and should be read by every 
student of our constitutional history. In another 
elaborate speech, 10 Feb., 1885, he tried to show 
that under a proper interpretation of the constitu- 
tion the power of removal, like the power of ap- 
pointment, was vested in the president and senate 
conjointly, and that 44 the decision of congress in 
1789, which separated the power of removal from 
the power of appointment, was founded on an 
erroneous construction of the constitution." But 
subsequent opinion has upheld the decision of 1789, 
leaving the speech to serve as an illustration of 
the way in which, under the stress of a particular 
contest, the Whigs were as ready to strain the con- 
stitution in one direction as the Democrats were 
inclined to bend it in another. An instance of the 
latter kind was Mr. Benton's expunging resolution, 
against which Mr. Webster emphatically protested. 

About this time Mr. Webster was entertaining 
thoughts of retiring, for a while at least, from 

Eubhc life. As he said, in a letter to a friend, he 
ad not for fourteen years had leisure to attend to 
his private affairs, or to become acquainted by 
travel with his own country. This penod had not, 
however, been entirely free from professional work. 
It was seldom that Mr. Webster took part in crimi- 
nal trials, but in this department of legal practice 



he showed himself qualified to take rank with the 
greatest advocates that have ever addressed a jury. 
His speech for the prosecution, on the trial of the 
murderers of Capt. Joseph White, at Salem, in 
August, 1830, has been pronounced superior to the 
finest speeches of Lora Erskine. In the autumn 
of 1824, while driving in a chaise with his wife 
from Sandwich to Boston, he stopped at the beau- 
tiful farm of Capt John Thomas, by the sea-shore 
at Marshfield. For the next seven years his fami- 
ly passed their summers at this place as guests of 
Cant. Thomas ; and, as the latter was growing old 
ana willing to be eased of the care of the farm, 
Mr. Webster bought it of him in the autumn of 
1831. Capt. Thomas continued to live there until 
his death, in 1837, as Mr. Webster's guest. For the 
latter it became the favorite home whither he re- 
tired in the intervals of public life. It was a place, 
he said, where he 44 coulu go out every day in the 
year and see something new." Mr. Webster was 
Very fond of the sea. lie had also a passion for 
country life, for all the sights and sounds of the 
fann, for the raising of fine animals, as well as for 
hunting and fishing. The earlier years of Mr. 
Webster's residence at Marshfield. and of his ser- 
vice in the U. S. senate, witnessed some serious 
events in his domestic life. Death removed his 
wife, 21 Jan., 1828, and his brother Ezekiel, 10 
April, 1829. In December, 1829, he married Miss 
Caroline Le Roy, daughter of a wealthy merchant 
in New York. Immeniatclv after this second mar- 
riage came the 44 Reply to rlayne." The beginning 
of a new era in his private lire coincided with the 
beginning of a new era in his career as a statesman. 
After 1830 Mr. Webster was recognized as one of 
the greatest powers in the nation, and it seemed 
natural that .the presidency should be offered to 
such a man. His talents, however, were not those 
of a party leader, and the circumstances under 
which the Whig party was formed were not such 
as to place him at its head. The elements of which 
that party was made up were incongruous, the 
bond of union between them consisting chiefly of 
opposition to President Jackson's policy. In the 
election of 1836 they had not time in which to be- 
come welded together, and after the brief triumph 
of 1840 they soon fell apart again. In 1836 there 
was no general agreement upon a candidate. The 
northern Whigs, or National Republicans, sup- 
ported bv the anti-Masons, nominated Gen. Will- 
iam H. fiarrison ; the southern or 44 state-ritrhts *' 
Whigs nominated Hugh L. White; the legislature 
of Massachusetts nominated Mr. Webster, and he 
received the electoral vote of that state only. Over 
such an ill-organized opposition Mr. Van Buren 
easily triumphed. In March, 1837, on his way 
from Washington to Boston, Mr. Webster stopped 
in New York and made a great speech at Niblo's 
garden, in which he reviewed and criticised the 
policy of the late administration, with especial ref- 
erence to its violent treatment of the bank. In the 
course of the speech he used language that was 
soon proved prophetic by the financial crisis of 
that year. In the summer he mado a journey 
through the western states. In the next session of 
congress his most important speeches were those 
on the sub-treasury bill. The second of these, de- 
livered 12 March, 1838, contained some memorable 
remarks on the course of Mr. Calhoun, who had 
now taken sides with the administration. No pas- 
sage in all his speeches is more graphic than that 
in which, with playful sarcasm, he imagines Gen. 
Jackson as coming "from his ret irement at the Her- 
mitage, walking into the senate-chamber, and 
I looking across 44 to the seats on the other side." 



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whole of that portion of the speech which re- 
s to nullification is extremely powerful. Mr. 
loun, in his reply, •• carried the war into A f- 
iind attacked Mr. Webster's i*ecord. ile was 
vered, 22 March, by a speech that was a model 
such parliamentary retorts. Mr. Webster never 
red at his adversaries, but always rendered 
u the full meed of personal respect that he 
Id have demanded for himself. He discussed 
;t ions on their merits, and was too great to de- 
d to recriminations. His Titanic power owed 
little, to the spirit of belligerency. Never was 
e an orator more urbane or more full of Chris- 
magnanimity. 

; the summer of 1830 Mr. Webster with his 
lv visited England, where he was cordially re- 
><1 and greatly admired. On his return in De- 
i>er he learned that the Whigs had this time 
ed upon Gen. Harrison for their candidate in 
hope of turning to their own uses the same 
ot unreflecting popular enthusiasm that had 
cd Jackson. The panic of 183? aided them 
more, and Mr. Webster made skilful use of it 
long series of campaign speeches, during the 
mer of 1840, in Massachusetts, New York, 
isyl vania, and Virginia. He accepted the office 
*cretary of state in President Harrison's ad- 
stration, and soon showed himself as able in 
>macy as in other departments of statesman- 
ship. There 
was a compli- 
cation of dif- 
ficulties with 
Great Britain 
which seemed 
to be bringing 
iistotbeverge 
of war. There 
was the long- 
standing dis- 
pute about 
the northeast- 
ern liounda- 
ry, which had 
K>en adequately defined by the treaty of 1783, 
along with the renewal of this controversy 
s up the cases of MeLeod and the steamer 
oline," the slave-ship "Creole," and all the 
fold complications that these cases involved. 
Oregon question, too, was looming in the 
srround. In disentangling these difficulties 
-Vebster showed wonderful tact and discretion, 
as fortunately aided by the change of minis- 
n England, which transferred the manage- 
of foreign affairs from the hands of Lord 
erston to those of Lord Aberdeen. Edward 
ett was then in London, and Mr. Webster se- 
l his appointment as minister to Great Britain, 
sponse to this appointment, Lord Ashburton, 
e friendly feeling toward the United States 
mown to every one, was sent over on a special 
on to confer with Mr. Webster, and the result 
:he Ashburton treaty of 1842, by which an 
rary and conventional line was adopted for 
ortheastern boundary, while the loss thereby 
ed by the states of Maine and Massachusetts 
to be indemnified by the United States. It 
lso agreed that Great Britain and the United 
s should each keep its own squadron to watch 
:oast of Africa for the suppression of the 
trade, and that in this good work each nation 
d separately enforce its own laws. This clause 
e treaty was known as the *' cruising conven- 
The old grievance of the impressment of 
in, which had been practically abolished by 




the glorious victories of American frigates in the 
war of 1812-*15, was now formally ended by Mr. 
Webster's declaration to Lord Ashburton that 
henceforth American vessels would not submit 
themselves to be searched. Henceforth the en- 
forcement of the so-called right of search " by a 
British ship would be regarded by the United 
States as a camtn belli. When all the circumstances 
are considered, this Ashburton trenty shows thut 
Mr. Webster's powers as a diplomatist were of the 
highest order. In the hands of an ordinary states- 
man the affair might easily have ended in a war: 
out his management was so dexterous that, as we 
now look back upon the negotiation, we find it 
hard to realize that there was any real danger. 
Perhaj* there could be no more conclusive proof 
or more satisfactory measure of his really brilliant 
and solid success. 

While these important negotiations were going 
on. great changes had come over the political hori- 
zon. There had been a quarrel between the north- 
ern and southern sections of the Whig party (see 
Tyler, John), and on 11 Sept., 1841, all the mem- 
bers of President Tyler's cabinet, except Mr. Web- 
ster, resigned. It seems to have been believed by 
many of the Whigs that a unanimous resignation 
on the part of the cabinet would force President 
Tyler to resign. The idea came from a misunder- 
standing of the British custom in similar cases, 
and it is an incident of great interest to the stu- 
dent of American history; but there was not the 
slightest chance that it should be realized. Had 
there been any such chance, Mr. Webster defeated 
it by staying at his post in order to finish the 
treaty with Great Britain. The Whigs were in- 
clined to attribute his conduct to unworthy mo- 
tives, and no sooner had the treaty been signed, 
9 Aug., 1842, than the newspapers began calling 
upon him to resign. The treaty was ratified in 
the senate by a vote of 30 to 9. but it had still to 
be adopted by parliament, and much needless ex- 
citement was occasioned on both sides of the ocean 
by the discovery of an old map in Paris, sustain- 
ing the British View of the northeastern boundary, 
and another in London, sustaining the American 
view. Mr. Webster remained at his post in spite 
of popular clamor until he knew the treaty to be 
quite safe. In the hope of driving him from the 
cabinet, the Whigs in Massachusetts held a con- 
vention and declared that President Tyler was no 
longer a member of their party. On a visit to 
Boston, Mr. Webster made a noble speech in 
Faneuil hall. 30 Sept., 1842, in the course of which 
he declared that he was neither to be coaxed nor 
driven into an action that in his own judgment 
was not conducive to the best interests of the 
country. He knew very well that by such inde- 
pendence he was likely to injure his chances for 
nomination to the presidency. He knew that a 
movement in favor of Mr. Clay had begun in 
Massachusetts, and that his own course was adding 
greatly to the impetus of that movement. But his 
patriotism rose superior to all personal considera- 
tions. In May, 1843, having seen the treaty firmly 
established, he resigned the secretaryship and re- 
turned to the practice of his profession in Boston. 
In the canvass of 1844 he supported Mr. Clay in 
a series or able speeches. On Mr. Choate's resigna- 
tion, early in 1845, Mr. Webster was" re-elected to 
the senate. The two prineioal questions of Mr. 
Polk's administration related to the partition of 
Oregon and the difficulties that led to war with 
Mexico. The Democrats declared that we must 
have the whole of Oregon up to the parallel of 54 9 
40', although the 49th parallel had already been sug- 



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treated as a compromise-line. In a Terr able speech 
at FaneuU halL Mr. Webster advocated the adop- 
tion of this compromise. The speech was widely 
read in En zUnd and on the continent of Europe, 
and Mr. Weh<er followed it by a private letter to 
Mr. Macgregor. of Glasgow, expressing a wish that 
the British government might see fit to offer the 
49th parallel as a boundary-line. The letter was 
shown to Lord Aberdeen, who adopted the sug- 
gestion, and the dispute accordingly ended in the 
partition of Oregon between the United States and 
Great Britain. This successful interposition dis- 
gusted some Democrats who were really desirous 
of war with England, and Charles J. IngersnlL 
member of congress from Pennsylvania and chair- 
man of the committee on foreign affairs, made a 
scandalous attack upon Mr. Webster, charging 
him with a corrupt use of public funds. Mr. Web- 
ster replied in bis great speech of • and 7 April, 
1846, in defence of the Ash burton treaty. 



Yhe 

speech was a triumphant vindication of bis public 
policy, and in the thorough investigation of details 
that followed, Mr. IngersolTs charges were shown 
to be utterly groundless. 

During the operations on the Texas frontier, 
which brought on war with Mexico, Mr. Webster 
was absent from Washington. In the summer of 
1&47 he travelled through the southern states, and 
was everywhere received with much enthusiasm. 
He opposed the prosecution of the war for the sake 
of acquiring more territory, because be foresaw 
that such a policy roust speedily lead to a danger- 
ous agitation of the slavery question. The war 
brought Gen. Zachary Taylor into the foreground 
as a candidate for the presidency, and some of the 
Whig managers actually proposed to nominate 
Mr. Webster as vice-president on the same ticket 
with Gen. Taylor. He indignantly refused to ac- 
cept such a proposal ; but Mr. Clay s defeat in 1844 
had made many Whigs afraid to take him again 
as a candidate. Mr. Webster was thought to be 
altogether too independent, and there was a feeling 
that Gen. Taylor was the most available candidate 
and the only one who could supplant Mr. Clay. 
These circumstances led to Taylor's nomination, 
which Mr. Webster at first declined to support. 
He disapproved of soldiers as presidents, and char- 
acterized the nomination as "one not fit to be 
made.** At the same time he was far from ready 
to support Mr. Van Buren and the Free-soil party, 
yet in nis situation some decided action was neces- 
sary. Accordingly, in his speech at Marsh field, 
1 Sept., 1848, he declared that as the choice was 
really between Gen. Taylor and Gen. Cass, he 
should support the former. It fcas been contended 
that in this Mr. Webster made a great mistake, 
and that his true place in this canvass would hare 
been with the Free-soil party. He had always 
been opposed to the further extension of slavery ; 
but it is to be borne in mind that be looked with 
dread upon the rise of an anti-slavery party that 
should be supported only in the northern states. 
Whatever tended to array the north and the south 
in opposition to each other Mr. Webster wished 
especially to avoid. The ruling purpose of bis life 
was to do what he could to prevent the outbreak of 
a conflict that might end in the disruption of the 
Union; and it may well have seemed that there 
was more safety in sustaining the Whig party in 
electing its candidate bv the aid of southern votes 
than in helping into life a new party that should 
be purely sectional. At the same time, this cau- 
tions policy necessarily involved an amount of con- 
cession to southern demands far greater than the 
rapidly growing anti- slavery sentiment in the 



northern states would tolerate. No doubt Mr. 
Webster's policy in IMS pointed logically toward 
his last great «peech. 7 March. 1850. in which he 
supported Mr. Clav's elaborate compromises for 
disposing of the difficulties that had grown out of 
the vast extension of territory consequent upon 
the Mexican war. <See Clay. Hesby.) This speech 
amused intense indignation at the north, and espe- 
cially in Massachusetts. It was regarded by many 
people as a deliberate sacrifice of principle to* policy. 
Mr. Webster was accused of truckling to the south 
in order to obtain southern support for the presi- 
dency. Such an accusation seems inconsistent 
with" Mr. Webster's character, and a comprehen- 
sive survey of his political career renders it highly 
improbable. The ~ Seventh - of - March n speech 
may have been a political mistake: but one cannot 
read it to-day. with a clear recollection of what 
was thought and felt before the civil war. and 
doubt for a moment the speaker's absolute frank- 
ness and sincerity. He supported Mr. Clay's com- 
promises because they seemed to him a conclusive 
settlement of the slavery question. The whole 
, territory of the United States, as he said, wa* now 
1 covered" with compromises, and the future destiny 
1 of every part, so far as the legal introduction of 
i slavery "was concerned, seemed to be decided. As 
j for the regions to the west of Texas, he believed 
that slavery was ruled out by natural conditions 
■ of soil and climate, so that it was not necessary to 
I protect them by a Wilmot proviso. As for "the 

fugitive- slave law, it 
| was simply a provision 
j for carrying into effect 
a clause of the constitu- 
tion, without which that 
instrument could never 
have been adopted, and 
in the frequent infrac- 
tion of which Mr. Web- 
ster saw a serious dan- 
ger to the continuance 
of the Union. He there- 
fore accepted the fugi- 
tive-slave law as one fea- 
ture in the proposed 
system of compromises ; 
but, in accepting it, he 
offered amendments, 
which, if they had been 
adopted, would have 
gone far toward depriv- 
ing it of some of its 
most obnoxious and ir- 
ritating features. By 
adopting these measures of compromise. Mr. Web- 
ster believed that the extension of slavery would 
have been given its limit, that the north would, by 
reason of its free labor, increase in preponderance 
over the south, and that by and by the institution 
of slavery, hemmed in and denied further expan- 
sion, would die a natural death. That these views 
were mistaken, the events of the next ten Years 
showed only too plainly, but there is no good rea- 
son for doubting their sincerity. There is little 
doubt, too, that the compromises had their practi- 
cal value in postponing the inevitable conflict for 
ten vears, during which the relative strength of the 
north was increasing and a younger generation was 
growing up less tolerant of slavery and more ready 
to discard palliatives and achieve a radical cure. 
So far as Mr. Webster's moral attitude was con- 
cerned, although he was not prepared for the bitter 
hostility that his speech provoked in many quar- 
i ters, be must nevertheless have known that it was 




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quite as likely to injure him at the north as to 
pain support for him in the south, and his resolute 
adoption of a policy that he regarded as national 
rather than sectional was really an instance of high 
moral courage. It was. however, a concession that 
did violence to his sentiments of humanity, and 
the pain and uneasiness it occasioned is visible in 
some of his lHtest utterances. 

On President Taylors death, 9 July, 1850, Mr. 
Webster became President Fillmore's secretary of 
state. An earnest attempt was made on the part of 
his friends to secure his nomination for the presi- 
dency in 1852; but on the first ballot in the con- 
vention he received only 29 votes, while there 
were 131 for Gen. Scott and 133 for Mr. Fillmore. 
The efforts of Mr. Webster's adherents succeeded 
only in giving the nomination to Scott The re- 
sult was a grave disappointment to Mr. Webster. 
He refused to support the nomination, and took 
no part in the campaign. His health was now 
rapidly failing. He left Washington. 8 Sept, for 
the last time, and returned to Marshfield, which 
he never left again, except on 20 Sept. for a brief 
call upon his physician in Boston. By his own 
request there were no public ceremonies at his 
funeral, which took place very quietly, 29 Oct, 
at Marshfield. The steel engraving of Webster 
is from a portrait made about 1840. the vignette 
from a painting by James B. Longacre, executed 
in 1833. The other illustrations represent the 
Bunker Hill monument, his residence and grave at 
Marshfield, and the imposing statue by Thomas 
Ball, erected in the Central park. New Vbrk. See 
Webster's 44 Works," with biographical sketch by 
Edward Everett (6 vols., Boston, 1851) ; 44 Webster's 
Private Correspondence," edited by Fletcher Web- 
ster (2 vols.. Boston, 1856) : George Tick nor Curtis's 
44 Life of Webster" (2 vols.. New York, 1870); Ed- 
win P. Whipple's "Great Speeches of Webster" 
(Boston, 1879); and Henry Cabot Lodge's 44 Web- 
ster," in "American Statesmen Series" (Boston, 
1883).— Daniel's son, Fletcher, lawver, b. in Ports- 
mouth, N. H., 23 July, 1813 ; d. near Bull Run, Va., 
30 Aug., 1802, was graduated at Harvard in 1833, 
studied law with his father, and was admitted to 
the bar. He was private secretary to his father 
during part of the latter's service as secretary of 
state, secretary of legation in China under Caleb 
Cushing in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts 
legislature in 1847, and from 1850 till 1861 surveyor 
of the port of Boston. He became colonel of the 
12th Massachusetts regiment, 26 June, 1861, served 
in Virginia and Maryland, and was killed at the 
second battle of Bull Run. Besides editing his 
father's private correspondence, Col. Webster pub- 
lished an 44 Oration before the Authorities of the 
City of Boston, July 4, 1846." 

WEBSTER, Harrison Edwin, educator, b. 
in Angelica, N. Y., 8 Sept, 1842. He served in 
the U. S. army during the civil war, and was 
graduated at Union in 1868. From 1869 till 1873 
he was tutor in natural history and physical geog- 
raphy, and then until 1883 held the chair of natu- 
ral history at Union. He then accepted the pro- 
fessorship of geology and natural history at the 
University of Rochester, where he remained until 
1888, when he was elected president of Union. 
The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the 
University of Rochester in 1888, and he is a mem- 
ber of scientific societies. Prof. Webster has writ- 
ten several pamphlets on natural history subjects, 
especially on marine forms. 

WEBSTER, Horaee, educator, b. in Hartford, 
Vt, 21 Sept, 1794: d. in Geneva, N. Y., 12 July, 
1871. He was graduated at tho U. S. military 



academy in 1818, and was assistant professor of 
mathematics there till 1825. when he resigned his 
commission in the army. He was then professor 
of mathematics and natural philosophy in Geneva 
(now Ilobart) college till 1848, when he became 

f rincipal of the Free academy in New York city, 
lere tie held the chair of moral and intellectual 
philosophy from 1851, and in 1852 that of political 
philosophy was added. In 1866 tho name of the 
academy was changed by law to 4 * The College of 
the city of New York," and he continued at its 
head till 1869, after which he was emeritus profes- 
sor till his death. He was eminently successful in 
his administration of the affairs of the college, and 
the impression he made on the students was last- 
ing. From his precept and his example they 
learned thoroughness, devotion to duty, and regard 
for the best ideals of life. Columbia gave him the 
degree of LL. D. in 1849, and the University of 
Pennsvlvania that of M. D. in 1850. 

WEBSTER, James, British soldier, b. about 
17<3 : d. in North Carolina in March, 1781. His 
father, Dr. Alexander Webster, was an eminent 
divine of Edinburgh. The son entered the army, 
became major of the 83d foot in February, 1771, 
and fought with credit in the American Revolu- 
tion, becoming a lieutenant-colonel. He was active 
in the operations in New Jersey in 1777, at Ver- 
planck's point in 1778. and in Cornwallis's cam- 
paign in the south. He commanded the British 
right wing at the battle of Guilford, N. C, 14 
March, 17»1, and there received a wound that re- 
sulted in his death. 

WEBSTER, John Adams, naval officer, b. in 
Harford county, Md., 19 Sept., 1785 ; d. there, 4 
July, 1876. He entered the merchant murine, but 
at the beginning of the war of 1812 became 3d 
lieutenant on the privateer "Rossie," under Com. 
Joshua Barney. Afterward he received a sailing- 
master's warrant in the navy, and was placed by 
Barney in command of a barge, of which he had 
charge till on the advance of the British on Wash- 
ington he was transferred to shore duty. He com- 
manded a detachment of sailors under Barney at 
Bladensburg, serving his guns till the powder was 
exhausted, and had charge of Battery Babcock, 
near Baltimore, during the attack on that place. 
This battery of six guns was old and dilapidated, 
the guns were corroded, the carriages rusty, and 
the trucks immovable, the earthworks were de- 
fective, and the place was overgrown with briers, 
but in forty-eight hours Webster had it ready for 
action. On the night of 13 Sept, Webster dis- 
covered the British landing-party, and opened fire 
on it, and his battery, together with Fort Cov- 
ington, repelled the enemy after a brisk engage- 
ment, saving Baltimore. For this service he was 
specially mentioned in Com. John Rodgers's report 
to the secretary of the navy, and presented with 
swords by the citizens of Baltimore and the state 
of Maryland. On 22 Nov., 1819, he was commis- 
sioned captain in the revenue service, and during 
the Mexican war he commanded a fleet of eight cut- 
ters to co-operate in the campaign on Rio Grande 
river and before Vera Cruz. In 1865 he retired 
from active duty, and at his death be was the sen- 
ior officer in the service. — His son, John Adams, 
b. in the homestead, Mount Adams. Harford co., 
Md.. 26 June, 1823; d. in Ogdensburp, N. Y., 6 
April, 1875, entered the revenue, service in 1842, 
was promoted captain in 1860. and saved his vessel, 
the ' 4 Dobbin," from capture by the Confederates 
at Savannah and Hampton Roads. At the latter 
place she was the onW U. S. vessel that escaped. 
While on the New England coast he received a 



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gold watch from tho British board of trade for 
services to English seamen. 

WEBSTER, John White, chemist, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 20 May, 170;}; d. there. 30 Aug., 1850. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1811. and at its 
medical department in 1815. In 1824 he was ap- 
pointed lecturer in chemistry, mineralogy, and 
geology in that institution, and in 182? he was 
elected to the chair of chemistry and mineralogy, 
which he then held until the vear of his death. 
In 1842 Prof. Webster borrowed a sum of money 
from Dr. George Parkman, afterward increased 
to upward of $2,000, as security for which he 
gaves notes and mortgages on household prop- 
erty and collections. The mineral cabinets he se- 
cretly disr>osed of, and during an interview with 
Parkman. to whom he paid considerable money, 
the latter accused him of dishonesty in selling his 
collections, and threatened to foreclose the mort- , 
gages. An arrangement was made for a meeting I 
on 23 Nov., 1849, at the college laboratory, at 
which Parkman was murdered. According to the ' 
confession made by Webster, at the time appointed 
Parkman arrived, and at once asked for the 
money, which not being forthcoming, he "called 
me a scoundrel and a liar, and went on heaping on 
me the most bitter taunts and opprobrious epi- 
thets." Seizing a billet of wood, Webster struck 
Parkman a blow on the side of the head, which 
killed him. The concealment of the body at once 
presented itself as the only means of escaping the 
ratal effects of the crime, and Webster immedi- ! 
atelv dismembered it, burning such parts with the 
clothes as he could, and concealing the remaining ! 
parts for further treatment. As soon as Parkman's 
disappearance was noted, efforts were made to find 
him, and he was traced to the laboratory. Further 
search revealed parts of the cadaver, and Webster j 
was arrested. On the trial, which lasted eleven 
days, the chain of circumstantial evidence was per- 
fect in its conclusions as to the identity of the 
body. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jeffries Wy man, and 
others testified as to the anatomical proportions of 
the body. The teeth were identified beyond doubt 
by the dentist who had made them for Purkman. 
Webster was prosecuted by John II. Clifford, and 
110 witnesses were examined on the trial. Not- 
withstanding that every effort was made in his be- 
half, the jury returned a verdict of guilty, and ho 
was hanged. During 1823-'6 he was one of the 
editors with John Ware and Daniel Tread well, of 
the "Boston Journal of Philosophy and Arts," 
and he published " Description of the Island of 
St. Michael " (Boston, 1821) ; " A Manual of Chem- 
istry " (1826); and edited Playfair's " Liebig's Or- 
ganic Chemistry" (Cambridge, 1841). Several re- 
ports of his trial were published, including one by 
George Bern is, one of tne counsel (Boston, 1850). 

WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, soldier, b. in Old 
Hampton. N. H., 25 Aug., 1811 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 
12 March, 1876. His father, Josiah (1772-1837), 
was pastor at Hampton from 1808 until his death. 
The son was graduated at Dartmouth in 1832, and 
read law in Newburyport, Mass., but became a clerk 
in the engineer and war offices in Washington, was 
made a U. S. civil engineer in 1835, and on 7 July, 
1838, entered the army as 2d lieutenant of topo- 
graphical engineers. He served through the Mexi- 
can war, and was promoted 1st lieutenant in July, 
1849, and captain in March, 1853, but resigned in 
April, 1854, and removed to Chicago, where he en- 
gaged in business. He was president of the com- 
mission that perfected the remarkable system of 
sewerage for tnat place, and aiso planned and exe- 
cuted the operations whereby the grade of a large 



part of the city was made from two to eight feet 
higher, whole blocks bring raised by jack-screws 
while new foundations were inserted. He entered 
the service of the state at the opening of the civil 
war, took charge of the construe! ion of fortifica- 
tions at Cairo. 111., and Paducah, Ky., in April, and 
was made paymaster, with rank of 'major, of IT. S. 
volunteers on 1 June, but in February, 1802. he be- 
came colonel of the 1st Illinois artillery. He whs 
chief of Gen. Grant's staff for several months, wns 

? resent at the capture of Fort Henry and Fort 
>onelson, and at Shiloh was also chief of artillery. 
At the close of the first day's fight at Shiloh he oc- 
cupied with all available 'artillery the ridge that 
covered Pittsburg Landing, thus checking the 
hitherto victorious Confederates. He received the 
highest commendation in Gen. Grant's official re- 
port, and continued to be his chief of staff till, in 
October, 1862, he was detailed by the war depart- 
ment to make a survey of the Illinois and Michigan 
canal. He was commissioned brigadier-general of 
volunteers, 29 Nov., 1802, and, after serving for 
some time as military governor of Memphis, Tenn., 
and as superintendent of military railroads, was 
again Grant's chief of staff in the' Vieksburg cam- 
paign, and from 1804 till the close of hostilities 
neld the same post under Gen. William T. Sherman. 
He was with Gen. George H. Thomas at the battle 
of Nashville. Gen. Webster was civen the brevet 
of major- gen oral of volunteers, 13 March. 1865, re- 
signed on 6 Nov., and returned to Chicago, where 
he remained during the rest of his life. Ho was 
assessor of internal revenue in that city in 1809-'72, 
and then assistant U. S. treasurer there till July, 
1872, when he" became collector of revenue. 

WEBSTER, Joseph Phil brick, musician, b. 
in Manchester, N. II., in 1820; d. in Elkhorn, Wk, 
18 Jan.. 1875. He acquired a good English educa- 
tion at Pembroke academy, and at ten years of age 
could play by car upon the violin anil flute. At 
twenty years of age he went to Boston, where for 
three years he was under the instruction of Dr. 
Lowell Mason and other teachers of music, and be- 
came known as a singer. At twenty-eight he lost 
his voice, after which he taught music in Connecti- 
cut, and from 1850 till 1855 in the south. While 
there he became a bitter foe to slavery, and this feel- 
ing was subsequently manifested in his many war 
songs. He afterward removed to Indianapolis, and 
then to Elkhorn, Wis., where he died. He com- 
posed a great number of sentimental songs. His 
cantata of " The Rebellion,'* in which is expressed 
his sorrow for tho death of Lincoln, is one of his 
best efforts. His war songs were very popular in 
their day. Among his ballads are "Sweet By and 
By." " Lorena," and " The Golden Stair." 

WEBSTER, Nathan Burnham, educator, b. in 
Unity. N. H., 13 June, 1821. He was educated at 
Norwich university, but left in 1840, without being 
! graduated, to take charge of the Virginia literary, 
scientific, and military academy which had been es- 
! tablished byCapt. Alden Partridge in Portsmouth. 

Two years later ne resigned and established a similar 
* school in Charleston, S. C. In 1844 he returned to 
| the Virginia military academy, but in 1847 he 
taught in Richmond and lectured on physics in 
Richmond college. During 1848-'9 he was civil 
engineer in the IT. S. naw-yard at Norfolk, Va. t 
and then he founded the Virginia collegiate insti- 
tute, and conducted it in Norfolk till 1862. when, 
owing to the civil war he removed to Ottawa, Can- 
ada, where he established a similar school. He 
opened the Webster institute in Norfolk in 1869, 
which he there continued till 1886. Prof. Webster 
invented the meteorgraph, an automatic meteoro- 



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logical register, which he described in the " Proceed- 
ings of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science for 1854," of which organization 
he has been a member since 1853 and a fellow since 
1874. He was one of the founders, and for several 
years president, of the Ottawa natural history soci- 
ety, rrof. Webster has published addresses on 
educational and agricultural topics, and edited 
" Notes, Queries, and Answers," published in Man- 
chester, N. H., during 1882-'3. He is the author 
of 44 Outlines of Chemistry " (New York, 1883). 

WEBSTER, Noah, philologist, b. in Hartford, 
Conn., 16 Oct., 1758; d. in New Haven, Conn., 28 
May, 1843. His father was a farmer, a descend- 
ant in the fourth generation of John Webster, 
who previous to 
1660 was one of 
the magistrates 
and governor of 
Connecticut. His 
mother was a de- 
scendant of Will- 
iam Bradford, sec- 
ond governor of 
Plymouth colony. 
Noah entered Yale 
in 1774, but his 
studies were inter- 
rupted by the war 
of independence, 
and in nis junior 
year he served in 
his father's com- 
pany of militia. 
He was graduated 

same class with 
Joel Barlow, Uri- 
ah Tracy, and Oliver Wolcott. He became a teach- 
er, gave his leisure hours to the study of law, and 
in 1781 was admitted to the bar. But the state of 
the country was unfavorable to law business, and 
he resumed teaching at Goshen, N. Y. Here he 
began the compilation of text-books, and published 
"A Grammatical Institute of the English Lan- 
guage " (3 parts, Hartford, 1783-'5). This con- 
sisted of a spelling-book, a grammar, and a read- 
ing-book; and so successful was the speller that 
for twenty years while he was at work on his dic- 
tionary it supported him and his family, though 
his rovalty was less than one cent on a copy. It 
is still in use, and 62,000,000 copies have been 
published. After the war the question of giving 
the soldiers pay for five years beyond their term 
of enlistment was discussed under great excite- 
ment, and in Connecticut a convention was held 
to protest against the passage of a bill for that 
purpose. Mr. Webster published a series of articles, 
under the signature of 44 Honorius," favoring the 
bill, and they were said to have been the principal 
cause of a revulsion of popular feeling, as indi- 
cated in the next election. This turned his atten- 
tion to governmental matters, and in 1784 he pub- 
lished a pamphlet entitled 44 Sketches of American 
Policy," in which he argued that a new system of 
government was necessary for the country, in 
which the people and congress should act without 
the constant intervention of the states. This is 
believed to have been the first movement toward a 
national constitution. In the spring of the next 
year Mr. Webster visited the southern states, to 
petition their legislatures for a copyright law, and 
at Mount Vernon gave Washington a copy of his 
pamphlet In 1786 he delivered; in several cities, a 
course of lectures, which were published under the 
VOL. vi.— 27 



title 44 Dissertations on the English Language" 
(1789). In 1787 he was superintendent of an 
academy in Philadelphia, ana after the adjourn- 
ment of the Constitutional convention published 
a pamphlet on "The Leading Principles of the 
Federal Constitution." In 1788 he established in 
New York the 44 American Magazine," but it lived 
only twelve months, and the next year he settled 
in rlartford as a lawyer, and married a daughter 
of William Greenleaf, of Boston. His friend, John 
Trumbull, the poet, referring to the dullness of 
business, wrote : 44 1 fear he will breakfast upon 
Institutes, dine upon Dissertations, and go to bed 
supperles8." Yet he enjoyed a profitable practice 
for four years, when he removed to New York and 
established a daily paper, the "Minerva" (sub- 
sequently changed to 44 Commercial Advertiser "), 
to support Washington's administration. In 1794 
he published a pamphlet on 44 The Revolution in 
France," which was widely circulated ; and in 1795 
he wrote ten of the twelve articles under the signa- 
ture of 44 Curtius," to sustain the Jay treaty, which 
were said by Rufus King to have done more than 
anything else to render that treaty acceptable to 
the people. A little later he wrote a history of 
pestilences, containing a large collection of facts 
and his own theories (2 vols., New York and Lon- 
don, 1799). He had removed to New Haven in 
1798, and devoted himself to literature. In 1602 
he produced a treatise on blockade and rights of 
neutrals, and also 44 The Origin and State of Bank- 
ing Institutions and Insurance Offices." 

Mr. Webster hail long been studying the origin 
and structure of his mother tongue, and in 1807 
he published the first results of his special labors, 
under the title 44 A Philosophical and Practical 
Grammar of the English Language." He objected 
to the ordinary English grammars, on the ground 
that they attempted to make the language con- 
form to the Greek and Latin ; but his book was 
never very successful. In the preceding year, 
1806, he had published a vocabulary of words not 
contained in any existing lexicon, and he now be- 
gan work upon his " American Dictionary of the 
English Language/' To collect new words, and 
make fuller and more exact definitions; was the 
special work to which he devoted many years, and 
he made a 44 synopsis of words in twenty languages," 
which is still in manuscript. He also went to 
Europe in 1824 to consult literary men and ex- 
amine works not to be found on this side of the 
Atlantic, and in the library of the University of 
Cambridge finished his dictionary, returning with 
the manuscript in June, 1825. In 1828 an edition 
of 2,500 copies was printed, followed by one of 
8,000 in England. In 1840-'l he published an en- 
larged edition, in two volumes. The first edition 
had contained 12,000 words and 40,000 definitions 
that were not to be found in any similar work, 
and in each successive edition the number has 
been increased. Just before his death he revised 
the appendix and added several hundred words. 
In that year also he published "A Collection of 
Papers on Political, Literary, and Moral Sub- 
jects," which included a treatise "On the Sup- 
posed Change in the Temperature of Winter." 

In 1812, for more economical living, he had re- 
moved to Amherst, Mass., where he was instru- 
mental in founding Amherst college, and became 
the first president of its board of trustees. He was 
the centre of a small literary circle there, and his 
large library was always open to his neighbors. In 
1822 he resumed his residence in New Haven, and 
the next year Yale gave him the degree of LL. D. 
He was lor several years an alderman of New 



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418 



WEBSTER 



WEDDERBURN 



Haven, was a judge of one of the Connecticut 
courts, and sat in the legislatures of that state and 
Massachusetts. He is described as a genial man, 
of great frankness, who rendered all the affairs of 
his nousehold perfectly systematic, and never was 
in debt. He read the Bible thoroughly, believed 
fully in its inspiration, had deep religious convic- 
tions, and during the last thirty-five years of his 
life was a member of an orthodox Congregational 
church. He was tall and slender, but j>erfectly 
erect. His wife survived him four vears. They 
had one son and six daughters. Dr. Webster s 
life has been written bv one of his daughters, 
as an introduction to fiis great dictionary, and 
by Horace E. Scudder, in the " Men of letters " 
series (Boston, 1882). 

WEBSTER, Pelatiah, political economist, b. 
in Lebanon, Conn., in 1725; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
in September, 1795. He was graduated at Yale in 
1746, studied theology, and preached in Greenwich, 
Mass., in the winter* of 1748-'9. About 1755 he 
engaged in business in Philadelphia, where he ac- 
cumulated a small fortune, at the same time devot- 
ing himself to study and litcrarv work. He was 
an active patriot during the Revolution, aiding the 
American cause with pen and purse, and in Febru- 
ary, 1788, was seized oy the British and confined 
for 132 days in the city jail. Part of his property, 
to the value of £500, was confiscated. He gave 
much time to the study of the currency, finance, 
and the resources of the country, and was often 
consulted on these matters bv members of congress. 
In his first essay, in October, 1770, he strongly 
urged the laying of a tax to provide for the speedy 
redemption of the continental currency, and in 
1779 he began in Philadelphia the publication of 
a series of *• Essays on Free Trade and Finance," 
of which seven were issued, the last in 1785. His 
"Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitu- 
tion of the Thirteen United States of North Amer- 
ica " (Philadelphia, 1783) is mentioned by James 
Madison as having an influence in directing the 
public mind to the necessity of a better form of 
government. Mr. Webster also published "Essay 
on Credit " (1786) ; " Reasons for repealing the Act 
of the Legislature which took away the Charter of 
the Bank of North America" (1786); and " Politi- 
cal Essays on the Nature and Operation of Money, 
Public Finances, and other Subjects, published 
during the American War" (1791). 

WEBSTER, Richard, clergyman, b. in Albany, 
N. Y., 14 July, 1811 ; d. in Mauch Chunk, Pa., 19 
June, 1856. H is father. Charles R. Webster ( 1 763- 
1834). a bookseller of Albany, established and con- 
ducted the "Albany Gazette "(1784-1824), and pub- 
lished "Webster's Calendar" from 1784 till his 
death. The son was graduated at Union college 
in 1829 and at Princeton theological seminary in 
1834, and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister, 
29 April, 1885. After laboring for a short time at 
Soutn Easton, Pa., he organized a church at Mauch 
Chunk, 1 Nov., 1835, and was its pastor till his 
death. He also did much work in all parts of the 
coal region, and aided in founding about a dozen 
churches. Defective sight and hearing induced 
him to give much time to historical studies, and, 
besides frequent contributions to current religious 
literature under the signature of " K. H.," he issued 
a " Digest of the Acts of the General Assembly." 
and left a " History of the Presbyterian Church 
in America from its Origin till the Year 1760, 
with Biographical Sketches of its Early Minis- 
ters," which was published after his death by the 
Presbyterian historical society, with a memoir of 
the author by Rev. Cortlandt Van Rensselaer, 



D. D., and a historical introduction bv Rev. Will- 
iam Blaekwrxid, D. I). (Philadelphia, 1*857). 

WEBSTER, Warren, surgeon, b. in Gilmanton. 
N. 11., 7 March, 1835. He was educnted in New 
Hampshire and at medical schools in Boston and 
Paris, and graduated at the medical detriment 
of Harvard in I860. Dr. Webster was appointed 
assistant surgeon in the V. S. army. 23 June, 1860, 
and after brief service on the frontier was ordered 
to Washington, where in 1801 he was placed in 
charge of Douglas general hospital, at the same time 
engaging in the organization and superintending 
the construction of other |»crmancnt military hos- 
pitals at Washington. He was on duty on the field 
at the second battle of Bull Run. and was made a 
medical inspector in the Army of the Potomac in 
1862. Dr. Webster was present in the battle of 
Fredericksburg nnd active in the care of the 
wounded after Chancel lorsville (1863). where ho or- 
ganized numerous field hospitals, passing to and 
fro for the purpose within the opposing lines under 
flag of truce. He was in charge of McDnugall 
general hospital, Fort Schuyler, N. Y„ in 1803-'4, 
and then of De Camp general hospital, where in 
1866. during the cholera epidemic, he greatly dis- 
tinguished himself. He whs promoted surgeon 
with rank of major, 28 July. 1866, was medical di- 
rector of the 5th military district in 1868-'70, when 
he organized a quarantine system for the Texas 
coast, and afterward served at various military 
stations in California and the east. Dr. Webster 
was brevetted captain " for gallant and meritorious 
services" at Chancel lorsville, major "for faithful 
and meritorious services" during the war. and 
lieutenant -colonel "for meritorious and distin- 
guished services at Hart 's and David's islands. New 
York harbor, where cholera prevailed." He is the 
author of **The Army Medical Staff" (Boston, 
1865); "Regulations for the Government of De 
Camp General Hospital" (New York, 1865); 
"Quarantine Regulations, 5th Military District" 
(Austin. Tex., 1869); and "Sympathetic Diseases 
of the Eve," translated (New York. 1881). 

WKDDERIU RN, Alexander. Baron Lough- 
borough, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 13 Feb., 1733; 
d. in Bayles, Berkshire, England, 3 Jan., 1805. He 
was educated at the University of Edinburgh, 
called to the Scottish bar at nineteen years of age, 
and was rapidly rising in his profession when he 
became offended by a rebuke that was administered 
by one of the judges, removed to London, and was 
admitted to the English bar in 1757. He soon 
gained high reputation, especially in the great 
Douglas case in 1768-'9, in which the succession in 
that family had become a subject of litigation 
among its several branches. He obtained a seat in 
parliament, and on 26 Jan., 1771, became solicitor- 
general in the ministry of Ix>rd North, in which 
office he added to his reputation by his defence of 
Lord Give, who was accused of maladministration 
in the affairs of India In January, 1774. when 
the petition of Massachusetts for the removal of 
Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver was laid 
before the privy council, Wedderburn defended 
those functionaries in a speech in which he made a 
gross attack upon Benjamin Franklin, the agent of 
the petitioners, stigmatizing him as a " true incen- 
diary." He violently opposed the claims of the 
American colonies, and throughout the Revolution 
was a strong supporter of Lord North's ministry. 
When, in 1776, Fox directed the attention of that 
ministry to the assumption of power on the part of 
the government to raise taxes in America, or an- 
nihilate charters at its pleasure, as the two princi- 
pal grievances of the colonists that needed revision 

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419 



erburn replied: "Till the spirit of inde- 
nce issubnued, revisions are idle ; the Ameri- 
mve no terms to demand from your justice, 
ver they may hope from your jrrace and 
." He was burned in effigy in Philadelphia, 
istly regarded as one of the most unscrupu- 
to the liberties of the people. He became 
ey-general in 1778, chief justice of the court 
imon pleas in 1780, and the same year was 
to the peerage as Lord Loughborough, Baron 
lghborough in the county of Leicester. In 
1783, he assisted Lord North in forming the 
s coalition ministry, in which he was the first 
issioner of the great seaL After its dissolu- 
te remained out of office till 27 Jan., 1793, 
he became high chancellor under William 
On his resignation of that office in April, 
le was created Earl Rossi yn, in the county 
d-Lothian. When George* III. heard that 
jrburn was dead, he remarked : 44 Ho has not 
greater knave behind him in my dominions." 
Wished a 44 Treatise on English Poor Laws " 
Management of Prisons " (London, 1793). 
ED, Edwin Gardner, P. E. bishop, b. in 
mh. Ga., 23 July, 1837. He was graduated 
General theological seminary, New York, in 
irdered deacon, 24 Aug., 1870, and ordained 
29 Aug., 1871. He became rector of the 
i of the Good Shepherd, Summerville, Ga., 
t and only charge, which he held for fifteen 
He was consecrated third bishop of Florida 
John's church, Jacksonville, Fla., 11 Aug., 
The degree of S. T. D. was conferred upon 
Racine college. Wis., and that of D. D. by 
liversitv of the south. He has taken great 
t in tne work of the church . among the 
1 people of the south, and is an active mem* 
the commission in charge of that work. 
ED, Stephen Hinsdale, soldier, b. in New 
ity in 1834; d. near Gettysburg, Pa., 2 July, 
He was graduated at the New York free 
iy in 1851, and at the U. S. military acad- 
1854, and assigned to the artillery. After 
r duty in Texas, and service against the 
>les in 1856-7, he was engaged in quelling 
nsas disturbances in 1858, and then on the 
xpedition, participating in skirmishes with 
Indians at Egan Canon, 11 Aug., 1860, and 
reek on 6 Sept. He was promoted captain 
May, 1861, and served in the peninsular, 
Ti Virginia, and Maryland campaigns, in 
nd of a battery. From 3 Dec., 1862, till 23 
163, he was chief of the artillery corps at Fal- 
Va. After a short leave of absence he took 
the battle of Chancellorsville, and on 6 
863, was made brigadier-general of volun- 
>r gallant conduct there. After 10 May, 
e commanded an artillery brigade in the 
ny corps. At Gettysburg, while holding 
ition on Little Round Top, he was mor- 
ounded, exclaiming as he fell : 44 1 would 
die here than that the rebels should gain 
i of this ground." The point was essen- 
nportant to retain, and it is historically 
as 44 Weed's Hill." 

ID, Thnrlow, journalist, b. in Cairo, Greene 
Y., 15 Nov., 1797; d. in New York city, 22 
$82. At twelve years of age he entered a 
j-offlce in Catskill, N. Y. Soon afterward 
>ved with his father's family to the frontier 
of Cincinnatus, Cortland co., N. Y., and 
i clearing the settlement and in farming, 
[811 returned to the" printing business, and 
3cessively employed in several newspaper 
At the beginning of the second war with 




Great Britain he enlisted as a private in a New 
York regiment, and served on the northern fron- 
tier. In 1815 he removed to New York city, where 
he was employed in the printing establishment of 
Van Winckle and Wiley. They were the pub- 
lishers at that time of William Cobbett's 44 Weekly 
Register," and Weed became acquainted with the 
eccentric author 
by carrying proof- 
sheets to him. He 
went to Norwich, 
Chenango co., N. 
Y., in 1819. estab- 
lished the 44 Agri- 
eulturist,"andtwo 
years afterward re- 
moved to Manlius, 
N. Y., where he 
founded the 44 On- 
ondaga County 
Republican." In 
1824 he became 
owner and editor 
of the 44 Rochester 
Telegraph," the 

per that was pub- 
fished west or Al- 
bany. While Mr. Weed was editing that Journal 
Lafayette visited the United States, and Weed ac- 
companied him in a part of his tour throughout 
the country. Difficulties arising out of the anti- 
Mason excitement caused Mr. Weed's retirement 
from the 44 Telegraph " in 1826, and in the same 
year he founded the 44 Anti-Mason Enauirer." He 
was a member of the legislature in 1825. In 1830 
he established the Albany "Evening Journal," 
which took a conspicuous part in the formation 
of the Whig and the Republican parties, being 
equally opposed to the Jackson administration ana 
to nullification. During the thirty-five years of 
his control of that organ it held an influential 
place in party journalism, and brought Mr. Weed 
into intimate relations with politicians of all par- 
ties. His political career began in 1824 in the 
presidential conflict that resulted in the election 
of John Quincy Adams. . He succeeded in uniting 
the Adams and Clay factions, and was acknowl- 
edged by the leaders of his party to have con- 
tributed more than any other to their success in 
that canvass. He was active in the nomination 
of William Henry Harrison in 1836 and 1840, of 
Henry Clay in 1844, of Gen. Winfield Scott in 
1852, and of John C. Fremont in 1856. In 1860 he 
earnestly advocated the nomination of William H. 
Seward for the presidency, but he afterward cor- 
dially supported Abraham Lincoln, whose re-elec- 
tion tie promoted in 1864. He subsequently aided 
the regular nominations of the Republican party, 
and did good service in the canvass of Gen, Ulysses 
S. Grant for the presidency. Especially in his" own 
state he influenced the elections, and in the con- 
stitutional crisis that arose from the presidential 
election in 1876 he guided in a powerful degree the 
decisions of his party. He had visited Europe sev- 
eral times before the civil war, and in 18ol with 
Archbishop Hughes and Bishop Mcllvaine he was 
sent abroad to prevail on foreign governments to 
refrain from intervention in behalf of the Con- 
federacy. In this service he stoutly defended the 
national interests, and, through his influence with 
English and French statesmen, brought about a 
result that permanently affected the feeling of 
Europe toward the United States. His 44 Letters n 
from abroad were collected and published (New 



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WEEDON 



WEEMS 



York, 1806). He became editor of the New York 
"Commercial Advertiser" in 1807, but was com- 
pelled to resign that office the next year, owing 
to failing health, and did not again engage in 
regular work. Mr. Weed was tall, with a large 
head, overhanging brows, and massive i>erson. He 
had great natural strength of character, good sense, 
judgment, and cheerfulness. From his youth he 
possessed a geniality and tact that drew all to him, 
and it is said that he never forgot a fact or a face 
He was a journalist for fifty-seven years, and, al- 
though exercising great influence in legislation and 
the distribution of executive appointments, he re- 
fused to accept any public office. He was one of 
the earliest advocates of the abolition of imprison- 
ment for debt, was a warm opponent of slavery, 
supported the policy of constructing and enlarging 
the state canals, and aided various railway enter- 
prises and the establishment of the state banking 
system. He took an active part in the promotion 
of several New York city enterprises — the intro- 
duction of the Croton water, the establishment of 
the Metropolitan police, the Central nark, the har- 
bor commission, and the Castle Garden depot and 
commission for the protection of immigrants. He 
gave valuable aid to many, charitable institutions, 
and devoted a large part "of his income to private 
charity. He published some interesting '* Remi- 
niscences" in the "Atlantic Monthly" (1870), and 
after his death his *• Autobiography," edited by his 
daughter, appeared (Boston, 1882)."the story of his 
life being completed in a second volume" by his 
grandson. Thurlow Weed Barnes (1884). 

IV EE DON, Georee, soldier, b. in Fredericks- 
burg, Va., about 1730; d. there after 1700. He 
was an inn-keeper in his native town previous to 
the Revolution, and a zealous patriot Dr. John 
D. F. Smythe, who made a tour of this country, of 
which he published an account (2 vols., London, 
1784), says of him in 1772: " He was very active in 
blowing the seeds of sedition." Wecdon was Dr. 
Smythe's host during his visit to Fredericksburg. 
He became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Virginia 
regiment in February, 1776, and in August of the 
same year was transferred with the same rank to 
the 1st Virginia regiment. He was commissioned 
brigadier-general, 23 Feb., 1777, participated in the 
battles of the Brandy wine and Oermantown, in the 
former battle supporting the brigade in Gen. Na- 
thanael Greene's aivision that rendered valuable 
service in arresting the British pursuit and rally- 
ing the routed army. In consequence of a question 
of supremacy in rank with Gen. William Wood- 
ford, Weedon retired from the service shortly after 
the battle of Oermantown, but he resumed the com- 
mand of a brigade in 1780, and during the siege of 
Yorktown in October, 1781, was in charge of the 
Virginia militia at Gloucester. 

WEEKS, Edwin Lord, artist, b. in Boston, 
Mass., in 1849. He studied under Jean L. Gerome 
and Leon Bonnat in Paris, and has travelled 
through Egypt, Syria, and other oriental countries, 
where the scenes of most of his works are laid. He 
has exhibited frequently at the salon in Paris, 
receiving honorable mention in 1885. Among his 
paintings are " A Cup of Coffee in the Desert," " A 
Scene in Tangiers," •* Pilgrimage to the Jordan," 
"Jerusalem to the Bethany Road," " Alhambra 
Windows," "They Toil not. "neither do they Spin," 
**A Prayer in the Desert," and "A Blacksmith's 
Shop in "Tangiers." His "An Arab Story-Teller" 
was at the Centennial exhibition (Philadelphia, 
1876), "A Moorish Camel-Driver" at the salon of 
1878, and his "Departure for the Hunt, India" 
(1884), is in the Corcoran gallery, Washington. 



I WEEKS, John M., inventor, b. in Litchfield, 
I Conn.. 22 May, 1788; d. in Salisbury, Vt., 1 Sept.. 
18o8. He removed with his parents to Salisbury 
in 1789, was educated in that town, and subse- 
quently resided there until his death. He was a 
constant contributor to agricultural journals, made 
1 a study of bees, and invented the " Vermont l»ce- 
! hive." He is the author of a "Manual on Bees" 
(New York, 1&54): and a "History of S*lisbur>\ 
I Vt. with a Memoir of the Author.* by George A. 
! Weeks (Middlebury, Vt.. 1860). He left a "His- 
tory of the Five Nations" in manuscript. 

WEEKS, Robert Kelley, poet, b. in New York 
city, 21 Sept., 1840; d. there. 13 April, 1876. He 
was graduated at Yale in 1862 and at Columbia 
law-school in 1864, and was admitted to the bar 
of New York in the same year, but relinquished 
that profession and devoted himself thenceforth 
to literary pursuits. He published " Poems " (New 
York. 1866) and " Episodes and Lyric Pieces " 
(1870). A third volume of his |>ocms appeared 
short Iv after his death (1876). 

WFlEKS, William Raymond, clergyman, b. 
in Brooklyn, Conn.. 6 Aug., 1783: d. in Oneida, 
N. Y., 27 June, 1848. He was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1809, studied at Andovcr theological semi- 
nary, and was pastor of Presbyterian churches in 
New York state from 1812 till 1832, when he ac- 
cented a charge in Newark, N. J., which he held 
till 1846. Williams gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1828. He is the author of "Nine Sermons" 
(1813), a series of tracts (1884-*41). and a |msthii- 
mous volume entitled " Pilgrim's Progress in the 
Nineteenth Century " (1849). 

WEEMS, Mason Locke, historian, b. in Dum- 
fries, Va., about 1760; d. in Beaufort, S. C, 23 
May, 1825. He studied theology in Ixmdon, took 
orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and for 
several years was rector of Pohick church. Mount 
Vernon "parish. Va., of which Washington was an 
attendant. The necessities of Wecms s large fam- 
ily compelled him to resign that charge al>out 1790, 
and he became a book agent for Mathew Carev, 
the Philadelphia publisher. He was remarkably 
successful in that employment, " travelling through- 
out the south with his books in his saddle-bags, 
equally ready for a stump, a fair, or a pulpit." He 
was eccentric in mind and manner, and whenever 
he heard of a public meeting he would attend it, 
and, collecting a crowd around him, urge on his 
hearers the merits of his books, interspersing his re- 
marks with anecdotes and humorous sallies. With 
his temperance pamphlet, entitled the "Drunk- 
ard's Glass," illustrated with cuts, he would enter 
taverns, and, by mimicking the ext ravagances of the 
drunkard, so amuse and uelight his audiences that 
he had no trouble in selling his wares. He was an 
expert violin-player, on which he performed for 
young people to dance, thereby causing much 
scandal in pious communities. On one occasion 
he had promised to assist at a merry-making, but, 
fearing for his clerical character, he deemed to 
play behind a screen. In the course of the evening 
it was overturned, disclosing the parson to the 
jeers of the company. On another occasion he was 
obliged to pass through a dangerous district of 
South Carolina, which at that time was infested 
with robbers. Just at nightfall his wagon sank 
into a quagmire : two ruffians appeared and were 
about to seize him. when he took out his violin and 
so charmed them by his music that they lifted his 
wheels out of the mud and let him go. "I took 
precious care." says Weems, ** to say nothing of my 
name. When they pressed the question my fiddle 
drowned their words and mine too." Of his tern- 



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WEIDEMEYER 



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421 



perance tracts Bishop William Meade says in his 
"Old Churches and Old Families of Virginia": 
"They would be most admirable in their effects 
but for the fact that you know not what to believe 
of the narrative. There are passages of deep pa- 
thos and great eloquence in them. This charge 
of a want of veracity is brought against all Weems's 
writings, for it is probable he would have ac- 
counted it excusable to tell any good story to the 
credit of his heroes. Several of the most widely 
circulated anecdotes of the youth of Washington, 
especially the famous one of the hatchet, rest on his 
questionable authority. He obtained his material 
for the life of Gen. Francis Marion from Gen. 
Peter Horry, who disavowed all responsibility for 
the manner in which the narrative is told. An en- 
tertaining sketch of Weems's early pastorate is 
given in the "Travels in America" of John Davis 
(London, 1802). In this narrative he figures as a 
pious and devout preacher, devoted to good works. 
One of his pamphlets, " The Philanthropist," was 
somewhat mildly commended by Washington in 
an autograph letter to the author, who prefixed it 
to subsequent editions of the tract. His principal 
works are " Life of George Washington," which is 
still largely sold in the rural districts of many 

Carts of this country, and is the most popular 
iography of that general in existence (Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 1800; 11th ed., with additions, 1811); 
* 4 Life of Gen. Francis Marion " (1805) ; •* Life of 
Benjamin Franklin, with Essays" (1817); and 
" Life of William Penn " (1810). 

WEIDEMEYER, John William, author, b. in 
Fredericksburg, Va., 26 April, 1819. His father 
was an officer in the life-guards of Jerome Bona- 
part, king of Westphalia, with whom at an early 
age he came to New York city. Among the son's 
first teachers was Alexander T. Stewart, and he 
completed his education at the Columbia college 
grammar-school. For several years he taught at 
various seminaries in Ohio, but subsequently set- 
tled in New York city, where he entered on a busi- 
ness career. He made collections of lepidoptera, 
and discovered several important species, among 
which was the Limenitis Weidemeyerii of the 
Adirondack mountains. His large collection was 
purchased by the museum in Ratisbon, Germany. 
In connection with the study of entomology, he 

Sublished " Catalogue of North- American Butter- 
ies" (Philadelphia, 1864). He contributed to the 
"Christian Inquirer" and the " Atlantic Monthly." 
and prepared political articles for various journals. 
In 1841 ne wrote a play entitled " The Vagabonds," 
which was produceu at the Franklin theatre in New 
York city and the Arch street theatre in Philadel- 
phia, and he has in preparation " Cwsar and Cleo- 
patra," an acting drama. Mr. Weidemeyer has also 
published *• Real and Ideal : a Collection of Metrical 
Compositions by John W. Montclair " (Philadelphia, 
1865); -Themes and Translations" (New York, 
1807); " American Fish, and how to catch Them " 
(1885); and "From Alpha to Omega" (1889). 

WEIDNER, Revere Franklin, clergyman, b. 
in Centre Valley, Lehigh co., Pa., 22 Nov., 1851. 
lie was graduated at Muhlenberg college, Allen- 
town, Ph., in 1869, at the Lutheran theological 
seminary at Philadelphia in 1873, and was ordained 
to the ministry in the latter year. In 1887 he re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. from Carthage college, 
III. He was tutor in Muhlenberg college in 1868-'9, 
pastor at Phillipsburg, N. J., in 1873-'8, professor 
of the English language and history at Muhlenberg 
college in 1875-'7, and pastor in Philadelphia in 
1878-'82. He was director of the Theological semi- 
nary in Philadelphia in 1882, and has been a fre- 



quent delegate to the general council. Dr. Weidner 
was on the staff of " The Lutheran," in Philadel- 
phia, in 1878-'80, and one of the editors of the 
"Lutheran Church Review" in 1882-'5. Since 
1885 he has been professor of systematic theology 
and exegesis at Augustana Swedish-English theo- 
logical seminary, Rock Island, 111. He is a mem- 
ber of the American philological association, the 
American oriental society, the Society of biblical 
literature and exegesis, and other learned bodies. 
He has for several years been one of the instructors 
in the summer schools of Hebrew, under the direc- 
torship of Prof. William R. Harper, of Yale, and 
he has devoted much time to a careful and critical 
study of the Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible, 
as well as to Sanskrit and other languages. He is 
a frequent contributor to theological and philologi- 
cal periodicals, and has published a critically re- 
vised translation of the book of Daniel in Dr. Joseph 
A. Seiss's " Voices from Babylon " (Philadelphia, 
1879); "Luther's Small Catechism," with proof- 
texts, additions, and appendixes (1882); "Theo- 
logical Encyclopaxlia," including "Part I., Exe- 
getical Theology" (1885) and "Part II., Historical 
Theology "(Chicago, 1888); "Biblical Theology of 
the Old Testament " (Chicago, 1886); "System of 
the Dogmatic Theology of the Evangelical Luther- 
an Church, Part 1., Prolegomena" (Philadelphia, 
1888); "Grammar of the New Testament Greek " 
(New York, 1888); "The Greek Text of St. John, 
according to the Critical Texts of Westcott and 
Hort, Tischendorf and Tregellcs " (1888) ; " Method 
for the Study of the New Testament Greek " (1888) ; 
and "Commentary on the Hebrew Text of Oba- 
diah" (Philadelphia, 1888). 

WEIGHTMAN, Richard Hanson, soldier, b. 
in Maryland in 1818; d. near Wilson's creek, Mo. f 
10 Aug., 1861. He entered the U. S. military 
academy in 1837, but was expelled in the same year 
for cuttinga comrade in the face in a personal en- 
counter. With the same knife he afterward killed 
a Santa Fe trader in a quarrel. He was a captain 
in the Missouri light infantry volunteers in the 
Mexican war. He became an additional paymas- 
ter in the U. S. army in 1848, was honorably dis- 
charged in 1849, settled in New Mexico, anil was 
chosen provisionally a senator, when in 1850 the 
territory unsuccessfully applied for admission into 
the Union. In 1851-'3 he served in congress, hav- 
ing been elected as a Democrat. At the l>eginning 
of the civil war he became colonel of a regiment 
of the Missouri state guard, participated in the 
battle of Carthage, 5 July, 1861. and was killed 
while commanding a brigade at Wilson's creek. 

WEIGHTMAN, Roger C, librarian, b. in Alex- 
andria, Va., in 1786; d. in Washington, D. C. 2 
Feb., 1876. He adopted the printing business, set- 
tled in Washington, D. C, and at one time was 
congressional printer. During the second war with 
Great Britain ne was an officer of cavalry, and sub- 
sequently he became a general of District of Co- 
lumbia militia. He was mavor of Washington in 
1824-'7, became cashier of the Washington hank, 
and was for many vcars librarian of the patent- 
office. He commanded the troops that were quar- 
tered in that building during the civil war. 

WEIR, Robert Walter, artist, b. in New Ro- 
chelle, N. Y., 18 Juno, 1803; d. in New York city, 
1 May, 1889. He engaged in business until the age 
of nineteen, when he decided to adopt art as a pro- 
fession and had some instruction from John Wesley 
Jarvis. After painting for several years in New 
York he went m 1824 to Florence, where he exe- 
cuted his "Christ and Nieodeinus" and "The An- 
gel relieving Peter," and thence, in 1825, to Rome. 



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WEISS 




In 1828 he became an associate member of the 
National academy, and the following vear he was 
elected an academician. He succeeded Charles R. 

Leslie in 1832 as pro- 
fessor of drawing at 
the U. S. military 
academy at West 
Point, which post he 
held for forty-two 
years. Subsequently 
he resided in New 
York city. His por- 
trait was painted by 
Daniel Huntington, 
and is in the library 
of the U. S. mili- 
tary academy. Prof. 
Weir was perhaps 
best known by his 
historical paintings, 
and was one of the 
first American art- 
ists to practise this 
branch of art. His 
numerous works, in many of which he was espe- 
cially effective in the rendering of the accessories 
and still-life, include " The Belie of the Carnival " 

(1886) ; "The Bourbons' Last March"; "Landing 
of Henry Hudson" (1842); "Indian Captive"; 
44 Taking the Veil " ; 44 Church of the Holy Inno- 
cents at Highland Falls, West Point." in the Cor- 
coran gallery, Washington (1847) ; " Embarkation 
of the Pilgrims " (1845), in the rotunda of the eapi- 
tol at Washington ; 44 The Evening of the Cruci- 
fixion" (1867); "Virgil and Dante crossing the 
Styx" (1869): "Christ in the Garden" (1878); 
44 The Portico of the Palace of Octavia, Rome " 
(1874); "Our Lord on the Mount of Olives " (1877) ; 
"Indian Falls" (1878); "Titian in his Studio"; 
"Last Communion of Henry Clay," in water-color; 
and "Columbus before the Council of Salaman- 
ca" (1884). He also executed a number of por- 
traits, including one of Red Jacket. — His son, 
John Ferguson, artist, b. in West Point, N. Y., 
28 Aug., 1841, began to paint under his father. 
He opened a studio in New York in 1801, was 
elected an associate of the National academy in 
1864, and an academician in 1866. In 1869 and 
again in 1880 he went abroad, and, after returning 
from his first trip in 1869, he became director of 
the School of fine arts at Yale. He was appointed 

i'udge of the fine arts at the Centennial exhibition, 
'hiladelphia, in 1876, and wrote the official report 
on his department. His two best-known pictures 
are 44 The Gun-Foundry," exhibited at the National 
academy in 1867, in Paris the same year, and in 
Philadelphia in 1876, and 44 Forging the Shaft " 
(1868). The latter was burned, but a replica was 
exhibited in Paris in 1878. Among his other 
works are 44 Sunset at West Point " (1859) ; 44 The 
Christmas Bell " (1860) ; 44 The Culprit Fay " (1861) ; 
"Tapping the Furnace" (1872); "The Confession- 
al," shown at Philadelphia in 1876; "Venice" 

(1887) ; and various portraits, including those of 
the faculty of the Yale theological school (1882), 
and S. Wells Williams (1883). Of late years he 
has given some attention to sculpture, and has pro- 
duced a statue of the elder Benjamin Silliman, 
which stands on the Yale college grounds (1884). 
—Another son, Jail an Alden, artist, b. at West 
Point, N. Y., 80 Aug., 1852, studied under his 
father and Jean L. G6r6me. He is noted for his 
excellent portraits, and has also painted genre 
pieces with success. In Paris he received honor- 
able mention at the salon of 1881, and in 1888 he 



was awarded the prize, at the exhibition of the 
American art association, for his 44 Idle Hours." 
His studio is in New York, where he was one of 
the founders of the Society of American artists, 
and was elected an associate of the National acade- 
my in 1885 and an academician the following year. 
Among his works are 44 A Brittany Interior " (1$75) ; 
"Brittany Peasant-Girl" and 44 Study of an Old 
Peasant ,T (1877); 44 Breton Interior " (1878); "The 
Muse of Music" (1880); "Jeune Fille" and "The 
Good Samaritan" (1881); and portraits of Robert 
W. Weir (1880); Warren Delano and Olin L. 
Warner (1881); Richard Grant White (1883); Peter 
Cooper (1884); and John Gilbert (1888). Two of 
Prof. Robert W. Weit's sons, Gulian Verplanck 
and William Bayard, were in the regular army and 
served through the civil war, while Henry C. served 
in the volunteer army and attained the brevet rank 
of colonel. Another son, Robert, was in the navy. 

WEISS, or WEITZIUS, George Michael 
(wys), clergyman, b. in the Palatinate of the Rhine, 
Germany, in 1697; d. near Philadelphia, Pa., in 
1762. He was ordained to the ministry at Heidel- 
berg in 1725, and two years afterward emigrated 
to this country with 400 settlers. He went with 
them to Pennsylvania, organized a Reformed Dutch 
church at Skippack, returned to Holland, and col- 
lected funds for its support. He became pastor of 
German congregations in Schoharie and Dutchess 
counties, N. Y., in 1731, and labored there fourteen 
years, but was compelled to fly to Pennsylvania to 
escape the attacks of the Indians. From about 1 746 
until his death he preached in Old Gosenhoppen and 
Great Swamp, Pa, He published 44 An Account 
and Instruction relating to the Colony and Church 
of Pennsylvania, made up by the Deputies of the 
Synod of South Holland " (Amsterdam, 1730) ; a 
pamphlet concerning his arrangements with the 
classis of Amsterdam to care for the Germans in 
Pennsylvania (1731) ; and an 44 Account of the In- 
dians'' (1743). 

WEISS, John, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 28 
June, 1818 ; d. there, 9 March, 1879. His father, a 
German Jew, was a barber in Worcester, Mass. 
John was graduated at Harvard in 1837, and at the 
divinity-school in 1843, meanwhile studying abroad. 
He then was settled over the Unitarian church in 
Watertown, Mass., but withdrew on account of his 
anti-slavery opinions, and was pastor at New Bed- 
ford a short time, resigning on account of the failure 
of his health. After several years of study and 
travel he resumed his pastorate' in Watertown, and 
preached there in 1859-70. Mr. Weiss was an 
ardent Abolitionist, an advocate of women's rights, 
a rationalist in religion, and a disciple of the trans- 
cendental philosophy. He delivered courses of 
lectures on "Greek Religious Ideas." 44 Humor in 
Shakespeare," and 44 Shakespeare's Women." Of 
his lectures on Greek religious ideas, Octavius B. 
Frothingham says : 44 They were the keenest inter- 

f>retation of the ancient myths, the most profound, 
uminous, and sympathetic, I have met with." He 
is the author of many reviews, sermons, and maga- 
zine articles on literary, biographical, social, and 
political questions, 44 Life and Correspondence of 
Theodore Parker " (2 vols.. New York, 1864), and 
44 American Religion " (1871). He also edited and 
translated 44 Henry of Afterdingen," a romance by 
Friedrich Van Harden berg (Boston, 1842); "Philo- 
sophical and ^Esthetic Letters and Essays of Schil- 
ler," with an introduction (1845) ; and 44 Memoir of 
Johann G. Fichte," by William Smith (1846). 

WEISS, Lewis, jurist, b. in Berlin, Prussia, 28 
Dec, 1717; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Oct., 1796. 
He was educated at Lindheim. near Frankfort-on- 



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WELCH 



423 



the- Maine, came to Pennsylvania in December, 1755, 
and settled in Philadelphia, where he was one of 
the founders of the German society, and its presi- 
dent in 1783-'4. He was commissioned by the ex- 
ecutive council of the province, 20 May, 1786, a 
justice of the peace, and on 26 May a justice of the 
court of common pleas. He edited "Collection of 
the Laws of Pennsylvania" (1760-'2). Horace Bin- 
ney says of this collection : " It is valuable for sev- 
eral old laws not to be found in other editions, and 
especially for many proceedings in the privy coun- 
cil of England, repealing or disallowing certain of 
the laws of the province." 

WEISS, Snsan Archer Talley, poet, b. in Han- 
over county, Va., 14 Feb., 1835. Her father. Thomas 
Talley, a lawyer, removed in 1842 to Richmond, 
where she went to school for one year. At the 
age of eleven she became deaf, and afterward edu- 
cated herself. During the civil war she was ac- 
cused by the National authorities of being a spy, 
and was arrested and imprisoned at Fort Mc Henry, 
Baltimore. While there in 1863 she married Col. 
von Weiss, a German officer, who died in 1869. 
She has thrown new and favorable light on Poe's 
domestic character in a paper published in "Scrib- 
ner's Monthly" in Marcn, 1876. 

WEISSE, John Adam (wys), philologist, b. in 
Ropperville, Lorraine, 3 Dec, 1810; d. in New 
York city, 12 Jan., 1888. He was graduated in 
classics and natural sciences at the college in 
Bitsche, and in chemistry and philosophy at the 
seminary in Metz, and subsequently became pro- 
fessor of French in the Imperial school in Vienna. 
He emigrated to this country in 1840, and during 
an eight-years* residence in Boston published a 
*• Key to the French Language." He went to Brus- 
sels in 1849, was graduated in medicine there in 
1850, and settled in New York city, where ho passed 
the remainder of his life. He retired from active 
practice several years previous to his death, devot- 
ing his later life to literary pursuits and lecturing 
before learned societies. He was president of the 
New York philological society. He published " Ori- 
gin, Progress, and Destiny of the English Language 
and Literature," which was favorably criticised by 
William E. Gladstone and Max Mllller (New York, 
1873), and ** The Obelisk and Freemasonrv " (1881). 

WEISSENFELS, Frederick H, Baron de, 
soldier, b. in Prussia in 1738; d. in New Orleans, 
La., 14 May, 1806. During his early life he was 
an officer in the British service, but he emigrated 
to this country, and in 1763 settled in Dutchess 
county, N. Y. He became lieutenant-colonel of 
the 3d New York battalion in 1776, and afterward 
commanded the 2d New York battalion at White 
Plains, Trenton, the surrender of Burgoyne, and 
the battle of Monmouth. He accompanied Gen. 
John Sullivan's expedition against the Six Nations 
in 1779, and fought at Newton. The war left him 
impoverished, and at the time of his death he filled 
a minor office in New Orleans. 

WEITZEL, Godfrey, soldier, b. in Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 1 Nov., 1835; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 19 
March, 1884. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1855. became 1st lieutenant of en- 
gineers in 1860. and was attached to the staff of 
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler as chief engineer of the 
Department of the Gulf. After the capture of 
New Orleans he became assistant military com- 
mander and acting mayor of the city. He was 
commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. 29 
Aug., 1862. routed a large force of the enemy at 
Labadicvillc, I>a., in October of that year, and was 
brevetted major in the U. S. army for t hat service. 
He became captain of engineers, 3 March, 1863, 



commanded the advance in Gen. Nathaniel P. 
Banks's operations in western Louisiana in April 
and May, 1863, a division at the siege of Port 
Hudson, La., and a division in the 19th army corps 
in the Lafourche campaign. On 8 July, 1863, ne 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army, u for 
gallant and meritorious services at the siege of Port 
Hudson." He joined in the western Louisiana 
campaign, and from May till September, 1864, was 
chief engineer of the Army of the James, being 
engaged at Swift's Creek, the actions near Drury's 
Bluff, and in constructing the defences of Bermuda 
Hundred, James River, and Deep Bottom. In 
August, 1864, he was brevetted major-general of 
volunteers " for meritorious and distinguished ser- 
vices during the civil war." He commanded the 
18th army corps from September till December. 
1864, was brevetted colonel in the U. S. army l * for 

fallant and meritorious services at the capture of 
'ort Harrison, 30 Sept., 1864," became full major- 
general of volunteers on 7 Nov., was second in 
command of the first ex|>cdition to Fort Fisher, 
and in March and April, 1865, was in charge of 
all troops north of Potomac river during the final 
operations against Gen. Robert E. Lee's army, tak- 
ing possession of Richmond, 3 April, 1865. In 
March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general 
in the regular army for services in that campaign, 
and major-general in the same rank "for gallant 
and meritorious 
services in the 
field during the 
civil war." He 
commanded the 
Rio Grande dis- 
trict, Texas, in 
1865-'6, and was 
mustered out of 
volunteer service 
on 1 March of the 
latter year. He 
became major of 
engineers in 1866, 
and lieutenant- 
colonel in 1882, 
and from that date 
was in ojiarge of 
various works of 
improvement in 
ana near Philadel- 
phia, and chairman of the commission advisatory 
to the board of harbor commissioners of that city. 

WELBY, Amelia II. Coppuck, poet. b. in St. 
Michael's, Md., 3 Feb., 1819; d. in Louisville, Ky., 
3 May, 1852. She removed with her parents to 
Kentucky in childhood, and, after residing in Lex- 
ington and Louisville, married in 1838 George B. 
Welby, a merchant of the latter citv. She l>egan 
in 1837 to contribute poems to the Louisville 
"Journal," under the name of Amelia," by which 
she gained some reputation. They were* highly 
praised by George D. Prentice, Rufus W. Griswold, 
Edgar A Poe, and' other critics. A small collec- 
tion (Boston, 1844) passed through several editions, 
and a larger one was afterward published, with il- 
lustrations, bv Robert W. Weir (New York, 1850). 

WELCH, Adonijah Strong, senator, b. in East 
Hampton, Conn., 12 April, 1821 ; d. in Pasadena, 
Cal., 15 March. 1889. He was graduated at the 
State university in 1846, after serving as principal 
of its preparatory department from 1844. lie 
then studied law, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1847, but in that year became principal of 
Jonesville high-school. He went to California in 
1849, and on his return in 1851 took charge of the 




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424 WELCH 

Michigan normal school at Ypsilanti, where he 
remained till 1865. In that year he removed to 
Florida and settled in Jacksonville, where he was 
chairman of the State Republican committee dur- 
ing the canvass of 1868, which brought Florida 
back into the Union. He was then chosen U. S. 
senator, serving from 2 July, 1868, till 3 March, 
1869. In 1869-'83 he was president of Iowa state 
agricultural college, where he is still a professor. 
It gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878, and he 
received the same from Michigan university in 
1879. He was president of the first teachers' asso- 
ciation of Michigan in 1851. In 1882 he was sent 
to Europe by the commissioner of agriculture to 
inspect colleges of that science, and his report was 
published by the U. S. government. Dr. Welch is 
the author of 44 Analysis of the English Sentence " 
(New York, 1850) ; 44 Object Lessons w (1861) ; 44 Talks 
on Psychology " (1888) ; and " The Teachers' Psy- 
chology " (1888). 

WELCH, John, jurist, b. in Harrison county, 
Ohio, 28 Oct., 1805. He was graduated at Frank- 
lin college in 1828, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1838. He was Drosecuting attorney from 
1834 till 1839, sat in the Ohio senate in 1846-7, and 
in 1850 was elected to congress, serving one term. 
He was a member in 1852 of the national conven- 
tion that nominated Winfleld* Scott for the presi- 
dency, and in 1856 was an elector on the Fremont 
ticket He was a judge of the court of common 
pleas in 1863-'5, and was then raised to the su- 
preme bench, serving thirteen years. He resumed 
practice, but retired after seven or eight years, and 
nas since devoted himself to literary pursuits. The 
degree of LL. D. was given him by Franklin col- 
lege in 1867. Judge Welch has invented a new 
method of computing interest, and is the au- 
thor of ** MathematicafCuriosities " (Athens, Ohio, 
1883); •'Index-Digest of Ohio Decisions" (Cincin- 
nati, 1886) ; and lectures and essays on *' Thomas 
Ewing," " Mob Law," 44 History of the Ohio Uni- 
versity," and other subjects.— His brother, John- 
son, b. in Harrison county, Ohio, 15 Sept., 1809 ; 
d. in New Athens, Ohio, 1 April, 1887, oecame a 
minister of the Presbyterian church, adhering to 
the Scotch or Seceding party, and at the time of 
his death waspresident of Franklin college. 

WELCH, Moses Cook, clergyman, b. in Mans- 
field, Conn., 22 Feb., 1754; d. there, 21 April, 
1824. He was graduated at Yale in 1772. After 
teaching and then studying law for a year, he 
gave some attention to medicine, but abandoned it 
and again engaged in teaching. At the opening 
of the Revolution he was associated with Samuel 
Nott in making saltpetre for the powder-supplv 
of the army. Afterward he studied theology, ancl 
was ordained, 2 June, 1784, serving as his father's 
successor in the pastorate of his native place till 
his death. He published various discourses and 
pamphlets, including 44 Eulogy on Benjamin Chap- 
lin" (1795), and "The Addresser Addressed," a 
reply to Hon. Zephaniah Swift (1796). 

WELCH, Ransom Bethnne, clergyman, b. in 
Greenville, N. Y., in 1825 ; d. in Healing Springs, 
Va., 29 June, 1890. He was graduated at Union 
college in 1846, studied two years at Andover theo- 
logical seminary, and then at Auburn. In 1853-'4 
he arranged a system of colportage in Mississippi 
for the American tract society. He was ordained 
in December, 1854, as Dastor of the Dutch Reformed 
church at Gilboa, N. Y., remained there till 1856, 
and was then in charge of a congregation at Cats- 
kill till 1859. He was professor of logic, rhetoric, 
and English literature at Unton college in 1860-76, 
and after the latter date he occupied the chair of 



WELD 



Christian theology in Auburn theological seminary. 
He received the degree of D. D. from the University 
of the city of New York and Rutgers in 1868, and 
that of IjL. D. from Maryville college, Tenn., in 
1872. He was a delegate to the Presbyterian alli- 
ance at Belfast, Ireland, in 1884, and London in 
1888. and to the centennial conference of Foreign 
missions at London in the latter year. In 1886 he 
became vice-president of the American institute of 
Christian philosophy. Prof. Welch is the author 
of 44 Faith and Modern Thought," with an intro- 
duction by Prof. Tayler Lewis (New York, 1876) ; 
44 Outlines of Christian Theology " (1881) ; separate 
addresses; and contributions to current religious 
literature. In 1881 he became an associate editor 
of the 44 Presbyterian Review." 

WELD, Horatio Hastings, author, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 4 Feb., 1811 ; d. in Riverton, N. J., 27 
Aug., 1888. He became a printer and then edited 
newspapers in Lowell, Boston, New York, and 
Philadelphia, but in 1845 took orders in the Prot- 
estant Episcopal church. He was rector succes- 
sively of St. James's, Downingtown, Pa. : Trinity, 
Morristown, N. J.; and Christ church, Riverton, 
N. J. He received the degree of S. T. D. from 
Andalusia college. Pa., in 1868. Dr. Weld has 

fmblished 44 Corrected Proofs," a volume of sketches 
Boston, 1887); 44 Life of Christ" (Philadelphia, 
1850) ; 44 Scripture Quotations " (1850) ; and 44 Sa- 
cred Poetical Quotations" (1851), and has edited 
" Scenes in the Lives of the Apostles " (Philadel- 
phia. 1846) ; 44 Scenes in the Lives of the Patriarchs 
and Prophets " (1847) ; 44 Women of the Scriptures " 
(1848) ; 44 Benjamin Franklin's Autobiograpnv, with 
a Narrative of his Public Life and Services (New 
York, 1849) ; " Sacred Poetical Quotations " (1851) ; 
and " The Star of Bethlehem " (1852). 

WELD, Isaac, British traveller, b. in Dublin, 
Ireland, 15 March, 1774; d. near Bray, County 
Dublin, 4 Aug., 1856. His father. Isaac Weld, of 
Dublin, was a personal friend of Charles James 
Fox. The son travelled extensively on this conti- 
nent, and was for fifty-six years connected with 
the Royal society of Dublin, of which he was long 
secretary and vice-president His journey in this 
country was prompted bv the idea that the Irish 
people would afterward be led to emigrate hither 
in great numbers. Arriving in Philadelphia in 
September, 1795, he made h»s way, on horseback, 
on foot, or in a canoe, through dense forests and 
along rivers, trusting often to friendly Indians for 
safe conduct. In tne cities he saw much of the 
best society, and made the acquaintance of George 
Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The result of 
his trip was his 44 Travels through the States of 
North America and the Provinces of Upper and 
Lower Canada during the Years 1795, 1796, and 
1797" (London, 1799, many later editions; French 
translation, 3 vols., Paris, 1800 ; German transla- 
tion, 8 vols., The Hague, 1801-2). Mr. Weld wrote 
also 44 Illustrations of the Scenery of Killarney and 
the Surrounding Countrv" (1807).— His half- 
brother, Charles Richard, English traveller, b. 
in Windsor, England, in 1818 ; d. in Bath, 15 Jan., 
1869, was for many years assistant secretary of the 
Royal societv, and tne author, among many other 
works, of 44 A Vacation Tour in the United States 
and Canada " (London, 1855). 

WELD, Lewis, educator, b. in Hampton, Conn., 
17 Oct., 1796; d. in Hartford, Conn., 80 Dec, 
1858. He was graduated at Yale in 1818, and 
became a teacher in the American asylum for the 
education of the deaf and dumb, of which, on the 
resignation of Thomas H. Gallaudet in 1880, 
he was made principal Previously he served 

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WELLBOON 



425 



from 1822 as principal of the Pennsylvania insti- 
tution for the deaf and dumb, at Philadelphia. 
His success in these offices gave him a wide repu- 
tation in his own field. For the last few years of 
his life he was a sufferer from a chronic disease.^ 

WELD, Theodore Dwight, reformer, b. in 
Hampton, Conn., 28 Nov., 18W)3. He entered Phil- 
lips Andover academy in 1819, but was not gradu- 
ated, on account of failing eyesight. In 1830 he 
became general agent of the Society for the promo- 
tion of manual labor in literary institutions, pub- 
lishing afterward a valuable report (New York, 
1833). He entered Lane theological seminary, Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, in 1833, but left that institution on 
the suppression of the Anti-slavery society of the 
seminary by the trustees. Mr. Weld then became 
well known as an anti-slavery lecturer, but in 1836 
he lost his voice, and was appointed by the Ameri- 
can anti-slavery society editor of its books and 
pamphlets. In 1841-'8 he labored in Washington 
in aid of the anti-slavery members of congress, 
and in 1854 he established at Eagles wood, N. J., a 
school in which he received pupils irrespective of 
sex and color. In 1864 he removed to Hyde Park, 
near Boston, and devoted himself to teaching and 
lecturing. Mr. Weld is the author of many pam- 
phlets, and of 44 The Power of Congress over the 
District of Columbia " (New York, 1837); 44 The 
Bible against Slavery " (1837) ; 44 American Slavery 
as it Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses" 
(1839); and 44 Slavery and the Internal Slave Trade 
in the United States" (London, 1841).— His wife, 
Angelina Emily Grimkg, reformer, b. in Charles- 
ton, S. C, 20 Feb., 1805, is the daughter of Judge 
John F. Grimke\ of South Carolina, but in 1828, 
with her sister, Sarah M. Grimke* (o. v.), she joined 
the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, afterward 
emancipating the slaves that she inherited from 
her parents in 1836. She was the author of an 
44 Appeal to the Christian Women of the South," 
which was republished in England with an intro- 
duction by George Thompson, and was associated 
with her sister in delivering public addresses under 
the auspices of the American anti-slavery society, 
winning a reputation for eloquence. The contro- 
versy that the appearance of the sisters as public 
speakers caused was the beginning of the woman's 
rights agitation in this country. She married Mr. 
Weld on 14 May, 1838, and was afterward asso- 
ciated with him in educational and reformatory 
work. Besides the work noticed above, she wrote 
** Letters to Catherine E. Beecher," a review of the 
slavery question (Boston, 1837). 

WELDE, Thomas, b. in England about 1590; 
d. there, 23 March, 1662. He was graduated at 
Cambridge in 1613, became a minister of the es- 
tablished church, and had charge for some time 
of a parish in Terling, Essex; but his Puritan 
opinions caused him to emigrate to Boston, where 
he arrived on 5 June, 1632. In July he became 
minister of the 1st church in Roxburv, Mass., 
where, after the following November, John Eliot, 
the 44 apostle," was associated with him. He was 
active in opposition to Anne Hutchinson and her 
doctrines, took a conspicuous part in her trial, 
and afterward wrote A Short Story of the Rise, 
Reign, and Ruin of the Antinomians, Familists, 
and Libertines that infested the Churches of New 
England " (London, 1644 ; 2d ed., 1692). A shorter 
version, entitled 44 Antinomians and Familists Con- 
demned," which appeared about the same time, 
may be the original ; and some authorities main- 
tain that Gov. John Winthrop was the chief au- 
thor. The book was answered by Rev. John 
Wheelwright in his " Mercurius Araericanus" 



(1645). Welde was also associated with John Eliot 
and Richard Mather in preparing, by request of 
the authorities, the translation of the Psalms in 
metre that is usually called the 44 Bay Psalm-Book," 
and is entitled 44 The Whole Book of Psalms Faith- 
fully translated into English Metre " (Cambridge, 
1640). This was the first volume that was printed 
in New England. Welde was sent with Hugh 
Peters to England in 1641 as an agent of the 
colony, but was dismissed in 1646, and requested 
to return. He did not comply, but remained in 
England, and was minister of a church at Gates- 
head, near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He accompa- 
nied Lord Forbes to Ireland, and. after residing 
there for some time, returned to England, where 
he was ejected from his living for non-conformity 
in 1662. Besides the works already noticed, Welde 
was the author of 44 An Answer to W. R.. his Nar- 
ration of Opinions and Practices of the New Eng- 
land Churches" (1644). With three other cler- 

fymen he wrote 4 * The Perfect Pharisee under 
[onkish Holiness," an attack on the Quakers (1654), 
and 44 The False Jew Detected."— One of his sons, 
Thomas, remained in New England, and was in 
thegeneral court in 1676-'7. 

WELDON, Charles Wesley, Canadian member 
of parliament, b. in Richibucto, New Brunswick, 
27 Feb., 1830. He was the eldest son of John W. 
Weldon, judge of the supreme court of New Bruns- 
wick. He was graduated at King's college, Wind- 
sor, Nova Scotia, in 1847, was admitted to the 
bar of New Brunswick in 1852, became a queen's 
counsel in 1852, and was elected to the Dominion 
parliament in 1878, 1882, and 1887. He opposed 
the confederation of the provinces, and is opposed 
to the national policy and the present (18o9) ad- 
ministration. He is president of the Law society 
of St. John, a governor of King's college, and 
president of the New Brunswick electric telegraph 
company, and is connected with several other 
financial corporations. 

WELDON, Richard Chapman, educator, b. in 
Sussex, New Brunswick, 19 Jan., 1849. He was 
graduated at Wesleyan college, Sackville, New 
Brunswick, and received the degree of Ph. D. at 
Yale in 1872. He afterward studied international 
law at Heidelberg, and was called to the bar of 
New Brunswick. He was a professor in the Wes- 
leyan college, 1875-'83, and since the latter date 
has been professor of constitutional law in Dal- 
housie university, Halifax, and is also dean of the 
law faculty there. He was elected to the Domin- 
ion parliament in February. 1887, for Albert coun- 
ty, New Brunswick. 

WELLBOON, Marshall Johnson, lawyer, b. 
in Putnam county, Ga., 29 May, 1808 ; d. in Co- 
lumbus, Ga., 16 Oct., 1874. After passing through 
the junior year in the University of Georgia, he 
studied law and was admitted to the bar at nine- 
teen years of age by special act of the legislature. 
At twenty-one he was elected to the legislature of 
Georgia, and in 1842 he became judge of the su- 
perior court of the Chattahoochee circuit. Subse- 
quently, after a prolonged trip in Europe, he 
served one term in congress in 1849-'51, having 
been chosen as a Democrat In 1858 he began to 
think seriously on religious subjects, and in 1864 
was ordained to the Baptist ministry at Colum- 
bus, Ga. From that time until his death he was 
pastor of various churches, serving them without 
compensation. In the earlier part of his life he 
was a brilliant, accomplished, and successful man 
of the world, and in his later years, by the con- 
sent of all who knew him, a man of truly apostolic 
devoutness and zeal. 



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426 WELLER 

WELLER, George, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 15 Nov., 1790; d. in Raymond, Miss., 9 
Nov., 1841. He received a $ood English education 
in the public schools of his native city, but his 
parents were unable to send him to college. He 
learned the trade of a book-binder, and while pur- 
suing his studies opened a small book-store in 
Newark, N. J., and subsequently in Danbury, 
Conn. While preparing for the ministry in the 
Episcopal church in Norwalk. Conn., he officiated 
as lay reader in Bedford, N. T., in 1814-'16. He 
was ordained deacon in St. Matthew's church, 
Bedford, 16 June, 1816, by Bishop Hobart, and 
priest in St. Paul's church. East Chester, N. Y., 2 
April, 1817, by the same bishop. In November, 
1817, he became rector of Great Choptank parish, 
Cambridge, Md., which post he filled for five years. 
In 1822 he accepted a call to St Stephen's church, 
Cecil county, Md., where he served acceptably for 
three years. At this date Bishop White was de- 
sirous of finding a competent editor for a new 
journal in the interests of the Episcopal church. 
He accordingly invited Mr. Weller to occupy this 
post, and the offer was accepted. The first num- 
ber of " The Church Register was issued on 7 Jan.. 
1826. After three years' service as its editor, and 
occupying himself in other literary labors, he re- 
movea to Nashville, Tenn., where during his minis- 
trations the first church for Episcopal worship 
was consecrated in 1831. He received the degree 
of D. D. from Nashville university in 1834. In 
addition to his pastoral labors he gave instruction 
to candidates for orders, and opened a school for 
girls, which met with great success. His health 
was seriously impaired by work, but, after resting, 
he accepted a call to Calvary church, Memphis, 
Tenn., in 1838, and the following year became rec- 
tor of Christ church, Vicksburg.' Miss. In 1841 
the yellow fever broke out with great virulence, 
and he deemed it his duty to remain at his post 
and minister to the sick. He was attacked by the 
malady, which proved fatal. In addition to con- 
tributions to church journalism. Dr. Weller pub- 
lished a " Vindication of the Church." being a de- 
fence of Anglican ordinations against the asper- 
sions of Roman Catholics, and " Two Letters in 
Reply to Certain Publications of the Rev. Samuel 
Miller, of Princeton, N. J." (1835), the object of 
which was to support episcopacy chiefly by ear- 
ly patristic testimony. He also issued the first 
American collection of "Bishop Heber's Poems" 
(Philadelphia, 1828), with a short memoir ; and re- 
published treatises by eminent Anglican divines in 
convenient form : these are known as " The Weller 
Tracts," and are still regarded with favor. 

WELLER, John B., senator, b. in Ohio in 
1812 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 7 Aug., 1875. He 
was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving in 
1839-'45, was lieutenant-colonel of an Ohio regi- 
ment in the Mexican war, becoming its commander 
on the death of its colonel at Monterey, and a 
commissioner to Mexico under the treaty of Gua- 
dalupe Hidalgo. Afterward he removed to Cali- 
fornia and was elected IT. S. Senator, holding 
his seat from 17 March, 1852, till 3 March, 1857. 
He was governor of the state in 1858-'60, U. S. 
minister to Mexico from 7 Nov., 1860, till 14 May, 
1861, and a delegate to the National Democratic 
convention of 1864. 

WELLES, Edward Randolph, P. E. bishop, 
b. in Waterloo, N. Y., 10 Jan., 1830; d. there, 19 
Oct., 1888. He was graduated at Hobart in 1850, 
ordered deacon, 20 Dec., 1857, and served as tutor 
in De Veaux college. Suspension Bridge, N. Y., 
also officiating in Lewiston, Lock port, and Suspen- 



WELLES 



sion Bridge. He was ordained priest, 12 Sept, 
1858, began work at Red Wing, Minn., where he 
organized the parish of Christ church, and became 
its rector, holding this post until his election to the 
episcopate. He received the degree of S. T. D. 
from Racine college in 1874. Dr. Welles was conse- 
crated bishop of Wisconsin in St. Thomas's church, 
New York, 24 Oct., 1874. In the course of the year 
following, the northeastern part of the state was 
erected into a separate jurisdiction, under the name 
of the diocese of Fond du Lac, and Bishop Welles 
elected to remain in the>old diocese. He published 
sermons and addresses***- 

WELLES, Noah, ctesjgyman, b. in Colchester, 
Conn., 25 Sept, 1718; d. in Stamford, Conn., 31 
Dec, 1776. He was graduated at Yale in 1741, re- 
mained there a year as dean's scholar, and then 
took charge of Hopkins grammar-school at Hart- 
ford, at the same time studying theology. He was 
a tutor at Yale in 1745-'6, and in the latter year re- 
ceived a call to Stamford, where he remained till 
the day of his death, the thirtieth anniversary of 
his ordination. He took an active part in the dis- 
cussion of the validity of Presbyterian ordination 
and in relation to the proposed American episco- 
pate, and at the opening of the Revolution advo- 
cated from his pulpit resistance to the mother 
country. In 1774 he was chosen a fellow of Yale, 
and in the same year Princeton gave him the de- 
gree of D. D. On the resignation of Dr. Thomas 
Clap from the presidency of Yale in 1766, Dr. 
Welles was a prominent candidate for the office. 
President Timothy Dwight, who was his nephew 
by marriage, says : ** His imagination was vivid and 
poetical, his intellect vigorous, and his learning ex- 
tensive. His manners, at the same time, were an 
unusual happy compound of politeness and dig- 
nity." Dr. Welles published u The Real Advan- 
tages which Ministers and People may enjoy, 
especially in the Colonies, by conforming to the 
Church of England," a clever anonymous attack 
on the Episcopalian party, which has been attrib- 
uted also to Rev. Noan Hobart, of Fairfield (Bos- 
ton, 1762); "The Divine Right of Presbyterian 
Ordination Asserted " (New York, 1763); "Patriot- 
ism Described and Recommended," the annual 
"election sermon" (New London. 1774); and 
" Vindication of the Validity and Divine Right of 
Presbyterian Ordination, as set forth in Dr. 
Chauncy's Sermon, and Mr. Welles's Discourse in 
Answer to the Exceptions of Mr. Jeremiah Learn- 
ing" (New Haven, 1767). He was also the author 
of a poem addressed to his class-mate and friend, 
Gov. William Livingston, which is prefixed to the 
latter's " Philosophic Solitude " (New York, 1747). 

WELLES, Tnonias, governor of Connecticut, 
b. in England in 1598 ; d. in Wethersfield, Conn., 
14 Jan., 1660. He came to this country before 
1636 and settled in Hartford, Conn., where he was 
magistrate from 1687 till his death. In 1639 he 
became first treasurer of the colony, and he held 
that office till 1651. He was secretary of Connecti- 
cut in 1640-'8. and was commissioner of the united 
colonies in 1649 and again in 1654. During the 
absence of Gov. Edward Hopkins in England in 
1654 he was elected moderator of the general court, 
and in the same year he was chosen deputy gov- 
ernor. In 1655 he was elected governor, out after 
two years he returned to the office of deputy gov- 
ernor. He was chosen governor for a second time 
in 1658, and in 1659 again held the office of deputy 

Sovernor. Gov. Welles possessed the full confi- 
ence of the people, and many of the most impor- 
tant of the early laws and papers pertaining to the 
founding of the colony were drafted by him. The 



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WELLES 



WELLING 



427 




successful issue of Connecticut from her difficulty 
concerning the fort erected at Saybrook on one side 
and the Dutch encroachments on the other was 
largely duo to his skill and wisdom. — His descend- 
ant, Gideon, secretary of the navy, b. in Glaston- 
bury, Conn., 1 July, 1802; d. in Hartford, Conn., 
11 Feb., 1878, entered Norwich university, Vt., 
but, without being graduated, began to study law. 
Iu 1826 he became editor and part owner of the 
Hartford "Times," 
with which he re- 
mained connect- 
ed till 1854, though 
he retired from 
the responsible 
editorship in 1836. 
He made his pa- 
per the chief or- 
gan of the Demo- 
cratic party in the 
state, It was the 
first to advocate 
the election of 
Andrew Jackson 
to the presiden- 
cy, and earnestly 
upheld his ad- 
ministration. Mr. 
Welles was a mem- 
ber of the legis- 
lature in 1827-35, 
and both in that body and in his journal at- 
tacked with severity the proposed measure to 
exclude from the courts witnesses that did not 
believe in a future state of rewards and punish- 
ments. He also labored for years to secure the 
abolition of imprisonment for debt, opposed spe- 
cial and private legislation, and secured the pas- 
sage of general laws for the organization of finan- 
cial corporations. He began an agitation for low 
postage before the subject had begun to attract 
general attention. He was chosen comptroller of 
the sUte by the legislature in 1835, and elected to 
that office by popular vote in 1842 and 1843, serv- 
ing as postmaster of Hartford in the intervening 
years. From 1846 till 1849 he was chief of the 
bureau of provisions and clothing in the navy de- 
partment at Washington. Mr. Welles had always 
opposed the extension of slavery. He identified 
himself with the newly formed Republican party 
in 1855, and in 1856 was its candidate for gover- 
nor of Connecticut. In 1860 he labored earnestly 
for the election of Abraham Lincoln, and on the 
latter's election Mr. Welles was given the portfolio 
of the navy in his cabinet Here his executive 
ability compensated for his previous lack of special 
knowledge, and though many of Iiis acts were 
bitterly criticised, his administration was popular 
with the navy and with the country at large. His 
facility as a writer made his state papers more 
interesting than such documents usually are. In 
his first report, dated 4 July, 1861, he announced 
the increase of the effective naval force from forty- 
two to eighty-two vessels. This and the subse- 
quent increase in a few months to more than 500 
vessels was largely due to his energy. In the report 
that has just been mentioned he also recommended 
investigations to secure the best iron-clads, and this 
class of vessels was introduced under his adminis- 
tration. In the cabinet Mr. Welles opposed all 
arbitrary measures, and objected to the declara- 
tion of a blockade of southern ports, holding that 
this was a virtual acknowledgment of belligerent 
rights, and that the preferable course would be to 
close our ports to foreign commerce by proclama- 



tion. By request of the president, he presented 
his ideas in writing ; but the cabinet finally yield- 
ed to the views of Sec. Seward. Early in tne war, 
on 25 Sept., 1861, he ordered that the negro refu- 
gees that found their way to U. S. vessels should 
be enlisted in the navy. He held his post till the 
close of President Johnson's administration in 
1869. In 1872 he acted with the Liberal Repub- 
licans, and in 1876 he advocated the election of 
Samuel J. Tilden, afterward taking strong grounds 
against the electoral commission and its decision. 
After his retirement from office he contributed 
freely to current literature on the political and 
other events of the civil war, and provoked hostile 
criticism by what many thought his harsh strict- 
ures on official conduct. In 1872 he published an 
elaborate paper to show that the capture of New 
Orleans in 1862 was due entirely to the navy, and 
in 1873 a volume entitled " Lincoln and Seward." 

WELLING, James Clarke, educator, b. in 
Trenton, N. J., 14 July, 1825. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1844, and, after studying law, re- 
nounced that profession in 1848 to become asso- 
ciate principal of the New York collegiate school. 
In 1850 he was secured by Joseph Gales and Will- 
iam W. Seaton as literary editor of the " National 
Intelligencer" at Washington, and he was after- 
ward associated with them in the political conduct 
of that journal, becoming charged in 1856 with its 
chief management, for wnich post he was qualified 
by his accurate scholarship, his facility in writing, 
and his judicial temperament. His editorship con- 
tinued through the crisis of the civil war. Ad- 
hering to the old-line Whigs as against the Re- 
publican and the Democratic parties, he supported 
the Bell-Everett ticket for president and vice- 
president in 1860. Steadfastly resisting the dis- 
union movement at the south in all its phases, he 
gave to the war for the Union his loyal support. He 
advocated Lincoln's proposition of emancipation 
with eonvpensation to loyal owners, the abolition of 
slavery in the District of Columbia, and its abolition 
throughout the Union by constitutional amend- 
ment ; but he questioned the validity of the eman- 
cipation proclamation, and strenuously opposed 
the constitutionality of military commissions for 
the trial of citizens in loyal states, which practice 
was subsequently condemned by the supreme court. 
The discussions of the »• Intelligencer ' during this 
period often took the form of elaborate papers on 
questions of constitutional or international law, 
and exercised an acknowledged influence on public 
opinion. Some of them have been republished, and 
are still cited in works of history and jurisprudence. 
Dr. Welling withdrew from journalism in 1865, and 
spent the following year travelling in Europe for 
health and study. He had been previously ap- 
pointed a clerk of the U. S. court of claims, and 
served in that office till 1867, when he was chosen 

President of St. John's college, Annapolis, Md. 
taring his presidency the number of students ad- 
vanced from 90 to 250. In 1868 he received the 
honorary degree of LL. D. from Columbian college, 
Washington. In 1870 he was appointed professor 
of belles-lettres in Princeton, but he resigned the 
post in the following year to accept the presidency 
of Columbian college (now university). Under his 
administration that institution has been enlarged, 
has received a new charter from congress, erected 
a building in the heart of Washington (see illus- 
tration), added new professional schools, and laid 
the foundation of a free endowment. At the 
same time he has been connected with many liter- 
ary, historical, and scientific societies. As presi- 
dent of the board of trustees of the Corcoran gal- 



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428 



WELLINGTON 



WELLS 




lery of art since 1877 he has devoted much time 
to its development, visiting in 1887 the studios of 

the chief art- 
ists of Europe 
in its interest. 
In 1884 he 
was appointed 
a regent of 
the Smithso- 
nian institu- 
tion, and soon 
afterward he 
was elected 
chairman of 
its executive 
committee. He 
is an active 
member of the Philosophical and Anthropological 
societies of Washington, was chosen in 1884 presi- 
dent of the former, and has contributed valuable 
memoirs to the published proceedings of both 
bodies. He is president of the Copyright league of 
the District of Columbia. For many years he has 
been a contributor to periodicals. 

WELLINGTON, Arthur Mellen, civil en- 
gineer, b. in Waltham, Mass., 20 Dec., 1847. He 
was graduated at the Boston Latin-school, and was 
about to enter Harvard when his eyesight failed, 
and he turned his attention to civil engineering, 
studying under Prof. John B. Henck in Boston. 
On the completion of his studies he engaged ac- 
tively in the work, and among other places has 
held those of chief engineer of the Interoceanic 
railway from Vera Cruz to Mexico and assistant 

Stneral manager of the Mexican Central railway, 
e devised ajplan for multiplying the traffic facili- 
ties of the Brooklyn bridge fivefold, which was 
recommended in 1887 by the board of experts in 
preference to all others. Mr. Wellington has been 
a member of the American society of civil engi- 
neers since 1881. In addition to his professional 
work, he is editor of the 44 Engineering News " in 
New York city, and has published 44 Computation 
from Diagrams of Railwav Earthworks (New 
York, 1878) ; ** Economic theory of the Location 
of Railways" (1878; enlarged ed., 1887); 44 Car- 
Builders' Dictionary : ' (New York, 1884); and 
** Field Work of Railway Location and Laying out 
of Works "(1889). 

WELLS, Clark Henry, naval officer; b. in 
Reading, Pa., 22 Sept. 1822 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 28 Jan., 1888. He was appointed a mid- 
shipman in the navy. 25 Sept., 1840, attended 
the naval academy at Annapolis in 1846, and be- 
came a passed midshipman on 11 July of that year. 
During the Mexican war he served in the brig 
44 Somers," which was capsized and sunk in a squall 
off Vera Cruz, after which he joined the 44 Petrel," 
in which he participated in covering the landing 
of Scott's army and in the bombardment of Vera 
Cruz. He also took part in the expeditions that 
captured Tarapico and Tuspan in 1846-'7. He 
was promoted to master, 1 March, 1H55, and to 
lieutenant, 14 Sept., 1855, served in the steam 
frigate 44 Niagara, ' laying the first Atlantic sub- 
marine cable in 1857. When the civil war opened 
he was appointed executive of the steamer " Sus- 
quehanna, ' in which he participated in the capture 
of Port Royal, S. C. He led several boat expedi- 
tions in engagements with batteries in the in- 
land coast waters of South Carolina, Georgia, and 
Florida, and was present at the capture of Fer- 
nandina. He commanded the sloop 44 Vandalia," 
on the blockade of Charleston, and took the sloop 
•* Dale " home in 1862. He was commissioned a 



j lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, was execo- 
1 tive of the Philadelphia navy-yard in 1863, and 
commanded the wooaen steamer 44 Galena" in the 
Western Gulf blockading squadron in 1863-'4. He 
participated in the battle of Mobile, in which his 
vessel was lashed to the 44 Oneida." When they 
were passing the forts a shell from the ram 44 Ten- 
nessee " exploded in one of the 44 Oneida's " boilers, 
and he towed her along, in command of both ves- 
sels because the commander of the 44 Oneida " had 
been wounded. He was highly commended by 
Admiral Farragut in his official report and by a 
special letter. He served in the Eastern Gulf 
squadron for a few months, was refitted at Phila- 
delphia and joined Admiral Porter's fleet at Hamp- 
ton Roads, where he remained until the close of 
the war. He commanded the steamer 44 Kansas " 
on the Brazil station in 1865-'6, where he rendered 
assistance to a British gun-boat that was stranded 
in the river Plate, and also to a British merchant- 
vessel, for which he received a letter of thanks 
from the British government through the presi- 
dent. He was commissioned a commander, 25 
Julv, 1866, captain, 19 June, 1871, and with the 
44 Shenandoah " rendered valuable assistance to 
the iron-clad 44 Compt de Verde " which had broken 
from her moorings at Spezia. He received the 
decoration of the Legion of honor from President 
Thiers of France for this service. He was chief 
signal officer of the navy in 1879-*80, was pro- 
moted to commodore, 22 Jan., 1880, and on 1 Aug., 
1884, to rear-admiral, and he was placed on the 
retired list, 22 Sept, 1884. 

WELLS, Darius, inventor, b. in Johnstown, 
N. Y., 20 April, 1800 ; d. in Paterson, N. J., 27 May, 
1875. He was apprenticed to the printer's trade in 
his native place, and after serving for six years re- 
moved to Amsterdam, N. Y., where, with William 
Childs, he established the first newspaper. In 1826 
he went to New York, and continued the printing 
business. At that time the largest metal type that 
was made was only twelve-line pica, and it cost more 
than the average printer could afford to pay. This 
led to his making large type from wood, and he 
followed the method of engravers by using cross- 
grained sections. The advantage of wood-type 
having been established, it was found necessary to 
devise means of manufacturing it with greater ra- 
pidity and less labor. Mr. Wells founa that by 
using a vertical revolving cutter a more speedy re- 
moval of the superfluous wood could be effected. 
This device, improved by various modifications, is 
known as the routing machine. Subsequently he 
engaged in the business of furnishing wooden type, 
and also made a specialty of preparing boxwood 
for engravers. This was gradually extended to in- 
clude printers' materials, and in 1840 he established 
a factory at Paterson, N. J. He continued in this 
occupation until 1856, when he retired. During 
1861-74 he was postmaster of Paterson, except 
that he was removed from office by President 
Johnson in 1866, but restored a short time later 
through the efforts of Charles Sumner. 

WELLS, David Ames, economist, b. in Spring- 
field, Mass., 17 June, 1828. lie is a lineal descend- 
ant of Thomas Welles, governor of Connecticut, 
and, on his mother's side, of David Ames, who built 
and established the National armory in Springfield. 
In 1847 he was graduated at Williams, and, with 
others, published a 44 History and Sketches of Will- 
iams College " (Springfield, 1847). For a time 
during 184M he was on the editorial staff of the 
44 Springfield Republican." While thus engaged, 
he suggested the idea, and was associated in the in- 
vention, of folding newspapers and books by ma- 



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WELLS 

chinery in connection with power printing-presses. 
The first machine that was ever constructed and 
successfully operated was built at his expense, and 
worked under his direction, in the office of the 
" Republican." He then sold his interest, and en- 
tered the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, 
where he became a special pupil of Louis Agassiz, 
and was graduated in 1851. Mr. Wells continued 
at Harvard as assistant, and was lecturer on phys- 
ics and chemistry at Groton academy, Mass. In 
Cambridge he began, with George Bliss, in 1849, 
the publication of the " Annual of Scientific Dis- 
covery," which he continued until 1866. He in- 
vented in 1856 improvements in preparing tex- 
tile fabrics. During 1857-*8 he was a member of 
the publishing-firm of G. P. Putnam and Co., New 
York. He compiled *• Science of Common Things " 
(New York, 1857); " Elements of Natural Philoso- 
phy " (1857) ; 44 Principles and Applications of 
Chemistry " (1&58) ; and " First Principles of Ge- 
ology " (1861), of which works two were translated 
into Chinese, and that on chemistry was adopted 
as a text-book at the U. S. military* academy. In 
1864 he issr.ed an essay on 44 Our Burden and our 
Strength," which was considered 44 one of the most 
original and startling brochures of political litera- 
ture." The Loyal publication society of New York 
reprinted it, and it was published in England. 
French and German translations were issued 
abroad, and its entire circulation probably ex- 
ceeded 200,000 copies. In 1865 he was called to 
Washington, and made chairman of a commission 
to consider the subject of raising by taxation the 
necessary revenue to supply the wants of the gov- 
ernment On the completion of his report in Janu- 
ary, 1866, he was appointed special commissioner 
o* the revenue, whicn office was created for him, 
and later under his direction the bureau of statis- 
tics was formed. He visited Europe in 1867, under 
a government commission, and investigated indus- 
tries competitive with those of the United States. 
Although he was originally a believer in the eco- 
nomic system of protection, his experience resulted 
in his acceptance of free-trade doctrines. His term 
of office expired in 1870, and he was appointed 
chairman of a commission to examine the laws re- 
lating to local taxation in the state of New York. 
In 1872 he was invited to lecture on political 
science in Yale. He was a delegate to the Demo- 
cratic national conventions of 1872 and 1880, and 
in 1876 was a candidate for congress from Con- 
necticut. He was appointed by the U. S. court 
in 1876 one of the trustees and receivers of the 
Alabama and Chattanooga railroad, and in four- 
teen months rescued the corporation from bank- 
ruptcy, and expended a considerable sum for im- 

Srovements ana repairs, without incurring an ad- 
itional dollar of indebtedness. In 1877 he was ap- 
pointed by the state board of canal commissioners 
chairman of a commission to consider the subject 
of tolls on the New York canals, and in 1878 made 
an exhaustive report. He was one of the trustees 
of the bondholders that bought, under foreclosure 
and sale, and reorganized the Erie railway. In 
1879 he was elected by the associated railways of 
the United States a member of the board of arbi- 
tration, to which they agreed to refer all disputes 
and arrangements for "pooling" or apportioning 
their respective earnings. Mr. Wells was invited 
to deliver the annual address before the Cobden 
club in 1873, and in 1874 was elected a foreign as- 
sociate of the French academy of political science, 
also in 1877a foreign associate of the Accademia dei 
Lincei of Italy, receiving its medal of honor in 1863. 
Tho degree of M. D. was given him by Berkshire 



WELLS 429 

medical college in 1863, that of LL. D. by Will- 
iams* in 1871, and that of D. C. L. by Oxford in 
1874. He was president of the American social 
science association in 1875-'9, president of the New 
London county (Conn.) historical society in 1880, 
and of the American^, /ree-trade league in 1881. 
He has been a prolific ^rt iter of pamphlets on eco- 
nomic subjects ; some of the best known of which 
are 44 The Creed of the Free-Trade " (1875) ; 44 Pro- 
duction and Distribution of Wealth " (1875) : 44 Why 
we Trade and How we Trade " (1878) ; 44 The Silver 
Question, or the Dollar of the Fathers vs. the Dollar 
of the Sons" (1878) and 44 Principles of Taxation" 
(1886). In book-form he has published "Year- 
Book of Agriculture" ( Philadelphia, 1856); 44 Wells's 
Science of Common Things" (New York, 1856); 
44 Report of U. S. Revenue Commission " (Wash- 
ington, 1866), 44 Reports U. S. Special Commis- 
sioners of Revenue (4 vols., 1866-'9); "Robinson 
Crusoe's Money" (New York, 1876); "Our Mer- 
chant Marine: how it Rose, Increased, became 
Great, Declined, and Decayed" (1882); 44 A Primer 
of Tariff Reform " (1884) ; 44 Practical Economics, 
a Collection of Essays " (1885) ; 44 A Study of Mexi- 
co" (1887); 44 A Short and Simple Catechism" 
(1888) and 44 Relation of the Tariff to Wages " (1888). 
He has edited Charles Knight's 44 Knowledge is 
Power "(Boston, 1856); Richard F. Burton's 44 Pil- 

frimage to El-Medinah and Meccah " (New York, 
857); "Things not Generally Known " (1857) ; and 
Sir Benjamin C. Brodie's "Psychological Inqui- 
ries," with notes (1857). 

WELLS, Erastus, congressman, b. in Jefferson 
county, N. Y., 2 Dec, 1823. He received a common- 
school education, and at the age of nineteen, being 
thrown on his own resources, removed to St. Louis, 
Mo. He established the first omnibus line in that 
city, and subsequently the first street railroad, was 
for fifteen years a member of the city council, 
served as president of the Missouri railroad com- 
pany, and was a director of several corporations. 
He was afterward chosen to congress as a Demo- 
crat, and served through four successive terms, 
from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 1877. 

WELLS, Henry, expressman, b. in New Hamp- 
shire, 12 Dec, 1805 ; d. in Glasgow, Scotland, 10 
Dec, 1878. He earlv entered the express business, 
becoming an agent for Henry F. Harnden, and in 
1841 suggested to George Pomerov the desirability 
of establishing an express from Albany to Buffalo. 
Subsequently Crawford Livingston acted on the 
proposition, and weekly trips were made between 
the two points. Beginning in 1843, railroad com- 
munication having been established between the 
two cities, trips were made daily. The firm-name 
was at first Pomeroy and Co., but was altered to 
Livingston, Wells and Pomeroy, and, on the retire- 
ment of the latter, became Livingston and Wells. 
In 1845 the business was extended westward from 
Buffalo to Chicago, with William G. Fargo in 
charge of that division, under the name of Wells 
and Co. Meanwhile they established a letter ex- 
press to carry communications from New York 
to Buffalo for six cents, while the government 
charge for the same distance was twenty-five cents. 
Every means was taken by the National authori- 
ties to destroy the practice, but without success. 
In 1846 a European express was established, with 
offices in London and Paris. Competition by vari- 
ous companies resulted in the consolidation of the 
different organizations in 1850, and the formation 
of the American express company, of which Mr. 
Wells was elected president In 1832 he was as- 
sociated with William G. Fargo and others in form- 
ing the firm of Wells, Fargo and Co., for conduct- 



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WELLS 



WELLS 



ing the express business in the far west, and he 
continued an active officer of that company until 
its management was transferred to western capital- 
ist** after the completion of the Transcontinental 
railroad. In 1800 the American express company 
was reorganized with a capital of f 1,000.000, and 
he acted as its president until 1868. He gave 
$150,000 to found and endow Wells female college 
at Aurora, X. Y., one of the first collegiate insti- 
tutions to be established in this country for the 
higher education of women. 

WELLS, Henry Horatio, lawyer, b. in Roches- 
ter, X. Y M 17 Sept., 1823. He was educated at 
Romeo academy, Mich., studied law in Detroit with 
Theodore Romeyn, was admitted to the bar in 
1846, and in 1854-*6 was a member of the legisla- 
ture. He entered the army in September, 1862, as 
colonel of the 26th Michigan infantry, and served 
until September, 1866. In February. 1863, he was 
made provost-marshal-general of the defences south 
of Potomac river, which office he held until the 
close of the war. In Mav, 1865. he received the 
brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers, and. set- 
tling in Virginia in 1868-'9, was military governor 
of that state. He was the Republican candidate 
for governor in the latter year, but was defeated 
by Gilbert C. Walker. On the assassination of 
President Lincoln, he took charge of the investi- 
gation in Washington that resulted in the capture 
of the conspirators, and afterward he was associate 
counsel in the criminal proceedings against Jeffer- 
son Davis for treason. In 1870-'l he was counsel, 
with Henry A. Wise, in the Chohoon and Ellyson 
mayoralty case, during the trial of which he was 
almost fatally injured by the falling of a gallery, 
crowded with people, in the capitol at Richmond. 
In 1871-*2 he was L\ S. attorney for the eastern 
district of Virginia, and he then removed to Wash- 
ington, where, in 1875-*80, he was l\ S. attorney 
for the District of Columbia 

WELLS, Horace, dentist, b. in Hartford. Vt.. 
21 Jan.. 1815; d. in New York citv. 24 Jan., 1848. 
He was educated at New England academies, and 
in 1834 began the study of dentistry in Boston. In 
1836 he opened an office in Hartford, Conn., where 
he soon gained a lucrative practice. His attention 
was early turned to. the desirability of preventing 
pain during the extraction of teeth. After unsuc- 
cessfully experimenting with various narcotics he 
expressed his belief in the efficacy of nitrous oxide 
in 1840 ; but it was not until 1844, when that agent 
had been administered publicly in Hartford to 
several persons by Dr. Gardiner Q. Colton in his 
lecture on laughing-gas, that he became convinced 
of the practicabilitv of its use. On the following 
day, 11 Dec., 1844, ne had a tooth extracted from 
his own mouth without experiencing any pain 
while under the influence of the gas. and he at 
once began to use it in the extraction of teeth 
from other persons. Subsequently other dentists 
in Hartford became convinced of its value and used 
it. He went to Boston in January, 1845, for the 
purpose of laying his discovery more prominently 
before the profe^ion. and communicated his ex- 
perience to Dr. William T. G. Morton, Dr. Charles 
T. Jackson, and Dr. John C. Warren. Dr. Warren 
invited him to lecture before his class at the Har- 
vard medical school and to administer the gas to 
a patient : but the experiment failed, as the subject 
was only partial! v anaesthetized, and in consequence 
Mr. Wells was hissed by the students, who pro- 
nounced him a charlatan and his gas a humuug. 
Dr. Morton had been his pupil in Hartford, and by 
his aid established himseli in Boston. Subse- 
quently, when he and Dr. Jackson laid claim to 



the discovery of anaesthesia and in 1846 applied for 
a patent, Mr. Wells remonstrated, stating the re- 
sults of his own experiments and introducing the 
testimony of the medical profession in Hartford ; 
but to no avail, for a patent was issued to Dr. Mor- 
ton in November, 1846. Later, when Dr. Jackson 
and Dr. Morton submitted their claims to the In- 
stitute of France, Mr. Wells at once sailed for Eu- 
rope in order to present his statement before that 
body also; but without success. He removed to 
New York city in 1847, where he tried to impress 
on the community the validity of his discovery. 
Mr. Wells was arrested on a charge of throwing 
vitriol on the clothes of women in the street, and 
this so aggravated a mental disorder with which 
he had been attacked that he committed suicide. 
He published a pamphlet entitled ** A History of 
the Application of Nitrous-Oxide Gas, Ether, and 
other Vapors to Surgical Operations** (1847). A 
bronze statue by Truman H. Bartlett has been 
erected to his memory by the citizens of Hartford 
in Bushnell park. Charles T. Jackson, Crawford 
W. Long, William T. G. Morton, and Horace Wells 
are the claimants for the discovery of anesthesia, 
See *• An Examination of the Question of Anaesthe- 
sia " (Boston, 1859) and 44 An Inquiry into the Ori- 
gin of Modern Anaesthesia " (Hartford, 1867). 

WELLS, John, lawyer, b. in Cherry Valley, Ot- 
sego co.. N. Y., in 1770; d. in Brooklyn. N. Y.. 7 
Sept, 1823. Owing to the massacre of his entire 
family by the Indians in Cherry Valley, he was in 
1778 placed in charge of his aunt, who took him 
to New York city, 
and he was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 
1788. He then stud- 
ied law with Ed- 
ward Griswold, was 
admitted to the bar 
in 1791, and in 1797 
was appointed an 
associate justice of 
the peace by Gov. 
John Jay. About 
this time James 
Cheetham attacked 
the Federalists with 
vigor in "The Amer- 
ican Citizen" and 
Mr. Wells replied 
in the 44 Evening 
Post" The ability 
with which his task 
was performed led 
to the belief that Alexander Hamilton was the au- 
thor, and so well pleased was the latter with their 
strength that he sought the acquaintance of the 
younper man. Subsequently Mr. Wells had charge 
of bringing out the papers known as " The Federal- 
ist," although for final revision they passed through 
the hands of Hamilton. In 1804 Mr. Cheetham at- 
tacked the conduct and character of William S. 
Smith, son-in-law of President John Adams, in his 
journal, in consequence of which an action for libel 
was brought against him in the supreme court 
Mr. Cheetham secured the services of Mr. Wells as 
counsel, and, although the latter failed to win the 
case, his conduct gained for him considerable repu- 
tation. After the war of 1812 his argument in 
the case of Griswold vs. Waddington, in which he 
took the ground that the war was a dissolution of 
partnership between the two brothers Wadding- 
ton, one of whom was a resident of Liverpool and 
the other of New York, was regarded as one of 
his best efforts. He was a trustee of the General 




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WELLS 



theological seminary and of Columbia college in 
1815— *23. The degree of LL. D. was given him by 
Princeton. A bust was erected by the bar of New 
York in Grace church, of which he was a vestry- 
man, and upon the removal of the church it was 
placed in St. Paul's chapel, where it still remains. 
See " Memorial of the Life and Character of John 
Wells " (printed privately, New York, 1874). 

WELLS, John SullUan, senator, b. in Dur- 
ham, N. H., 18 Oct., 1803; d. in Exeter, N. H., 1 
Aug., 1860. His mother was a niece of Gen. John 
Sull livan. He studied law, teaching to support 
himself, was admitted to the bar, and practised for 
five Years in Guildhall, Vt., and after 1846 at Exe- 
ter, N. H. Mr. Wells filled various local offices, 
was for many years a member of the lower house 
of the legislature, serving in 1841 as its speaker, 
and was president of the state senate in 1852-*3. 
He was aiso attorney-general of the state in 1847. 
In 1854 he was Democratic candidate for U. S. 
senator, but was defeated by five votes on account 
of his approval of the Kansas-Nebraska bilL Short- 
ly afterward he was appointed a U. S. senator to 
nil the vacancy that was caused by the death of 
Moses Norris, holding his seat from 22 Jan. till 3 
March, 1855. He was again a candidate in that 
year and in 1860. He was the Democratic candi- 
date for governor in 1856-'7, and sat in two Na- 
tional conventions. — His brother, Samuel, jurist, 
b. in Durham, N. H., 15 Aug., 1801 ; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 15 July, 1868. was self-educated, became a 
lawyer, and in 1836-'7 sat in the Maine legislature. 
From 1847 till 1854 he was on the supreme bench 
of the state, and in 1855-'6 he was governor. 

WELLS, Robert, printer, b. in Scotland in 
1728; d. in London, England, in 1794. He re- 
moved to Charleston, S. C, in 1758, and established 
himself as a book-seller and publisher. He was the 
chief book-seller in the Carolinas for many years, 
and published a paper called " The South Carolina 
and American General Gazette." At the open- 
ing of the Revolution he resigned his business to 
his son John and returned to Europe. His es- 
tate was confiscated in 1782. Mr. Wells ac- 
quired a fortune in England, but lost most of it 
While in Charleston he wrote and published a 
" Travestie of Virgil."— His son, William Charles, 
scientist, b. in Charleston, S. C, in May, 1757 ; d. 
in London, England, 18 Sept., 1817, was placed at 
school in Dumfries, Scotland, in 1767, ana entered 
Edinburgh university in 1770, but returned to 
Charleston in 1771, and in 1775, refusing to sign 
the " Association," a patriotic paper, embarked for 
London. He then resumed medical studies at 
Edinburgh, and in 1780 received his degree. After 
a short service as surgeon of a Scottish regiment in 
Holland he went back to Charleston in 1TO1 to ar- 
range his family affairs. There he was a printer, 
book-seller, and merchant, and wrote a paper to show 
that Whigs of rank that appeared in arms after 
being sent home on parole should be put to death. 
He also published about this time a description of 
Henry Laurens under the signature of " Marius.7 
When the British evacuated Charleston in Decem- 
ber, 1782, Dr. Wells accompanied them to St. Au- 
gustine, Fla., where he edited the first weekly pa- 
per in the province, was captain of a military com- 

Eany, and managed a theatre that was established 
y young officers for the benefit of loyalist refu- 
gees. In 1784 he established himself in practice in 
London, where in 1788 he was admitted as a licen- 
tiate of the College of physicians, in 1790 elected 
physician to Finsbury dispensary, and in 1800 a 
physician of St. Thomas's hospital. His reputa- 
tion as a scientist rests principally on his celebrated 



WELLS 431 

"Essay on Dew and Several Appearances con- 
nected with It" (London, 1814), by which he is 
chiefly known. This was the first announcement 
of a comprehensive theory of dew, and its conclu- 
sions, which were drawn from a series of ingenious 
experiments, are accepted to-day with slight modi- 
fications. His experimental work on this subject 
was remarkable for patient research, close reason- 
ing, and the simplicity of the means that he em- 
ployed. He was the first to show the relation of 
radiation to the deposition of dew and to explain 
the true origin ana nature of the latter, which had 
generally been misunderstood. His essay on " Sin- 
gle Vision with Two Eyes," which had appeared 

freviously (1792), had gained him an election in 
793 to the Royal society of London, which in 1816 
awarded him the gold and silver Humford medals. 
He also was chosen to the Roval society of Edin- 
burgh in 1814. In 1813 Dr. Wells read before the 
Royal society a paper in which, says Charles R. 
Darwin, " he distinctly recognizes the principle of 
natural selection, and this is the first recognition 
that has been indicated." A volume containing 
his essays and an autobiographical sketch ap- 
peared after his death (Edinburgh, 1818). 

WELLS, Samuel Roberts, phrenologist, b. in 
West Hartford, Conn., 4 April, 1820; d. in New 
York city, 13 April, 1875. He studied medicine, 
and obtained his degree, but never practised. He 
early became interested in phrenology, and was 
also one of the first advocates of an exclusively 
vegetable diet. In 1845 he became a partner in 
the publishing-house of O. S. and L. N. Fowler in 
New York city, the firm-name being Fowlers and 
Wells, and in 1865 he became sole proprietor. 
Mr. Wells edited the "Water-Cure Journal" in 
1850-'62, the " Phrenological Journal " from 1868 
till his death, and the " Annual of Phrenology- and 
Physiognomy " after 1865. He accompanied Lo- 
renzo N. Fowler in phrenological lecturing tours 
in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, 
and was the author, among other works, of " The 
New Physiognomy, or Signs of Character" (New 
York, 1866); "How to read Character" (1869); 
and " Wedlock, or the Right Relations of the Sexes " 
(1869).— His wife, Charlotte Fowler, b. in Co- 
hocton, Steuben co., N. Y., 14 Aug., 1814, is a sis- 
ter of the Fowler brothers. She was educated at 
Franklin academy, Prattsburg, N. Y., and in 1884 
became interested in phrenology, which she taught 
as early as 1885. She joined her brothers in their 
New York enterprise in 1837, married Mr. Wells in 
1844, and after her husband's death succeeded to 
the management of his business. 

WELLS, Walter, author, b. in Salisbury, N. H., 
in November, 1830; d. in Portland, Me., 21 April, 
1881. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1852, and 
then taught in the high -school at Augusta, Me., 
for several years. Subsequently he lectured on 
scientific subjects, and was connected with the 
Western university of Pennsylvania, where he was 
invited to take charge of the chair of physical 
geography in the scientific department. In 1867 
he was appointed to the hydrographic survey of 
Maine, ana he published in connection with that 
work "The Water- Power of Maine" (Augusta, 
1869). Subsequently he became connected with 
the Fairbanks scale company, and then was in the 
employ of various railroads. He was appointed 
in 1869 secretary of the National association of 
cotton manufacturers and planters in Boston, and 
made an exhaustive report on the tariff in relation 
to the growth and manufacture of cotton in this 
country. Mr. Wells also contributed papers to the 
periodical press, and prepared an elementary physi- 

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WELLS 



WELLSTOOD 



cal geography. He was engaged in literary work 
at the time of his death. 

WELLS, William, soldier, b. in Kentucky 
about 1770; d. near Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), 
111., 15 Aug., 1812. When he was twelve years of 
age he was taken captive by the Miami Indians 
and adopted by Little Turtle, their chief. He 
served with the Indians at the opening of hostili- 
ties in 1790, and was at the battle when Gen. Ar- 
thur St. Clair was defeated. Realizing that he 
was fighting against his own kindred, he informed 
Little Turtle that he was going to his own people, 
set out for Gen. Anthony Wayne's army, and was 
made a captain of a company of scouts. He re- 
mained in the army till the treaty of Greenville in 
1795, after which he settled upon a farm near Fort 
Wayne, where his wife, Little Turtle's daughter, 
joined him. He was Indian agent and justice of 
the peace, and rendered -effective service to Gen. 
William Henry Harrison. When it was announced 
in 1812 that Fort Dearborn was to be evacuated, he 
set out at once with thirty friendly Miami Indians 
as a body-guard for the people on their route to 
Fort Wayne. He arrived at the fort (Chicago) on 
18 Aug., but too late to prevent its evacuation, 
which he was certain would result in a massacre. 
On the morning of 15 Aug. the gates of the fort 
were opened and CapL Wells, with blackened face, at 
the head of fifteen of his trusted Indians, the other 
fifteen bringing up the rear, set out on their jour- 
ney for Fort Wayne. They had not gone more 
than a mile and a half when about 500 Indians 
sprang from their ambush behind the sand-hills 
on the bank of Lake Michigan and began an in- 
discriminate slaughter of soldiers, women, and 
children. Capt. Wells was pierced by half a dozen 
bullets, his head was cut off, and his heart was 
taken out by the infuriated savages. 

WELLS, William, soldier, b. in Waterbury, 
Vt, 14 Dec, 1837. He attended academies in Ver- 
mont and New Hampshire, and became a mer- 
chant, but in September, 1861, enlisted in the 1st 
Vermont cavalry, becoming 1st lieutenant on 14 Oct., 
captain on 18 Nov., 1861, and major, 30 Oct., 1862. 
He took part in Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's Shen- 
andoah campaign, and Gen. John Pope's Virginia 
campaign in 1862, and then served in the cavalry 
corps of the Army of the Potomac till the close of 
the war, except from August, 1864, till March, 1865, 
when he was under Sheridan in the Shenandoah 
valley. He became colonel of his regiment, 4 June, 
1864, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 
22 Feb., 1865, received his full commission on 19 
May, and was brevetted major-general on 30 March. 
Gen. Wells commanded the 2d brigade of the 3d 
cavalry division in the Army of the Potomac, and 
for some time was temporarily at the head of that 
division. After June, 1865, till he was mustered 
out, 15 Jan., 1866, he commanded the 1st separate 
brigade of the 2d army corps at Fairfax Court- 
House. His regiment took part in numerous bat- 
tles and skirmishes, and he was twice wounded. 
Gen. Wells was in the Vermont legislature in 
1865-'6, adjutant-general and inspector-general of 
the state in 1866-'72, collector of internal revenue 
in 18?2-'85, and state senator in 1886-'7. 

WELLS, William Harvey, educator, b. in 
Tolland, Conn., 27 Feb., 1812; d. in Chicago, 111., 
21 Jan., 1885. He lived on the home farm till 
1829, and, after attending school for a short time, 
became a teacher. He taught in the Teachers' 
seminary at Andover, Mass., in 1836-'47, and was 
principal of Putnam free school, Newbury'port, 
Mass., in 1848-'54, and of the State normal school 
at Westfield, Mass., in 1854-'6. He then removed 



to Chicago, where he was superintendent of pub- 
lic schools from 1856 till 1864. Mr. Wells was an 
organizer of the Massachusetts state teachers* as- 
sociation, one of the first editors of the " Massa- 
chusetts Teacher," and at different times a mem- 
ber or officer of numerous educational and learned 
societies. He was vice-president of the Chicago 
astronomical society, a director of the public libra- 
ry of that city, and an organizer and life -long 
friend of the Washingtonian home of Chicago. 
Dartmouth gave him the honorary degree of M. A. 
in 1845. He was the author of several school- 
books and "Historical Authorship of English 
Grammar" (Chicago, 1878), contributed to educa- 
tional journals, and assisted in the revision of 
" Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." 

WELLS, William Hill, senator, b. in Pennsyl- 
vania about 1760; d. in Millsboro', Del., 11 March, 
1829. He engaged in mercantile business in Dags- 
boro' and Millsboro', Del., and also practised law in 
Georgetown, but late in life he removed to Dover. 
He was chosen to the U. S. senate to fill the unex- 
pired term of Joshua Clayton, deceased, and served 
from 4 Feb., 1799, till 6 May, 1804, when he re- 
signed. On the resignation of James A. Bayard he 
was elected again, holding his seat from 10 June, 
1813, till 3 >farch, 1817. Senator Wells became 
the owner, through his wife, of vast tracts of land 
in lower Sussex county, including what is known 
as the Cypress Swamp. 

WELLS, William Vincent, author, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 2 Jan., 1826. He was educated in the 
common schools of his native city, and became a 
sailor and then an officer in the merchant marine. 
Afterward he engaged in mining and commercial 
enterprises, and was an agent for American capital- 
ists in obtaining grants from foreign governments. 
In these capacities he has travelled since boyhood 
in various parts of the world, and has bee*^ four 
times shipwrecked. He went to California in 1849, 
where he built and commanded the first steamboat 
in that state, and he was afterward consul-general 
of Honduras in the United States. Mr Wells has 
owned and edited several newspapers in San Fran- 
cisco, has corresponded with various journals from 
different parts of the globe, and is the author of a 
narrative of " Walker's Expedition to Nicaragua, a 
History of the Central American War " (New York, 
1856) ; " Explorations and Adventures in Hon- 
duras " (1857) ; and the " Life and Public Services " 
of his great-grandfather. Samuel Adams, with ex- 
tracts from his correspondence, state papers, and 
political essays (3 vols., Boston, 1865). 

WELLSTOOD, John Geikie, engraver, b. in 
Edinburgh, Scotland, 18 Jan., 1818. He came to 
New York in 1830, and engaged with the firm of 
Rawdon, Wright and Co., with whom he remained 
until 1847, when he entered business for himself. 
His firm in 1858 was merged into what is now the 
American bank-note company, and he remained 
with this company until 1871. In that year he 
founded in Washington, D. C, the Columbian 
bank - note company. While he was president of 
this com pan v he modelled and partially engraved 
the backs of all the U. S. treasury-notes. When 
this printing passed into the hands of the govern- 
ment, he returned to the American bank-note 
company in 1879, and is still (1889) employed by 
them as a script-engraver. He is the oldest liv- 
ing bank-note engraver in this country, and has 
made many improvements in that class of work. 
—His brother, William, engraver, b. in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, 19 Dec, 1819, came to the United 
States with his parents in 1830, and when about 
sixteen years old began to work as a letter-en- 



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433 



graver in New York. He afterward devoted him- 
self entirely to pictorial work, and was especially 
successful in his landscapes. He has been em- 
ployed by the Western Methodist book concern 
(1840-'74) and by various Arms in New York. 
Among his plates, executed in the line manner, 
are portraits of Florence Nightingale (1857), Ulysses 
S. Grant, and Henry W. Longfellow, the Tatter 
after Alonzo Chappel, and the landscapes *• Coast 
of Mount Desert,'* after William Hart (1802): 
*' Mount Washington," after Sanford K. Gifford 
(1802) ; Albert F. Bellows's 44 A Quiet Nook " (1864) ; 
44 Life's Dav." three subjects (1805); Thomas Mo- 
ron's "Florida" (1878); and Walter Satterlee's 
"Tempus Fugit" (1880).— William's son, James, 
engraver, b. in Jersey City, N. J., 20 Nov., 1855 ; d. 
there, 14 March, 1880, followed the profession of 
his father, whose pupil he was. At the time of 
his death he was a member of the firm of William 
Wellstood and Co., and was a successful and prom- 
ising engraver. His principal plates were ** The 
Pointer,'* and " Safe in Port, after Thomas Moran. 

WELSER, Bartholomew, Prince, German 
banker, b. in Augsburg about 1475; d. there in 
1559. He was the head of the banking-firm of 
Welser Brothers, who claimed descent from the By- 
zantine general Belisarius. They possessed great 
riches, and Bartholomeus was created a prince of 
the empire and made privy councillor to the em- 
peror, to whom he lent large sums, for the repay- 
ment of which he was granted, in 1527, the newly 
discovered province of Venezuela. He was to con- 
quer the country at his own expenses enlist only 
Spanish and Flemish troops, fit out two expeditions 
of four vessels, and build two cities and three forts 
within two years after taking possession. As the 
country was reputed to contain gold-mines, he later 
obtained permission to send out 150 German miners. 
In virtue of this cor, tract, Welser armed a fleet, 
which sailed from San Lucar de Barrameda early 
in 1528, under the command of Ambrosio Alfinger 
(q. i'.), whom he appointed captain-general. After 
Alflnger's death m 1531, Georg von Speier (q. v.) 
became captain-general, and fitted out a new ex- 
pedition, which sailed in 1534. After Speier's death 
in 1540 the crown of Spain claimed the right to ap- 
point the governor, and finally, in 1540, Charles V. 
revoked Welser's charter. Welser did much to 
establish trade between the Low Countries, Ger- 
many, and South America. His enterprise has 
been commended by many writers, and is eulogized 
by Henry Ternaux-Compans in his collection, but 
it was detrimental to tne interests of the banker, 
whose losses in his colonization schemes were esti- 
mated to reach the sum of 3,000,000 florins. Wel- 
ser's banking-house still exists, as does also the old 
family mansion, which is one of the curiosities of 
the city of Augsburg. 

WELSH, Alfred Hix, educator, b. in Fostoria. 
Ohio, 7 Sept., 1850. He spent his early life in 
manual labor, contributing to the support of his 
widowed mother and sisters. He was graduated 
at Baldwin university, Ohio, in 1872, was professor 
of mathematics the following three years in Buchtel 
college, became teacher of rhetoric in the Colum- 
bus high-school in 1870, and since 1885 has been 
professor of English literature in Ohio state uni- 
versity. Prof. Welsh is well known for his series 
of school-books on rhetoric, grammar, and mathe- 
matics. He has also published 44 The Conflict of 
Ages" (Columbus, 1877); "The Development of 
English Literature and language " (Chicago, 
1882); and "Man and His Relations" (Cincinnati, 
1888). He has in preparation a 44 Manual of Eng- 
lish Literature." 

vol. vi.— 2S 




WELSH, John, merchant, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 9 Nov., 1805; d. there, 10 April, 1880. His 
father, of the same name, was a Philadelphia mer- 
chant. The son received a collegiate education, 
but was not graduated. After conducting a mer- 
cantile business 
of his own, he 
entered,inl874, 
into partner- 
ship with his 
brothers in the 
West India 
trade, and was 
at the time of 
his death t he se- 
nior member of 
the firm, which 
had been es- , 
tablished since 
1834. Formany 
years he was ac- 
tive in public 
affairs, giving 
largely of his 
time and means, 
from his first 
service as mem- 
ber of the select 
council of Philadelphia. For twenty years he was a 
member of the sinning fund commission, and for 
the same length of time a trustee of the University 
of Pennsylvania, of which he was also a patron. 
He was president of the Philadelphia board of 
trade ana of the Merchants' fund for fifteen years. 
He was one of the founders of the Episcopal hos- 
pital and its largest contributor. In 1802 he was 
appointed commissioner of Fairmount park. Dur- 
ing the civil war he was active in measures of re- 
lief, and in 1804 he became president of the execu- 
tive committee of the sanitary fair, which dis- 
bursed over $1,000,000 for the use of army hospi- 
tals and ambulances. His best- known work was 
as president of the Centennial board of finance, to 
which he was elected in April, 1873. The success 
of the exhibition was in a great measure due to his 
executive ability, in recognition of which he was 
presented by the city with a gold medal and with 
$50,000. With this sum he endowed the John 
Welsh chair of English literature in the University 
of Pennsylvania. Mr. Welsh was an active Re- 
publican, and in 1878 was appointed minister to 
England, but he resigned within two vears. The 
degree of LL. D. was conferred upon nim by the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1878, and by Wash- 
ington and Lee in 1880, and many foreign decora- 
tions were ^iven him for courtesies that he ex- 
tended during the Centennial exhibition. — His 
brother, William, philanthropist, b. in Philadel- 
phia about 1810; d. there, 11 Feb., 1878, was also 
a merchant in his native city, where he occupied 
many public posts, amori£ them those of president 
of tne board of trusts, director of Giraru college, 
and trustee of Wills hospital. He was also largely 
identified with the philanthropic interests of the 
city, especially as a member of the Indian peace 
commission during Gen. Grant's administration, 
which place he resigned upon meeting with diffi- 
culties in the Indian bureau. For several vears 
he was proprietor of the 44 North American and 
the 44 Philadelphia Gazette," which he had pur- 
chased in order to elevate the morals of the daily 
press. Mr. Welsh published, besides various pa- 
pers, 44 Lay Co-operation in St Mark's Churcn " 
(Philadelphia, 1801); 44 Letters on the Homo Mis- 
sionary Work of the Protestant Episcopal Church " 



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(1863); "The Bishop Potter Memorial House*' 
(1868): and "Taopi and his Friends, or Indians' 
Wrongs and Rights," with Bishop Henry B. Whip 
pie and the Rev. Samuel Dutton Hinman (I860). 

WELSH, Thomas, soldier, b. in Columbia, Pa., 
5 May, 1824; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 14 Aug., 1863. 
He received a common-school education, and en- 
gaged in the lumber trade. Enlisting as a private 
for the Mexican war, he was wounded at Buena 
Vista, and promoted lieutenant for gallantry. At 
the beginning of the civil war he raised a com- 
pany, was mustered into the volunteer sen-ice as 
captain, and was elected lieutenant-colonel of the 
2d Pennsylvania regiment, which served in the 
Shenandoah valley until it was disbanded at the 
end of three months. He re-entered the service as 
colonel of the 45th Pennsylvania volunteers, and 
commanded a brigade at South Mountain and An- 
tietam, as also at Fredericksburg, where he won 
promotion by his services on the right centre, being 
commissioned as brigadier-general of volunteers on 
13 March, 1863. Ho was transferred to the west 
with the 9th armv corps, and, after doing duty for 
some time in Kentucky, was sent to Vicksburg. 
After the fall of that place he marched with Gen. 
William T. Sherman to Jackson. Miss., and con- 
tracted a malarial fever, from which he died while 
travelling homeward. 

W ELTON, Richard, English non-juring bish- 
op, b. in England about 1675; d. in Lisbon, Portu- 
gal, in 1?26. He was rector of St Mary's, White- 
chapel, London, and in 1722 was consecrated to the 
episcopate by Dr. Ralph Taylor, one of the non- 
juring bishops. A short time afterward he assist- 
ed Dr. Taylor in consecrating Rev. John Talbot, 
then on a visit to England, who for many years 
had urged the establishment of episcopacy in the 
North American colonics. In 1723 the vestry of 
Christ church, Philadelphia, which was without a 
rector, prayed the bishop of London to send them 
" such a gentleman as may be a credit to our com- 
munion, an ornament to the profession, and a true 

eator of the gospel." Six months having 
without an appointment being made, on 27 
724, they invited Dr. Welton, who had ar- 
rived in town a month before, to take charge of 
the church. He entered at once upon his duties, 
served with great acceptance for two years, when 
he was commanded to return to England. Receiv- 
ing a testimonial of his conduct from the church- 
wardens, he sailed for Lisbon in Jan., 1726, where 
he died in the autumn, refusing to commune with 
the English clergy. It is said that among his effects 
was found "an episcopal seal which he had made 
use of in Pensilvania," where 4 * he assumed and 
exercised privily and by stealth the character and 
functions of a bishop." Dr. Francis L. Hawks as- 
serts, in his " Ecclesiastical Contributions." that 
"there is direct evidence from the letters of some 
of the missionaries that both he and Dr. Talbot 
administered confirmation and wore the robes of 
a bishop." It was believed in the provinces that 
Dr. Welton also ordained clergymen, and these se- 
cret acts occasioned his recall. 

WEMYSS, Francis Courtney, theatrical man- 
ager, b. in London, 13 May, 1797 ; d. in New York 
city, 5 Jan., 1859. He appeared at the Adelphi, 
London, in April, 1821, ana at the Chestnut street 
theatre, Philadelphia, in December. 1822, as Vapid 
in " The Dramatist," and afterward in the principal 
cities of the United States. He was subsequently 
for many years a manager of theatres in Washing- 
ton, Wheeling, Va., Wilmington, Del., Baltimore, 
Pittsburg, and Philadelphia. He was one of the 
founders and a director of the American dramatic 



fund association of New York city, and its secre- 
tary from 1852 till his death. He was the author 
of ; - Twenty-six Years as an Actor and Manager " (2 
vols.. New York, 1847} ; 44 Chronology of the Ameri- 
can Stage, 1752-1852 '71852); and "Theatrical Biog- 
raphy" (New York); and edited "The Minor Dra- 
ma," to which he also contributed (7 vols.. 1848-'52). 

WENDELL, John Lansing, lawver, b. in Al- 
bany, N. Y., 2 Jan., 1785: d.Tn Hartford, Conn., 
19 Dec., 1861. He was a descendant of one of the 
Dutch families of New York. He was educated in 
Albany and Cambridge, N. Y., his family having 
removed to the latter place about 1795. He there 
entered the law-office of his brother, Gerritt Wen- 
dell, became a member of the Albany bar, subse- 
quently judge of Washington county, and was for 
many years reporter of the supreme court of the 
state of New York. He published 4 * Reports of 
Cases in the Supreme Court of Judicature of New 
York, 1828-'41 v ' (26 vols., Albany, 1829-'42). and 
44 Digest of Cases, Supreme Court of New York, 
1828-'35" (1836); and edited " Starkie's Law of 
Slander " (2 vols., Albany. 1843), and 44 Blackstone's 
Commentaries" (4 vols., New York city, 1847). 

WENTWORTH, William, colonist, b. in Al- 
ford, Lincolnshire, England, in 1615 ; d. in Dover, 
N. H., 16 March, 1697. He was a follower of the 
Rev. John Wheelwright, came with him to Massa- 
chusetts in 1636, ana was associated with him in 
his difficulties with the Massachusetts government 
respecting his Antinomian opinions. With Wheel- 
wright and thirty-three others he signed, on 4 Aug., 
1639, 44 A combination for a government at Exeter, 
N. H.," of which town he was an early settler. 
Subsequently he removed to Wells, Mass., but he 
afterward settled in Dover, N. H., where he was a 
ruling elder in the church and often preached. He 
supplied the pulpit in Exeter, after Wheelwright's 
return to England, as late as 1693. In 1689 he was 
instrumental in saving a garrison from destruction 
by the Indians. All the Wentwarths in the United 
States are descended from him. — His grandson, 
John, lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire, b. 
in Portsmouth, N. H., 16 Jan., 1671 ; d. there, 12 
Dec., 1730, became a captain in the merchant ma- 
rine, was appointed by Queen Anne a councillor 
for New Hampshire in 1711. made a justice of tho 
common pleas in 1713, and in 1717 became lieuten- 
ant-governor of the province, which was then do- 
penaent on Massachusetts. — William's great-great- 
granuson, Joshua, soldier, b. in Portsmouth, N. 
H., in 1742: d. there, 19 Oct, 1809, was colonel 
of the 1st New Hampshire regiment in 1776, was 
elected to the legislature, served for torn* years as 
state senator, and was appointed a delegate to the 
Continental congress, but did not attend. — Will- 
iam's great-great-great-grandson, Tappan, lawyer, 
b. in Dover, N. H., 24 Sept., 1802 ; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 12 June, 1875, received a public-school edu- 
cation, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1826, and practised in Great Falls, N. H. In 1888 
he removed to Lowell, where he was a member of 
the town council in 1836-'41. He served in the 
legislature as a Whig in 1851 and as a Republican 
in 1859 and 1863-'4, and in the state senate in 
1848-*9 and 1865-'6. He was elected to congress 
as a Whig, and served from 4 March, 1858, till 3 
March. 1855.— John's son, Benning, governor of 
New Hampshire, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 24 
July, 1696; d. there, 14 Oct, 1770, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1715, and became a merchant in 
Portsmouth, which town he represented in the 
assembly. On 12 Oct, 1734, he was appointed 
a king's councillor, and when New Hampshire 
was made a distinct province in 1741 he be- 



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e its governor on 13 Dec., and held this post 
1 1767. He was authorized by the crown to 
it patents of unoccupied land, and in 1749 be- 
to make grants in what is now southern Ver- 
t This land was considered by the colonial 
•rnor of New York as lying within his domain, 
the collision, famous in the history of Ver- 
t, respecting the 44 New Hampshire grants," 
ed. A proclamation was made by the governor 
ew York on 28 Dec, 1763, claiming the terri- 
under the grant from Charles II. to the Duke 
ork and ordering the sheriff to make returns 
he names of those that had settled west of 
lecticut river under titles that were derived 
i New Hampshire. Gov. Wentworth issued a 
ter-proclamation on 13 March, 1764, declaring 
i claims obsolete and maintaining the jurisdic- 
of New Hampshire. Gov. Wentworth exacted 
y fees for his grants of land, and thus accu- 
itcd a large property. In each of them he 
ilated for the reservation of a lot for an Epis- 
I church. After his resignation as governor 
ive to Dartmouth 500 acres of land, on which 
•ollege buildings were erected. He was fond 
splay. His splendid coach with its retinue of 
in ts became a feature of Portsmouth, and in 
pacious mansion he assumed what was then 
;d upon as almost regal state. The town of 
lington, Vt, was named in his honor. His 
wife was Abigail, the daughter of John Ruck, 
>ston, who died on 8 Nov., 1755, and his second 
lis young housekeeper, who had been brought 
i his family. His marriage to her, which took 
on 15 March, 1760, is the subject of Longfel- 
poem. 44 Lady Wentworth." She was made 
lieir of the governor's extensive property, and 
his death married Col. Michael wentworth, 
e British army. Her only child, Martha, be- 
the wife of Gov. John Wentworth's nephew, 
Wentworth, author of 44 Special Pleading."— 
ing's nephew, Sir John, bart., governor of 
Hampshire and afterward of Nova Scotia, b. 
ulsmouth, N. H., 9 Aug., 1737: d. in Halifax. 
. Scotia, 8 April, 1820, was the son of Mark 
Hunking Went- 
worth, a coun- 
cillor of Now 
Hampshire,with 
whom he was 
associated as a 
merchant after 
his graduation 
at Harvard in 
1755. He went 
to England in 
1765 as apnt 
of the province, 
and through 
the influence of 
Charles Watson 
Wentworth.Mar- 
quis of Rocking- 
ham, obtained 
the appointment 
of governor of 
New Hampshire, 
succeeding his 
, and serving from 1767 till 1775. To this 
was added that of surveyor-general of the 
? woods in North America, with a salary of 
and perquisites. He landed in Charleston, 
in March, 1768, and, travelling northward bv 
registered his commission as surveyor in each 
e colonies through which he passed. He en- 
on his duties as governor in June, 1768, was 




popular, and an excellent public man in every par- 
ticular. In business he was prompt and efficient, 
and aided greatly in encouraging education. He 
gave Dartmouth college its charter and endowed it 
with 44,000 acres of land, and also gave a piece of 
land to each member of the first graduating class. 
(See Wheelock, Eleazar.) He did much to en- 
courage agriculture and to promote the settlement 
of New Hampshire, and labored zealously to in- 
crease its wealth and importance. When the Revo- 
lution began, his efforts to prevent a rupture were 
unwearied, and he was popular with the people un- 
til Gen. Thomas Gage applied to him to procure 
workmen in New Hampshire to aid in the erection 
of barracks for the British troops in Boston. He 
endeavored to comply with this request, which 
gave the death-blow to his authority, and he was 
forced to abandon his post. The indignation of 
the people compelled him to take refuge first in 
Fort William and Mary and then on board a Brit- 
ish shin. His last official act was performed at the 
Isles of Shoals, where he prorogued the assembly. 
He emliarked for Boston in the ship-of-war "Scar- 
borough " on 24 Aug., 1775, and soon sailed for 
England, where he remained until peace was de- 
clared. Although he was regarded with especial 
favor by the king, he seems to have held no of- 
fice. In 1778 he was in Paris, and John Adams 
records meeting him as he was leaving his box in 
the theatre. 44 At first," says Adams, 44 1 was some- 
what embarrassed and knew not how to behave to- 
ward him. As my classmate and friend at college 
and ever since, I* could have pressed him to my 
bosom with cordial affection ; but we now belonged 
to two different nations at war with each other, 
and consequently we were enemies." During their 
interview 44 not an indelicate expression to us or 
to our country or our ally escaped, him. His whole 
behavior was that of an accomplished gentleman." 
In 1792 he was appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 
which office he neld until 1808, when he retired 
with a pension of £500 per annum, and was suc- 
ceeded by Sir George Prevost. He also resumed 
his post of surveyor of the king's woods. In 1705 
he was created a baronet. In 1799 the Duke of 
Kent, the father of Queen Victoria, visited Halifax, 
and Sir John gave a dinner and ball of princely 
magnificence in his honor at the government house. 
After his retirement he went with Lady Went- 
worth to England, but returned to Nova Scotia in 
1810 and was accorded a public welcome. He re- 
ceived the degree of A. M. from Harvard and 
Princeton in 1763, and that of LL. D. from Oxford 
in 1766 and Dartmouth in 1773. Gov. Wentworth 
owned a large farm in Wolfsborough, N. II., on 
which he erected in 1773 a mansion 100 feet in 
length and 45 feet in width and out-buildings of a 
corresponding size. His entire estate was confis- 
cated and this house was burned in the year of his 
death. His house in Pleasant street, Portsmouth, 
was occupied for many years by a kinsman. Ebe- 
nezer W T entworth, at one time a cashier of the 
branch Bank of the United States, who died in 
1860. He preserved the parlor in the same style 
in which its old occupant left it at the time of the 
Revolution. Many distinguished visitors from 
abroad have had curiosity to view the premises and 
his valuable collection of family paintings. — His 
wife. Frances Deering, was a native of Boston 
and died in England in 1813. Her maiden name 
was Wentworth. and, although her earliest attach- 
ment was for John Wentworth, during his first 
visit to England, she married Theodore Atkinson, 
a kinsman of both. On 11 Nov., 17K9. after the 
death of her first husband, she married Gov. Went- 



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worth. She was beautiful, accomplished, and pay, 
and when abroad was conspicuous at court. Her 
portrait by John Singleton Copley is considered 
an "excellent likeness and a rare picture." The 
towns of Frances: own, Deering, and Went worth, 
N. 11., perpetuate her name.— 1 heir son, Charles 
Mary. b. in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1775; d. in 
Hiugsand, Devonport, England, in April, 1844, 
was long private secretary to the Earl of Fitz- 
williara. lie was appointed a member of the 
council of Nova Scotia in 1801. and died unmar- 
ried. His property descended to his maternal 
cousin, Mrs. Catherine Frances Gore, the novel- 
ist. — William's great-grandson, John, jurist, b. in 
Dover, N. H., 80 March, 1719; d. in Somersworth, 
N. H., 17 May, 1781, was a member of the legisla- 
ture from 1768 till 1775, serving as speaker in 
1771, in 1773 became chief justice of the court of 
common pleas, and on 17 Jan., 1776, was made one 
of the judges of the supreme court, although he 
had never studied nor practised law. He was 
president of the first Revolutionary convention in 
tixeter, N. H., on 21 July, 1774, and was also chair- 
man of the Revolutionary committee of corre- 
spondence. He was usually called Colonel John, or 
Judge John, to distinguish him from others of the 
same name — The third John's son, John, lawyer, 
b. in Somersworth, N. H., 17 July, 1745; d. in 
Dover, N. H., 10 Jan., 1787, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1768. and studied law, which he prac- 
tised in Dover. From 1776 till 1780 he served 
in the legislature, and was appointed by Gov. 
John Wentworth register of probate for Stratford 
county, which office he held until his death. He 
was a delegate to the Continental congress in 
1778-'9, and was a member of the state council in 
1780-'4, of the state senate in 1784-'7, and of the 
New Hampshire committee of safety, which ad- 
ministered the government during the recess of 
the legislature. He was an ardent patriot, and 
signed, in behalf of New Hampshire, the origi- 
nal articles of confederation. — Tne second John's 
nephew, John, lawyer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 
in 1768; d. in Paris, France, in 1816, was taken to 
England about 1775 and educated as a lawyer. 
He was appointed attorney-general of Prince Ed- 
ward island, and removed to Portsmouth, where 
he married Martha Wentworth. In 1816 he re- 
turned to Europe. He *as the author of a "Sys- 
tem of Pleading" (10 vols., London, 1797).— The 
fourth John's grandson, John, journalist, b. in 
Sandwich, N. H., 5 March. 1815; d. in Chicago, 
111., 16 Oct., 1888, was a son of Paul Wentworth, 
and the grandson on his mother's side of Col. Amos 
Cogswell, a Revolutionary officer. After gradua- 
tion at Dartmouth in 1836, he settled in Illinois in 
1836, attended the first meeting to consider the 
propriety of organizing the town of Chicago into a 
city, did much to procure its charter, and voted at 
its first city election in May, 1837. He studied law 
at Chicago, attended lectures at Harvard law-school, 
and was admitted to practice in Illinois in 1841. 
While studying law lie conducted the Chicago 
41 Democrat, ' which he soon purchased and made 
the chief daily paper of the northwest and of which 
he was publisher, editor, and proprietor until 1861. 
Being elected to congress as a Democrat, he served 
from 4 Dec., 1843, till 3 March, 1851, and again 
from 5 Dec, 1853, till 3 March, 1855. He intro- 
duced in that body the first bill favoring the 
establishment of the present national warehouse 
system, was instrumental in securing the grant of 
land to the state of Illinois out of which was con- 
structed the present Illinois Central railroad. He 
was one of tne Democrats and Whigs in congress 




that assembled at Crotchet's, at Washington, the 
morning after the repeal of the Missouri compro- 
mise passed the house, and resolved to ignore all 
party lines and form an anti-slavery party. Out 
of this grew the 
present Republi- 
can party, with 
which he after- 
ward acted. He 
was elected mayor 
of Chicago in 1857 
and again in 1860, 
and was the first 
Republican may- 
or elected in the 
United States af- 
ter the formation 
of the party, and 
issued the first 
proclamation af- 
ter Fort Sumter 
was fired upon, 
calling on his fel- 
low-citizens to or- 
ganize and send 
soldiers to the war. 
He introduced the 
first steam fire-engine, 44 Long John,** in Chicago 
in 1857, and later two others, the 44 Liberty M and 
44 Economy.*' Upon each occasion of his assump- 
tion of the mayor's office he found a large floating 
debt, and left money in the treasury for his suc- 
cessor. In 1861 he was a member of the conven- 
tion to revise the constitution of Illinois, and he 
was a member of the board of education in 1861-*4 
and in 1868-'72. He served again in congress from 
4 Dec., 1865, till 3 March, 1867, was a member of 
the committee of ways and means, and was an 
earnest advocate of the immediate resumption of 
specie payments. Mr. Wentworth had been a mem- 
ber of the Illinois state board of agriculture, and 
was the largest real estate owner in Cook county. 
He received the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth, 
to which college he gave $10,000, and was elected 
president of its alumni in 1883. Owing to his ex- 
treme height he was called 44 Lone John" Went- 
worth. In addition to lectures and writings upon 
the early history of Chicago, and historical contri- 
butions to periodicals, he was the author of 44 Genea- 
logical, Bibliographical, and Biographical Account 
of the Descendants of Elder William Wentworth " 
(Boston, 1850), and 44 History of the Wentworth 
Family" (3 vols., 1878). 

WERDEN, Reed, naval officer, b. in Delaware 
county, Pa., 28 Feb., 1818; d. in Newport, R. I., 
13 July, 1886. He was appointed from Onio a mid- 
shipman in the navy, 9 Jan., 1834, became a passed 
midshipman, 16 July, 1840, was commissioned lieu- 
tenant, 27 Feb., 1847, and served in the sloop 44 Ger- 
man town " during the Mexican war in 1847-*8. in 
which he commanded a detachment of men from 
that ship in the expeditions against Tuspan and 
Tampico. When the civil war began he was at- 
tached to the steam frigate 4% Minnesota," in which 
he participated in the attacks on the forts at Hat- 
teras Inlet and operations in the sounds of North 
Carolina in Stringnam's squadron. He commanded 
the steamers 44 Yankee " and 44 Stars and Stripes " 
on the North Atlantic blockade in 1861-*2, and in 
the latter led the first division in the capture 
of Roanoke island. He was commissioned com- 
mander, 16 July, 1862, had charge of the steamer 
44 Conemaugh," on the South Atlantic blockade, 
in 1862-'3, was fleet-captain of the Eastern Gulf 
blockading squadron in 1864-'5, and commanded 



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the steamer " Powhatan," in which he blockaded 
the Confederate ram " Stonewall " in the port of 
Havana, Cuba, until she was surrendered by the 
Spanish authorities. He was commissioned a cap- 
tain, 25 July, 1860, promoted to commodore, 27 
April, 1871, was made rear-admiral, 4 Feb., 1875, 
and commander-in-chief of the South Pacific sta- 
tion in 1875-'6. He was then placed on the retired 
list at his own request. 

WEREAT, John, patriot, b. about 1730; d. in 
Bryan county, Ga., in 1798. He was an early and 
decided advocate of colonial rights, was a member 
of the Provincial congress of Georgia in 1775, its 
speaker in 1776, and after the fall of Savannah in 
1779, as president of the executive council, was at 
the head of the state government till the next 
election. In 1788 he was president of the Georgia 
convention that ratified the constitution of the 
United States. In 1782 Mr. Wereat exerted him- 
self to relieve the wants of the suffering popula- 
tion west of Augusta, employing his negroes and 
boats in carrying food to them. 

WERNICKE, Gottlieb (vair-nick-eh), known 
also as Miouel de Faru, German adventurer, 
lived in the first half of the 18th century. He was 
a merchant, trading in Brazil, and made several 
expeditions to the interior. About 1720 he dis- 
covered rich gold-mines at the foot of the peak of 
Itabira, and a few years later he organized a new 
expedition to explore the mountains north of 
ltambe. He found a rich gold-mine, which he 
opened and worked for several years, acquiring 

great wealth ; but the governor of the province of 
oyaz claimed that Wernicke had never obtained 
a grant of the mine. Soldiers took possession of 
Wernicke's establishments, and he was taken 
prisoner; but the complaints of his friends secured 
his release, and he went to Portugal to lodge a 
complaint against the governor, but died before 
obtaining justice. His aefence, written originally 
in Portuguese, was translated into French under 
the title '* Expose* des explorations et de la dccon- 
verte des mines du district d'ltabira, par Gottlieb 
Wernicke, et de leur exploitation, avec un resume* 
de ses contestations avec les autorites de la pro- 
vince de Goyaz" (Amsterdam, 1736). 

WERNWAG, Lewis, civil engineer, b. in Alte- 
burg, WQrtemberg, Germany, 4 Dec., 1769; d. in 
Harper's Ferry, Va., 12 Aug., 1843. On leaving 
school, in order to evade military service, he was se- 
creted by a shepherd in the mountains, who direct- 
ed his attention to the study of astronomy, natural 
history, and other scientific subjects. In 1786 he 
made his way to Amsterdam and thence to Phila- 
delphia His earliest venture in this country was 
the building of a machine for making whetstones. 
Soon afterward he began to build power-mills and 
bridges. While conducting this business he pur- 
chased land containing large quantities of white 
oak and pine timber in New Jersey, from which he 
got out, about 1809, the keel for the first U. S. 
frigate built at the Philadelphia navy-yard. In 
1810 he erected a bridge across Neshaminy creek, 
on the road between Philadelphia and New York, 
and the next year one across Frankford creek. 
His third bridge of wood was built across the 
Schuylkill river in 1812 at Philadelphia. This 
structure, known as the "Colossus of Fairmount," 
consisted of a single arch, the span of which 
was 340 feet. In consideration of its length of 
span (it being the longest ever erected), solidity, 
and strength, the bridge was regarded as one of 
the wonders of the world. From that time until 
1834 he built twenty-nine additional bridges. In 
1813 he removed to Phcenixville, Pa., where he 



took an interest in and charge of the Phoenix nail- 
works, and there invented the first machine for 
cutting and heading spikes from four to seven 
inches in length. The other machinery was also 
remodelled and greatly improved by him. He pur- 
chased coal-lands near Pottsville. which led to his 
experimenting toward the use of anthracite coal. 
At first he found it almost impossible to ignite it, 
but he discovered that, by closing the furnace- 
doors and introducing air from beneath, combus- 
tion was possible. He was sanguine of its ulti- 
mate use for fuel, and while the Philadelphians 
drove from the city the person that offered to 
sell it, believing he offered stone for coal, he in- 
vented and used in his own residence a stove for 
burning it. The canal of the Schuylkill naviga- 
tion company, one of the first in the United States, 
was partially constructed by him, and the Fair- 
mount water-works and dam at Philadelphia were 
erected in accordance with his plans. In 1819 
he removed to Conowingo, Md., where he built a 
bridge and double saw-mill, and prepared the tim- 
ber for many bridges. Five years later he removed 
to Harper's" Ferry and purchased the Isle of Vir- 
jrinius, where he continued his business of prepar- 
ing timber for bridges. His last bridge was across 
the Potomac at Harper's Ferry for the Baltimore 
and Ohio railroad, and was built in 1833. 

WERTMttLLER, Adolph Ulric, artist, b. in 
Stockholm, Sweden, in 1751 ; d. near Marcus Hook, 
Pa, 5 Oct., 1811. He worked for some time in 
France, where he became a member of the academy 
in 1782, and in 1787 he was made court-painter in 
Sweden. In 1794 he came to the United States, 
remaining a year or two, and in 1797 he settled 
finally in this country. During his first visit he 
painted several portraits of Washington. Though 
the work of an excellent artist, they are hardly 
successful as portraits, for WertmOller belonged to 
that ideal French school, which usually sacrificed 
truth to nature for elegance in execution. Eliza- 
beth B. Johnston, in her "Original Portraits of 
Washington" (Boston, 1882), speaks of five por- 
traits of Washington by Wertmuller, of which one, 
executed in 1797, was purchased by the U. S. gov- 
ernment in 1878, and another is owned by the His- 
torical society of Pennsylvania. Among his other 
portraits are those of Gustavus III. and his queen, 
and Gustavus IV. His " Marie Antoinette and her 
Children" (1785) is in the museum at Stockholm. 
He was noted especially for his vivid coloring, 
" Danfte " being a good example of his powers in 
that respect. When this picture was first exhibited 
in the United States great indignation was ex- 
pressed, for public taste and sentiment at that 
time were against the nude in art. 

WESLEY, John, founder of Methodism, b. in 
Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, 17 June, 1703; 
d. in London. 2 March, 1791. He was graduated 
at Christ church college, Oxford, in 1727, and the 
same vear he was ordained presbyter and was his 
father's curate at Epworth, but he returned to 
Oxford as tutor in 1729. and became the head of 
the society that had been founded by his brother 
Charles and others for personal purification by 
means of " prayer, fastings, alms, anu labors among 
the poor," the members of which in derision were 
called "Methodists." In 1735 he accompanied 
Gen. James Oglethorpe to Georgia as a missionary 
to the Indians. He began his labors in Savannah, 
preached and read the liturgy daily, forded rivers, 
crossed swamps, slept on the ground, fasted, and 
went barefooted among the children at school to 
encourage those who had no shoes. His preaching 
was at first successful, but his rigorous discipline 



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became distasteful alike to settlers and Indians. ' 
and at length, on becoming the subject of enmity 
and persecution, through nis attempt to influence 
the secular affairs of the colony, he relinquished 

his work and re- 
turned to Eng- 
land in \T->. 
Shortly after his 
return he formed 
the first Meth- 
od ist society in 
Ixmdon. and in 
the following 
year, the estab- 
lished churches 
being closed 
against him. he 
joined Georje 
Whitefieid in his 
open-air preach- ( 
ing. The nura- i 
ber of societies 
increased, ana i 
in May he laid 
the foundation ! 
of the first Meth- 
odist chapel in 1 
the world at Bristol. At first there was no de- 
sign to form a new denomination, his desire be- 
ing rather to promote a revival within the estab- 
lished churoh. About 1740 differences with White- 1 
field on doctrinal questions caused the division of : 
the societies into the Calvinistic and Arminian 
Methodists. He employed laymen in 1741 to j 
take charge of the societies during his travels, i 
assigned them circuits, thus forming the Meth- 
odist itineracy, and convened the first annual ' 
conference on 25 June, 1744. In 1760 some 
of his followers sailed for America from Ire- j 
land, and became the pioneers of Methodism in 
the New World. (See Embury, Philip; Heck. 
Barbara: and Strawbridgr, Robert.) In 1769 
Wesley, in response to an appeal from New York, 
sent over his first missionaries, who were fol- 
lowed by others in 1771. (See Asburv, Francis.) 
In 1780 Mr. Wesley, having been importuned by 
his missionaries for an ordained ministry, peti- ; 
tioned Bishop Lowth. of London, to ordain a pres- 
byter to administer the sacraments in America, | 
Being refused, he conferred with Thomas Coke, a 
presbyter of the Church of England, and witli oth- I 
ers, and on 2 Sept.. 1784. he ordained Coke bishop, | 
after ordaining Thomas Vasey and Richard What- 
coat as presbyters, with his assistance and that of 
another presbyter. Bishop Coke immediately sailed 
for this country, and established the Methodist 
Episcopal church. Thi* same year Wesley issued 
his "Deed of Declaration." by which the govern- 
ment of the church was assigned to the confer- 
ence of 100 memU-rs and their successors for- 
ever. Wesley had sent by Bi>hop Coke an abridg- 1 
ment of the English litursfv. entitled "The Sun- 
day Services of the Methodists in North America" 
(I»ndon, 1784), with a " Collection of Psalms and 
Hvmns for the Lord'** Day," by John and Charles 
W»*sley (17*4). The liturgy soon fell into disu>e. 
He abridged the 44 Articles of Religion " from the 
Forty-nine artieles of the English church, and the 
44 Dwipline of American Methodism " (17*5) from 1 
his ** Large Minutes "; and his •• General Rules" for 
m<Mnl*-r«liip was adopted by the conference. His 
works number about 2(H) volumes. Collections of 
his writings have appeared in I/ondon (32 vols.. 
1771-'4; 16 vols,. 1806). The first American edi- 
tion was published in Philadelphia (10 vols., 1826). , 



The best is a corrected edition bv Rev. Thomas 
Jackson. D. D. 1 7 vols.. New York,"l831). His life 
was written by Dr. Thomas Coke and Henrv Moore, 
to whom all his manuscripts were left (London, 
17^2»: by Kol«rf Shit hey r> vols.. London. 1820); 
and by Rev. Luke Tyerman (3 vols,, London, 
l*»TO-*R S^e aiso -History of the Religious 
Moveinrnt ,>f the Eighteenth Centurv," bv Rev. 
AM >tevens. D. D. (8 voIsl. New York, 1859-'62); 
~ History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
America." by the same (4 vols.. >"ew York, 1864-*7; 
abridged ed.. lN>*»> : the 44 Living Wesley." bv Dr. 
James Harrwm Rigs: (London. 1875); and 44 Jour- 
nal of John Weslev." in his works, edited by John 
Emorr (7 vols^ New York. 1835).— His brother, 
Charles, clergyman, b. in Epworth. England, 18 
Dec 1708; d.* in London. 29 March. 1788. was 
graduated at Oxford in 1732, and in 1729 was the 
founder of the society there which, under the lead- 
ership of John, was the beginning of Arminian 
Methodism. After being ordained, he sailed with 
his brother for Georgia, as Gen. Oglethorpe's secre- 
tary, and preacher to the colonists. But the latter 
refused to conform to the severity of his discipline, 
and. after an unsuccessful effort in Frederica, he 
went to Savannah, thence to Charleston, and re- 
turned home in 1736. Two years later he joined 
his brother's itinerancy, meeting with great suc- 
cess, and spent the last years of his life in London. 
He is best known as a "hvmn-writer. standing sec- 
ond only to Dr. John Watts, He wrote 7.000 
hymns, mo>t of which possess great merit, 625 being 
in use by the Wesleyans. A volume of his sermons, 
with a "memoir, was published in 1816; adjour- 
nal," with notes, by Rev. Thomas Jackson (2 vols., 
London, 1841); and a 44 Poetical Version of the 
Psalms of David," edited by the Rev. Henry Fish 
(Nashville, Tenn.. 1854). See 4 * Memorials "of the 
Weslev Familv " (London, 1876). 

WESSELLS, Henry Walton, soldier, b. in 
Litchfield. Conn., 20 Feb., 1809; d. in Dover. Did., 
12 Jan., 1**9. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1833, and was in the war with 
the" Seminole Indians in 1837- 40, being promoted 
1st lieutenant on 7 July, 1838. He served in the 
Mexican war. taking part in Scott's campaign, 
and was promoted captain, 16 Feb., 1847. At Con- 
treras, Capt. Wessells, though wounded, seized the 
regimental flag on the death of the color-sergeant, 
and led his men against the enemy. For gallant 
conduct there and at Churubusco he was brevetted 
major, and on his return from Mexico the state of 
Connecticut presented him with a jeweled sword 
4 *for distinguished services at Vera Cruz, Cerro 
Gordo. Contreras, and Churubusco." He served 
on the Pacific coast in 1849-^54, and on the north- 
western frontier in 185.V61, being engaged in the 
Sioux expedition of 1855. He was promoted ma- 
jor. 6 June. 1861, and from 22 Aug. till 15 Feb., 
1862, was colonel of the 8th Kansas volunteers, 
being engaged on the Missouri bonier. In March, 
1862, he was transferred to the Army of the Poto- 
mac, and on 25 April he was commissioned briga- 
dier-general of volunteers. After serving in the 
peninsular campaign, being wounded at Fair Oaks 
where he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and 
commanding the rear- guard from Haxall's to Har- 
rison's landing. 2-3 July, 1862. he engaged in the 
defence of Suffolk, Va., from 20 Sept. till 9 Dec., 
and afterward took part in the operations in North 
Carolina. He was at Kinston and Goldsboro', and 
in the defence of New Berne, 21 Dec., 1862, till 1 
May. 1863. and on 3 May was placed in command 
of the sub-district of the Alhemarle. On 17 AnriL, 
1864, the town of Plymouth, N. C, which Gen. 



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Wessells held with a garrison of 1,600 men, was 
attacked by Gen. Robert F. Hoke with about 7,000 
Confederates, assisted by the iron-clad ram " Albe- 
marle." After a fight of four days, in which the 
enemy was driven back repeatedly, and one refusal 
to capitulate, Gen. Wessells finally surrendered, 
with 1,600 troops, 2o cannon, and 2,000 small-arms, 
besides valuable stores. After the destruction of 
the "Albemarle" the town fell again into the 
hands of the National troops. After confinement 
at Richmond, Danville, Macon, and Charleston, 
where he was placed under the fire of the National 
batteries on Morris island. Gen. Wessells was ex- 
changed on 3 Aug., and from 11 Nov., 1864, till 81 
Jan., 1865, was commissary of prisoners. He was 
promoted lieutenant-colonel, 16 Feb., 1865, and re- 
ceived the brevet of colonel. 20 April, 1864, for 
"gallant and meritorious services during the rebel 
attack on Plymouth, N. C," and that of brigadier- 
general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, for services 
during the war. Gen. Wessells then served on the 
northwestern frontier till his retirement, 1 Jan., 
1871, after which time he resided in his native 

Slace. He had t wo sons in the anny, one of whom, 
[enry Walton, a captain in the 3d cavalry, has 
attained note as an Indian fighter. — Gen. Wessells's 
brother, Leverett Ward, who was colonel of the 
19th Connecticut regiment in 1862 and a provost- 
marshal in 1863, has served as sheriff, and in 1879-'80 
was quartermaster-general of Connecticut. 

WEST, Ben lam In, astronomer, b. in Rehoboth, 
Mass., in March, 1730; d. in Providence, R. I., 13 
Aug., 1813. He settled in Providence in 1753, and 
became a book-seller, which occupation he followed 
until the beginning of the Revolution. His at- 
tention was then directed to the manufacture of 
clothing for the Continental army. Meanwhile he 
diligently prosecuted scientific studies, especially 
that of astronomy. In 1784 he was called upon to 
teach mathematics in the Protestant Episcopal 
seminary in Philadelphia, and in 1786 he returned 
to Providence, accepting the chair of mathematics 
and natural philosophy in Brown university, which 
he held until 1799. In 1812-'13 he was postmaster 
of Providence. The degree of A. M. was conferred 
on him by Brown and Harvard in 1770 and by 
Dartmouth in 1782, and that of LL. D. was given 
him by Brown in 1792. He was elected a fellow of 
the American academy of arts and sciences in 1781, 
and published an " Account of the Observation of 
Venus upon the Sun, June 3, 1769" (Providence, 
1769). From 1763 till 1793 he issued almanacs, in- 
cluding "The Ninth American Calendar." 

WEST, Benjamin, artist, b. near Springfield, 
Chester co.. Pa.. 10 Oct., 1738; d. in London, Eng- 
land, 11 March, 1820. It is said that before the age 
of seven he made a pen-and-ink sketch of his sister 
sleeping in a cradle, and his first attempts in color 
were made with the red and yellow earths that 
were given him by friendly Indians, and the blue 
of his mother's indigo-pot, with brushes of his own 
manufacture. A friend, whose attention had been 
attracted by the boy's attempts, sent him a box of 
paints and several engravings. These were the 
first implements or works of art the boy had seen. 
Soon afterward he received some aid and instruc- 
tion from William Williams, a painter in Philadel- 
phia. At Lancaster he made his first attempts in 
portraiture, and even tried his hand at painting a 
picture of the death of Socrates for William Henry, 
a gunsmith. He established himself as a portrait- 
painter in Philadelphia in 1756, and two years later 
went to New York. In 1760 he visited Rome. Italy, 
furnished with letters to Cardinal Albani and other 
persona. He soon became the lion of the day, was 



well received by Pompcio Battoni and Antonio 
Raffaele Mengs, and studied in Italy until 1763. 
There he painted his pictures of "Cimon and Iphi- 
genia," and " Angelica and Medora."- From Italy 
he went to London, where he opened a studio, 
and where, two years later, he married Elizabeth 
Shewell. At the time of his arrival there, Eng- 
land had no historical painter of note, and his 
works soon attracted attention. But there were 
at first no purchasers, as it was not fashionable 
to buy any but "old masters." He painted at 
this time "The Parting of Hector and Andro- 
mache" and "Return of the Prodigal Son." 
" Aerippina landing with the Ashes of Gerraani- 
cus was painted for Dr. Drummond, archbishop 
of York, who presented the artist to King George 
III. His majesty, well pleased with the painting, 
ordered another, " The Departure of Regulus from 
Rome." These paintings won for West royal pat- 
ronage and favor, which he long enjoyed. Among 
the paintings that he subsequently executed by 
order of the king were "The Death of General 
Wolfe," " Death of Epaminondas." and " Death of 
Chevalier Bayard" (1771); "Cyrus liberating the 
Family of the King of Armenia " ; " Segestes and his 
Daughter brought before Germanicus " ; " Edward 
III. embracing his Son on the Field of Battle at 
Cressy"; "The Installation of the Order of the 
Garter"; "The Black Prince receiving the King 
of France and his Son Prisoners at Poictiers"; 
" St. George vanquishing the Dragon " ; " Queen 
Philippa defeating David of Scotland in the Battle 
of Neville's Cross"; "Queen Philippa interceding 
with Edward for the Burgesses of Calais"; "King 
Edward forcing the Passage of the Sonnne " ; ana 
" King Edward crowning Sir Eustace de Ribau- 
mont at Calais." He was one of the founders, in 
1768, of the Royal academy, and in 1792 succeeded 
Sir Joshua Reynolds as president of that institu- 
tion, which post he held almost uninterruptedly 
till 1815. In his painting of the death of Wolfe, 
West had the courage to repudiate the traditions 
of the classical school, in abandoning classic cos- 
tume, and clothing his characters in the dress of 
their time. It is said that on the completion of 
the picture, Reynolds, who before had attempted to 
dissuade him from his purpose, acknowledged his 
success, and said to 
the archbishop of 
York : " West has 
conquered; he has 
treated his subject 
us it ought to be 
treated ; I retract 
my objections. I 
foresee that this pic- 
ture will not only 
become one of the 
most popular, but 
will occasion a revo- 
lution in art." The 
work was purchased 
by Ijord Grosvenor. 
West projected in 
1780 a series of pic- 
tures on the prog- 
ress of revealed i 
ligion, divided 
four dispensations 
— the Antediluvian, the Patriarchal, the Mosaical, 
and the Prophetical. Twenty-eight of the proposed 
thirty-six subjects were executed,' but the mental 
disease that fell upon the king gave West's ene- 
mies an opportunity, and he was ordered to sus- 
pend work on the series, and ceased to be painter to 




tions & 



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the king. Undaunted, he again began a series of J 
works. The first was " Christ healing the Sick " 
(1802), which was painted for the Pennsylvania 
hospital in Philadelphia, but bought by the British 
institution for £3,000. A copy, with some altera- 
tions, was afterward presented to the hospital. | 
This was followed by the " Descent of the Holv 
Ghost on Christ at Jordan," "The Crucifixion,* 

The Ascension," 44 The Inspiration of St. Peter," I 
and the famous 44 Death on the Pale Horse." 
Among his other important works are 44 The Treaty 
of Penn," the celebrated 44 Battle of La Hogue, 
44 Christ Rejected," and various illustrations of 
Shakespearean scenes. The works from his hand 
that are owned in the United States include 44 Death 
on the Pale Horse " and 44 Paul and Barnabas," in 
possession of the Pennsylvania academy ; 44 Penn's 
Treaty with the Indians," in Independence hall, 
Philadelphia; some classical subjects and a por- 
trait of Charles W. Peale. owned by the New York 
historical society, and 44 King Lear,*' belonging to 
the Boston athenaeum. In 1817 his wife died, and 
from that moment his strength began to fail. 
With mental faculties unimpaired, he died quietly 
on 11 March, 1820. He was buried in St. Paul's 
cathedral. In the 400 historical and sacred sub- 
jects that he painted, and of which many have 
been engraved, West showed skill in composition 
and a profound theoretical knowledge of art. But 
the monotonous reddish-brown tint in his works 
has been objected to, and it seems undoubted that 
at times he had the courage to attempt subjects 
which it would have been almost beyond the 
power of artists of greater genius to "delineate. 
Yet, as one critic has said, 44 men should be judged 
not absolutely, but relatively," and West, though 
not entirely free from the conventionalities of his 
time, had at least the courage to protest against 
some of the prevailing ideas and fashions in art. 
As a man he was benevolent, kind, and liberal in 
imparting his knowledge to others. No painter 
has shown more kindness in aiding the struggling 
voung artists of his native land. Charles W. 
l'eale, Gilbert Stuart, Joseph Wright, and John 
Trumbull were among those young students that 
sought West when they went to Europe, and all 
received the same hearty welcome and generous 
advice from him. Several portraits of West have 
been made. Sir Thomas Lawrence painted a 
full-length portrait of West A copy of this, by 
Charles R. Ijeslie. and a portrait by Washington 
Allston, are owned by the Boston athenaeum. He 
also executed one himself. The vignette is from a 
painting bv George H. Harlow, an English artist, 
and is |>erhaps the best of all West's portraits. A 
life of West was written by John Gait (Ixmdon, 
1820), which was severely criticised by William 
Dunlap. Numerous articles on West have been pub- 
lished, and interesting accounts of his life and criti- 
cisms on his works may be found in William Dun- j 
lap's "History" (New York, 1834); C. Edwards' 
Lester's 44 Artists of America "( 1840) ; and Henrv ! 
T. Tuckerman's 44 Book of the Artists" (1867). 

WEST, Charles W., merchant, b. in Mont- : 
gomerv county, Pa., 7 Aug., 1810 ; d. in Cincin- j 
nati, Ohio. 21 Sept., 1884. lie received a common- ' 
school education, worked on a farm till ho was 
twenty-one vears old, was a clerk in a mill at 
Rochester, N'. Y., for four years, and then was en- 
gaged in milling at Columbia, Pa., for a year or j 
two. He returned to Rochester, went to the west, 
and in 1841 established himself in Cincinnati, 
where he achieved commercial success. In Sep- 
tember, 1880, he offered to contribute $150,000 
toward the erection of an art museum building, | 



provided that an equal amount was raised by 
subscription, and on the condition being fulfilled 
he gave t wice as much as he had promised. The 
building was begun in September, 1882, and com- 
pleted before the close of 1885. 

WEST, George, manufacturer, b. in Devonshire, 
England, 17 Feb., 1823. He served an apprentice- 
ship of six years at his father's business of paper- 
malring, and has been engaged in the same busi- 
ness with great success in this country ever since 
he arrived in 1849. He soon became manager of a 
paper-mill in Berkshire county, Mass., where he 
made the first water-lined paper that was manu- 
factured in the United States. In 1800 he went to 
Ballston, N. Y., where he has since resided. He 
is the owner of nine paper-mills, with additional 
business interests in England and New York city. 
He owns 44 The Daily Saratogian " and several 
other newspapers in central New York. Mr. West 
was a member of the general assembly of the state 
of New York from 1872 till 1876, inclusive, and has 
been a member of congress since 1881. He was also 
a delegate to the Republican national conventions 
of 1880 and 1884. He presented the Round Lake 
association with a handsome building eauipped 
with curiosities and specimens at a cost of $18,000, 
and called the George West museum of art and 
archaeology, which was dedicated, 12 July, 1887. 

WEST, Joseph Rodman, U. S. senator, b. in 
New Orleans, La., 19 Sept, 1822. He studied at 
the University of Pennsylvania, but was not gradu- 
ated, served in the war with Mexico as a captain of 
volunteers, and emigrated in 1849 to California, 
where he engaged in commercial pursuits. At the 
opening of the civil war he was proprietor of the 
San Francisco 44 Prices Current." He entered the 
army as lieutenant-colonel of the 1st California in- 
fantry, saw service in New Mexico, and afterward 
in Arkansas and the southwest, was appointed 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 25 Oct., and 
became brevet major-general, 4 Jan., 1866, wnen he 
was mustered out of the service. After the war he 
settled for a short time in Texas, and then re- 
moved to New Orleans, where he served as chief 
deputy U. S. marshal and auditor of the customs, 
and afterward as administrator of improvements, 
till he was elected U. S. senator from Louisiana as 
a Republican, serving from 4 March, 1871, till 3 
Marcn, 1877. Removing afterward to Washing- 
ton, D. C, he engaged in business, and in 1882- 5 
was a commissioner of the District of Columbia. 

WEST, Lionel Sackville Sackvllle-, British 
diplomatist, b. in Bourne Hall, Cambridgeshire, 
England, 19 July, 1827. He is the fifth son of 
George John West, fifth Earl Delawarr, and \jtu\y 
Elizabeth Sackville, younger daughter of the Duke 
of Dorset. He was' educated by private tutors, 
entered the diplomatic service in 1847 as attache* 
to the legation at Lisbon, and was appointed first 
paid attache at Berlin in 1853, and secretary of lega- 
tion at Turin in 1858. He was transferred' to Mad- 
rid in 18G3, in 1867 promoted to secretary of 
embassy at Berlin, and during the absence or the 
ambassador in 1868 and 1869 acted as such at 
Paris. He was appointed minister to the Argen- 
tine Republic in 1872, was minister to Spain in 
1878-*81, and in the latter year was appointed 
minister to the United States, which post he held 
till November, 1888. He was made a knight com- 
mander of the Order of St. Michael and St. 
George on 26 June. 1885, and in August, 1888, 
grand cross of the same order. He is a lineal de- 
scendant of Thomas West, third Lord Delawarr, 
who w&« governor of Virginia in 1609, and from 
whom the state of Delaware takes its name. By 



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the death of his brother Mortimer on 1 Oct., 
1888, he succeeded as second Baron Sack vi lie. 
During the presidential canvass of 18s8 he wrote 
a letter in answer to one that purported to come 
from an English-born citizen of the United States, 
resident in California, who asked his advice with 
regard to voting, having reference to England's 
interest in a reduction of the tariff. This letter, 
being published, created much feeling in both 
countries, and caused his dismissal in November. 

WEST, Mary Allen, educator, b. in Galesburg, 
111., 31 July, 1837. She was graduated at Knox 
seminary, Galesburg, in 1854, and taught till 1873, 
when she was elected county superintendent. She 
took an active part in all educational and reforma- 
tory movements, was for two years editor of *' Our 
Home Monthly " in Philadelphia, and frequently 
contributed articles to educational and temperance 
journals. Miss West's reputation has been estab- 
lished chiefly by her connection with the National 
and state woman's Christian temperance union, of 
which she was one of the founders. Miss West 
has held in the State union the highest posts, and 
is editor-in-chief of the "Union Signal" in Chi- 
cago. She has published 44 Childhood : its Care and 
Culture " (Chicago, 1887). 

WEST, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Ulster, 
Ireland, in September, 1794; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 2 Sept., 1864. He studied theology in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, was ordained in 1820, labored 
there for several years as a missionary, and was 
one of the founders of the first temperance society 
in that city. He came to this country in 1834, was 
installed as pastor of the Prcsbvteri'an church at 
Meadville, Pa., 11 May, 1836, and after 1838 was 
pastor successively of churches in Monroe, Mich., 
and Northeast, Pittsburg, McKeesport, and Phila- 
delphia, Pa. In 1853 he received the degree of 
D. D. from Jefferson college. Pa., and he was elected 
a corresponding member of numerous literary and 
scientific societies. At the opening of the civil 
war he resigned his pastoral charge in Philadel- 
phia, and in May, 18G2, was appointed chaplain of 
the Satterlee U. S. general hospital at West Phila- 
delphia, one of the largest military hospitals in the 
countrv, where he served till his death. He pub- 
lished " The Ark of God the Safety of the Nation " 
(Pittsburg, 1850); 44 Popery the Prop of European 
Despotisms" (1853); - 4 The Fugitive-Slave Law" 
(1852): "Babylon the Great" (1882); 44 Right- and 
Left-Hand Blessings of God " (Philadelphia, 1852) ; 
44 Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible, containing 
the Whole of the New and Old Testaments " (New 
York, 1853); "The Overturning of Tyrannical 
Governments," a sermon preached before Louis 
Kossuth when he was in the United States, which, 
by his order and at his expense, was translated 
and published in Magyar : * 4 Lecture on the 
Causes of the Ruin of Republican Liberty in the 
Ancient Roman Republic" (Philadelphia, 1861); 
and 44 Historv of the U. S. Army General Hospital, 
West Philadelphia" (1863). 

WEST, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Yarmouth, 
Mass., 3 March, 1730: d. in Tiverton, R. I., 24 
Sept., 1807. His father, Sackville West, a physi- 
cian, removed soon after his son's birth to Barn- 
stable, Mass., where the boy lal>ored on a farm and 

Prepared himself for college. He was graduated at 
Iarvard in 1754, entered the ministry, was settled 
over the congregation in New Bedford in 1761, 
and taught the doctrine that afterward became 
known as Unitarian. Immediately after the hit- 
tle of Bunker Hill he joined the American army j 
as a chaplain, remained several months with it, 
and deciphered for Gen. Washington a treasonable ! 



letter from Dr. Benjamin Church to an officer in 
the British army, lie was a member of the con- 
vention that formed the constitution of the state 
of Massachusetts, and also of the convention for 
the adoption of the constitution of the United 
States. Among his publications are a sermon that 
was delivered, 29 May, 1776, being the anniversary 
for the election of the honorable council for the 
colony (Boston, 1776) ; 44 A Sermon on the Anni- 
versary of the Landing of the Fathers at Plym- 
outh" (1777); and * 4 Essavs on Liberty and Ne- 
cessity," in reply to Jonathan Edwards 44 On the 
Will* (2 parts, l*793-'5).— His brother, Benjamin, 
lawyer, b. in Plymouth county, Mass., 8 April, 
1746; d. in Chariestown, N. II., 27 July, 1817, was 
educated at Princeton and at Harvard, where he 
was graduated in 1768. He afterward taught for 
two years, then studied theologv with his brother 
Samuel at Needham, Mass., and began to preach 
at Wrentham, Mass., in January, 1771. He soon 
abandoned divinity for law, which he pursued at 
Lancaster, was admitted to the bar in 1773, and 
bee&n practice at Chariestown. He was chosen a 
delegate from New Hampshire to the Continental 
congress, was elected a member of the convention 
that framed the Federal constitution, and also a 
representative from New Hampshire to the first 
congress, but he declined in each instance. He was 
distinguished for amiability, modesty, uprightness, 
and piety, and was universally esteemed ana loved. 

WEST, Stephen, clergyman, b. in Tolland, 
Conn., 13 Nov, 1735; d. in Stoekbridge, Mass., 
15 May, 1819. His father. Zebulon West, was a 
judge of the court of Hartford county. The son 
was graduated at Harvard in 1755, and afterward 
taught school at Hatfield, Mass., where he began 
the study of theology. He became chaplain at 
Hoosick fort in 1757, succeeded Jonathan Ed- 
wards in the Indian mission at Stockbridge in 
1758, and was ordained as minister of the Congre- 
gational church there in 1759. In 1770 he re- 
signed charge of the Indian mission, and about 
the same time he adopted Calvinistic theological 
opinions in opposition to his former views, which 
were Arminian. He was one of the original trus- 
tees of Williams college, was chosen vice-president 
at the first meeting of the board, and held this 
office for nineteen years. The degree of D. D. was 
conferred on him in 1792 by Dartmouth. In ad- 
dition to many theoloeical treatises and sermons, 
and essays in* the 44 '1 heological Magazine" and 
44 Connecticut Evangelical Magazine," he published 
*• Essay on Moral Agency : Remarks on Edwards's 
4 Inquiry on the Freedom of the Will*" (New 
Haven, 1772); 44 Duty and Obligation of Chris- 
tians to Marry only in the Lord" (1779); 44 An 
Essay on the Scripture Doctrine of the Atone- 
ment" (1785); 44 An Inquiry into the Ground and 
Import of Infant Baptism" (1794); "Life of 
Samuel Hopkins, D. I). '(1806); 44 Three Sermons 
on the Mosaic Account of the Creation" (1809); 
and 44 Evidence of the Divinity of the Lord Jesus 
Christ collected from the Scriptures" (1816). 

WEST, William, clergyman, b. in Fairfax 
county, Va.. in 1739; d. near Baltimore, Md., 30 
March, 1791. His birthplace was near Mount 
Vernon, and he became intimate with Washington. 
He went to England for orders, which^he received 
from the bishop of London, 24 Nov., 1761. He 
served two years in his native province, in 1761-'03 
was incumbent of St. Margaret's, Westminster 
parish, Ann Arundel co., Md., in 1763-7, of St. 
Andrew's, St. Mary's county, in 1767-'72, of St. 
George's parish, Harford co., in 1772-'9, and 
of St. Paul's, Baltimore county, in 1779-'91, 



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442 WEST 

officiating in connection therewith in St. Thomas's 
parish, ten miles distant. He received the degree 
of D. D. from Washington college, Md., in 1785, 
was active in the work of settling church affairs, 
directly after the Revolution, and was a corre- 
spondent of Bishop White, who valued his sound 
judgment and accurate acquaintance with the im- 
portant subject of organizing the Protestant Epis- 
copal church and in revising the liturgy. He was 
secretary of the convention of Maryland, in June, 
1784, and president in May, 1790 ; and was a dele- 
gate to the general oonvention. 

WEST, William Edward, artist, b. in Lexing- 
ton, Ky., 10 Dec, 1788; d. in Nashville, Tenn.. 2 
Nov., 1857. He was first a pupil of Thomas Sully 
in Philadelphia, and in 1819 visited Italy to con- 
tinue his studies. In 1825 he went, to London, 
where he remained until 1839. He returned to the 
United States, going first to Baltimore in 1840, to 
Now York, and in 1855 to Nashville, Tenn. He 
excelled especially in portraiture, and in Europe 
executed likenesses of Washington Irving, Lord 
Byron, and the Countess Guiccioli, Percy B. Shel- 
ley, Mrs. Hemans, and many other well-known 
persons. His figure-pieces include " Pride of the 
Village," "Annette de l'Arbre," "Confessional" 
(belonging to the New York historical society), 
" The ToUet," and " Judith and Holofernes." 

WESTCOTT, James Diament senator, b. in 
Alexandria, Va., 10 May, 1802; d. in Montreal. 
Canada, 12 Jan., 1880. He was the son of James 
D. Westcott (1775-1841), who was secretary of state 
in New Jersey in 1830-'40, and his grandfather 
served in the Revolutionary war as captain of ar- 
tillery. At an earl v age he removed with his father 
to Now Jersey, where he received his education, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and 
practised until 1820. Afterward he was a clerk in 
the consular bureau of the state department in 
Washington, and in 1830-'4 was secretary of the 
territory of Florida, occasionally performing the 
duties of the governor. In 1832 he was a member 
of the territorial legislature, and in 1834-'6 was 
attorney-general for the middle district of Florida. 
He served again in the legislature, was a member 
of the convention for framing a state constitution 
in 1838 and 1839, and on the admission of Florida 
into the Union in 1845 was elected to the U. S. 
senate as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec., 1845, 
till 3 March, 1849. On the expiration of his term 
he removed to New York city, where he practised 
law until 1802, when he went to Canada and re- 
mained there until his death.— His son, James 
Diament, jurist, b. in Tallahassee, Fla., 18 June, 
1839, was educated in his native town, studied law, 
and was admitted to the bar. He entered the Con- 
federate service at the beginning of the war, and 
attained the rank of major. In 1885 he became 
attorney-general of Florida, but resigned this post 
a year later, and was appointed a justice of the 
supreme court. 

WESTCOTT. Thompson, editor, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 5 June, 1820; d. there, 8 May, 1888. 
He was educated at the English schools* of the 
University of Pennsylvania, studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1846 he became 
law-reporter on the "Public Ledger." remaining 
there until 1851 and frequently acting in an edi- 
torial capacity for this journal and for the " Dollar 
Newspaper." When the "Sunday Despatch " was 
begun in 1848 he became its editor and served un- 
til 1884. In 1803-'9 he was editor-in-chief of the 
" Inquirer," and he contributed to this journal until 
1870. In 1884 he accepted an editorial appoint- 
ment on the Philadelphia " Record," which he held 



WESTERN 



for several months, after which he contributed to 
the " Public Ledger" and to other journals. Mr. 
Westcott was the author of a " Life of John Fitch, 
the Inventor of the Steamboat" (Philadelphia, 
1857): "The Taxpayer's Guide" (1864): "Names 
of Persons who took the Oath of Allegiance to the 
State of Pennsylvania between the Years 1777 and 
1789, with a History of the 'Test Laws' of Penn- 
sylvania" (1865); "The Chronicles of the Great 
Rebellion against the United States of America," 
first published in the " Old Franklin Almanac" 
(1807): "Official Guide-Book of Philadelphia" 
h870); "Centennial Portfolio" (1876); "Historic 
Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia" (1877); 
and. with J. Thomas Scharf, a " History of Phila- 
delphia, 1009-1884 " (3 vols., 1884) ; and contributed 
to the " Sunday Despatch " a " History of Philadel- 
phia from the First Settlements on the Delaware 
to the Consolidation in 1854." 

WESTERLO, Ellardna, clergyman, b. in Can- 
tes, Grdningen, Holland, in October, 1738; d. in 
Albany, N. Y., 26 Dec., 1790. His father, Isaac, 
was pastor of the church in Cantes. After gradu- 
ation at the University of Grdningen the son was 
licensed to preach, and in 1760 was made pastor of 
the Dutch Reformed church in Albany, where he 
remained until his death, also supplying quarterly 
the charge at Schaghticoke, N. Y. He was influ- 
ential in procuring a plan of union for the churches 
of his denomination. During the Revolution he 
sympathized with the patriots, and delivered the ad* 
dress of welcome to Gen. Washington when- he visit- 
ed Albany in 1782. Among his correspondents he 
numbered the Rev. Ezra Stiles, president of Yale, 
to whom he frequently wrote in Latin and He- 
brew. He left in manuscript an autobiography 
containing references to the years between 1761 
.and 1790, Greek and Hebrew lexicons, complete, 
and a translation from the Dutch of Albert honias's 
"Catechism" (1790; 2d ed., 1805). In 1775 he 
married the widow of Stephen Van Rensselaer. — 
Their son, Rensselaer, b. in Albany in 1775; d. 
there in 1851, was graduated at Columbia in 1795, 
and was elected to congress as a Federalist, serving 
from 1 Dec, 1817, till 3 March, 1819. 

WESTERMAN, Hans (ves-ter-mon), Alsatian 
explorer, b. in Hagenau in 1600; d. in Paris in 
1721. He studied Taw in Strasburg and Paris, but 
early showed a strong desire for travel and visited 
western Europe, serving as volunteer against the 
Turks for a lew months, and, after publishing a 
narrative of his travels in Paris, sailed for Manila 
as supercargo. He afterward visited the Bast 
Indies, where, to avoid difficulties with the Span- 
ish and Portuguese authorities, he became a Fran- 
ciscan friar and received minor orders. Thus en- 
abled to visit South America, he sailed from 
Manila for Acapulco. going afterward to Mexico 
and Vera Cruz, made an exploration of the pyra- 
mids of Tezcoco. and visited the mines of Pachuca 
and San Agustin de las Cuevas. He visited Cuba, 
Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, and several of the 
Lesser Antilles, returning to Paris in 1708. Besides 
works that describe his travels in Europe and Asia, 
he wrote " De Manille a Vera-Cruz, a travers le 
royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne " (1710); " Essai 
su r les py ram ides de Tezcoco el les mines mexi- 
caines" (1710); and "Voyage aux Indes Occiden- 
tals" (1715). 

WESTERN, Pauline Lnellle, actress, b. in 
New Orleans, La., 8 Jan., 1843; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 11 Jan., 1877. She made her first appear- 
ance on the stage with her sister Helen as "change 
artist " at her father's theatre in Washington, D. C n 
and travelled extensively with her in this country. 



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WESTON 



WESTON 



443 



They were known as the " Star Sisters," and their 
principal play was the " Three Fast Men." In 1858 
they appeared at the Old Bowery theatre in New 
York. On 11 Oct., 1859, she married James Har- 
rison Mead. In 1859 or I860 she appeared at the 
Holliday street theatre in " East Lynne," achieving 
her first success. In 1861-'5 she travelled with 
a combination troupe, playing Nancy Sykes in 
" Oliver Twist/* witn Edward L. Davenport as 
Bill Sykes and James W. Wallack, Jr.. as Fagin. 
In 1865 she played in Philadelphia, appearing in 
44 Eleanor's Victory," "Lucretia Borgia," "Jane 
Eyre," "The Child-Stealer," "Mary Tudor," 44 Cyn- 
thia," besides the two plays already mentioned. 
She appeared in the principal theatres in the 
United States, and at tne time of her death was 
plaving ut the New Park theatre, Brooklyn. 

WESTON, Edward, electrician, b. in England, 
9 May, 185(\ He showed as a boy a decided fond- 
ness for the physical sciences, especially electricity, 
but deferred to his parents' wishes and studied 
medicine. In 1870 he determined to follow his 
own special bent, and came to this country. He 
soon became chemist to the American nickel-plat- 
ing company, and at once displayed his inventive 
genius by introducing improvements into the art 
of nickel-plating. Two years later he began to 
study dynamo-electric machinery, with the ob- 
ject of utilizing it in electro-metallurgy, and in 
1873 he reached a very clear conception of the sec- 
tional armature, and in the same year prepared the 
first copper-coated carbons. In 1875 he removed 
to Newark, N. J., and there engaged in the manu- 
facture of dynamo-electric machinery, establishing 
what is l>elieved to be the first factory in this coun- 
try that was devoted exclusively to that class of 
apparatus. His business increased so rapidly that 
in 1877 it was organized as the Weston dynamo- 
electric machine company, and in 1881 it was con- 
solidated with the United States electric lighting 
company, of which he was electrician until 1888. 
In 1875 he began experimenting in arc and incan- 
descent lighting, constructing several incandescent 
lamps in 1876, and since that time he has steadily 
developed his systems of both these varieties of 
electric lighting." In 1887 he buUt in Newark one 
of the largest private laboratories in the world, 
and he also possesses a fine technical library that 
contains many rare books on electricity. Mr. Wes- 
ton has recently directed his attention to the pro- 
duction of new and original forms of electrical 
instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters, and 
electro-dynamometers for scientific and practical 
work. One of his most valuable inventions is that 
of tamidine, a modification of cellulose, which is 
extensively used in incandescent lamps. He was a 
charter member of the American institute of elec- 
trical engineers, and its president in 1888. 

WESTON, Henry Griggs, clergyman, b. in 
Lynn, Mass., 11 Sept., 1820. He was graduated at 
Brown university in 1840, and at Newton theo- 
logical institution in 1843, In the latter year he 
was ordained, at Frankfort. Ky., to the Baptist 
ministry. After preaching as a missionary for 
several years in Illinois lie became in 1840 pastor 
of the Baptist church in Peoria, where he remained 
for thirteen years. He was then called to the pas- 
torate of the Oliver street church. New York, and 
continued in this relation until 1868. when he 
accepted the presidency of Crozer theological semi- 
nary. Pa., which office he now holds. He was for 
a time editor of the 44 Baptist Quarterly," and has 
also been president of the American Baptist mis- 
sionary union. In addition to his duties as an in- 
structor, his services have been in constant demand 



as a preacher. In 1859 he received from Roches- 
ter university the degree of D. D. Dr. Weston 
has contributed to periodicals, and is the author of 
a treatise on the 44 Four Gospels." 

WESTON, Mary Catharine North, author, b. 
in Albany, N. Y., 14 April, 1822; d. in Greenwich. 
Conn.. 4* Aug., 1882. She was the daughter of 
William Steuben North, and the granddaughter of 
Gen. William North, who served in the Revolution- 
ary army as aide to Baron Steuben. Alter receiv- 
ing her education in Schenectady, she married the 
Rev. Daniel C. Weston, D. D., on 4 Oct., 1842. Mrs. 
Weston is the author of standard books of instruc- 
tion, which were published under the auspices of 
the Church book society of the Protestant Episco- 
pal church. These include 44 Jewish Antiquities" 
(1886); 44 Biography of Old Testament Characters" 
(1869) ; 44 Biography of New Testament Characters " 
(1871) : " Catechism on the Doctrines, Usages, and 
Holy Days of the P. E. Church " (1871) ; and 44 Old 
Testament Stories" (1882). There are memorial 
windows of Mrs. Weston in St. Mark's church, New 
York, and in Grace church, Madison, N. J. 

WESTON, Sullivan Hardy, clergyman, b. in 
Bristol, Me., 7 Oct., 1816; d. in New York city, 14 
Oct, 1887. He was graduated at Wesleyan uni- 
versity in 1841, was ordained deacon in Trinity 
church, New York city, in 1847, and priest in the 
same church in 1852. His ministerial life was 
passed in Trinity parish, of which he was an as- 
sistant minister, in special charge of St. John's 
chapel. He was elected bishop of Texas in 1852, 
but declined the office. He served as chaplain to 
the 7th New York regiment, and accompanied that 
regiment to Washington, in 1861, at the opening of 
the civil war. and again when the regiment volun- 
teered in the summer of 1863. The degree of D. D. 
was conferred upon him by Columbia in 1861. 

WESTON, Thomas, adventurer, b. in England 
about 1575; d. in England after 1624. He was a 
successful merchant in London, and went to Leyden 
about 1619-20 to negotiate with the merchants of 
New Amsterdam with regard to the proposed emi- 
gration of a colony to northern Virginia. For 
some reason the Pilgrims showed deference to his 
advice, and articles of agreement with the London 
merchants were drawn un, embodying conditions 
that were proposed by Weston. He advised them 
to rely neither upon the Dutch nor the Virginia 
company, assured them that he and others were 
ready to supply ships and money for such an en- 
terprise, and reminded them that Sir Ferdinando 
Gorges and others were moving for a new patent 
in North Virginia, 44 Unto which," says Bradford, 
44 Mr. Weston and the cheefe of them began to in- 
cline it was best for them to goe." A joint-stock 
company was then formed to continue seven years, 
with shares of ten pounds each, and John Carver 
and Robert Cushman were sent to England to col- 
lect sul>scriptions and to make preparations. Cush- 
man conceded certain alterations in the agreement 
to please the 44 merchant adventurers," whose part 
in the scheme was indispensable. About seventy 
merchants engaged in the enterprise. The latter, 
having received glowing and deceptive accounts 
of the English colonists from Capt. John Smith, 
looked upon thein as convenient instruments for 
the establishment of a permanent trading-post in 
the new country. But as time passed and the 
Plymouth people sent little or nothing to their 
English partners, Weston charged them with em- 
ploying their time in arguing and consult ing when 
they should have been trading, and sold out his 
interest in the company. He then organized an 
expedition of his own, and during the winter of 



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444 



WETHERALL 



WET HE RILL 



162l-'2 was busy in London gathering his com- 
pany, which was made of the roughest material. 
Before sending out the main body he despatched 
a small party in the "Sparrow " to the fishing- 
grounds off the coast of Maine, whence they skirt- 
ed the shore to Cape Ann, crossed to Boston har- 
bor, and thence to Plymouth. The main body of 
sixty men, described by Weston as being rude 
and profane," arrived In the "Charity, of 100 
tons, and the " Swan," of 30 tons, landea at Plym- 
outh in June, 1622, and remained there for two 
months, consuming the scanty stores, which they 
did nothing to increase. Weston's brother-in-law, 
Richard Greene, the leader of this party, died 
during the summer, and was succeeded in com- 
mand by one Saunders. Finally this body deter- 
mined to establish a separate colony at Wichagus- 
cussett, or Wessagussett (now Weymouth), near 
Boston, Mass. The colonists became almost at 
once idle, profligate, and corrupt, and in the ex- 
tremity of want were objects of contempt for the 
Indians, whose aggressions they dared not resent, 
and who determined to exterminate them. Fear- 
ful that such an act would be avenged by the 
Plymouth colonists, the savages decided to fall 
upon that settlement also ; but, before this plan 
was executed. Miles Standish marched to Wessa- 
gussett, killed the chiefs Pecksnut and Wituwa- 
mat, and took with him to Plymouth part of 
the wretched colony, which was then broken up. 
Weston arrived soon after its dispersion, and a few 
months later, in 1623, Robert Gorges, who had 
been commissioned lieutenant-governor, came to 
Plymouth to look after his grant of land. After 
exercising his authority, he left suddenly for the 
coast of Maine in search of Weston, whom he 
proposed to call to account for his various trad- 
ing misdemeanors, and, meeting him on the way 
thither, engaged in a heated discussion. Return- 
ing to Wessagussett. Gorges sent a warrant to 
Plymouth for the seizure of Weston's vessel and 
his immediate arrest, proposing to put him upon 
trial to answer for the ill conduct of his men at 
the settlement, whereby the peace of the whole 
country had been endangered. Weston argued 
that he could not be held responsible for acts done 
by others in his absence, and could not answer the 
other charges against him. Gov. Bradford and 
his associates, remembering the service that Weston 
had rendered them, convinced Gorges that nothing 
could be gained by prosecuting him. His vessel 
was then restored to him, with some compensation 
for its seizure, and, being allowed to a e part in 
peace, he went to Virginia. The patent of Gorges 
gave him a vague title to all the main-land known 
as Massachusetts, and he therefore absorbed Wes- 
sagussett, landed his stores, and built warehouses 
on the site chosen by Weston in September, 1623. 
In the following spring he returned to England, 
and the people dispersed, but it is thought that a 
few colonists remained in Weymouth. 

WETHERALL, Sir George Augustus, British 
soldier, b. in Penton, Hampshire, England, in 1788 : 
d. in Sandhurst. England, 8 April, 1868. He was 
the son of Gen. Sir Frederick Wetherall, was edu- 
cated in the senior department of the Royal mili- 
tary college, and entered the army in 1803. He 
served as brigade-ma^or at the Cape of Good Hope- 
in 1807, took part in the conquest of Java as 
aide-de-camp to his father, from 1822 till 1825 was 
military secretary to the commander-in-chief of 
Madras, and in 1826 was appointed deputy judge- 
advocate- general in India. He served in Canada 
during the insurrection of 1837-'8, defeated the 
rebels at St. Charles and Point Oliver, and for his 



services was marie a companion of the Order of the 
Bath. He was deputy adjutant-general in Canada 
from 1843 till 1850," when he was appointed to 
that office at the Horse Guards, London. In 1854 
he was made adjutant-general, which post he held 
till in 1860 he took command of the northern dis- 
trict. At the expiration of his services in 1865 he 
was appointed governor of the Roval military col- 
lege at Sandhurst. He became colonel of the 84th 
regiment in 1854, was knighted in 1856, made a lieu- 
tenant-general in 1857, and a G. C. B. in 1865. In 
recognition of his services in suppressing the re- 
bellion the inhabitants of Montreal presented Gen. 
Wetherall with a piece of plate. 

WETHERILL, Charles Mayer, chemist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Nov., 1825; d. in South Beth- 
lehem, ra., 5 March, 1871. He was graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1845, and then 
worked for a year at practical chemistry in the 
laboratory of James C. Booth in Philadelphia. In 
1847 he went abroad and studied for eight months 
at the College de France in Paris, after which he 
followed organic chemistry under Justus von Lie- 
big at the University of Giessen. where he received 
the degree of Ph. D. in 1848, During 1849-'52 he 
was occupied in chemical investigations at his pri- 
vate laboratory in Philadelphia, and gave a course 
of lectures on chemistry before the Franklin insti- 
tute. Subsequently he held no public office until 
his appointment as chemist to the agricultural de- 
partment in Washington, where he remained for 
about a year. In 1866 he was chosen to the pro- 
fessorship of chemistrv in Lehigh university, wnich 
chair he filled until his death. His chemical books 
were bequeathed to the library of that institution. 
The honorary degree of M. D. was conferred on 
him by the New York medical college in 1853. Dr. 
Wetherill was a member of the American philo- 
sophical society and other scientific bodies here and 
abroad. His investigations are described in forty 
papers in the "Journal of the Franklin Institute,** 
" American Journal of Science," and in the trans- 
actions of societies of which he was a member. 
His onlv systematic treatise was on "The Manu- 
facture of Vinegar" (Philadelphia, 1860). 

WETHERILL, Samuel, manufacturer, b. in 
Burlington, N. J., 12 Oct., 1736; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 24 Sept., 1816. His family came to New Jer- 
sey from England in 1682, and his ancestor, Chris- 
topher, gave to the Quakers the land on which 
their first meeting-house in Burlington. N. J., was 
erected. In early life Samuel settled in Philadel- 
phia as a house-carpenter and builder, but after- 
ward he entered business, and was the first manu- 
facturer of cloth, jean, and fustian in Philadel- 
phia. He also engaged in dyeing, fulling, and in 
the manufacture of chemicals, and subsequently 
was the first in the United States to make white 
lead. Toward the close of his life, he abandoned 
his business, except the manufacture of drugs and 
chemicals. During the war of 1812 his firm deter- 
mined to undersell foreign merchants whose goods 
were imported to the ruin of its business. In this 
it was successful ; but in 1813 the establishment on 
Twelfth near Race street, Philadelphia, was burned, 
it is believed, by enemies to the manufactory. At 
the time of the Revolution he actively supported 
the cause of independence, supplying clothing 
gratuitously to Washington's army at Valley Forge 
when it was most needed ; he joined with some 
other Quakers in military service in the defence 
of Philadelphia. For these actions and for taking 
the oath of allegiance to the United States he was 
disowned or excommunicated by the Quaker meet' 
ing of which he. was a member. In February, 1781, 



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WETHERILL 



WETMORE 



445 



several of the Quakers who hod been disowned for 
similar causes joining with him, he founded an in- 
dependent Friends' meeting, called the Society of 
Free Quakers, which is a society believing in de- 
fensive war, hence sometimes called "Fighting" 
Quakers. This society, which still exists, denies 
the right of excommunication for any cause. Mr. 
Wetherill was clerk or presiding officer of this 
meeting from its foundation until 1810, was a 
popular preacher until his death, and numbered 
among his audience many persons of distinction, 
lie was instrumental in raising a large sum of 
money for building the Free Quaker meeting-house, 
obtaining the subscriptions of Benjamin Franklin, 
Robert Morris, John Cadwalader, and others of 
note. He published several short theological tracts 
in defence of the society. These are remarkable 
for their ability and forcible expression, but have 
long been out of print, and are extremely rare. 
The principal one is "An Apology for the Relig- 
ious Society of Free Quakers in the City of Phila- 
delphia, showing that all Churches who excommu- 
nicate act inconsistently with the Oospel of Jesus." 
— His great-grandson, Samuel, inventor, b. in 
Philadelphia, "Pa., 27 May, 1821, is the son of 
John Price Wetherill, who was vice-president of 
the Academy of natural sciences in his native city 
in 1834-'53. In 1850 Samuel began to experiment 
with the newly discovered product of zinc ores, and 
to determine whether this could be substituted for 
white lead as a paint, nis experiments led to his 
engagement witn the New Jersey zinc company 
in 1850-'2, and in the latter year he invented: the 
" furnace process," which consists in reducing mixed 
coal and ore by the direct action of heat and a cold 
blast upon a furnace-bed having small holes, each 
producing the reducing flame. Subsequently he 
invented the tower process of separating the solid 
impurities, in which the velocity of the fen-attach- 
ment, which impels the products into the collecting 
bags, lifts the white zinc seventy feet into a tower, 
leaving the ashes at the base. This was afterward 
improved by Mr. Wetherill by causing the products 
thus treated to pass through a film of water. In 
March, 1853, with Charles J. Gilbert and several 
New York capitalists, he entered into a contract 
for forming the Pennsylvania and Lehigh zinc 
company, and he erected works under his patents, 
in Bethlehem, Pa., to reduce the zinc ores in Le- 
high county. These works went into operation on 
13 Oct., 1853, when the first 44 zinc white " made 
in the United States was manufactured by Weth- 
er-ill's process in combination with the bag process 
of collecting that was previously invented by Samu- 
el T. Jones. The works were conducted by Gilbert 
and Wetherill in 1853-7, and in that time deliv- 
ered 4,725 tons of white oxide of zinc. In 1854-'9 
he conducted a series of experiments for the manu- 
facture of spelter, the first spelter from the Lehigh 
ores being made by him in 1854 by passing the 
vapor of oxide of zinc through a beu of incandes- 
cent coal in a muffle-furnace. Afterward he ex- 
perimented with vertical retorts, which he patented, 
and his services were procured for the manufacture 
of metallic zinc at Bethlehem under the Pennsyl- 
vania and Lehigh zinc company. In 1857 he sent 
an ingot of his spelter to a firm of sheet-iron rollers, 
and they returned to him the first sheet of zinc that 
was rolled from metal extracted from Pennsylvania 
ores. At the beginning of the civil war Mr.- Weth- 
erill recruited a squadron for the 11th Pennsylvania 
cavalry, and entered service as captain on 19 Aug., 
1861. He became major on 1 Oct., 1861, and was 
mustered out on 30 Sept, 1864. He was brevet ted 
lieutenant-colonel, U. S. volunteers, on 13 March, 



1865.— The second Samuels brother, John Price, 
manufacturer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 4 Aug., 1824 ; 
d. there. 17 Sept., 1888, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1844, and engaged in 
the manufacture of white lead until 1878. He was 
identified with the commercial interests of Phila- 
delphia, was one of the oldest members of the 
board of trade, of which he was for several years 
president, was a member of the Centennial board 
of finance, and a director of the American steam- 
ship company and of the Pennsylvania railroad 
company from 1874 till 1888. Mr. Wetherill was 
a member of the Constitutional convention of 
Pennsylvania in 1872. and was instrumental in 
introducing many reforms. 

WETMORE, James, clergyman, b. in Middle- 
town, Conn., 25 Dec, 1695 ; d. in Rye, N. Y., 15 
May, 1760. After graduation at Yale in 1714 he 
studied theology, and in November, 1718, was or- 
dained minister over the 1st Congregational society 
in New Haven. In September, 1722, he declared 
himself converted to the Episcopal church, but re- 
tained his office for several months. He went to 
England in 1723, was ordained in the Chapel royal, 
St James's, London, on 25 July of that year, was 
appointed a missionary of the Society for propa- 
gating the gospel in foreign parts, and, returning 
to New York, was catechist and assistant to the 
Rev. William Vesey in Trinity church. Afterward 
he became missionary to Rye, a charge that in- 
cluded the villages of White Plains, Mamaroneck, 
North Castle, and Bedford, besides missionary la- 
bors in Connecticut. Here he served from 1726 
until his death. He was spoken of as *• a gentle- 
man of extensive usefulness ; a father and exem- 
plary pattern to the clergy in those parts." He 
published several pamphlets, including " A Letter 
to a Parishioner" (New York, 1730); "Quakerism, 
a Judicial Infatuation represented in Three Dia- 
logues" (1731) ; "A Letter from a Minister of the 
Church of England to his Dissenting Parishioners, 
showing the Necessity of Unity and Peace and the 
Dangerous Consequences of separating from the 
Established Episcopal Church " (1732) : 44 Eleuthe- 
rius Enervatus: or an Answer to a Pamphlet by 
Jonathan Dickinson intituled 4 The Divine Right 
of Presbyterian Ordination ' " (1733) ; 44 A Vindica- 
tion of the Professors of the Church of England 
in Connecticut against the Invectives contained in 
a Sermon by Noah Hobart " (Boston, 1747) ; and 
other polemical discourses. — His son, Timothy, be- 
came attorney-general of New Brunswick. 

WETMORE, Prosper Montgomery, author, 
b. in Stratford, Conn., 14 Feb., 1798 ; d. in Great 
Neck, Lon$ Island, N. Y., 16 Mai eh, 1876. He 
removed with his parents to New York city, and 
after the death of his father was placed in a count- 
ing-house. Afterward he engaged in business and 
entered into partnership with his brother Robert 
in the dry-goods trade. He joined the 11th regi- 
ment of state militia in 1810, was made major in 
1824. and colonel in 1826, held several posts on 
the staff of the governor, and at one time was 
brigade-inspector. In 1845-'9 he was navy-agent, 
and for many years he was paymaster-general of 
the state militia. In 1834-7> he served in the legis- 
lature, was chairman of the committee on col- 
leges and academies, and advocated the bill to 
establish the school-district libraries. He became 
a regent of the University of New York in 18JJ8, 
was president of the American art union until 
1850, was chosen secretary of the New York cham- 
ber of commerce in 1843. and vice-president in 
1849. He also aided in establishing a line of steam- 
ships to Nicaragua. He was a founder of the Union 



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WH ALLEY 



WHARTON 



defence committee in April, 1861, and was its sec- 
retary until the close of the war. Gen. Wetmore 
began to write for magazines and annuals at the 
age of seventeen, and was at one time connected 
with the "New York Mirror." He was a popular 
speaker, and in 1832 he recited a poem, " Ambition," 
before a literary society of Hamilton college. He 
published " Lexington, with other Fugitive Poems " 
(New York, 1830) ; 44 Observations on the War with 
Mexico" (1847); and an edition of the 44 Poems of 
James Nack," with a biographical notice (1838). 

WH ALLEY, Edward, regicide, b. in England 
about 1620 ; d. in Hadley, Mass., about 1678. He 
became a merchant, and at the beginning of the 
revolution of 1642 joined the parliamentary party, 
against the wishes of his family, who were royal- 
ists. At Naseby, in 1645, his command defeated 
two divisions of Sir Marraaduke Langdale's cav- 
alry, and for bravery he was made a colonel by 
parliament He led the horse at Bristol, Banbury, 
Worcester, and elsewhere, and was afterward in- 
trusted with the custody of the kind's person at 
Hampton court He commanded the infantry with 
Gen. George Monk at Dunbar, where two horses 
were shot under him, and was afterward left by 
Cromwell in Scotland with four regiments. He 
sat in the high court of justice that condemned 
King Charles, and was a signer of his death-war- 
rant Afterward, as major-general, he governed 
five counties, and after sitting in Cromwell s second 
and third parliaments was given a seat in his 
house of lords. After the restoration he fled to 
this country with William Goffe (q. v.), his son-in 
law, and shared his fortunes from that time. See 
44 History of Three of the Judges of King Charles 
I.," by Ezra Stiles (Hartford, 1794). 

WftAREY, James, clergyman, b. in Rutherford 
county, N. C, 15 June, 1*789; d. in Goochland 
county, Va., 29 April, 1842. He entered Hamp- 
den Sidney college, where he remained for five 
years, teaching to obtain means to pursue his edu- 
cation. He was licensed to preach in 1818, and 
began his ministry in Amherst and Nelson coun- 
ties, spending a part of his time as principal of an 
academy. In 1819 he made a missionary tour in 
Virginia, and afterward he was chaplain of Hamp- 
den Sidney for a year. In 1822 he held a charge 
in Cartersville, Va., and in 1824 he was made pas- 
tor of the churches of Bird and Providence in 
Goochland county, Va., where he served until his 
death. He published a series of articles in the 
44 Southern Religious Telegraph " on 44 Baptism," 
and 44 Sketches of Church History from the Birth 
of Christ to the Nineteenth Century," both of which 
afterward appeared in book-form.* Of the latter a 
new edition was published (Philadelphia, 1850). 

WHARTON, Charles Henry, clergyman, h. in 
St. Mary's county, Md., 5 June. 1748; d. in Bur- 
lington,' N. J., 22 July, 1&33. The family planta- 
tion, called Notley Hall, was presented to his 
grandfather by Lord Baltimore. In 1760 he was 
sent to the English Jesuits' college at St. Omer's, 
where he was very studious, and acquired the 
Latin tongue with such proficiency as to converse 
in it He was ordered deacon in June, 1772, and 
priest the following September, both in the 
Roman Catholic church. At the close of the 
American Revolution he resided at Worcester, Eng- 
land, as chaplain to the Roman Catholics in that 
city. There he addressed a poetical epistle to Gen. 
Washington, with a sketch of his life, which was 
published for the benefit of American prisoners 
in England (Annapolis, 1779; London, 1780). He 
returned to this country in 1783 in the first vessel 
that sailed after the peace. In May, 1784, having 



adopted the views of the Church of England, he 
published his celebrated 44 Letter to the Roman 
Catholics of Worcester" (Philadelphia, 1784), and 
became rector of Immanuel church. New Castle, 
Del. At the general convention of 1785 he was on 
the committee to "draft an ecclesiastical constitu- 
tion for the Protestant Episcopal church in the 
United States," also on the committee 44 to prepare 
a form of prayer and thanksgiving for the Fourth 
of July," and that to Americanize the "Book of 
Common Prayer." In 1786 he was elected a mem- 
ber of the American philosophical society. After 
ten years' further residence in Delaware, he be- 
came, in 1798, rector of St. Mary's church, Burling- 
ton. N.J. In 1801 he accepted the presidency of Co- 
lumbia college, New York, assuming the position at 
the commencement ; but he recalled his acceptance 
and returned to his rectorship in Burlington, which 
he held till his death in 1833. He was always 
president of the standing committee of the diocese 
and a deputy to the general convention, and among 
the first in scholarship and influence of the clergy 
of his church in the United States. The testimony 
of his contemporaries and his numerous publica- 
tions pronounced him an accomplished divine, a 
gifted poet, and an able controversialist. At 
the time of his decease he was the senior presbyter 
of the Protestant Episcopal church. Besides the 
works already mentioned, he published 44 Reply to 
an Address [by Bishop Carroll] to the Roman 
Catholics of the United States" (Philadelphia, 
1785); "Inquiry into the Proofs of the Divinity of 
Christ" (1790): and '-Concise View of the Prin- 
cipal Points of Controversy between the Protestant 
and Roman Churches" (New York, 1817). In 
1813-'14 he was co-editor, with Rev. Dr. Aber- 
crombie. of the 44 Quarterly Theological Magazine 
and Religious Repository.* His "Remains," with 
a memoir, were published by Bishop George W. 
Doane (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1834). 

WHARTON, Gabriel Caldwell, soldier, b. in 
Springfield, Washington co., Ky., 13 June, 1839; d. 
in Louisville, Ky., 22 Feb., 1887. He was the son of 
a farmer, and was educated at the public schools, 
the academy of his native town, and the law de- 
partment of Louisville university. In I860, at the 
age of twenty-one. he began the practice of law at 
Springfield with immediate success. The next 
year, at the opening of the civil war. he enlisted in 
the 10th Kentucky infantry in the U. S. volunteer 
army, and in November was commissioned major 
of that regiment. With the regiment, Major 
Wharton shared in the .engagements and marches 
of the Army of the CumUrland, and in March, 
1863, was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel. He 
commanded and bore a gallant part in the battles 
of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge and the 
engagements of the Atlanta campaign in 1864, 
until, at the expiration of his three years' service, 
he was mustered out. He then resumed his law- 
practice at Louisville, and in 1800 was appointed 
assistant U. S. attorney for the district of Ken- 
tucky. On the appointment of Benjamin H. Bris- 
tow as secretary of the treasury, Col. Wharton 
succeeded to the district attorneyship, holding that 
office for ten years. In 1880 he opened an office 
in Washington, and. after two years practice there, 
spent some time in Mexico in the interest of a rail- 
road company. Returning, after a year's absence, 
he resided in New York city, where he soon had a 
lucrative practice. He wason a visit to Louisville 
when he died while alone in his room at a hotel. 

WHARTON, Jesse, senator, b. in Albemarle 
county. Va,, about 1700; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 22 
July, 1833. He was educated in his native state, 



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WHARTON 



WHARTON 



447 



adopted the profession of law, and settled in Ten- 
nessee. He served in congress in 1807-9, and in 
the U. S: senate in 1814-'15, having been appointed 
by the governor to fill the place of George W. 
Campbell, who had resigned. In 1882 he was 
one of the board of visitors to the United States 
military academy at West Point* 

WHARTON, Thomas, governor of Pennsylva- 
nia, b. in Chester county, Pa., in 1735 ; d. in Lancas- 
ter, Pa., 22 May, 1778. He was the son of John, 
some time coroner of Chester countv, Pa., whose 
father, Thomas, of Westmoreland, England, emi- 
grated to Pennsylvania about 1683, served in the 
Philadelphia common council in 1713-'18, and was 
the founder of the Wharton family of Philadelphia. 
Thomas became a merchant, was for a time a part- 
ner of Anthony Stocker. and was highly esteemed 
for his virtue and patriotism. On the passage of 
the stamp-act he took a resolute stand, on the side 
of the opposition, and his name, with that of his 
grandfather and other members of the family, 
was among the first that were affixed to the non- 
importation resolutions and agreements of 1765. 
When the news of the closing of the Boston harbor 
reached Philadelphia a public meeting was held on 
20 May, 1774, and Thomas Wharton was chosen 
a member of the committee of correspondence. 
On 22 June, 1774, he was placed on a committee 
with Joseph Reed and John Nixon to request the 
speaker of the assembly to summon its members 
to meet on 1 Aug. and consult on public affairs. 
He was a deputy to the convention that was called 
by patriotic citizens of Philadelphia, to meet on 15 
July, 1774, and was one of the twenty-five citizens 
that formed the committee of safety in 1775. On 
24 July. 1776, he became president of the council 
of safety, in which the executive authority of the 
government was temporarily vested, and in 1777 he 
was elected president of Pennsylvania, which office 
he held till his death. He was inaugurated on 5 
March, with much displav. and under the title of 
M His Excellency Thomas Wharton, junior, esquire, 
president of the'supreme executive council of Penn- 
sylvania, captain-general and commander-in-chief 
in and over the same." During the Revolution he 
discharged his duties with ability and success. He 
owned a country-seat called "Twickenham" in 
Montgomery county. He removed to Lancaster 
with the executive council on the British occupation 
of Philadelphia, died there, and was buried with 
military honors. At the request of the vestry of the 
Evangelical Trinity church, of Lancaster, Pa., his 
body was interred within the walls of that edifice. — 
His brother, John, was a member of the Continen- 
tal navy board in 1778-'80, and built two ship, 
the "Experiment" and the "Washington," for 
the Pennsylvania navy.— Thomas's uncle, Joneph, 
merchant, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Aug., 1707: d. 
there in July, 1776. was a successful merchant, and 
the owner of " Walnut Grove," a country place on 
Fifth street, near Washington avenue, Philadel- 
phia, on which the Mischianza of 1778 was held. 
(See Howe, William.) The house, which is shown 
in the illustration on page 448, was the finest of it* 
day near that city. It was torn down in 1862, to 
make room for a school-house. Joseph Wharton 
was called " Duke Wharton," because of his stately 
bearing.— Joseph's son, Samuel, merchant, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Mav, 1732; d. there in March, 
1800, was a partner in the house of Baynton Whar- 
ton and Morgan. At one time the Indians de- 
stroyed nearly £40,000 worth of goods, and as in- 
demnification the chiefs of the Six Nations made 
over to the firm a large tract of land at the treaty 
of Fort Stanwix. The land bordered on Ohio river 



above the Little Kanawha, and included about one 
fourth of the present state of West Virginia. To 
this grant the traders gave the name of Indiana. 
Mr. Wharton was sent by the firm to England to 
solicit confirmation of this grant, in which he so 
far succeeded that a day was appointed for him to 
attend court Some of his correspondence with 
Benjamin Franklin having been discovered in the 
mean time, he was obliged to fly for his life, and 
reaching France, was joined by Dr. Franklin. In 
1780 he returned to Philadelphia. He was a mem- 
ber of the city councils, of the committee of safety 
of the Revolution, of the colonial and state legisla- 
tures, and of the Ohio company, whose plan of 
forming a settlement on Ohio river was projected 
by Sir William Johnson, Gov. Franklin, and others. 
On 9 Feb., 1781, he took the oath of allegiance to 
the state, and he was a member of the Continental 
congress in 1782-'3. lu 1784 he was chosen a 
justice of tfie peace for the district of South wark, 
in which suburb he owned a country-seat. — An- 
other son of Joseph, Joseph, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 21 March, 1733 ; d. there, 25 Dec., 1816, went 
to England about 1775, and while there wrote a 
number of letters on the attitude of Great Britain 
to the colonies. Some of these were published in 
the ** Pennsylvania Journal," others in British jour- 
nals, and attracted so much attention that when 
their authorship was discovered Wharton was 
forced to leave the country, and fled to France. 
During his residence abroad he was much with 
Benjamin West, and it is said that the suggestion 
that West's painting of " Christ Healing the Sick " 
should be given to the Pennsylvania hospital in 
Philadelphia was made by him. He corresponded 
with West regarding the removal of the picture to 
the hospital, which was accomplished in 1817. — 
Another son of Joseph, Robert, mayor of Phila- 
delphia, b. in Philadelphia, 12 Jan., 1757; d. there, 
7 March, 1884, at an early age left his studies, 
and was apprenticed to a hatter. He entered the 
counting - nouse 
of his brother 
Charles, a mer- 
chant of Phil- 
adelphia, but 
spent much of his 
time in out-door 
sports, and until 
1818 was presi- 
dent of the fa- 
mous fox-hunt- 
ing club of Glou- 
cesterthat wasor- 

fanized in 1766. 
n 1790 he be- 
came a member 
of the Schuylkill 
fishing company, 
of which he was 
governor from 
1812 till 1828. He 

was a member __ 

of city councils 

from 1792 till 1795. In 1796 he was made alder- 
man of Philadelphia, and in that year quelled a 
riot among the sailors, who had organized them- 
selves into a body and demanded exorbitant wages. 
After reading the riot act he requested them to dis- 
perse, and, being received with shouts of defiance, 
Mr. Wharton ordered each of his men "to take his 
man," and the sailors were captured and impris- 
oned. He quelled the Walnut street prison riot in 
1798. and also took part in suppressing others. He 
was fifteen times elected mayor of Philadelphia be- 




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448 



WHARTON 



WHARTON 



tween 1798 and 1834. He became a member of the 
first city troop in 1798, captain in 1803, colonel of 
the regiment of cavalry in 1810, and was elected 
brigadier-general of the state militia. He was vice- 
president of the Washington benevolent society, of 
which he was an original member. — Robert's broth- 
er. Franklin, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 
July, 1767; d. in New York. 1 Sept., 1818, was ap- 
pointed colonel commandant of the U. 8. marine 
corps under the administration of James Madison. 
Col. Wharton was intrusted with the management 
of an armory in Washington, D. C, in which small 
arms that belonged to the navy and marine corps 
were kept in readiness for service. — Gov. Thomas's 
grandson, Phliip Fishbourne, artist, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 30 April, 1841 ; d. in Media, Pa., 28 
July, 1880, studied at the Pennsylvania academy 
of fine arts, and afterward in Paris and Dresden. 
His best-known pictures are " Perdita," which re- 
ceived a medal at the Centennial exhibition of 1876, 
"Eventide," 44 Uncle Jim," "Over the Hills and 
Far Away," and " Waiting for the Parade." He 
also painted many water-colors, chiefly scenes in 
Florida and Nassau. — The first Joseph's grandson, 
Thomas Isaac, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 
May, 1791 ; d. there, 7 April, 1856, was graduated 

at the University 
of Pennsylvania 
in 1807, studied 
law in the office 
of his uncle, 
William Rawle, 
was admitted to 
the bar, and ac- 
quired reputa- 
tion in his pro- 
fession and as a 
reporter of the 
Pennsylvania su- 
preme court. He 
served as captain 

of infantry in the war of 1812. He was a trustee of 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1837-'56, and a 
member of various philosophical and historical so- 
cieties. With Joel Jones and William Rawle (q. v.) 
he revised the civil code of Pennsylvania in 1830. 
He edited, with copious notes, the 3d edition of 
Alexander J. Dallas's "Reports of Cases in the 
Courts of the United States and Pennsylvania be- 
fore and since the Revolution" (4 vols., Philadel- 
phia, 1830), and was associated with Thomas Sar- 
geant and others in editing the " Law Library" 
(1833), and with Henry Wheaton in editing the 5th 
American edition of William Selwyn's 44 Abridg- 
ment of the Law of Nisi Prius" (1839). He was 
the author of 44 Digest of Cases in the Circuit 
Court of the United States Third District, and 
in the Courts of Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia, 
1822; 6th ed., including 44 A. Harris's Reports," 2 
vols., 1853) : 44 Digested Index to the Reported 
Decisions of the Several Courts of Law in the 
Western and Southern States" (1824); 44 Reports 
of Cases in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania" 
(6 vols.. 1836-'41); 44 Letter on the Right and Power 
of the City of Philadelphia to Subscribe for Stock 
in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company " (1846) ; 
and various addresses and memoirs, including one 
on William Rawle, LL. D. (1840). He also con- 
tributed to Dennie's 44 Portfolio," and was an editor 
of the 44 Analectic Magazine." — Thomas Isaac's son, 
Francis, lawver, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 7 March, 
1820; d. in Washington, D. C, 21 Feb., 1889, was 

Graduated at Yale in 1839, studied law, practised in 
hiladelphia for fifteen years, and was assistant at- 
torney-general in 1845. From 1856 till 1863 he was 




I professor of logic and rhetoric in Kenyon coiiegt*, 
Ohio, but he was ordained in the Protestant Epis- 
copal church in 1863, and became rector of St. 
Paul's church in Brook line, Mass. He was also 
professor of ecclesiastical and international law in 
the Cambridge divinity-school, and in Boston. In 
1885 he was appointed solicitor for the department 
of state, and examiner of international claims, in 
which office he continued, and later he was ap- 
pointed, under a resolution of congress, editor of 
the Revolutionary diplomatic correspondence of the 
United States. The degree of D. D. was conferred 
on him by Kenyon college in 1883, and that of 
LL. D. by Kenyon in 1865 and by the University of 
Edinburgh in 1883. He was a member of various 
institutions of international and municipal law. 
With Charles E. Lex he edited the 44 Episcopal 
Recorder" in Philadelphia, and he contributed 
to periodicals. He edited several volumes of law 
reports, and was the author of 44 A Treatise on 
the Criminal Law of the United StMtes " (Phila- 
delphia, 1846 ; 6th ed., 3 vols., 1868) ; 44 The State 
Trials of the United States during the Administra- 
tions of Washington and Adams (1849) ; 44 Prece- 
dents of Indictments and Pleas adapted to the 
Use both of the Courts of the United States and 
those of the Several States" (1849 : 2d ed., 1857); 
44 A Treatise on the Law of Homicide in the United 
States" (1855); 44 A Treatise on Medical Jurispru- 
dence," with Dr. Moreton Stille (1855 ; 2d ed., with 
additions by Alfred Stille, 1860); 44 Treatise on 
Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories" (1859): 
44 The Silence of Scripture, a Series of Lectures " 
(1867); 44 A Treatise on the Conflict of I^iws" 
(Philadelphia, 1872): "The Law of Agency and 
Agents" (1876); and a 44 Digest of International 
Law" (1886).— Another son of Thomas, Henry, 
lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 June, 1827; d. 
there, 11 Nov., 1880, was graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1846, studied law under his 
father, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In 
1856 he became solicitor to the Philadelphia saving 
fund, and he was one of the three lawyers, includ- 
ing Eli K. Price and Edward Olmstead, whose 
opinions upon real estate were considered equiva- 
lent to a judgment of the supreme court. He was 
legal adviser of the Philadelphia bank and other 
corporations. With Asa J. Fish he edited the 
44 American Law-Register," from 1852 till 1803. and 
wrote a 44 Practical and Elementary Treatise on the 
Law of Vicinage" (Philadelphia," 1868).— Thomas 
Isaac's nephew, Joseph, manufacturer, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 3 March, 1826. His mother, Delx>rah 
Fisher (1795-1888), was an approved minister of the 
Society of Friends for seventy years, belonging to 
the branch that has been called Hicksite. She was 
active in charities and an interested friend to the 
Indians, defending their rights in Washington and 
visiting their reservations. After receiving a good 
education in his native city, the son entered a 
mercantile house, and afterward engaged in the 
manufacture of white lead and (taints, bricks, cop- 
per-mining and spelter, became owner of iron-, 
glass-, and steel- works, and has been a director in 
manufacturing, railroad, and banking corpo rat ions. 
He was among the first to establish the manufac- 
ture of spelter, nickel, and cobalt in this country, 
and was trie first to make magnetic needles of other 
substance than steel. He aided in establishing the 
Bethlehem iron company, particularly its steel- 
forging plant for government work. Mr. Wharton 
owns the deposits of nickel ore in Lancaster county. 
Pa., which ne purchased in 1873, and established 
his works in Camden, N. J. He early experimented 
to produce nickel in a pure and malleable condi- 



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WHATCOAT 



tion, so that it could be worked like iron, and 
was the first to attain practical success in this 
direction. He sent to trie Centennial exhibition 
of 1876, and to the Paris exposition of 1878, sam- 
ples of nickel ores, nickel-matte, metallic nickel 
in grains and cubes, cast and wrought nickel, cast 
cobalt, and electro-plating with nickel and cobalt, 
which illustrated the progress in the metallurgical 
development of this substance, and excited much 
admiration. Mr. Wharton aided in establishing 
Swarthmore college, of which he is president of the 
board of trustees, endowing its chair of history and 
political economy, and also founded the Wharton 
school of finance and economy in the University of 
Pennsylvania. He is a member of the Society of 
Friends. Mr. Wharton has published several pam- 
phlets on the subject of protection to home indus- 
try.— Henry's son, Thomas Isaac, author, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Aug., 1859, was graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1879, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and is the author of 
** A Latter-Day Saint" (New York, 1884), and 
•* Hannibal of New York " (1886).— The first Jo- 
seph's descendant, Anne HoUingsworth, author, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., about 1845, has published 
44 The Wharton Family " (Philadelphia, 1880) ; - Vi- 
gil ia"; and "St Bartholomew's Eve." 

WHATCOAT, Richard, M. E. bishop, b. in the 
parish of Quinton, Gloucester co., England, 23 
Feb., 1786; d. in Dover, Del., 4 July, 1806. His 
parents were members of the Church of England, 
out when he was twenty-two years of age he 
accepted Methodist views. Until he was thirty- 
three years of age he continued in business, and 
was a useful member of the Wesleyan connection. 
In July, 1769, he became a minister, and was very 
successful, having great ability in composing diffi- 
culties, but in 1784 John Weslev sent him to the 
United States as a missionary with Thomas Coke. 
Coke and Wesley ordained him a presbyter, an act 
on Wesley's part that occasioned much discussion. 
When he came to this country he was forty-six 
years of age, and was a marvellous preacher, able 
to move an audience, according to the testimony of 
Adam Clark, " as the leaves of a forest are moved 
by a mighty wind." His contemporaries attributed 
his strength chiefly to his supreme devotion. In 
the year 1800 he was elected bishop. After several 
years of infirmity, he died at the house of ex-Gov. 
Richard Bassett, of Delaware. Bishop Francis 
Asbury said of him : " A man so uniformly good 
I have not known in Europe or America." 

WHEAT, John Thomas, clergyman, b. in 
Washington, D. C, 15 Nov., 1800: d. in Salisbury, 
N. C, 2 Feb.. 1888. He was educated at Asbury 
college, Baltimore, and established a private school 
in Washington. Having devoted himself to the 
studv of theology, he was ordained deacon in Alex- 
andria, and in the following year at Baltimore he 
was made a priest He was instrumental in found- 
ing an Episcopal church at Marietta, Ohio, after- 
ward went to North Carolina, and subsequently to 
Tennessee, and for twenty years labored in Nash- 
ville and Memphis. He was also for a time in 
Arkansas. He held various positions of influence 
in the annual conventions of the church, and in 
1845 was given the degree of D. D. by the Uni- 
versity of Nashville. He was an intimate friend 
of Henry Clay. His book on " Preparation for the 
Holy Communion " (New York, 1860) won a high 
reputation in the religious world. 

WHEATLEY, Charles Moore, mineralogist, b. 
in Essex, England, 16 March, 1822 ; d. in Phcenix- 
ville, Pa., 6 May, 1882. He came to this country 
when a boy, was educated in New York city, and, 
vol. vi.— 29 



WHEATLEY 449 

entering mercantile life in 1885, continued so en- 
gaged until 1845. Mr. Wheatley became in 1887 
a member of the Mercantile library, was a director 
in 1841-'3, and served as recording secretary in 
1844-'5. He then turned his attention to mining, 
and in 1846 became manager of the Bristol copper- 
mine in Connecticut, whence in 1848 he was called 
to a similar place at the Perkiomen copper-mine 
in Pennsylvania. From 1850 till 1857 he was gen- 
eral manager and part owner of the Wheatley sil- 
ver-lead mines, which he discovered and opened. 
Subsequently he mined in Pennsylvania and in 
California, but finally settled in Phoenixville, Pa., 
where he established the Schuylkill copper works 
and was the first person successfully to reduce 
copper-ores. Mr. Wheatley was an active collec- 
tor, and gathered a valuable library of books in 
geology and mineralogy. He also accumulated a 
collection of more than 6,000 minerals and shells, 
valued at $25,000, which was purchased by Edward 
C. Del a van and given to Union college to be kept as 
the Wheatley cabinets, forever subject to the con- 
trol of the University of New York. Later he 
made an extensive collection of fresh-water shells. 
At the World's fair held in New York in 1858 he 
exhibited specimens from the Wheatley mine, plans 
of the mining operations and drawings of machin- 
ery, for which ne received one of tne two silver 
medals that were given. He discovered a cave near 
Port Kennedy, on Schuylkill river, where he found 
many specimens of fossils, an account of which was 
read before the American philosophical society in 
1871 by Prof. Edward D. Cope, who named one of 
the species Megalonvx Wheatleyi in his honor. 
The degree of A. M. was given him by Yale in 
1858. He was elected a member of the New York 
lyceum of natural history in 1840, was its treas- 
urer in 1847-58, and was connected with other 
scientific associations both in this country and 
abroad. He published " Catalogues of the Shells 
of the United States, with their Localities," one of 
the first volumes of its kind that were ever pub- 
lished (New York, 1842> 

WHEATLEY, Phillls, poet, b. in Africa about 
1758 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 5 Dec., 1784. She was 
brought here from Africa in 1761, and her only 
recollection of her early life was that of her heathen 
mother worshipping the sun at its rising. She 
was bought from the slave-market by John Wheat- 
ley, of Boston, and soon developed remarkable 
acquisitive faculties. She became a member of 
his family and was educated by his daughters. 
In sixteen months from her arrival she could 
read English fluently, soon learned to write, and 
also studied Latin. She visited England in 1774, 
where she was cordially received, and after her 
return to Boston she corresponded with the 
Countess of Huntingdon, the Earl of Dartmouth, 
Rev. George Whitefield, and others, and wrote 
many poems to her friends. She addressed some 
lines and a letter to Gen. Washington on 26 
Oct., 1775, which were afterward published in the 
** Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly 
Museum," for April, 1776. In a reply, under date 
of 2 Feb., 1776, Gen. Washington writes: "I thank 
you most sincerely for your polite notice of me in 
the elegant lines you inclosed ; and, however un- 
deserving I may be of such encomium and pane- 
gyric, the style and manner exhibit a striking 
proof of your poetical talents : in honor of which, 
and as a tribute justly due to you, I would have 
.published the poem had I not been apprehensive 
that, while 1 only meant to give the world this 
new instance of your genius, I might have incurred 
the imputation of vanity. This, and nothing else, 

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determined me not to give it place in the public 
prints. If you should ever come to Cambridge, or 
near headquarters. I shall be happy to see a per- 
son so favored by the muses, and to whom Nature 
has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensa- 
tions." A few days before the British evacuated 
Boston she visiteii the Revolutionary camp and 
was received with marked attention by Washing- 
ton and his officers, Thomas Jefferson said that 
her verses were beneath criticism. In 1775 the 
Wheatley family was broken up by death, and, 
after attempting and failing to support herself, she 
married in 1778 a colored man named Peters, who, 
according to different accounts, was a grocer, law- 
yer, or barber. This marriage proved unhappy, and 
Meters became reduced in circumstances. During 
the Revolution they resided in Wilmington, Del., 
and they afterward returned to Boston, where they 
lived in wretched poverty. Amonjr the attentions 
that she received in London was a gift from the lord 
mayor of a copy of " Paradise Lost," which was sold 
after her death, and is now in the library of Harvard. 
Her publications are "An Elegiac Poem on the 
Death of George Whitefield, Chaplain to the Count- 
ess of Huntingdon " (Boston, 1770) ; " Poems on 
Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, by Phillis 
Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley, 
of Boston," to certify which an attestation was ad- 
dressed to the public and signed by Gov. Thomas 
Hutchinson, John Hancock, Rev. Samuel Mather, 
John Wheatley, Andrew Eliot, and others (Lon- 
don, 1773 ; 2d ed., Albany, 1793; republished as 
" The Negro Equalled by Few Europeans," 2 vols., 
Philadelphia, 1801 ; 2d ed., Walpole, N. H.,1802; 
3d ed., with a memoir, Boston, 1834) : and ** Elegy 
Sacred to the Memory of Dr. Samuel Cooper 
(1784). The " Letters of Phillis Wheatley" were 
printed privately by Charles Deane from the 41 Pro- 
ceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society " 
(Boston, 1884). 

WHEATLEY, Ha rah, actress, b. in St. John, 
New Brunswick, in 1790; d. in New York city in 
July, 1854. Her father, whose name was Ross, 
died when she was two years of age. She made 
her first appearance in New York at the Park thea- 
tre on 12 Nov., 1805, and in 1806 married Freder- 
ick Wheatley, an actor, and retired from the stage ; 
but on his failure in business she resumed her pro- 
fession for the support of her family and achieved 
success. Mrs. Wheatley was noted for her artistic 
representation of old women.— Her son, William, 
actor, b. in New York city, 5 Dec., 1810; d. there, 
3 Nov., 1876, made, his first appearance on the 
stage at the Park theatre. New York, in 1826 as 
Albert in 44 William Tell," during the engagement 
of Macready, with whom he travelled through the 
United States. In 1842 he was engaged at the 
Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia, and in 1843 
he retired and visited Nicaragua, where he raised 
the first American flag in Virgin bay. He re- 
turned to the United States, and in 1853 leased, 
with John Drew, the Arch street theatre in Phila- 
delphia, of which he was sole manager in 1855-*8. 
Afterward he controlled the Continental theatre 
in Philadelphia, and leased Niblo's Garden. New 
York, of which he was manager from 1865 till he 
retired in 1868. During this period the 44 Black 
Crook " was first produced. Mr. Wheatley's beet 
characters were Doncourt in 44 The Belle's Strata- 
gem," Rover in 44 Wild Oats," Captain Absolute 
in 44 The Rivals," and Claude Melnotte in "The 
Lady of Lyons." 

WHEATON, Frank, soldier, b. in Providence, 
R. L, 8 May, 1833. He was educated in common 
schools, became a civil engineer, and engaged in Cali- 



fornia and in the Mexican boundary surveys from 
1850 till he was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the 
1st U. S. cavalry, 3 March, 1855. He served at Jef- 
ferson barracks, Mo., and in Kansas until 1856, and 
in the field against Cheyenne Indians till 1857, being 
in action near Fort Kearny, Neb. He was on the 
Utah expedition till August, 1858, on duty with 
his regiment in the Indian territory, and then on 
recruiting serv ice till July, 1861, having been pro- 
moted captain in March. He received permission 
to accept the commission of lieutenant-colonel of 
the 2d Rhode Island volunteers in July, 1861, be- 
came colonel in the same month, and took part in 
the battle of Bull Run, also serving in the princi- 
pal engagements of the Army of the Potomac, in- 
cluding the peninsula and Maryland campaigns. 
He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers 
in November, 1862, commanding a brigade during 
the operations of the same army in 1863- v 4, ana 
then a division of the 6th corps, distinguishing 
himself in the operations in the Shenandoah valley 
in 1864, and those that culminated in the surren- 
der at Appomattox in 1865. He was bre vetted 
major-general of volunteers for gallant and meri- 
torious services at the Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and 
Middletown, Va., and received brevets in the regu- 
lar army to the grade of maior-general for the bat- 
tles of the Wilderness, Cedar Creek, and Peters- 
burg, respectively. He became lieutenant-colonel 
of the 39th infantry, 28 July, 1866, was transferred 
to the 21st infantry in March, 1869, and promoted 
colonel of the 2d infantry, 15 Dec, 1874. Since 
the war Gen. Wheaton has held commands in Da- 
kota, Montana, and Nebraska. In July, 1866, he 
was presented with a sword by his native state for 
gallant services in the above-mentioned battles. 

WHEATON, Henry, lawyer, b. in Providence, 
R. I., 27 Nov., 1785; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 11 
March, 1848. He was a descendant of Robert 
Wheaton, a Baptist clergyman, who emigrated 
from Swansey, Wales, to Salem, Mass., but subse- 
quently settled in 
Rhode Island. Af- 
ter graduation at 
Brown in 1802, 
Henry studied law 
under Nathaniel 
Searle, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 
1805, and in that 
year continued his 
studies in Poictiers 
and London. On 
his return to this 
country he prac- 
tised law in Provi- 
dence till he re- 
moved in 1812 to 
New York, where 
he edited in 1812- 
•15 the "National 
Advocate," the or- 
gan of the adminis- 
tration party. In 
this paper he published notable articles on the 
question of neutral rights in connection with the 
then existing war with England. On 26 Oct, 
1814, he became division judge-advocate of the 
army, and from 1815 till 1819 he was a justice of 
the marine court of New York city. From 1816 
till 1827 he was reporter for the U. S. supreme 
court in Washington, D. C, and published "Re- 
ports of Cases argued and determined in the Su- 
preme Court of the United States" (12 vols.. New 
York, 1826-'7). This was termed by a German re- 




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viewer " the golden book of American law." Will- 
iam B. Lawrence says: 44 The reputation which 
Mr. Wheaton acquired as a reporter was unri- 
valled. He did not confine himself to a mere sum- 
mary of the able arguments by which the cases 
were elucidated; but there is scarcely a proposi- 
tion on any of the diversified subjects to which the 
jurisdiction of the court extends, that might give 
rise to serious doubts in the profession, that is not 
explained not merely by a citation of the authori- 
ties adduced by counsel, but copious rules present 
the views which the publicists and civilians have 
taken of the question. He was elected a member 
of the convention to form a new constitution for 
New York in 1821, was a member of the assembly 
in 1823, and in 1825 was associated with John 
Duer and Benjamin F. Butler in a commission to 
revise the statute law of New York. He also took 
part in important cases, and was the sole associate 
of Daniel Webster in that which settled the limits 
of the state and Federal legislation in reference to 
bankruptcy and insolvency. In 1827 he was ap- 
pointed charg^ d'affaires in Denmark, being the 
first diplomatist that was sent to that country 
from the United States. He served till 1835, dis- 
playing skill in the settlement of the Sound dues 
that were imposed by Denmark on the vessels of 
all countries, and obtained modifications of the 
quarantine regulations. He acquired reputation 
by his researches in the Scandinavian language 
and literature, and was elected a member of the 
Scandinavian and Icelandic societies. In 1835 he 
was appointed resident minister to the court of 
Prussia, and he was promoted to minister- plenipo- 
tentiary in 1837. He soon received full power to 
conclude a treaty with the Zollverein, which ob- 
ject he pursued for the ensuing six years. On 25 
March, 1844, he signed a treaty with Germany, for 
which he received nigh commendation from Presi- 
dent Tyler and John C. Calhoun, the secretary of 
state. This was rejected by the U. S. senate, but 
served as the basis for subsequent treaties. In 1846 
he was requested by President Polk to resign his 
post, but, on his return to the United States in 
1847, he was honored by public dinners in New 
York and Philadelphia, and immediately chosen 
lecturer on international law at Harvard, which 
office he was prevented by illness from accepting. 
He was made a corresponding member of the 
French institute in 1843, and a member of the Royal 
academy of Berlin in 1846. Harvard gave him the 
degree of A. M. in 1825, and he received that of 
LL. D. from Brown in 1819, from Hamilton in 
1843, and from Harvard in 1845. He delivered 
many addresses before literary societies, among 
which were those before the New York historical 
society on the 44 Science of Public or International 
Law (New York, 1820), and at the opening of 
the New York athenwum, afterward the Society 
library (1824). His most important work is 44 Ele- 
ments of International Law (Philadelphia, 1836: 
2 vols., London, 1836; 3d ed., Philadelphia, 1845: 
French translation, Leipsic and Paris, 1848). This 
book was at once acknowledged as a standard au- 
thority. At the instance of Anson Burlingame, 
minister to China, it was translated into Chinese 
and published at the expense of the imperial gov- 
ernment (4 vols., Pekin, 1865). It was also trans- 
lated into Japanese. The 6th edition, with the 
last corrections of the author, was published by 
William Beach Lawrence, with a biographical no- 
tice (Boston, 1855). The 8th edition, by Richard 
H. Dana, J r.. was published with notes (Boston, 
1866). The use of Mr. Lawrence's notes in the pre- 
vious editions resulted in a protracted legal con- 



troversy, concerning which see Dana, Richard 
Henry, vol. ii., page 71. William B. Lawrence's 
44 Commentaire sur les £l<5ments du droit interna- 
tional et sur rhistoire des progres du droits des 
gens de Wheaton " was published (4 vols., Leipsic, 
1868-'80). Mr. Wheaton's other publications are 
"Considerations on the Establishment of a Uni- 
form System of Bankrupt Laws throughout the- 
United States" (Washington, 1815); 44 A Digest of 
the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United 
States from its Establishment in 1789 to 1820 " 
(1820-'9); 4 *Life of William Pinkney," which 
was also published in Sparks's 44 American Biogra- 
phv " (1826) ; 44 History of the Northmen, or Danes 
and Normans, from the Earliest Times to the Con- 
quest of England by William of Normandy," 
which Washington Irving said 44 evinced through- 
out the enthusiasm of an antiquarian, the liber- 
ality of a scholar, and the enlightened toleration of 
a citizen of the world " (London, 1831 ; French 
translation by Paul Guillot, Paris, 1844) ; 44 His- 
toire du progres des gens en Europe depuis la 
paix de Westphalie jusqu'au congres de Vienne, 
avec un precis historique du droit des gens euro- 
peens avant la paix de Westphalie " (Leipsic, 1841), 
written in unsuccessful competition for a prize 
offered by the French institute and translated into 
English by William Beach Lawrence as 44 A His- 
tory of the Law of Nations in Europe and America 
from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washing- 
ton " (New York, 1845) ; and 44 An Enquiry into 
the Validity of the British Claim to a Right of 
Visitation and Search of American Vessels suspect- 
ed to be engaged in the Slave-Trade " (Philadelphia 
and London, 1842 ; 2d ed., 1858). Mr. Wheaton 
translated the 44 Code of Napoleon," but the manu- 
script was destroyed by fire, and he also contrib- 
uted numerous political, historical, and literary 
articles to the 44 North American Review " and 
other periodicals. A discourse, 44 The Value of a 
Man," was published on his death by the Rev. 
Edward B. HalJ (Providence, 1848).— His son, 
Robert, author, b. in New York city, 5 Oct., 1826 ; 
d. in Providence, R. I., 9 Oct., 1851, spent his 
early life in Copenhagen and Paris, but left his 
school in the latter city in 1841 to devote himself 
to engineering, which he abandoned in 1843, and 
attended lectures at the Sorbonne and the College 
de France. In 1847 he came to this countrv with 
his father, entered the Harvard law-school, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was a skil- 
ful musician, and published several able and 
thoughtful articles in the "North American Re- 
view" and other periodicals. 44 Selections " from 
his writings were published by his sister, Abby 
Wheaton, with a memoir (Boston, 1854). 

WHEATON, Nathaniel Sheldon, clergyman, 
b. in Washington, Conn., 20 Aug., 1792 ; d. in Mar- 
bledale, Conn., 18 March, 1862. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1814, and after residing four years in 
Maryland, where he was ordained by Bishop Kemp, 
was elected rector of Christ church, Hartford, Conn. 
While discharging the duties of this office he took 
an active interest in the plans for the establish- 
ment of a second college in Connecticut, at least 
one vigorous pamphlet in its defence being from 
his pen. He was one of the original corporators 
of Washington (now Trinity) college, and was al- 
most immediately (in 1823) deputed to visit Eng- 
land in the interests of the new institution. He 
secured donations of books for the library, and 
made purchases of philosophical apparatus. While 
abroad he also made a special study of architect- 
ure, which enabled him to prepare plans, even to 
minute details, for the new Christ church in Hart- 
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ford, which was consecrated in 1829. At the time, 
perhaps, it was the best specimen of Gothic archi- 
tecture in the country. On the retirement of 
Bishop Brownell from the presidency of Washing- 
ton college in 1831, Dr. Wheaton was chosen his 
successor. He labored untiringly for the good of 
the institution, making liberal gifts and securing 
the endowment of two professorships, besides large 
additions to the general funds. Under his direc- 
tion the college campus — the site that is now occu- 
pied by the state capitol — was carefully laid out 
and planted with trees. In 1837 Dr. Wheaton ac- 
cepted the rectorship of Christ church, New Or- 
leans, La,, where he remained seven years, his cour- 
age and faithfulness being especially shown in 
his unremitting attention to his duties while the 
city was ravaged by the yellow fever. Resigning 
in 1844, he again visited Europe, and then resided 
for a short time in Hartford, unable, by reason of 
feeble health, to undertake regular duties. He soon 
withdrew to his native town, where he resided for 
the rest of his life, officiating in different places 
in the neighborhood as he was able. At his death 
he left to Trinity college his valuable library, be- 
sides a legacy in money, part of which was desig- 
nated as the nucleus of a chapel fund. The large 
window in the new chancel of Christ church, Hart- 
ford, is in his memory. He received the degree of 
D. D. from Yale in 1833. The journal of his trav- 
els abroad in 1823-*4 was published in one volume 
(Hartford, 1830), and he also issued 44 Remarks on 
Washington College " (anonymous) and a 44 Dis- 
course on the Epistle to Philemon." 

WHEDON, Daniel Den i son, author, b. in Onon- 
daga, N. Y., 20 March, 1808; d. in Atlantic High- 
lands, N. J., 8 June, 1885. After graduation at Ham- 
ilton college in 1828 he studied law in Rochester, 
N. Y., taught in the Conference seminary, Cazeno- 
via, N. Y., in 1830-*1, and was a tutor in Hamil- 
ton in 1831-2. From 1833 till 1843 he was pro- 
fessor of ancient languages and literature in Wes- 
leyan university, Middletown, Conn. In 1836 he 
was ordained a clergyman in the Methodist Epis- 
copal church, and he held pastorates in Pitts- 
field, Mass., in 1843- f 5, and Jamaica, L. I., in 1855. 
From 1845 till 1852 he was professor of logic, 
rhetoric, and history in the University of Michi- 
gan, where he served as president of the faculty in 
1847-8. From 1&56 till 1884 he was editor of the 

Methodist Quarterly Review," and he was also 
general editor of the publications of the Methodist 
liook concern. The degree of D. D. was conferred 
on him by Emory and Henry college, Emory, Va., 
in 1847, and that of LL. D. by Wesleyan univer- 
sity in 18G8. In addition to single sermons and 
contributions to the" Bibliotheca Sacra " and other 
periodicals, he published " Public Addresses, Col- 
legiate and Popular" (Boston, 1856): " Commen- 
tary on Matthew and Mark" (New York, I860); 
"The Freedom of the Will, as a Basis of Human 
Responsibility, elucidated and maintained in its 
Issue with the Necessitarian Theories of Hobl>es, 
Edwards, the Princeton Essayists, and Other Lead- 
ing Advocates " (1864) ; 44 Commentary on the New 
Testament" intended for popular use (5 vols., 
1860-'75) : and 44 Commentary on the Old Testa- 
ment" (7 vols., 1880-'6). Two additional volumes 
of his collected writings appeared in 1886. 

WHEELER, Andrew Carpenter, journalist, 
b. in New York, 4 July, 1835. He began his career 
in journalism as a reporter on the New York 
44 Times," under Henry J. Raymond, but soon 
afterward went to the we*t. After several years 
he settled in Milwaukee, Wis., as city editor of the 
44 Sentinel." Soon after the opening of the civil 



war he became a war-correspondent for several 
eastern and western papers. At the close of hos- 
tilities he returned to the east and served on the 
New York 44 Leader," and then on the 44 World." 
With the latter paper he has been connected ever 
since, excepting an interval of a few years. On 
the " World " he first adopted the pen-name 44 Nym 
Crinkle." He is best known as a dramatic and 
musical critic, in which capacity he has served on 
most of the New York papers. He has written 
44 The Chronicles of Milwaukee " (Milwaukee. 1861), 
and 44 The Twins," a comedy, which was produced 
bv Lester Wallack in 1862. 

WHEELER, Charles Stearns, scholar, b. in 
Lincoln, Me., 19 Dec, 1816; d. in I-ieipsic, Ger- 
many, 13 June, 1843. He was graduated at Har- 
vard* in 1837, served as tutor there in 1838-'42,and 
in the latter year went to Leipsic to study, but died 
after eighteen months' residence. He published an 
edition of Herodotus, with notes that evince remark- 
able learning (2 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1843). 

WHEELER, David Hilton, clergvman, b. in 
Ithaca, N. Y., 19 Nov., 1829. He wai graduated 
at Rock River seminary, Mount Morris, III., in 
1851, was professor of ancient languages in Cor- 
nell college, Iowa, in 1853-'5, ana assumed the 
chair of Greek in 1857, which he held till 1861. 
He edited the "Carroll County Republican" in 
1855-'7, and at the same time was county super- 
intendent of public schools. In 1861 -'6 he was 
V. S. consul at Genoa, Italy. He was professor 
of English literature in Northwestern university 
in 1867- 75, edited the 44 Methodist." in New York 
city, for the subsequent seven years, and became 
president of Allegheny college, Pa., in 1883, hold- 
ing office till 1887. Cornell college gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1867, and Northwestern univer- 
sity that of LL. D. in 1881. He has written for 
publication since 1855, is the author of 44 Brig- 
andage in South Italv" (2 vols., London, 1864), 
and 44 By- Ways of Literature" (New York, 1883), 
and has translated, from the Italian, Celesia's 44 Con- 
spiracy of Fieschi" (1866). 

WHEELER, Dora, artist, b. in Jamaica, L. I., 
12 March. 1858. She is a daughter of Mrs. Candace 
Wheeler, who is well known for her interest in the 
development of art needle- work in the United 
States. She studied with William M. Chase in 
New York, and William Adolphe Bouguereau and 
others in Paris. Though devoting herself mainly 
to decorative designing, she has also painted sev- 
eral pictures. Among these are a series of por- 
traits of English and American authors, includ- 
ing Thomas Bailey Aldrich, James Russell Lowell, 
Walt Whitman, Charles Dudley Warner. John 
Burroughs, Austin Dobson, and Walter Besant. 

WHEELER, George Montagne, soldier, b. in 
Grafton. Mass.. 9 Oct., 1842. He was graduated at 
the V. S. military academy in 1866, and assigned 
to the corps of engineers. From October, 1866, 
till September, 1868. he was assistant engineer on 
the survey of Point Lobos and vicinity, and in the 
construction of the defences of Fort Point, San 
Franeisco harbor, Cal. He was promoted 1st lieu- 
tenant on 7 March, 1867. and in September, 1868, 
became engineer on the staff of the commanding 

f general of the Department of California. In 1869 
ic wib sent to make a geographical reconnoissanee 
in central Nevada, and in 1871 he took the field 
with a force of surveyors and scientists. His or- 
ganization assumed the title of the 44 Geographical 
survey of the territory of the Cnited States west of 
the 100th meridian," "of which he beeame superin- 
tending engineer. Money was annually granted 
by congress for the continuance of his work, and a 



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laree force was regularly employed. This survey 
had for its primary object the making of geo- 
graphic maps, but it gave a prominent place to 
;eology. and gathered valuable material in the 
lepartments of zoology' and ethnology. Lieut. 
Wneeler continued this work until March, 1879, 
when the survey was abolished and the U. S. geo- 
logical survey was organized. (See Kixg, Clar- 
ence, and Powell, John W.) Since that time he 
has been engaged in the preparation of the mate- 
rial that has l>een gathered, much of which has 
been published in his annual reports, beginning 
with 1871, and also in a scries of quarto volumes 
published by the engineer department of the U. S. 
army. Capt. Wheeler was a delegate to the 3d 
International conference and exhibition held at 
Vienna in 1885, concerning which he made a re- 
port to the U. S. government. He was promoted 
captain on 80 March, 1879, and, owing to illness, 
retired from active service on 15 June, 1888. 

WHEELER, John Hill, historian, b. in Mur- 
freesboro', N. C, 6 Aug., 1806 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 7 Dec., 1882. His ancestors were early 
settlers of North Carolina and direct descendants 
of Admiral Sir Francis Wheeler. John was gradu- 
ated at Columbian university, Washington, D. C, 
in 1826, and at the law department of the Uni- 
versity of North Carolina in 1828. He became a 
member of the North Carolina legislature in 1837, 
and in 1831 secretary of the boara of commission- 
ers under the treaty with France to decide on the 
claims of American citizens for spoliations under 
the Berlin and Milan treaties. He became super- 
intendent of the branch IT. S. mint at Charlotte, 
N. C, in 1836, and held office till 1841. He was 
chosen treasurer of North Carolina in 1842, and at 
the expiration of his term began his *• History of 
North Carolina," to which he devoted himself for 
ten years (Philadelphia, 1851). In 1854-'7 he was 
U. S. minister to Nicaragua. As soon as William 
Walker established his authority there, Mr. Wheeler 
acknowledged his government. He resigned that 
post in 1857, settled in Washington, I). C, where 
in 1859-'61 he was employed in the statistical bu- 
reau. Later he returned to North Carolina, but 
he took no active part in the civil war. In 1863 he 
was sent by the legislature to England for material 
for an enlarged edition of his 44 History of North 
Carolina." His later life was passed in Washing- 
ton in collating the debates of congress, and m 
statistical labors. His other writings include 44 A 
Legislative Manual of North Carolina" (1874): 
44 Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina" 
(Columbus, Ohio, 1884); and he edited Col. David 
Fanning's 44 Autobiography " (Richmond, Va., 
1801).— His brother, Junius Brutus, soldier, b. in 
Murfreesboro', N. C, 21 Feb., 1830; d. in Lenoir, 
N. C, 15 July, 1886, was educated «t the Uni- 
versity of North Carolina, volunteered at the be- 
ginning of the Mexican war, and participated in 
every battle from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. 
He was promoted lieutenant in 1847. but resigned 
at the end of the war, entered the U. S. military 
academy, and was graduated in 1855. He was 
transferred to the topographical engineers in 1856, 
became 1st lieutenant on 1 July, 1860, was assist- 
ant professor of mathematics at the V. S. military 
academy in 1859-'61, and principal assistant pro- 
fessor there in 1861-'3. He Uxame a captain in 
the engineer corps in March, 1863, chief engineer 
of the Department of the Susquehanna in June and 
September of that year, and chief engineer of the 
Army of the Arkansas from Septeml>er, 1863, till 
May, 1864. He participated in engagements at 
Elkins Ferry, Prairie D'Ane, the occupation of 



Camden, and the battle of Jenkins Ferry, on the 
Saline river, 30 April, 1864, for which he was 
bre vetted major, U. S. army. In March, 1865, he 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel for 
meritorious service during the civil war. He was 
chief engineer of the military division of the 
Missouri in May and June, 1865, commanded the 
engineer depot at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., in July 
and December of that year, was assistant engineer 
on the Mississippi levees in 1865- '6, and superin- 
tendent engineer of harbor improvements in 1866. 
He became major of engineers. U. S. army, in 1866, 
and was then professor of mining and civil en- 
gineering at the U. S. military academy, which post 
he held till his retirement in 1885. * He wrote a 
valuable series of military text-l>ooks that were 
adopted by the U. S. war department, and pub- 
lished under the titles 4 * Civil Engineering" (New 
York, 1877): 44 Art and Science of War ' r (1878); 
4 * Elements of Field Fortifications" (1882); and 
44 Military Engineering" (2 vols., 1884-'5). 

WHEELER, Joseph, soldier, b. in Augusta, 
Ga., 10 Sept., 1836. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1859. and assigned to the 
dragoons. After a year's service at the cavalry 
school for prac- 
tice at Carlisle, 
Pa., he received 
the full rank 
of 2d lieuten- 
ant, but on 22 
April. 1861, re- 
signed and en- 
tered the Con- 
federate army. 
He was made 
colonel of the 
19th Alabama 
infantry on 4 
Sept., 1861, and 
served princi- 
pally in the west. 
At Shiloh he 
commanded a 
brigade and cov- 
ered the Con- 
federate retreat 
from the field. 
In July, 1862, he was transferred to a cavalry com- 
mand, and engaged in raiding western Tennessee. 
During the Kentucky campaign of that vear he 
had charge of Gen. Braxton Bragg's cavalry, and 
fought at Green River and Perryville. He com- 
manded the rear-guard of the Confederate army 
when it retreated into Tennessee, and on 30 Oct., 
1862, was promoted brigadier-treneral. At Mur- 
freesboro' he was in charge oi the cavalry, and 
thereafter he was continuously active in contesting 
Gen. William S. llosecrans's advance, also attacking 
his flanks, raiding in the rear, and destroying his 
trains. On 19 Jan., 1863, he received his commission 
as major-general, and opposed the National advance 
on Chattanooga. He commanded the cavalry at 
Chickamauga, and after the battle crossed Tennes- 
see river and fell uj>on Rosecrans's line of com- 
munications, defeating the force that was sent 
against him and destroying over 1,200 wagons, with 
stores. On this raid he succeeded in damaging 
National property to the value of $3,000,000, but, 
after losing 600 men, was driven back to northern 
Alabama. Subsequently he took part in the siege 
of Knoxville and covered Bragg's retreat from 
Mission ridge and Lookout mountain. During the 
winter and spring he continually harassed the Na- 
tional troops, and, on the advance of Gen. William 




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454 



WHEELER 



WHEELER 



T. Sherman's army toward Atlanta, he opposed 
every movement and fought almost daily, often 
with his men dismounted. During July 27-30 he 
fought the raiding force of Gen. George Stonenian, 
Ge?. Kenner Garrard, and Gen. Edward M. McCook, 
and captured many prisoners, including Gen. Stone- 
man, and all the artillery and transportation. On 
9 Aug., 1864, he was sent by Gen. Jonn B. Hood to 
capture the National supplies, burn bridges, and 
break up railways in the rear of Gen. Sherman's 
army, Passing through northern Georgia, he went 
into eastern Tennessee as far as the Kentucky line, 
and thence through middle Tennessee back into 
northern Alabama. During this raid, which lasted 
one month, he was continuously engaged and ruined 
much property. He was unsuccessful jn destroying 
Sherman's communications, and was finally driven 
back by the National cavalry. When the Confed- 
erate commander became convinced of the impossi- 
bility of arresting Sherman's advance, Wheeler was 
sent in front of the armv to prevent the National 
troops from raiding and foraging. He then en- 
gaged in the defence of Savannah, and for his 
defence of Aiken received the thanks of the legis- 
lature of South Carolina. Gen. Wheeler received 
his promotion to the rank of lieutenant-general on 
28 Feb., 1865, and continued in charge of the cav- 
alry under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston until the sur- 
render in April, I860. The death of Gen. James 
E. B. Stuart, on 11 May, 1864, made him senior 
cavalry general of the Confederate armies. After 
the war, he studied law, which profession and the 
occupation of cotton-planting he followed until 
1880, when he was elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat, and took his seat on 5 Dec., 1881 ; but his 
place was successfully contested by William M. 
Lowe, and he was unseated, 3 June, 1882. He was 
re-elected to the same congress on the death of 
Mr. Lowe, a few months later, and has served since 
4 March, 1885. In January, 1888, he was appointed 
a regent of the Smithsonian institution. 

WHEELER, Nathaniel, inventor, b. in Water- 
town, Conn., 7 Sept., 1820. He was educated in 
the public schools, began life as a carriage manu- 
facturer, and continued in that business till about 
1848. In 1850 he made the acquaintance of Allan 
B. Wilson, who was enjra^ed in perfecting a sewing- 
machine, but needed aid in patenting his invention 
and introducing it to the public Wilson induced 
Mr. Wheeler to join in that enterprise, and in 1852 
the machine was patented in the firm-name of 
Wheeler and Wilson. In 1853 the Wheeler and 
Wilson manufacturing company was founded. Mr. 
Wheeler's knowledge of machinery and his ability 
as an organizer enabled him to expand the sewing- 
machine manufacture from the little factory that 
could make but one machine a day to an establish- 
ment that has facilities for producing 600 machines 
a day. Since 1850, as president of the Wheeler and 
Wilson sewing-machine company, he has created a 
market for more than 1,200,000 sewing-machines. 
He has served six sessions in the senate and house 
of the Connecticut legislature, and has taken out 
patents for various inventions in sewing-machines, 
railway-cars, heating and ventilation fit buildings, 
and wood finishing. 

WHEELER, Orlando Bel In a, civil engineer, 
b. in Lodi, Mich., 29 Nov., 1835. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Michigan in 1862, after 
taking both the scientific and classical courses, and 
in 18ol-'2 was acting assistant in the astronomical 
observatory of that institution under Dr. Francis 
Brunnow. " After his graduation he entered the 
service of the U. S. lake survey as assistant engi- 
neer, which office he held until 1882. Meanwhile 



he was detailed to serve as assistant astronomer 
under Prof. Asaph Hall in 1874, on the expedition 
to Siberia to observe the transit of Venus, and in 
1878 he served" similarly with the total eclipse ex- 
pedition in Colorado, and in 1882 he accompanied 
the party under Lieut Samuel M. Very, U. S. navy, 
that was sent to Patagonia to observe the transit 
of Venus. The degree of C. E. was conferred on 
him by the University of Michigan in 1879, and he 
is a member of scientific societies. Since 1884 he 
has been U. S, assistant engineer under the Mis- 
souri river commission. His writings, principally 
reports, have appeared in the annual volumes of 
the chief of engineers of the U. S. army, and of 
the superintendent of the U. S. naval observatory. 

WHEELER, Samnel, blacksmith, b. in Wecca- 
co, Philadelphia co., Pa., in 1742 ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 10 May, 1820. During the Revolution 
he served in the American army. His reputation 
as a blacksmith reached Gen. Washington, who 
one day sent for him and told him he wished a 
chain made to place across Hudson river at West 
Point, to arrest the British ships. Wheeler said 
he could make it, but not away from his forge, 
" Then," said Washington, " I cheerfully give you 
dismissal from the army. Badly as we want men, 
we cannot afford to keep such a man as you." 
Wheeler made the chain; it was moved in links 
through New Jersey, hung across the river, and did 
good service. He made a cannon out of bars of 
iron, by welding, which was used at the battle of 
the Brandywine, and was the wonder and admira- 
tion of the American officers. It was without 
hoops, lighter than brass ordnance, had a longer 
range, and was more accurate in its effect Napo- 
leon 1. took it as a model, and had cannon for his 
flying artillery manufactured after its pattern, it 
having been captured at the Brandvwine, and sent 
to London, where it was exhibited in the Tower. 
Wheeler also made many improvements in me- 
chanics, among which were scale-beams that would 
weigh a ton, and could be turned by a 12f-cent 

f)iece; hay-scales, hoisting-machines, screws, and 
anterns for light-houses. He also adopted a suc- 
cessful mode for laying the stone for light-houses, 
and superintended the building of that at Cape 
Henlopen, Del., and that at Castle Williams, Gov- 
ernor's island, New York harbor. 

WHEELER, Thomas, soldier, b. in England 
about 1620; d. in Concord, Mass., 16 Dec, 1686. 
He emigrated to this country in 1642, settled in 
Concord, Mass., and participated in King Philip's 
war, in which he was wounded. In July, 1675, he 
was appointed a military escort to Capt Edward 
Hutchinson, of Boston, who was commissioned by 
the council to treat with the sachems in the Nip- 
muck country. His "Narrative" of this expedi- 
tion, a pious and quaintly worded document is 
preserved in the "Collections" of the New Hamp- 
shire historical society. 

WHEELER, William Adolphns, philologist, 
b. in Leicester, Mass., 14 Nov., 1833 ; d. in Kox- 
bury, Mass., 28 Oct., 1874. He was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1853, taught for several years, and, re- 
moving to Cambridge, Mass., assisted Dr. Joseph 
E. Worcester in the preparation of his Dictionary. 
For several years afterward he engaged in similar 
work, contributed to the quarto edition of Noah 
Webster's Dictionary (Springfield. Mass., 1864), and 
prepared for it an "Explanatory and Pronouncing 
Vocabulary of the Names of Noted Fictitious Per- 
sons and Places, including Familiar Pseudonyms, 
Surnames, etc.," which was also issued separately 
(Boston, 1865). He became connected with the 
Boston public library in 1866, and afterward super- 



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WHEELER 



WHEELOCK 



466 




intendent of the catalogue department. He was a 
careful and laborious student of Shakespeare, and 
made collections for a cyclopaedia of Shakespearian 
literature. Among his other works are revisions 
of the school editions of Webster's Dictionary, an 
abridgment of that work, and editions of the Rev. 
Charles Hole's ''Brief Biographical Dictionary" 
(New York, 1866); "Mother Goose's Melodies," 
with antiquarian and philological notes (1869); and 
a " Dickens Dictionary " (1873). He left in manu- 
script an index to anonymous literature entitled 
" Who Wrote It!" 

WHEELER, William Almon, statesman, b. 
in Malone, Franklin co., N. Y., 30 June, 1819; d. 
there, 4 June, 1887. He studied at the University 
of Vermont for two years, but was compelled by 
the death of his father to leave college without 
being graduated. 
He tnen began the 
study of law un- 
der Asa Hascall in 
Malone, N. Y., was 
admitted to the 
bar in 1845. and 
succeeded Mr. Has- 
call as U. S. dis- 
trict attorney of 
Franklin countv, 
which post he held 
till 1849. At that 
time his political 
sympathies were 
with the Whig 
party, by which 
ne was chosen to 
the assembly in 
1849, but in the 
early part of the Fremont canvass in 1856 he sup- 
ported the newly formed Republican party, re- 
maining in it until his death. An affection of the 
throat compelled him to abandon the practice of 
law in 1851, and from that year till 1866 he was 
connected with a bank in Malone. He became 
president of the Northern New York railroad com- 
pany about the same time, and for twelve years 
was supervisory manager of the line from Rouse's 
Point to Ogdensburg, N. Y. He was a member 
and president pro tempore of the state senate in 
1858-'9, and was chosen to congress in 1860 as a 
Republican, but, after serving one term, returned 
to his railroad and banking interests. He was 
president of the New York constitutional con- 
vention in 1867, returned to congress in 1869, and 
served continuously till 1877. During that time 
he was chairman of the committees on the Pacific 
railroad company and commerce, a member of 
those on appropriations and southern affairs, and 
was the first in either house to cover his back-pay 
into the treasury, after the passage of the back- 
salary act. He was also the author of the famous 
"compromise" in the adjustment of the political 
disturbances in Louisiana, by which William Pitt 
Kellogg was recognized as governor, and the state 
legislature became Republican in the senate and 
Democratic in the house. In 1876 he was nomi- 
nated for the vice- presidency by the Republican 
national convention, and he tooit his seat as pre- 
siding officer of the senate in March, 1877. On 
the expiration of his term in 1881 he returned to 
Malone, and did not again enter public life. Mr. 
Wheeler was a man of most excellent character 
and of great liberality. 

WHEELOCK, Charles, soldier, b. in Clare- 
mbnt, N. H., 14 Dec, 1812; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 21 Jan., 1865. He was educated in the com- 



mon schools of New Hampshire and New York 
and became a farmer and provision-dealer in 
Oneida county, N. Y. Immediately after the fall 
of Fort Sumter he abandoned business and de- 
voted his time to raising recruits, pledging himself 
to provide for their families. In the summer of 
1861 he had thus given or pledged $5,000, about 
half of his possessions. Soon afterward he raised 
the 97th New York regiment, of which he became 
colonel on 10 March, 1862, and subsequently he en- 
gaged actively in the war in the Army of the Po- 
tomac, being taken prisoner at the second battle of 
Bull Run, and serving, after his exchange, till his 
death from disease. On 19 Aug., 18(5, he was 
brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. 

WHEELOCK. Eleazar, educator, b. in Wind- 
ham, Conn., 22 April, 1711 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., 
24 April, 1779. His great-grandfather, Rev. Ralph 
Wheelock (1600- '83). an eminent non-conformist 
clergyman, came to New England in 1637. was a 
founder of the 1st church in Dedham, Mass., in 
1638, and thence removed to Medfield, where he 
was a. large land-owner and a representative to the 
general court. Ralph's son, Eleazar, commanded a 
cavalry company against the Indians, and the lat- 
ter's son, Ralph, was a farmer. The second Ralph's 
son, Eleazar, was graduated at Yale in 1733, hav- 
ing been educated with the proceeds of a legacy 
that had been left by his grandfather, Capt. Elea- 
zar, for that purpose. He then studied divinity, 
and in 1735 was ordained over the 2d church in 
Lebanon, Conn., where he labored thirty-five years. 
In the year of his settlement there was a great re- 
vival of religion in his flock. During its progress 
he encountered opposition both from those that 
were more conservative than he and from the more 
radical, yet he entered into his work with zeal, 
preaching in one year " a hundred more sermons 
than there are days in the year." Several years 
later, his salary being: insufficient for his support, 
he began to take pupils into his house, and in 1743 
he received thus* Samson OcCom (q. r.), a Mohican 
Indian, whom he educated. He now conceived 
the plan of an Indian missionary school, and by 1762 
he had more than twenty youths under his charge, 
chiefly Indians. They were supported by the con- 
tributions of benevolent persons, and the school 
received the name of Moor s Indian charity-school, 
from Joshua Moor, a Mansfield farmer, who gave it 
a house and two acres of land in Lebanon, in 1754. 
In 1766, Occom and Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker 
went to England, and by their exertions an en- 
dowment of about £10,000 was obtained, most of 
which was placed in the hands of a board of trus- 
tees, of which William Legge (q. r.), Earl of Dart- 
mouth, was president. It was afterward deter- 
mined to remove the school to a new location, and 
to add to it a seminary where scholars might be 
trained in the classics, philosophy, and literature. 
Mr. Wheelock received offers of land from various 
towns, but finally selected Dresden (now Hanover), 
N. H., both because of the healthfulness of the 
region, and because of the large landed endow- 
ment that was proffered by John Went worth, the 
royal governor. A charter was obtained from 
George III., through Gov. Wentworth, in which 
Wheelock was named as founder and president of 
the college, with the privilege of naming his suc- 
cessor, and also as a trustee. The college was 
named for Lord Dartmouth, though he and the 
other trustees of the Indian school were opposed 
to its establishment, and the institutions therefore 
remained nominally separate till 1849. In August, 
1770, Wheelock removed to Hanover, which was 
then a wilderness, and. after directing the clearing 



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456 WHEELOCK 

of a few acres and the building of one or two log- 
cabins, was joined by his sons and pupils, who at 
first dwelt in booths of hemlock boughs and slept 
on beds of the same. The first winter was severe, 
the buildings were not far enough advanced to 
afford perfect shelter, and great fortitude was 
necessary in both teachers and students. Four 
pupils were graduated at the first commencement 
in 1771, but in the year of the founder's death the 
number had increased to seventeen. Dr. Wheelock 
was afflicted with asthma for many years, vet he 
continued to preach, and, when unable to walk, was 
repeatedly carried to the college chapel. His pop- 
ularity as apulpit orator was inferior only to that 
of George Whitefleld, and his scholarship was ad- 
vanced lor his time. The University of Edinburgh 
gave him the decree of D. D. in 1767. The pros- 

g>cts of the Indian school that was the germ of 
artmouth college were blighted by the Revolu- 
tion, in which many tribes adhered to the mother 
country, yet the Oneidas were kept from doing so 
probably through its means, and many frontier 
settlements were thus saved from pillage and mur- 
der. Dr. Wheelock published a 44 Narrative of the 
Indian School at Lebanon," with several continua- 
tions (1762-'75), and various sermons. See a 44 Me- 
moir, with extracts from his correspondence, by 
Rev. David McClure and Rev. Elijah Parish (New- 
buryport, Mass., 1811).— His son, John, educator, 
b. in Lebanon, Conn., 28 Jan., 1754 ; d. in Hano- 
ver, N. H., 4 April, 1817. entered Yale in 1767, but 
accompanied his father to New Hampshire in 1770, 
and was graduated at Dartmouth with the first 
class in 1771. He was a tutor in 1772-'4, a mem- 
ber of the Provincial congress in the latter year, 
and in 1775 a delegate to the assembly. In the 
spring of 1777 he was appointed a major in the 
service of the state of New York, and in the fol- 
lowing November he was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel in the Continental army. He was sent by 
Gen. John Stark on an expedition against the In- 
dians in 1778, and then served on the staff of Gen. 
Horatio Gates till he was recalled to Hanover by 
his father's death in 1779. In the same year he 
was chosen to succeed his father in the presidency of 
the college, though he was but twenty-nve years old, 
and in 1782 he was riven the chair of civil and eccle- 
siastical history. In 1783 the trustees sent him to 
Europe to raise funds, where by the good offices 
of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, and by 
letters of introduction from Washington and the 
French minister, he was moderately successful. 
In England he made arrangements concerning the 
interrupted income of the college, and procured 
philosophical instruments and other donations ; 
but on his return he was shipwrecked oft* Cape 
Cod, and lost the box that contained his money and 
papers. During President Wheelock's administra- 
tion of thirty-six vears the college was in a flourish- 
ing condition, l/nder him the present Dartmouth 
hall was built in 1786, and the medical department 
was established in 1798. In 1815, in consequence 
of questions of religious opinion and differences 
with the trustees, he was removed from office by 
the latter, and this act occasioned a violent con- 
troversy. The public in general sided with Dr. 
Wheelock, and the legislature, asserting their right 
to alter the charter, reorganized the college in 
1816 as Dartmouth university, with a new board 
of trustees. These reinstated Dr. Wheelock in 
1817, but he died a few months later. Meanwhile 
the old board began suit for the recovery of the 
college property. They lost their case in the state 
supreme court, but won it on appeal to the U. S. 
supreme court, and the new charter and board of 



WHEELWRIGHT 



trustees went out of existence. In this case, which 
is called the "Dartmouth college case,'* Daniel 
Webster laid the foundation of his reputation as a 
constitutional lawyer. Dr. Wheelock had received 




the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth in 1789. 
He left half his estate to Princeton theological 
seminary. He published an 44 Essay on the Beau- 
ties and Excellences of Painting, Music, and Po- 
etry " (1774) ; 44 Eulogy on Prof. John Smith. D. D." 
(1809) ; and 44 Sketches of the History of Dartmouth 
College" (1816).— His only daughter, Maria Mal- 
leville, married Dr. William Allen, president of 
Bowdoin college. The illustration is a view of the 
Wilson library, the finest of the present buildings 
of Dartmouth college. 

WHEELOCK, Joseph A., journalist, b. in 
Bridgstone, Nova Scotia, 8 Feb., 1831. He was 
educated at Sackville academy, New Brunswick, 
and in 1850 became a resident of Minnesota. For 
the next few years he was engaged in various 
clerical employments, and in 1856 he became edi- 
tor of the 44 Real Estate and Financial Advertiser," 
a weekly newspaper in St. Paul. In 1858 and 1859 
he was on the editorial staff of the St Paul 44 Pio- 
neer." In 1860 and 1861 he was commissioner of 
statistics of Minnesota. In the latter year, with oth- 
ers, he founded the St Paul 44 Press," and in 1862 
became its editor. Since that time he has been 
editor of the St Paul "Press" and the 44 Pioneer 
Press." In 1871-5 he was postmaster at St Paul. 

WHEELOCK, Julia Susan, hospital nurse, b, 
in Avon, Ohio, 7 Oct, 1838. She was taken to,Erie 
county, Pa., in 1837, and in 1855 went to Michigan, 
where she was educated in Kalamazoo college. In 
September, 1862, she was summoned from Ionia, 
Mich., where she was teaching, to the bedside of 
her brother, who had been wounded at the second 
battle of Bull Run, and after his death she con- 
tinued to serve in hospitals till the end of the war. 
In 1865-'73 she held a clerkship in the U. S. treas- 
ury department, and on 28 May, 1873, she married 
Parter C. Freeman, with whom she has since re- 
sided in Middleville, Mich., and Springfield, Mo. 
Her journal was published as 44 The Boys in White : 
the Experience of a Hospital Agent in and around 
Washington" (New York, 1870). 

WHEELWRIGHT, John, clergyman, b. in 
Lincolnshire, England, about 1592; d. in Salis- 
bury, Mass., 15 Nov., 1679. He was graduated at 
Cambridge in 1614, and, entering the ministry of 
the established church, was vicar of Bilsby, near 
Alford, but he became a Puritan, and in 1636 
emigrated to Boston to escape persecution. He 
was made pastor of a church at Mount Wollaston 
(now Braintree), and his sympathy with the re- 
ligious opinions of his sister-in-law, Anne Hutchin- 
son, caused dissensions, which were increased by a 
sermon that he delivered in Boston on the occasion 
of a fast that had been appointed by the general 
court in January, 1687. A majority of the con- 



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WHEELWRIGHT 



WHEILDON 



467 



gregation approved it, but he was tried by the 
general court and pronounced guilty of sedition 
and contempt, 44 for that the court had appointed 
the fast as a means of reconciliation of differences, 
and he purposely set himself to kindle them." In 
November, 1637, he was banished, and in 1638, 
with a company of friends, he founded Exeter, 
N. H., and became its pastor. Five years later, as 
the town came under tne jurisdiction of Massachu- 
setts, he obtained a grant of land from Sir Ferdi- 
nando Gorges, in Wells, Me., and removed thither 
with part of his church. In 1644 his sentence of 
banishment was revoked, on his admission that he 
had been partially in the wrong, and in 1646 he 
returned to Massachusetts, where he was for six 
years pastor at Hampton. About 1657 he returned 
to England, where he was well received by Oliver 
Cromwell, who had been his fellow-student and 
friend ; but in 1660 he came again to this country, 
and after 1662 he was pastor at Salisbury. The 
genuineness of an Indian deed to Mr. Wheelwright, 
dated 1629, has been the subject of much contro- 
versy. He published *»Mercurius American us" 
in answer to Thomas Wilde's 44 Rise, Rei^n, and 
Ruin of the Familists, Libertines, etc., in New 
England " (London, 1645), and his 44 Vindication " 
(1654). The sermon that caused his banishment 
is in the possession of the Massachusetts historical 
society, and was published in its 44 Collections," 
edited by Charles Deane (1867). His 44 Writings, 
with a Paper on the Genuineness of the Indian 
Deed of 1629, and a Memoir," by Charles H. Bell, 
have been published by the Prince society (Bos- 
ton, 1876).— His descendant, William, capitalist, 
b. in Newburyport, Mass., in 1798; d. in London, 
England, 26 sept, 1873, was apprenticed to a 
printer, but early entered the merchant marine, 
and when he was 
nineteen years old 
commanded a bark 
that was bound to 
Rio Janeiro. In 1823 
he was in charge of 
the "Rising Em- 
pire," which was 
wrecked near the 
mouth of La Plata 
river, and on his 
arrival in Buenos 
Ay res he became 
supercargo on a ves- 
sel bound for Valpa- 
raiso. Thencefor- 
ward his home was 
in South America. 
sZ/s-tZSsS A* '4 In 1824-'9 he was 
St7V4&4Ut*0* u. S . consul at Gua- 
* vaquil, Ecuador, 

and in the latter year removea to Valparaiso. In 
1829 he established a line of passenger vessels be- 
tween Valparaiso and Cobija, and in 1835 began 
his efforts to establish a line of steamers on the 
west coast. He was three years in obtaining the 
necessary concessions from the Pacific coast coun- 
tries. Chili granted him her permission in August, 
1835, but the more northern countries were slow to 
see the advantages of his plan. In 1838, after vain- 
ly endeavoring to enlist American capital in his en- 
terprise, he went to England, where he was more 
successful. His scheme embraced the adoption 
of the route across the Isthmus of Panama, and 
the result was the formation of the Pacific steam 
navigation company, with a capital of £250,000. 
In 1840 he accompanied his new steamers, the 
••Chili " and 44 Peru," through the Straits of Ma- 




gellan. He was received with unbounded enthu- 
siasm at Valparaiso and Callao, but the steamers 
were laid up for three months on account of lack 
of coal, and to supply them Wheelwright began 
to operate mines in Chili, which provea very pro- 
ductive. He met with trouble at every step, and 
it was not until 1845 that his plan was com- 
pleted by the extension of his line to Panama. The 
Pacific steam navigation company, of which he 
was the founder, operated fifty-four steamers in 
1876. Mr. Wheelwright suggested in 1842, and 
afterward built, a railroad from Santiago to Val- 
paraiso. In 1849-'52 he constructed the railroad 
from the port of Caldera, which he created, to 
Copiapo, and in 1855 he planned a railway from 
Caldera across the Andes to Rosario, on the Parana, 
934 miles. This was opened from Rosario to Cor- 
doba, in the Argentine Republic, in 1870, but its 
completion was postponed for years by the action 
of tne government, which rescinded its conces- 
sions on Wheelwright's refusal to negotiate a loan 
of $30,000,000, which he suspected was to be di- 
verted to the construction of iron-clads, from its 
ostensible purpose of building the toad. In 1872 
he completed a railway, thirty miles long, from 
Buenos Ay res to the harbor of Ensenada, on the 
Atlantic coast, whose great advantages as a port 
he had long urged. Wheelwright also constructed 
the first telegraph line, the first gas and water 
works, and the nrst iron pier in South America. 
He gave for benevolent purposes during his life 
about $600,000, and left one ninth of his estate 
(about $100,000) to found a scientific school in 
Newburyport. His full-length portrait was placed 
in the Merchants' exchange at Valparaiso dv his 
friends, and a bronze statue of him has been 
erected by the board Of trade in the same city. 
He published 44 Statements and Documents rela- 
tive to the Establishment of Steam Navigation 
in the Pacific " (London, 1838) and 44 Observa- 
tions on the Isthmus of Panama " (London, 1844). 
His life was written by Juan B. Alberdi, minis- 
ter of the Argentine Republic to England and 
France, under the title of 44 La Vida y los traba- 
jos industrials de William Wheelwright en la 
America del Sud" (Paris, 1876; English trans- 
lation, with introduction by Caleb Cushing, Bos- 
ton, 1877). See also 44 Biographical Sketch of 
William Wheelwright, of Newburyport, Mass.." by 
Capt. John Codman ^Philadelphia, 1888).— Will- 
iam's cousin, John Tyler, lawyer, b. in Rox- 
bury, Mass., 28 Feb., 1856, is the son of George W. 
Wheelwright. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1876, and at the law-school in 1878, and practised 
his profession in Boston. Mr. Wheelwright was a 
founder of the Harvard 44 Lampoon " in 1876, and 
has been a frequent contributor to 44 Life." He is 
the author of arajnatic sketches, which have been 
read in public by George Riddle ; 44 Rollo's Jour- 
ney to Cambridge," with Frederick J. Stimson (Bos- 
ton, 1880); "The King's Men," with Mr. Stimson, 
John Boyle O'Reilly, and Robert Grant (New York, 
1882); and 4 - A Child of the Century " (1886). 

WHEILDON, William Willder, author, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 17 Oct, 1805. His father was a 
native of Birmingham, England. The son was 
apprenticed to Nathaniel Greene, a printer, at 
Haverhill, Mass., in 1820, and in the next year re- 
moved with Greene to Boston, where he became 
foreman in the office of his newspaper, the 44 Ameri- 
can Statesman." and its assistant editor. In May, 
1827, he established at Charlestown the 44 Bunker 
Hill Aurora," of which he continued as editor and 
publisher till September, 1870. Since 1850 he has 
resided in Concord, Mass. Mr. Wheildon has held 



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WHELAN 



WHBLAN 



various local public offices. His paper, the " Au- 
rora," was begun under the favor of Edward 
Everett, whose personal friend the editor was for 
many years. Besides occasional poems, Mr. Wheil- 
don's publications include '* Letters from Nahant " 
(Charlestown, 1848); "Memoir of Solomon Wil- 
lard. Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker 
Hill Monument," whicn he prepared as chairman 
of a committee of the Monument association 
(Boston, 1866): "Contributions to Thought," a 
volume of lectures and essays (Concord, 1874) ; 
"New History of the Battle of Bunker Hill" 
(1875); "Siege and Evacuation of Boston and 
Charlestown " (1876) ; " Sentry or Beacon Hill : 
the Beacon and the Monument of 1635 and 1790" 
(Concord, 1877) ; " Paul Revere's Signal Lanterns " 
(1878); and "Curiosities of History" (1880). He 
made the climate of the arctic regions a subject 
of special study, and in 1860 read a paper before 
the American association for the advancement of 
science on an *' Atmospheric Theory of the Open 
Polar Sea," which was followed by others on the 
subject, the last being "Remarks on the Last 
Circular of Dr. Peterman " (Portland, 1873). 

WHELAN, Charles, clergyman, b. in Ireland 
about 1745 ; d. in Maryland in 1809. He was a 
member of the order of Franciscans, and served as 
a chaplain on one of the French ships of Admiral 
De Orasse's fleet in the war of the American Revo- 
lution. Gen. Lafayette, it is claimed, strongly 
recommended Mr. Whelan to the kindness of the 
authorities of New York state before he returned 
to France, and he soon afterward became the first 
regularly settled priest in the city of New York. 
Having disagreed with his congregation, he was 
dismissed in February. 1787, and was subsequently 
sent by Bishop Carroll on a mission to Kentucky, 
being the first missionary of the Roman Catholic 
church in that state. 

WHELAN, James, R. C. bishop, b. in Kilkenny, 
Ireland. 8 Dec, 1823; d. in Zanesville, Ohio, 18 
Feb., 187a He emigrated to the United States 
with his parents in 1838, in 1839 entered the Do- 
minican novitiate in Springfield, Ky., and took the 
vows in 1842. He finished nis course of philosophy 
and theology in the Dominican convent at Somer- 
set, Ohio, and was ordained a priest on 2 Aug., 
1846. He was engaged in missionary duties in 
Somerset and its neighborhood until 1852, when 
he was elected president of St. Joseph's college, 
Perry co., Ohio. In 1854 he was made provincial 
of the Dominican province, which included all the 
United States except the Pacific coast. Having 
been nominated coadjutor to Bishop Miles, of 
Nashville, he was consecrated bishop of Marcopolis 
in partibus on 8 May, 1859. He became bishop of 
Nashville on the death of Dr. Miles on 21 Feb., 
1860, and at once began to enlarge the cathedral, 
established an academy and boarding-school, and 
founded schools and an orphan asylum. Having 
obtained permission to pass through the lines to 
visit Bishop Spalding at Louisville, he was ac- 
cused, on his return, of making remarks in the 
National lines which the Confederates thought had 
influenced the movements of the National army. 
The reproaches of which he was the object on tne 
occasion, combined with his inability to find a 
remedy for the evils around him, affected his 
mind. In 1864 he resigned his see and retired to 
St. Joseph's convent for a time. He published 
** Catena A urea, or a Golden Chain of Evidences 
demonstrating, from Analytical Treatment of His- 
tory, that Papal Infallibility is no Novelty," which 
is regarded as one of the most learned and exhaust- 
ive treatises on this question (1871). 



WHELAN, Peter, clergyman, b. in County Wex- 
ford, Ireland, in 1800 ; d. in Savannah, Ga., 5 Feb^ 
1871. He received a classical education in his 
native county, volunteered for missionary duty in 
the United States, finished his theological course 
in the diocesan seminary at Charleston, S. C, and 
was ordained by Bishop England in 1830. He was 
given charge of the eastern part of North Caro- 
lina, and in 1833 was transferred to Locust Grove 
church, a mission that embraced northeastern 
Georgia, where he remained until 1850. He ad- 
ministered the diocese of Savannah from 1859 till 
1861, and as administrator took part in the eighth 
provincial council of Baltimore, where he was of- 
fered the vacant see, but declined. During the 
civil war he was general chaplain at all the stations 
in Georgia from Anderson to Tvbee. In this capa- 
city his devotion to the National prisoners was 
very marked, especially at Andersonville, where 
he shared with them all he possessed, even to his 
wearing-apparel. He was engaged in administer- 
ing the sacraments to the sick at Fort Pulaski 
when it was taken, and was sent a prisoner to the 
north. He was confined in Fort Lafayette for 
some time, and, on his release, returned to Georgia. 

WHELAN, Richard Vincent, R. C. bishop, b. 
in Baltimore, Md., 28 Jan., 1809; d. there, 7 July, 
1874. He was educated in Mount St Mary's col- 
lege, Emmitsburg, and afterward studied theology 
in the Seminary of St Sulpice, Paris. He was 
ordained a priest 
in 1832, and after 
his return to the 
United States was 
appointed pastor 
of Harper's Ferry, 
at the same time 
attending neigh- 
boring missions. 
He was nominat- 
ed second bish- 
op of Richmond 
on 19 Dec., 1840, 
and consecrated 
at Baltimore by 
Archbishop Eccle- 
son on 21 March, 
1841. There were 
but 6,000 Roman 
Catholics and six 
priests in Virginia, 
and, in order to increase the number of the latter, 
he appealed for help to the societies for the propa- 
gation of the faith in Europe, receiving a liberal 
response. He founded schools at Martinsburg. In 
order to continue the supply of priests for his dio- 
cese, he purchased land near Richmond and erected 
a theological seminary. He established missions at 
Witlieville, Summersville, King wood, and Lynch- 
burg. In 1846 he went to Wheeling, where Roman 
Catholics were increasing in numbers, and labored 
as a simple priest on this mission. Feeling that his 
personal supervision was required to build up the 
church in western Virginia, he removed there, and 
never returned. He erected a cathedral at Wheel- 
ing, founded schools, and opened an ecclesiastical 
seminary in his own house, in which he trained 
young men for the priesthood. He attended the 
seventh provincial council of Baltimore in 1849. 
In 1850 the bishopric of Wheeling was created, 
and Dr. Whelan was made its first bishop. His 
efforts to develop Roman Catholicism in this dis- 
trict involved him in heavy debt, and in 1857 he 
went to seek assistance in Europe, where he ob- 
tained aid that enabled him to labor with renewed 




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energy. He began a college at Wheeling in 1866, 
and opened several academies, ne was present at 
the Vatican council in 1869-'70, and addressed that 
body on some of the most important auestions be- 
fore it. He opposed the definition 01 the dogma 
of papal infallibility, but submitted to the decision 
of the council, declaring that his opposition did 
not arise from disbelief in its truth, but from the 
fact that he believed its definition at the time in- 
opportune. At the beginning of the administra- 
tion of Bishop Whelan the uiocese of Wheeling 
contained two churches and two priests, and was 
without Roman Catholic schools or institutions of 
any kind. At his death there were 48 churches, 
40 stations where religious services were held, and 
29 priests. It contained six academies for girls, 
four convents, a hospital, an orphan asvlum. and a 
college. The Roman Catholic population had in- 
creased from less than 1,000 to 18,000. 

WHELPLEY, Samuel, clergvman,b. in Stock- 
bridge, Mass., in 1766 ; d. in New York city, 14 
July. 1817. His parents removed to a farm in 
Stockbridge from Wilton, Conn. The son studied 
theology under Dr. Stephen West, was ordained 
to the Baptist ministry in 1792, and preached in 
Stockbridge and West Stockbridge till he took 
charge of an independent church in Green River, 
N. J. In 1798-1809 he was at the head of an acad- 
emy in Morristown, N. J., and in 1806 he was re- 
ceived into the ministry of the Presbyterian church. 
Iu 1809 he opened a school in Newark, N. J., but in 
the latterpart of the year failing health forced him 
to go to Savannah, Ga., where he supported him- 
selfby teaching. He returned to Newark in 1811, 
and in 1814 went to New York, where he hail charge 
of a school for a short time, till his health failed 
utterly. Mr. Whelpley was the author of 44 Com- 
pend of History from the Earliest Times " (Phila- 
delphia, 1808; new ed., 2 vols., New York, 1855); 
"Letters on Capital Punishment and War,*' ad- 
dressed to Gov. Caleb Strong (1816); and "The 
Triangle : a Series of Numbers upon Three Theo- 
logical Points enforced from Various Pulpits in 
New York," a defence of the so-called New Eng- 
land theology (New York, 1817), besides single ser- 
mons, orations, and addresses. He also wrote oc- 
casional poems, including an ode on the death of 
George Washington, which was sung in Morris- 
town at a commemorative service. — His son, Philip 
Melancthon, clergyman, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 
22 Dec., 1792; d. on Schooley's mountain, N. J., 
17 July, 1824, was pastor of the 1st Presbyterian 
church in New York city from 1815 till his death. 
He acquired reputation as a pulpit orator, and pub- 
lished several occasional sermons. — Philip Melanc- 
thon'sson, James Davenport, physician, b. in New 
York city, 23 Jan., 1817; d. in Boston, Mass., 15 
April, 1872. was graduated at Yale in 1837, and 
entered the service of the geological survey of 
Pennsylvania under Henry D. Rogers, where he 
continued for two years. He was graduated at 
the medical department of Yale in 1842, and re- 
mained in New Haven until 1846, engaging in the 
study of science and in literary pursuits. Dr. 
Whelpley then settled in Brooklyn, N. Y., where 
he began to practise medicine; but failing health 
soon 'compelled hirn to relinquish that profession. 
In 1847 ne removed to New York city, where 
he became editor and one of the owners of the 
" American Whig Review," to which he had been 
a contributor since 1845. While thus engaged he 
formed, about 1849, a project of establishing *a 
commercial colony in Honduras, and in further- 
ance of this enterprise spent two years in San 
Francisco, purchasing and editing one of the daily 



papers there. His arrangements were disturbed 
oy the presence of the filibuster, William Walker, 
and on going to Honduras he was detained by 
Walker for nearly a vear and impressed into the 
service as a surgeon, during which time he suffered 
great privation. Finally he escaped to San Fran- 
cisco, whence he returned early in 1857 to the east 
and apain devoted himself to literary and scientific 
pursuits. He was a member of the American 
academy of arts and sciences, to whose transac- 
tions and to the " American Journal of Science " 
he contributed papers, principally on physics and 
metallurgy, giving the results of his researches. 
The most important of these is " Idea of an Atom 
suggested by the Phenomena of Weight and Tem- 
perature" (1845), in which he anticipated Michael 
Faraday's ideas as set forth in his "Thoughts on 
Ray Visions" (1846); and he was also the author 
of 44 Letters on Philosophical Induction " and " Let- 
ters on Philosophical Analogy," which discuss fun- 
damental principles in scientific methods. 

WHIPPLE, Abraham, naval officer, b. in 
Providence, R. I., 16 Sept., 1733 ; d. in Marietta, 
Ohio, 29 Mav, 1819. Early in life he commanded 
a vessel in the West Indian trade, but during the 
old French war in 1759-'60 he l>ecame captain of 
the privateer " Gamecock," and captured twenty- 
three French vessels in a single cruise. In June, 
1772, he commanded the volunteers that took and 
burned the British revenue-schooner "Gasp£" in 
Narragansclt Imy. This was the first popular 
uprising in this country against a British armed 
vessel. In .lime, 1775, Rhode Island fitted out two 
armed vessels, of which Whipple was put in com- 
mand, with the title of commodore. A few days 
later he chased a tender of the British sloop 44 Rose " 
off the Conanicut shore, capturing her after sharp 
firing. In this engagement Whipple fired the first 
gun of the Revolution on the water. He was ap- 
pointed captain of the 44 Columbus" on 22 Dec., 
1775, and afterward of the schooner 44 Providence," 
which captured more British prizes than any other 
American vessel ; but she was finally taken, and 
Whipple was placed in command of a new frigate 
of the same name, in which, when Narragansett bay 
was blockaded by the British in 1778, he forced his 
way, in a dark and stormy night, through the ene- 
my's fleet by pouring broadsides into it and sinking 
one of their tenders. At that time he was bound 
for France with important despatches that related 
to a treaty between the United States and that 
government, and after a successful voyage he re- 
turned in safety to Boston. In July, 1779, while 
commanding the "Providence" as senior officer, 
and with two other ships, he attacked a fleet of 
English merchantmen that were under convoy of 
a snip-of-the-line and some smaller cruisers. He 
captured eight prizes, and sent them to Boston. 
The value of these ships exceeded $1,000,000. In 
1780 he went to Charleston, S. C, in an endeavor 
to relieve the city, which at that time was besieged 
by the British ; but he was captured and held a 
prisoner until the close of the war. He subse- 
quently became a farmer at Cranston, R. I., but in 
1788 he connected himself with the Ohio company, 
and settled at Marietta. 

WHIPPLE, Amiel Weeks, soldier, b. in Green- 
wich, Mass., in 1818 : d. in Washington, D. C, 7 
May, 1863. He studied at Amherst, was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1841, was 
engaged immediately afterward in the hydro- 
graphic survey of Patapsco river, and in 1842 in 
surveying the approaches to New Orleans and the 
harbor of Portsmouth, N. H. In 1844 he was de- 
tailed as assistant astronomer upon the north- 



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WHIPPLE 



eastern boundary surrey, and in 1845 he was em- 
ployed in determining the northern boundaries of 
few York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In 
1849 he was appointed assistant astronomer in the 
Mexican boundary commission, and in 1853 he 
had charge of the Pacific railroad survey along 
the 35th parallel. In 1856 he was appointed 
engineer for the southern light-house district and 
superintendent of the improvements of St Clair 
flats and St Mary's river. At the opening of the 
civil war he at once applied for service in the field, 
and was assigned as chief topographical engineer 
on the staff of Gen. Irvin McDowell. In this ca- 
pacity he was the author of the first maps of that 
part of Virginia that were issued during the war, 
and performed creditable service at the first battle 
of Fredericksburg. Upon the second advance of 
the army he was attached, as chief topographical 
engineer, to the staff of Gen. George B. McClellan, 
but, being appointed brigadier-general of volun- 
teers, was recalled in May, 1862, and assigned to 
the command of the defences of Washington south 
of Potomac river. His service here was so well 
performed that he received in orders the thanks 
of the president of the United States. His division 
was assigned in October, 1862, to the 9th corps, 
and took part in the movement down the eastern 
base of the Blue Ridge, upon the skirts of Lee's re- 
treating army. At Waterloo his division was at- 
tached to the 3d army corps, and he led it at the 
battle of Fredericksburg. At the battle of Chan- 
cellorsville it was much exposed, and suffered more, 
probably, in that engagement than any other divis- 
ion of the army. He was shot on Monday, 4 May, 
1863, when the battle was practically at an end, 
and, living three days, was appointed major-general 
of volunteers for gallantry in action. He had re- 
ceived the brevets of lieutenant-colonel for the 
Manassas campaign, colonel for Fredericksburg, 
brigadier-general for Chancellorsville, and major- 
general for services during the war—all in the 
regular army.— His son, Charles William, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1868. 
and is now chief ordnance officer of the Depart- 
ment' of the Missouri, with the rank of captain. 

WHIPPLE, Edwin Percy, author, b. in Glou- 
cester, Mass., 8 March, 1819; d. in Boston. Mass., 
16 June, 1886. His father, Matthew, who died 
while Edwin was an infant, is said to have had 
** strong sense and fine social powers." His mother. 
Lydia Gardiner, was of a family in Gardiner, Me., 
noted for its mental gifts. She early removed to 
Salem, Mass., where her son was educated at the 
English high-school. Here he was noted for hi* 
precocity, and took high rank. At fourteen years 
of age he published articles in a Salem newspaper, 
and at fifteen, on leaving school, he became a clerk 
in the Bank of general interest In 1837 he was 
employed in the office of a large broker's firm in 
Boston, and soon afterward he was appointed su- 
perintendent of the news-room and of the Mer- 
chants' exchange in State street. He was an active 
member of the Mercantile library association, and 
one of a club of six that was an offshoot from it, 
and held its sessions, known as "The Attic Nights," 
for literary exercises and debate. There his com- 
mand of the weapons of debate— his skill in intel- 
lectual fence ami readiness of repartee, sustained 
by large stores of information and a subtle critical 
faculty— made him an acknowledged leader. In 
1840 he delivered a poem before the Mercantile 
library association, portraying the manners and 
satirizing the absurdities of the day. He was intro- 
duced to the general public by a critical article, or 
rather panegyric, from his pen, on Macaulay, pub- 




lished in the ** Boston Miscellany " for February, 
1843, which drew from the great essayist a compli- 
mentary letter. The paper glows with enthusiasm, 
leading occasionally to exaggeration, but manifests 
a critical insight, and 
a sweep, energy, and 
vividness of style, that 
indicate the advent of 
a new force in litera- 
ture. In October of 
the same year he gave 
a lecture before the 
Mercantile library as- 
sociation on ** The 
Lives of Authors,** af- 
ter which he was con- 
tinually sought for as 
a lecturer, till he aban- 
doned the platform. 
He is said to have ad- 
dressed more than a 
thousand audiences in 
the northern and mid- 
dle states, from Ban- 
gor to St Louis. The 
lectures, which embraced a wide range of topics, 
biographical, critical, and social, were of a philo- 
sophic cast, and abounded in fine analysis, shrewd 
observation, and acute insight, relieved by apt 
anecdote, epigrammatic wit, and poignant satire. 
Besides lecturing before lyceums, he addressed, 
on many occasions, the literary societies of col- 
leges, as Brown, Dartmouth, Waterville, and Am- 
herst ; and in 1850 was the Fourth-of-July orator 
before the city authorities of Boston. Mr. Whip- 
ple was an early and frequent contributor to Amer- 
ican reviews, and wrote numerous articles for 
the magazines and public journals. Some of his 
best writing is to be found in 44 Every Saturday," 
a weekly paper of which he was at one time edi- 
tor, in pithy, thoughtful papers, condensing with 
rare skill the results of years of observation, read- 
ing, and reflection. His first published book was 
44 Essays and Reviews " (2 vols., New York, 1848- , 9). 
Among the best of its papers are those on 44 Bvron," 
44 English Poets of the Nineteenth Centurr," 
44 South's Sermons," 44 Henry Fielding " and 44 Rufus 
Choate." The portraiture of the great New Eng- 
land advocate — one of those rare and unique men 
whose elusive genius seems to defy characterization, 
and baffle all attempts to label it and put it into 
any moral pigeon-hole — is one of the happiest ex- 
amples of the writer's acute and discriminating 
analysis. Choate he pronounces 44 a kind of Mira- 
beau-Peel," who "combines a conservative intellect 
with a radical sensibility " ; whose emotions, like 
well-trained troops, are impetuous by rule." 44 A 
fiery and fusing imagination lies at the centre of 
his large and flexible nature, and is the chief source 
of his power." 

Mr. Whipple's next work was 44 Literature and 
Life " (1841)), a thin volume containing his lectures 
on 44 Authors," 4 * Wit and Humor," 44 The Ludicrous 
Side of Life," 44 Genius," and others. In 1871 a new 
edition was published, containing several addition- 
al papers. In I860 he resigned his post in the 
Merchants' exchange in order to devote himself 
exclusively to literary pursuits. In 1866 appeared 
his "Character and Characteristic Men," a work 
composed of lectures and essays, in which the 
various qualities that make up the complex web of 
character, and the subtle essence that constitutes 
the individuality of great m:»n. are detected with 
penetrating vision and set forth in vivid language. 
The last paper, on 44 Washington and the Pnn- 



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461 



ciples of the American Revolution," is a republica- 
tion of the Fourth-of-July address already noticed. 
In 1871 was published "Success and its Con- 
ditions," the key-note of which is that 44 virtue is 
an aid to insight," and which enforces and illus- 
trates the truth that sham, in a large sense, is never 
successful. In 1872 Mr. Whipple became literary 
editor of the Globe," then a new daily paper in 
Boston, but resigned the place in the next year. 
In 1876 the "Literature of the Age of Elizabeth," 
a series of critical essays originally delivered at 
the Lowell institute, was published. In this work, 
which is a discussion of the merits and defects of 
the English dramatists, with also critical estimates 
of Sidney, Raleigh, Bacon, and Hooker, Mr. Whip- 
ple's genius reaches high- water mark. In 1877 he 
wrote for the 44 North American Review " a paper 
on George Eliot, which she and Mf. Lewes declared 
to be the most satisfactory criticism on her writings 
that had then appeared. In 1878 Mr. Whipple and 
James T. Fields compiled and edited the 44 Family 
Library of British Poetry." After Mr. Whipple's 
death was published his 44 Recollections of Eminent 
Men, with other Papers," with an introduction by 
Cyrus A. Bartol (Boston, 1887). In this volume 
are vivid portraitures of Rufus Choate, Louis 
Agassi z, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John L. Motley, 
Charles Sumner, and George Ticknor ; and to these 
are added a paper on Matthew Arnold, who is 
praised for the expansiveness, fertility, and subtlety 
of his intellect, his felicitous critical phrases ana 
definitions, and the exquisite beauty of his style, 
but severely censured for his 44 moral and intellect- 
ual superciliousness" as a critic; and papers on 
Barry Cornwall and some of his contemporaries, 
and on the private life of George Eliot, who "al- 
lowed her understanding to adopt opinions which 
her deepest reason and affections repudiated." In 
the same year with the latter work was published 
44 American Literature and other Papers," with a 
brief introduction by the poet Whittier. The vol- 
ume contains five essays ; the centennial review of 
" American Literature," published in " Harper's 
Magazine " in 1876, a masterpiece of condensation 
and of apt and discriminating criticism ; 44 Daniel 
Webster as a Master of English Style," which had 
been prefixed to a collection of that statesman's 
princioal speeches published in 1879; and papers 
on 44 Emerson and Carlvle." 44 Emerson as a Poet," 
and the 44 Character ana* Genius of T. Starr King." 
The last collection of Mr. Whipple's periodical 
papers was 44 Outlooks on Society, Literature, and 
Politics" (Boston, 1888). 

Mr. Whipple was one of the very few men who 
have made the most of their natural gifts. Though 
chiefly self-educated in the popular sense of the 
terra, his mental training and equipment were such 
as most college graduates mij?bt envy. He was 
chiefly distinguished for his critical faculty. En- 
dowed by nature with a rare degree of acuteness, 
penetration, judgment, and sympathy, he devel- 
oped and strengthened these faculties by ceaseless 
training and discipline, which made him a mas- 
ter in his chosen calling. Uniting a keen insight, 
that was 44 almost a species of mental clairvoyance," 
with the power of logical analysis, a tenacious 
memory with a playful imagination, and a grave 
spirit with a lively sensibility to the comic, he in- 
stinctively discriminated between the essential and 
the accidental, the wheat and the chaff, in letters, 
and set forth the reasons for his discrimination 
with a force and clearness that carried conviction 
to his readers. Pure and sensitive, however, as was 
his literary taste, his distinctive excellence was not 
to much his judgment upon the quality of a book 



as a more or less cunning work of art, as the reve- 
lation which he saw in it of the genius and charac- 
ter of the author. Like Sainte-Beuve, he sought to 
detect the man in his writing, his spiritual physi- 
ognomy, his originality and independence or sla- 
very as a thinker, the atmosphere in which he lived, 
and the experiences of which the work was the 
product. Few critics have been influenced less by 
their idiosyncrasies and predilections, bv the secret 
leanings which 44 haunt every man as his shadow," 
and warp the mind from absolute rectitude. Rare- 
ly blind to faults, he had a quick and keen eye for 
excellence, and when he erred it was on the side of 
leniency, never on that of excessive severity. Con- 
scientious in all his statements, he carefully weighed 
his words, and never sacrificed the trutn to epi- 
gram and brilliant effect. Few writers have been 
more painstaking. He was as fastidious and self- 
exacting when writing an ephemeral article for a 
newspaper as when preparing a paper for a review, 
often throwing into the fire three or four draughts 
in succession, because they did not satisfy his 
critical judgment His style is said to have been 
formed on Macaulay's ; but he was no copyist or 
imitator. If, as some will think, it is sometimes 
oratorical, and sometimes injured by an excess of 
antithesis and anecdote, the faults are accounted 
for by the fact that some of his most characteristic 
productions were written for delivery as lectures. 
Mr. Whipple had fine conversational powers. He 
had an inexhaustible fund of anecdote and illus- 
tration from history and literature, ready for in- 
stant use, and the felicity of his citations was only 
equalled by that of his original wit 44 The effete of 
society," 44 the gentleman of wealth and pleasure," 
44 the organ of distaste " (said of a certain journal), 
were some of his current sayings. Of Walt Whit- 
man's 44 Leaves of Grass " he said : " It has every 
leaf except the fig-leaf." He had an even tempera- 
ment, and was noticeably free from envy, jealousy, 
irritability, and other faults that too often deform 
the literary character. His married life was a con- 
tradiction to the popular notion concerning the 
hymeneal infelicity of literary men. In 1847 he 
married Miss Charlotte Hastings, in whom he 
found at all times an intellectual, congenial, and 
sympathetic companion. Personally Mr. Whipple 
was of spare figure and below medium stature, with 
a face of remarkable mobility and expressiveness, 
the large, lustrous eyes glowing with interest as he 
talked on favorite inspiring themes. 

WHIPPLE, Henry Benjamin, P. E. bishop, 
b. in Adams, Jefferson co., N. Y., 15 Feb., 1822. 
He prepared for college, but, on account of feeble 
health, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, 
and took an active interest in politics for several 
years. Upon deciding to study for the ministry, 
he followed a theological course under Dr. Will- 
iam D. Wilson, who was afterward professor in 
Cornell university. He was ordered deacon in 
Trinity church, Geneva, N. Y., 17 Aug., 1849, and 
ordained priest in Christ church, Sackett's Harbor, 
N. Y.. 16 July, 1850, both by Bishop De Lancev. 
In the same year he became rector of Zion churcn, 
Rome, N. Y., where he remained seven years. In 
the spring of 1857 he removed to Chicago, 111., and 
assumed the rectorship of the Church of the Holy 
Communion in that city. This position he held 
until his election to the episcopate. He was con- 
secrated the first bishop of Minnesota in St 
James's church, Richmond, Va., 18 Oct, 1859. In 
1860 he took an active part in organizing the Sea- 
bury mission, out of which has grown Seabury 
divinity-school ; St. Mary's Hall, a school for girls ; 
and Shattuck school for boys— all at Faribault, 



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WHIPPLE 




Minn. Having many Indians within his jurisdic- 
tion and in the neighboring territories, he has de- 
voted his energies largely to their improvement, 
education, and evangelization. He is known 
among the tribes as " Straight Tongue." He is one 

of the origi- 
nal members 
of the Pea- 
body educa- 
tion fund. 
For many 
years he has 
been a recog- 
nized authori- 
ty on all ques- 
tions relating 
to the vexed 
Indian prob- 
lem, and he is 
often consult- 
ed by the 
U. S. govern- 
ment in such 
matters. He 
is a member 
of the govern- 
ment commis- 
sion for the consolidation of Indian tribes that are 
capable of civilization, and has been able to do 
much in this direction. In northern Minnesota 
1,500 Christian Chippewa Indians are gathered on 
White Earth reservation engaged in agriculture 
and cattle-raising. He attended the third Pan- 
Anglican council at Lambeth palace in 1888, and 
took part in the funeral services of Bishop Harris, 
of Michigan, in Westminster abbey. One of the 
principal buildings in Faribault college is called 
Whipple Hall in nis honor. Racine gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1859. He has written much for 
the press and periodicals on the Indian question, and 
has also published sermons, addresses, and charges. 

WHIPPLE, John Adams, inventor, b. in 
Grafton, Mass., 10 Sept., 1822. While a bov he was 
an ardent student of chemistry, and on the intro- 
duction of the daguerreotype process into this coun- 
try he was the first to manufacture the chemicals 
that were used in it His health having become 
impaired through this work, he devoted his atten- 
tion exclusively to photography, in connection with 
which he made many useful inventions and im- 
provements. He prepared his plates and brought 
out his pictures by steam, invented crayon daguer- 
reotypes, and crystalotypes, or daguerreotypes on 
glass, and, with the aid of the fifteen-inch equa- 
torial telescope of the Harvard college observatory, 
under the direction of Prof. William C. Bond, 
took a daguerreotype of the moon's surface, for 
which he was complimented by the Royal academy 
of arts and sciences of London, and on 17 July, 
1850, photographed Alpha Lyra, which is said to 
have been the first successful experiment in stellar 
photography. He received the prize medal at the 
World's fair, London, and a silver medal at the 
Crystal palace. New York. 

WHIPPLE. Squire, civil engineer, b. in Wor- 
cester county, Mass., 16 Sept, 1804 ; d. in Albany, 
N. Y., 15 March, 1888. He earned sufficient money 
by teaching to educate himself at Hartwick semi- 
nary and Fairfield academy, and was graduated at 
Union college in 1830. Having acquired a fond- 
ness for mechanical pursuits as a boy in his father's 
cotton-factory, he now turned his attention to civil 
engineering, and was successively a rod-man and 
leveller on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. In 
1840 he designed and built the first model of a 



scale for weighing canal-boats, and subsequently 
he built the first weigh-lock scale on the Erie canal 
He began his career as a bridge- builder in 1840 by 
designing and patenting an iron-bridge truss. 
During the next ten years he built several bridges 
on the Erie canal and the New York and l5ie 
railroad. In 1852-'3 he built a wrought- and cast- 
iron bridge over the Albany and Northern railroad, 
and by his work acouired the title of the 44 father 
of iron bridges." He obtained a patent for his 
lift draw-bridge in 1872, and in 1873-'4 built the 
first one over the Erie canal at Utica. Since that 
time the Whipple iron bridges have stood in the 
foremost rank. He possessed a fine cabinet of 
models, instruments, and apparatus, mostly made 
by himself, illustrating the different branches of 
physical and mechanical science. Mr. Whipple 
was elected an honorary member of the American 
society of civil engineers in 1868. He was the 
author of "The Way to Happiness" (Utica, 1847), 
and a "Treatise on Bridge-Building" (1847; en- 
larged ed.. New York, 1873). 

WHIPPLE, William, signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, b. in Kittery, Me., 14 Jan., 
1730; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 28 Nov., 17B5. 
His father, William, a native of Ipswich, Mass., 
was bred as a maltster, but, removing to Kittery, 
engaged in a seafaring life for several years. The 
son was educated at a public school in his native 
town, and afterward became a sailor, having com- 
mand of a vessel before he was twenty-one years of 
age. He engaged in the European, West India, 
and African trade, and ^— 
brought large numbers /F* 9?tftsifi4s 
of negro slaves to this " " n 77 
country, but afterward, during the Revolution, 
liberated those that belonged to him. In 1759 he 
abandoned the sea entirely and entered into busi- 
ness in Portsmouth with his brother Joseph, which 
connection lasted till about two years previous to 
the Revolution. At an early period of the contest 
between the colonies and Great Britain he took a 
decided part in favor of the former. He was 
elected a delegate from New Hampshire to the 
Continental congress in 1775, taking his seat in 
May, was re-elected, 23 Jan., 1776, took his seat on 
29 Feb. following, and signed the Declaration of 
Independence in July. He was re-elected to con- 
gress in 1778, and declined to be chosen again, 
but was a member of the state assembly in 1780-'4. 
He was commissioned a brigadier - general in 
1777, commanded 
a brigade of New 
Hampshire troops 
at the battles of 
SaratogaandStUl- ..^y 
water, and, after I 
the surrender of 
Burgoyne, signed 
the articles of ca- 
pitulation with 
Col. James Wil- 
kinson on behalf 
of Gen. Horatio 
Gates. Gen. Whip- 
ple was afterward 
selected as one of 
the officers under 

whose charge the British troops were conducted to 
their place of encampment on Winter hill, near 
Boston. In 1778 he participated in Gen. Sullivan's 
expedition to Rhode Island, having command of 
the detachment of militia from New Hampshire, 
but the expedition failed of success, and he resigned 
his military appointment, 20 June, 1782. In 1780 he 




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WHIPPLE 



WHISTLER 



463 



was appointed a commissioner of the board of ad- 
miralty, which post he declined. He was state su- 
perintendent of finances in 1782-'4, appointed judge 
of the supreme court, 20 June, 1782, and justice of 
the peace and quorum throughout the state in De- 
cern oer, 1 784, and acted in this capacity till his death. 

WHIPPLE, William Den f son, soldier, b. in 
Nelson, Madison co., N. Y., 2 Aug., 1826. He 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1851, and became 2d lieutenant in the 3d infantry 
on 9 Sept. of that year. After six years of un- 
eventful service in New Mexico, he participated in 
the Gila expedition against the Apaches in 1857, 
the Navajo expedition of 1858. and the defence of 
Fort Defiance, N. M., in 1860. He became 1st 
lieutenant in December, 1856, and on the opening 
of the civil war was on quartermaster's duty at 
Indianola, Tex. After the capture of the if. S. 
property he escaped through the enemy's lines, was 
commissioned captain and assistant adjutant-gen- 
eral, and in that capacity was present at the battle 
of Bull Run and at the headquarters of the De- 
partments of Pennsylvania ana Virginia, respect- 
lvel v, to June, 1862, when, becoming lieutenant-col- 
onel and additional aide-de-camp, he was on duty 
in the Middle Department and 8th army corps, anil 
as chief of staff to Gen. Cadwallader. He was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general of volunteers on 17 July, 
• 1863, and assigned as chief of staff to Gen. George 
H. Thomas, being present during the operations 
near Chattanooga, the siege of Atlanta, the battles 
of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, 
and Nashville and at the headquarters of the De- 
partment of the Cumberland in 1853-'5. He re- 
ceived the brevets of brigadier- and major-general 
in the regular army on 18 March, 1865, for gallant 
service in the Atlanta campaign and battles before 
Nashville. Since the war Gen. Whipple has been 
on duty as assistant adjutant-general at the head- 
quarters of the principal military divisions, and in 
1873-'81 as aide-de-camp to the general of the 
army. He was promoted colonel in the adjutanX- 
general's department, 28 Feb., 1887. 

WHISTLER, John, soldier, b. in Ulster, Ireland, 
about 1756 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 8 Sept., IBM. 
He ran away from home when a boy, enlisted in 
the British army, and served under Gen. Burgoyne 
during the war of the Revolution. Upon his re- 
turn to England he was honorably discharged, and 
soon afterward, forming an attachment for a 
daughter of Sir Edward Bishop, a friend of his 
father, he eloped with her, ana, coming to this 
country, settled at Hagerstown, Md. Be> shortly 
afterward entered the u. S. army, served in the 
ranks, and was severely wounded In the disastrous 
campaign against the Indians in 1791. He was 
promoted captain, 1 July, 1797, and in the sum- 
mer of 1806 was sent with his company of the 1st 
infantry from Detroit to the head-waters of Lake 
Michigan, where, before the close of the year, he 
completed Fort Dearborn on the site of the city of 
Chicago. Having attained the brevet raafc of anv 
jor, he was appointed in 1815 military store- keeper 
at Newport, Ky., and afterward at Jetfcam bar- 



k hi 



_ k-Hhi sea, W 
M la 1W; d. ia 
Maa\ was appointed a lienasaaat of 
Jane, 1801, and took part ia the battle of 
Michl, 9 Aug.. 1812. He was promoted oaptaufin 
December, 1812, major of the 2d infantry, 28 
April, 1896, lieutenant-colonel of the 7th infantry, 
21 July, 1884, and colonel of the 4th infantry, 15 
July, 1845. He retired from the service on 9 Oct, 
1861. At his death he was the oldest army officer 



in the United States, with the exception of Gen. 
Winfteld Scott. — William's son, Joseph Nelson 
Garland, soldier, b. in Green Bay, 19 Oct., 1822, 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1846, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant of the 
8th infantry, but six months later was transferred 
to the 3d infantry. He served in the war with 
Mexico, being engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, 
the principal oattTes of the campaign that followed, 
and the capture of the city of Mexico. He was pro- 
moted 1st lieutenant in 'June, 1852, in 1861 was 
captured in Texas by the Confederates and paroled 
as a prisoner of war, and promoted captain in May, 
1861. He was then on duty at the U. S. military 
academy as assistant instructor. of infantry tactics 
till March, 1868. His services in the volunteer 
army date from May, 1868, when he was made colo- 
nel of the 2d New York artillery. He served in the 
Richmond campaign, participating in the battles 
of Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomv,' Cold 
Harbor, and the assaults on Petersburg, where he 
was wounded during the siege. From July, 1864, 
till September, 1865, he commanded a brigade in 
the defences of Washington. In December, 1865, 
he was mustered out as brevet brigadier-general 
of volunteers. In September, 1866, ne was trans- 
ferred to the 81st infantry, and in March, 1869, to 
the 22d infantry. In February, 1874, he was pro- 
moted lieutenant-colonel of tlie 5th infantry, and 
in May, 1883. he became colonel of the 15th in- 
fantry. At the time of his retirement, 19 Oct., 
1886, he was in command at Fort Buford, Dak. — 
William's brother, George Washington, engineer, 
b. m Fort Wayne, 
Ind., 19 May, 
1800; d. in St 
Petersburg, Rus- 
sia, 7 April, 1849, 
was graduated at 
the u. S. military 
academy in 1819, 
appointed a 2d 
lieutenant in the 
corps of artillery, 
ana was after- 
ward, till 1821, 
employed on top- 
ographical duty 
and part of the 
time at Fort Co- 
lumbus. From 2 
Nov., 1881, till 80 
April, 1822, he 
was assistant pn 
feasor at the U.l 
military academy, 
and he was em- 
ployed in 1822-'6 in connection with the commis- 
sion that wee engaged in tracing the international 
boundary between Lake Superior and the Lake of 
the Woods. He was made 1st lieutenant in Au- 
gust, Ma, and was on topographical duty almost 
contiaantly till 91 Dec, 1888, when he resigned 
from ate My. With Jonathan Knight, Wifiiam 
Game BeXeai anal Ross Winans, he examined 
tan an*sna£ of m+md on behalf of the dtasc- 
lesa of ahs tafclMB and Ohio railroad, and after- 
wnsd anamnjd hi tan construction of that rood, 
the Mann and AJhemy, and other railroads. In 
1804 Lieut Whistler became engineer to the pro- 
prietors of locks and canals at Lowell, and from 
1884 till 1887 he gave much of his time to the re- 
production, for the Boston and Albany railroad, of 
a locomotive that was imported from the works of 
George and Robert Stephenson, at Newcastle, Eng- 

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WHISTLER 



WHITAKER 



land. In 1887 he removed to Stonington, Conn., 
to take charge of the Stonington railroad, and 
from 1840 till 1842 he was chief engineer of the 
Boston and Albany railroad, with his neadquarters 
at Springfield, Mass. In 1842 he went to Russia 
to act as engineer for the contemplated railroad 
to unite St. Petersburg and Moscow. Not only was 
the road to be built, but the iron for the track, the 
locomotives, cars, and everything appertaining to 
the road were to be manufactured under his super- 
vision. In addition to the construction of railroads, 
he was also employed to build extensive dock-yards 
at St. Petersburg, and to improve the Russian har- 
bors and rivers. In 1847, in recognition of his ser- 
vices, the Emperor Nicholas conferred upon Lieut 
Whistler the decoration of the Order of St Anne. 
He is buried at Stonington, Conn., but a monument 
was erected to his memory in Greenwood cemetery 
by American engineers. — George Washington s 
son, George William, engineer, b. in New London, 
Conn , in 1822 ; d. in Brighton, England, 24 Dec, 
1869, began the practice of his profession as a civil 
engineer under nis father in 1840. He was con- 
nected with various railroads in this country, and 
was superintendent of the Erie, and New York and 
New Haven railroads. In the winter of 1856 he 
went to Russia to take charge of the St. Petersburg 
and Moscow railroad under the Winans contract, 
and he continued there, with the exception of a 
short interval, till the spring of 1869, when he re- 
signed in consequence of impaired health. He was 
specially noted for his knowledge of railway ma- 
chinery and for executive ability in the manage- 
ment of railways. — Another son, James Abbott 
McNeill, artist, b. in Lowell, Mass., in 1884, was 
educated at the U. S. 
military academy, 
studied for two years 
under Charles Gabriel 
Gleyre in Paris, and 
in 1868 settled in Lon- 
don. He holds pecu- 
liar theories on art, 
which have been the 
subject of much criti- 
cism. In many of his 
later works especially 
he has made interest- 
ing experiments in 
color, and he frequent- 
ly succeeds in pro- 
ducing extraordinary 
results with few and 
subdued colors. There 
is at times, however, 
a sacrifice of form to 
color impressions in his " arrangements " and 44 noc- 
turnes." His more important paintings are 44 White 
Girl" (1862); - Coast of Brittany," "Last of Old 
Westminster," and 44 Westminster Bridge " (1868) ; 
44 Princesse des Pays de la Porcelaine " (1865) ; 44 At 
the Piano" (1867); 44 Portrait of my Mother "(an 
44 Arrangement in Grey and Black '*), and portrait 
of Thomas Carlyle (1872) ; 44 Gold Girl." 44 Nocturne 
in Blue and Gold," and 44 Nocturne in Blue and 
Green" (1878); 44 Harmony in Gray and Green" 

(1881) ; "Nocturne in Blue and Silver," "Blue 
Girl, and "Entrance to Southampton Water" 

(1882) ; "Great Fire Wheel" (1888); "Harmony 
in Brown and Black " (1884) ; and " Arrangement 
in Black" (Lady Archibald Campbell) and "Ar- 
rangement in Gray and Green " (Miss Alexander), 
both exhibited at Munich in 1888. His skill in 
etching has gained for him a position among etch- 
ers that is even higher than that which he holds 




as a painter. Among his works in this branch of 
art are a series of plates on London, Venice, and 
Brussels. He has published 44 Ten O'Clock " (Bos- 
ton. 1888). See an article by William C. Brownell, 
in "Scribner's Monthlv" for August 1879, and 
Frederick Wedmore's 44 four Masters of Etching " 
(London, 1888). 

WHITAKER, Alexander, clergyman, b. in 
Cambridge, England, in 1585 ; d. in Henrico countr, 
Va., after 1613. His father, Rev. William Whitaker, 
was master of St. John's college, Cambridge. Alex- 
ander was graduated at that university, took orders 
in the Church of England, and for several years 
was rector of a parish in the north of England. 
He settled in Henrico county, Va., in 1611, and 
during the same year built one church, laid the 
foundations of another, and 44 impaled a fine par- 
sonage with a hundred acres of land, calling it 
Rock Hall." His letters, in which he expresses his 
great surprise that more of the English clergy 
aid not engage in missionary work, testify also to 
his usefulness and energy. He baptized Pocahon- 
tas, and subsequently officiated at her marriage 
to John Rolfe. (See Powhatan.) Mr. Whitaker 
published 44 Good News from Virginia," which was 
one of the first books that were written in that 
colony (London, 1613). 

WHITAKER, Epher, clergyman, b. in Fair- 
field, Cumberland co., N. J., 27 March, 1820. He 
was graduated at Delaware college in 1847 and at 
Union theological seminary in 1851, and since that 
date has been pastor of the '1st Presbyterian church, 
Southold, Long Island, N. T. He has been stated 
clerk of the Long Island presbytery since 1851, 
moderator of the synod of New York and New 
Jersey in 1860 and in 1861, has been a councillor 
of the Long Island historical society since 1862, 
and is a vice-president of the Suffolk countr his- 
torical society and a founder of Southold academy. 
He received the degree of A. M. from Tale in 1867, 
and of D. D. from Delaware college in 1877. Dr. 
Whitaker has contributed constantly to the maga- 
zines for fifty years, and his writings in book-form 
include 44 New Fruits from an Old Field " (New 
York, 1865) ; " A Collection of Original Hymns " 
(printed privately, 1872); "History of Southold 
from 1640 till 17*0" (1881); " Old Town Records " 
(1882) ; and 44 Bi-Centennial Celebration of Suffolk 
County, N. Y." (Babylon, L. I., 1888). 

WHITAKER, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. on 
Long Island, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1782 ; d. in Wood- 
bridge, Va., 21 Jan., 1795. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1752, and from that year until 1761 
was pastor of a Presbyterian church at Chelsea, 
near Norwich, Conn. He was then deputed by 
the Connecticut branch of the Scotch societv for 
the advancement of learning to visit England, 
Scotland, and Wales, to obtain donations for the 
establishment of an institution for the educa- 
tion and christian ization of the North American 
Indians. He was accompanied by Rev. Samson 
Occom. an educated Indian of the Mohegan tribe. 
The mission met with favor in both Scotland and 
England, the Earl of Dartmouth, then secretary 
of American affairs, generously promoting their 
object by his benefactions. George III., it is said, 
contributed £400 to the cause. Dr. Whitaker re- 
turned with an endowment of £11,000. which was 
devoted to 44 Moor's Indian charity-scnooL" fSee 
Whkelock, Elkazar.) After his return from Eu- 
rope, Dr. Whitaker was pastor in Salem for many 
years, officiating in what was known as the Taber- 
nacle church, which he built and owned. He was 
an ardent Whig, zealously supporting the cause 
of the colonists during the Revolution. He sob- 



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WHITCHER 



465 



sequently removed to Maine, and finally to Vir- 
ginia, where he passed his later life. Many of his 
sermons were published and extensively circulated 
throughout New England. They include two "Dis- 
courses on Reconciliation" (London, 1768), and 
two "Discourses on Toryism" (Newbury port, Mass., 
1777).— His grandson, Daniel Kimball, editor, b. 
in Sharon, Conn., 13 April, 1801 ; d. in New Or- 
leans, La., 10 April, 1881, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1820, studied law, and, removing to South 
Carolina, became the partner of John Lyde Wilson, 
of that state. He practised with success, but his 
taste was for literature, and he became the founder 
and editor of several periodicals that included the 
"Southern Literary Journal," 44 Whitaker's Maga- 
zine," and the " Southern Quarterly Review," which 
he founded in Charleston, S. C, in 1841, and con- 
ducted successfully until the civil war. He re- 
moved to New Orleans in 1866, where he founded 
and edited for many years the "New Orleans Month- 
ly Review." He was corresponding secretary of 
the New Orleans academy of sciences. Mr. Whit- 
aker united with the Roman Catholic church in 
1878.— His wife, Mary Scrlmzeonr, author, b. in 
Beaufort district, S. C, 22 Feb., 1820, is the 
daughter of Rev. Samuel Furman, of South Caro- 
lina. She was educated in Edinburgh, contributed 
her first poems to the Scottish press under the 
auspices of Thomas Campbell, and was favorably 
reviewed by the critics of that city. She married 
in 1837 John Miller, a Scotch attorney, who died 
three months afterward. Mrs. Miller then returned 
to this country, and in 1849 married Mr. Whitaker. 
Her publications include many magazine articles, 
a collection of " Poems " (Philadelphia, 1850), and 
" Albert Hastings," a novel (1868).— Their daugh- 
ter, Lily C, poet, b. in Charleston, S. C, about 
1850, was educated in New Orleans, contributed to 
the " Southern Quarterly," under her father's di- 
rection, and has written for the New Orleans press. 
She has published "Donata, and other Poems" 
(New Orleans, 1880). 

WHITAKER, Ozi William, P. E. bishop, b. in 
New Salem, Mass., 10 May, 1830. He was gradu- 
ated at Middlebury college, Vt, in 1856, was prin- 
cipal of the high-school in North Brookfield, Mass., 
for nearly four years, and then entered the Gen- 
eral theological seminary, New York, where he was 
graduated in 1863. He was ordered deacon in 
Grace church, Boston, Mass., 15 July, 1863, by 
Bishop Eastbum, ordained priest in St Stephen's 
chapel, Boston, 7 Aug., 1863, by the same bishop, 
went at once to Nevada, and was made rector of 
St. John's, Gold Hill. He returned to the east 
in 1865, and became rector of St. Paul's church, 
Englewood, N. J. Mr. Whitaker went to Nevada 
again in 1867, and became rector of St. Paul's 
church, Virginia City. He was elected missionary 
bishop of Nevada by the general convention in 
New York in 1868, and consecrated in St. George's 
church, New York, 13 Oct, 1869. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Kenyon college, Ohio, in the 
same year. Bishop Whitaker was elected assistant 
bishop of Pennsylvania and translated in 1886. 
Upon the death of Bishop Stevens, 11 June, 1887, 
he became bishop of Pennsylvania, ne attended 
the third Pan- Anglican council in London in 1888. 
He has published occasional sermons. 

WHITAKER, Walter C M soldier, b. in Shelby 
county, Ky., in August, 1823 ; d. in Lyndon, Ky., 
9 July, 1887. He received his education at Bethany 
college. West Virginia, under the presidency of 
Alexander Campbell, and had begun the study of 
law, when, at the opening of the war with Mexico, 
he entered the regiment of Kentucky volunteers as 
vol. vl — 30 



a lieutenant and served with gallantry. At the 
end of the war ho resumed his legal studies, and 
soon afterward he opened an office at Shelbyville, 
Ky., devoting himself chiefly to criminal law, in 
which ho won reputation. lie also carried on a 
large farm, and took an active part in politics. He 
was a member of the state senate in 1861, when 
Kentucky was invaded by the Confederate army, 
which, early in September, took possession of Co- 
lumbus. He offered the resolution, which was 
almost unanimously adopted, 44 that the governor 
be requested to call out the military force of the 
state to expel and drive out the invaders." This 
resolution terminated the sham neutrality the 
state had undertaken to uphold. Soon afterward 
Senator Whitaker entered the military service as 
colonel of the 6th Kentucky infantry, which was 
mustered in early in September, and moved to 
meet Gen. Simon B. Buckner's advance to Mul- 
draugh's hill. From that time till the close of the 
war his service was constant. He took an active 
part in the battle of Shiloh, in which his regiment 
lost 103 killed or wounded, and also in the battle 
of Stone river, and on 25 June, 1863, he was com- 
missioned brigadier - general of volunteers. At 
Chickamauga riis brigade was in the reserve corps 
that marched upon the field at the critical moment 
and repelled the assault of the enemy on the 
National right. At the capture of Lookout Moun- 
tain he was wounded, but he continued on the field. 
He was subsequently in all the engagements of the 
Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville, 
and was promoted brevet major-general for gal- 
lant services. At the end of the war he returned 
to the practice of his profession at Louisville, and 
became connected with some of the most famous 
criminal trials in that region. He was a man of 
marked individuality of manner and character, 
and of an impetuous temper, which involved him 
in numerous personal difficulties, and led to his 
becoming for a time an inmate of an insane asylum. 
But in his later years he fully recovered his health, 
and had his share of legal practice. 

WHITCHER, Frances Miriam, author, b. in 
Whitestown, Oneida co., N. Y., 1 Nov., 1811; d. 
there, 4 Jan., 1852. She was the daughter of Lewis 
Berry. While only two vears old, and ignorant of 
the alphabet, she learnecl to recite lone pieces of 
poetry, and she began very early to make rhymes, 
one of her earliest efforts being a parody on 44 My 
Mother." She was educated in the village schools, 
and in 1846 became a contributor to 44 Neal's Sat- 
urday Gazette." She sent to the latter publication 
many poems, and 44 Widow Bedott's Table-Talk," 
her nest-known work: and to "Godey's Lady's 
Book" 44 Aunt Maguire" and 44 Letters from Tim- 
berville." She also wrote for other journals. On 
6 Jan., 1847, she married the Rev. Benjamin W. 
Whitcher, a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal 
church, and in the following spring she removed 
with her husband to Elmira, N. Y. While Mrs. 
Whitcher was at the height of her fame as a hu- 
morous author, and while her writings were every- 
where in demand, she was assailed with vitupera- 
tion and personal insult by those who fancied that 
they had unwittingly served as models for her 
sketches. So high ran the tide of angry feeling in 
Elmira that it soon became apparent that Mr. 
Whitcher's usefulness as a clergyman would find 
fewer obstacles in some other parish. In the au- 
tumn of 1850 Mrs. Whitcher returned to Whites- 
town, and soon afterward she began to suffer se- 
verely from the disease that caused her death. 
Before leaving Elmira she had begun the story of 
44 Mary Elmer," and continued it in her old home, 

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466 WHITCOMB 

but died before it was completed. In addition to 
her literary ability, Mrs. whitcher was a clever 
caricaturist, and illustrated the u Table Talk" 
when it first appeared in the "Gazette.** After 
her death her writings were collected in two vol- 
umes: "The Widow Bedott Papers, with an In- 
troduction by Alice B. Neal*' (New York, 1855), 
and 44 Widow Spriggins, Mary Elmer, and Other 
Sketches, by Mrs. r. M. Whitcher; Edited, with 
Memoir, by Mrs. M. L. Ward Whitcher*' (1867). 

WHITCOMB, James, senator, b. near Windsor, 
Vt, 1 Dec., 1795; d. in New York city, 4 Oct., 
1852. His father removed to Ohio and settled near 
Cincinnati when James was quite young. The boy 
prepared himself to enter Transylvania university, 
where he maintained himself by teaching during 
his vacations. On leaving college be entered a law- 
office, and in 1822 was admit tea to the bar of Fay- 
ette county, Ky., where he practised for two years. 
He then removed to Bloomington, Ind., where he 
soon made a reputation in his profession, and in 
1826 was appointed prosecuting attorney of his 
circuit In discharging the duties of this office he 
travelled over a large extent of country, and be- 
came acquainted with many men of note. In 1880 
and 1883 he was elected to the state senate, where 
he did much to stay the progress of the 44 internal 
improvement " fever that was then at its highest 
point. In October, 1886, he was appointed a com- 
missioner of the general land-office. He was re- 
appointed by President Van Buren, and continued 
to serve until the end of the latter*s term. Early 
in 1841 he returned to Indiana and opened a law- 
office in Terre Haute. Business came quickly, and 
he soon acquired a lucrative practice. He was 
nominated for governor in 1848 by the Democrats, 
and elected by 2.013 majority. In 1846 he was re- 
elected by nearly 4,000 majority. When he entered 
office Indiana was loaded down with a debt upon 
which no interest had been paid for years ; when 
he left office the debt had been adjusted, and the 
public credit was restored. He also, by his efforts, 
created a public sentiment that demanded the 
establishment of benevolent and reformatory insti- 
tutions, and he awakened the people to the impor- 
tance of establishing common schools and provid- 
ing a fund for their maintenance. During his term 
of office he raised five regiments of infantry that 
represented the state in the Mexican war. The 
legislature of 1849 elected him to the U. S. senate 
for the full term, beginning in March of that year, 
but he was unable, owing to feeble health, to dis- 
charge his senatorial duties as he wished, and died 
of a painful disease when he had served little more 
than half his term. In 1843 he wrote a pamphlet 
entitled 44 Facts for the People,** which is considered 
by many one of the most effective arguments 
against a protective tariff that has ever been 
written. As a lawyer Gov. Whitcomb ranked high. 
It was his custom in presenting a case to the jury 
first to give his opponent's side of the question, 
that he might the easier demolish it afterward. 
Thomas A. Hendricks said : 44 Got. Whitcomb . . . 
declared what he believed to be the truth, and 
tamtam U its influence upon men's misds to bring 
mm* mto (Memos action. He led mmalators be- 
ohm it mm safest for them to follow. H* im mas r 
was grave ssd serious, his votes was Nil asd sra- 
skmLajld his delivery almost without gesture.** 

WIITCOBB, Jells, soldier, b. in Lancaster, 
Mass., in 1713; d. there, 17 Nov.. 1785. He won 
renown as colonel of Massachusetts troops in the 
campaigns against Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and 
Montreal— 1755, 1758, and 1760— and was one of the 
°t>vincial committee of war in 1756. Though un- 



WHITE 



educated, and never self-seeking, he became a noted 
leader of the people, and in 1778 was chosen a mem- 
ber of the council. Feb. 5, 1775, the Provincial 
congress appointed him a general officer. In that 
capacity his energy was shown in the pursuit of the 
British forces on their retreat from Concord, 19 
April. Jan. 3, 1775, he was elected •'first major- 
general cf the Massachusetts army," and during the 
battle of Bunker Hill had command at Lechmere 
Point It was expected that Whitcomb's name 
would be among the brigadier-generals first an- 
nounced by the Continental congress. He, how- 
ever, was not so commissioned until 5 June. 1778, 
when Washington proposed to have him relieve 
Gen. Artemas Ward, whitcomb declined the com- 
mission, excusing himself because of age. 

WHITE, Albert Smith, senator, b. in Bloom- 
ing Grove, Orange co., N. Y., 24 Oct, 1803 ; d. in 
Stockwell, Tippecanoe co., Ind., 4 Sept, 1864. He 
was graduated at Union in 1822, in the class 
with William H. Seward. After studying law he 
was admitted to the bar in 1825, and soon after- 
ward removed to Indiana. In March, 1829, he 
opened an office in Lafayette, where, and in the 
neighboring town of Stockwell, he resided until 
his death. During the session of 1828-*9 he re- 
ported the proceedings of the Indiana legislature 
for an Indianapolis lournal, the first work of the 
kind that had been done in the state. In 1830-*1 
he was assistant clerk of the Indiana house of rep- 
resentatives, and from 1832 till 1885 he served as 
its clerk. In 1832 he was a candidate for congress 
in opposition to Edward A. Hannegan, but was de- 
feated. Four years later he was elected, serving 
from 4 Sept, 1887, till 8 March, 1839. The year 
before he had been an elector on the Whig ticket 
In 1889 Mr. White was elected to the U. S. senate 
as the successor of Gen. John Tipton. There were 
three candidates, and he was not chosen until the 
36th ballot In the senate he opposed the annexa- 
tion of Texas, as well as every other measure that 
tended to extend the area of slavery. He was also 
active in securing grants of land to aid in the ex- 
tension of the Wabash and Erie canal. On the 
expiration of his senatorial term in 1845 he re- 
sumed the practice of law, but soon abandoned it 
to become actively engaged in the construction of 
railroads. He was president of the Indianapolis 
and Lafayette road from its organization until 
1856, and for three years was also at the head of 
the Wabash and Western railway. In 1860 Mr. 
White was elected to congress as a Republican, and 
served from 4 July, 1801, till 3 March, 1863. He 
was made chairman of a select committee whose 
duty it was to consider the question of compen- 
sated emancipation, and reported a bill appropri- 
ating $180,000,000 to pay loyal owners for their 
slaves, and $20,000,000 to aid in the colonization 
of the freed men. This measure was recommended 
and supported by Mr. Lincoln with all the influ- 
ence of his office. In presenting the bill, Mr. White 
accompanied it with an elaborate report on slavery 
as a social and political problem. He contended 
that the white and black races should be separated, 
and the latter colonized in the equatorial regions 
of America. He also assured the south that if his 
proposition were not accepted, their slaves would 
ultimately be taken from them without compensa- 
tion. Mr. White, at the close of his term, failed 
to secure a renomination, mainly on account of his 
action on this question. He was named by the 
president one of three commissioners to adjust 
the claims of citizens of Minnesota and Dakota 
against the government for Indian depredations. 
On the death of Caleb B. Smith, 7 Jan., 1864, Presi- 

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467 



dent Lincoln appointed Mr. White U. S. judge for 
the district of Indiana, but he lived to discharge 
the duties of the office only a few months. 

WHITE, Alexander, legislator, b. in Rappa- 
hannock county, Va., in 1738 ; d. in Woodville, in 
the same county, in September, 1804. He was re- 
markable for his eloquence and patriotism and took 
an active part in the political agitation that pre- 
ceded the Revolution. He sat as a delegate in the 
Continental congress in 1786-'88, was elected a 
representative from Virginia in the 1st congress, 
and re-elected to the 2d, serving from 4 March, 
1789, till 2 March, 1793. 

WHITE, Alexander, merchant, b. in Elgin, 
Scotland, 13 March, 1814 ; d. in Lake Forest, 111., 
18 March, 1872. He was one of the early settlers 
of Chicago, where he arrived in the spring of 1837. 
Until 1857 he was a merchant, being the first 
dealer in Chicago in fine-art goods. From 1857 
till 1867 he was engaged in real estate investments, 
establishing the great auction sales that have 
played an important part in the city's develop- 
ment. Retiring from business in 1807 to devote 
himself to the collection of flowers and paintings, 
he purchased an estate at Lake Forest, which he 
made among the most artistic in the west. In 
1859 he bunt in his Chicago residence the first 
private art-gallery in Illinois, exhibiting his paint- 
ings for the benefit of the city. In 1806 he sold 
this collection at auction, and in 1809 he opened 
a gallery at his residence at Lake Forest with 160 
works of art. Returning from Europe with a third 
collection when the great fire of 1871 occurred, 
his losses induced him to sell his treasures at auc- 
tion the same year in New York city. His artistic 
taste found further* expression in the cultivation 
of flowers, especially of camelias and orchids, his 
collection being recognized as the most complete 
in the northwest. 

WHITE, Alexander, lawyer, b. in Franklin, 
Robertson co., Tenn., 16 Oct., 1816. He was taken 
to Alabama when five years of age, and educated 
there and at the University of Tennessee, but he 
volunteered in the Creek* and Seminole war in 
1836, and therefore was not graduated. He subse- 
quently studied law with his father, John White 
(1784-1842), who was one of the circuit and su- 
preme court judges of Alabama. On his admission 
to the bar in 1838 he practised at first as the asso- 
ciate of his father, and afterward (1841-'55) as the 
partner of Lewis E. Parsons at Talladega. . He was 
elected to congress as a Union Whig after an ex- 
citing contest in a Democratic district, and served 
from 1 Dec., 1851, till 3 March, 1853. In 1856 he 
removed to Selma, and in 1860 he supported Bell 
and Everett for president and vice-president. He 
earnestly opposed secession, but decided to act 
with his state when that event became inevitable. 
At the close of the war he was a member of the 
convention to frame a new constitution for Ala- 
bama, and he was elected to the general assembly 
of the state in 1872. In the following year he was 
chosen to congress as a Republican, and served 
from 1 Dec., 1873, till 4 Mareh, 1875. In the lat- 
ter year he was appointed an associate justice of 
the U. S. court for the territory of Utah. After 
holding the office for a brief term he returned to 
Alabama, and in 1875 removed to Dallas, Tex., 
where he practises his profession. 

WHITE, Andrew, clergyman, b. in London, 
England, about 1579; d. there, 27 Dec., 1656. He 
was educated at Douay college, France, where he 
was ordained priest in 1605. After his return to 
England in 1606 he was arrested, with sixteen 
other priests, and sentenced to perpetual banish- 



ment. He entered the Society of Jesus on 2 Feb., 
160U, returned to England at the risk of his life, 
and was engaged in missionary duties there until 
1610. He was subsequently professor of theology 
and Hebrew in Vallauolid and Seville, and of di- 
vinity in Douay and Lic?e. In 1033 he was chosen 
by the Jesuit general, Mutius Vitelleschi, to ac- 
company Lord Baltimore to this country, with 
some other Jesuits. After landing he devoted 
himself to the conversion of the Piscataway and 
Patuxent Indians, as well as to those in the neigh- 
borhood of the new settlements. He returned to 
Europe subsequently, and brought back more mis- 
sionaries. Father White learned the language of 
the Indians, and compiled a grammar, vocabulary, 
and catechism. They were all supposed to be lost, 
until Father William McSherry discovered the 
catechism in the Jesuit archives at Rome. Father 
White was summoned to sit in the first colonial 
assembl v of Maryland ; but his reouest to be ex- 
cused from taking part in secular affairs was 
granted. The " Extracts from the Letters of the 
Missionaries," appended to his "Relatio Itineris 
in Marylandiam, give some very interesting de- 
tails about his labors and success among the In- 
dians of Patapaco, Piscataway, and Patuxent. In 
1044 he was seized by a band of Claiborne's sol- 
diers and sent in irons to England, where he was 
imprisoned on a charge of violating the law con- 
cerning 44 missionary popish priests. After great 
suffering he was released and banished from the 
country. He petitioned his superiors to be allowed 
to go to Maryland ; but his request bein^ refused, 
on the ground of his age and infirmities, he re- 
turned to England under an assumed name, and 
was there engaged in missionary duties. Further 
accounts of him are vague and uncertain, although 
the place and date of his death are given in the 
official records of the Jesuit order. He wrote 
44 Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam," which, with 
44 Declaratio coloniae Domini Baronis de Balti- 
moro" and 44 Excerpta ex Diversis Litteris Mis- 
sionariorura ab anno 1635 ad annum 1638," has 
been published, accompanied by a translation, by 
the Maryland historical society (Baltimore, 1874). 

WHITE, Andrew Dickson, educator, b. in 
Homer, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1832. He was of New Eng- 
land parentage, studied one year at Hobart col- 
lege, N. Y., and passed the remainder of his col- 
legiate course at 
Yale, where he 
was graduated in 
1853. After grad- 
uation he spent 
about two years 
in Europe, chiefly 
at Paris and Ber- 
lin, in the prosecu- 
tion of historical 
studies. He was 
also attach^ to the 
American legation 
in St. Petersburg 
for six months, 
and travelled on 
foot through many 
of the historical lo- 
calities of the con- 
tinent, especially 
in northern ana 
western France. 
He returned home in 1856, studied history for one 
year at Yale, and in 1857 was elected professor of 
history and English literature in the University of 
Michigan. In 1862 he resigned in consequence of 




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impaired health, returned to Syracuse, where he 
had formerly resided, was elected to the state senate 
for that place, and was re-elected in 1864. While 
state senator he introduced bills that codified 
the school laws, created the new system of normal 
schools, and incorporated Cornell university. In 
1867 he became first president of Cornell, which 
post he filled until failing health compelled him 
to retire in 1885. He visited Europe in 1867-8 
for the purpose of examining into the organiza- 
tion of the principal schools of agriculture and 
technology and of purchasing books and apparatus 
for his university at the request of its trustees. In 
January, 1871, he was appointed one of the U. S. 
commissioners to Santo Domingo, and aided in 
preparing the report of the commission. He was 
president of the Republican state convention of 
New York in October, 1871, and was U. S. minister 
to Germany from 1879 till 1881. From his own 
resources President White contributed about $100,- 
000 to the equipment of Cornell university, and 
on 19 Jan., 1887, he endowed the new school of 
history and political science in that institution 
with his historical library numbering 30,000 vol- 
umes, besides 10,000 valuable pamphlets and many 
manuscripts, all of which cost nim more than 
$100,000.- As a permanent tribute to him the 
board of college managers decided to designate 
the new school as " The President White school 
of history and political science.'* Besides con- 
tributions to periodicals, he has published " Out- 
lines of a Course of Lectures on History *' (Detroit, 
1861); "A Word from the Northwest** (London. 
1863), in response to strictures in the American 
" Diary ** of Dr. William Howard Russell : " Syl- 
labus of Lectures on Modern History** (Ithaca, 
1876); "The Warfare of Science** (New York, 
1876); "The New Germany "(1882); "On Studies 
in General History and in the History of Civiliza- 
tion" (1885); and "A History of the Doctrine of 
Comets" (1886).— His cousin, Edwin, artist, b. 
in South Hadley, Mass., 21 May, 1817; d. in Sara- 
toga Springs, N. Y., 7 June, 1877, began to paint 
when he was a boy, was elected an associate of 
the National academy in 1848. and in the follow- 
ing year became a full academician. In 1850, and 
again in 1869, be went abroad, and studied in 
Paris, Rome, Florence, and DQsseldorf. He re- 
turned to the United States in 1875, and opened a 
studio in New York. He executed a large num- 
ber of paintings, most of them historical These 
include " Washington resigning his Commission,** 
which was bought by Maryland for $6,000, and 
now in Annapolis ; " Milton's Visit to Galileo " ; 
" Reouiem of De Soto ** ; " Pocahontas informing 
Smith of the Conspiracy of the Indians'*; "Old 
Age of Milton" (1848); and "First Printing of 
the Bible." Among his portraits are those of 
Elihu Burritt and S. Wells Williams. He be- 
queathed his "Antiquary" to the Metropolitan 
museum (New York), ** Leonardo da Vinci and his 
Pupils" (1868) to Amherst college, and an unfin- 
ished picture of the signing of the compact on the 
- Mayflower " to Yale. The New York historical 
society owns his " Murillo sketching the Beggar- 
Boy "'( 1865); the Museum of fine arts, Boston, his 
" Interior of the Bargello, Florence " (1875) ; and 
his " Age's Revery " (1847) is at the U. S. military 
academy. West Point 

WHITE, Anthonv Walton, soldier, b. in New 
Brunswick, N. J., 7 July, 1750; d. there, 10 Feb., 
1803. He was descended from Anthony White, a 
royalist, who, after the execution of Charles I., re- 
moved to Bermuda and became connected with 
the government of the islands, of which his son, 




Anthony, and grandson, Leonard, were chief jus- 
tices. Leonardos son, Anthony, removed to this 
country and mar- 
ried Elizabeth, 
daughter of Gov. 
Lewis Morris, of 
New Jersey. Their 
son, Anthony Wal- 
ton,received hised- 
ucation under the 
immediate direc- 
tion of his father, 
who was a man of 
great wealth and 
the holder of sev- 
eral important of- 
fices. Until the 
age of twenty-five 
his time was em- 
ployed in study 
and in assisting his 
father in the man- 
agement of his 

(^tobe^mis, he 
obtained a com- 
mission as major and aide-de-camp to Gen. Wash- 
ington. On 9 Feb., 1776, he was commissioned by 
congress as lieutenant-colonel of the 3d battalion 
of New Jersey troops, and he was actively engaged 
in the service at the north till 1780, being succes- 
sively appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th regi- 
ment of light dragoons in the Continental army, 
13 Feb., 1777, lieutenant-colonel commandant of 
the 1st regiment, 10 Dec, 1779, and colonel, 16 
Feb., 1780. At this time he was ordered by Wash- 
ington to take command of all the cavalry in the 
southern army, and upon his own personal credit 
equipped two regiments, with which to operate 
against Lord Cornwallis in South Carolina. On 6 
May, 1780, with the remnant of Maj. Benjamin 
Huger*s cavalry, he crossed San tee river and cap- 
tured a small party of British ; but while waiting 
at Lanneau's ferry to recross the river he was sur- 
prised and defeated bv Col. Bannastre Tarleton, 
and he and many of his troops were taken prison- 
ers. In 1781 he was ordered to join the army un- 
der Lafayette in Virginia, and on his march to that 
state had several successful encounters with Col. 
Tarleton. He was present with Gen. Anthony 
Wayne in the movement of that commander before 
Savannah on 21 May, 1782 ; and, on the evacuation 
of that place, returned to Charleston, S. C, where 
he became security for the debts of the officers and 
men of his regiments, who were in want of almost 
all the necessaries of life. These debts he was sub- 
sequently obliged to pay at enormous sacrifices of 
his own property, and, on returning to the north at 
the close of the war, his financial ruin was com- 
pleted by entering into speculation at the persua- 
sion of military friends. In 1793 he removed from 
New York, where he had resided for about ten years, 
to his native town, and in the following year was 
appointed by President Washington general of cav- 
alry in the expedition against the western insur- 
gents. Gen. White died at a comparatively early 
age, and was buried in the grounds of Christ church, 
in his native place. See " Memoir of Brig.-Gen. 
Anthony Walton White," by Anna M. W. Wood- 
hull (Newark. 1882}. 

WHITE, Charles, clergyman, b. in Randolph, 
Vt, 28 Dec, 1795; d. in Crawfordsville, Ind., 29 
Oct, 1861. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1821, studied at Andover in 1821-*3, and was pas- 
tor of the Congregational church in Thetford, Vt, 



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in 1825-*9, and of the Presbyterian church at 
Cazenovia, N. Y„ in 1829-'33. From 1834 till 1841 
he was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Owego, 
N. Y., and from 1841 till 1861 he was president 
of Wabash college, Crawfordsville, Ind. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. from Union in 1840. 
Besides many sermons, he published " Essays in 
Literature and Ethics " (Boston, 1863). 

WHITE, Charles Abiathar, geologist, b. in 
North Dighton, Mass., 26 Jan., 1826. He removed 
to Iowa in 1839, and was graduated at Rush 
medical college in 1863. Three years later he be- 
came state geologist of Iowa, which appointment he 
held until 1870, and in 1867- 73 he was professor 
of natural history in the Iowa state university. In 
1873 he was called to the same chair in Bowdoin, but 
he resigned two years later, and during 1874 was 
geologist and paleontologist to the U. S. geographi- 
cal and geological surveys west of the 100th me- 
ridian under Lieut George M. Wheeler. He then 
passed to the service of the survey under Maj. John 
W. Powell in 1875, and in 1876 to that under Fer- 
dinand V. Hayden, with whom he remained until 
1879. Dr. White had charge of the palaeontologi- 
cal collections in the U. S. national museum in 
1879-'82, and in 1881 was detailed to act as chief 
of the artesian wells commission upon the Oreat 
Plains under the auspices of the U. S. agricultural 
department. Since 1882 he has been connected 
with the U. S. geological survey, first as geologist, 
and since 1883 as paleontologist in charge of the 
division of mesozoic invertebrates. His knowl- 
edge of his specialty has gained for him a reputa- 
tion as an authority that is unequalled in certain 
branches of fossil life. The degree of A. M. was 
conferred on him by Iowa college, and he holds an 
honorary curatorship in the U. S. national muse- 
um. He is a member of scientific societies, was 
president of the Biological society of Washington 
in 1883-'4, and was elected a vice-president of the 
American association for the advancement of 
science in 1888. His writings include nearly 200 
papers, of which the most important are included 
in the reports of the various surveys with which he 
has been connected, also a work on the cretaceous 
invertebrates of Brazil, which were collected by the 
Imperial geological commission, under the direc- 
tion of the late Charles F. Hartt, to form vol. 
vii. of the "Archives of the Brazilian National 
Museum " (Rio de Janeiro, 1887). See " Annotated 
Catalogue of the Published Writings of Charles 
Abiathar White, 1860-1885," by John B. Marcou 
(Washington, 1885). 

WHITE, Charles Ignatius, R. C. clergyman, 
b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1807 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 1 April, 1877. He was graduated at St. 
Mary's college, Baltimore, in 1823, and became a 
Roman Catholic priest. He was at the time of 
his death, and had l>cen for twenty years preceding, 
the pastor of St. Matthew's church in Washing- 
ton, D. C. He edited the ** Catholic Almanac " in 
1834-'57, and founded and edited the " Religious 
Cabinet " in 1842, a monthly magazine, which was 
replaced in 1843 by the " United States Catholic 
Magazine." This again was replaced in 1849 by a 
weekly paper, the " Catholic Mirror." He trans- 
lated and edited Jaime Lucio Balmes's " Protestant- 
ism and Catholicity compared in their Effects on 
the Civilization of Europe " (New York, 1850) : also 
Chateaubriand's " Genius of Christianity" (1856); 
and wrote a " Life of Mrs. Eliza A. Seton " (1853). 

WHITE, Daniel Appleton, jurist, b. in the 
part of Methuen which is now Lawrence, Mass., 7 
June, 1776; d. in Salem, Mass., 30 March, 1861. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, was teacher 



of the Medford grammar-school in 1797-'9 and 
Latin tutor in Harvard in 1799-1803. He began 
the study of law at Cambridge, was admitted to 
the bar in 1804, and engaged in practice in New- 
bury port, where he resided till January, 1817, when 
he removed to Salem. He was a member of the 
Massachusetts legislature in 1810-'15, was chosen 
to congress in 1814, but declined to serve, and was 
elected judge of probate of Essex county, Mass., 
which office he held for thirty-eight years. He 
was for many years an active member of the Essex 
institute, to which he gave 8,000 volumes, and of 
the Massachusetts historical society. Judge White 
was the author of a " Eulogy on George Washing- 
ton" (Haverhill, 1800); " View of the Jurisdiction 
of the Court of Probate in Massachusetts" (Sa- 
lem. 1822); "Eulogy on Nathaniel Bowditch " 
(1822); and "New England Congregationalism, in 
its Origin and Purity" (1861); and aided John 
Pickering in preparing his edition of Sail ust (1805). 
See a memoir of Judge White by James Walker, 
written for the Massachusetts historical society 
(1863), and also one by George W. Briggs for the 
Essex institute (1864). 

WHITE, David Nye, journalist, b. in Ware- 
ham, Mass., 22 Aug., 1805 ; d. in Sewickley, Pa., 1 
April, 1888. He was descended from Peregrine 
White, and his father, Ebenezer, served through 
the Revolutionary war. He removed with his 
parents to Ohio soon after the war of 1812 ; was a 
printer in Canton, Ohio, and Rochester, N. Y., in 
December, 1827, removed to Pittsburg, Pa., and in 
1841 purchased the Pittsburg " Gazette," of which 
he was also editor. He was opposed to slavery, 
and, despairing of accomplishing anything to bene- 
fit the slaves through the existing political parties, 
he published a call in 1855 for a county conven- 
tion to form a new party. The call had few sign- 
ers, but, when the convention met, every district in 
the county was represented by a duly elected dele- 
gate. A ticket was nominated, and from this 
beginning, it is claimed, sprang the Republican 
party. Mr. White was collector of internal revenue 
of the 23d district of Pennsylvania for four years, 
a member of the state house of representatives 
three years, and a delegate at large to the Consti- 
tutional convention of 1873- '4. 

WHITE, Edward Douglas, statesman, b. in 
Tennessee in March, 1795; d. in New Orleans, 
La., 18 April, 1847. He removed with his father, 
James, who was subsequently appointed judge of 
western Louisiana, to Attakapas parish, La., in 
1799. He was educated at the University of Ten- 
nessee, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
began to practise at Donaldsonvillc. but, on being 
appointed to a judgeship in New Orleans, he re- 
moved thither. He was elected to congress for 
three consecutive terms, and served from 7 Dec, 
1829, till 15 Nov., 1834, when, having been elected 
governor, he resigned. He was governor of Louisi- 
ana in 1834- '8, afterward removed to a sugar- 
plantation near Thibodeaux, and was again elected 
as a Whig to congress, serving from 2 Dec., 1839, 
till 3 March, 1843. He was on the steamer " Lion- 
ess " when she was set on fire by an explosion of 
gunpowder, 19 May, 1833, and narrowly escaped 
death.— His son, Edward Donglas, jurist, b. in 
Lafourche parish, La., 3 Nov., 1845, was educated 
at Mt. St. Mary's college, Emmitsburg. Md., and 
the Jesuit's college in New Orleans. During the 
civil war he served in the Confederate army. He 
then studied and practised law, was a state senator 
in 1874-'8,and judge of the Louisiana supreme court 
in 1878-'80, and on 29 May, 1888, was elected U. S. 
senator for the term beginning on 4 March, 1889. 



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WHITE, Emerson El bridge, educator, b. in 
Mantua, Portage co., Ohio, 10 Jan., 1829. He was 
educated at Ewinsburg academy and the University 
of Cleveland, taught in the former institution, 
and was afterward an instructor of mathematics 
in Cleveland university, and principal of the Cen- 
tral high-school in that citv. He became super- 
intendent of the public schools of Portsmouth, 
Ohio, in 1856, state commissioner of common 
schools in 1863, and was president of Purdue uni- 
versity, Lafayette, Ind.. in 1876-'83, and since that 
time has been superintendent of schools in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio. He was president of the Ohio teach- 
ers' association in 1863, of the National superin- 
tendents' association in 1866, of the National edu- 
cation association in 1872, and of the National 
council of education in 1884-HJ. Mr. White was 
editor and proprietor of the "Ohio Educational 
Monthly " from 1861 till 1875. and of the 44 National 
Teacher" from 1870 till 1875. writer of the memo- 
rial to congress on the National bureau of educa- 
tion, and author of the accompanying bill that 
was introduced by James A. Garfield, and subse- 
quently passed. He has published several school 
text-books, and a work entitled 44 Elements of 
Pedagogy."— His nephew, Emory Calvin, trav- 
eller, b. in Monterey, Allegan co., Mich., 15 Oct., 
1858, was educated at Michigan university and at 
Purdue university, where he taught for three 
years. He then became superintendent of schools 
at Albion, Ind., but resigned in order to accept 
the presidency of the American college at Callao, 
Peru. After filling this post for a time, he relin- 
quished it for the sake of studying the ruins of 
trie lncas, among which he spent three years, ex- 
cavating, photographing, and surveying. He then 
traversed the upper Amazon, visited Bolivia, Chili, 
Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Spain, in 
search of further information regarding the Inca 
and pre- Inca races, returning to the United States 
in 1886, and is writing histories of Peru, Chili, the 
Argentine Republic, and Brazil. 

WHITE, Francis J., soldier, b. in New York 
city in 1842; d. in San Francisco, 29 Aug., 1875. 
He was the eldest son of James II. White, who 
was at one time judge of the superior court of 
New York. Francis received a good education, 
and early in life contributed articles to magazines. 
At the opening of the civil war he joined the 10th 
New York regiment, participated in the battle of 
Bull Run, and was subsequently on the peninsula 
with Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. lie then served 
under Fremont, and in Oetoter, 1861, at the head 
of his "prairie scouts," recaptured Ijcxington, Mo. 
In the autumn of 1861 he was transferred to the 
Army of the Mississippi, and in the autumn of 1862 
he followed Porter, the cuerilla chief, for thirteen 
days and routed his band. At one period of the 
war he was provost-marshal and judgc-advocato- 
general in central Missouri, and in the closing 
years of the contest he was governor of the eastern 
shore of Maryland. He was appointed brigadier- 
general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and was 
offered a captaincy in the regular army, which he 
declined. After serving a short time in Texas, he 
removed to St. Louis, studied law, was admitted to 
the Imr, and elected to the legislature. He subse- 
quently went to California, where he resided till 
his death, which was the result of disease contracted 
during the war. 

WHITE, George Leonard, educator, b, in Ca- 
diz, Cattaraugus co.. N. Y.. 20 Sept, 1&38. lie was 
the son of a blacksmith, and while attending school 
assisted his father in the shop. When he was four- 
teen years old his father's health gave way, and the 



support of the family devolved upon him and his 
sisters. He conducted his father's business, bat 
studied in leisure hours, removed to Chillicothe, 
Ohio, and began to teach. In 1862 he enlisted in 
the 73d Ohio regiment, and fought at Fredericks- 
burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Valley, 
and Lookout Mountain. At the close of the war 
he entered the employ of the Freedmen's bureau, 
but in 1868 he resigned to give his entire time to 
the work of Fisk university. Mr. White had heard 
the simple negro songs that came into being dur- 
ing the days of slavery, and he resolved to form a 
band of his best voices to sing these songs in the 
large cities of the north in aid of the university. 
His means were limited, but, embarking his all 
in the enterprise, he left Nashville with his jubilee 
singers on 6 Oct., 1871. Bv May, 1872, he had re- 
mitted to the college $20,000. The troupe was 
everywhere received with enthusiasm, and a sec- 
ond tour netted as much as the first Early in 
1874 they went to Europe, where a like reception 
met them. They sang before Queen Victoria and 
nearly every crowned head on the continent and 
returned with a gain of $50,000. The total sura 
that was realized to the institution was $155,000. 
With the funds thus acquired twenty-five acres on 
a commanding eminence near Nashville have been 
purchased, and a fine building has been erected, 
which has been called Jubilee Hall. 

WHITE, George Savage, clergvman, b. in 
Bath, England, in 1784 ; d. after 1839.* He studied 
at Chestnut college, anH was ordained a clergy- 
man of the Church of England at Lady Hunt- 
ingdon's chapel, Brighton, in 1809. He afterward 
came to this country and was a minister in Rhode 
Island. His publications include 44 Christian Me- 
morial : containing God's Abundant Grace and 
Providential Kindness to the Author," and 44 Me- 
moir of Samuel Slater, the Father of American 
Manufactures " (2d ed., Philadelphia, 1846). 

WHITE, Harry, soldier, b. in Indiana county, 
Pa., 12 Jan., 1834. II* received a collegiate edu- 
cation, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1855, 
and practised at Indiana, Pa., till the beginning 
of the civil war, when he entered the National 
service as major of the 67th Pennsylvania infantry. 
While in the. armv he was elected a state senator, 
serving in the winter of 1862-*3. He afterward 
returned to his command, was captured by the 
Confederate troops, and retained as a prisoner 
sixteen months, but escaped and reached the Na- 
tional lines near Atlanta in Octolier, 1864. He 
returned to his command, served till the end of the 
war, was promoted to a colonelcy, and was bre- 
vetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 2 March, 
1865. He was re-elected to the senate of Penn- 
sylvania in 1865, and served by successive elec- 
tions till 1874, being speaker at the close of the term 
of 1871. In 1872 he was elected a delegate-at- 
large to the State constitutional convention, and he 
served in congress from Pennsylvania in 1877-'8l, 
having been chosen as a Republican. 

WHITE, Henry, clergyman, b. in Wilbraham, 
Mass., 3 Aug., 1700: d. in Garland. Me., 8 Dec, 
1858. He was graduated at Bangor theological 
seminary in 1823. ordained over the Congregation- 
al church at Brooks and Jackson, Me., 19 Oct, 
1825, and was pastor in various towns in that state 
and New Hampshire till 7 Nov., 1858. He published 
44 Early History of New England, illustrated with 
Numerous Early Incidents" (Concord, 1841). 

WHITE, Henry Claj, educator, b. in Balti- 
more. Md., 30 Dec., law. lie was graduated at 
the University of Virginia in 1870, and was pro- 
fessor of chemistry in the Maryland institute, Bal- 



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timore, and then in St John's college, Annapolis, 
Md., in 1871-'2. In the same year he was science 
lecturer in the Peabody institute, Baltimore, and in 
the latter year he was appointed professor of chem- 
istry in the University of Georgia, which post he still 
holds. Since 1880 he has been state chemist of 
Georgia. In 1881-*2 he was president of the Asso- 
ciation of official chemists of the United States, 
and in 1888 he became chief chemist of the Georgia 
state experimental station. He received the de- 
gree of rh. D. from the University of Virginia in 
1877, and is a fellow of the American association 
for the advancement of science. Dr. White has 
published scientific addresses, reports on the chem- 
istry of the cotton-plant and on commercial fer- 
tilizers, 44 The Complete Chemistry of the Cotton- 
Plant" (Macon, 1878), and, with William Gibbs 
McAdoo, "Elementary Geology of Tennessee" 
(Nashville, 1874). 

WHITE, Horace, journalist, b. in Colebrook, 
N. H., 10 Aug., 1834. He was graduated at Beloit 
college, Wisconsin, in 1853. In 1837 his father, 
who was a physician, removed to Beloit with his 
family. After his graduation he engaged in 
journalism. He was for many years connected 
with the Chicago " Tribune," and from 1864 till 
1874 was its editor and one of its chief proprietors. 
Conjointly with Edwin L. Godkin he has since 
1883 edited the New York 44 Evening Post" Mr. 
White has edited Frederic Bastiat's 44 Sophismes 
economiques" (Chicago, 1869), and Luigi Cossa's 
44 Scienza delle ftnanze " (New York, 1888). 

WHITE, Hugh, soldier, b. in Dauphin county, 
Pa., in 1737; d. in 1822. He was a captain in the 
Pennsylvania line from 19 April, 1775, till 1778, 
when ne was promoted to a colonelcy. He was one 
of the first commissioners of Lycoming county, 
and a member of the Pennsylvania assembly in 
1795, 1796, and 1803. He served as colonel of 
Pennsylvania troops in 1812. — His son, Robert 
Gray, jurist b. in Selinsgrove, Pa., 21 Jan. 1807 ; 
d. in Millsboro', Pa., 6 Sept., 1875. was graduated 
at Jefferson college in 1826, studied law, and prac- 
tised in Tioga county, Pa. He was a member of the 
State constitutional convention of 1838, treasurer 
of Tioga county in 1841 and 1843, and elected 
president-judge of the 4th judicial district of Penn- 
sylvania in 1851 and 1861, retiring in 1871. 

WHITE, Israel Charles, areologist, b. in Mo- 
nongalia county, W. Va., 1 Nov., 1848. He was 
graduated at West Virginia university in 1872, and 
took a graduate course in geology and chemistry in 
1875-'o in Columbia school of mines. In 1875 he 
was appointed assistant on the second geological 
survey of Pennsylvania, where he remained until 
1884, and since that year he has been connected 
with the U. S. geological survey. He was called 
to the chair of geology in the West Virginia uni- 
versity in 1877, and still retains that appointment. 
Prof. White was the first geologist to harmonize 
the Pennsylvania and Ohio coal-measures, and in 
1882 he recognized as belonging to the Salina for- 
mation rocks in Montour and Columbia counties 
that had previously been classified either with the 
Clinton or Lower ftelderberg groups. He was also 
the first to apply the anticlinal idea to the success- 
ful location of natural gas and oil wells, and an- 
nounced his theory in 1885. Prof. White is a 
member of the American philosophical society 
and a fellow of the American association for the 
advancement of science, and has published papers 
in their transactions and in the 44 American Jour- 
nal of Science." He is also the author of nine 
Tolumes of the reports of the geological survey 
of Pennsylvania. 



WHITE, James, pioneer, b. in Iredell county, 
N. C, in 1737 ; d. in Knoxville, Tenn., in 1815. He 
served as a soldier during the Revolution, and re- 
ceiving his pay from North t'aroliua in a land-war- 
rant, located it, in the summer of 1787, on the 
northern bank of the Holston river about four 
miles below the mouth of the French Broad. Here 
he erected a fort, built a grist-mill, and began a 
settlement The place was then on the extreme 
frontier, and a treaty with the Cherokees being 
held there in 1791, it attracted the attention of 
Gov. William Blount, who at once decided to make 
it the capital of the southwest territory. It was 
laid out into lots, named Knoxville, and soon at- 
tracted to itself a population, whose purchase of 
his property made White a wealthy man. In Sep- 
temDer, 1793, the fort, which contained 800 stand 
of U. S. muskets, and a large amount of ammuni- 
tion, was threatened with attack from a body of 
1,500 Cherokees. In the absence of Gov. Blount 
and Gen. Sevier, White assumed command of the 
forty settlers, and prepared for a desperate resist- 
ance. The Indians came within eight miles of the 
fort, and then, alarmed by the near approach of 
Sevier and his riflemen, suddenly retreated. Mr. 
White was a member of the territorial legislature, 
one of those that founded the state of 44 Franklin " 
(see Sevier, John), served as territorial delegate in 
congress in 1794-'5, and, on the admission of Ten- 
nessee into the Union in 1796, was elected to the 
state senate, and soon afterward chosen the speaker 
of that body. He held this position till December, 
1797, when he resigned to make place for ex-Go v. 
William Blount, wno, for alleged treason, had been 
expelled from the U. S. senate. In November, 
1813. as brigadier-general of Tennessee volunteers, 
he led a successful attack on the Creek Indians at 
Hillabee Town.— His son, Hugh Lawson, b. in 
Iredell county, N. C, 30 Oct., 1773 ; d. in Knox- 
ville, Tenn., 10 April, 1840, had meagre facilities 
for education. At 
the age of fourteen 
he accompanied his 
family to the remote 
backwoods, and 
there soon after- 
ward began the 
study of law in a 
small log office. A 
war with the Chero- 
kees breaking out 
when he was seven- 
teen years old, he 
volunteered as a pri- 
vate under Gen. Se- 
vier, and was with 
him when he gave 
that nation its last 
crushing defeat at 
the battle of Eto- 
wah. Young White 
doubtless decided 
that battle, for in the crisis of the fight he levelled 
his rifle upon their leading chief. King Fisher, and 
mortally wounded him, whereupon the savages 
scattered in all directions. At the close of the 
war he went to Philadelphia to study the classics 
and mathematics, and read law in the office of 
James Hopkins in Lancaster, Pa. Then he re- 
turned to Knoxville and began practice. For a 
short time he was private secretary to Gov. Blount. 
At the age of twenty-eight he was appointed a 
justice of the supreme court of Tennessee, which 
office he held for six years, and until he received 
the appointment of U. S. district attorney. In 




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1809 he was elected to the state senate, and dur- 
ing the same year he was again appointed to the 
bench of the supreme court In 1820 he was again 
chosen a state senator, and he served in this 
capacity till 1825. During the session of 1807 he 
compiled the land laws of the state, and in 1817 
he drafted the act against duelling. In 1815 he 
was elected president of the Bank of Tennessee at 
Knoxville. In 1822, with Judge Burnett, of Ohio, 
he had been chosen by Kentucky to adjust the mili- 
tary land claims of Virginia. In October, 1825, 
Judge White was elected to the U. S. senate to 
succeed Gen. Andrew Jackson, who had resigned. 
The first important effort of Judge White in the 
senate was on the Panama mission, in which he op- 
posed the measure on constitutional grounds. He 
delivered an able speech, 16 April, 1826, on the 
apportionment of tne judiciary. He opposed a 
general system of internal improvements by the 
government, favored a protective tariff, prevented 
the recharter of the U. S. bank, and ardently 
supported the action of President Jackson. He 
served many years on the committee of Indian 
affairs as its chairman, and urged the policy of re- 
moval of the Indians west of the Mississippi. On 
16 Feb., 1835, Judge White made his speech in 
favor of limiting executive patronage, wnich was 
regarded as an attack upon the administration. 
This effort was followed by an able argument 
against Thomas H. Benton's proposition to ex- 
punge from the record resolutions of censure that 
nad been passed against the president. Judge 
White had voted against these, and had then de- 
fended the conduct of the president, but regarded 
it as unconstitutional to obliterate the record. He 
was in favor of so amending the resolution as to 
declare the resolutions of censure " rescinded, re- 
pealed, reversed, and declared null and void." 
From this time the breach between him and the 
executive became impassable. The convention that 
had assembled at Baltimore, 20 May, 1836, nomi- 
nated Martin Van Buren unanimously for presi- 
dent. The fifteen votes of Tennessee were cast by 
a single citizen of the state, who happened to be 
in the city ; not a single delegate had been sent 
by Tennessee. Both branches of the assemblv of 
that state, on 16 and 17 Oct., 1835, pronounced in 
favor of Mr. White, and he accepted the nomina- 
tion for president. In the elections of 1824 and 
1828 Gen. Jackson had practically the entire vote 
of the state, and the contest was now between him 
and Judge White, who carried the state by a ma- 
jority of nearly 10,000. He also secured the elec- 
toral' vote of Georgia. In the course of three years 
the enemies of the judge gained the legislature and 
passed resolutions of instructions that he could not 
in conscience obey, and he therefore resigned his 
seat. In the following year the Whigs, under the 
lead of Gen. Harrison, placed Judge White upon 
their electoral ticket, but his failing health did not 
permit him to make the canvass. " A Memoir of 
Judge White, with Selections from his Speeches 
and Correspondence," was issued bv Nancy N. 
Scott, one of his descendants (Philadelphia, 1856). 

WHITE, John, clergyman, b. in Stanton, St 
John, Oxfordshire, England, in 1575 ; d. in Dor- 
chester, England, 21 July, 1648. He was a kins- 
man of Bishop John White, whom Queen Eliza- 
beth deprived of the see of Winchester on account 
of his Romanizing tendencies. The younger John 
was educated at Winchester and at Oxford, where 
he became a perpetual fellow in 1595. and in 1606 
was appointed rector of Holy Trinity church, 
Dorchester, which post he held for forty years. 
In 1624 he projected the new colony of Massa- 



chusetts for those who could not conscientiously 
conform to the discipline and ceremonies of the 
Church of England, and in 1630 he succeeded 
in establishing at Mattapan, Mass., which thev re- 
named Dorchester, a party of 140 Puritans from 
Dorsetshire and the neighboring counties, He 
became one of the assembly of divines in 1643, 
and rector of Lambeth in 1645. He was known as 
the " Patriarch of Dorchester." Edward Everett 
says of him: "Like Robinson in reference to 
Plymouth, John White never set foot on the soil 
of Massachusetts, but he was the most efficient pro- 
moter of the undertaking, which resulted in the 
settlement not merely of our ancient town, but of 
the colony." See "Dorchester in 1630-1776, and 
1855," Edward Everett's " Orations and Speeches ** 
(3 vols., Boston, 1859). White published "The 
Planter's Plea, or the Grounds of Plantations Ex- 
amined" (London, 1630); "A Way to the Tree of 
Life" (1647); and "Commentary on the Three 
First Chapters of Genesis" (1656). 

WHITE, John, English lawyer, b. in Pembroke- 
shire, Wales, in 1590 ; d. in London, England. 29 
Jan., 1645. He was educated at Jesus college, Ox- 
ford, actively engaged against the royalists, and 
in 1640 became member of parliament for South- 
ward In that body he was chairman of the com- 
mittee on religion, and, says Lord Clarendon, " was 
notoriously affected against the church." He drew 
up the first charter of the Massachusetts colony in 
1628, which was confirmed bythe crown with pow- 
ers of government in 1629. He is buried in Tem- 
ple Court, London, and on his tomb is inscribed ; 

" Here lies a John, a burning, shining light, 
Whose name and words and actions all were 
White." 

He owed his name of "Century White" to his 
book, " The First Century of Scandalous, Malig- 
nant Priests" (London. 1643). He also wrote 
" Speech concerning the Trial of Twelve Bishops " 
(1641); "Speech concerning Episcopacy" (1641); 
and " The Looking-Glass " (1643 or 1644). 

WHITE, John, clergyman, b. in Watertown, 
Mass., in 1677; d. in Gloucester, Mass., 17 Jan., 
1760. He was graduated at Harvard in 1698, after- 
ward was chaplain at Fort Saco, and on 21 April, 
1703, became minister of Gloucester, Mass., which 
pastorate he retained till his death. He published 
"New England's Lamentation for the Decay of 
Godliness* (Boston, 1734; London, 1735), and a 
" Funeral Sermon on John Wise " (1725). 

WHITE, John, soldier, b. in England ; d. in 
Virginia about 1780. He was of Irish parentage, 
and became a surgeon in the British navy, but, 
leaving the service, he came with his family to this 
country and settled in Philadelphia. He entered 
the Revolutionary army as a captain, and was soon 
promoted colonel of the 4th Georgia battalion. It 
is claimed that during the siege of Savannah, with 
a small body of men, by a successful stratagem, 
he made prisoners of Capt French and 111 British 
regulars on Ogeechee river, about twenty-five miles 
from Savannah, and also the crews of five vessels, 
forty in number, and 130 stand of arms. He was 
wounded at the assault of Spring-hill redoubt, 9 
Oct.. 1779, and obliged to retire from the army. 

WHITE, John, member of congress, b. in Ken- 
tucky in 1805 ; d. in Richmond. Ky., 22 Sept., 1845. 
He received an academical education, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar, and practised at Rich- 
mond, Kv. He served by successive elections in 
congress from 7 Dec., 1835, till 8 March, 1845, and 
was speaker of the 27th congress. He was then 
appointed judge of the 19th judicial district of 
his native state, but soon died by his own hand. 



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WHITE, John Blake, artist, b. near Eutaw 

Springs, S. C.,2 Sept., 1781 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 
24 Aug., 1859. He began the study of law in Co- 
lumbia, S. C, but in 1800 went to England with 
Washington Allston. After four years of study 
with Benjamin West, he returned to the United 
States in 1804. The following year ho proceeded 
to Boston to practise his art, but, not finaing suffi- 
cient encouragement, he returned to Charleston 
and finished the study of law. In this profession 
he achieved success, and was repeatedly elected to 
the legislature of South Carolina. Although prac- 
tising art only as an amateur, he produced several 
creditable historical paintings, among which are 
"Battle of Eutaw Springs w (1804) : "Battle of 
Port Moultrie" (1806); "Battle of New Orleans " 
(1810) ; and " Marion inviting the British Officer to 
Dinner " and " Mrs. Motte presenting the Arrows" 
(1836). He received from the South Carolina insti- 
tute in 1840 a gold medal for the best historical 
painting, was elected an honorary member of the 
National academy in 1847, and was also the recipi- 
ent of numerous' other honors. Among his por- 
traits are those of Charles C. Pinckney, Keating L. 
Simmons, John C. Calhoun, and Gov. Henry Mid- 
dleton. He was also noted for his literary attain- 
ments, and was the author of the dramas " Foscari, 
or the Venetian Exile " (1805) ; " Mysteries of the 
Castle" (1806); "Modem Honor" (1812); "Tri- 
umph of Liberty, or Louisiana preserved " (1819) ; 
and " Intemperance " (1839). He has been regarded 
as the pioneer of literature and art in the south. — 
His son, Edward Brickell, architect, b. in Charles- 
ton, 29 Jan., 1806 ; d. in New York city, 10 May, 
1882, entered the U.S. military academy in 1822, and 
was graduated four years later. He served in the 
army for ten years, resigning in 1836, and during 
that time was frequently detached for engineering 
duties. Settling in Charleston, he followed suc- 
cessfully his profession as an engineer, being en- 
gaged in the buildingof various railroads. Heerect- 
ed also numerous residences, built Trinity church 
in Charleston, and designed the monument to Col. 
William Washington, at Eutaw Springs, and that 
to William G. Simms, in Charleston. He entered 
the Confederate army, and served thoughout the 
war. In 1865 he removed to New York, where he 
remained until his death. — Another son, Octuvius 
Augustus, physician, b. in Charleston, 8 Feb., 1826, 
was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 
1846, and at South Carolina medical college two 
years later. He began and continued the practice 
of medicine with success, until the opening of the 
civil war, when he received the commission of sur- 
geon in the Confederate army. At the close of the 
war he removed to New York, where he has since 
resided. He is a member of the New York acade- 
my of medicine, and other medical societies. Dr. 
White first introduced the practice of superficial 
incisions within the os uteri for the relief of stenot- 
ic dysmenorrhcea. Ho also invented the"hyster- 
otome," an instrument for practising safe incision 
within the neck of the womb; also novel instru- 
ments for the cure of hernia and varicocele, and a 
new form of laryngoscope. His contributions to 
medical literature include " New Method of operat- 
ing for Radical Cure of Hernia " (1851) ; *' Transfu- 
sion, with Successful Results, in Cases of Flooding " 
(1853) : " A New and Safe Treatment in Stenotic 
Dvsmenorrhcea " 1855); " Brad vesote Treatment 
of' Yellow Fever" (1858) ; " Report on the Yellow- 
Fever Epidemic of Wilmington, N. C." (1862): 
"Varicocele and its Radical Cure" (New York, 
1872) ; " Report on the Yellow-Fever Epidemic in 
Savannah, Ga."(1876); and " Observations on the 



Pulse, introducing an Original Instrument of Pre- 
cision (the Hemarumascope) for the Demonstra- 
tion of Arterial and Venous Currents " (1877). 

WHITE, John Silas, educator, b. in Wrentham, 
Mass.. 3 Feb., 1847. He served as a private in the 
42d Massachusetts infantry during the last year of 
the civil war, was graduated at Harvard in 1870, 
was sub-master of the Boston Latin-school in that 
year, master of the same in 1871-'4, and then found- 
ed Brooks academy, Cleveland, Ohio, of which he 
was head-master in 1874-'80. From the latter 
year he has been head-master of Berkeley school, 
New York city, and since 1888 president of the 
Berkeley Wceum association. From June, 1873, 
till September, 1874, Mr. White was on a tour of 
observation from the Boston Latin-school, visiting 
schools in Europe and studying school systems, 
and was correspondent of the Boston " Daily Ad- 
vertiser" on educational topics. In 1879 he re- 
ceived the degree of LL. D. from Trinity. He 
has contributed occasionally to periodicals, and 
has published " Boys' and (rirls' Plutarch " (New 
York, 1883) ; " Boys' and Girls' Herodotus" (1884); 
and " Boys' and Girls' Pliny " (1885). 

WHITE, John Williams, educator, b. in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, 5 March, 1849. He was graduated 
at Ohio Wesleyan universitv in 1868. was profes- 
sor of Greek and Latin at NiVilloughby college in 
1868-'9. held a similar professorship at Baldwin 
university in 1869-'71, and from 1871 till 1874 
was professor of Greek in the same institution. 
He visited Europe in 1871-'2, was tutor in Greek 
at Harvard in 1874-'7, and assistant professor from 
1877 till 1884, when, on the death of Prof. Evan- 
gelinus A. Sophocles, he was appointed full pro- 
fessor of Greelc. He received the degrees Ph. D. 
and A. M. from Harvard in 1877. He is also one 
of the two editors of "College Series of Greek 
Authors," is a member of American and foreign 
learned societies, and member of the committee in 
charge of the American school of classical studies 
at Athens. Prof. White published "(Edipus Ty- 
rannus of Sophocles" (1873); "First lessons in 
Greek" (1876); " First Four Books of Xenophon's 
Anabasis" and "Selections from Xenophon and 
Herodotus," as joint editor with William W.Good- 
win (1877); and "Greek and Latin at Sight " and 
"Schmidt's Rhythmic and Metric of the Classical 
Ijancuages" (Boston, 1877); "Stein's Summary of 
the Dialect of Herodotus" (1880); and the " Realia 
of Greek Literature" (1882). 

WHITE, Joseph M, congressman, b. in Frank- 
lin county, Ky., 10 May, 1781 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 
19 Oct., 1839. He was carefully educated, studied 
law, and settled in Pensacola, Fla., where he gained 
success bv his familiarity with French, and Span- 
ish, which enabled him to obtain clients from set- 
tlers of both these nationalities. He was chosen 
to congress as a Democrat in 1824, and served till 
3 March, 1837, but was defeated at the next elec- 
tion. During his career in congress he was known 
as an eloquent speaker and debater. He published 
"New Collection of Ijaws, Charters, etc., of Great 
Britain, France, and Spain, relating to the Conces- 
sions of Lands with the Laws of Mexico," etc. 
(2 vols.. Philadelphia, 1839). 

WHITE, Julius, soldier, b. in Cazcnovia, Madi- 
son co., N. Y., 29 Sept., 1816; d. in South Evan- 
ston, 111., 12 May, 1890. He removed to Illinois 
in 1836, where ho was engaged in commercial 
pursuits. In 1849 ho was a member of the Wis- 
consin legislature. He was made collector of cus- 
toms at Chicago, 111 , in the spring of 1861, but 
resigned that oiTlce on his api>ointment as colonel 
of the 37th Illinois volunteers, then known as the 



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Fremont rifle regiment He commanded it dar- 
ing Gen. John C. Fremont's expedition to south- 
west Missouri in the autumn of 1861, and was 
afterward placed at the head of a brigade, accom- 
panying Gen. Samuel R. Curtis into Arkansas 
during the succeeding winter. He participated in 
the battle of Pea Ridge, and his appointment of 
brigadier-general of volunteers dated from that 
battle, 9 June, 1863. He was then assigned to the 
Department of the Shenandoah, and was subse- 
quently ordered to report to Gen. John E. Wool. 
He was at Martinsburg in September, 1862, and, 
when that town became untenable, retired to Har- 
per's Perry, where he volunteered to serve as sec- 
ond in command under his inferior officer, Col. 
Dixon S. Miles, who was in charge of that post. 
When Harper's Ferry was surrendered, on 15 Sept, 
1862, to Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, he became a pris- 
oner of war, but was released on parole. He was 
then placed under arrest by the U. S. government, 
and, at his own request, a court of inquiry was 
called, which found that he acted with capability 
and courage. He resigned in 1864, and on 13 
March, I860, was brevet ted major-general of volun- 
teers. He resumed his business in Illinois. 

WHITE, Peregrine, the first white child born 
in New England,!), on the "Mayflower," in Cape 
Cod harbor, 20 Nov., 1620 ; d. in Marshfleld, Mass., 
22 July, 1704. His father, William, and his moth- 
er, Susanna, were passengers in the " Mayflower." 
Peregrine became a citizen of Marshfleld, Mass., 
where the court gave him 200 acres of land in 
" consideration of liis birth." He was of " vigor- 
ous and comely aspect," and filled several minor 
civil and military offices in that town. During 
his early life he is described as " extravagant," but 
M much reformed in his later years, and died hope- 
fully." Peregrine's father died shortly after nis 
arrival in this country, and two months afterward 
his mother, Susanna, married Edward Winslow. 
Theirs was the first English marriage in New Eng- 
land. She was therefore the first mother and the 
first bride in the country ; her husband, Edward 
Winslow, was its first provincial governor; and 
her son by her second marriage, Josiah Winslow, 
was the first native governor of the colony. 

WHITE, Phillips, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in New Hampshire about 1780; d. 
there after 1788. He was chosen to the Continent- 
al congress in 1782, taking his seat 8 Dec. of that 
year. The only record of his appearance in that 
body is his vote on the motion made by Edmund 
Rutledge in January, 1783. •* that congress having, 
on 20 Dec, 1782, directed the secretary of foreign 
affairs to transmit to the executive authority of 
Rhode Island an authenticated state of the several 
applications for foreign loans, and the result there- 
of, it be resolved that the foregoing motion be 
postponed.'' On the question of commitment Mr. 
White voted in the affirmative. 

WHITE, Pliny Holton, clergyman, b. in 
Springfield, Conn., 6 Oct, 1822; d. in Coventry. 
Vt, 24 April, 1869. He adopted the profession of 
law, was admitted to the bar of Windham county, 
Vt, in 1843, and practised there till 1853. He was 
editor of the Brattleborough, Vt, "Eagle" in 
1851-'2, and of the " Express " at Amherst, Mass., 
in 1857-8. In February, 1859, he was ordained 
pastor of the Unitarian church at Coventry, Vt 
He was a member of the Vermont legislature in 
1862-'8, chaplain of the senate in 1864-'6, and at 
the time of his death president of the Vermont 
historical society. He contributed frequently to 
the newspapers, and is the author of a " History 
of Coventry " (Irasburg, Vt, 1858). 




ity of 



WHITE, Richard Grant, author, b. in New 
York city, 22 May, 1821 ; d. there, 8 April, 1885. 
His ancestor, John White, came from England 
in 1636, and was a settler of Cambridge, Mass., 
and Hartford, Conn., and his grandfather, Calvin 
(1763-1853), was rector of St James's parish in 
Derby, Conn., but 
afterward became 
a Roman Catho- 
lic, although he 
did not enter the 
priesthood of that 
church. He was a 
Tory and just es- 
caped hanging by 
the mob because 
he " refused to 
shout 4 Property 
and liberty ! ' * 
Richard Grant's 
father, Richard 
Mansfield White, 
intended his son 
for the church, but 
after his gradu 
tion at the Univer- 
sity of the city < 
New York in 1839 
he studied mediciue and afterward law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1845. His literary tendencies 
drew him from law, and he soon became a contrib- 
utor to the New York "Courier and Enquirer," 
where his musical, dramatic and art criticisms at- 
tracted attention. From 1845 till 1859 he was con- 
nected with this journal, and he served as its editor 
in 1854-'9. He was a founder in 1846-7 of " Yankee 
Doodle," and also a founder in 1860 of the " World," 
from which he withdrew in 1861. During the civil 
war he wrote a series of letters to the London 
"Spectator,'' signed "A Yankee," which were of 
much service to the National cause. For nearly 
twenty years he was chief of the U. S. revenue 
marine bureau in the district of New York, which 
post he resigned in 1878. He wrote for magazines, 
contributed articles to cyclopaedias, and edited the 
"Illustrated Record of the New York Exhibi- 
tion of the Industry of all Nations" (1854), and 
" Poetry, Lyrical, Narrative, and Satirical of the 
Civil War" (1866). On the publication of John 
Payne Collier's folio manuscript emendations of 
Shakespeare (1852), Mr. White contributed a series 
of papers to " Putnam's Magazine," in which he de- 
nied the value of the emendations. The acumen 
and style of these articles elicited general admira- 
tion, and their subtile and vigorous criticism gave 
him a place among the most learned Shakespearian 
scholars. His publications are an "Appeal from 
the Sentence of the Bishop [Onderdonk] of New 
York" (New York, 1845); "Biographical and 
Critical Hand -Book of Christian Art" (1853); 
"Shakespeare's Scholar" (1854): "The Works of 
William Shakespeare," an annotated edition (12 
vols., Boston, 1857- 65); "Essay on the Author- 
ship of the Three Parts of Henry the Sixth" 
(Cambridge, 1859) ; " National Hymns," an essay, 
with selections from the hymns written for a prize 
of $600 offered by a national committee, which 
was not awarded (New York, 1861); "Memoirs 
of William Shakespeare, with an Essay toward 
the Expression of nis Genius, and Account of 
the Rise and Progress of the English Drama" 
(Boston, 1865) ; " The New Gospel of Peace accord- 
ing to St. Benjamin," an anonymous political sat- 
ire (Cambridge, 1866) ; " Words and their Uses, a 
Study of the English Language " (New York, 1870 : 



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evised ed, 1872); "The American View of the 
'opyright Question "(1880); E very-Day English" 
1881): "England Without and Within " (1881); 
The Riverside Edition of the Works of William 
hakespeare" (3 vols., Cambridge, 1883); "The 
"ate of Mansfield Humphrey," a novel (1884); 
nd a series of articles on tne " Failure of the 
•ublic School System in the United States." His 
ist literary labor was the gathering of several 
hakespeare articles that had appeared in periodi- 
ca, which were completed and published after 
is death, under the title of "Studies in Shake- 
peare" (Boston, 1885). The part that is devoted 
) glossaries and lexicons is of special interest to 
iholars. — His son, Stanford, architect, b. in New 
ork city, 9 Nov., 1853. was educated in his native 
ity in public schools and under private tutors, 
[ft studied architecture under Charles D. Gam- 
rill and Henry H. Richardson, and was chief as- 
stant of t hat firm when they built Trinity church, 
oston. During 1878-'80 he studied in Europe, 
nd in 1881 he entered into partnership with 
harles F. McKim and William R. Mead. Mr. 
/"hite has made all of the designs for the archi- 
•ctural work of the statues by Augustus St. Gau- 
ans, notably the pedestal of the Farragut monu- 
lent in Madison square. New York city (see illus- 
ation), and that of the Lincoln statue in Chicago, 
e has furnished many designs for book-covers, 
id those of the "Century" and "Scribner's Maga- 




le" were by him. The University of thccitvof 
^w York conferred on him the degree of A. M. in 
82. He is a member of the Tile club, the Amcri- 
n institute of architects, and other artistic and 
ofessional organizations. 

WHITE, Samnel, senator, b. in Wilmington, 
in 1770 ; d. there, 4 Nov., 1809. He was carc- 
1 1 v educated, early engaged in local politics, and 
>m 1801 until his death was U. S. senator from 

laware, having been chf>sen as a Federalist, 
iring the trial of Timothy Pickering l>efore that 
ily in 1801), on the charge of the cinl>ezzlemcnt 

public funds, Mr. White defended him in the 
nls : " The accused is not in default, but under 
» awful visitation of God : and, as he is deranged, 
r pn>ceedings scarcely deserve the name of a 
>ck trial." Wilson Cary Nicholas, then congress- 
m from Virginia, called out: " 1 will not submit 

hear our proceedings called by the name of a 
K-k trial." Whereupon Mr. White at once re- 
ed: " It is a mock trial, and I am ready to give 
* gentleman, if he is offended. satisfaction at any 
le or place." The sentiment in favor of duel- 



ling was so strong at that time that it does not ap- 
pear on the records that the president of the sen- 
ate administered any rebuke to the contestants. 
Mr. White had a national reputation as a marks- 
man, and performed remarkable feats in shooting. 
He ardently opposed slaverv, and was a popular and 
influential member of the Federalist party. 

WHITE, Stephen Van Cnlen, banker, b. in 
Chatham county, N. C, 1 Aug., 1831. His father 
was a Quaker and opposed to slavery, and as he de- 
clined to do police duty to prevent" negroes hold- 
ing meetings at night after the Nat Turner insur- 
rection, was compelled to leave the state. He 
moved his family by wagon to Greene (now Jersey) 
county. 111., wheh Stephen was six weeks old, ana 
engaged in farming. The son was graduated at 
Knox college. 111., in 1854, studied law in St Louis 
with Benjamin Gratz Brown and John A. Kasson, 
was admitted to the bar. 4 Nov., 1850, and began 
practising in Des Moines. He soon acquired high 
rank as a lawyer, and was retained in many im- 
portant cases before the U. S. court. In 1801, in 
the case of the United States t»«. Hill, he success- 
fully defended the only treason case that was ever 
tried in Iowa, and in 1803 he saved to investors many 
millions of dollars, which the state courts hail re- 
pudiated, by a successful argument in the U. S. 
supreme court in the case of Gelpke vs. Dubuque, 
involving the constitutionality of municipal bonds 
issued in aid of railroads. In 1804 he was acting 
U. S. district attorney for Iowa, and attended to 
all the civil and criminal business of the govern- 
ment. In 1805 he removed to New York and en- 
gaged in banking, and in 1882 he organized the 
banking-firm of S. V. White and Co. He was 
elected representative in congress from Brooklyn 
in 1880, and was appointed a member of the com- 
mittee on post-offices and post-roads. Mr. White 
has been noted as a banker for his large and bold 
operations in the interest of the Delaware, Lacka- 
wanna, and Western railroad. He has long been 
a rnemlHT and trustee of Plymouth church, is an 
exjwrt astronomer, owns a private observatory, and 
on the organization of the American astronomical 
society, in 1883, waselcetcd its first president. 

WHITE, Thomas, Canadian statesman, b. in 
Montreal, 7 Aug., 1830; d. in Ottawa, 21 April, 
1888. His father, a native of Ireland, carried on 
business as a merchant in Montreal for many years. 
The son was educated at the high-school of that 
city, afterward engaged for several years iu mer- 
cantile pursuits, and then became attached to the 
editorial staff of the Quebec "Gazette." In 1853, 
with Robert Romainc, he established the Peter- 
borough " Review," with which he remained con- 
nected till 1800, when he entered upon the study 
of law at Cobourg. In 1804, with his brother Rich- 
ard, he became proprietor of the " Spectator " at 
Hamilton, where he remained till 1870. He was 
an unsuccessful candidate for the Ontario legisla- 
ture in 1807, and for the Dominion parliament 
three times, being first elected for Cardwcll in 
1878. He was re-elected in 1882. and again in 
February, 1887. In 1885 Mr. White became a 
member of Sir John A. Macdonald's cabinet, with 
the portfolio of minister of the interior, and soon 
afterward he visited the northwest in his official 
capacity, instituted an inquiry into the causes of 
the insurrection under Ixuiis Riel, and arranged 
for the restoration of the functions of government, 
which had been temporarily suspended. He was 
managing editor at one time of the Montreal "Ga- 
zette," representative for several years of the Mon- 
treal board of trade in the Dominion lioard, mem- 
ber for three years of the executive committee of 



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the Dominion board, and represented that body 
for five years in the National ooard of trade of the 
United States. He was in favor of such special 
trade relations between different parts of the Brit- 
ish empire as would strengthen the bond of union 
between the mother country and the colonies. He 
was one of the most popular members of the cabi- 
net, and was highly regarded even by his political 
opponents. — His brother, Richard, b. in Montreal, 
14 May, 1834, established with Thomas the Peter- 
borough 44 Review " in 1858, purchased the Hamil- 
ton 44 Daily Spectator " in 1864, and in 1870 the 
Montreal 44 Gazette," the oldest newspaper in the 
Dominion. He is the managing director of the 
44 Montreal Gazette " printing company. In addi- 
tion to the daily and weekly editions of the 44 Ga- 
zette," the company publishes the 44 Legal News," 
the 44 Montreal Law Reports," the 44 Montreal Medi- 
cal and Surgical Journal," and the 44 Educational 
Record." Mr. White is actively connected with 
various financial and industrial associations, has 
been a member of the city government of Montreal, 
and during the prevalence of small-pox in that city 
did much to alleviate the condition of the people 
and to stop the progress of the epidemic. 

WHITE, William, P. E. bishop, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 4 April, 1748; d. there, 17 July, 1836. 
His father, Col. Thomas White, removed to Phila- 
delphia from Maryland in 1745, and married Esther, 

widow of John 
Neuman, and 
daughter of 
Abraham Hew- 
lings, of Bur- 
lington, N. J., 
7 May, 1747. 
There were two 
children of this 
marriage. Will- 
iam, and Mary. 
, who became the 
wife of Robert 
Morris. Will- 
iam entered the 
English depart- 
mentof the Col- 
lege and acad- 
emy of Phila- 
delphia at the 
age of seven, 
and at ten the 

Latin-school. He was graduated in 1765, and soon 
began his theological studies, which he completed 
in 1770. In October of this vear he sailed for Eng- 
land to obtain holy orders, bringing such testimo- 
nials that, although he was several months under 
the required age, he obtained from the archbishop 
of Canterbury a faculty allowing him to be ordained. 
He was ordered deacon in the Chapel royal, St. 
James's palace, Westminster, 23 Dec., 1770, by Dr. 
Young, bishop of Norwich, acting for the bishop of 
London, who nad episcopal oversight of all the colo- 
nies, and was ordained priest in the chapel of Ful- 
ham palace, 25 April, 1772, by the bishop of Lon- 
don. He sailed for this country, where ne arrived 
on 18 Sept, and soon afterward became assistant 
minister of Christ and St. Peter's churches. On 11 
Feb., 1773, he married Mary, daughter of Capt. 
Henry Harrison, mayor of Philadelphia. With- 
in a few years he became rector of the united 

Sarishes of Christ, St. Peter's, and St James's. The 
egree of D. D. was given him by the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1782, it being the first honorary 
degree of that college. All the clerey of Philadel- 
phia sided with the colonies during the Revolutipn, 




none more zealously than Dr. White. Upon the 
occupation of Philadelphia by the British forces, 
he removed in September, 1777, to Harford county, 
Md., but he returned after the evacuation, and re- 
sumed his duties. Then began the long and try- 
ing struggle to sustain the life of the church, in 
which he took an active part. Almost despairing 
of success in obtaining the episcopate, which was 
essential to the reorganization of the church, Dr. 
White, in August, 1782, put forth a pamphlet with 
the title 44 The Case of the Episcopal Churches Con- 
sidered" (Philadelphia, 1782), in which he advo- 
cated the appointment of superintendents, with 
similar powers, to take the place of bishops in the 
government of the church. This plan, which found 
favor largely in the middle and southern states, was 
bitterly opposed by the clergy of Connecticut, and 
negotiations for peace having advanced to the point 
of probability, tne pamphlet was withdrawn from 
circulation, and the plan was abandoned. On 27 
March, 1784, the clergy of the city of Philadelphia, 
and lay representatives from its parishes, met in 
Dr. White's study to take steps for the organiza- 
tion of the church in Pennsylvania, which meet- 
ing resulted in the assembling of a council in Christ 
church, 26 May, 1784, the first council in which 
laymen had been represented. Proposals were 
sent out to the churches in other states to meet in 
general convention, Dr. White's letters helping 
largely in bringing about this result The first 
meeting of that body was held in New York in 
October, 1784, though delegates were sent only on 
the authority of their several parishes. On Tues- 
day, 27 Sept., 1785, clerical ana lay deputies from 
several states met in Christ church, Philadelphia, 
and organized as a general convention, of wnich 
Dr. White was chosen president Steps were taken 
at once by the appointment of committees to draft 
a constitution for the church, and to prepare a 
schedule of necessary alterations in the liturgy. 
Dr. White made the original draft of the constitu- 
tion, and also prepared an address to the arch- 
bishops and bishops of the Church of England, 
asking for the episcopate at their hands. He was 
also largely instrumental in giving shape to the 
liturgy ana offices of the Prayer-Book which were 
to be submitted to the authorities of the Church of 
England with the address. At the convention of 
the diocese of Pennsylvania in 1786 he was elected 
its first bishop, and sailed for England in com- 
pany with Dr. Samuel Provoost. of New York, seek- 
ing consecration, arriving in London. 29 Nov., 
1TO6. After many delays, and the passage of a 
special enabling act by parliament, ne was, with 
Dr. Provoost, at last consecrated in the chapel of 
Lambeth palace, 4 Feb., 1787, by the archbishops 
of Canterbury and York, and the bishops of Bath 
and Wells, and Peterborough. He reached Phila- 
delphia again on Blaster Sunday, 7 April, 1787, and 
entered upon his trying duties, not the least of 
which concerned the recognition of the consecra- 
tion of Bishop Seabury, in all of which his mild 
temper and broad chanty were effective in restor- 
ing peace and harmony to the councils of the 
church. He was appointed chaplain to congress 
in 1787, which office he held till 1801. Besides his 
episcopal duties, he was foremost in many public 
charities and enterprises, and held the presidency 
of the Philadelphia Bible society, dispensary, Prison 
society, Asylum for the deaf and dumb, and In- 
stitution for the blind. He died at the advanced 
age of eighty-eight, after living to see the church 
in the states thoroughly organized and rapidly 
growing, and consecrating eleven bishops. His re- 
mains were buried in the church-yam of Christ 



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church, but in December, 1870, were removed and 
placed beneath the floor of the chancel. The 
centennial anniversary of his consecration was ap- 
propriately celebrated in Lambeth palace, Lon- 
don, and in Christ church, Philadelphia. Besides 
the " Pastoral Letters " of the house of bishops 
(1808-1835), five addresses to the trustees, pro- 
fessors, and students of the General theological 
seminary (1822-'9), and episcopal charges, Bishop 
White published " Lectures on the Catechism ' 
(Philadelphia, 1813); "Comparative View of the 
Controversy between the Calvin ists and the Armin 
ians" (2 vols., 1817); " Memoirs of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church in the United States of America " 
(1820 ; 2d ed., with continuation, New York, 1835) ; 
and " Commentary on Questions in the Ordination 
Offices" and "Commentary on Duties of Public 
Ministry " (1 vol., 1838). His " Opinions on Inter- 
changing with Ministers of Non-Episcopal Com- 
munions, Extracted from his Charges, Addresses, 
Sermons, and Pastoral Letters," appeared in 1868. 
See his life by Rev. Dr. Bird Wilson (Philadelphia, 
1839). Portraits of Bishop White have been painted 
by Gilbert Stuart, Thomas Sully, and Henry In- 
man. The accompanying vignette is copied from 
a drawing byJames B. Longacre. 

WHITE, William, Canadian official, b. in Lon- 
don, England, 6 Jan., 1830. He was educated at 
Burlington House school. Hammersmith, and en- 
tered the English civil service in 1846, but resigned 
in 1854. and the same year entered the Canadian 
post-office department He became its secretary 
in 1861 and deputy postmaster-general in July, 
1888. Mr. White was appointed a member of the 
royal commission to inquire into the organization 
of the Canadian civil-service commission in June, 
1880. He is lieutenant-colonel of the 4th battalion, 
and commanded the Canadian team at the matches 
of the National rifle association at Wimbledon, 
England, in 1884, when it won the Kolopore cup. 
He has published " Post-Office Gazetteer of Cana- 
da" (Ottawa, 1872), and "Annals of Canada" in 
the " Canadian Monthly Magazine." 

WHITE, William Charles, dramatist, b. in 
Boston, Mass.. in 1777 ; d. in Worcester, Mass., 2 
May, 1818. He was the son of a merchant, but- 
left the counting-room for the Stage in 1796, ap- 
pearing as Norval in the Federal street theatre, 
Boston, Mass. At the same time he produced a 
tradegy called " Orlando," but, meeting with small 
encouragement, turned his attention to law, and 
opened an office in Providence, R. I., in 1800. He 
returned to the stage for a few months in the same 
year, but finally abandoned it in 1801, and for a 
short time was an editor of the "National JEgis." 
In 1811 he became county attorney. He published 
and produced the plays "The Country Cousin" 

gloston, 1810), and "The Poor Lodger" (1810). 
e is the author of a " Compendium of the Laws 
of Massachusetts " (8 vols., 1810). 

WHITE, William N., horticulturist, b. in Wal- 
ton, N. Y., in 1819; d. in Athens, Ga., 14 July, 
1867. He settled in Athens, Ga., where he became 
a bookseller, and for many years previous to his 
death edited the " Southern Cultivator," the only 
agricultural paper that sustained itself during the 
civil war. Mr. White was an authority in practi- 
cal agriculture and all matters relating to farm- 
ing. He published " Gardening for the South, or 
the Kitchen and Fruit Garden* (New York, 1856), 
and " Scientific Gardening " (1866). 

WHITEAVES, Joseph Frederick, Canadian 
naturalist, b. in Oxford, England, 26 Dec., 1885. 
He began the study of zoology when about twenty 
Tears of age, and later that of the invertebrate 



palaeontology of the Jurassic rocks in the immedi- 
ate vicinity of his native city. He published some 
of the results of his investigations in paleontology 
in the " Report of the British Association for tne 
Advancement of Science" for 1860, and in the 
" Annals and Magazine of Natural History " (Lon- 
don, 1861). He removed to Canada in 1861, from 
1868 till 1876 was scientific curator and recording 
secretary to the Natural history society of Mon- 
treal, and contributed many articles on Canadian 
zo51ogy and palaeontology to its journal, the " Ca- 
nadian Naturalist and Geologist." During lSe?-^ 
he prosecuted five deep-sea dredging expeditions in 
the Gulf of St, Lawrence, the last three under the 
auspices of the department of marine and fisheries 
of tne .Dominion government Large numbers of 
marine invertebrates were collected by him, among 
them several species that had not previously been 
found in America. He published articles descrip- 
tive of the result of these investigations in the re- 
ports of the department of marine and fisheries, in 
the " Canadian Naturalist." the " Annals and Maga- 
zine of Natural History" of London-, and the 
" American Journal of Science." He first joined 
the geological survey of Canada in 1874, was elected 
palaeontologist and zoologist to the survey in 1876, 
and subsequently became one of the assistant di- 
rectors. He has published illustrated monographs 
on the invertebrate fossils of the upper cretaceous 
rocks of Vancouver and adjacent islands, on those 
of the middle cretaceous rocks of the Queen Char- 
lotte islands, of the Guelph formation of western 
Canada, of the Laramie and cretaceous rocks of the 
Bow and Belly river districts, and on the fossil 
fishes of the Devonian rocks of eastern Canada. 
In addition to annual reports of the survey, he 
has contributed papers to the transactions of vari- 
ous learned societies. 

WHITEFIELD, George (whit -field), clergy- 
man, b. in Gloucester, England, 27 Dec., 1714; d. 
in Newburyport, Mass., 80 Sept., 1770. His father, 
an innkeeper, died, leaving the son an infant of 
two years in charge of the mother, who sent him 
to the public school When fifteen years old he re- 
fused to attend school longer, going to work in 
the hotel. At this period ne' composed sermons 
and in other ways exhibited the bent of the future 
orator, and at the age of eighteen he embraced an 
opportunity to enter Pembroke college, Oxford, as 
a servitor. He had already entered on a life of 
religious zeal and self-denial, and he now sought 
the counsels of 
Charles Wesley, 
and adopted the 
rules of the 
Methodists. He 
visited the sick 
in thealmshouse 
and the prison- 
ers in the jail, 
and reclaimed 
some to a life of 
piety. The bish- 
op of Glouces- 
ter, on 20 June, 
1786, ordained 
him deacon be- 
fore he had taken 
his degree. He 
returned to Ox- 
ford, was gradu- 
ated and re- 
mained to continue his studies and his ministrations 
among the prisoners, leaving in August to officiate 
for two months as chaplain of the Tower of London. 




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478 WHITEFIELD 

He preached also in Bristol and elsewhere, affecting 
great audiences to tears and repentance. Already 
certain of the clergy began to close their pulpits to 
him on account of his teachings of the new birth 
and his religious enthusiasm and association with 
dissenters, while his admirers offered him profitable 
charges in London or Bristol. At the summons of 
John and Charles Wesley, who were in this country, 
he sailed on 10 Jan., 1738, for Georgia, arriving in 
Savannah on 18 May. He saw the need of the 
colony for material aid, and especially for an or- 
phan house, as many settlers had died from the 
effects of the climate, leaving destitute families, 
and to raise a fund for this purpose, as well as to 
receive priest's orders, on 8 Sept. he left Savannah 
for England. The doctrines of regeneration and 
justification by faith and the ecstatic sentiments 
in his recently published " Journals " caused the 
clergy who had formerly been friendly to White- 
field to withhold their countenance. Only four 
pulpits in London were still open to him. His 
powers of eloquence drew large assemblages, and 
in the Countess of Huntingdon and her aristocratic 
friends he found influential patrons. He was or- 
dained priest in January, 1739. The trustees of 
Georgia presented him with the living of Savan- 
nah and granted him 500 acres of land as a site 
for the orphan house. Going to Bristol, he 
preached in the prison when the churches were re- 
fused to him, and on 28 Feb. began to address con- 
gregations of colliers (which sometimes numbered 
20,000 persons) in the open air, at Kingswood, 
where Wesley followed him and founded the first 
Methodist church and schooL From that time 
most of Whitefield's sermons were delivered to 
out-door meetings. Every newspaper reviled him, 
ministers denounced him from their pulpits, and 
no fewer than fifty pamphlets were published in 
condemnation or defence of his teachings in the 
year 1739. Wherever he preached in England or 
Wales he made a collection for his orphan school. 
On 25 Aug., 1739, he took passage for Philadel- 
phia. Instead of going to Georgia, he remained in 
that city, preaching in the churches and from the 
court-house steps in a way that wonderfully re- 
vived the religious life of that place. Thence he 
went to New York city, where tne Episcopal pul- 
pits were denied him, but other denominations 
welcomed him, and for the first time he held ser- 
vices in dissenting meeting-houses. In a few 
weeks he returned to Philadelphia and set out for 
his parish in Georgia, preaching in every village 
on the way, and reaching Savannah on 20 Jan., 
1740. His collections for the orphan house 
amounted to £2,530, besides many gifts in kind. 
He gathered about forty children in a hired house, 
and in March began the building of the orphanage, 
which he named Bethesda. He returned to Phila- 
delphia in April, and in August, complying with 
a request from Benjamin Counan, William Cooper, 
and other Boston ministers, he made a tour into 
New England, where he met with a cordial recep- 
tion, except from the conservative part of tne 
clergy, who condemned his emotional methods, 
and began the long controversy with the Revival- 
ists or New Lights. Churches were not large 
enough to hold his auditors, and he therefore spoke 
on the common. He preached in other towns, 
made large collections, returned to Savannah in De- 
cember, and early in 1741 sailed for England. On 
25 Nov., 1741, he married in Wales a widow named 
Elizabeth James, who proved an uncongenial wife. 
His influence in England was less than when he 
worked in harmony with the other Methodists, 
and was further impaired by his writings, espe- 



WH1TEHEAD 



daily an assault on the theological principles of 
Archbishop John Tillotson. He gatnered a con- 
gregation in opposition to Charles Wesley's at 
Bristol, and in London preached in a large edifice 
that his friends built, called the Tabernacle. In 
August, 1744. he embarked for this country, landed 
in Maine, and on reaching Boston opened a series 
of services at 6 a. m., with 2,000 or more hearers. 
Afterward he went to Savannah, but finding his 
health failing, visited the Bermuda islands in 
; March, 1748. Thence, in July, he went back to 
England, where he became chaplain to Lady Hunt- 
ingdon, and preached in her chapel to the nobility 
and others. He revisited Scotland in 1750, spent 
the winter of 1750-'l in London, made a snort 
visit to Ireland, where he was badly used, and 
went to Savannah in October, 1751. He returned 
to England in 1752, made his fifth voyage to this 
country by way of Lisbon in 1754, and labored 
energetically, with astonishing results. He re- 
turned to England again in 1755, success attend- 
ing his labors everywhere during 1755-*60. His 
health was much impaired for two years. White- 
field embarked for tne sixth time for America in 
1763, returned to England in 1765, where he spent 
the next four years, laboring according to his abil- 
ity and state of health, in consecrating new 
chapels provided by Lady Huntingdon, and striv- 
ing to promote peace and concord in the Method- 
ist body. He made his seventh and last visit to 
this country in September, 1769. and for a time 
preached with his accustomed energy in Georgia 
and New England ; but death, from an attack of 
asthma, came suddenly at the last WhiteflekTs 
coffin may still be seen 

Under the church on Federal street." 
He was, with the aid of Lady Huntingdon, the 
founder of the Calvinistic Methodists. He preached 
about 18,000 times, yet only eighty-one of his 
sermons have been printed, and these are for 
the greater part the product ions of his immature 
years. His voice was so clear that congregations 
of 25,000 people could distinctly bear bis ser- 
mons in the open air, and his elocution and gest- 
ures formed the model of orators and actors in his 
day. His two journals of his ** Voyage from Lon- 
don to Savannah," extending from 28 Dec, 1737, 
till 7 May, 1738, were printed without his leave 
by friends (London, 1738). Subsequently he pub- 
lished the M Journal from his Arrival at Savannah 
to his Return to London," and the " Journal from 
his Arrival at London to his Departure from 
thence on his Way to Georgia," whicn was supple- 
mented by a " Continuation of the Journal during 
the Time he was detained by the Embargo " (1739). 
The " First Two Parts of his Life, with his Jour- 
nals," appeared in a revised and abridged form 
(1756). His " Letters, Sermons, Controversies, and 
Tracts" were published (6 vols., 1771-*2). Chief 
among his many biographies are " Memoirs of the 
Life of the Rev. George Whitefield." by his friend 
the Rev. Dr. John Gifiies (1772): "Sermons," with 
memoir by Samuel Drew (1838) ; " Life and Times 
of Whitefield," by the Rev. Robert Philip (1838); 
and a Life," by the Rev. Luke Tyerman (2 vols., 
1876). See also "The History of the Religious 
Movement of the Eighteenth Century, called Meth- 
odism." by the Rev. Dr. Abel Stevens (1861). 

WHITEHEAD, CortlmndtP. E. bishop, b. in 
New York city, 80 Oct, 1842. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1863, ordered deacon at the close of a three 
years* theological course in the Philadelphia divin- 
ity-school, on 21 June, 1867, in Trinity church* 
Newark, N. J., by Bishop Odenheimer, and or- 
dained priest in St Mark's chapel, Black Hawk, 

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WHITEHEAD 



WHITEHOUSE 



479 



CoL, 7 Aug., 1868, by Bishop Randall. After serv- 
ing as a missionary in Colorado three years he 
returned to the east, and became rector of the 
Church of the Nativity, South Bethlehem, Pa., 
where he remained until his elevation to the epis- 
copate. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Union college in 1880. During his rectorship at 
Bethlehem he was assistant secretary of the diocese 
of central Pennsylvania for eleven years, and twice 
a deputy to the general convention from that dio- 
cese. He was consecrated bishop of Pittsburg in 
Trinity church, Pittsburg, 26 Jan., 1882. Bishop 
Whitehead attended the third Pan-Anglican coun- 
cil in London in 1888. 

WHITEHEAD, William Adee, historian, b. in 
Newark, N. J., 19 Feb., 1810; d. in Perth Amboy, 
N. J., 8 Aug., 1884. He left school in his thir- 
teenth year and entered a bank, but afterward be- 
came a surveyor, and in 1828 made a survey of the 
island of Key West, Fla. He then engaged in 
commercial pursuits there, and was U. 8. collector 
of customs from 1880 till 1888, when he removed 
to New York and became a stock-broker. He was 
connected with the New Jersev railroad and trans- 
portation company from 1849 till 1871, except in 
1855-*9, when he was treasurer of the New York 
and Harlem railroad, and in 1871 he became treas- 
urer of the American trust company of New Jersev, 
at Newark. He was a commissioner of public 
schools in the latter city in 1869- 71, and in 1872 
was president of the city board of education. He 
was a founder and president of the Newark library 
association, and, on the organization of the New 
Jersey historical society in 1846, became its corre- 
sponding secretary, which office he held till his 
death. He was also a member of numerous other 
historical and antiquarian societies. Of the u Col- 
lections " of the State historical society he is au- 
thor of vol i., " East Jersey under the Proprietary 
Governments" (New York, 1846) ; vol. iv., "Papers 
of Lewis Morris, Governor of New Jersey," with a 
memoir and notes (1862) ; and vol. v., " Analytical 
Index to the Colonial Documents of New Jersey, 
in the State Paper Office in England " (1868). He 
edited, in part, vol. vi., * Records of the Town of 
Newark " (1864), and wrote the supplement to that 
volume, entitled '* Historical Memoir on the Cir- 
cumstances leading to and connected with the 
Settlement of Newark " (1866). His other writings 
include " Biographical Sketch of William Prank- 
in " (1848); "Contributions to the Early History 
)f Perth Amboy " H856): and numerous papers in 
he " Proceedings '* of the New Jersey historical 
lociety. all the volumes of which were edited by 
tfr. Whitehead during his secretaryship. 

WHITE HILL, Robert, congressman, b. in 
*equea, Lancaster co.. Pa, 29 July, 1788; d. in 
jauther Manor; Cumberland co.. Pa., 8 April, 
813. He received a common-school education, 
.nd in 1770 purchased from the proprietaries of 
'ennsyl vania two tracts of land in Lauther Manor, 
rhere in 1771 he erected the first stone house. He 
rat a member of the Philadelphia convention of 
uly, 1776, which approved the Declaration of In- 



ependeoce and adopted a state constitution and 
till of rights, and also of the coaventioa that rati- 
tad taw U.S. constitution, and the one that adopted 



he staAe constitution of 17W. He served often in 
it her branch of the legislature, holding a seat in 
he lower house daring the storaiy sessions of 

796-1800, and subsequently being speaker of the 
snate daring the impeachment trial of the judges 
f the state supreme court of Pennsylvania. He 
ras a member of four successive congresses, serv- 
ig from 2 Deo, 1806, till 8 March, 1818. 




WHITEHORNE. James, artist, b. in Walling 
ford, Rutland co., vu, 22 Aug., 1808; d. in New 
York city, 81 March, 1888. He began to study at 
the National academy about 1826, was elected an 
associate member in 1829, and an academician in 
1838. In 1888-'44 he was recording secretary of 
the academy. He devoted himself to portrait- 
painting, executing a large number of works, nota- 
bly the portrait of Silas Wright that is now in the 
city-half, New York. He made also the design for 
the well-known mezzotint engraving, " Henry Clay 
addressing the Senate,*' published about 1846. 

WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, P. E. bishop, 
b. in New York city, 19 Aug., 1808; d. in Chicago, 
111., 10 Aug., 1874. He was graduated at Colum- 
bia in 1821, and at the Protestant Episcopal gen- 
eral theological seminary, New York city, in 1824 
He was ordained 
deacon by Bishop 
William White in 
St James's church, 
Philadelphia,on26 
Aug.,1827,and im- 
mediately entered 
upon his ministry 
in Reading, Pa, 
from which in 1880 
he was called to 
St Luke's parish, 
Rochester, N. Y., 
where he remained 
fifteen years, at- 
taining wide rep- 
utation as a pas- 
tor and preacher ; 
was rector of St 
Thomas's church, 
New York city, 
from 1844 till 1851, 
when he was elect- 
ed assistant bishop of Illinois, to which see, on the 
death of Bishop Philander Chase, he succeeded on 
20 Sept, 1862. While in England in 1867. Bishop 
Whitehouse delivered the opening sermon before 
the first Pan-Anglican conference at Lambeth 
palace, by invitation of the archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and it was due to the advice of Bishop White- 
house that invitations were extended to the Ameri- 
can bishops. Oxford gave him the degree of D. D. 
and Cambridge that of LL. D., while Columbia had 
given him that of LL. D. in 1866. Bishop White- 
House was one of the most accomplished prelates of 
the Episcopal church, possessing versatility of tal- 
lent with great learning. He was a brilliant orator 
and conversationalist 44 Not one in ten thousand," 
says Bishop Henry W. Lee, of Iowa, in his memo- 
rial sermon, M had such ready command of words 
and such precision of diction as mark his written 
and spoken productions.-'' His views had great 
weight in the house of bishops, and among foreign 
communions his influence did much to secure 
greater consideration for his own church. In the 
Cheney case, which precipitated the formation of 
the Reformed Episcopal church (see dim, 
Chaelm Edwaed), he defended the church's i 
ard of baptismal doctrine. He was the irst 1 
of has church to advocate the adopt&eti m 
country of the cathedral system, which he did m 
hie first diocesan address, Thome* hifmly nHmi 
aad deeply learned, he left no pabushvl works otkst 
than his annual addresses contai ned in the journals 
of the diocese of Illinois from 1868 to 1878. 

WHITEHOUSE, Jem Hortea, designer, b» 
in Handsworth, Staffordshire, England, 98 Oct- 
1888. He was educated at King Edward's school 



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480 



WHITELEY 



WH1TELOCKE 




in Birmingham, and came to this country in his 
youth. He soon found employment as a designer 
and engraver in the house of Tiffany and Co., with 
whom he has since remained continuously. Many 
of the best-known art-pieces of silver- ware that 
have been produced in this country were designed 
by him, among them the Bryant vase, which was 
presented to the poet on his eightieth birthday, and 
is to be seen in tne Metropolitan museum of art in 
New York city, also the silver casket presented to 
Bishop Horatio Potter on 25 Nov., 1879, the 
twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration. The 
elaborate design of the latter was wrought by 
the repousse process, the golden enrichments are 
carved by hand, and the damaskeening was richer 
and costlier than any similar work ever produced 
in this country. The third seal of the United States, 
which is now in 
use in Washing- 
ton, was designed 
by him. (See illus- 
tration.) The first 
seal was made 
under President 
Washington's im- 
mediate direction, 
while the second 
was a failure. Mr. 
Whitehouse has 
designed numer- 
ous national med- 
als, as well as most 
of the U. S. corps 
badges that were made during the civil war, also 
the beautiful memorial brasses in the tower of St. 
James's church, Lenox hill, New York city. He 
is a recognized authority on art, and is frequently 
consulted in the technicalities of art-work, the va- 
rious applications of art, and on heraldry. 

WHITELEY, Richard Henry, congressman, 
b. in Ireland, 22 Dec, 1830. He was taken to 
Georgia in 1836, and engaged in the manufacturing 
business in early boyhood, but in 1860, having 
studied law, was admitted to the bar. He opposed 
secession, but served in the Confederate army in 
1861-'5. In 1867 he was chosen as a Republican 
to the State constitutional convention, and in the 
following year he was a Republican candidate for 
congress and was appointed solicitor-general of the 
southwestern circuit In February, 1870, he was 
elected U. S. senator, but not admitted to a seat. 
Meanwhile he and his Democratic opponent had 
been contesting the congressional election of 1868, 
and the seat was finally awarded to Mr. Whiteley 
in February, 1871, at the close of the session. He 
served from this time till 1875, and was a defeated 
candidate for the two following congresses. 

WHITELEY, Robert Henry Kirk wood, sol- 
dier, b. near Cambridge, Md., 15 April, 1800. He 
was appointed from Delaware to the U. S. military 
academy, where he was graduated in 1830, and, 
being assigned to the 2d artillery, served in various 
arsenals and garrisons, including that of Fort Moul- 
trie, S. C, in 1832-*3, during the threatened nullifi- 
cation troubles. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, 
28 Dec., 1835, brevetted captain, 19 July, 1836, for 
gallant conduct in the Florida war, and in 1838 was 
transferred to the ordnance. He was promoted 
captain in 1842, and commanded successively the 
arsenal at Baton Rouge, La., that in St Louis, Mo., 
the New York ordnance depot, and the arsenal at 
San Antonio, Tex.,' till the last-named was seized by 
the state on its secession in 1861. During the civil 
war he was in charge of the New York arsenal till 
1862, and then of Alleghany arsenal, Pa., which 



latter post he held till his retirement from active 
service on 14 April, 1875. He became major, 3 
Aug., 1861, lieutenant-colonel, 1 June, 1863, and 
colonel, 6 April, 1866, and on 13 March, 1865, was 
brevetted colonel and brigadier-general. 

WH1TEL0CKE, John, British soldier, b. in 
England about 1757; d. after 1808. He entered 
the army, and by promotions became colonel in 
1793. When in that year the planters in the 
French part of Santo Domingo petitioned the Brit- 
ish government for a protectorate, the governor of 
Jamaica received orders to occupy the island, and 
despatched, on 9 Sept., 1793, an expedition of 700 
men under command of Col. whitelocke. He 
landed on 19 Sept at Jeremie, but was routed in 
an attack on Tiburon. After receiving re-enforce- 
ments, he took St. Marc, Logane, and Arcahay, 
and made a second attack on Tiburon, bv which 
nearly the whole western coast, except Po?t au 
Prince, became subject to his control. Assisted 
by an auxiliary force from the Spanish part of the 
island, he besieged Port de Paix on the northern 
coast, and, after vainly trying to bribe the com- 
mander. Gen. Lavaux, to surrender, retired ; but, 
after the arrival of re-enforcements from Jamaica, 
he soon gained advantages, and on 14 June, 1794, 
occupied Port an Prince. He was afterward in 
India, Egypt, and the Cape of Good Hope, and. 
being promoted lieutenant-general, he was chosen 
commander-in-chief of the British army on the 
river Plate. Gen. Beresford had capitulated in 
Buenos Avres, 12 Aug., 1806, and the re-enforce- 
ments unaer Sir Samuel Auchmuty, arriving too 
late, had occupied Montevideo, 1 Feb., 1807. 
Whitelocke arrived in Montevideo in April, 1807, 
with 6,000 men, and, with the forces of Auchmuty 
and the remnants of Beresford's army, he soon had* 
a body of 12,000 disciplined men under his com- 
mand. Leaving a garrison of 2,000 in Montevideo, 
he marched with the rest to Maldonado, and, es- 
corted by the fleet under Admiral Popham, landed 
on 28 June, 1807, in Ensenada, to the south of 
Buenos Ayres. On bis march he was attacked in 
the Pass of Riachuelo, 1 July, by the Spanish army 
under Santiago De Liniers. and routing and out- 
flanking the latter, be could have easily occupied 
the capital, but tarried on the battle-field. During 
the night the mayor of the city, Alzaga, intrenched 
the streets and gathered the routed troops, so that 
Liniers found the defence prepared and refused to 
surrender the city, when he was summoned by 
Whitelocke to do' so on 3 July. The latter pre- 
pared everything for storming the city, and early 
on the 5th led his army in eight columns to the 
assault. The resistance was terrible in the barri- 
caded streets and houses, and, after struggling the 
whole day, he retired with the loss of 1,100 killed 
and 1,500 prisoners. On 6 July the assault was 
renewed, but by noon the British forces were 
beaten and surrounded, with a loss of 2,000, and 
Whitelocke offered to capitulate. He was forced 
to submit to humiliating conditions, to evacuate 
the southern border of the river within forty-eight 
hours, and to return the city of Montevideo within 
two months in the state in which it was captured. 
The capitulation was ratified on 7 July, and com- 
plied with by the British commander, who left Mon- 
tevideo on 1 Sept with the last of his forces. On 
his arrival in England he was court-martialed and 
sentenced to be severely censured, and retired from 
service. The " Proceedings of the General Court- 
Martial and Defence of Gen. John Whitelocke" 
were published (2 vols., London, 1806.) See also 
44 Narrative of the British Expedition to La Plata 
under Gen. Crawford " (1808). 



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WHITESIDE 



WHITFIELD 



48i 



WHITESIDE, J en kin, senator, b. in Lancas- 
ter. Pa., in 1782; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 25 Sept., 
1822. He removed to Tennessee, and became a 
lawyer of note in the early history of that state, 
giving special attention to the law of real estate, 
and acquiring a large property. On the resigna- 
tion of Daniel Smith from the U. S. senate, Mr. 
Whiteside was elected to fill the vacancy, and 
served from 26 May, 1809. till 1 Sept, 1811, when 
he resigned and returned to the practice of his 
profession. He was a man of vigorous mind, but 
of uncouth and rugged manners. 

WHITESIDE, Peter, patriot, b. in Puten, 
England, in 1752 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in De- 
cember, 1828. He came to Philadelphia, and was 
for many years one of the foremost merchants in 
that city, becoming the partner of Robert Morris. 
He was a friend of Washington, and at the opening 
of the Revolution declined the post of aide-de-camp 
on his staff. During the struggle he advanced a 
large part of his fortune to procure shoes for the 
Continental army. Subsequently Washington sent 
him on a mission to France to arrange for better 
commercial intercourse between that country and 
the United States. About the time that John 
Fitch and James Rumsey were trying their experi- 
ments on steam navigation, Whiteside and two 
friends constructed aside-wheel steamboat in Phila- 
delphia, and tried it successfully on Schuylkill 
river. With Robert Morris, and his brother, 
William Whiteside, a wealthy tea-merchant, he 
sent out the first trading-ship from this hemisphere 
to the East Indies, the three realizing jointly 
$30,000 from the venture. In his house in Phila- 
delphia he often entertained Washington, the 
French exiles, and other men of eminence. 

WHITFIELD, Henry, clergyman, b. in Eng- 
land in 1597; d. in Winchester, England, after 
1051. His father, an eminent lawyer, had destined 
him for the same profession, and after leaving the 
university he was entered at the Inns of court, but 
he subsequently took orders and was minister of 
Ockham, Surrey, where he also maintained another 
clergyman out of his private income, that ho might 
devote himself to missionary labors in the adja- 
cent country. He was much beloved by the Non- 
conformists, whom he protected from persecution, 
and finally, after twenty years in the established 
church, he publicly joined them, and resigned his 
charge on being prosecuted for a refusal to read 
the " Book of Lawful Sunday Sports." Disposing 
of his personal estate, he came to this country with 
Gov. Theophilus Eaton in 1687, accompanied by 
many of his former parishioners, and began the 
settlement of Guilford, Conn., the site of which he 
purchased from the Indians. The place was named 

for Guilford 
in Surrey, the 
native place 
of many of 
the colon- 
ists. In 1650 
he returned 
to England, 
and, savs Cot- 
ton Mather, 
44 at the time 
of parting* 
the whole 
town accom- 
panied him 
onto the water-side with a springtide of tears." On 
his return ho became pastor at Winchester, England, 
where he probably remained until his death. Mr. 
Whitfield's residence in Guilford, known as the 
vol. vl — 81 




" old stone house," is shown in the illustration. It 
was built about 1689 to serve both as a dwelling 
and a fortification. According to tradition, the 
stone of which it is built was brought by Indians 
on hand-barrows across a swamp from Griswold's 
lodge, about eighty rods distant. The walls are 
three feet thick. The house was kept in its origi- 
nal form till 1868, when it underwent considerable 
renovation. Whitfield was the author of " Helps 
to stir up' to Christian Duties" (London, 1634); 
** The Light appearing more and more toward the 
Perfect Day, or a Farther Discovery of the Present 
State of the Indians in New England " (1651); and 
Strength out of Weakness, or a Glorious Mani- 
festation of the Further Progresse of the Gospel 
among the Indians in New England " (1652). The 
last two works were reissued in Joseph Sabin's re- 
prints (New York, 1805). 

WHITFIELD, James, R. C. archbishop, b. in 
Liverpool, England. 8 Nov., 1770; d. in Baltimore, 
Md., 19 Oct, 1884. His father died when James 
was seventeen years old, and the boy left England 
for Italy with his mother, who was in delicate 
health. He engaged in mercantile pursuits in the 
latter country and in France, adding largely to the 
fortune that his father bequeathed him. Alter the 
issue of the decree of Napoleon ordering the im- 
prisonment of such Englishmen as happened to be 
in France, he was arrested and detained at Lyons, 
where he became intimate with Dr. (afterward 
Archbishop) Marechal. and his thoughts turned 
toward the priesthood. He began a course of 
theology under the guidance of his friend, and was 
ordained a priest in 1809. Some time afterward he 
returned to England, and was appointed parish 

Jriest of Cosby. He continued in this post until 
817, when, on the invitation of Archbishop Mare- 
chal, he went to the United States. He was ap- 
pointed pastor of St. Peter's church, Baltimore, 
and in 1825, by a special dispensation from Rome, 
received the degree of D. u. The same year he 
was partly instrumental in placing the institution 
of tne Colored Sisters Oblate of St Francis in a 
prosperous condition, and began to take a practical 
interest in the welfare of the negroes. When Arch- 
bishop Marechal became feeble. Dr. Whitfield 
headed the list of proposed coadjutors. He was 
nominated bishop of Apollonia in pariibu* on 8 
Jan., 1828, but the brief did not arrive in the 
United States until after the death of Archbishop 
Marechal, and Dr. Whitfield was consecrated arch- 
bishop on 25 May of the same year. He was also 
appointed administrator of the see of Richmond. 
He spent his large private fortune in building 
churches, supplying priests, and erecting institu- 
tions of education and charity. When this re- 
source failed him he appealed for help to the 
Society for the propagation of the faith, to the 
king of France, and to ecclesiastics and lay- 
men of that country. Some of the letters that 
he wrote on these occasions have an important 
bearing on the history of the Roman Catholio 
church in the United States. In reply to his first 
appeal he received 82,000 francs, besides large rams 
for the support of St Mary's college. He began 
to build the Baltimore orphan asylum, and made 
a visitation of every part of Maryland and Virgin!* 
where Roman Catholics resided. In the diocese of 
Richmond, which extended over 7,000 square miles, 
he found only three priests. He at once renewed 
his appeals to Europe for help, and the response 
that ne received enabled him to remedy this state 
of things. He held the first provincial council of 
his suffragan bishops at Baltimore on 4 Oct, 1880. 
Its deliberations were directed by him, and, at hia 



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WHITFIELD 



WHITING 




suggestion, thirty-eight decrees, regulating the con- 
duct of the Roman Catholic clergy of the United 
States, the tenure of church property, and other 
important interests, were adopted. In 1834 he 

built St. James's 
church, Balti- 
more, entirely 
from his private 
means. He assist- 
ed in procuring 
the incorporation 
of St. Mary's col- 
lege, Emmits- 
burg,founded the 
Mary Marthian 
society for the re- 
lief or the poor, 
as well .as other 
charitable insti- 
tutions, finished 
the Baltimore ca- 

^ thedral, the tower 

•y- -7s* *J&&~^S , * of which he de- 

t/^^M^ signed, and erect- 
ea an episcopal 
mansion. In 1888 he convened the second provin- 
cial council at Baltimore. In this council the mode 
of episcopal election was fixed, boundaries of dio- 
ceses were arranged, and steps were taken for the 
evangelization of the Indians and negroes of Liberia. 

WHITFIELD, Robert Parr, palasontologist, 
b. in New Hartford, N. Y., 27 May, 1828. He is 
of English parentage, and was educated at home 
and at public schools. In 1885 he went with his 
family to England, but he returned in 1841. learned 
the trade of making spindles, and had charge of a 
factory of telegraphic and philosophic instruments 
in Utica, N. Y. In 1856 he was appointed assist- 
ant to James Hall, state geologist of New York, 
and in 1870 he became first assistant curator, with 
charge of the geology and palaeontology in the 
New York state museum in Albany, and much of 
the work on the palaeontology of the state natural 
history and regent's report of the New York state 
cabinet was done by him. In 1872 he began teach- 
ing geology in Rensselaer polytechnic institute at 
Trov, and in 1875 he was given the professorship 
of that branch, which he held until 1878. In June. 
1877, he was appointed curator of the geological 
department of trie American museum of natural 
history in New York city, which office he still 
fills. Wesleyan university conferred on him the 
degree of A. M. iu 1882, and he has been since 
1874 a fellow of the American association for the 
advancement of science. Prof. Whitfield has de- 
scribed a large number of new fossils, and has been 
very successful in studying the internal struct- 
ure of fossil brachiopoda. many of which are pub- 
lished in the New York state palaeontology. He 
has alio reported on specimens gathered ny the 
exploration under Clarence King, the palaeontology 
of the Black Hills, and fossils from the geological 
surveys of Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana, and other 
states, and is now engaged on the palaeontology of 
New Jersey. The value of his work is greatly en- 
hanced by the drawings of fossils that he has made. 
His publications, which include nearly thirty me- 
moirs, besides frequent papers, have appealed in 
reports of the state surveys with which he has been 
connected, and in the " Bulletins of the American 
Museum of Natural History,*' of which six numbers 
under his editorship have been issued since 1881. 

WHITING, Daniel Powers, soldier, b. in Troy, 
N. Y., 81 July, 1808. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1882, ana assigned to the 7th 



infantry, with which he served in various garrisons, 
becoming 1st lieutenant, 8 June, 1836, and captain. 
18 April, 1845. During the Mexican war he was 
engaged at Fort Brown, Monterey. Vera Cruz, and 
Cerro Gordo, where he was brevetted major. After 
serving against the Seminoles, on the frontier, 
and in the Utah expedition in 1859, he attained 
full rank on 20 Dec, 1860. He was iu command 
of Fort. Garland, Col., in 1861-*2, became lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 15 Feb., 1862, served on a board of 
examination at Annapolis, Md., in 1862- v 8, and on 
4 Nov., 1803, was retired "for disability, result- 
ing from long and faithful service, and from sick- 
ness and exposure in the line of duty.'* He has 
published " The Army Portfolio," a series of litho- 
graphed views illustrating the Mexican war (Wash- 
ington, 1849). It was intended to continue the 
series, but Col. Whiting's sketches were lost on a 
steamboat that sank in the Mississippi river. 

WHITING, George Elbridge, musician, b. in 
Holliston, Mass., 14 Sept, 1842. He went to Hart- 
ford, Conn., at the age of fifteen, and there founded 
tho Beethoven society. In 1862 he settled in Bos- 
ton, and later in New York, where he studied with 
George W. Morgan. Afterward he went to Liver- 
pool, and became the pupil of William T. Best, 
and he subsequently studied also in Berlin under 
Robert Radectce and others. After filling various 
engagements in Albany and Boston, he became, in 
1874, organist of the Music hall in the latter city, 
and he was also for a time head of the organ de- 
partment in the New England conservatory of 
music. In 1878 he became organist of the Music 
hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, and head of the organ de- 
partment in the College of music, but after five 
years he returned to his old post in the New Eng- 
land conservatory. His compositions include a 
mass in C minor (1872); a mass in F minor (1874); 
"Dream Pictures" (1874); "The Tale of the Vi- 
king" (1878); "Leonora 4 * (1880), three cantatas; 
some pieces for orchestra ; and several songs. He 
has also composed music for the organ, and has pub- 
lished "The Organist" (Boston, 1870), and "The 
First Six Months on the Organ " (Boston, 1871). 

WHITING, Henry, soldier, b. in Lancaster, 
Mass., about 1790 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo.. 16 Sept, 
1851. His father. John (1759-1810), fought in the 
Revolution, and at his death was colonel of the 
5th infantry. The son became a clerk in the dry- 
goods store of Amos Lawrence in Boston, but on 
20 Oct.. 1808, entered the U. S. army as a cornet of 
light dragoons. He rose to be 2d lieutenant in 
1809 and 1st lieutenant in 1811, became aide to 
Gen. John P. Boyd, and served with credit in the 
capture of Fort George, Upper Canada, 27 May, 
1813. He was afterward aide to Gen. Alexander 
Macomb in 1815, promoted captain in 1817. and in 
1821 transferred to the 1st artillery. After 1885 
he served in the quartermaster's department, and 
on 6 July, 1846. he joined the army of Gen. Zachary 
Taylor as chief quartermaster. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general. U. S. army, on 28 Feb., 1847, for 
gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of 
Buena Vista. He was elected a regent of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1848. Gen. Whiting was 
the author of " Ontway. the Son of the Forest: a 
Poem" (New York, 1822): "Sennillac: a Poem," 
with notes by Lewis Cass and Henry R. School- 
craft (Boston, 1881); "The Age of Steam"; 
and "Life of Zebulon M. Pike" in Sparks's 
"American Biography." He was co-author of 
" Historical and Scientific Sketches of Michigan " 
(Detroit, 1884), and edited George Washington's 
"Revolutionary Orders issued during the Years 
1778, 1780, 1781 and 1782; selected from the MSS. 

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WHITING 



of John Whiting," his father (New York, 1844).— 
His son, Hknry Macomb (1821-53), also served in 
the Mexican war in the artillery, receiving the bre- 
vet of 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Buena Vista. 

WHITING, Nathan, soldier, b. in Windham, 
Conn., 4 May, 1724 : d. in New Haven, Conn., 9 
April, 1771. His father, Samuel, who was first 
minister of Windham, died during the son's in- 
fancy, and the boy was brought up chiefly bv his 
sister Mary and her husband, Rev. Thomas Clap, 
who became president of Yale in 1740. Nathan 
was graduated at that college in 1743, studied 
there for two vears longer, and then became a 
merchant in New Haven, but accompanied the 
Connecticut troops to the siege of Lou is burg 
in 1745 as an ensign, and in the same year was 
commissioned lieutenant. He then formed a 
business partnership with Thomas Darling, but 
at the beginning of the French war of 1755 he 
was appointed, in March of that year, lieuten- 
ant-colonel of the 2d Connecticut regiment. His 
command formed part of the garrison of Fort 
Edward, and on 8 Sept. he was with Col. Ephriam 
Williams when the latter was surprised by the 
French and Indians near Lake George. On the 
death of Williams the command devolved on 
Whiting, who led the retreat with much skill and 
coolness. He was promoted colonel in 1756, and 
served throughout the war. Col. Whiting was a 
representative in the Connecticut general assembly 
in 1709 and 1770, and at the time of his death was 
a candidate for the upper house. President Timo- 
thy Dwight says of him : " He was an exemplary 
professor of the Christian religion, and for refined 
and dignified manners and nobleness of mind has 
rarely been excelled." His portrait is in the rooms 
of the Connecticut historical society at Hartford. 
—His elder brother, John, soldier, b. in Windham, 
Conn., 20 Feb.. 1708 ; d. there, 28 Aug., 1786, was 
graduated at Yale in 1726, and entered the minis- 
try, but, removing to Newport, R. I., entered the 
military service of that colony, became captain, 
and in 1761 h^d risen to the rank of colonel. He 
participated in several campaigns against the 
French, and was wounded at the battle of Lake 
George in 1758. He afterward returned to Wind- 
ham, and was made judge of probate there in 1775. 

WHITING, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Lincolnshire, England, 20 Nov., 1597; d.in Lynn., 
Mass., 11 Dec., 1679. His father, John, was mayor 
of his native city. The son was graduated at Cam- 
bridge in 1616, entered the ministry, and officiated 
at Lynn, in. Norfolk, and in Skirbeck, near his 
native place, but, after two prosecutions for non- 
conformity, ho emigrated to this country, where 
he was the first minister of Lynn, Mass., serving 
from 8 Nov., 1636, till his death. He was a close 
student and an accomplished Hebrew and Latin 
scholar. " In his preaching," says Cotton Mather, 
M his design was not to please but to profit ; to bring 
forth, not high things, bat fit things." He pub- 
lished 44 Oratio quara Comitiis Cantab. American is " 
(1649); "Treatise on the Last Judgment" (1664); 
and a volume of sermons on " Abraham Interced- 
ing for Sodom " (1666). His second wife was the 
daughter of Oliver St John, chief justice of Eng- 
land under Cromwell, and their son, Samuel (1638- 
1718), was graduated at Harvard in 1653 and be- 
came the first minister of Billerica, Mass. An 
M Elegy on the Rev. Samuel Whiting, of Lynn," by 
Be n jam i a Torapson, " ye renowned poet of New 
England," is printed in Cotton Mather's "Mag- 
naha." See also " Memoirs of Rev. Samuel Whit- 
ing and of his Wife, Elizabeth St John, with Refer- 
ence to some of their English Ancestors and Ameri- 



WHITING 483 

can Descendants," by William Whiting, LL. D. 
(printed privately, Boston, 1871).— His descendant, 
William, lawyer, b. in Concord, Mass., 3 March, 
1813; d. in Boston. Mass., 29 June, 1873, was 
graduated at Harvard iu 1833, and, after teaching 
at Plymouth and Concord, studied law in Boston 
and at Harvard law-school, where he was gradu- 
ated in 1838. He then began practice in Boston, 
where he soon attained eminence at the bar, and 
was engaged in many important cases. In 1862 
he became solicitor of the war department in 
Washington, where he served three years. In 1868 
he was a presidential elector, and in 1872 he was 
elected to congress as a Republican, but he died 
before he could take his seat Colby university 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1872. He \§t& 
$5,000 to Harvard for a scholarship. Mr. WhitBjf * 
was for five years president of the New England 
historic-genealogical society. His principal work 
is "The War Powers of the President and the 
Legislative Powers of Congress in Relation to Re- 
bellion, Treason, and Slavery " (Boston, 1862 ; 10th 
ed., with large additions, 1863 : 43d ed., 1871). In 
this he formulated views that he had urged at the 
opening of the civil war, namely, that the U. S. 
government had full belligerent rights against the 
inhabitants of seceded states, ana without going 
beyond the constitution could confiscate their 
property, emancipate their slaves, and treat them 
as public enemies. These opinions were at first 
received with caution by most public men, but 
they were finally sanctioned and adopted by the 
government. Th* book had a large sale in this 
country and abroad. Besides this, he published 
various pamphlets, chiefly legal arguments be- 
fore the (J. S. courts, ana* a 44 Memoir of Rev. 
Joseph Harrington," prefixed to a volume of his 
sermons (Boston, 1854). and was the author of the 
privately printed memoir of his ancestor, Samuel, 
mentioned above. 

WHITING, William B. f naval officer, b. in 
Troy. N. Y., 13 Nov., 1818; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 
16 Dec., 1883. He was appointed a midshipman 
in the navy, 2 Feb., 1829, and cruised on the Pacific 
station in 1881-'4, principally engaged on surveys. 
He became a passed midshipman, 4 June, 1886, 
served on coast-survey dutv in 1887-48, in the 
frigate ** Macedonian," on the coast of Africa, on 
surveying duty in 1848-'5, and at the naval ob- 
servatory at Washington in 1845-'50, during which 
he drew plans of the defences of Vera Cruz pre- 
liminary to the expedition of the navy and Gen. 
Winfield Scott's army. He was again on the coast 
survey in 1851-*2, and cruised in the sloop " Van- 
dalia/' 1852-'6, measuring the coasts of China and 
Japan. He was placed on the reserved list by the 
notorious retiring board of 1855 because his entire 
service had been in surveying duty rather than the 
military duties of the naval profession. He was 
then attached to the U, S. naval observatory at 
Washington until- 1871. where he rendered valua- 
ble services in astronomical work. In recognition 
of his scientific attainments, he was promoted to 
commander and captain in 1867, and to commo- 
dore in 1871. After this last promotion he was 
relieved from active duty. 

WHITING, William Danforta, naval offloer, 
b. in Boston, Mass., 27 May, 1828. He entered the 
nary as a midshipman, 1 March, 1841, and served 
in the sloop '* Levant " in 1846-7, at the /capture 
of Monterey, Cal., wh«r the American flag was 
first hoisted on that shore, 7 July, 1846V* He at- 
tended the naval academy in 1847-*8, was gradu- 
ated, and became a passed midshipman. 10 Aug., 
1847. He was promoted to master, 1 May, I860, 

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WHITMAN 



and to lieutenant, 14 Sept.. 1855, and was attached 
to the steam frigate *• Niagara " when the first 
Atlantic cable was laid in 1857. He was execu- 
tive of the sloop ** Vandalia " at the capture of 
Port Roval in 1861, and commanded the steamer 
44 Wyandotte " on the South Atlantic blockade and 
in the Potomac flotilla. Lieut. Whiting was pro- 
moted to lieutenant-commander. 16 July, 1862, and 
in the gun-boat "Ottawa" j»articipated in the at- 
tacks on the defences of Charleston, engaged Bat- 
tery Gregg and Fort Wagner, and assisted in the 
capture of the lower end of Morris island in 
1863-'4. In 1864-'5 he commanded the - Savan- 
nah," in the Eastern Gulf station. He was com- 
missioned a commander. 25 July, 1866, had the 
steamer 44 Tioga" on the coast of Maine and in the 
Gulf, was at the New York navy -yard in 1867-'9 
and 1871 -'2. and commanded the sloop "Sara- 
toga" and the monitor ** Miantonomoh " in the 
North Atlantic squadron in 1869-'70. He was 
promoted to captain, 19 Aug., 1872. and command- 
ed the steam sloop "Worcester." flag-ship of the 
North Atlantic squadron, in 1871-'5. In the first 
year of that cruise he took out contributions of 
food and clothing from the American people for 
the relief of the French sufferers in the Franco- 
Prussian war. Owing to the want of means to 
transport these contributions to the needed dis- 
tricts in the east of France, the stores were taken 
to Liverpool and London, where a favorable mar- 
ket realized a much larger sum of money than 
that which was expended for the purchase of these 
stores in this country. The American relief com- 
mittee in France also urged that the money was 
more needed than contributions in any other 
shape. He was present at New Orleans during the 
political excitement owing to the overthrow of the 
Packard government, and won the confidence of 
the citizens by wise measures, contributing to allay 
the excitemept- On 11 June, 1878, he was ap- 
pointed chief of bureau of navigation and office 
of detail, with the rank of commodore. Failing 
health and almost total blindness resulting from 
exposure incidental to the service compelled him 
to be relieved from this duty. 12 OcL, 1881, from 
which date he was placed on the retired list, with 
the rank of commodore, by special act of congress. 

WHITING, William Henry Chase, soldier, 
b. in Mississippi about 1825; d. on Governor's 
island. New York harbor, 10 March, 1865. His 
father, Levi, a native of Massachusetts, was an 
officer of the regular army from 1812 until his 
death in 1853, when he was lieutenant-colonel of 
the 1st artillery. The son was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1845 at the head of the 
class in which were Charles P. Stone, Fitz-John 
Porter, and Gordon Granger. He was assigned to 
the engineer corps, and engaged in the const ruc- 
tion of forts and internal improvements in the 
west and south, becoming a captain. 13 Dec, 1858. 
He resigned on 30 Feb., 1861, entered the Confed- 
erate service, and in June and July of that year 
was chief engineer, with the rank of major, of" the 
Army of the Shenandoah, under Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston. He was promoted brigadier-general on 
27 Aug., 1861, and commanded the briqade whose 
timely arrival won the battle of Bull Run for the 
Confederates, He took part in the battle of West 
Point. Va^ 7 Mav, 1863, was made a major-general 
in 1863, and built Fort Fisher, N. C, of which he 
took command in the autumn of 1864. He de- 
fended the fort during the unsuccessful attack by 
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, and the successful one 
by Gen. Alfred H. Terry (q. v.\ and on its cap- 
ture was severely wounded and taken prisoner. 



WHITMAN, Bernard, clergyman, b. in East 
Bridge water, Mass., 8 June, 1796; d. in Walt ham, 
Mass., 5 Nov., 1834. He early decided to enter the 
ministry, and earned money to defray his expenses 
by working in factories. He entered Harvard in 
1818. but was rusticated for a breach of discipline 
in 1819, and, on joining a lower class at the expira- 
tion of a vear. asked and received an honorable dis- 
missal, tie then taught and studied theology till 

1824, when he was licensed to preach, and on 15 
Feb., 1826, he was ordained pastor of the 2d church 
in Waltham, Mass., where he remained till his early 
death from consumption. This church had just 
dismissed an orthodox clergyman, who had carried 
with him a large part of "the congregation, and 
thus Mr. Whitman was led to a bold exposition of 
Unitarian views which he had adopted some time 
before. His published sermon on " Denying the 
Lord Jesus" (Boston, 1827) went through several 
editions, was widely circulated, and placed him in 
the front rank of the defenders of his faith. He 
was also successful as a lecturer on temperance. 
His works include ** Two Letters to the Rev. Moses 
Stuart on the Subject of Religious Liberty " (1831) ; 
44 Village Sermons " (1832) ; and 44 Friendly Letters 
to a Universalist on Divine Rewards and Punish- 
ments" (1833).— His brother, Jason, b. in Bridge- 
water, Mass., 30 April, 1799: d. in Lexington, 
Mass., 25 Jan., 1848, was graduated at Harvard in 

1825, studied theology, and was pastor of Unita- 
rian churches at Saco, Me., in lH^O-^, at Portland 
in 1835-'45, and at Lexington from 1845 till his 
death. For one year, in 1834-'5, he was general 
secretary of the American Unitarian association. 
Besides numerous sermons, he published memoirs 
of his brother, Bernard (Boston. 1837), and their 
father. Deacon John Whitman, who lived to the 
age of 107 vears (1843); 44 The Young Man's As- 
sistant in Efforts at Self -Cultivation " (1838); 
44 Young Lady's Aid to Usefulness" (3d ed.. 1845); 
44 Discourses on the Lord's Praver" (1847); and. 
with William E. Greely, 44 A Brief Statement of 
the Unitarian Belief " (1847). See a sketch of his 
life contained in a volume of his sermons (1849). 

WHITMAN, Ezekiel, jurist, b. in East Bridge- 
water, Mass., 9 March, 1776; d. there, 1 Aug., 
1866. He lost his parents in early life and was 
brought up by his uncle. Rev. I^evi Whitman, of 
Wellfleet. who opposed his desire to go to sea and 
induced him to prepare for Brown university, 
where he was graduated in 1795 after supporting 
himself during his course by teaching. He then 
studied law. was admitted to the bar of Plymouth 
county in 1799, and removed to the district of 
Maine, where he practised in Turner, and after 
1807 in Portland. He was an unsuccessful Feder- 
alist candidate for congress in 1806, but was elected 
two vears later, and served in 1809-*11. In the 
election of 1810 he and William Widgery had each 
1,639 rotes, and at a second trial the latter was 
successful. Mr. Whitman then devoted himself to 
his large practice and was a member of the execu- 
tive council of Massachusetts in 1815-'16 and of 
the Constitutional convention of 1819. In 1817-*23 
he was again in congress. On the admission of 
Maine to the Union he became a judge of its court 
of common pleas, serving from 1822 till 1841, and 
in 1841-*8 he was chief Justice of the state. In 
1852 he retired to his native place. Judge Whit- 
man was one of the last of the w old-school " law- 
yers in his state. He presided in court with much 
dignity, and his iudicial opinions, which were re- 
ported bv John Shepley in volumes xxi.-xxix. of 
44 Maine Reports." are characterized by simplicity 
and directness of application. In congress ne at- 



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485 



tacked Gen. Andrew Jackson severely for his course 
in Florida, spoke earnestly against striking out the 
clause to prohibit slavery from the bill to admit 
Missouri to the Union, took an active part in dis- 
cussions on the tariff, and in 1818 spoke in favor 
of a bankrupt law. He was the author of a pam- 
phlet, Genealogy of the Descendants of John 
Whitman " (printed privately, Portland, 1832). 

WHITMAN, Marcus, pioneer, b. in Rushville, 
Ontario co., N. Y., 4 Sept., 1802; d. in WaMatpu, 
Ore., 29 Nov., 1847. He was educated under pri- 
vate tutors, studied in Berkshire medical institu- 
tion, Pittsfield, Mass., and in 1834 was appointed 
by the American board a missionary physician to 
Oregon. Dr. Whitman, Rev. Henry N. Spaulding, 
and their young wives, set out in 1830, and, jour- 
neying slowly westward, crossed the Rocky moun- 
tains by the South Pass through which John C. 
Fremont's partv penetrated six years later. Mrs. 
Whitman and Mrs. Spaulding were the first white 
women to cross the mountains. On 2 Sept. the 
party arrived at Fort Walla Walla. Whitman had 
insisted on bringing one wagon with him despite 
assertions that the route was impassable for wheels, 
and by thus opening a wagon-road he led the way 
for emigration. The Hudson bay company's offi- 
cers at Fort Hall, whose interest it was that no 
American settlers should be allowed to enter Ore- 
gon, and who had turned awav many trains of in- 
tending emigrants, had vainly tried to dissuade 
him from his attempt. After several years* resi- 
dence in the country, Dr. Whitman, seeing that 
the purpose of the British was to discourage Amer- 
ican colonization of the territory by spreading re- 
ports of its inaccessibility and at the same time to 
All it with English emigrants, resolved to visit 
Washington and lay the matter before the U. S. 
government. In October, 1842, the rejoicing at the 
English fort at Walla Walla over the approach of 
a large party of English colonists, and the knowl- 
edge that the Webster-Ashburton treaty was then 
under consideration, impelled him to lose no time, 
and he set out within twenty-four hours for the 
east on horseback after much opposition from his 
associates. With him were one companion and a 
guide, with three pack-mules. On 3 Jan., 1843, 
they reached Bent's fort, on Arkansas river, after 
undergoing many hardships, and soon afterward 
Whitman arrived at St. Louis, where he learned 
that the Ashburton treaty had been ratified already 
and that it left the Oregon question unsettled. On 
8 March he was in Washington, where the infor- 
mation that he gave the government served to 
show how valuable Oregon was notwithstanding 
the efforts of interested persons to prove that it 
was inaccessible. Had it not been for him the 
United States might have given up Oregon to 
England as comparatively worthless. He was also 
earnest in his endeavors to show how easily it could 
be reached, and on his return in 1843 he led back 
a train of 200 wagons to the valley of the Colum- 
bia. Others followed in great numbers, and this 
"army of occupation" went far toward securing 
Oregon to this country. Four years Inter, Dr. 
Whitman, with his wife", two adopted children, and 
ten others, was massacred by the Oayuse Indians. 
See "Oregon: the Struggle for Possession," by 
William Barrows (Boston. 1884). 

WHITMAN, Sarah Helen, po^, b. in Provi- 
dence, R. I., in 1803; d. there, 27 June, 1878. She 
was the daughter of Nicholas Power, of Provi- 
dence, and in 1828 married John W. Whitman, a 
Boston lawyer, after whose death in 1833 she re- 
turned to her native city and devoted herself to 
literature. Mrs. Whitman was well known for her 



conversational powers. She was an admirer of Ed- 
gar A. Poe, with whom, about 1848, she entered into 
a conditional engagement of marriage. Though it 
was broken off soon afterward, her friendly feeling 
for Poe did not cease, and inspired several of her 
poems, notably the elegy " Kesurgamus." Mrs. 
Whitman contributed to magazines prize essavs on 
literary topics, including critical articles on Euro- 
pean writers, and many poems, which have been 
admired for their tenderness, melody, and philo- 
sophic spirit. She published in book-form a collec- 
tion of these, entitled " Hours of Life, and other 
Poems" (Providence, 1853), and "Edear A. Poe 
and his Critics," in which she defended her friend's 
character from harsh aspersions (New York, 1800). 
She was often called on for occasionaj poems, and 
one of these she read at the unveiling'of the statue 
of Roger Williams in Providence in 1877. Parts 
of her " Fairy Ballads," '-The Golden Ball," " The 
Sleeping Bea'uty," and "Cinderella" (1867) were 
written by her sister, Anna Marsh Power. After 
Mrs. Whitman's death a full collection of her 
** Poems" appeared (Boston, 1879). 

WHITMAN, Walt, or Walter, poet, b. in West 
Hills, Long Island, N. Y., 31 May, 1819. He was 
educated in the public schools of Brooklyn and 
New York city, and learned printing, working at 
that trade in summer and teaching in winter. Sub- 
sequently he also 
acquired skill as 
a carpenter. For 
brief periods he ed- 
ited newspapers in 
New Orleans and 
in Huntington, 
L. I. In 1847-'8 
he made long 
pedestrian tours 
through the Unit- 
ed States, gener- 
ally following the 
courses of the 
great western riv- 
ers, and also ex- 
tended his jour- 
ney through Can- 
ada. His chief 

Gmss"(NewYork. ft&tiluu^ 
1855), is a series of 

poems dealing with moral, social, and political prob- 
lems, and more especially with the interests involved 
in 19th century American life and progress. In it 
he made a new and abrupt departure as to form, 
casting his thoughts in a mould the style of which 
is something between rhythmical prose and verse, 
altogether discarding rhythm and regular metre, 
but uttering musical thoughts in nn unconventional 
way which is entirely his own. Expecting the op- 
position and abuse with which his volume was as- 
sailed, he sj>eaks of it as a sortie on common liter- 
ary use and wont, on both spirit and form, adding 
that a century may elapse before its triumph or 
failure can he assured. For thirty years Whitman 
has been correcting and adding to this work, and 
he says that he looks upon "Leaves of Grass" 
" now* finished to the end of its opportunities and 
powers, as my definitive carte, visit* to the coming 
generations of the New World, if I may assume to 
say so." In the war Whitman's brother was 
wounded on the battle-field, which led to the poet's 
at once hastening to join him in the camp, where 
he afterward remained as a volunteer army nurse 
at Washington and in Virginia in 18G2-'5. His 
experiences during this service are vividly recorded 




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in "Drum-Taps" (1865) and "Memoranda during 
the War" (1807). His fatigue and night-watehing 
in 1864 brought on a serious illness, from which he 
has never entirely recovered. In 1870 he published 
a volume of prose essays called 44 Democratic Vis- 
tas," a new edition of which has been issued by 
Walter Scott (London, 1888), with a preface writ- 
ten by Whitman in April of the same year. In 
this volume he explains that he uses the word 
"Democrat" in its widest sense as synonymous 
with the American form of government. From 
1865 till 1874 Whitman held a government clerk- 
ship in Washington. In February, 1873, the lin- 
gering effects of his nursing fatigues and illness 
during the war culminated in a severe paralytic 
attack. He left Washington for Camden, N. J., 
and was recovering when in May of the same year 
his mother died somewhat suddenly in his pres- 
ence. This shock caused a relapse. He abandoned 
Washington and has continued: to reside at Cam- 
den. Mr. Whitman has been called "the good 
gray poet." His admirers, especially in England, 
nave oeen extravagant in their praise of his works, 
comparing him with the best of the classic writers, 
and in this country Ralph Waldo Emerson said on 
the appearance of 44 Leaves of Grass " : 44 1 find it 
the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom 
that America has yet contributed. ... I find in- 
comparable things incomparably said." On the 
other hand, the peculiar form of his writings pre- 
vents their popularity, and their substance has 
been widely regarded as of no value. 44 Leaves of 
Grass" has even been condemned for indecency on 
account of its outspokenness, and when a complete 
edition of the work was published (Boston, 1881) 
the Massachusetts authorities objected to its sale 
in that state on the ground of immorality. Be- 
sides the works already mentioned. Whitman has 
published 44 Passagcto "India" (1870); "After All, 
not to Create 'Only" (1871); 44 As Strong as a Bird 
on Pinions Free" (1872); "Two Rivulets," includ- 
ing 44 Democratic Vistas" and " Passage to India" 
(1878) ; " Specimen Days and Collect " (1883) ; " No- 
vember Boughs" (1885); and "Sands at Seventy"' 
(1888). A selection of his poems, by William M. Ros- 
setti, was published (London, 1868). Besides the 
complete edition of 44 Leaves of Grass " that has been 
mentioned, another, edited by Prof. Edward Dow- 
den, has since been issued (Glasgow, Scotland). 
A popular selection, with introduction by Ernest 
Rhys, was published by Walter Scott (London, 
188*6). See 44 The Good Grav Poet, a Vindication." 
by William 1). O'Connor (Kew York, 1866), and 
"Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person," 
by John Burroughs (1866). 

WHITMARSH, Caroline Snowden, author, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 1 June, 1827. At the age of five 
she was hurried home from the Ursuline convent in 
Charlestown, Mass., by the mob that destroyed 
it, and afterward, being a delicate child, attended 
school but little. ' She has written and compiled 
about twenty-three volumes, chiefly religious and 
educational. In 1870 she married James Guild, 
of Roxbury. Her books include "Violet" (Bos- 
ton, 1855); "Daisy" (1856); 44 Never mind the 
Face" (New York, 1856); and the " Summer- 
House Series " on scientific subjects (7 vols., Bos- 
ton, 1859-'64). She has compiled " Hymns for 
Mothers and Children" (2 series, Boston. 1860); 
"Hvmns of the Ages," the first series with Mrs. | 
Anne E. Guild (3 series, 1859-'64); and "Prayers 
of the Ages" (1867).— Mr. Guild's first wife, Anne 
(1826-'68), whose maiden name was Gore, was a co- 
worker of Miss Whit marsh, and the author of 
" Grandmother Lee's Portfolio" (Boston, 1857). 



WHITMER, David, Mormon elder, b. in Har- 
risburg, Pa., 7 Jan., 1805; d. in Richmond. Mo., 
25 Jan., 1888. He moved to Ontario county, N. Y.. 
when a youth, and in 1829 was engaged in farm- 
ing near Palmyra, N. Y., when Oliver Cowderv, 
the village school-master, told him that he in- 
tended to visit Joseph Smith and examine the 
alleged discovery of golden plates that bore upon 
their face curious inscriptions that no one could 
read. In June, 1829, Cowdery and Smith called 
upon Whitmer, and, by instruction from an angel 
of the Lord, as claimed by Smith, requested Whit- 
mer to go into the woods near by. On reaching a 
secluded spot they all engaged in prayer, when 
suddenly a very brilliant light filled the space 
around them. A moment later an angel appeared, 
and also a table on which wei« several golden 
plates that they were told to examine. Thev 
were commanded to bear witness of their experi- 
ence to the world. This they have done by prefix- 
ing a statement to each copy of the "Book of 
Mormon," where it is stated that they, " through 
the grace of God and our Lord Jesus Christ, have 
seen the plates which contain this record, which 
is the record of the people of Nephi." In June. 
1838, Mr. Whitmer withdrew from the Mormon 
church, taking with him the original manuscript 
of the 44 Book of Mormon," and settled in Richmond. 
Mo., where he resided until his death, a useful and 
respected member of the community. In 1887 he 
issued 44 An Address to all Believers in Christ," in 
which, among his reasons for withdrawing from 
the Mormon church, were the ordaining of high- 
priests in 1831, the compiling of a book of doc- 
trines and covenants in 1835, the publication of 
many revelations that were made, the organiza- 
tion of a band of Danites in 1838 at Far West, and 
the revelations that favored polygamy. He claimed 
to 44 believe in the doctrine of Christ as it is 
taught in the New Testament and the 4 Book of 
Mormon.' the same gospel beine taught in both 
these books." I n the " Book of Mormon " is a posi- 
tive command that " not any man among you nave 
save it be one wife ; and concubines shall he have 
none; for I the Lord delight in the chastity of 
woman." He was a faithful believer in Mormon- 
ism to the end, declaring during the last few 
hours of his life : 44 1 want to say to you, the Bible 
and the record of the Nephites [the 4 Book of 
Mormon *1 is true, so you can say that you have 
heard me 1>ear my testimony on my death-bed." He 
was the last of "the three witnesses" to the divine 
authenticity of the record of the Nephites. See 
44 Early Days of Mormonism," by James Harrison 
Kennedy (New York, 1888). 

WHltMORE, Edward, British soldier, b. in 
England in 1691 ; d. oft* Plymouth, Mass., 10 Dec., 
1761. He was probably a son of Arthur Whit- 
inore, of York, England." He served in the war of 
the Austrian succession, and was made lieutenant- 
colonel of the 36th regiment in 1747. He was pro- 
moted in July, 1757, colonel of the 22d regiment, 
and next year was made brigadier-general. He was 
at the siege of I^ouisburg in 1 758, and, after the sur- 
render of the town, was left there as military gov- 
ernor. On a voyage to Boston in December, 1761. 
the ship put into Plymouth harbor to seek shel- 
ter from contrary winds, and Gen. Whitmore. go- 
ing on deck at midnight, accidentally fell over- 
board and was drowned. His body was taken up 
next morning near the " Gurnet." and carried to 
Boston in the same vessel. On Wednesday, 16 
Dee., he was buried with military p°mn in the 
king's chapel. See Richard Brown's 44 History of 
the Island of Cape Breton " (London, 1869); Francis 



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Parkman's 44 Montcalm and Wolfe " (Boston, 1885) ; 
and William H. Whitmore's " Old State-House Me- 
morial "(Boston, 1887). 

WHITMORE, William Henry, genealogist, b. 
in Dorchester, Mass.. 6 Sept., 1836. He is the 
son of a Boston merchant, was educated in the 

f)ublic schools of that city, and has devoted the 
eistire of his business life to antiquarian research 
and authorship. For eight years he was a member 
of the Boston common council, of which he be- 
came president in 1879, and he is a trustee of the 
Boston public library. The degree of A. M. was 
conferred on him by Harvard and Williams in 
1867. About 1808 he was one of the patentees of 
a machine for making cube-sugar, and in 1882 he 
patented one for making hyposulphite of soda. 
His " Ancestral Tablets ,r ( Boston, 1868) is an in- 
vention of great use to genealogists, being a set of 
pages cut and arranged to admit the insertion of a 
pedigree in a condensed form. He was a founder 
of the '* Historical Magazine" in 1857, of the 
Prince society in 1858, and of the Boston antiqua- 
rian society in 1879, to which the Bostonian socie- 
ty succeeded. Mr. Whitmore has been an editor 
of the 44 New England Historical and Genealogical 
Register," in which many of his papers first ap- 
peared, and 44 he Heraldic Journal," which he es- 
tablished in 1863. He has edited 44 The Poetical 
Works of Winthrop Mackworth Praed " (New York, 
1800); "The Hntchinsf j Papers," with William 
Appleton (2 vols., Boston, 1805), 44 Dunton's Let- 
ters" (1807), and the 44 Andros Tracts" (3 vols., 
18G8-'74), the last three being for the Prince socie- 
ty : and the 44 Records " of the Boston record com- 
mission, which he established in 1875 (19 vols., 
with others ready for the press); and he was co- 
sditor of "Sewairs Diary, writing all the local 
lotes (Boston, 1875-'82). He prepared the 44 I>aws 
>f Adoption," his codification being passed by the 
egislature almost unchanged in 1870 ; a 44 ftevis- 
on of the City Ordinances," with Henry W. Put- 
min (1882); and a 44 Report on the State Seal," 
vhich was accepted by the legislature in 1885. 
Ie reprinted in fac-siinile the 44 Laws of Massa- 
chusetts of 1072" (Boston, 1887). Mr. Whitmore 
ius contributed to various magazines, native and 
oreign, and is the author of many genealogies, the 
lost important of which are the families of Tem- 
>le. Lane, Norton. Winthrop, Hutchinson, Usher, 
lyres, Payne, Whitmore, Lee, Dal ton, and Wil- 
ox. His other works comprise 44 Handbook of 
tinerican Genealogy" (Albany, 1802), reprinted 
ith additions as "The American Genealogist" 
808); "The Cavalier Dismounted," an essay 
Ktlcm, 1864); the 44 Elements of Heraldry " (Bos- 
>n, 1800) ; 44 Massachusetts Civil List. 1(186-1774" 
Vlbnny, 1870); 44 Copp's Hill Epitaphs" (Albany, 
478); "History of tho Old State-House," issued 
/ the city of Boston (1882): and "Life of Abel 
rown," the engraver (Boston. 1884). 
WHITNEY, Adeline Dotton Train, author, 
in Boston, Mass., 15 Sept., 1H24. She is the 
uightcr of Enoch Train, founder of a lino of 
leket-ships between Boston and Liverpool, and 
jousin of George Francis Train. She was cdu- 
tod chiefly in Uoston. ami at the age of nine- 
f»n married Seth 1). Whitney, of Milton, Mass. 
rs. Whitney has patented a set of "Alphabet 
nrks," which are now in general use. Besides 
ntributing to magazines for the young, she is 
e author of M Footsteps on the Seas," a poem 
oston, 1857): 44 Mother Goose for Grown Folks" 
o\v York, 1800 ; revised eds., Boston, 1870 
«l 1882); "Bovs at Chequasset" (Boston. 1802); 
•"aith Gartney's Girlhood" (1803); "The Gay- 



worthys" (1805): 44 A Summer in Leslie Gold- 
thwaite's Life" (1806); "Patience Strongs Out- 
ings" (1808); "Hitherto" (1809); "We Girls" 
(1870); "Real Folks" (1871): 44 Pansies," poems 
(1872): "The Other Girls" (1873); "Sights and 
Insights" (1876); "Just How: a Kev to the Cook- 
Books" (1878) : "Odd or Even" (1880); "Bonny- 
borough " (1885) ; 44 Homespun Yarns" and " HolV- 
Tides ? ' (1886) ; and 44 Daffodils" and 44 Bird-Talk" 
(1887). The last three are volumes of verse. 

WHITNEY, Anne, sculptor, b. in Watertown, 
Mass., 2 Sept., 1821. She was educated by private 
tutors, and early manifested a love for poetry and 
sculpture, the latter becoming gradually an absorb- 
ing pursuit. Her poetical writings were collected 
in a volume entitled 44 Poems " (New York. 1859). 
In the same year she opened a studio in her na- 
tive place, and subsequently making several vis- 
its to Europe, studied there four years, producing 
two of her best works during that time. On her 
return in 1873 she 
established a studio 
in Boston, where she 
has since remained. 
She has executed 
portraits and ideal 
works in groups, 
busts, medallions, 
and statues includ- 
ing a statue of Sam- 
uel Adams, of which 
two copies, one in 
bronze and one in 
marble, are respect- 
ively in the capitol 
at Washington and 
in Boston (1863) : 
"Roma" (1865); "Af- 
rica," a colossal re- 
cumbent figure of a 
woman, illustrating 
the civil war in the 
United States(1873); 
a statue of Harriet 
Martineau. belong- 
ing to Wcllesley college (1883); and the fountain 
of " Leif Erikson " (1886). The last was unveiled 
in Boston. 29 Oct. 1887, and the statue above the 
fountain represents the Norse- Icelandic discoverer 
of America as a man of physical beauty and vigor, 
in the costume of the ancient Scandinavian war- 
rior. (See the accompanying illustration.) 

WHITNEY, Asa, manufacturer, b. in Townscnd, 
Mass., 1 Dec. 1791 ; d. in Philadelphia. 4 June. 
1874. His opportunities for education were meagre, 
and, after snending several years in his father's 
blacksmith-shop, he went in 1812 to New Hump- 
shire, and soon became so capable as a machinist 
that his employer sent him to Brownsville, N. Y., 
to superintend the erection of machinery in a cot- 
ton-factory. Here he remained till 183(f, carrying 
on a business in machine- and forge- works, when 
he was appointed assistant superintendent of the 
Mohawk and Hudson railroad, and become super- 
intendent the following year. Resigning this nost 
in 1839, he was elected cannl commissioner of New 
York state, and for two years superintended the en- 
largement and management of the Erie canal and 
its branches. In 1842 he removed to Philadelphia 
and entered into the manufacture of locomotives 
with Matthew W. Baldwin, but withdrew from 
the partnership in two years. Soon afterward he 
became president of the Morris canal company, for 
which he applied special machinery to a series' of 
inclined planes worked by steam, by which means 




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its boats could pass elevations. He took out pat- 
ents on 22 May, 1847, for the corrugated plate car- 
wheel, and the curved corrugated plate wheel, and 
began their manufacture with his son George as 
partner. On 25 April, 1848, he patented his pro- 
cess for annealing car-wheels. It consisted in pla- 
cing the wheels, soon after they were cast, in a heated 
furnace, where they were subjected to a further 
gradual increase of temperature, and were then 
slowly cooled for three days. The discovery of this 
process of annealing, as applied to chilled cast-iron 
wheels, marked an era in the history of railroads. 
It enabled them with safety to increase both loads 
and speed. Previous to this discovery it was im- 
possible to cast whsels with solid hubs, and there- 
fore impossible to secure them rigidly to the axle. 
Now the whole wheel was easily cast in one piece, 
and capable of being forced securely upon the axle 
at a pressure of forty tons. Over ten million car- 
wheels are now in use in this country, and this 
principle of annealing is applied in some form to 
every wheel that is made of chilled cast-iron. On 
19 March. 1850, he patented the tapered and ribbed 
corrugated wheel. For many years he made from 
50,000 to 75,000 car- wheels per annum. The busi- 
ness is still carried on by trie firm of A. Whitney 
and Sons. In 1860 Mr. Whitney was made presi- 
dent of the Reading railroad, but he resigned in a 
year from failing health, after contributing largely 
to the success of the road. He gave liberally dur- 
ing his life, and among other public bequests he 
gave $50,000 to found a professorship of dynamical 
engineering in the University of Pennsylvania, 
$12,500 to the Franklin institute, and $20,000 to 
the Old men's home in Philadelphia. 

WHITNEY, Asa, merchant, b. in 1797; d. in 
Washington, D. C, in August. 1872. He was in 
mercantile business in New York city. He recog- 
nized the necessity of a railroad to the Pacific, 
was the first to suggest its feasibility, and from 
1846 till 1850 urged it upon congress, the legisla- 
tures of several states, ana the public, by personal 
influence and his writings. He was finally instru- 
mental in securing appropriations in 1853 for the 
first surveys of the northern, southern, and middle 
routes, and lived to see communication opened 
from sea to sea in 1869. He was the author of 
M A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific " (New 
York, 1849), and " A Plan for a Direct Communi- 
cation between the Great Centres of Populations 
of Europe and Asia " (London, 1851). 

WHITNEY, Eli, inventor, b. in Westborough, 
Mass., 8 Dec., 1765; d. in New Haven, Conn., 8 
Jan., 1825. During the Revolutionary war he 
was engaged in making nails by hand. Subse- 
quently, by his industry as an artisan and by 
teaching, he was able to defray his expenses at 
Yale, where he was graduated in 1792. In the 
same year he went to Georgia under an engage- 
ment as a private tutor, but, on arriving there, 
found that the place had been filled. He then 
accepted the invitation of the widow of Gen. Na- 
thanael Greene to make her place at Mulberrv 
Grove, on Savannah river, his home while he stud- 
ied law. Several articles that he had devised for 
Mrs. Greene's convenience gave her great faith 
in his inventive powers, and when some of her 
visitors regretted that there could be no profit in 
the cultivation of the green seed-cotton, which 
was considered the best variety, owing to the great 
difficulty of separating it from the seed, she ad- 
vised them to apply to Whitney " who," she said, 
M could make anything." A pound of green seed- 
cotton was all that a negro woman could at that 
period clean in a day. Mr. Whitney up to that 




Its main features are a cvlin- 



time had seen neither the raw cotton nor the cot- 
ton seed, but he at once procured some cotton 
from which the seeds had not been removed, 
although with trouble, as it was not the season of 
the year for the cultivation of the plant, and be- 
gan to work out his 
idea of the cotton- 
gin. He was oc- 
cupied for some 
months in con- 
structing his ma- 
chine, during which 
he met with great 
difficulty, being 
compelled to draw 
the necessary iron- 
wire himself, as he 
could obtain none 
in Savannah, and 
to manufacture his 
own iron tools. Near 
the end of 1792 he 
succeeded in mak- 
ing a gin of which 
the principle and 
mechanism are both 
exceedingly simple. 

der four feet long and five inches in diameter, upon 
which is set a series of circular saws half an inch 
apart and projecting two inches above the sur- 
face of the revolving cylinder. A mass of cot- 
ton in the seed, separated from the cylinder by 
a steel grating, is brought into contact with the 
numerous teeth on the cylinder. These teeth 
catch the cotton while playing between the bars, 
which allow the lint, but not the seed, to pass. 
Beneath the saws is a set of stiff brushes on an- 
other cylinder revolving in the opposite direction, 
which brush off from the saw-teeth the lint that 
these have just pulled from the seed. There is 
also a revolving fan for producing a current of 
air to throw the light and downy ant that is thus 
liberated to a convenient distance from the re- 
volving saws and brushes. Such are the essential 
principles of the cotton-gin as invented by Whit- 
ney and as it is still used ; but in various details 
and workmanship it has been the subject of many 
improvements, the object of which has been to 
pick the cotton more perfectly from the seed, to 
prevent the teeth from cutting the staple, and to 
give greater regularity to the operation of the 
machine. By its use the planter was able to clean 
for market, by the labor of one man, one thousand 
pounds of cotton in place of five or six by hand. 
Mrs. Greene and Phineas Miller were the only per- 
sons that were permitted to see the machine, but 
rumors of it had gone through the state, and be- 
fore it was quite finished the building in which it 
was placed was broken into at night and the ma- 
chine was earned off. Before he could complete 
his model and obtain a patent, a number of ma- 
chines based on his invention had been made sur- 
reptitiously and were in operation. In May, 1798. 
he formed a partnership with Mr. Miller, who had 
some property, and went to Connecticut to manu- 
facture tne machines; but he became involved in 
continual trouble by the infringement of his patent. 
In Georgia it was boldly asserted that he was not 
the inventor, but that something like it had been 
produced in Switzerland, and it was claimed that 
the substitution of teeth cut in an iron plate for 
wire prevented an infringement on his invention. 
He had sixty lawsuits pending before he secured a 
verdict in his favor. In South Carolina the legisla- 
ture granted him $50,000, which was finally paid 



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after vexatious delays and lawsuits. North Carolina 
allowed him a percentage for the use of each saw 
for five years, and collected and paid it over to the 
patentees in good faith, and Tennessee promised to 
do the same thing, but afterward rescinded her con- 
tract. For years — amid accumulated misfortunes, 
lawsuits wrongfully decided against him, the de- 
struction of his manufactory by fire, the industrious 
circulation of the report that his machine injured 
the fibre of the cotton, the refusal of congress, on 
account of the opposition of southern members, to 
allow the patent to be renewed, and the death of 
his partner — Mr. Whitney struggled on until he 
was convinced that he should never receive a just 
compensation for his invention. In 1791 the 
amount of cotton that was exported amounted to 
only 189.500 pounds, while in 1803, owing to the 
use of his gin, it had risen to more than 41,000,000 
pounds. Despairing of gaining a competence, he 
turned his attention in 1798 to the manufacture of 
flre-arms near New Haven, from which he eventu- 
ally gained a fortune. He was the first manu- 
facturer of fire-arms to effect the division of labor 
to the extent of making it the duty of each work- 
man to perform by machinery but one or two 
operations on a single part of the gun, and thus 
made interchangeable the parts of the thousands of 
arms in process of manufacture at the same time. 
His first contract was with the U. S. government 
for 10,000 stand of muskets to be finished in about 
two years. For the execution of this order he 
took two years for preparation and eight more for 
completion. He gave bonds for $30,000, and was 
to receive $13.40 for each musket, or $134,000 in 
all. Immediately he began to build an armory at 
the foot of East kock, two miles from New Haven, 
in the present village of Whitneyville, where, 
through the successive administrations from that 
of John Adams, repeated contracts for the supply 
of arms were maue and fulfilled to the entire 
approbation of the government. The construc- 
tion of his armory, and even of the commonest 
tools, which were devised by him for the prose- 
cution of the business in a manner peculiar to 
himself, evinced the fertility of his genius and the 
precision of his mind. The buildings became the 
model upon which the national armories were after- 
ward arranged, and many of his improvements 
were transferred to other establishments and have 
become common property. His advance in the 
manufacture of arms laid this country under per- 
manent obligations by augmenting the means of 
national defence. Several of his inventions have 
been applied to other manufactures of iron and 
steel and added to his reputation. He established 
a fund of $500 at Yale, the interest of which is ex- 
pended in the purchase of books on mechanical and 
physical science. In 1817 he married a daughter 
of Judge Pierpont Edwards. Robert Fulton said 
that "Arkwright. Watt, and Whitney were the 
three men that did most for mankind of any of 
their contemporaries," and Macau I ay said : " What 
Peter the Great did to make Russia dominant. Eli 
Whitney's invention of the cotton-gin has more 
than equalled in its relation to the power and prog- 
ress of the United States." See 4 * Memoir of Eli 
Whitney," by Denison Olmsted (New Haven. 184C). 

WHITNEY, James Amaziah, lawyer, b. in 
Rochester, N. Y., 30 June, 1839. He removed in 
childhood with his parents to Maryland, Otsego 
co., N. Y., where he received a common-school edu- 
cation, and began life as a farmer, but in 1860-'5 
studied chemistry, mechanics, and engineering 
without a master, and in the latter year became a 
writer of specifications in the office of a firm of 



patent solicitors. In 1868 he became an editor of 
the " American Artisan," and took an active part 
in organizing the New York society of practical 
engineers, of which he was president for several 
years. In 1869-72 he was professor of agricul- 
tural chemistry in the American institute, and 
in the latter year he established himself as a 
solicitor of patents. In 1870 he was admitted to 
practice in the U. S. circuit courts. Iowa college 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1880. Besides 
numerous essays on scientific, mechanical, legal, 
and political subjects, Mr. Whitney is the author 
of a monograph on *• The Relations of the Patent 
Laws to the Development of Agriculture" (New 
York. 1874) ; " The Chinese and the Chinese Ques- 
tion " (1880 ; enlarged ed., 1888) ; " Shobab, a Tale 
of Betnesda," a poem (1884); "Sonnets and Lyr- 
ics" (1884); "The Children of Lamech," a poem 
(1885); and " Poetical Works" (2 vols., 1886). 

WHITNEY, Josiah Dwlght, geologist, b. in 
Northampton, Mass., 23 Nov.. 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1839, and then spent six months 
in the chemical laboratory of Dr. Robert Hare in 
Philadelphia. In 1840 he joined the survey of 
New Hampshire as assistant geologist under Charles 
T. Jackson, and remained connected with that work 
until May, 1842, when he went abroad. For five 
years he travelled on the continent of Europe, and 
pursued chemical, geological, and mineralogical 
studies. On his return to this country in 1847 
he engaged in the geological exploration of the 
Lake Superior region, and with John W. Foster 
was in the same year appointed by the U. S. 
government to assist Charles T. Jackson in mak- 
ing a geological survey of that district. Two 
years later the completion of the survey was in- 
trusted to Foster and Whitney, who published 
"Synopsis of the Explorations of the Geological 
Corps in the Lake Superior Land District in the 
Northern Peninsula" (Washington, 1849), and 
"Report on the Geology and Topography of a 
Portion of the Lake Superior Land District in the 
State of Michigan" (part i., Copper Lands, 1850; 
part ii.. The Iron Region, 1851). On the completion 
of this work he travelled for two years through 
the states east of the Mississippi for the purpose of 
collecting information with regard to the mining 
and mineral interests in this country. His results 
were issued as " The Metallic Wealth of the United 
States described and compared with that of other 
Countries" (Philadelphia, 1854). In 1855 he was 
appointed state chemist and professor in the Iowa 
state university, and was associated with James 
Hall in the geological survey of that state, issu- 
ing "Reports on the Geological Survey of Iowa" 
(2 vols., Albany, 1858-'9). During 1858-'(K) Prof. 
Whitney was engaged on a geological survey of 
the lead region of the upper Missouri in connection 
with the official surveys of Wisconsin and Illinois, 
publishing, with James Hall, a "Report on the 
Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin " 
(Albany, 1862). fie was appointed state geologist 
of California in I860, and engaged in conducting 
a topographical, geological, and natural history sur- 
vey of that state until 1874, when the work was 
discontinued by act of legislature. Besides various 
pamphlets and annual reports on the subject, he 
issued six volumes under the title of " Geological 
Survey of California" (Cambridge, 1864-'70). In 
1865 ne was appointed professor of geology in 
Harvard, which chair he still retains, with charge 
of its school of mining and practical geology. The 
degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Yale in 
1870. Prof. Whitney was one of the original mem- 
bers of the National academy of sciences named 

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by act of congress in 1863, but he has since with- 
drawn from that body. He is also a meml>er of 
other scientific bodies, both at home and abroad. 
In addition to contributing to the " American 
Journal of Science," the " North American Re- 
view," and similar periodicals, he has translated 
Berzelius's " Use of the Blowpipe" (Boston, 1845), 
and is the author of "The Yoscmite Guide-Book " 
(San Francisco, 1809). Prof. Whitney has made a 
specialty of collecting a library of geological and 
geographical books. Mount Whitney, the highest 
mountain in the United States, was named in his 
honor.— His wife, Louisa Goddard, b. in Manches- 
ter. England, 17 Dec., 1819; d. in Cambridge. 13 May, 
1882, is the author of 44 The Burning of the Convent : 
a Narrative of the Destruction of the Ursuline 
School on Mount Benedict. Charlestown, by One of 
the Pupils " (Cambridge, Mass., 1877), and 44 Peasy's 
Childhood : an Autobiography " (1878).— His broth- 
er, William D wight, philologist, b. in Northamp- 
ton, Mass., 9 Feb., 1827, was graduated at Williams 
in 1845, and obtained a clerkship in a banking-house 
in Northampton. This occupation he followed for 
three years, and devoted his leisure to the study of 
languages, particularly Sanskrit In 1849-'50 he 
studied under Prof. Edward E. Salisbury at Yale, 
and in 1850 he went to Germany and studied at 
the University of Berlin under Franz Bopp and 
Albrecht Weber, and at the University of Tubingen 
under Rudolf Roth. With the latter he prepared 
an edition of the 44 Atharva Veda Sanhita * (Berlin, 
1856), for which he copied the text from the manu- 
scripts in the Royal library in Berlin, and collated 
it with other copies in the libraries of Paris, Lon- 
don, and Oxford. In 1854 he was appointed pro- 
fessor of Sanskrit at Yale, and in 1870 of com- 
parative philology also at that university, and he 
still retains the combined chair. Prof.' Whitney 
delivered a series of lectures before the Smithsonian 
institution in 1864. which he repeated in extended 
form before the Lowell institute in Boston, and 
then published as 44 Language and the Study of 
Language" (New York, 1867). He was elected a 
member of the American oriental society in 1849, 
was its librarian in 1855-'73, its corresponding 
secretary in 1857-'84, and since then its president. 
His contributions to its "Journal " have been very 
large, and of its volumes vi.-xii., half the contents 
were written by him, including a translation of the 
44 Surya Siddhanta," with notes and appendix, being 
a Hindoo treatise on astronomy (1860) ; text, with 
notes, of the "Atharva Veda Pr&tic4khya" (1862); 
the text, with English versions, notes, "and native 
commentary, of the 44 Taittiriya Pr&ticakhya " 
(1871), which gained for him the Bopp prize from 
the Berlin academy as the most important Sanskrit 

Sublication of the preceding three years, the 44 In- 
t?x Verborum to the Atharva- Veda" (1*81): and 
reviews of Karl R. Lepsius's phonetic alphalwt and 
of the opinions of Jean B. Biot, Albrec ht Weber, 
and Max MQller on Hindoo astronomy. -He was 
also a contributor to the great Sanskrit diction- 
ary of Bohtlingk and Roth (7 vols., St. Peters- 
burg, 1853-'67). Prof. Whitney ranks as one of 
the foremost Sanskrit scholars of his time, and his 
text-books have been awarded high praise for their 
exact statements of general grammatical doctrine. 
In the science of language, of which his exposi- 
tions and classifications an 1 accepted as authorita- 
tive, he claims that the development of speech is by 
the acceptance of conventional signs, and that its 
beginnings were imitative, in lieu of the view ad- 
vanced by others who contend that language was 
spontaneously generated in the mind and coexist- 
ent with thought. The degree of Ph. D. was con- 



! ferred on him by the University of Breslau in 
1861. and that of LL. D. by Williams in 1868, 
William and Mary in 1869, and Harvard in 1876, 
while that of J. U. D. was given him by St An- 
drews, Scotland, in 1874, and Litt. D. by Columbia 
in 1886. He was the first president of the Ameri- 
can philological association in 1869, and in 1865 
was elected to the National academy of sciences. 
Besides his membership in many other scientific 
bodies, both at home and abroad, he is a cor- 
respondent of the Berlin. Turin, Rome, and St. 
Petersburg academies, the Institut of France, and 
is a foreign knight of the Prussian order "Pour 
le raerite." Prof. Whitney has written for the 
44 North American Review," the 44 New Englander." 
and similar periodicals, and various articles in 
cyclopa?dias, and has contributed to the transac- 
tions of societies of which he is a member many 
papers, of which may be mentioned (besides those 
included in his Oriental and linguistic studies) 
"Contributions from the Atharva Veda to the 
Theory of Sanskrit Verbal Accent" (1856); 44 On 
the Jyotisha Observation of the Place of the Col- 
ures and the Date derivable from It" (1864); "On 
Material and Form in Language" (1872); "Dar- 
winism and Language" (1874); "Logical Consist- 
ency in Views of Language" (1880); 44 Mixture in 
Language" (1881); "The Study of Hindoo Gram- 
mar and the Study of Sanskrit" (1884); "The 
Upanishads and their Latest Translation " (1886). 
His other works, several of which have been trans- 
lated into one or more languages, include 44 Com- 
pendious German Grammar" (New York, 1869); 
"German Reader in Prose and Verse" (1870); 
"Oriental and Linguistic Studies" (1st series, 
1873; 3d series, 1875); 44 Life and Growth of 
Language " in the 44 International Scientific Se- 
ries" (1876): "Essentials of English Grammar" 
(Boston, 1877); "Sanskrit Grammar, including 
both the Classical Language and the Older Dia- 
lects of Veda and Brahmana" (Leipsic, 1879) ; and 
"Practical French Grammar" (1886). At present 
he is superintending editor of the 44 Dictionary of 
the English Language" in course of preparation 
by the Century company in New York. 

WHITNEY, Mvron W., singer, b. in Ashbury. 
Mass., 5 Sept, 1836. He went to Boston at the age 
of sixteen and made his first appearance there in 
1858 at a Christmas performance of the " Messiah " 
that was given by the Handel and Havdn society. 
After about ten years of concert-singine he went 
to Florence, Italy, where he studied with Luigi Van- 
nucini, and then to London to become a pupil of 
Alberto Randegger. He then filled various engage- 
ments and attracted attention especially by his ren- 
dition of the part of Elijah at the Birmingham fes- 
tival. In 1876 he was the principal solo-singer at 
the opening exercises of the Centennial exhibition 
in Philadelphia. Since that year he has sung in 
his native country, ami has appeared in nearly all 
the May festivals held in different cities of* the 
Union. For several years he was a member of the 
Boston ideal opera company. He possesses a fine 
bass voice of nearly three octaves compass, and is 
est>cciallv noted as an oratorio-singer. 

WHlfNEY, Peter, clergyman, b. in North- 
borough, Mass., 6 Sept., 1744; d. there, 29 Feb., 

] 1816. He was graduated at Harvard in 1762, and 
on 4 Nov., 1767, ordained pastor at Northborough, 
where he remained till his death. He was the au- 

| thor of a "History of the County of Worcester" 
(Worcester, 1 7U3) ;' single sermons; and papers in 

J the " Memoirs of the American Academv. * — His 
son, Peter (1 770-1 843), was graduated at faarvard 

I in 1791, had charge of the church atQuincy, Mass^ 



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from 1800 till his death, and published various dis- 
courses. — The second Peter's son, George, clergy- 
man, b. in Quincy, Mass., 2 July, 1804; d. in Ja- 
maica Plain, Mass., 2 April, 1842. was graduated 
at Harvard in 1*24 and at the divinity-school in 
1828. and from 1831 till his death was pastor of 
churches in Roxlmrv. He published "Some Ac- 
count of the Earlv History and Present State of 
the Town of Quincy, Mass." (Boston. 1827), of 
which he was preparing an enlarged edition at. the 
time of his death.— George's brother, Frederic 
Augustus, clergyman, b. in Quincy, Mass., 13 
Sept., 1812 ; d. in Brighton. Mass., 21 Oct.. 1880, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1888 and at the di- 
vinity-school in 1888, teaching in the mean time. 
After doing missionary work, he was pastor at 
Brighton, Mass., in 1843-*59, and afterward lived 
in that town without a pastoral charge. He issued 
thirteen annual reports as chairman of the town 
school committee, and nine as president of the 
trustees of the Public library. Besides these, and 
various sermons, addresses, and contributions to 
current literature, he published 44 Historical Sketch 
of the Old Church at Quincy " (Albany, 1804). and 
Biography of James llolton," founder of the Hol- 
ton library, Brighton (Boston, 1865). He was also 
the author of various hvmns, some of which are 
collected in Rev. Alfred I s . Putnam's 44 Singers and 
Songs of the Liberal Faith " (Boston, 1875). 

WHITNEY, Thomas Richard, author, b. in 
New York city in 1804: d. there. 12 April, 1858. 
He served two years in the assembly of the state in 
1854-'5, and one term in congress in 1855-'7, having 
been elected by the American partv. Mr. Whitney 
was editorially connected with the New York 44 Sun- 
day Times " and other papers, and published 44 The 
Ambuscade," a poem (New York, 1845), and 44 De- 
fence of the American Policy as opposed to the En- 
croachments of Foreign Influence, and especially 
to the Interference of the Papacv" (1856). 

WHITNEY, William Collins, secretary of the 
navy, b. in Conway, Mass., 15 July, 1841. His 
father. James S. Whitney, was at one time collec- 
tor of the port of Boston, and in 1800 was a dele- 
gate to the Charleston convention. The son was 
graduated at Yale in 1868 and at Harvard law- 
school in 1865, and continued the study of law 
under Abraham R. Lawrence, in New York city, 
where he was admitted to the bar and practised his 
profession. In 1871 he assisted in the organiza- 
tion of the Young men's Democratic club, and was 
subsequently brought into notice by his active 
measures in the movement against the Tweed 
ring. He was made inspector of the city schools 
in 1872, and was defeated the same year as the 
candidate of the reformed Democracy for district 
attorney. In the following year he took an active 
part in the Tilden canvass. He was appointed 
corporation counsel of New York city in 1875. 
1870, and 1880. and is credited with having saved 
the city several ini'lionsof dollars by his opposition 
to claims against the city treasury. He also put 
in practice a system for the protection of the legal 
rights of the corporation, which has proved of per- 
manent value. He resigned this office in 1882. and 
on 5 March, 1885. was appointed secretary of the 
navy. Yale conferred the degree of LL. D. upon 
him in 1888. His administration has been marked 
by the completion of several vessels that form the 
nucleus of a new U. S. navy, in whose development 
he has taken much interest. Secretary Whitney's 
residence, at the corner of 5th avenue and 57th 
street. New York, is one of the finest in the citv. 

WHITON. John Milton, clergyman, b. in Win- 
chendon, Mass., 1 Aug., 1785; d. in Antrim, N. H., 



28 Sept., 1&50. He was graduated at Yale in 1805, 
and was pastor of the Presbyterian church in An- 
trim. N. H., from 28 Sept., 1808. till 1 Jan., 1853, 
and then of the Congregational church in the 
neighboring town of Bennington till his death. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Princeton in 
\H4S. Dr. Whiton wrote * 4 Brief Notices of the 
Town of Antrim," in the 44 Collections of the New 
Hampshire Historical Society" (vol. iv., 1852); 
"Sketches of the Early History of New Hamp- 
shire, 1623-1833" (Concord. 1834); also statistical 
account of the Congregational and Presbyterian 
ministers of Hillsborough county, in the * 4 New 
Hampshire Repository for 1846. At the time 
of his death he was preparing a 44 Historv of Pres- 
byterianism in New Hampshire." — His grand- 
son, James Morris, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass.. 11 April, 1833. was educated at the Boston 
Latin-school and at Yale, where he was graduated 
in 1853. He was rector of Hopkins grammar- 
school. New Haven. Conn., from 1854 till 1864, 
pastor of the 1st Congregational church, Lynn, 
Mass.. 1865-'69, and of the North Congregational 
church, Lynn, 1869-'75. In 1876-'8 he was princi- 
pal of Williston seminary, Easthampton, Mass., and 

rtor of the 1st Congregational church, Newark, 
J., in 1879-'85, and became pastor of Trinity 
Congregational church, Tremont, New York city, 
in 1886. He is regarded as a Christian evolutionist. 
His views regarding endless punishment were made 
the subiect of an inquiry by a council of Congre- 
gational churches at Newark in 1879, the result 
t being a vote of confidence and fellowship, notwith- 
standing his disavowal of that tenet. lie has been 
a frequent contributor to religious journals, and. 
in addition to various school-books, has published 
44 Select Orations of Lysias" (Boston. 1875); 44 Is 
Eternal Punishment Endless t" in which he main- 
tains that endless punishment is not decisively re- 
vealed in the New Testament (1876): " Essav on 
the Gospel according to Matthew" (1880); 44 The 
Gospel of the Resurrection " (1881): 4 * Early Pupils 
of the Spirit " (London, 1884); ' 4 The Evolution of 
Revelation " (New York, 1885) ; " The Divine Satis- 
faction" (London, 1886); and two series of dis- 
courses given in Congregational churches in Eng- 
land, entitled 44 Turning of Thought and Conduct " 
(London, 1887) and "The Law of Liberty" (1888). 
—His daughter, Mary Bartlett, educator, b. in 
New Haven. Conn., 17 Aug., 1857, was graduated 
at Smith college in 1879, taught in Newark high- 
school in 1881 -'3, and has since been a teacher in 
Packer institute, Brooklyn. N. Y. She was the au- 
thor with her father of 44 Six Months' Preparation 
for Reading Xenophon " (New York, 1885). 

WHITSITT, William Heth, clergyman, b. 
near Nashville, Tenn., 25 Nov., 1841. He was 
graduated at Union university, Tenn., in 1861, and 
at the Southern Baptist theological seminary in 
1869. meanwhile spending a year at the University 
of Virginia. He studied in 1869-'70 at the Univer- 
sity of Leipsic, and in 1870-'l at the University of 
Berlin, served for a short time as pastor of the 
Baptist church in Albany, Ga., and in 1872 was 
elected professor of ecclesiastical history in the 
Southern Baptist theological seminary, Louisville, 
Ky., which place he still holds. Mercer university 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1874. Besides va- 
rious contributions to reviews and other periodi- 
cals, he is the author of "Historv of the Rise of 
Infant Baptism" (Louisville, 1H78); "History of 
Communion among Baptists" (1880) : and " Origin 
of the Disciples of Christ, a Contribution to the 
Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Alexander 
Campbell " (New York, 1888). 



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WHITTAKER, Henry, author, b. in Radnor- 
shire, Wales, 15 Oct., 1808; d. in New York city, 
9 Feb.. 1881. He came to New York in 1850, 
and became managing clerk in a law-office. He 
published " Practice and Pleading under the Code. 
Original and Amended, with Appendix of Forms" 
(New York, 1852 ; 3d ed., 1803 : with a supple- 
ment, 1867), and "Analysis of Recent Decisions 
on Practice and Pleadings" (1863). — His son, 
Frederick, author, b. in London, England, 12 
Dec., 1838, came to this country with his father in 
1850. and studied architecture. During the civil 
war he was in the National cavalry service, rising 
to the rank of lieutenant and brevet captain. 
After the war he became a teacher and journalist. 
Concerning the circumstances of the battle in 
which Gen. George A. Custer met his death, he 
entered into a long and bitter controversy, through 
a congressional memorial and otherwise,' which re- 
sulted in a military court of inquiry being held in 
Chicago in 1879, in which his version of the facts 
was virtually sustained. Since that controversy 
Mr. Whittaker has withdrawn from all literature 
save that of the popular order. He has written 
numerous stories for the New York " Ledger,'* and 
in March. 1884, he published in the New York 
" Tribune " a " Defence of Dime Novels, by a Writer 
of Them." He has published a " Life of Gen. 
George Armstrong Custer" (New York, 1876) and 
" Cadet Button." a novel (1878). 

WHITTAKER, James, Shaker elder, b. in Old- 
ham, England, 28 Feb., 1751 ; d. in Enfield. Conn.. 
20 July. 1787. He was brought up in the faith of 
the French prophets, and in his youth was placed 
in the care of Ann Lee, becoming her chief disciple. 
He accompanied her to America, and when she 
and her brother William died in 1784 he succeeded 
as the head of the church, which, under his active 
ministry, increased in New Lebanon, N. Y., Shir- 
ley, Harvard, and Woburn, Mass., Enfield, Conn., 
and otherplaees. 

WH ITT EMU RE, Amos, inventor, b. in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 19 April, 1759; d. in West Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 27 March, 1828. He was the son of 
a farmer, and, after working for several years as a 
gunsmith, formed a partnership with his brother 
and others for the manufacture of cotton and wool 
cards. After engaging in this business for a short 
time he invented a machine for puncturing the 
leather and setting the wires, an operation that had 
previously been performed by hand. In experi- 
menting for this invention he met with the great- 
est difficulty in bending the wires to a given angle 
after they were finally fastened in the leather, and 
was on the point of giving up the attempt, when 
in a dream he discovered the method of effecting 
it The invention was patented in the United 
States in 1797, and Mr. Whittemore went to Eng- 
land to secure his rights there, but was unsuccess- 
ful. In this country the invention was sold for 
$150,000, but afterward it was repurchased by his 
brother, Samuel, who then conducted the business. 
His last years were devoted to the construction of 
an orrery, in which every planet was to describe its 
own orbit, but he did not complete it. 

WHITTEMORE, Don Juan, civil engineer, b. 
in Milton, Vt., 6 Dec., 1830. He received his early 
education from his father, who was a lawyer, and 
then spent two terms at the Bakersfield academy. 
In 1847 he became an engineer, and in 1853-*7 
was made chief assistant engineer of the La 
Crosse and Milwaukee railroad. after which he was 
chief engineer of the Southern M in nesota railway 
company. His health then failing, he accented the 
place of chief assistant engineer of the Western 



railway of Cuba, but returned to the United States 
in 1861. and became chief assistant engineer of the 
La Crosse and Milwaukee railroad. In 1865 he was 
appointed chief assistant engineer of the Chicago, 
Milwaukee, and St. Paul railway company, and in 
1866 its chief engineer. At that time "the road 
was only 275 miles, but it has steadily increased 
until it is now 5.675, being the largest railway 
under one ownership and management in the 
world. He has had charge of the construction of 
2.700 miles of railway line and bridges, including 
those across Mississippi river at La Crosse, Minne- 
apolis, and Sabula, and across Missouri river at 
Kansas City. During 1874-'5 he became much in- 
terested in the subject of hydraulic cement, and 
experimented with a product made from stone 
found near Milwaukee. From these investigations 
has resulted the establishment of works that now 
produce 400,000 barrels yearly. A switch-stand of 
his invention is now in use on more than one tenth 
the mileage of railways in the United States. The 
degree of C. E. was conferred on him by the Uni- 
versity of Vermont in 1884. and that of Ph. D. 
by the University of Wisconsin in 1884. He is a 
member of scientific societies and was president of 
the American society of civil engineers in 1884. 

WHITTEMORE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in 
Boston, 1 Jan., 1800 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 2! 
March, 1861. He was apprenticed, at the age of 
fourteen, to a morocco-dresser in Charlestown, sub- 
sequently to a brass-founder, and then to a shoe- 
maker in Boston. Becoming acquainted with the 
Rev. Hosea Ballou. he was Ted to study theology 
under his direction, and in April, 1821, became 
pastor of the Universalist church at Milford. Mass. 
In 1822 he removed to the church in Cambridge- 
port, the pastorate of which he resigned in 1831. 
At an early period in his career as a minister he 
was joint editor of the "Universalist Magazine," 
and in 1828 he established the •* Trumpet, a Uni- 
versalist newspaper in Boston, of which he was sole 
editor and proprietor for thirty years. He repre- 
sented Cambridge repeatedly in the legislature, 
and was president of the Vermont and Massachu- 
setts railway, and of the Cambridge bank for many 
years. Tufts college gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1858. He published " Modern Histonr of Uni- 
versalism, from the Era of the Reformation to the 
Present Time" (Boston. 1830; enlarged ed., 1860); 
"Notes and Illustrations of the Parables " (1882) ; 
" Songs of Zion " (1886) ; " Commentary on the 
Revelation of St John " (1838) ; " Guide to Univer- 
sal ism " (1889) ; " Commentary on the Book of Dan- 
iel" (1840); "The Gospel Harmonist "(1841); "Con- 
ference Hymns" (1842); "The Sundav-School 
Choir" (1844); "Life of Rev. Hosea Ballou" (4 
vols., 1854-'5) ; and an " Autobiography " (1859). 

WHITTHORNE, Washington Curran, sena- 
tor, b. in Lincoln (now Marshall) county, Tenn., 
19 April, 1825. He was graduated at ilast Ten- 
nessee university in 1843. studied law, and was li- 
censed to practise. He was a member of the state 
senate in 1855-'8, and of the Tennessee house of 
representatives in 1859-61. Mr. Whitthorne was 
on the Democratic electoral ticket in 1860, and 
delegate to the Baltimore convention. At the open- 
ing of theci vil war he became ossistant adj utant-gen- 
eral to Gen. Samuel R. Anderson's Tennessee brigade 
in the Confederate army, and served throughout 
the western Virginia campaign. He was adjutant- 
general of the state of Tennessee in 1862-*5, and was 
in the various campaigns of the Confederate army 
of Tennessee as aide on the staffs of Gen. £amuel R. 
Anderson, Gen. Marcus J. Wright, Gen. John C. 
Carter, and Gen. William J. Hardee. He was elect- 



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ed representative in congress from Tennessee in 
1870. and served by re-election till 1883. lie was 
appointed to the U. S. senate as a Democrat to fill 
the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of How- 
ell E. Jackson, took his seat, 26 April, 1886. and 
was afterward elected to fill out the unexpired 
term. He had previously been elected to the house 
of representatives for the 50th congress. In the 
house Mr. Whitthorne was for six years chairman 
of the committee on naval affairs. 

WHITTIER, John Green leaf, poet, b. in Ha- 
verhill, Mass.. 17 Dec., 1807. His parents were 
members of the Society of Friends, and to the 
principles and practices of this sect he always re- 
mained faithful, conforming even to its peculiari- 
ties of speech and garb in a community wnere such 
observance, by being singular, must often have 
been trying to* a temperament so shy and sensitive 
as his. His first American ancestor came to Mas- 
sachusetts in 1638, and the conversion to Quaker- 
ism took place in the second generation of the 
family, after the settlemsnt of the Bay Colony, at 
a time when that sect was sternly persecuted. 
There may therefore be something of heredity in 
the unswerving constancy of Whittier to unpopu- 
lar opinions. At the date of his birth Haverhill 
was still a farming village, one of the prettiest 
among the many pretty hamlets which then gave 
a peaceful charm to the rural scenery of Massachu- 
setts. Born on a farm, Whittier's first occuj>ations 
were those of a farmer's boy, driving the kine to 
and from pasture, riding to mill, fetching in wood 
for the undying kitchen-fire, and helping in the 
lighter labors of haying and harvest. He was thus 
early brought into that intimate communion with 
Mother Earth and with Nature which comes not by 
mere observation, and which gives such a peculiar 
charm of picturesque truth to so many of his poems. 
How much he thus learned and to how good profit 
he put it are visible in many of his poems, but es- 
pecially in his " Snow-Bouiid." which, in addition 
to its other merits, has now also a historical value 
as a vivid picture of modes of life even then obso- 
lescent ana now almost as far away as those pic- 
tured by Homer. And not only will the scenery 
of New England, both outward and domestic, live 
in his verse, but it is worth remark that the nobler 
qualities of the Puritans have nowhere found such 
adequate literary expression since Milton as in this 
member of a sect which they did their utmost to 
suppress. Almost alone among American posts, 
he has revived the legends of his neighborhood in 
verse, and his " Floyd Ireson " is among the best 
nf modern ballads, "surpassed by none save Scott, 
if even by him. His schooling in other respects 
must have been scanty enough, since his only op- 
portunity during boyhood would be the nearest 
listrict school (taught commonly by a college stu- 
lent younger than some of his rustic pupils), where 
fie got such training in the simpler rudiments of 
<nowledge as was possible under the conditions 
hen existing. And this training, as usually in the 
•ountry, was limited to the winter months, when 
'arm-work was necessarily suspended. He has 
vf»orcle<i his indebtedness during boyhood to Dr. 
-SI ins Weld, of Haverhill, who gave him the free- 
loin of his library. 

A farm-hand taught him shoemaking, the com- 
non occupation during winter in the fishing and 
arming villages along the coast, and by this 
neans he earned enough to warrant his attend- 
rifr Haverhill academy during six months of 
827. He was now sufficiently learned, according 
o the simpler notions of those days, to be himself 
teacher, and taught in the district school of West 



Amesbury during the following winter. This sup- 
plied the means for another six months at the 
academy. In Whittier's case, as in that of so 
many other New Englanders, nothing is more 
characteristic or more touching than the persist- 
ent resolve to get the best education within their 
reach at whatever sacrifice. 

The literary impulse in him must have been 
strong, for while yet in his nineteenth year he con- 
tributed anonymous verse to the poet's corner 
of the "Free Press," a journal edited by W. L. 
Garrison in Newbury port, and enjoyed the furtive 
bliss of print Garrison saw signs of promise in 
these immature experiments, sought out the au- 
thor, and gave him the precious encouragement of 
praise and sympathy. This led to a lasting friend- 
ship, and, with the traditions of his sect, may have 
had some influence in preparing Whittier to enlist 
in the anti-slavery crusade which began with the 
establishment of the " Liberator " in 1831, and af- 
terward caught so much of its inspiration from his 
fervid lyrics. The ambition to become a poet was 
awakened in him appropriately enough by a copy 
of Robert Burns's poems, which fell into his hands 
in his fourteenth year. 

His father dying, he carried on the farm for the 
next five years, and in 1835 was sent to the general 
court from Haverhill. During all these years he 
had been an industrious writer, seeking an outlet 
in all directions and contributing poems to John 
Neal's M Yankee " and to the " New England Maga- 
zine," where the " Autocrat " began his admirable 
discourses. In 1829 he undertook the editorship 
of the " American Manufacturer" in Boston, anil 
in 1830 succeeded George I). Prentice as editor of 
the "Haverhill Gazette" during the first six 
months of the vear, and then of the " New Eng- 
land Weekly itcview" in Hartford, Conn. This 
office he resigned in 1832 on account of failing 
health and returned home. In 1836 he became 
secretary of the American anti- slavery society, 
and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where for 
a year (1838-'9) he edited the Pennsylvania Free- 
man." This he did with such sincerity that its print- 
ing-office was sacked and burned by a mob. At that 
time it required the courage of passionate conviction 
to maintain principles the noisier profession of 
which was to become profitable a few years later. 
Delicate as his organization was, Whittier faced 
many a brutal mob with unflinching composure. 
He was never a mere fanatic, but always quick to 
recognize and celebrate high qualities even in an 
adversary, as many of his poems show. Ho re- 
fused to follow Garrison in the renunciation of 
political action as one means of reform. In 1840 
he took up his abode in Amesbury, a quiet villago 
near his birthplace, and there (with the exception 
of six months spent at Lowell as editor of the 
" Middlesex Standard "), in the simple dignity of a 
frugal independence, the fruit of his own literary 
labors, he has lived ever since, and happily still lives, 
known and loved wherever our tongue is spoken. 
From 1847 to 1&59 he contributed editorially to 
the *' National Era," an anti-slavery newspaper 
published at Washington, in which ** Uncle Tom's 
Cabin " was first printed. 

In his seclusion Whittier was never idle, nor did 
he neglect his duties as a citizen while confirming 
his quality as a poet. Whenever occasion offered, 
some burning lyric of his flew across the country, 
like the fiery cross, to warn and rally. Never 
mingling in active politics (unless filling the office 
of presidential elector may be called so), he prob- 
ably did more than anvbodv in preparing the ma- 
terial out of which the liepuolican party was 



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WIIITTIER 



WHITTINGIIAM 




made. When the civil war was impending he 
would have evaded it if possible by any concession 
short of surrender, as his "Word for the Hour" 
(January, 1861) shows. While the war continued 
he wrote little with direct reference to it, and 
never anything that showed any bitterness toward 
the authors of it. After it was over he would 
have made the terms of settlement liberal and con- 
ciliatory. He was too wise and too humane to 
stir the still living embers of passion and resent- 
ment for any political end however dear to him. 

Of all American poets, with the single exception 
of Longfellow, Whittier has been the most popular, 

and in nis case 
more than in 
that of any other 
the popularity 
has been warmed 
through with af- 
fection. This has 
been due in part 
to the nobly sim- 
ple character of 
the man, trans- 
parent through 
nis verse, in part 
to the fact that 
his poetry, concerning itself chiefly with the obvi- 
ous aspects of life and speculation, has kept close 
to the highest, levels of the average thought and 
sentiment. His themes have been mainly chosen 
from his own time and country — from his own 
neighborhood even— he deals with simple motives 
and with experiences common to all, and accord- 
ingly his scenery (whether of the outward or the 
inward eye) is domestically welcome to all his 
countrymen. He is never complex in thought or 
obscure in expression, and if sometimes his diction 
might gain in quality by a more deliberate choice, 
vet the pellucid simplicity of his phrase and the 
instant aptness of his epithet as often secure a 
more winning felicity through his frankness of 
confluence in the vernacular. His provincialisms 
of word or accent have an endearing property to 
the native ear, though even that will consent to 
a few of his more licentious rhymes. One feels 
that it is a neighbor who is speaking. Nor should 
the genial piety of his habitual thought and the 
faith that seeks no securer foothold than the Rock 
of Ages, on which the fathers stood so firmly, be 
overlooked among the qualities that give him a 
privilege of familiar entrance to a multitude of 
hearts and minds which would be barred against 
many higher, though not more genuine, forms of 
poetry. His religion has the sincerity of Cowpcr's 
without those insane, terrors that made its very 
sincerity a torture. There are many points of 
spiritual likeness between the English and the 
American poet, especially in their uninetaphysi- 
cized love of outward natures their austerity tem- 
pered with playful humor, and in that humanity 
of tone which establishes a tie of affectionate com- 
panionship between them and their readers. Whit- 
tier has done as much for the scenery of New Eng- 
land as Scott for that of Scotland. Many of his 
poems (such, for example, as "Telling the Bees"), 
in which description and sentiment mutually in- 
spire each other, arc as fine as any in the language. 

Whittier, as many of his ftoems show, and as. 
indeed, would be inevitable, ha* had his moments 
of doubt and distrust, but never of despair. He 
has encountered everywhere the moral of his in- 
scription on a sun-dial, convinced that "there's 
light al»ove me by the shade below." He, like 
others, has found it hard to reconcile the creed 



held by inheritance wifVjthe subtle logic of more 
modern modes of though*;' As he himself has said: 
" He reconciled as best he could 
Old faith and fancies new." 
But his days have been " bound each to each with 
natural piety" : he has clung fast to what has been 
the wholesome and instructive kernel of all creeds; 
he has found consolation in the ever-recurring 
miracles, whether of soul or sense, that daily con- 
front us, and in the expression of his own delight 
and wonder and gratitude for them has conveyed 
that solace to the minds and hearts of all his 
readers. One quality above all others in Whittier 
— his innate and unstudied Americanism — has 
rendered him alike acceptable to his countrymen 
and to his kindred bevond the sea. His first vol- 
ume was *• Legends of New England," in prose and 
verse (Hartford. 1831), which has been followed by 
"Moll Pitcher" (1832); "Mogg Megone" (Boston, 
1836) ; Ballads " ( 1838) ; " Lays of My Home, and 
other Poems" (1843); "Miscellaneous Poems" 
(1844); the first English edition of his poetry, en- 
titled " Ballads, and other Poems," with an intro- 
duction by Elizur Wright (London, 1844): "The 
Stranger in Lowell" (1845): " Supernaturalism in 
New England" (New York and London, 1847); 
"Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal " (Boston, 
1849); " Voices of Freedom " (Philadelphia, 1849); 
a larger English collection of his " Poetical Works" 
(London, 1850) ; " Old Portraits and Modern 
Sketches" (Boston, 1850); "Songs of Labor, and 
other Poems," and "The Chapel of the Hermits, 
and other Poems" (1853): "A Sabbath Scene: a 
Sketch of Slavery in Verse " (1853); " Literary Rec- 
reations and Miscellanies" (1854): "The Pano- 
rama, and other Poems" (1850); "Complete Poeti- 
cal Works" (2 vols., iaV7); "Home Ballads and 
Poems"(18G0); " Snow- Bound " (1802) : a new edi- 
tion of his " Complete Poetical Works " (1803) : •* In 
War Time, and other Poems" (1803); "National 
Lyrics" (1805); a collection of his " Prose Works" 
(2 vols., 1800): "The Tent on the Beach " (1807) : 
"Among the Hills " (1808); an illustrated edition 
of his "Complete Poetical Works" (1808); one 
corresponding in typography with the "Prose 
Works" (1809); a volume of his " Ballads of New 
England " contains sixty illustrations by various 
nrtists (1S09) ; " Miriam, and other Poems " (1870) ; 
"The Pennsylvania Pilgrim, and other Poems" 
(1872); " Hazel Blossom:;" (1874); " Mabel Martin" 
(1875); a new collected edition of his "Poetical 
Works" comprising poems that he had written 
till the date of publication (1875); "Centennial 
Hymn " (1870); " The Vision of Echard, and other 
Poems" (1878); "The King's Missive, and other 
Poems" (1881); "Bav of Seven Islands, and other 
Poems" (1883); "Poems of Nature" (1885); and 
"St Gregory's Guest, and Recent Poems" (1880). 
A final edition of his poetical and prose works has 
been supervised by himself, and includes his sister's 
poems (7 vols., 1888-'9). See a ** Biography." by 
Francis H. Underwood (Boston. 1875; new ed M 
1883). and "John G. Whittier: his Life. Genius, 
and Writings," by W. Sloane Kennedy (1882).— His 
sister, Elizabeth Hussev, b. near Haverhill, Mass.. 
7 Dec., 1815 ; d. in Amesbury, 3 Sept., 1804, although 
not a literary aspirant, was the author of poems 
marked by tenderness, grace, and rhythmic felicitv. 
Several of them were included by her brother in 
his volume entitled " Hazel Blossoms." Like him, 
she was a meml>er of the Society of Friends, and an 
ardent advocate of liberty. The engraving repre- 
sents Whit tiers lioine. Oak Knoll, in Danvers, Mass. 

W HITTING HAM, William Rollinson, P. E. 
bishop, b. in New York city, 2 Dec., 1805 ; d. in 



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WHITTINGHAM 



WHITTLESEY 



495 



Orange, N. J M 17 Oct., 1879. He was the son of 
English parents. His father, while actively en- 
gaged in business, found time for scholarly pur- 
suits, while his mother, with a view to her son's 
education, made herself acquainted with the 
learned languages, and became so proficient in 
them that she gave lessons in Hebrew to divinity 
students. Young Whittingham had no instruc- 
tion other than that he received at home until he 
was sent to the General theological seminary, 
where he was graduated in 1825. After being or- 
dered deacon in 1827 he was assigned to mission- 
ary work in the neighborhood of Orange, N. J. 
He was ordained priest, 17 Dec, 182!), when he be- 
came rector of iSt. Mark's in the latter place. In 
1831 he accepted the rectorship of St. Luke's, New 
York city, and remained there until 1885, when, 
after a voyage to Europe for his health, he was 
chosen professor of ecclesiastical history in the 
General theological seminary. This chair he occu- 
pied until 1840. In that year, after a spirited con- 
test among the friends of several candidates, he 
was elected bishop of Maryland, ami consecrated 
on 17 Sept. in St. Paul's. Baltimore. From his ac- 
cession the diocese advanced rapidly in all thut 
concerns church improvement, and* his personal 
influence with both clergy and laity was as extra- 
ordinary as it was beneficent. Among several 
charitable and educational institutions that were 
founded through his efforts were St. James's col- 
lege, Hagerstown, Md. ; the Church home and in- 
firmary, Baltimore; an order of deaconesses; and 
the Sisterhood of St. John in Washington. At 
the beginning of the civil war Dr. Whittingham's 
earnest advocacy of the Union cause separated him 
temporarily from the sympathies of many of his 
people, but his attitude then enabled him to lal>or 
more successfully for the unity of the church when 
the struggle hail ended. In 1869 the diocese of 
Ea<ton was sot off from that of Maryland, and in 
1870 Rev. William Pinkncy, D. D., was appointed 
to relieve Bishop Whittingham of a part of his 
labors. In 1872 he represented the American church 
at the Lambeth conference, and subsequently 

he at t ended the 
meeting of Old 
Catholics at 
Bonn in a sim- 
ilar capacity. 
Bishop Whit- 
tingham was 
a pronounced 
high - church- 
man, although 
he is under- 
stood to have 
somewhat mod- 
ified his opin- 
ions later in 
life. His pecu- 
liar views en- 
gaged him on 
several occa- 
sions in contro- 

GdlR OJt^M^fla^. 7 wiw With h f 
L clergy on points 

of church gov- 
ernment. Among these were his presentation in 
1876 for not bringing to trial the rector of Mount 
Calvary for reading prayers for the dead, and the 
earlier contest with Rev. Dr. Joseph Trapnell.of St. 
Andrew's, concerning the prior right of the bishop 
to celebrate communion at confirmations. During 
the war he had occasion to rebuke his clergy severe- 
ly for omitting from the service the prayer for the 




president. For many years before his death Dr. 
Whittingham was an invalid. His last official act 
was performed on 7 Nov., 1878. At the time of his 
consecration he was the youngest of the American 
bishops ; at his death he was the oldest but one. 
having been thirty-nine years in the episcopal 
office. He received the degree of S. T. D. from Co- 
lumbia in 1827. Besides editing the 44 Family Visi- 
tor" and "Children's Magazine," monthly publica- 
tions, and 44 The Churchman," issued weekly, he was 
the editor of 44 The Parish Library of Standard 
Works," with an introduction and notes (13 vols., 
1828 et seq.) ; Jahn's " Introduction to the Old Tes- 
tament," with Dr. Samuel H. Turner (1827) : Will- 
iam Palmer's "Treatise on the Church of Christ" 
(2 vols., 1841); the 4, Commonitoriuin " of Vincent 
of Lerius, being a new translation with notes, etc. 
(1847) ; and 44 Ratramm on the Lord's Supper." with 
a revised translation (1848). He also contributed, 
with three other clergymen, to 44 Essays and Disser- 
tations in Biblical Literature " (New York. 1829). 

WHITTLE, Francis MoNeece, P. E. bishop, 
b. in Mecklenburg county, Va.. 7 July, 1823. He 
was graduated at the Virginia theological semi- 
nary, Alexandria, in 1847. ordered deacon, 16 Julv, 
1847. and ordained priest, 8 Oct., 1848. He was 
rector of Kanawha parish, Kanawha co., Va.. in 
1847-'9, of St James, Northam parish. Gooch- 
land co. in 1849-'52. of Grace church, Berrvville, 
in 1852-7, and of St. Paul's. Louisville, Kv.. in 
1857-'68. He was elected assistant bishop of Vir- 
ginia, 17 May, 1867, and consecrated in St. Paul's 
church, Alexandria. Va., 30 April, 1868. Upon the 
death of Bishop Johns, 4 April. 1876, he uecame 
bishop of Virginia. He received the degree of I). D. 
from the Theological seminary of Ohio in 1867, 
and that of LL. I), from William and Mary col- 
lege in 1873. In 1877 the diocese of Virginia was 
divided, West Virginia being set off as a separate 
diocese. Bishop Whittle cho«c the old diocese. 

WHITTLESEY, Abigail Goodrich, educator, 
b. in Ridgeficld, Conn.. 29 Nov., 1788; d. in Col- 
chester, Conn., 16 July, 1858. She was a sister of 
Charles A. and Samuel G. Goodrich, was educated 
at Berlin, Conn., and married in 1808 the Rev. 
Samuel Whittlesey, who was pastor at New Pres- 
ton. Conn., for several years, tnen was steward for 
a short time of the American asylum for the deaf 
and dumb at Hartford, and afterward was associ- 
ated with her in conducting large female semina- 
ries in Utica and Canandaigua, N. Y. She began 
in 1832, while in Utica, the publication of the 
4 * Mother's Magazine," which she edited till about 
1850, and subsequently revived under the title of 
"The Magazine for Mothers and Daughters." 

WHITTLESEY. Elishn,lawver, b. in Washing- 
ton. Conn.. 19 Oct., 1783; d. in Washington, D. C, 
7 Jan., 1863. He was brought up on a farm, re- 
ceived an academical education, studied law, and 
on his admission to the bar l>egan practice in Can- 
fleld, Ohio, in 1806. He served as an aide-de-camp 
during the war of 1812— *15, was for sixteen years 
prosecuting attorney of his district, a member of 
the Ohio state house of representatives in 1820-'l, 
and served in congress from Ohio bv successive 
elections from 1 Dec, 1823, till 9 Julyi 1838, when 
he resigned. He was one of the founders of the 
Whig party, was appointed by President Harri- 
son in 1841 auditor of the post-office department, 
and by President Taylor in 1849 first comptroller 
of the treasury, from which post he was removed 
by President Buchanan in 1857, but he was reap- 
pointed by President Lincoln in 1861, and held 
office till his death In 1845 he was appointed 
general agent and director of the Washington 



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WHITTLESEY 



WHITTREDGE 




national monument association, and contributed 
greatly to the success of that enterprise. — His neph- 
ew, Charles, geologist, b. in Southington, Conn., 
4 Oct.. 1808; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 18 Oct.. 1886, 
was graduated at the L\ S. military academy in 
1831, and assigned to the 5th infantry. In 1832 
he was stationed at Fort Howard. Wis., and. after 

serving in the 
Black Hawk war, 
he resigned on 30 
Sept. of the same 
year. After study- 
ing law he fol- 
lowed that pro- 
fession in Cleve- 
land.andin 1830- 
'7 he was editori- 
ally connected 
with the Cleve- 
land " Herald." 
In 1837 he was 
appointed assist- 
ant geologist of 
Ohio, under Will- 
iam W. Mather, 
and given charge 

& matical parts of 
that survey, which disclosed the rich coal and 
iron deposits of eastern Ohio that are the founda- 
tion of its manufacturing industries. At this time 
he carefully examined and measured several of 
the works of the mound- builders, and his plans 
and notes of twenty of these remains were em- 
bodied in Davis and Squier's "American Monu- 
ments of the Mississippi Valley " (Washington, 
1848). From 1847 till 1851 he was engaged by the 
U. S. government in making a mincralogical and 
geological survey of the region about Lake Supe- 
rior and the upper Mississippi. Subsequently he 
was professionally engaged as a mining engineer 
in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and in 
1858 became associated in the geological work of 
the survey of Wisconsin. In February, 1801, he 
was enrolled in a company that tendered its ser- 
vices to Gen. Winfield Scot t to escort the president- 
elect, Abraham Lincoln, to Washington. He was 
made assistant quartermaster- general on the staff 
of the governor of Ohio on 17 April, 1861, and dur- 
ing the western Virginia campaign acted as chief 
engineer of the Ohio troops. At the expiration of 
his three-months' service he was appointed, on 15 
Aug., 1861, colonel of the 20th Ohio infantry, and 
detailed as chief engineer of the Department of 
Ohio, with charge of planning and constructing the 
defences of Cincinnati. He was present at Fort 
Donelson, where he led his regiment, and after the 
surrender was sent to the north in charge of over 10- 
000 prisoners. At the battle of Shiloh he command- 
ed the 3d brigade of Gen. Lewis Wallace's division, 
but failing health compelled his retirement from 
active service, and he resigned on 19 April. 1862. 
Ho then resumed the geological exploration in the 
Lake Superior and upper Mississippi basin, and 
continued his literary labors. In 1867 he whs ac- 
tive in the founding of the Western Reserve and 
northern Ohio hMorical society, of which he was 
president unril his death. His bibliography included 
alxmt 200 titles, and, in addition to his reports for 
the geological surveys, he published in the "Smith- 
sonian Contributions" " Inscriptions of Ancient 
Works in Ohio" (Washington, 1851); "On Fluctua- 
tions of I^evel in the North American Lakes "(1860): 
''Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior" 



(1868); and "On the Fresh- Water Glacial Drift in 
the Northwestern States " (1866). He is also the 
author of " Life of John Fitch." in Sparks's " Ameri- 
can Biography " (Boston, 1845); and "Early His- 
tory of Cleveland and Vicinity" (Cleveland," 1867). 

WHITTLESEY, Frederick, jurist, b. in Wash- 
ington, Conn., 12 June, 1700 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y.„ 
10 Sept., 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1818. 
and was admitted to the bar in Utica, N. Y., in 
1821. He settled in Rochester in 1822, was a mem- 
ber of the " Morgan committee," and conducted an 
anti-Masonic political newspaper in the canvass 
of 1828. He was treasurer of Monroe county in 
1829-'80. representative in congress from New York 
in 1831-5, vice-chancellor of the 8th judicial dis- 
trict of the state in 1839-M7, and judge of the su- 
preme court of New York in 1847- 8. Judge Whit- 
tlesey was professor of law at Genesee college in 
1850-'l. He published an address that he deliv- 
ered at Rochester. 4 July, 1842, and pamphlets. 

WHITTLESEY. Joseph H., soldier. V. in New 
York in 1821 ; d. in Seattle, W. T., 2 Aug.. 1886. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1844, and assigned to the 2d U. S.* dragoons, 
becoming 1st lieutenant, 18 Oct., 1847. He served 
in the military occupation of Texas and in the war 
with Mexico, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant for 
gallantry at Buena Vista in 1847. Until the open- 
ing of the civil war he was on duty in New Mexico 
and Oregon. As" major of the 5th U. S. cavalry he 
served with the Army of the Potomac till May, 
1862. During the remainder of the war Ma'j. 
Whittlesey was employed in organizing volunteer 
cavalry. He was retired from active service on 
account of disability resulting from exposure in 
the line of duty. He was employed on light duty 
until February, 1807, when he was ordered to in- 
spect the educational institutions of the United 
States, for the purpose of devising a system of 
military instruction for colleges and universities 
with relation to a scheme for future National de- 
fence. He was professor of military science at 
Cornell in 18C8-";o, and treasurer of the Soldiers* 
home, Washington, D. C, till 1881. 

WHITTLESEY, Sarah Johnson Cogswell, 
author, b. in Williamston, Martin co., N. C, about 
1825. She was graduated at La Vallie seminary, 
in Halifax county, N. C, in 1841. She removed to 
Virginia in 1848 and resides in Alexandria. Miss 
Whittlesey has written for the periodical press 

f>rose and verse, and among other works has pub- 
ished " Heart- Drops from Memory's Urn" (New 
York, 1852); "The Stranger's Stratagem, or the 
Double Deceit, and other Stories" (1800); "Her- 
bert Hamilton, or the Bas Bleu " (1867) ; " Bertha, 
the Beauty: a Story of the Southern Revolution " 
(Philadelphia, 1871); and, with her brother, "Spring 
Buds ana Summer Blossoms " (1888). 

WHITTREDGE, Worthington, artist, b. in 
Springfield. Ohio, 22 May. 1820. When he was about 
twenty years of age he went to Cincinnati, where 
he soon began portrait-painting. In 1849 he vis- 
ited Europe, going first to Ixmdon and Paris, and 
then to DQsseldorf, where he was for three years a 
pupil of Andreas Achenbach. He studied also in 
Belgium and Holland, and in 1855 went to Rome, 
remaining there until 1859. In the latter year he 
returned to the United States and settled in New 
York, where he was elected an associate of the Na- 
tional academy in 1800, and an academician th«» 
following year. In 1874 he was president of the 
academy. He made a sketching tour to the west 
in 1865, accompanying Gen John Pope on his tour 
of inspection. Mr. Whittredge is an alert student 
of nature, whose well-finished landscapes, though 



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WHYTE 



WICKES 



497 



ubtless improved by his training abroad, are yet 
tinctively individual, with no mannerism result- 
; from foreign influence. His works, mostly 
tures of American scenery, include "TheSchilt- 
ifest" (1857): "The Roman Campagna " and 
he Ruins of Tusculum " (1859) ; 44 The Old Hunt- 
; Grounds" (1864); 44 Berkeley's Seat, Newport" 
66) ; 44 The Rocky Mountains from the River 
itte" (1868); 44 Forest Brook" (1873); "Trout 
)ok" (1875); "Twilight on the Hudson" and 
unny Day in the Woods " (1883) ; 44 The Plains of 
orado" (1884); and 44 Afternoon in the Woods" 
I "A Brook among the Hills" (1887). 
YHYTE, William Pinkney, senator, b. in 
timore, Md., 9 Aug., 1824. His grandfather, 
John Campbell White, was a native of Ire- 
il, who settled in Baltimore about 1800, and his 
ther was Isabella, daughter of William Pink- 
The son was educated by a private tutor and 
Baltimore college. After servine about two 
rs in the banking-house of Peabody, Riggs and 
of which George Peabody had been the head, 
studied law in Baltimore, and completed his 
rse at Harvard, and in 1846 he was admitted 
he bar of Maryland, lie served in the lcgis- 
re in the session of 1847, and in 1848 was ap- 
lted by John Y. Mason, secretary of the navy, 
jdtfe-advocateof a court-martial, "of which Cap- 
s Farragut, Buchanan, Barron, and others were 
ibers, at the U. S. naval academy, Annapolis, 
vas elected comptroller of the treasury of Mary- 
i in 1853, and in 1868 he was a delegate to the 
looratic national convention at New York. 
*n Reverdy Johnson became U. S. minister to 
it Britain in 1868, Mr. Whyte was appointed to 
U. S. senate by the governor of Maryland, to fill 
r'acancy that was thus created. He served until 
irch, 1869. In 1871 he was elected governor of 
Maryland, but in 
1874' he resigned 
that office to en- 

/ ^p^MflwBft lature to choose 

yj/B* 'JSjB ms successor, on 

his election to 
the U. S. senate. 
He took his seat 
in the senate, 4 
March, 1875, and 
served until 3 
March, 1881. In 
1874 he received 
the degree of LL. 
D. from the Uni- 
versity of Mary- 
land. During 
that year he was 

^^^^ sarf-ft? 

pointed by the 
nor, in the trial of the boundary dispute l>e- 

Maryland and Virginia, which was submitted 
e arbitration of Judge Jeremiah S. Black, 
v. Charles J. Jenkins, of Georgia, and Sena- 
unes H. Bock, of Kentucky. In the autumn 
H he was elected mayor of Baltimore without 
it ion, and lie served till November, 1883. In 
tic was chosen attorney-general of Maryland, 

office he now holds. 

BERG. Andreas, Swedish clergyman, b. in 
Ilelsingland, Sweden, 17 July. 1816 ; d. early 
>vernl>er, 1887. He was graduated at the 
rsity of Upsala in 1843, ordained the same 
and in 1843-'51 was a minister of the Lu- 
i state church of Sweden. In 1852 he united 
vol. yi. — 32 




with the Baptist denomination, and immediately 
afterward he came to this country. In 1852-'8 he 
was colporteur evangelist in the service of the 
American Baptist publication society among sail- 
ors in New York and Swedish emigrants in the west, 
and in 1855 he was sent to Sweden by the same 
society as superintendent of colportage, and has 
labored there ever since. He has published, in 
Swedish, 44 Who is to be Baptized!" (Upsala, 1852); 
''Christian Baptism as set Forth in the Holy Scrip- 
tures," in English and Swedish (Philadelphia, 1854); 
44 Translation of the Gospel according to St. Mat- 
thew, with Commentary " (Stockholm, 1858) ; " The 
Doctrine of the Holv Scripture on Sanctification " 
(1868); "The Doctrine of Justification" (1869); 
"Come to Jesus" (1869); 44 Unitv of Christians" 
(1878) ; 44 The Victorious Reign of Christ " (Chris- 
tiana, 1883) ; and " The Church " (1884). He edited 
44 The Evangelist" from 1856 till 18711 

WICKERSHAM, James Pyle, educator, b. in 
Chester county, Pa.. 5 March, 1825. He is of the 
fifth generation in direct descent from Thomas 
Wickersham, who in 1701 settled on a 1,000-acre 
tract of land in Chester county that had been 
deeded by William Penn in 1682to his father-in- 
law, Anthony Killingbeck. The Wickersham fami- 
ly came from the parish of Bolney, county of Sus- 
sex. England. James received a* good education 
in the public schools and at Unionville academy, 
near his birthplace. When he was sixteen years 
old he was teacher in a public school, and in" 1845 
he l>ecame principal of tne Marietta (Pa.) academy. 
He was the first county superintendent of Lan- 
caster county in 1854, and in 1855 he oj>ened the 
normal school at Millersville, Pa., which in 1859 
became the first state normal school in Pennsyl- 
vania. In 1866 he was appointed state superintend- 
ent of public instruction, and held that post for 
nearly fifteen years. He assisted in the organiza- 
tion of the Lancaster county educational associat- 
ion, and became its second president in 1868. He 
helped to organize the Pennsylvania state teachers' 
association, was its fourth president in 1855, as- 
sisted at the organization or the National educa- 
tional association, and was its seventh president 
in 1865. He was twice elected president of the 
National department of school superintendents. 
In I860 he raised a regiment of soldiers for three 
months' service, and commanded it during the 
Gettysburg campaign. Lafayette gave hiin the 
degree of LL. D. in 1871. In 1882 he was appointed 
U. S. minister to Denmark. He has written on edu- 
cational subjects for magazines and newspapers. 
For ten years (1871 -'81) he was editor of the 
44 Pennsylvania School Journal." His " School 
Economy" (Philadelphia. 1864) and "Methods of 
Instruction " (1865) have l>een translated into the 
Spanish, French, and Japanese languages. His 
most elaborate work is the 44 History of Education 
in Pennsylvania " (1886). 

WICtfES, Lambert, naval officer, b. in New 
England about 1735; d. at sea on the banks of 
Newfoundland in 1778. He wrs among the first 
naval officers that were appointed in the wnr of inde- 
pendence, his first commission longdated 22 Dec, 
1775. In the summer of 1776 he commanded the 
brig 44 Reprisal." and in a cruise to the West Indies 
he captured the British ships " Friendship " and 
44 Shark " and the schooner 44 Peter." On his re- 
turn in July he took Benjamin Franklin to France 
in the " Reprisal/' which was the first American 
war-ship that ever visited Europe. On this cruise 
he captured two British brigs in November, 1776. 
After his arrival in France with his prizes, which 
were sold, he sailed on a cruise in the Bay of Bis- 



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WICKES 



WICKLIFFE 



cay, where he captured several other Englishprizes. 
The British government remonstrated with France, 
then at peace with England, which necessitated 
mock sales of the prizes at sea. The French gov- 
ernment was thereafter obliged to order the Ameri- 
can cruisers to leave France. Wickes took com- 
mand of the American squadron, consisting of the 
bri£ " Lexington," which had arrived from the 
United States, and the "Dolphin." Wickes cap- 
tured fourteen vessels in five days in the Bay of 
Biscay and in the English channel, all of which 
were sent to France and sold in June. 1777. Wickes 
was afterward chased by a British ship of the line, 
and escaped by throwing his guns overboard. He 
continued his cruise toward this country in the 
44 Reprisal " alone, as the little squadron had sepa- 
rated, and was lost in a storm on the banks of New- 
foundland in 1778. All the crew of the 4 * Reprisal n 
were lost with the ship except the cook. 

WICKES, Stephen, physician, b. in Jamaica, 
Long Island, N. Y M 17 March, 1813. He is a de- 
scendant of Thomas Wickes, of the Massachusetts 
colony of 1635. He was graduated at Union col- 
lege in 1831. In 1832 he entered the Rensselaer 
polytechnic institute, Troy. N. Y., where he studied 
chemistry and natural science one year, and after- 
ward he was graduated in medicine* at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1834. He practised one 
year in New York, fifteen in Troy, N. Y., and since 
1852 has been in Orange, N. J. He received the 
honorary degree of A. M. from Princeton in 1868, 
and is connected with medical and other learned 
societies, and is secretary of the New Jersey his- 
torical society. In February, 1886, he withdrew 
from the active labor of his profession, and has since 
devoted himself to literary work. He edited the 
44 Transactions " of the Medical society of New 
Jersey from 1860 till 1882, also the old transac- 
tions of the same from 1766 till 1858, and has 
published "Topography of Orange" (Newark. 1859): 
44 Water-Cure in Orange " (1861) ; 44 Memoirs of 
Thomas W. Blatohford, M. D., of Troy "(1866); 
44 Memorial Volume, First Presbyterian Church, 
Orange, N. J." (1870) ; 44 Living and Dyinff, their 
Physics and Psychics " (1874) ; 44 History of Medi- 
cine in New Jersey, and of its Medical Men to A. 
D. 1800" (1879); "Sepulture, its History. Methods, 
and Requisites" (1884); and " History of the New- 
ark Mountains " (1888).— His brother, Thomas, 
clergyman, b. in Jamaica, N. Y., 31 Oct., 1814 ; d. 
in Orange. N. J.. 10 Nov., 1870, was graduated at 
Yale in 1834, studied theology at Princeton and 
at New Haven theological seminary, and was or- 
dained as an evangelist in 1839. He became pas- 
tor of the 1st Congregational church of Marietta, 
Ohio, in July, 1840, and after a successful past-or- 
ate of twenty-nine years resigned and was called 
to tho Presbyterian church of Jamestown, N. Y., 
where he remained only about a year, owing to the 
failure of his health. He had been active in the 
formation of the Marietta^ Congregational con- 
ference and of the Ohio state conference, and was 
chosen moderator of the latter in 1853, and again 
in 1860. In 1849 he was elected a trustee of Mari- 
etta college, and he received the degree of D. D. 
from Wabash college in 1860. He published 44 Ex- 
position of the Apocalypse" (New York, 1851); 
"The Son of Man'' (Boston, 1868); "The House- 
hold " (1808) ; and Economy of the Ages " (1869). 

WICKHAM, John, lawyer, b. in Southold, 
Long Island. N. Y., 6 June, 1763 ; d. in Richmond, 
Va., 17 Jan., 1839. He was intended for the array, 
but after studying at the military academy of 
Arras, France, returned to this country, settled in 
Williamsburg, Va., and in 1785 began to practise 




law. He removed to Richmond in 1790, and for 
many years occupied a high place at the bar of 
that city, engag- 
ing, among other 
important cases, 
in the trial of 
Aaron Burr for 
treason against 
the U. S. govern- 
ment, in which 
he was counsel 
for the defend- 
ant. Of his and 
his associate coun- 
sel's efforts in this 
celebrated trial, 
the chief justice 
said : 44 The sub- 
ject has been ar- 
gued in a manner 
worthy of its im- 
portance. A de- 
gree of eloquence 
seldom displayed 
on any occasion 
has embellished 
solidity of argument and depth of research." Mr. 
Wickham continued in active practice until his 
death, and, although he declined political office, it 
is said he could have obtained any post in the gift 
of the people. John Randolph of Roanoke refers 
to him in his will as 44 My best of friends, without 
making any profession of friendship for me, and the 
wisest and best man I ever knew." Mr. Wickham 
was noted for his fine presence and courtly man- 
ners, which obtained for him the encomium of the 
poet Moore that 44 he was the only gentleman he had 
found in America, and would have graced any court 
in Europe."— His grandson, Williams Carter, 
soldier, b. in Richmond, Va., 21 Sept. 1820; d. 
there. 23 July, 1888, was educated at the University 
of Virginia, adopted the profession of law, served 
in the state senate, and was an active member of 
the 44 old-line " Whig party. At the beginning of 
the civil war he entered the Confederate army as 
captain, and became colonel of the 4th Virginia 
regiment, rising to the rank of brigadier-general. 
He served in most of the important battles of the 
Army of Northern Virginia, and was wounded 
three times, severely at Williamsburg. In 1864 he 
was a member of the Confederate congress. After 
the war he joined the Republican party, attaching 
himself to the conservative brancn of that body, 
lie was an admirer and advocate of Gen. Grant, 
supported him for the presidency, and exerted a 
pacific influence in the reconstruction of the state. 
From the first he opposed the adjustment of the 
state debt as proposed by the followers of William 
Mahone, and engaged in many controversies with 
that senator. He was chosen to the state senate in 
1882-'3, and in the next election he was returned 
without opposition. At the time of his death he 
was a vice-president, general manager, and receiver 
of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. 

WICKLIFFE, Charles A., politician, b. in 
Bardstown, Ky., 8 June, 1788; d. in Howard 
county, Md., 31 Oct., 1869. He was educated at 
the Bardstown grammar-school, studied law, wag 
admitted to the bar in 1809, and bejran practice in 
Bardstown. He soon achieved distinction as a 
lawyer. He was aide to Oen. Samuel Caldwell at 
the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct, 1813, was a mem- 
ber of the state house of representatives in 1814-*28, 
and sat in congress from Kentucky in 1823-*38, 
having been chosen as a Henry Clay Democrat. 



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WICKSTEED 



lie was then elected again to the state legislature, 
and was its speaker in 1834. In 1836 he was 
elected lieutenant-governor of his native state, and 
in 1839 he became acting governor. In 1841 he 
was appointed postmaster-general by President 
Tyler, holding the post till March, 1845, and in 
the latter year he was sent by President Polk on a 
secret mission to Texas in the interests of annexa- 
tion. He was a member of the State constitutional 
convention of 1845, a member of the Peace congress 
in February, 1861, served again in congress in 
1861-3. having been chosen as a Union Whig, and 
was a delegate to the Chicago national Democratic 
convention in 1864. Mr. Wickliffe was wealthy, 
and his aristocratic bearing and contempt for the 
poorer classes won him the name of 44 the Duke." 

WICKSTEED, Gustavus William, Canadian 
lawyer, b. in Liverpool, England, 21 Dec, 1790. 
He removed to Canada in 18*21. began the study 
of law in 18*25. was admitted as an advocate in 
183*2. and was made a queen's counsel in 1854. Mr. 
Wicksteed entered the public service in 1828. be- 
came law-clerk of the Canada assembly in 1841. 
and the same year was appointed one of three com- 
missioners to revise the statutes and ordinances of 
Lower Canada. In 1856 he was chosen with Sir 
James B. Macaulay and others a commissioner to 
revise, consolidate,' and classifv the public general 
statutes of Canada, and in 1&6? he became law- 
clerk of the house of commons. In addition to 
various indexes and tables of the statutes of Cana- 
da, he has published " Waifs in Verse " (Montreal, 
1878). — His son, Richard John, advocate and 
barrister, is assistant law-clerk and English trans- 
lator in the Canadian house of commons. 

WIDDIFIELD, John Henry, Canadian phy- 
sician, b. in Whitchurch, Ont, 12 June, 1812. He 
was graduated as a physician and surgeon at the 
Royal college of surgeons, England, the Royal 
college of physicians, Edinburgh, Victoria uni- 
versity, Canada, and the College of physicians and 
surgeons of Ontario, and established himself in 
practice in Newmarket, Ont He received the Re- 
form nomination for the Dominion parliament in 
1874, and again in 1882, but declined on both 
occasions. He was elected to the legislature of 
Ontario in 1875, re-elected in 1879, 1883, and 
1886, and was ministerial " whip " under the Mowat 
government from 1877 till 1883, when he resigned. 

WIDMER. Christopher, Canadian physician, 
b. in England in 1780; d. in Toronto, 2 May, 1858. 
As surgeon of the 14th light dragoons he served 
through nearly the whole of the peninsular cam- 
paign, and held the medal with five clasps. He 
removed to Canada during the war of 1812, settled 
in Toronto, and on 15 Au£., 1843, was appointed 
a member of the legislative council of Canada 
under a writ of summons frdm the crown. 

WIERZBICKI, Felix Paul, author, b. in Po- 
land; d. in California in 1861. He came to the 
United States on the failure of the Polish revolu- 
tion of 1830, and, after teaching for a time, studied 
medicine and began to practise in Providence, 
R. 1. He emigrated to California in 1848, and 
turned his attention to metallurgy, publishing one 
of the first books issued upon the mines of that 
state. At the time of his death he was employed 
in the San Francisco mint. He is the author of 
'*The Ideal Man, a Conversation between Two 
Friends upon the Beautiful, the Good, and the 
True as manifested in Actual Life, by Philokalist " 
(Boston, 1841). 

WIGFALL, Louis Trezevant, senator, b. in 
Edgefield district, S. C, 21 April, 1816 ; d. in Gal- 
veston, Tex., 18 Feb., 1874. He was educated at 



W1GGER 499 

the College of South Carolina, but left before 
graduation to go, as a lieutenant of volunteers, to 
Florida, where he took part in the operations 
against the Indians. He subsequently studied 
law at the University of Virginia, was admitted to 
the bar, and removed to Marshall, Tex., where 
he practised his profession. He served in the 
lower branch of the Texas legislature in 1849-'50, 
and was a member of the state senate in 1857- 8, 
and again in 1859-'60. During the latter session 
he was chosen U. S. senator, and took his seat, 4 
Jan., 1860. In that body he was among the ablest 
and most uncompromising defenders of the slave 
power. As he did not take his seat at the called 
session of the 82d congress, he was expelled on 11 
July, 1861. In the mean time he had been present 
at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, as a member 
of Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard's staff. On the 
afternoon of the second day, 13 April, being on 
Morris island, and noticing that the fire from the 
fort had ceased and that the flag had been shot 
away, Col. Wigfall, with the approval of Gen. James 
Simbns, in command of the forces on the island, 
j embarked in a skiff, and set out across the bay. On 
reaching Fort Sumter, he made his way through an 
open port-hole inside the fortification, where he met 
Map. Robert Anderson, and demanded the uncon- 
ditional surrender of the fort, on the ground that 
the work was no longer tenable and that further 
resistance would be madness. After some parley, 
Maj. Anderson consented to have a white flag 
hoisted, and the surrender was an accomplished 
fact. Wigfall subsequently became colonel of the 
2d infantry in the provisional Confederate army, 
and was promoted brigadier-general, 21 Oct, 1861. 
He commanded a brigade composed of three Texas 
regiments and one of Georgia troops until 20 Feb., 
1862, when he resigned. Besides his military ser- 
vice, he also represented Texas in the provisional 
Confederate congress from February, 1861, till Feb- 
ruary, 1862. He was also senator in the Confeder- 
ate congress from February, 1862, until the end of 
the war. He then went 'to England, where he 
resided for several years. In 1873 he settled in 
Baltimore. He died while visiting Texas on a lec- 
turing tour. Gen. Wigfall was a forcible speaker, 
being remarkable for his impassioned style, and an 
ardent partisan, and took part in several duels. 

WIGGER, Wlnand Michael. R. C. bishop, b. 
in New York city, 9 Dec., 1841. He was graduated 
in 1860 at the College of St Francis Xavier in his 
native city, and studied theology at Seton Hall, 
N. J., where he remained several years. In Octo- 
ber, 1862, he entered the seminary of Brignoli Sale, 
at Genoa, where he completed his divinity studies 
and won the doctor's cap. He was ordained priest 
in 1865, and returning to the United States became 
assistant at the cathedral at Newark, N. J. In 
April, 1869, he was appointed rector of St Vincent's 
church, Madison, N. J., and remained there until 
May, 1873. After occupying the same office one 
year at St John's, Orange, and two years at Sum- 
mit, N. J., he returned to Madison, where he served 
as rector until Bishop Michael A. Corrigan was pro- 
moted coadjutor of New York in 1881. On the oc- 
currence of this event the diocese of Newark, over 
which Bishop Corrigan had presided, was reduced, 
the rest of the state being erected into the new see 
of Trenton. To the charge of the former Dr. 
Wigger was elected, being consecrated in Octo- 
ber, 1881. Under his care the diocese, although 
small in extent has increased in population, and 
now contains over 160,000 Roman Catholics, 105 
churches, and 184 priests. There are also within 
its limits three colleges, eighteen seminaries for 

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WIGGINS 



WIGGLESWORTH 



young ladies, 23,340 children in the parochial 
schools, and fourteen asylums and hospitals. 
Bishop Wigger received the degree of D. D. from 
the University of Sapienza, Rome, Italy, in 1869. 

WIGGINS, Ezekiel Stone, Canadian meteor- 
ologist, b. in Queen's county, New Brunswick, 4 
Dec., 1839. He became a teacher in Ontario, and 
in 1806 was appointed superintendent of schools 
for Prince Edward county. He was graduated at 
the Philadelphia college of medicine and surgery 
in 1808 and at Albert college, Ontario, in 1869, 
and in 1871 was appointed principal of the new 
institution for the education of the blind at Brant- 
ford, which post he resigned in 1874. From that 
year till 1878 he was principal of the Church of 
England college at St. John. He was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate for the Dominion parliament in 
1878, and the same year was appointed to a perma- 
nent post in the civil service of Canada. In 
1866- j he became involved in a controversy with 
the Universal ists, and in the latter year published 
at Napanee his Universalism Unfounded." He 
owes nis notoriety chiefly to his predictions of 
storms, which for many years have been published 
by newspapers throughout the world. Occasion- 
ally his prognostications have been verified, but in 
the great majority of cases it has been otherwise. 
At best his successes in this department of meteor- 
ology were simply fortunate conjectures. His basis 
for the prediction of storms, the juxtaposition of 
planets, is not regarded by men of science as hav- 
ing any appreciable effect upon the atmospheric 
condition of the earth. He has published 44 Archi- 
tecture of the Heavens" (Montreal, 1864).— His 
wife, Susan Anna Gunhilda, b. in* Lakeside, 
Queens co., New Brunswick. 6 April, 1846, greatly 
aided by her writings and personal appeals in se- 
curing the passage of the bill to legalize marriage 
with a deceased wife's sister, through the Canadian 
senate. In recognition of her services in this par- 
ticular her bust has been placed in the parliament- 
ary library at Ottawa, Canada. 

WIGGLESWORTH. Michael, clergyman, b. in 
England, 18 Oct., 1631 : d. in Maiden. Mass.. 10 June, 
1705. His father, Edward, arrived in New Eng- 
land with his family in 1638, and in October of 
that year removed from Charlestown to New Haven, 
where he resided until his death, in October. 1653. 
Michael was graduated at Harvard in 1651, and 
from 1652 till 1654 was a tutor there and studied 
theology, supplying the pulpit of Charlestown dur- 
ing the winter of 1653-'4 ; in 1655 he began to 
preach in Maiden, where he was settled as the 
pastor in 1657 and remained there till his death. 
In 1663 he made a voyage to Bermuda in search of 
health, and during his absence an associate minis- 
ter was orduined at Maiden. His health prevented 
him from officiating in the pulpit for about twen- 
ty years, during which time he studied medicine 
and became a skilful physician. In 1686 he re- 
sumed his pulpit labors, continuing to practise as 
a physician. Cotton Mather delivered nis funeral 
sermon. In it he savs: ** It was a Surprize unto us 
to see a Little, Feeble Shadow of a Man. beyond 
Seventy, Preaching usually Twice or Thrice in a 
Week; Visiting and Comforting the Afflicted; 
Encouraging the Private Meetings; Catechising 
the Children of the Flock ; and managing the 
Government of the Church ; and attending the 
Sick, not only in his own Town, but also in all 
those of the Vicinity." In 1662 Mr. Wigglesworth 
completed and published a poem entitled 44 The 
Day of Doom, or a Description of the Great and 
Last Judgment," in which he pictured in vivid 
colors the terrors of the judgment-day and the 



awful wrath of an offended God. Thus the poem 
recommended itself to the sternest of the Calvin- 
ists as well as to their children. The first edition 
consisted of eighteen hundred copies, which were 
disposed of in a little more than a year. In view 
of the small number of the population at that 
time, and its sparseness, this indicated a great suc- 
cess. The poem maintained its popularity, in the 
rural districts at least, till the time of the Revo- 
lution. It was twice reprinted in England (in 
1671 in London, and in 1711 at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne). Ten editions have been printed in this 
country, the last, with other poems and a memoir, 
edited by William Henry Burr (New York. 1867). 
In the same year when the 44 Day of Doom " was 
published, Mr. Wigglesworth wrote a poem en- 
titled 44 God's Controversy with New England, 
written in the Time of the Great Drought, anno 
1662, by a Lover of New England's Prosperity." 
This was not published till 1871, when it was print- 
ed in the * 4 Proceedings of the Massachusetts His- 
torical Society." Afterward he issued a new poem, 
44 Meat out of the Eater, or Meditations concern- 
ing the Necessity, End, and Usefulness of Afflic- 
tion to God's Children " (1669 ; 6th ed., 1770). In 
1670 he wrote an elegy on the death of his col- 
league, the Rev. Benjamin Bunker (printed in 
1872, in the 44 New England Historical and Genea- 
logical Register"). See a sketch of his life by 
John Ward Dean, with a fragment of his auto- 
biography, some of his letters, and a catalogue 
of his library (Albany, 1871).— His son, Samuel, 
clergyman, b. in Maiden, Mass., 15 Feb., 1689 ; d. 
in Ipswich Hamlet (now Hamilton), Mass., 3 Sept., 
1768, was graduated at Harvard in 1707, studied 
medicine, and in March, 1710, began to practise in 
Ipswich Hamlet. The following December he re- 
turned to his native town and studied divinity. 
After preaching at Dracut and Groton for the 
next two years, he accepted a call at Ipswich Ham- 
let, and was ordained 27 Oct., 1714. There he re- 
mained until his death. He published, between 
1727 and 1765. nine occasional discourses, besides 
44 A Short Account of the Rev. Mr. Hale, of New- 
bury," in the 4 * Christian History "(1744); a 44 Dud- 
leian Lecture" (1760); and an account of a con- 

I trovcrsy 44 with the Fourth Church, about Admit- 

1 ting Persons from Neighboring Churches" (1765). 
—His son, Edward, educator, b. in Maiden, Mass., 
in 1693; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 Jan., 1765, 
was graduated at 
Harvard in 1710, 
and studied theol- 
ogy. When Thom- 
as Hoi lis, of Lon- 
don, established a 
professorship of 
theology at Har- 
vard, Mr. Wiggles- 
worth was cnosen 
to occupy it, 24 
Jan., 1722, and 

1 held the office 

| during the rest of 
his life. In 1724 

1 he was elected a 

j member of the cor- 

I poration of Har- 

I vard. Dr. Wig- 
glesworth was one 

, of the chief writers in the Whitefieldian contro- 

1 versv. and in 1745 wrote 44 An Answer to Mr. 

I Whitefield's Reply to the College Testimony." In 

' 1754 he delivered two lectures on the 44 Distinguish- 

i ing Characters of the Ordinary and Extraordinary 




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WIGHT 



501 



Ministers of Christ," which were called forth by 
Whitefleld's preaching at Cambridge, and were 
printed by request of the students. He was for 
some time commissioner of the London society for 
propagating the gospel among the Indians, but 
resigned the office in 1755. In 1730 he received 
the degree of D. D. from Edinburgh university. 
Besides occasional sermons, his publications in- 
clude •* Sober Remarks on a Modest Proof of the 
Order and Government Settled by Christ and His 
Apostles in the Church" (1724); "A Seasonable 
Caveat against Believing Every Spirit," two lec- 
tures (1735); "An Inquiry into the Truth of the 
Iinputation of Adam's First Sin to his Posterity " 
(1738); two lectures on "The Sovereignty of God 
in the Exercise of His Mercy " (1741) : " Some Evi- 
dences of the Divine Inspiration of the Scriptures 
of the Old Testament, from the Testimony of 
Jesus Christ and His Apostles" (1755); the "I)ud- 
leian " lecture (1757) ; and " The Doctrine of Repro- 
bation briefly Considered " (1763}.— Edward's son, 
Edward, educator, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 7 Feb., 
1732; d. there, 17 June, 1704, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1749, became tutor there in 1764, and 
succeeded his father as Hollis professor of the- 
ology. In 1779 he was chosen a fellow of the cor- 
poration. When the society in Scotland for pro- 
moting the gospel among the Indians of North 
America established a corresponding board in 
Boston, he was chosen secretary. In 1791 he re- 
signed his professorship in consequence of a para- 
lytic affection, and was made professor emeritus. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in 
1786, and was an original member of the American 
academy of arts and sciences. He wrote " Calcu- 
lations on American Population " (Boston, 1775) ; 
"Authority of Tradition Considered," being the 
Dudleian lecture for 1777 ; and " The Hope of Im- 
mortality," a sermon on the death of John Win- 
throp (1779). — Samuel's son, Edward, soldier, b. 
in Ipswich, Mass., 3 Jan., 1742; d. in Newbury - 
port, Mass., 8 Dec., 1826, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1761. He engaged in commercial pur- 
suits, and, in June, 1776, received a commission as 
colonel of a regiment to be raised in the counties 
of Essex, York, and Cumberland (of which the 
two latter are now included in the state of Maine). 
He took part in the operations of the American 
fleet on Lake Champlain under Gen. Benedict Ar- 
nold and Gen. Horatio Gates, being third in com- 
mand. In the winter of 1777 he returned to his 
home in Newburvport to raise a second regiment, 
but such was " the distress of the times " that he 
was ordered to march to Ticonderoga before the 
full complement of men could be recruited. Col. 
Wigglesworth subsequently took part in the battle 
of Monmouth and other engagements, and in 1778 
was made president of a court of inquirv that con- 
vened to investigate the surrender of Fort Mont- 
gomery and Fort Clinton on the Hudson by Gov. 
George Clinton. In 1779 he applied to Gen. Wash- 
ington for leave to resign, which was granted. 
Gen. Washington afterward appointed him col- 
lector for the port of Newburyport, as his pecuni- 
ary prospects nad been ruined by his devotion to 
his country, and in 1818 he was granted an annual 
pension of $240 by congress, through the influence 
of President Monroe, who had served with Col. 
Wigglesworth in the army in the Jerseys. — The 
second Edward's grandson, Edward, editor, b. in 
Boston, 14 Jan., 1804 ; d. there, 15 Oct., 1876, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1822, and at the law- 
school in 1825, studied law also with William Pres- 
oott, and was admitted to the Suffolk bar. After 
practising for a time, he entered his father's count- 



ing-room, thereafter devoting his time mainly to 
mercantile pursuits. He assisted Francis Lieber, 
from 1827 till 1834, in the preparation of the " En- 
cyclopaedia Americana" (13 vols., Philadelphia, 
1828-'32). Intellectual and scholarly culture, with 
the oversight and administration of a large num- 
ber of charitable, benevolent, and humane societies, 
of which he was a generous patron, divided in about 
equal measure the whole half centurv of Mr. Wig- 
glesworth's mature life. He was the author of 
" Reflections," a collection of aDothegms (Boston, 
1885) that were published after nis death. 

WIGHT, Moses, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 2 
April, 1827. He was engaged in portrait-painting 
until 1851, when he went to Europe. After three 
years of study under Antoine A. E. Hebert and 
Leon Bonnat in Paris, he returned to the United 
States, but went abroad again in 1860, and a third 
time in 1865. His portraits include those of Alex- 
ander von Humbolat, Louis Agassiz, Charles Sum- 
ner, Edward Everett, and Josiah Quincy. Among 
his ideal works are " Sleeping Beauty," " Eve at the 
Fountain," "Lisette," 41 Confidants/' "John Alden 
and Priseilla," and " Pet's First Cake." 

WIGHT, Orlando Williams, author, b. in 
Centreville, Alleghany co., N. Y., 19 Feb., 1824; 
d. in Detroit, Mich., 19 Oct., 1888. He was edu- 
cated at Westfield academy and Rochester col- 
legiate institute, New York, engaged in literary 
work, and was afterward ordained to the Uni- 
versalist ministry. He was settled in Newark, 
N. J., for three years, but in 1853 visited Europe, 
and afterward he engaged in literary work. Sub- 
sequently he studied medicine, receiving his degree 
at the Long Island college hospital in 1865, and 
practised in Oconomowoc, Wis., and t hen in Mil- 
waukee. In 1874 he was appointed state geologist 
and surgeon-general of Wisconsin, and in 1878-'80 
he was health commissioner of Milwaukee, also 
health officer of Detroit for several years. The 
degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Yale 
in 1861. Dr. Wight has published " The Philosophy 
of Sir William Hamilton" (New York, 1853); 
" Life of Abelard and HeloTse " (1853 ; enlarged 
as " Lives and Letters of Abelard and II£loTse, 
1861) ; and has translated Victor Cousin's " His- 
tory of Modern Philosophy," with Frederick W. 
Ricord (2 vols., 1852), ana " Lectures on the True, 
the Beautiful, and the Good" (1854); "Pascal's 
Thoughts " (1859) ; Balzac's novels, in part (6 vols., 
1860) ; Henry Martin's " History of France," with 
Marv L. Booth (4 vols., 1863); and "Maxims of 
Public Health " (New York, 1884). He also edited 
and revised " Standard French Classics " (14 vols., 
1858-'60), and edited "The Household Library" 
(18 vols., 1859 et seq.). He left a book of travels 
entitled " A Winding Journey around the World " 
(Detroit, 1888). 

WIGHT, Peter Bonnett, architect, b. in New 
York city. 1 Aug., 1838. He was graduated at the 
College of the city of New York in 1855, and, after 
studying architecture for eighteen months, went 
to Chicago in 1858 to practise that profession, but 
returned the following year to his native city. 
Between 1862 and 1868 he built the New York 
academy of design (see vignette), the Yale school 
of the fine arts, and the Brooklyn mercantile libra- 
ry, now known as the Brooklyn library. In 1862 
he planned the first army hospital that was built 
by the government during the civil war. In 1864 
he erected the building of the Union square branch 
in New York city of the sanitary fair, and man- 
aged it until its close. Immediately after the 
Chicago fire in 1871 he removed to that city, and 
between 1872 and 1876 was chiefly engaged in the 



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erection of commercial buildings to the value of 
nearly $2,000,000. Among the latter was the 
American express building, in executing which 
he was associated with Henry H. Richardson. In 
1878 he retired partially from the more active pur- 
suit of his profession, and practised mainly as a 
consulting architect, devoting his time to con- 
structive engineering, and sanitary matters con- 
nected with building. In 1880 he organized the 
Wight fire-proofing company for the construction 
of nre-proor buildings, of which he is still the gen- 
eral manager and principal stockholder. In 1868 
he invented the first improvement in the construc- 
tion of fire-proof buildings. In 1874 he took out 
a patent for his method of rendering iron col- 
umns fire-proof, and he has since been granted 
three others for the same purpose. Other patents 
of his are for the construction of fire- proof ceil- 
ings in buildings 
in which wooden 
joists are used for 
floor - construc- 
tion ; for making 
iron floor -beams 
fire - proof when 
flat, hollow, tile 
floor - arches are 
used : for devices 
for automatical- 
ly closing rates 
to swing-briages ; 
and for making 
terra-cot la coping 
for brick walls. 
Mr.Wight,besides 
frequently con- 
tributing articles 
on subjects con- 
nected with his 
specialty to various periodicals, has published a 
monograph on the " National Academy of Design 
Building," with photographic illustrations (New 
York, 1865), and " One Phase in the Revival of the 
Fine Arts in America" (Chicago, 1886). 

WIUHTMAN, Valentine, clergyman, b. in 
North Kingston, R. I., in 1681; d. in Groton, 
Conn., 9 June, 1747. He was a descendant of Ed- 
ward Wightman, the Baptist, who was burned for 
heresy in Lichfield, England, in 1612. After his 
ordination to the ministry in Rhode Island he re- 
moved in 1705 to Groton, Conn. He was the first 
Baptist minister in Connecticut, planted in Groton 
the first church of that denomination, and was 
active in establishing other churches throughout 
the state and in the city and state of New York. 
He was a scholarly man, as was evinced in a famous 
debate that he held at Lynn in 1727 with the Rev. 
John Bulkley, a minister of the standing order. 
The discussion was subsequently published. Mr. 
Wightman was also the author of a 44 Letter on 
singing Psalms" (1725). 

WIGHTMAN, William May, M. E. bishop, b. 
in Charleston, S. C., 29 Jan., 1808; d. there, 15 
Feb., 1HS2. He became an active Christian in 
April, 1825, began to preach in the same year, in 
1828 was received on trial into the South Caro- 
lina conference, and ordained deacon by Bishop 
Soule. and elder by Bishop Hedding. From 1828 
till 1833 he filled stations in South Carolina, then 
for two years was agent for Randolph Macon col- 
lege, and for one year was professor of English 
literature in that institution. In 1839-'40 he was 
presiding elder of the Cokesbury district. He was 
a member of the general conference of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal church in 1840, and also of the 




famous conference of 1844, which resulted in the 
division of the church. From 1840 till 1854 he 
was editor of the 44 Southern Christian Advocate " 
in Charleston, and for the next five years he was 
president of Woodford college, S. C. In 1859 he 
was transferred to the Alabama conference, and 
became chancellor of the Southern university, 
which post -he filled until July, 1867. In May, 
1866. he was elected and ordained bishop at the 
general conference that met in New Orleans. He 
received the degree of L). D. from Randolph Macon 
college, and that of LL. D. from the College of 
Charleston. He edited the autobiography of Bish- 
op William Capers, with an interesting memoir 
(Nashville, Tenn., 1858). 

WIKOFF, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia 
in 1813; d. in Brighton, England, 2 May, 1884. 
His father, a physician of Philadelphia, was owner 
of the township' of Block ley, on Schuylkill river, 
and left a large fortune. The son was graduated 
at Union college in 1831, admitted to the Phila- 
delphia bar, and in 1834 sailed for Europe, where 
his career was made notable by intimacy with 
many of the foremost men of His time, and he 
had the reputation of being better acquainted 
with important unwritten history than any other 
man of his day. In 1837 he was appointed at- 
tache to the U. S. legation at London. He visited 
Paris soon afterward, and carried back to Lon- 
don to Joseph Bonaparte the jewelry and per- 
sonal effects of Napoleon I., for which "he received 
one of the first consul's silver drinkine-cups. He 
received the cross of the Legion of honor from 
Napoleon III., whom he had visited in 1845. when 
the prince was imprisoned at Ham, and he also 
rendered valuable service during the davs that 
followed the defeat at Sedan in 1870. Mr. Wi- 
koff's title of " chevalier," by which he was com- 
monly known, belonged to him as a knight-com- 
mander of the Spanish order of Ysabel la Catolica, 
which was conferred by Queen Isabella of Spain. 
In 1849 he was editor of the 44 Democratic Review." 
In 1855 he was employed by Lord Palmerston as 
a secret agent of the Britisti government in Paris. 
No man had a brighter diplomatic career before 
him. and no one ever threw it away so lightly. He 
last visited this country in 1880 to arrange for the 
publication of an autobiography, under the title of 
44 Reminiscences of an Idler. He published 44 Na- 

g>leon Ijouis Bonaparte, First President of France: 
iojrraphical and Personal Sketches, including a 
Visit to the Prince at the Castle of Ham " (New 
York, 1849); 44 Life of Alfred, Count d'Orsay" 
(1849); "My Courtship and its Consequences," 
which is said to have been published first in Ixm- 
don. and there "suppressed by the foreign office" 

(1855) ; "Adventures of a Roving Diplomatist" 

(1856) : 44 A New-Yorker in the Foreign Office, and 
his Adventures in Paris" (London, 1858); and 
"The Four Civilizations" (1870). 

WILBOUR, Charles Edwin, Egyptologist, b. 
in Little Compton. Newport co., R. I., 17 March. 
1833. He received a classical education, and en- 
tered Brown, where he took a prize for proficiency 
in Greek, and was noted for his thorough ac- 
quaintance with the ancient and modern languages, 
but was not graduated, owing to delicate health. 
Having taught himself short-hand, when he had 
sufficiently recovered he went to New York city in 
1854 and became connected with the 44 Tribune " 
as a reporter. He also studied law. and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1859. The following eighteen 
years were devoted to literary and journalistic work. 
In 1872 he began the study of Egyptian antiouities, 
and visited the principal libraries of the United 



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States and Canada. Two years later he went abroad 
and spent much time in consulting the archaeologi- 
cal treasures of the British museum and the great 
libraries of the continent. He then became a co- 
laborer with Heinrich Karl Brugsch, commonly 
known as Brugsch Bey, and Gaston C. C. Maspero, 
in the field of Egyptology, accompanying the 
latter on five winter exploring expeditions up 
the Nile. Mr. Wilbour now (1889) continues the 
work, using his own dahabeeyah. or Nile boat. He 
has published 44 Rachel in the New World," from | 
the French of Leon Beauvallet. with John W. 
Palmer (New York, 1856); a translation of Victor 
Hugo's 44 Les Misandries " (1862-'3) ; and 44 The Life 
of Jesus," from the French of Ernest Renan (1863). 1 
— His wife, Charlotte Beebee, b. in Norwich, 
Conn., 2 March, 1880, was educated at Wilbraham, 
Mass., and married Mr. Wilbour, 18 Jan., 1858. 
She was elected president of Sorosis in 1870, and 
five times re-elected. She was a founder of the 
club, devoted much time and thought to securing 
for it a permanent foundation, and was instrumen- 
tal in organizing the Association for the advance- 
ment of women that was formed by it in 1873. 
She instituted lectures on health and dress reform, 
suggested and aided in preparing entertainments i 
for various purposes, and assisted many women in 
obtaining public recognition. Since she has re- - 
sided abroad she has maintained her interest in j 
the elevation of her sex, and sought every opportu- i 
nitv to labor for it. 

WILBUR, Kerrey, author, b. in Wendell, 
Franklin co., Mass., in 1787; d. in Newburyport, 
Mass., 5 Jan., 1852. He studied theology and 
had charge of the Congregational church in his 
native town in 1817-23, but afterward was princi- 
pal of several schools for girls. He was a pioneer 
in the establishment of Bible classes, and was prob- 
ably the first in this country to compile and pub- 
lish a Bible-class text-book. He engaged in many 
literary and scientific labors, and was the author 
of a popular work on astronomy, the compiler of 
a "reference" Bible, and a lecturer on natural 
history and astronomy. He received the honorary 
decree of A. M. from Dartmouth in 1812. Mr. 
Wilbur published " A Discourse on the Religious 
Education of Youth " (2d ed., Boston, 1814) ; 44 A 
Reference Bible " (1828) ; "Elements of Astrono- 
my" (New Haven, 1829); 44 Lexicon of Useful 
Knowledge" (New York, 1830); and u A Reference 
Testament for Bible Classes" (London, 1831). — 
His daughter, Anne Toppan, b. in Wendell, 
Franklin co., Mass., 20 June, 1817 ; d. near Mari- 
etta, Ohio, 14 Sept., 1864, was educated at New- , 
buryport and elsewhere. After completing her i 
studies, she taught music at New Hampton, N. H., I 
Oorham, Me., and in schools in other places. She : 
translated several volumes from the French and [ 
other languages, among them 44 The Solitude of | 
Juan Fernandez " (Boston, 1851), and contributed I 
chiefly fiction, under the name of 44 Florence Leigh," j 
to various periodicals. In 1848 she edited the Bos- 1 
ton 44 Ladies' Magazine " and the Lowell, Mass., ! 
44 Ladies' Casket" After becoming Mrs. Joseph i 
Wood, she published English versions of X. B. ! 
Saintine's 44 Queen of the Danube " and Edmond ! 
About's 44 La question Romaine " (Boston, 1859), i 
and 44 Romance of a Mummy " (Columbus, 1860). — I 
His son, Hervey Backup philanthropist, b. in 1 
Wendell, Franklin co., Mass., 18 Aug., 1820; d. in ! 
Syracuse, N. Y., 1 May, 1883. was graduated at 
Amherst in 1838, and at the Berkshire medical in- ■ 
stitution, Pittsfleld, Mass., in 1842. Meantime he 
studied engineering, and he subsequently practised 
medicine at Lowell and Barre, Mass. Being greatly i 



impressed by the perusal of an account of Dr. 
l!ldouard Seguin's school for idiots at Paris, he re- 
ceived several idiot pupils into his own house at 
Barre in July, 1848, ana organized the first school 
for idiots in the United States. By his own ear- 
nest personal studies and efforts, he thus developed 
the system of education for the weak-minded tnat 
has been adopted in every similar institution in 
this country, in Canada, and in some parts of Eu- 
rope. In 1815 Dr. Hervey Backus prevailed upon 
the legislature of New York to establish an experi- 
mental school at Albany, which, under Dr. Wilbur's 
direction, was so successful as to be fully organized 
in 1854 as the State asylum for idiots at Syracuse. 
Dr. Wilbur remained in charge of this institution 
until his death. He published numerous reports 
and other papers on idiocy. A tablet with the fol- 
lowing inscription has been placed on the walls of 
the asylum : 44 Hervey Backus Wilbur, M. D., the 
First in America to Attempt the Education of the 
Feeble-Minded ; and the First Superintendent of 
this Asylum. By his Wisdom, Zeal, and Humanity 
he Secured its Permanent Establishment. To his 
Memory this Tablet is raised by the Board of Trus- 
tees."— Another son, Charles Toppan, physician, 
b. in Newburyport, Mass., 18 May, 1835, while a 
student of medicine became connected as a teach- 
er with the New York state asylum for idiots, 
of which his brother was superintendent, and he 
was thus led to an investigation of the various 
forms of dementia. In 1858 he was called to as- 
sist in the organization of the Ohio state asylum 
for idiots at Columbus, and for some time he acted 
as its assistant superintendent. In 1859 he re- 
moved to Lakeville, Conn., and aided in the estab- 
lishment of a school for feeble-minded children, 
which was afterward conducted by Dr.'Henry M. 
Knight. In 1860 he was graduated at the Berk- 
shire medical instit ution and returned to Ohio, set- 
tling at Marietta, where he beean to practise. The 
following year he entered the volunteer service, 
and remained in the army until the end of the 
civil war as assistant surgeon and surgeon. In 
September, 1865, he took charge of the Illinois in- 
stitution for the education of feeble-minded chil- 
dren at Jacksonville, and he was so successful in 
its management that the legislature subsequently 
voted the erection of larger and more appropriate 
buildings at a cost of $185,000. It was afterward 
removed to Lincoln, 111. In 1883 he severed his 
connection with the institution, and the following 
year he opened a private asylum for the feeble- 
minded at Kalamazoo. During his connection 
with the Illinois asylum Dr. Wilbur was instru- 
mental in establishing similar institutions in Iowa, 
Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and other 
western states. In Januarv, 1882, he founded the 
44 Philanthropic Index ana 1 Review," a monthly 
publication devoted to the interests of feeble- 
minded children, and the only periodical of the 
kind in existence. 

WILBUR, John, Quaker preacher, b. in Hop- 
kinton, R. I., 17 July, 1774; d. there, 1 May, 
1856. ne was the son of Quaker parents, and be- 
came a preacher of the society. lie opposed the 
introduction of religious views that he deemed to 
be at variance with the original doctrines of his 
sect, and in 1838 was accused by several members 
of the Rhode Island yearly meeting of circulating 
in his conversation and writings opinions and 
statements derogatory to the character of the Eng- 
lish Quaker, Joseph John Gurney. then on a visit 
to the United States. He was sustained by a large 
majority in his own monthly meeting (that of South 
Kingston, R. I.), but that body having been dis- 



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solved, and its members added to the Greenwich 
meeting, he was formally disowned by the latter 
in January, 1848, its action being subsequently 
confirmed by the quarterly meeting and the Rhode 
Island yearly meeting. His supportere were suffi- 
ciently numerous in Rhode Island and other parts 
of New England to form an independent yearly 
meeting, the members of which were known as 
Wilbuntes. Mr. Wilbur twice visited England, 
the second time in 1854. He published several 
polemical pamphlets, but his "Journal and Cor- 
respondence" (Providence, 1859) did not appear 
until after his death. 

WILCOX, Cad m as Marcellas, soldier, b. in 
Wayne county, N. C, 29 May. 1826. He studied 
at Cumberland college, Nashville, his parents hav- 
ing removed to Tennessee during his infancy, then 
entered the U. S. military academy, and was grad- 
uated in 1846. He served through the war with 
Mexico, being engaged as acting adjutant of the 
4th infantry in the siege of Vera Cruz and the 
battle of Cerro Gordo, and as aide to Gen. John A. 
Quitman in the storming of Chapultepec, where he 
earned the brevet of 1st lieutenant, and in the cap- 
ture of the city of Mexico. He was promoted 1st 
lieutenant on 24 Aug., 1851, served as assistant 
instructor of tactics at the military academy from 
1852 till 1857, then went to Europe for a year on 
sick-leave, was made captain of infantry on 20 
Dec, 1860, and at the beginning of the civil war 
was on frontier duty in New Mexico. Resigning 
his commission on 8 June, 1861, he was appointed 
colonel in the provisional army of the Confederacy, 
and assigned to the command of an Alabama regi- 
ment. He joined Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army 
with his regiment on 16 July, 1861, marched to 
Manassas to re-enforce Gen. Pierre G. T. Beaure- 
gard, and served with the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia till its final surrender, being promoted briga- 
dier-general on 21 Oct, 1861, and major-general on 
9 Aug., 1868. He commanded a bngade in Gen. 
James Longstreet's corps at the second Bull Run, 
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, 
and a division under Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, which 
resisted the repeated assaults of Gen. W infield S. 
Hancock's troops at the battle of the Wilderness. 
Gen. Wilcox declined a brigadier-general's com- 
mission in the Egyptian army after the war. In 
1886 he was appointed chief of the railroad division 
of the general land-office in Washington, D. C. 
He is the author of a book on " Rifles and Rifle- 
Practice " (New York, 1859), and the translator of 
" Evolutions of the Line, as practised *by the Aus- 
trian Infantry and adopted in 1858 " (I860). 

WILCOX,* Carlos, clergyman, b. in Newport, 
N. H., 22 Oct., 1794 ; d. in Danbury, Conn., 29 
May, 1827. His father, a farmer, removed in 1798 
to Orwell, Vt., where the son's vouth was spent. 
He was a precocious child, and this, with an acci- 
dent to his knee which unfitted him for agricul- 
tural labor, decided his parents to send him to col- 
lege. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1818, 
and at Andover theological seminary in 181 7, after 
some interruptions from an affection of the heart, 
which continued till it ended his life. He preached 
in several places in 1819-'20. though still in feeble 
health, ana spent the years 1820-'2 in the house of 
a friend in Salisbury, Conn., writing on his long 
poem "The Age of Benevolence," which he had 
projected in college. He was pastor of the North 
church in Hartford, Conn., from 1824 till 1826, 
when he accepted a call to Danbury. His poem, 
" The Age of Benevolence," was to contain five 
books, of which he completed the first and parts of 
three others. The first was published separately 



(Salisbury, 1822), and fragments of the work ap- 
peared after his death in a volume of his " Re- 
mains," which contains also "The Religion of 
Taste," a poem that he read before the Yale Phi 
Beta Kappa society in 1824, fourteen sermons, and 
a memoir of the author (Hartford, 1828). His 
verses abound in accurate rural description. 

WILCOX, Ella Wheeler, author, b. in Johns- 
town Centre, Wis., about 1845. She was educated 
in the public schools of Windsor and at the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin. In 1884 she married Robert 
M. Wilcox, of Meriden. Conn., and since 1887 they 
have resided in New York city. Mrs. Wilcox be- 
gan to write for newspapers at an early age, has 
contributed much to periodicals, and has published 
in book-form " Drops of Water " (New York, 1872) ; 
"Maurine" (Milwaukee, 1875); "Shells" (1888); 
" Poems of Passion " (Chicago. 1883) ; " Mai Mou- 
lee," a novel (New York, 1885); and "Poems of 
Pleasure" (1888). 

WILCOX, Leonard, senator, b. in Hanover, N. 
H., 29 Jan., 1799; d. in Orford, N. H., 18 June, 
1850. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1817, 
studied law, and practised at Orford. He became 
a judge of the state superior court, 25 June. 1838, 
but infirm health forcea him to resign on 20 Sept, 
1840. After the resignation of Franklin Pierce 
from the U. S. senate. Judge Wilcox filled his 
seat for the remainder of the unexpired term, first 
bv appointment of the governor and then by the 
cnoice of the legislature, being elected as a Demo- 
crat. He served from 7 March, 1842, till 3 March, 
1843, was made a justice of the New Hampshire 
court of common pleas, 7 Dec., 1847, and on 26 
June, 1848, was again placed on the bench of the 
superior court. 

WILCOX, Phineas Bacon, lawyer, b. in Mid- 
dletown, Conn., 26 Sept, 1798; d. in Columbus, 
Ohio, 25 March, 1863. He was graduated at Yale 
in 1821, and practised law at Columbus, Ohio, for 
about forty years, paying particular attention to 
land-titles.* He was the author of " Condensed Re- 
ports of the Superior Court of Ohio " (Columbus, 
1832); "Ohio Forms and Practice" (1833); " A 
Few Thoughts bv a Member of the Bar" (1836); 
" Reports of the Superior Court of Ohio," being voL 
x. of the "Ohio Reports" (1842): "Digest of the 
First Twelve Volumes of Ohio Reports" (1844); 
"Practical Forms in Action, Personal and Real, 
and in Chancery" (2d ed., l&58k and "Practical 
Forms under the Code of Civil Procedure " (1862). 

WILD, Edward Augustus soldier, b. in Brook- 
line, Mass., 25 Nov., 1825. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1844, and on 21 April, 1861, became 
captain in the 1st Massachusetts regiment, with 
which he served in the peninsular campaign, being 
wounded at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. He be- 
came major of the 32d Massachusetts, 24 July, 1862, 
lieutenant-colonel on 7 Aug., and colonel of the 
35th on 20 Aug.. and took part in the battle of South 
Mountain, where his left arm was shattered. After 
assisting Gov. John A. Andrew in raising and or- 
ganizing colored troops in February-April, 1863, 
he was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 24 
April, and, with the exception of a few months at 
the siege of Charleston, served in North Carolina, 
recruiting colored troops. In December he led an 
expedition through the eastern counties of the 
state, and on 18 Jan., 1864, he took command of 
the district of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. He 
commanded a brigade in the affair at Wilson's 
wharf, and was in front of Petersburg when he 
was placed under arrest on 23 June, 1864, for re- 
fusing to obey the order of his superior to relieve 
his brigade quartermaster and take another. The 



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hiding of the court-martial was set aside by the 
oraraanding general, and this action was subse- 
juently confirmed by the judge-ad vocate-general 
t Washington. He afterward served on the expe- 
lition to Koanoke river in December, 1864, and 
hen before Richmond till its capture, and in 1865 
uperintended the operations of the Freedmen's 
mreau in Georgia. On 15 Jan., 1866, he was mus- 
ered out of service. Since the war Gen. Wild 
as been engaged in silver-mining. 
WILD, Joseph, Canadian clergyman, b. in Sum- 
lit, Littleborough, Lancashire, England, 16 Nov., 
834. He entered the local ministry of the Primi- 
ive Methodists at the age of sixteen, became a 
ravelling preacher, and at twenty-one emigrated 
) the United States. After travelling through 
le south and west as a preacher and lecturer, 
e was stationed as a minister of the Methodist 
Ipiscopal church in 1857 at Hamilton, Ont., re- 
taining one year. He then took a three-years' 
>urse in theology at the Biblical institute at Con- 
>rd, N. H., ieturned to Canada, preached for a 
>ar at Goderich, and in 1863 was settled at 
rono, Me., whence he was transferred two years 
ter to Belleville, Ont., where he was pastor of 
le Methodist church and bursar and professor 
' Oriental languages in Albert university. Wes- 
yan university of Ohio gave him the degree of 
. D. in 1870. In 1872 he was called to Brook- 
n, N. Y., and, after remaining the allotted thi-ee 
;ars, being dissatisfied with the itinerant system, 
i accepted a call to the Union Congregational 
lurch in the same city. In 1881 he was installed 
pastor of the Bond street Congregational church, 
>ronto, where he still officiates. He is popular 
a preacher, has the largest regular congregation 
Canada, and his sermons are printed in the 
Canadian Advance," and circulated in Great Brit- 
i and Australia, as well as in the Dominion. In 
88 he acted as chairman of the Congregational 
lion of Ontario and Quebec. Dr. Wild is a large 
d successful cultivator of fruits. He has pub- 
hed "The Lost Ten Tribes" (New York, 1878); 
low and When the World Will End" (1879); 
^he Future of Israel and Judah " (London, 1879) ; 
ralks for the Times" (Toronto, 1886); and 
longs of the Sanctuary" (1886). Editions of 
>st of his works have been issued in the United 
ites and England as well as in Canada. 
WILDE, Richard Henry, scholar, b. in Dub- 
, Ireland, 24 Sept., 1789 ; a. in New Orleans, La., 
Sept., 1847. His father, Richard Wilde, a Dub- 
merchant, came to the United States in 1797, 
1 died in 1802. The widow and son removed to 
gusta, Ga., where he fitted himself for the bar 
f was admitted in 1809. He was elected at- 
ney-general of Georgia, and then chosen to 
igress as a Democrat, serving one tenn, in 
5-' 17. He returned to the bar, but sat again 
congress from 7 Feb. till 3 ?Jarch, 1825, being 
•ted to fill a vacancy, and, after a defeat for 
next congress, was a member again from 
■7 till 1835. His best speeches were those on 
?rnal improvements (Washington, 1828), in op- 
ition to the Force bill and to the removal of 
deposits from the U. S. bank, and those on 
tariff and the currency. His opposition to 
sident Jackson made him unpopular with his 
stituents, and he was defeated in 1834. where- 
m he went to Europe and remained there till 
0, engaged in scholarly pursuits. He devoted 
lself specially to Italian literature, chiefly in 
re nee, and, obtaining access to valuable private 
aries, discovered some forgotten documents 
ring on the life and times of Dante, and also a 



portrait of the \toet that had been painted on the 
wall of the chapel of Bargello by Giotto, but covered 
for many years with whitewash. He also made a 



study 



any ye 
of th< 




e life 

of Torquato Tas- 
so, ana became 
the friendof many 
Italian literary 
men. After his re- 
turn to this coun- 
try he was a mem- 
ber of the Whig 
state convention 
at Milledgeville, 
Ga., in 1842, but 
took no further 
part in politics. 
He removed to 
New Orleans in 
1843, and. on the 
organization of 

versity of Louisi- 

ana* became its professor of constitutional law, 
which post he held till his death from yellow fever. 
Mr. Wilde's brother, James, who had been a sub- 
altern officer in the Seminole war, interested him 
in Florida, and he began to write an epic whose 
scene was laid in that state. This was never fin- 
ished, but a lyric that it contained, called 44 The 
Lament of the Captive," but now known by its 
first line, "My Life is like the Summer Rose." be- 
came widely* popular. It was suggested by the 
story of Juan Ortez, the last survivor of the ill- 
fated expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez. The verses 
appeared first in print about 1815 without Mr. 
Wilde's authorization, and were continually re- 
published. Soon afterward it was said in the 
"North American Review "that they were trans- 
lated from a Greek ode that purported to have been 
written by Alcams. Scholars soon discovered that 
the latter was not genuine, and it was found that 
it was the work of Anthony Barclay, of Savannah, 
who had translated Mr. Wilde's song into Greek 
for his own amusement. The song was set to 
music by Charles Thibault. Mr. Barclay subse- 
quently wrote an 44 Authentic Account of Wilde's 
Alleged Plagiarism," which was published by the 
Georgia historical society (Savannah, 1871). The 
story of the poem in its entirety was first told in 
14 Our Familiar Songs" by Helen Kendrick Johnson 
(New York. 1881). Mr. Wilde's only published 
work is "Conjectures and Researches concerning 
the Love. Madness, and Imprisonment of Torquato 
Tasso," the fruit of his studies in Italy, a scholarly 
work, which is also valuable for the poetical trans- 
lations from Tasso that it contains (2 vols.. New 
York, 1842). He contributed an essay on u Pe- 
trarch " to the "Southern Review," and wrote poet- 
ry, original and translated, for the magazines. His 
translations from the Italian, Spanish, and French 
are graceful and correct. He left many manu- 
scripts, including an unfinished 44 Life of Dante " : 
a collection of translations of Italian lyrics, which 
he intended to publish with biographical sketches 
of the authors; and a completer! poem of several 
cantos, entitled 44 Hesperia, which was edited by 
his son and issued after his death (Boston, 1867). 

WILDE, Samnel Stunner, jurist, b. in Taun- 
ton, Mass., 5 Feb., 1771 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 22 
June, 1855. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1789, studied law in his native place, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1792. After practising till 1794 
in Waldoborough, Me., and till 1799 at Warren, Me., 



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506 WILDER 

which he represented in the Massachusetts legisla- 
ture in 179&-*9, he removed to Hallo well, Me. He 
served as* a presidential elector in 1800 and 1808, 
was a state councilor in 1814, and a delegate to the 
Hartford convention in the same year, and from 
1815 till his resignation in 1850 was a judge of the 
Massachusetts supreme court. In 1820, after the 
separation of Maine, he removed to Newburyport, 
Mass., and in 1831 he went to reside in Boston. 
Judge Wilde was a delegate to the State constitu- 
tional convention of 1820, and a member of the 
American academy of arts and sciences. He was 
one of the best nisi prius iudges in the state, and 
possessed prof ound legal learning and great in- 
tegrity. Bowdoin gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1817, Harvard in 1841, and Dartmouth in 1849. 
Judge Wilde published several orations. He mar- 
ried Eunice, daughter of Gen. David Cobb, and 
their daughter Caroline became the wife of Caleb 
Cushing. A discourse on his life by Rev. Dr. 
Ephraim Peabody, with the proceedings of the 
Boston bar, was published (Boston, 1855). 

WILDER, Alexander, physician, b. in Verona, 
Oneida co., N. Y., 14 Mav, 1823. He attended the 
common schools, was self-educated in the higher 
branches, taught for some time, and was graduated 
in medicine at Syracuse in 1850. He was an editor 
of the Syracuse " Star " in 1852 and of the " Jour- 
nal " in 1853, and took charge of the " New York 
Teacher" in 1856. In 1857 he went to Spring- 
field, HI., where he prepared the bill to incorporate 
the State normal university. Removing to New 
York city, he became connected in 1858 with the 
" Evening Post," on whose staff he remained for 
thirteen years. In 1871 he was elected an alder- 
man of New York on the anti-Tweed ticket. He 
was president of the Eclectic medical society of 
New York in 1870-'l, of whose "Transactions" 
he edited two volumes (Albany, 1870-'l), and be- 
came secretary of the National association, whose 
annual " Proceedings " he has issued since 1876. 
In 1873-'7 he was professor of physiology in the 
Eclectic medical college of the city of New York, 
and from 1878 till 1883 he held successively the 
chairs of physiology and psychological science 
in the United States medical college. Dr. Wilder 
is a member of the American Akaderae\ a philo- 
sophical society, and editor of its " Journal," 
published in Orange, N. J. He has published 
many monographs, including " The Intermarriage 
of Kindred * (New York, 1870) : " Plea for the Col- 
legiate Education of Women " (1874) ; " Vaccina- 
tion a Medical Fallacy " (1878) ; " Paul and Plato " 
(St. Louis, 1881) ; " Life Eternal " (Orange, N. J., 
1885) ; and " The Ganglionic Nervous System " 
(1887). He has edited essays on " Ancient Sym- 
bol-Worship" (New York, 1873); Thomas Taylor's 
"Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries" (1875); Rich- 
ard Payne Knight's "Svmbolical Language of 
Ancient Art and Mvthofogy" (1876); and "In- 
dia: what can it "teach usf" by Max Mllller 
(1883) ; and translated Iamblichus's work on " The 
Mysteries of the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Chal- 
deans," in " The Platonist." 

WILDER, Burt Green, naturalist, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 11 Aug., 1841. He was graduated at 
the Lawrence scientific school in 1862 and at the 
medical department of Harvard in 1866. Meanwhile 
he served in the U. S. army as a medical cadet in 
1862-*8 and as assistant surgeon and surgeon in 
the 55th Massachusetts volunteers in 1863-'5. In 
1867 he was elected professor of physiology, com- 
parative anatomy, and zoology in Cornell univer- 
sity, which chair he still holds, and he was also 
professor of physiology in the Medical school of 



WILDER 



Maine, Bowdoin college, in 1874-*84. His dis- 
covery in 1862 that silk might be drawn from a 
living spider to the extent of 150 yards at a time 
led to his further researches on the habits of the 
spider and the qualities and usefulness of the silk. 
Since 1880 he has devoted his attention mostly to 
studies on the vertebrate brain. He has also striv- 
en earnestly for the adoption of a uniform anatomi- 
cal nomenclature, claiming that names should be 
as far as possible mononyms, and that in each lan- 
guage should be used the appropriate paronym of 
the Latin name rather than the Latin form. In 
1887 he described the brain of cerotodus and 
showed that among vertebrates the proper cerebral 
hemispheres, the special organs of the mind, occupy 
five different positions relative to the olfactory- 
tracts and bulks, which are the direct continua- 
tions of the general brain axis and were probably 
the primitive and at first most important parts of 
the prosencephal. In brain publications he has 
insisted upon the morphological significance of 
the cavities, and upon the need of greater care 
and improved methods in dissection and prepara- 
tion. In 1857 he described the slip system of notes, 
consisting of the brief statement of facts, ideas, or 
references to books, written lengthwise upon slips 
equal to the sixth part of a sheet of note-paper. 
He also uses these slips for correspondence, ana in 
1886 invented a note- wheel on the circumference 
of which they are filed. Prof. Wilder lectured at 
Harvard in 1868, at the University of Michigan in 
1876-7, at the Lowell institute, Boston, in 1866 
and 1870, at the American institute, New York, in 
1870-'3, and on the Cartwright foundation before 
the Alumni association of the College of physicians 
and surgeons in 1884. He is a member of scien- 
tific societies, presided over the section on biology 
of the American association for the advancement 
of science in 1885, and was president of the Ameri- 
can neurological association in 1885. His bibli- 
ography includes nearly 100 technical papers in 
scientific and medical journals and in the publica- 
tions of learned societies, also about 80 reviews 
and articles in magazines. He has published in 
book-form " What Young People Should Know " 
(Boston, 1875); "Emergencies: how to Avoid 
them and how to Meet them " (1879) ; " Health 
Notes for Students " (1888) ; and, with Prof. Simon 
H. Gage, " Anatomical Technology as applied to 
the Domestic Cat " (New York, 1883). 

WILDER. Daniel Webster, journalist, b. in 
Blackstone, Mass., 15 July, 1832. He was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1856, and became a lawyer 
and journalist. He has been an editor of the 
Leavenworth, Kan., " Conservative " and " Times," 
the Fort Scott " Monitor." the Rochester, N. Y., 
" Express," the St Joseph, Mo., " Herald," and the 
" World," of Hiawatha, Kan. Mr. Wilder was one 
of the chief organizers of the Kansas historical so- 
ciety, and has served as its president. He was ap- 
pointed surveyor-general of Kansas and Nebraska 
in 1863. and elected state auditor of Kansas in 
1872 and 1874, and superintendent of insurance 
in 1887. He has published "Annals of Kansas" 
(Topeka, Kan., 1875). 

WILDER, Marshall Pinckney, merchant, b. 
in Rindge, N. H., 22 Sept, 1798; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 16 Dec, 1886. He received a common- 
school education, and engaged in farming, but in 
1819 became a partner of his father, who was a 
merchant in his native place. In 1825 he removed 
to Boston, where he established a wholesale busi- 
ness in West India goods, and in 1837 he became a 
member of the commission firm of Parker, Blanch- 
ard and Wilder. He acquired a large fortune, and 



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WILDER 



WILEY 



507 




served also as a director in many commercial or 
financial companies. Mr. Wilder served in the 
legislature in 1889, in the governor's council in 
1849, and in the state senate, of which he was 
president, in 1850, and he was one of the founders 
of the Constitutional 
Union party in 1860, 
being chairman of 
the Massachusetts 
delegation to its Na- 
tional convention of 
that year, which 
nominated Bell and 
Everett Through- 
out the war he was a 
firm supporter of the 
U. S. government. 
He took special in- 
terest in agriculture 
and horticulture, was 
president of the Mas- 
s-^x ' _ sac hu setts agricul- 

cs^& &'?0r££S£<&r- tural society for eight 
years, of the Norfolk 
agricultural society for twenty years, and for six 
vears of the U. S. agricultural society, of which 
he was the founder. He was also a founder of the 
American pomological society, and became its presi- 
dent on its organization in 1848, continuing many 
years in office. The value of his researches in hy- 
bridization and fruit-culture were recognized not 
only in the United States but abroad. Mr. Wilder 
was also president of the New England historic- 
genealogical society from 1868 till 1886, and was a 
leader in the movement that gave to Boston the 
Natural history rooms and the Institute of tech- 
nology. He published a large number of historical, 
agricultural, and other addresses, including those 
" On Laying the Corner-Stone of the First Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural Hall" (Boston, 1844); "On 
the 225th Anniversary of the Settlement of Dor- 
chester " (1855) ; annual addresses before the His- 
toric-genealogical society (1868-73) ; lectures on 
" California ' r (1871) and " The Hybridization of 
Plants" (1872); "On the Progress and Influence 
of Rural Art" (1872); and addresses before the 
American pomological society (1848-73) and the 
U. S. agricultural society (1852-'6). 

WILDER, Samson Vryllng Stoddard, mer- 
chant, b. in Bolton, Mass., in 1780 ; d. in Eliza- 
beth. N. J., 2 April, 1865. He became a merchant 
in Boston, visited Europe in the interests of his 
business, where he formed the acquaintance of 
Rev. Rowland Hill and other eminent men, who 
enlisted his sympathies in the formation of Bible 
and tract societies, and in 1830 went to New York, 
where he engaged in banking. He was president 
of the American tract society in 1823-'42, and was 
connected with many similar organizations, from 
all of which he retired in 1842. He was the author 
of numerous religious tracts that were widely cir- 
culated. See "Records of the Life of S. V. S. 
Wilder" (New York. 1866). 

WILDES, George Dudley, clergyman, b. in 
Newburyport, Mass., 19 June, i819. He was fitted 
for Harvard, and became usher in mathematics at 
Chauncey Hall school, Boston. He was graduated 
at the Virginia theological seminary at Alexandria, 
was ordained deacon in New Bedford, Mass., in 
1846, by the bishop of Kentucky, and at the same 
time invited to the professorship of mathematics at 
Shelby college, Ky. He was ordained priest in Ded- 
ham, Mass., in 1848, by Bishop Eastburn. After 
holding several charges, he became assistant at St. 
Paul's, Boston, and also supervisor of the Episcopal 



school of Massachusetts. Afterward he was at 
Brookline and then at Salem, where he became a 
member of the State board of education. At the 
outset of the civil war Dr. Wildes was instrumental 
in raising the 23d and 19th Massachusetts regi- 
ments, forming also the field hospital corps, vol- 
unteering as its head for service, and being com- 
missioned a chaplain. Since 1867 he has been rec- 
tor of Christ cnurch, Riverdale, New York. He 
received the degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1855, 
of S. T. D. from Hobart in 1871. and that of D. D. 
from the College of Kansas in 1886. Since its 
organization in 1874 he has been general secre- 
tary of the church congress, being one of its origi- 
nal founders. In this capacity he has edited eleven 
volumes of papers and addresses (1872-'88). Dr. 
Wildes has published sermons aud addresses, has 
edited Bishop Griswold's "Lectures on Prayer," 
and translated George Herbert's Latin poems. 

WILDEY, Thomas, a founder of the Order of 
Odd- Fellows in the United States, b. in London, 
England, 15 Jan., 1783; d. in Baltimore, Md., 19 
Oct., 1861. He came to this country in 1817, and 
labored in Baltimore as a maker of coach-springs. 
In 1819 he established in that city the first lodge 
of Odd-Fellows in the United States, and from 
1825 till 1833 he was grand-sire of the grand lodge. 
A monument has been erected to his memory in 
Baltimore by members of the order. 

WILES, Lemuel Maynard, artist, b. in Perry, 
Genesee co. (now Wyoming), N. Y.. 21 Oct., 1826. 
In 1848-'51 he studied with William Hart in 
Albany, and Jasper F. Cropeey in New York. He 
followed his profession in Washington, D. C, Buf- 
falo, Utica, and Albany, N. Y., ana in 1864 opened 
a studio in New York. In 1875 he assumed the 
directorship of the College of fine arts in Ingham 
university, Le Roy, N. Y., and in 1888 he founded 
the Silver Lake art-school at Perry, N. Y. His 
works include " The Pillar of Fire," " Mount 
San Jacinto, California," "Ruins of the Cathe- 
dral of San Juan Capistrano, Cal.," " The Noon- 
day Retreat," "The Vale of Elms," "Snow- 
bound." and "A Song of the Sea." — His son, 
Irving Ramsay, artist, b. in Utica, N. Y., 8 April, 
1861, studied painting at first under his father 
and afterward at the Art students' league, New 
York, and in 1882-'4 under Jules Joseph Lefebvre 
and Carol us Duran in Paris. He is Known as a 
clever figure-painter, and his "Corner Table" 
gained the third Hallgarten prize at the Academy 
of design in 1886. He is a member of the Society 
of American artists, and the Water-color society. 

WILEY, Calvin Henderson, clergyman, b. m 
Guilford county, N. C, 3 Feb., 1819 ;*d. in Win- 
ston. N. C, 11 Jan., 1887. He was graduated at 
the University of North Carolina in 1840. studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar soon after his 
graduation. He was elected to the state legisla- 
ture in 1850, and again in 1852, and in the latter 
year was chosen the first state superintendent of 
common schools, to which post he was re-elected 
for six successive terms of two years each by an 
almost unanimous vote. So efficient was the sys- 
tem of public instruction under his administration 
that the schools were kept in operation during the 
entire period of the civil war, something which it 
is claimed did not occur in any other southern 
state. Having previously studied theology, he was 
licensed to preach by the presbytery of Orange in 
1855. in 18o9 was appointed general agent of the 
American Bible society for middle and eastern 
Tennessee, and in 1874 was transferred to North 
Carolina, South Carolina being included in his 
field of labor in 1876. During the civil war Mr. 



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508 



WILEY 



WILKES 



Wiley was instrumental in establishing a publish- 
ing-house at Greensboro' to supply the state with 
text-books; also in organizing at Columbia, S. C, 
an educational association for the Confederacy, 
and in establishing a North Carolina state educa- 
tional association, of whose journal he was one of 
the editors. He founded with William D. Cooke 
the "Southern Weekly Post" of Raleigh, which 
he also edited, published and edited the 44 Oxford 
Mercury," was one of the founders of the 44 North 
Carolina Presbyterian," and contributed to other 

Journals. In addition to school-books, he pub- 
ished 44 Alamance, or the Great and Final Experi- 
ment." a novel (New York. 1847) ; 44 Adventures of 
Old Dan Tucker with his Son Walter" (London, 
1851) ; 44 Utopia : a Picture of Early Life at the 
South " (Philadelphia, 1862) ; 44 Life in the fpouth : 
a Companion to 4 Uncle Tom's Cabin'" (1852); 
44 Scriptural Views of National Trials" (Greens- 
boro', 1863); and 44 Roanoke; or Where is Uto- 
pia t" (Philadelphia, 1886). 

WILEY, Harvey Washington, chemist, b. in 
Kent, Jefferson co M Ind., 18 Oct., 1844. He was 
graduated at Hanover college in 1867. and was 
professor of Latin and Greek in 1868-'71 at Butler 
university, Indianapolis, also studying at Indiana 
medical college, where he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1871. After teaching science for a year 
in the Indianapolis high-school, he entered the 
Lawrence scientific school at Harvard, where he 
was graduated with the degree of S. B. in 1878. 
and then accepted the chair of chemistry at Butler 
university, which institution gave him the degree 
of Ph. D. in 1876. He studied chemistry at the 
University of Berlin in 1878, and during 1874-'83 
was professor at the Agricultural college of Indiana 
(now Purdue university). He also held in 1881-*3 
the office of state chemist of Indiana, and in 1883 
he was appointed chemist of the U. S. department 
of agriculture in Washington, which place he has 
since held. Prof. Wiley is a member of scientific 
societies, and in 1886 was vice-president of the 
American association for the advancement of 
science, with charge of the section of chemistry. 
He was also in 1886 president of the Chemical 
society of Washington and of the Association of 
official agricultural chemists. His work has been 
chiefly in technology, and more especially in rela- 
tion to food-products. The subiccts of glucose and 
grape-sugar were very thoroughly studied by him 
while he was state chemist, and since his appoint- 
ment in Washington he has investigated sorghum- 
sugar. Prof. Wiley has published presidential and 
college addresses, and nis papers number more 
than fifty. These include the results of his re- 
searches, and have been published in scientific 
journals, the transactions of societies of which he 
is a member, and government reports. 

WILEY, Isaac William, M E. bishop, b. in 
Lewistown. Pa., 29 March, 1825; d. in Foochow, 
China, in November, 1884. At fourteen years of 
age he went to an academy to fit for college* hoping 
to be a minister, and in his eighteenth year he was 
licensed as lay preacher. Owing to impaired health, 
he gave up the idea of entering the ministry, and 
in 1844 he was graduated at the medical depart- 
ment of the University of the city of New ^ ork. 
In 1846 he began medical practice in western Penn- 
sylvania, where he continued several years with 
success. In 1850 he offered himself as a minister 
to the Philadelphia conference, but there was no 
room for him. At this time Dr. John P. Durbin. 
hearing of his abilities as a physician and his 
desire to enter the ministry, induced him to go 
to China as medical missionary. At Foochow, in 



1853, his wife died, and in the following year he 
brought back his motherless children to the United 
States. He entered the ministry in New Jersey, 
and. after filling pastorates for four years, became 
principal of Pennington seminary, which post he 
filled until 1863. In 1864 the general conference 
elected him editor of the 44 Ladies' Repository," 
published in Cincinnati. In 1872 he was made 
bishop. As a pastor Dr. Wiley was useful and 
highly respectea, as principal of a seminary he 
was greatly beloved, and as an editor his taste was 
excellent and his style chaste. As a bishop he was 
prudent, deliberate, and clear, and seldom fell into 
any error either of the interpretation of constitu- 
tional or parliamentary law, or the selection of 
men for particular posts. He died in China on an 
episcopal tour to the missions that he had done so 
much to found. His death took place in a house 
on the very lot that he had occupied as a missionary 
thirty-two years before. Bishop Wiley received the 
degree of D. D. from Wesleyan university in 1864, 
and that of LL. D. from Ohio Wesleyan university 
in 1879. He published "The Fallen Missionaries 
of Fuh-Chau* (New York, 1&58), and "Religion 
in the Family"; and among other works edited 
1 Rev. Thomas R. Birks's 44 The Bible and Moslem 
I Thought "(Cincinnati, 1864); 44 The Life and Work 
of Earnest Men," by Rev. W. K. Tweedie (1864); 
and Friedrich Tholuck's 44 Christ of the Gospels 
and of Criticism " (1865). 

WILHORST, Cora de, singer, b. in New York 
citv, 16 Oct, 1835. Her maiden name was Withers, 
ana her father belonged to a well-known New York 
family. Her maternal grandfather. David Dun- 
ham, was associated with Robert Fulton in the 
construction of the first steamboat Cora was 
educated in her native city, studied music, and 
became separated from her family through her 
marriage with her music-teacher Henri, Comte de 
Wilhorst She then appeared in concerts with 
Sigismund Thalberg, the pianist, her d^but tak- 
ing place at Newport, R. I., 21 Aug., 1856. She 
made her first appearance in opera at the New York 
academy of music as Lucia, 28 Jan., 1857. After 
visiting Paris and singing with Mario in 44 Don 
Pasquale," she returned to this country and began 
an operatic engagement in Philadelphia, 2 Nov., 
1858. During the next four years Mine, de Wil- 
i horst sang in the United States, opening the first 
I opera-house in Cincinnati and tne first music- 
I hall in Chicago. She retired from the stage in 
| 1860, but resumed her profession in Paris in 1869, 
I singing in concerts. In 1870 she appeared in 
' 44 Riffoletto " in that city, taking the place of 
I Adelina Patti, who had gone to Russia. The 
Franco- Prussian war compelled her to give up a 
three- Years' engagement to sing in the French capi- 
tal. In February, 1871, she sang for the first time 
in Great Britain, appearing with Sims Reeves at 
the Crystal palace, Sydenham. She remained in 
England, taking part in oratorios, concerts, and 
festivals until 1874, when she married Oliver de 
Raucourt. and retired from the stage. In 1880 she 
returned to the United States, where she has sin<*e 
devoted herself to teaching singing. Mine, de 
Wilhorst claims to be the first American singer 
that began her operatic career in this country be- 
fore studving abroad. 

WILKES, Charles, naval officer, b. in New 
York city, 3 April, 1798 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 
8 Feb., 1877. He entered the navy as a midship- 
man, 1 Jan.. 1818, and was promoted to lieutenant, 
28 April, 1826. He was appointed to the depart- 
ment of charts and instruments in 1830. ana was 
the first in the United States to set up fixed astro- 



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509 



mical instruments and observe with them. On 
Aug., 1838, he sailed from Norfolk, Va., in cora- 
md of a squadron of five vessels and a store-ship, 
explore the southern seas. He visited Madeira, 
the Cape Verd 
islands, Rio de 
Janeiro, Tierra 
del Fuego, Val- 
paraiso, Callao, 
the Paumotou 
group, Tahiti, 
the Samoan 
group (which he 
surveyed and 
explored), Wal- 
lis island, and 
Sydney in New 
South Wales. 
He left Sydney 
in December, 
and dis- 




covered what 
he thought to 
> an Antarctic 
continent, sail- 
ing along vast 
fields for several weeks. In 1840 he thoroughly 
lored the Feejee group, and visited the Hawai- 
islands, where he measured intensity of gravity 
neans of the pendulum on the summit of Maun a 
. In 1841 he visited the northwestern coast of 
erica and Columbia and Sacramento rivers, and 
Nov. set sail from San Francisco, visited Ma- 
, Sooloo, Borneo, Singapore, the Cape of Good 
►e, and St. Helena, and cast anchor at New 
k on 10 June, 1842. Charges preferred against 
by some of his officers were investigated by a 
t-martial, and he was acquitted of all except 
ally punishing some of his crew, for which ne 
reprimanded. He served on the coast survey 
842-'3, was promoted to commander, 13 July, 
, and employed in connection with the report 
he exploring expedition at Washington in 
-'61. He was commissioned a captain, 14 
, 1855, and when the civil war opened was 
h! in command of the steamer "San Jacinto' 1 
161 and sailed in pursuit of the Confederate 
iteer " Sumter." On 8 Nov., 1861, he inter- 
*1 at sea the English mail-steamer " Trent," 
d from Havana to St. Thomas, W. I., and sent 
t. Donald M. Fairfax on board to bring off the 
ederate commissioners, John Slidell and James 
lason. with their secretaries. The officials 
removed to the 44 San Jacinto," in which they 
taken to Fort Warren, in Boston harbor. The 
department gave Capt. Wilkes an emphatic 
lendation ; congress passed a resolution of 
ts, and his act caused great rejoicing through- 
he north, where he was the hero of the hour, 
►n the demand of the British government that 
n and Slidell should be given up, Sec. Seward 
lied, saying in his despatch that, although the 
lissioners and their papers were contraband 
r, and therefore Wilkes was right in captur- 
bem, he should have taken the " Trent ' into 
is a prize for adjudication. As he had failed 
ho, and had constituted himself a judge in the 
r, to approve his act would be to sanction the 
t of search," which had always been denied 
e U. S. government. The prisoners were 
ore released. In 1862 Wilkes commanded 
mes river flotilla, and shelled City Point. He 
•romoted to commodore, 16 July. 1862, and 
^haree of a special squadron in the West 
.. He was placed on the retired list because 



of age, 25 June, 1864, and promoted to rear-admiral 
on the retired list, 25 July, 1866. For his services 
to science as an explorer he received a gold medal 
from the Geographical society of London. The 
reports of the Wilkes exploring expedition were to 
consist of twenty-eight quarto volumes, but nine 
of these were not completed. Of those that were 
published, Capt. Wilkes was the author of the 
44 Narrative " of the expedition (6 vols., 4to, also 5 
vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1845; abridged cd., New 
York, 1851), and the volumes on Meteorology " 
and 44 Hydrography." Admiral Wilkes was also 
the author of 44 Western America, including Cali- 
fornia and Oregon" (Philadelphia, 1849), and 
"Theory of the Winds" (New York, 1856). 

WILKES, George, journalist, b. in New York 
city in 1820 ; d. there, 23 Sept, 1885. In 1850 he 
became co-editor, with William T. Porter, of the 
44 Spirit of the Times " in New York, and subse- 
quently he was proprietor of that paper. He was 
well known as a politician, and travelled repeatedly 
in Europe. In April, 1870, he received from the 
emperor of Russia the grand cross of the Order of 
St. Stanislas for his services in suggesting to the 
Russian government an overland railway to China 
and India by way of Russia In addition to con- 
tributions to periodicals, he published 4 * History 
of California, Geographical and Political" (New 
York, 1845), and 44 Europe in a Hurry" (1852). 

WILKES, Henry, Canadian educator, b. in 
Birmingham, England, 21 June, 1805 ; d. in Mon- 
treal, Canada, 17 Nov., 1886. He removed to Cana- 
da in 1820, was graduated at Glasgow university, 
Scotland, in 1833, studied in the Glasgow theologi- 
cal academy, and was pastor of the Albany street 
Congregational church in Edinburgh in 1838-'6. 
He was pastor of the Congregational church, Mon- 
treal, from 1836 till 1871, principal and professor of 
theology in the Congregational college of British 
North America in 1870-'83, and from 1883 till his 
death professor of theology and church history in 
this institution. He represented the Colonial mis- 
sionary society, London, England, in 1836-'83. The 
University of Vermont gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1850, and McGill college, Montreal, that of LL. D. 
in 1870. Dr. Wilkes published numerous sermons 
and addresses, and 44 The Internal Administration 
of the Congregational Churches " (Montreal, 1858). 

WILKESON, Samuel, manufacturer, b. in Car- 
lisle, Pa., in 1781 ; d. in the mountains of Tennes- 
see in July. 1848. His father, John, a native of 
Ireland of Scotch descent, came to this country in 
1760. settled in Delaware, and served ag&inst the 
British in the war of the Revolution. Tne son re- 
ceived few educational advantages, and worked on 
a farm till about 1806, when he began his career 
as a builder and owner of vessels and a trader on 
Lake Erie and elsewhere. During the war of 
1812 he supplied Gen. William Henry Harrison 
with transports for the use of the troops in invad- 
ing Canada In 1814 he settled in Buffalo and en- 
gaged in business as a merchant. In 1819 he was 
an active advocate of the construction of the Erie 
canal, and in 1822 he was chiefly instrumental in 
securing the selection of Buffalo as its terminus. 
He was appointed first judge of the Erie court of 
common pleas in February, 1821, though he was 
without a legal education, was elected to the state 
senate in 1842, and served in that body and in the 
court for the correction of errors for six years. In 
1836 he was elected mayor of Buffalo. He erected 
and put in operation a furnace in Mahoning county, 
Ohio, the first in this country to 44 blow in on raw 
bituminous coal and smelt iron with that fuel un- 
coked, built the first iron-foundry in Buffalo, and 



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established in that city the business of manufac- 
turing steam-engines, stoves, and hollow-ware. He 
favored a system of gradual and compensated 
emancipation of the slaves, and advocated the colo- 
nization of the negroes on the west coast of Africa. 
He afterward removed to Washington, the head- 
quarters of the American colonization society, over 
which he presided, for two years edited its organ, 
the 44 African Repository/' directed the affairs ot 
the colony of Liberia, establishing commercial re- 
lations between it and Baltimore and Philadelphia, 
and gathered colonists wherever he could in the 
south— His son Samuel, b. in Buffalo. N. Y., 9 
May, 1817, was educated at Williams and Union, 
and was graduated at the latter in 1837. He was 
for twelve years a staff- writer on the New York 
44 Tribune," and its war-correspondent in the Army 
of the Potomac, and was the editor and owner of 
the Buffalo 44 Democracy " and of the Albany 
44 Evening Journal." having bought out Thurlow 
Weed in 1865. He has been secretary of the 
Northern Pacific railroad com pan v since March, 
1869.— The second Samuel's son. Bayard, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 17 Mav, 1844; d. near Gettysburg, 
Pa.. 1 July, 1863, in tfie first year of the civil war 
solicited and obtained a commission as 2d lieuten- 
ant in the 4th U. 8. artillery. He served with his 
battery in and about Portress Monroe and Nor- 
folk, and took part in the batt le of Fredericksburg. 
He was promoted captain of his battery, and com- 
manded it at the battle of Gettysburg, where he was 
killed. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel 
of artillery after his death for gallantry in battle. 
—Another son, Frank, b. in Buffalo, N. Y., 8 
March, 1845, has contributed to the New York 
"Times," the New York "Sun," and other papers, 
and has published 44 Recollections of a Private 
Soldier in the Army of the Potomac " (New York, 
1887).— Another son, Samuel, was one of the build- 
ers of Tacoma, on Puget sound. 

WILKIE, Francis Bangs, journalist, b. in West 
Charlton, N. Y., 2 July, 1832. He was graduated 
at Union in 1857, during which period he had 
editorial charge of the 44 Daily Star" of Schenec- 
tady. Soon after he settled in Davenport, Iowa, 
where he established the 44 Evening News," and in 
1861 became the war-correspondent of the 44 New 
York Times," having charge of all the military 
movements in the region west of the Alleghany 
mountains. He then became an editorial writer 
on the "Chicago Times" in 1864, which he held 
till the close of 1887. He was the correspondent 
of the latter during the Russo-Turkish war, and 
for several vears was at the head of the European 
bureau of that journal. His published works are 
44 Davenport, Past and Present " (Davenport, Iowa, 
1858): "The Iowa First" (Dubuque, Iowa, 1862); 
44 Walks about Chicago, and Armv and Miscellane- 
ous Sketches" (Chicago, 1871); " The Chicago Bar" 
(1872); "Sketches beyond the Sea" (1879); "His- 
tory of the Great Inventions and their Influence on 
Civilization" (Cincinnati, 1883): "The Gambler." 
a novel (Chicago, 1888); and 44 Pen and Powder" 
(Boston. 1888). He signs his articles 44 Pollute." 

WILKINS, Isaac, clergyman, b. in Withy wood, 
Jamaica, W. 1., 17 Dec., 1742: d. in Westchester, 
N. Y., 5 Feb.. 1830. His father, Martin, who at 
one time held a seat on the bench of the island, 
brought the son to New York in early youth to be 
educated. He was graduated at Columbia in 1760, 
was a member from the borough of Westchester of 
the New York colonial legislature in 1772, and for 
several years was actively and efficientlv engaged 
in public affairs. He supported the loyalist side of 
the controversy with the mother country, wrote 



I political pamphlets which appeared in the 44 West- 
chester Farmer," and thereby rendered himself 
odious to the Whigs, He was compelled by the 
! Sons of Liberty to leave this country in 1775, and 
I the British government conferred upon him a life 
| annuity of £125. Mr. Wilkins returned to New 
York before the end of the war, sold his property 
in Westchester, and resided on Long Island until 
the return of peace. In 1784 he removed to Shel- 
burne, Nova Scotia, purchased a farm, and took an 
active part in political affairs. He went to New 
York again in 1794, studied for the ministry, was 
ordained deacon in St. Peter's church, Westchester, 
in 1798, by Bishop Provoost, and called to the rec- 
torship, being ordained priest in the same church, 

14 Jan., 1801, by the same bishop. He received 
the degree of I). D. from Columbia in 1811. He 
married Isabella, daughter of Lewis Morris. — His 
grandson, Lewis Morris, Canadian jurist, b. in 
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 24 May, 1801 ; d. in Wind- 
sor, Nova Scotia, 14 March, 1885, was the son of 
Lewis Morris Wilkins, who was a member of the 
house of assembly of Nova Scotia, a speaker of 
that body, and a judge of the supreme court. The 
son was graduated at King's college, Windsor, in 
1819, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
practised at Windsor from 1823 till 1856, when he 
became judge of the supreme court of Nova Scotia, 
which post ne held till 1876. Previous to his ap- 

E ointment to the judiciary, he had served in both 
ranches of the Nova Scotia legislature. 
WILKINS, John, pioneer, b. in Donegal, Lan- 
caster co.. Pa., 1 June, 1733; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 
11 Dec., 1809. His father. John, an early settler 
on Chiques creek, was an Indian trader, and took 
an active part against the Marylanders during the 
boundary difficulties, who offered £50 for his arrest. 
He was captured and taken to Annapolis jail, but 
subsequently released, John, the younger, re- 
mo vea to Carlisle in 1763, and ten years later to 
Bedford, engaging in mercantile pursuits. At the 
opening of the Revolution he organized a company 
of associators, and in 1776 was commissioned a 
captain in the Continental service, and was at 
Brandywine and Germantown. He was a member 
of the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of 

15 July. 1776, from Bedford county. In Novem- 
ber, 1783, he removed to Pittsburg, entered into 
business, and. upon the organization of Alleghany 
county, was appointed one of the associate judges 
of the court, lie served as member of the supreme 
executive council in 1790, was chief burgess of the 
borough of Pittsburg, commissioner of public 
buildings, and county treasurer from 1794 till 1803. 
—His son, William, b. in Carlisle, Pa,, 20 Dee., 
1779; d. in Homcwood, Alleghany co.. Pa., 23 
June, 1865, attended Dickinson college for a short 
time, read law at Carlisle, and was admitted to the 
bar at Pittsburg on 28 Dec, 1801. He practised 
law there for more than fifty years, except when 
engaged in the performance of public duties. Ho 
was president of the common councils of the city 
in 1816-'19, was elected to the legislature in 1820. 
and was a candidate for speaker, but was defeated 
and made chairman of the judiciary committee. 
He resigned on 18 Dec, 1820, when he was ap- 
pointed president -judge of the 5th judicial district 
of Pennsylvania. lie held this office until 25 May, 
1824. when he was made judge of the L\ S. district 
court for western Pennsylvania. While on the 
l»ench in 1828, he was elected to congress, but de- 
clined to serve. In 1831 he was chosen U. S. sena- 
tor for the full term of six years, and gave up the 
judgeship. He was a supporter of Andrew J ack- 

i son in opposition to John C. Calhoun's doctrines. 



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WILKINSON 



WILKINSON 



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, as chairman of the senate committee, he re- 
ted the bill that passed congress, authorizing 
president to use the army to suppress the nulli- 
tion movement In 1833 the electoral vote of 
nsylvauia was cast for him for vice-president. 
1834 he was appointed minister to Russia. In 
I he was agam elected to the house of repre- 
atives, and served until 19 Jan., 1844, when he 
made secretary of war by President Tyler. In 
> he was chosen state senator from Alleghany 
lty. At the opening of the civil war, although 
e than eighty years of age, he took an active 
rest in supporting the government as major- 
>ral of the home-guard, being always a stanch 
Democrat. From 1805 until the time of his 
h he was active in any matter for the improve- 
t of Pittsburg. In 1810 he helped to organize 
Pittsburg manufacturing company, which in 
was incorporated as the Bank of Pittsburg, 
he was its first president. He was interested 
rilding the bridge across Monongahela river, 
aided the Pennsylvania railroad in reaching 
ity of Pittsburg. His second wife was Matilda 
us, daughter of Alexander James Dallas. 
ILKINSON, James, soldier, b. in Benedict, 
in 1757; d. near the city of Mexico, 28 Dec, 
He had just completed his studies for the 
cal profession when he enlisted in the army 
r Washington at Cambridge. There he soon 
formed a close in- 
timacy with Col. 
Benedict Arnold 
and Capt. Aaron 
Burr, and, being 
given a captain's 
commission, joined 
Arnold in Septem- 
ber, 1775, on his ex- 
pedition into Can- 
ada. He was ad- 
vanced to the rank 
of major, and in 
June, 1776, ap- 
pointed to the staff 
of Gen. Horatio 
Gates. Subsequent- 
ly he was promot- 
ed to a colonelcy, 
and appointed ad- 
jutant-general. In 
th is capacity he was 
i battle of Bemis's Heights on 19 Sept., 1777, 

1 the more important engagement of 7 Oct. 
r cover of darkness. Col. John Hardin, of 
icky, had penetrated the British lines and 
led an accurate view of their strength and 
on. He regained the American outposts, and 
met Wilkinson, who was making tne rounds 
some boon companions. Hardin confided to 
lis discoveries, and begged he would at once 
them known to Gen. Gates. This Wilkinson 
iippressing Hardin's name, and making him- 
le hero of the midnight adventure. The con- 
nce was that when Burgoyne had surren- 
, Wilkinson was made bearer of the tidings 
lgress, with a recommendation for his ap- 
nent as a brigadier-general. He was eighteen 
»n the way, and the news was a week old when 
ally delivered his despatches. After several 
% proposal was introduced into congress to 
it him with a sword, whereupon Dr. John 
•rspoon dryly remarked : 44 1 think ye'd better 

2 lad a pair of spurs." This defeated the reso- 
, but congress, several weeks later, did ap- 
hira a brigadier-general by brevet, and soon 




afterward secretary of the board of war, of which 
Gates was a member. Wilkinson was at this time 
deep in the Conway cabal, which proposed to ele- 
vate Gates to the chief command of the army, and 
the discovery of the conspiracy was due to his tell- 
ing the secret in a convivial hour to Lord Stir- 
ling. Forty-nine army officers of his own grade 

Petitioned congress to rescind his appointment as 
rigadier, and he at once resigned his brevet com- 
mission, retaining his rank of colonel. He was not 
again actively employed till toward the close of the 
war, when he served for a time as clothier-general 
of the army. He then emigrated to Lexington, 
Ky. Mississippi river was then closed to Ameri- 
can commerce, and western produce was rotting 
on the ground for lack of a market. Wilkinson 
saw that he might realize a speedy fortune if he 
could obtain from the Spaniards an exclusive right 
to trade with New Orleans. Securing the good-will 
of the commandant of Natchez, by the present of a 
pair of thoroughbreds, he loaded a flat-boat with 
Kentucky produce, in the spring of 1787, and sent 
it boldly down the Mississippi, while he went by the 
land-route to New Orleans. The flat-boat preceded 
him, and was promptly seized by the authorities 
on its arrival ; out it was quickly liberated on the 
appearance of Wilkinson, who secured an unlimited 
trading permission from the Spanish governor. 
The price he was to pay for this commercial con- 
cession and an annual' pension of $2,000 was the 
betrayal of his country. In the entire district west 
of the Alleghanies great dissatisfaction then ex- 
isted with the Federal government, in consequence 
of its inability to open the Mississippi to western 
commerce ana its failure to protect the people 
i against the raids of the savages. It was thought 
that advantage could be taken of this disaffec- 
tion to sever the west from the east and erect it 
into a separate republic in close alliance with Spain. 
Thus divided, both republics would be weak, and 
neither would be dangerous to the Spanish posses- 
sions. Wilkinson went about the accomplishment 
of this treasonable project with consummate ability, 
and by June, 1788, by means of Spanish gold and 
Spanish promises, was able to count upon the sup- 
port of a majority of the convention, which was 
to meet on the 28th of the ensuing July, to form a 
constitution for the new state of Kentucky. His 
work he now considered done ; but Diego Gardoqui, 
the Spanish minister, desired the secession of the 
entire west, and despatched a messenger with cor- 
rupt overtures to John Sevier, leader of the settlers 
south of Kentucky. Sevier at once despatched a 
quick messenger to Isaac Shelby, at Danville, Ky., 
who, with the aid of Thomas Marshall and George 
Muter, succeeded in thwarting Wilkinson's trea- 
sonable designs in the convention. Wilkinson con- 
tinued his efforts, but with no chance of success. 
His trading adventures not proving successful, he 
applied, in 1791, for reinstatement in the army. 
In December of that year he was appointed a lieu- 
tenant-colonel on the recommendation of Thomas 
Marshall, who justified the appointment by saying 
that so long as Wilkinson was unemployed he con- 
sidered him dangerous to the public quiet, if not 
to the safety, of Kentucky. He took service in the 
western department under Gen. Anthony Wayne, 
but continued a treasonable correspondence with 
the Spanish officials, and there is proof that down 
to 1800 he was in receipt of a Spanish pension. 
His intrigues encouraged Spain to persist in the oc- 
clusion of the Mississippi, and they entailed twelve 
years of savage warfare upon the border settle- 
ments. Wilkinson performed good service against 
the northwestern Indians, and was promoted to a 



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WILKINSON 



WILKINSON 



brigadier-generalship on 5 March. 1792, and to the 
supreme command of the army on the death of 
Wayne in 1796. He was made governor of Louisi- 
ana in 1805, and in the autumn of that year dis- 
closed to the government the plan of Aaron Burr 
to erect a southwestern empire. Burr asserted, and 
Jackson believed, that he was implicated in this 
conspiracy, and the presumption is very strong that 
he was its originator. In 1811 he was court-mar- 
tialed, charged with complicity with Burr, and with 
being in the pay of Spain, but was acquitted for lack 
of evidence, nis subsequently published correspond- 
ence with the Spanish government, which conclu- 
sively shows his guilt, not being then accessible. 
In 1813 he was made major-general, and employed 
in the northern department, where he was not suc- 
cessful, owing to a disagreement with Gen. Wade 
Hampton. A court of inquiry exonerated him in 
1815. He was discharged from the service at the 
close of the war, and removed to Mexico. His life 
he has. in part, related in his *• Memoirs of My 
Own Times" (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1816). His 
treason is outlined in Humphrey Marshall's "His- 
tory of Kentucky" (2 vols., Frankfort, 1824), and 
more fully related in Charles Gayarre's "Spanish 
Domination in Louisiana " (New York, 1854), and 
James R. Gilmore's " Advance-Guard of Western 
Civilization " (1887). See also Daniel Clark's 
" Proofs of the Corruption of Gen. James Wilkin- 
son " (1809), and " Burr's Conspiracy Exposed and 
Gen. Wilkinson Vindicated" (1811). 

WILKINSON, Jemima, religious impostor, b. 
in Cumberland, R. I., in 1753; d. in Jerusalem, 
Yates co., N. Y., 1 July, 1819. She was brought 
up as a Quaker, and at the age of twenty, having 
recovered after a severe fever and an apparent sus- 
pension of life, she claimed to have been raised 
from the dead, to have received a divine commis- 
sion, and to be able to work miracles. She was 
shrewd and persuasive, and, having secured numer- 
ous followers, retired with them in 1789 to a tract 
of 14.000 acres which had been purchased in Yates 
county, N. Y., and which she named Jerusalem. 
She assumed the name of " Universal Friend," was 
accompanied bv two " witnesses," Sarah Richards 
and Rachel Miller, and insisted on the Shaker 
doctrine of celibacy. The exercises of her religious 
meetings also resembled those of that sect. When 
she preached she stood in the door of her bed- 
chamber, wearing a waistcoat, stock, and white silk 
cravat. Though she recommended poverty, her 
dupes enabled her to live in luxury, and she owned 
lands that were purchased in the name of Rachel 
Miller. After her death the sect was entirely dis- 
persed. See " History of Jemima Wilkinson," by 
David Hume (Geneva, N. Y., 1821). 

WILKINSON, Jesse, naval officer, b. in Vir- 

Snia about 1790; d. in Norfolk, Va., 23 May, 1861. 
e entered the navy as a midshipman, 4 July, 1805, 
and was commissioned a lieutenant, 10 April, 1810. 
During the war of 1812 he commanded the schooner 
** Hornet," which was used as a despatch-vessel on 
Potomac river in 1813-'15. He served at the Nor- 
folk navy-yard in 1816-'18 and in 1820-'l, and in 
the intervening time commanded the "Hornet" 
and was on coast-survey duty. He was promoted 
to master-commandant, 18 Aj>ril, 1818. commanded 
the brig "Spark." of Com. David Porter's flotilla, 
for the suppression of piracy in the West Indies in 
1822-'3, and served at the Norfolk navv-vard in 
1824-'5 and at Boston in 1826. He served in the 
"John Adams" in the West Indies against the 
pirates in 1827-'8, was promoted to captain, 11 
March, 1829, and was at the navy-yard at Norfolk 
in 1829-'33. He commanded the frigate " United 



States," of the Mediterranean squadron, in 1835— *40t, 
and the West India souadron, in the flag-ship 
" Macedonian," in 1840- 2, and was commandant 
of the Norfolk navy- yard in 1843-'7. In l848-'9 
he was commodore commanding the West India 
squadron in the flag-ship " Raritan." After this 
he served on boards and courts-martial until his 
death, though most of this period of his life was 
spent on leave or waiting orders. 

WILKINSON, John, naval officer, b. in Nor- 
folk, Va., 6 Nov.. 1821. He entered the navy as a 
midshipman, 8 Dec., 1837, attended the 'naval 
school at Philadelphia, and became a passed mid- 
shipman, 29 June, 1843, served in the "Oregon" 
| on special service in 1844-'5, and in the " Ports- 
mouth " in 1845-*6. He was attached to the 
"Saratoga "in the later operations on the Gulf 
' coast of Mexico, was commissioned a master, 25 
I June, 1850, and became lieutenant, 5 Nov., 1850. 
I He served in the steamer " Southern Star," on the 
I expedition to Paraguay, in 1858-'9, was on duty in 
the coast survey in 1860-'l, and when the civil war 
began resigned his commission, 20 April, 1861, and 
entered the Confederate navy as a lieutenant. He 
was assigned to duty in Fort Powhatan on the 
James river, and then ordered to command a bat- 
tery at Acquia creek. In the spring of 1862 he 
was appointed executive of the ram "Louisiana," 
at New Orleans, in which he was taken prisoner at 
the capture of the city by Farragut. He was ex- 
changed, 5 Aug., 1862, and on 12 Aug. left Rich- 
mond with funds and Confederate bonds with 
which to purchase and load a vessel in England 
with a cargo of war material. He there bought 
the steamer " Giraffe," in which he ran the blockade 
at Wilmington, N. C, having on, board machinery 
to make Confederate paper-money. Shortlv after- 
ward the "Giraffe" was renamed the "R. ft. Lee." 
He made regular trips from Wilmington to Ber- 
muda with cotton, and back with cargoes of arms 
and military stores. In October, 1863. he was or- 
dered to command an expedition to release the 
Confederate prisoners on Johnson's island ; but the 
Canadian governor-general learned of the plot, and 
it was a failure. He served in the iron-clad "Al- 
ternate " in 1864, and in September had command 
of the " Chickamauga," in which he destroyed a 
great many merchant-vessels. In 1865 he had 
charge of the blockade-runner " Chameleon," which 
he took to Liverpool, where she was seized after 
the war, and delivered to the IT. S. government. 
He has published " The Narrative of a Blockade- 
Runner'' (New York, 1877). 

WILKINSON, Morton Smith, senator,!), in 
Skaneateles, Onondaga co., N. Y., 22 Jan., 1819. 
He received an academical education, went to Illi- 
nois in 1837, was engaged for two years in railroad 
business, afterward returned to his native place, 
where he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
Svracuse in 1842, and in 1843 begAn praetice at 
tfaton Rapids, Mich. He removed to St. Paul, 
Minn., in 1847, was elected a member of the first 
territorial legislature in 1849. and was appointed 
one of a board of commissioners to prepare a code 
of laws for the territory. He was elected to the 
U. S. senate as a Republican in 1859, and held his 
seat till 1865, serving a* chairman of the commit- 
tee on Revolutionary claims, and as a member of 
the committee on Indian affairs. He was a delegate 
to the Baltimore convention of 1864 and to the 
Loyalists' convention of 1866 at Philadelphia, and 
served in congress from Minnesota from 4 March, 
1869, till 3 March. 1871. He was a member of the 
state senate in 1874-'7, and afterward united with 
the Democratic party. 



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WILKINSON 



WILLARD 



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WILKINSON, William Clearer, clergyman, 
b. in Westford, Vt., 19 Oct., 1833. He was gradu- 
ated at Rochester university in 1857, and at the 
theological seminary there in 1859. In the same 
year he became pastor of the Wooster place Bap- 
tist church, New Haven, Conn., and he remained 
there until 1861, when he resigned, and made an 
extensive tour in Europe. After spending a year 
as tutor in modern languages in Rochester uni- 
versity, he accepted a call to the pastorate of the 
Mount Auburn Baptist church, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Resigning this charge in 1866, he opened a school 
in Tarry town, N. Y., where he still resides. In 
1872 he was elected to the professorship of homi- 
letics and pastoral theology in Rochester theological 
seminary, but in 1881 he retired from this office 
and has since devoted himself to literary work. He 
is counsellor of the Chautauqua literary and scien- 
tific circle, and dean of the department of litera- 
ture and art in the Chautauqua university. He 
has also lectured at Wellesley college on English 
literature. Rochester gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1873. Dr. Wilkinson has contributed exten- 
sively to periodicals, and has prepared text-books 
in languages for the Chautauqua university, which 
have been widely used (1882-'7). His other jmblica- 
tions include 44 The Dance of Modern Society" 
(New York, 1869) ; " A Free Lance in the Field 
of Life and Letters " (1874) ; " The Baptist Prin- 
ciple" (Philadelphia, 1881); "Webster, an Ode" 
(New York, 1882); "Poems" (1883); and "Edwin 
Arnold as Poet izer and as Paganizer" (1884). 

WILLARD, Abijah, soldier, b. in Lancaster, 
Mass., in 1722 ; d. in Lancaster, N. B.,in 1789. He 
served at the capture of Cape Breton, was wounded 
in the campaign, and rose to the rank of captain. 
In 1774 he was appointed a mandamus councillor, 
and soon became an object of public indignation. 
While in Union, Connecticut, he was seized and 
confined, but was released on the signing of a dec- 
laration that was dictated by his captors. He com- 
manded a Massachusetts regiment under Jeffrey 
Amherst, went to Halifax with the royal army in ! 
1776, and at a late period of the Revolutionary war 
was on Long Island. In 1778 he was proscribed 
and banished, and in July, 1783, was in the city of 
New York, where he joined fifty-four other loyal- 
ists in a petition to Sir Guy Carleton for extensive 
grants of land in Nova Scotia. These petitioners 
are known as the " Fifty-five." and their petition 
caused much excitement in New York and St. John. 
In a controversy between " Viator " and a " Con- 
sistent loyalist," published in London in 1784, his 
name often appears. On the one hand, it was said 
that as commissary he "saved the government , 
several thousand pounds," and on the other he 
"saved to himself and nephew many thousand 
pounds more than they were worth when the re- 
bellion began." Willard settled in New Bruns- 
wick, and was a member of the council. After his 
death his family returned to Massachusetts. 

WILLARD, Emma, educator, b. in Berlin, 
Conn., 23 Feb., 1787; d. in Troy, N. Y., 15 April, 
1870. She was a daughter of Samuel Hart, and 
a sister of Mrs. Almira Lincoln Phelps. She re- 
ceived her education at the village academy, and 
in Hartford, Conn., and began to teach at the age 
of sixteen. After serving as principal of various 
academies, she took charge of an institution in 
Middlebury, Vt., and in 1809 married Dr. John 
Willard. who was then U. S. marshal of Vermont. 
In 1814 she opened a boarding-school for girls in 
Middlebury, where she introduced new studies 
and made many improvements upon the ordinary 
methods of instruction. Deciding to establish a 
vol. vi. — 33 




seminary for girls, she matured her plans in a 
treatise on the "Education of Women," which 
was published in the form of an address to the 
legislature in 1819, and in that year she opened a 
school in Water- 
ford, N. Y., which 
was incorporated 
and in part sup- 
ported by the state 
government. In 
1821 she removed 
to Troy, N. Y., 
which town had 
offered her an ap- 
propriate build- 
ing, and her school 
became known as 
the Troy female 
seminary. In 1825 
Dr. Willard died, 
and the entire busi- 
ness management 
devolved upon her. 
She continued suc- 
cessfully until 1838, when she resigned, and was 
succeeded by her son, John Hart Willard, and his 
wife. In 1830 she travelled in Europe, and on her 
return she published her "Journal and Letters 
from France and Great Britain " (Troy. 1833), de- 
voting her share of the proceeds of its sale, amount- 
ing to $1,200, to the support of a school in Greece, 
that had been founded mainly by her exertions, for 
the education of native female teachers. She was 
associated in this enterprise with Almira Lincoln 
Phelps, Sarah J. Hale, Lydia H. Sigourney, and 
others. In 1838 she married Dr. Christopher C. 
Yates, from whom she was divorced in 1843, and 
resumed her former name. For many years before 
her death she resided in Troy, N. Y., and directed 
her energv to the revision of ner numerous school- 
books and to public labors in the cause of higher 
education. In 1846 she made a journey of 8.000 miles 
through the western and southern states, addressing 
teachers' conventions, and in 1854 she attended the 
World's educational convention in London. She 
is considered the pioneer in the higher education 
of women in this country, and educated about 5,000 
pupils. Her school-books have had a large sale, 
ana have been translated into many of the lan- 
guages of Europe and Asia. Her publications in- 
clude " The Wood bridge and Willard Geogra- 
phies and Atlases," comprising a universal geog- 
raphy and atlas, a school geography and atlas, 
an ancient geography and atlas, geography for 
beginners, and atlas (1823) ; " History of the 
United States, or Republic of America '* (New 
York, 1828); "Universal History in Perspective" 
(1837) ; " Treatise on the Circulation of the Blood " 
(1846) ; "Respiration and its Effects, particularly as 
respects Asiatic Cholera" (1849); "Last Leaves of 
American History " (1849); " Astronomy" (1&53) : 
"Morals for the Young" (1857); and numerous 
charts, atlases, pamphlets, and addresses. She was 
the author of many poems, the best known of which 
is " Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep." These 
were published in a volume, which was afterward 
suppressed (New York, 1830). See her " Life," by 
John Lord (New York, 1873). 

WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, reformer, b. 
in Churchville. N. Y., 28 Sept., 1839. She was 
graduated at Northwestern female college, Evans- 
ton, 111., in 1859, became professor of natural sci- 
ence there in 1862, and was principal of Genesee 
Wesleyan seminary in 1866-'7. The following two 
years she spent in foreign travel, giving a part of 



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the time to study in Paris, and contributing to 
periodicals. In 1871— f 4 she was professor of aes- 
thetics in Northwestern university and dean of the 
Woman's college, where she developed her system 
of self-government, which has been adopted by 
other educators. Miss Willard left her profession 
in 1874 to identify herself with the Woman's 
Christian temperance union, serving as correspond- 
ing secretary of the National organization till 
1879, and since that date as president. As secre- 
tary she organized the Home protection movement, 
and sent an appeal from nearly 200,000 people to 
the legislature of Illinois asking for the temperance 
ballot for women. On the death of her brother, 
Oliver A. Willard, in 1879, she succeeded him as 
editor of the Chicago " Evening Post." Since 1882 
she has been a member of the executive committee 
of the Prohibition party. In 1886 she accepted the 
leadership of the White Cross movement in her 
own unions, which has obtained through her in- 
fluence enactments in twelve states for the protec- 
tion of women. In 1888 she was made president 
of the American branch of the International coun- 
cil of women, and of the World's Christian tem- 
perance union, which she had founded five years 
before. Besides many pamphlets and contributions 
to magazines and the press, Miss Willard has pub- 
lished "Nineteen Beautiful Years," a tribute to her 
sister (New York, 1863); "Woman and Temper- 
ance " (Chicago, 1883) ; " How to Win " (New York, 
1886) ; and " Woman in the Pulpit " (Boston, 1888). 

WILLARD, John, jurist, b. in Guilford, Conn., 
20 May, 1792; d. in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 31 
Aug.. 1862. He was graduated at Middlebury col- 
lege in 1813, admitted to the bar in 1817, and he 
began the practice of law in Salem, Washington 
co., N. Y. On the elevation in 1836 of Esek Cowen 
to the bench of the supreme court, he was appoint- 
ed judge and vice-chancellor of the 4th judicial 
district of New York, filling that office until the 
new organization of the judiciary under the con- 
stitution of 1846, when he was elected one of the 
justices of the supreme court. In 1854 he was a 
member of the court of appeals. In 1856 he was 
appointed by President Pierce one of the commis- 
sioners to examine into the validity of the Califor- 
nia land-titles which were claimed under Spanish 
and Mexican grants. In 1861 he was chosen state 
senator by the votes of all parties, and, by his ef- 
forts in that body, the confusion in the laws re- 
specting murder and the rights of married women 
was removed, and simple statutes were substituted 
in their place. The rapidity and ability with 
which he discharged his official duties, his uniform 
courtesy and kindness to the profession, his ab- 
horrence of pettifogging and chicanery, and the 
purity and integrity of his character as a judge 
and as a man, commanded universal resi>ect and 
esteem, and did much to elevate the judiciary of 
his native state. Dartmouth gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1850. After his retirement from the 
bench he published " Equity Jurisprudence " (Al- 
t»ny, 1855); a "Treatise on Executors, Adminis- 
trators, and Guardians" (1859); and a "Treatise 
on Real Estate and Conveyancing" (1861), works 
of great learning and ability. They are constantly 
cited with confidence, and received as authority 
both in the United States and in England. 

WILLARD, John Dwight, jurist, b. in Lan- 
caster, N. Y., 4 Nov., 1799 ; d. in Troy, N. Y., 16 
Oct., 1864. After graduation at Dartmouth in 
1819 he studied law, was admitted to the bar of 
New York about 1823, and began practice in Trov 
in 1826. He was editor of the Troy " Sentinel*' 
for several years. He was judge of the court of 



common pleas and also of the New York circuit 
court, ana served in the state senate. The degree 
of LL. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 
1860, and by La Grange university of Kentucky 
in 1862. He left $10,000 to Dartmouth. 

WILLARD, Simon, settler, b. in Horsemonden, 
Kent, England, in April, 1605 ; d. in Charlestown, 
Mass., 24 April, 1676. He was the son of Richard 
Willard, came to New England in 1634, and was 
a founder of Concord, of which he was clerk from 
1635 till 1653. He represented it in the legis- 
lature from 1636 till 1654, and was assistant and 
councillor from 1654 till 1676. He removed to 
Lancaster in 1660. in 1672 to Groton, and on the 
dispersion of the inhabitants of that town by the 
Indian wars, in which he served as major of mili- 
tia, settled in Salem. He became a magistrate, and 
died while holding a court in Charlestown. The 
Rev. Ebenezer Pemberton calls him " a sage pa- 
triot in Israel, whose wisdom assigned him a seat 
at the council-board, and his military skill and 
martial spirit entitled him to the chief place in the 
field." A letter from Ma}. Simon Willard to the 
commissioners of the United Colonies in 1654 is 
contained in Thomas Hutchinson's " Collection of 
Original Papers relative to the History of the 
Colony of Massachusetts Bay " (Boston, 1769). See 
his " Life," by Joseph Willard (Boston, 1858).— His 
son, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Concord, Mass., 31 
Jan., 1640; d. in Boston, Mass., 12 Sept, 1707, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1659, studied divinity, 
was ordained minister at Groton in 1663, and con- 
tinued there until 
the Indian war of 
1676. He became 
colleague with 
the Rev. Thomas 
Thacher, the first 
pastor of the Old 
South church in 
Boston, and con- 
tinued in connec- 
tion with that 
church until his 
death. A story il- 
lustrating his ex- 
cellent delivery is 
told. His son-in- 
law, the Rev. Sam- 
uel Neal, preached 
for him in the Old 
Southchurch,and 
the sermon being considered very poor, the con- 
gregation requested that he should not be invited 
to fill the pulpit. Mr. Willard borrowed the iden- 
tical sermon and read it to the same audience, 
which immediately requested a copy for publica- 
tion. On the retirement of Increase Mather from 
the presidency of Harvard, Mr. Willard, being 
vice-president, succeeded to the government of 
that college, serving in 1701-7. He published nu- 
merous sermons, including " Sermon occasioned by 
the Death of John Leverett. Governor of Massa- 
chusetts " (Boston. 1679) ; " The Duty of a People 
that have renewed their Covenant with God " 
(1680); "Ne Sutor ultra Crepidam, or Brief Ani- 
madversions upon the New England Anabaptists' 
Late Fallacious Narrative" (1681); "Mourner's 
Cordial against Excessive Sorrow " (1691) ; "Peril 
of the Times displayed " (1700) ; and other treatises, 
and left " Expositions upon Psalms, Romans, Co- 
rinthians, and Galatians," and other compositions 
in manuscript, which were edited and published 
by Joseph Sewall and Thomas Prince, colleague 
pastors of the Old South church, with the title of 




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•* A Compleat Body of Divinity in Two Hundred 
and Fifty Lectures on the Assembly's Shorter 
Catechism," in what is said to be the nrst miscel- 
laneous folio volume that was published in this 
country (Boston, 1726). — Samuel's son, Joslah, 
jurist, b. in Massachusetts, 1 May, 1681 ; d. in 
Boston, Mass., 6 Dec, 1756, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1698, and was secretary of Massachusetts 
from June, 1717, until his death, being known as 
** the good secretary." He was judge of probate in 
1731, and a member of the council in 1734. — Sam- 
uel's grandson, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Kings- 
ton, Jamaica, W. I., in 1705 ; d. in Kittery, Me., 
25 Oct., 1741, was the son of John, who was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1690. aud was a merchant of 
Jamaica for several years. After graduation at 
Harvard in 1723, the son was appointed to the 
charge of a pastorate in Biddeford, Me., in 1730. 
See ** The Minister of God approved : a Sermon at 
the Ordination of Mr. John Hovey, with a Funeral 
Sermon on Samuel Willard," by William Thomp- 
son, A. M., and a preface by Thomas Prentice 
(Boston, 1743). — The second Samuel's son, Joseph, 
clergyman, b. in Biddefora, Me., 9 Jan., 1738; d. 
in New Bedford, Mass., 25 Sept, 1804, was left 
fatherless at an early age, and made several coast- 
ing voyages. Through the generosity of friends 
he entered Harvard, was graduated in 1765, and 
in the next year was chosen tutor there, remain- 
ing until 1772. He was ordained colleague, with 
the Rev. Joseph Champney, of the 1st Congrega- 
tional church in Beverly, Mass., on 25 Nov., 1772, 
and in 1781 was elected president of Harvard, serv- 
ing until his death. His only publications were a 
few sermons, a Latin address on the death of 
Washington, prefixed to the Rev. David Tappan's 
44 Discourse " (Cambridge, 1800), and mathematical 
and astronomical papers in the 44 Memoirs of the 
American Academy, and the "Transactions" of 
tlje Philosophical society. He was a sound Greek 
scholar, ana left a Greek grammar in manuscript. 
— The second Samuel's grandson, Solomon, archi- 
tect, b. in Petersham, Worcester co., Mass., 26 June, 
1783; d. in Quincy, Mass., 27 Feb., 1862, worked 
in his father's carpenter-shop, and farmed till 1804, 
when he went to Boston, where he followed his 
trade. Subsequently he became an expert wood- 
carver, his first important work in that art being 
the colossal spread eagle that was placed on the 
old custom-house in Boston. He began to carve 
in stone in 1815, was employed in decorating many 
public buildings in Boston, and gave lessons in 
architecture and drawing. He was a founder of 
the Boston mechanics' institute. On 2 Nov., 1825, 
he was chosen architect and superintendent of 
Bunker Hill monument, his design having been 
accepted by the building committee in the follow- 
ing year. He was engaged on this work for the 
subsequent seventeen years, being frequently in- 
terrupted by want of funds and by disagreements 
in the committee in charge; but on 23 July, 1842, 
the top-stone of the monument was laid, and on 
the anniversary of the battle in 1843 its completion 
was celebrated in the presence of the president of 
the United States, his cabinet, and a large con- 
course of citizens from every part of the Union. 
Mr. Willard's other works include the U. S. branch 
bank, Boston, the plan of the soldiers' monument 
at Concord, Mass., the court-house at Dedham, 
Mass., and the Harvard monument in Charlestown, 
Mass. He introduced the free use of granite as a 
building material in this country, furnished the 
first granite paving-stones that were ever used in 
Boston, invented many ingenious plans for work- 
ing stone, and, as carpenter, designer, architect, 



and builder, was greatly in advance of his con- 
temporaries. See Memoir of Solomon Wil- 
lard," by William W. Wheildon (Boston, 1865). 
— Joseph's son, Sidney, educator, b. in Beverly, 
Mass., 19 Sept., 1780; d. in Cambridge, Mass.. 6 
Dec., 1856, was graduated at Harvard in 1798, 
where he was librarian in 1800-'5, and Hancock 
professor of Hebrew and other Oriental languages 
from 1807 until his resignation. In connection 
with this professorship he was also professor of the 
English language, and in 1827 the charge of the 
Latin department was assigned to him also. He 
studied theology and sometimes preached. He 
was mayor of Cambridge from 1848 till 1850, 
served frequently in the legislature, and was once 
a member of the executive council. He was a 
member of the Anthology club, and a founder of 
44 The Literary Miscellanv," established and edited 
the American Monthly Review " (4 vols., 1832-'3), 
was editor of " The Christian Register," contrib- 
uted to numerous periodicals, and published a 
" Hebrew Grammar " (Cambridge, 1817), and 
" Memoirs of Youth and Manhood"' (2 vols., 1855). 
— Another son of Joseph, Joseph, author, b. in 
Cambridge, Mass.. 14 March, 1798 ; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 12 May, 1865, studied at Phillips Exeter 
academy, was graduated at Harvard in 1816, stud- 
ied law in Amherst, practised in Waltham and 
Ijancaster, and settled in Boston in 1829. He be- 
came master of chancery in 1838, was appointed 
joint clerk with George C. Wilde, of the supreme 
court and court of common pleas of Suffolk county, 
and held these offices until 1856, when they became 
elective. He was then chosen clerk of the superior 
court for five years, and re-elected for a like term 
in 1861. Mr. Willard was corresponding secretary 
of the Massachusetts historical society from 1829 
till 1864, and many years a trustee of the old Bos- 
ton library. He was* the author of 44 Topographical 
and Historical Sketches of the Town of Lancaster 
in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" (Wor- 
cester, 1826); "Address to the Members of the Bar 
of Worcester County, 2 Oct., 1829" (Lancaster, 
1830) ; 44 Address in Commemoration of the 200th 
Anniversary of the Incorporation of Lancaster, 
Mass., with an Appendix (Boston, 1853) ; 44 The 
Willard Memoir, or Life and Times of Major Si- 
mon Willard, and Some Account of the Name and 
Family in Europe from an Early Day" (1858); 
44 Naturalization in the American Colonies " (1859) ; 
and 44 Letter to an English Friend on the Rebellion 
in the United States and on the British Policy " 
(1862). He edited the fifth edition of the 44 Narra- 
tive of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary 
Rowlandson among the Indians " (Lancaster, 1828), 
and was the author of many addresses, pamphlets, 
and contributions to various magazines. He left, 
incomplete, a 44 Life" of Gen. Henry Knox.— Jo- 
seph's nephew, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Peters- 
ham, Mass., 19 April, 1775 : d. in Deerfield, Mass., 8 
Oct., 1859. spent his early life on his father's farm, 
and, receiving an injury in the back which unfit- 
ted him for agricultural labor, prepared for college, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1803. He was a 
tutor at Bowdoin in 1804-'5, studied theology there 
and in Cambridge, and in 1807 became pastor of 
the Congregational church in Deerfield, where he 
remained until he resigned in 1829, owing to loss 
of sight. He then conducted a school with his 
son-in-law in Hingham, Mass., for three years, and 
occasionally preached. He became a member of 
the American academy of arts and sciences in 
1815, and received the degree of D. D. from Har- 
vard in 1826. In addition to many pamphlets, 
sermons, and school-books, he published the 44 Deer- 
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field Collection of Sacred Music" (1808); "Origi- 
nal Hymns" (1823); "Index to the Bible, with 
Juvenile Hymns" (1826) ; The Franklin Primer " 
(1826); a "General Class-Book" (1828); "Sacred 
Poetry and Music Reconciled: a Collection of 
Hymns" (1830); and an "Introduction to the 
Latin Language" (1835). — The second Joseph's 
son, Sidney, soldier, b. in Lancaster, Mass., 3 
Feb., 1831 ; d. in Fredericksburg, Va., 13 Dec, 
1862, was graduated at Harvard in 1852, and stud- 
ied and practised law in Boston. During the civil 
war he entered the National army, and was made 
major of the 35th Massachusetts regiment on 27 
Aug.,- 1862, and fell at Fredericksburg, Va. 

WILLARD, Simon, watch-maker, b. in Rox- 
bury, Mass., 9 Jan., 1795; d. in Boston, Mass., 24 
Aug., 1874. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1815, appointed 3d lieutenant of 
ordnance, and ordered to the Pittsburg arsenal, 
crossing the Alleghany mountains on foot. He re- 
signed from the army on 1 May, 1816, and after an 
unsuccessful business career of seven years entered 
his father's clock-making establishment in Boston, 
and at the end of two years apprenticed himself to 
a mechanician in New York city. After learning 
the methods of constructing chronometers, he re- 
turned to Boston, where he established himself in 
business, occupying the same premises forty-two 
years, during which time he acquired a fortune. 
He constructed an astronomical clock that was for 
forty years the standard in his part of the city. 

WILLARD, Sylvester David, physician, b. in 
Wilton, Conn., 19 June, 1825 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 
2 April, 1865. He was educated in the academy in 
his native town, graduated at Albany medical col- 
lege in 1848, and acauired a large practice in that 
city. From 1857 till 1865 he was secretary of the 
New York state medical society, whose " Transac- 
tions" he edited, and he was president of the 
medical society of Albany county in 1858. He en- 
tered the National army as volunteer surgeon in 
1862, and in 1865 became surgeon-general of the 
state of New York. Bein£ directed by the legis- 
lature to report the condition of the insane in the 
state, Dr. Willard urged the necessity of erecting 
a large asylum for the poor, and a bill to establish 
such an asylum was in the state senate at the time 
of Dr. Willard's death. It afterward passed, and 
the institution was called the Willard asylum for 
the insane. It is one of the largest of the kind 
in this country. Both houses of the legislature 
passed resolutions of regret upon his death. Dr. 
Willard devoted much time to historical and an- 
tiquarian research, and was the author of many 
scientific papers, addresses, and contributions to 
medical journals. He published " Historical Ad- 
dress" (Albany, 1857); " Biographical Memoirs of 
Physicians of Albany County " (1857) : " Memoir 
of Thomas Spencer, *M. D." (1858) ; and " Annals 
of the Medical Society of the County of Albanv, 
1800-'51, with Biographical Sketches " (1864). 

WILLAUMETZ, Jean-Baptiste Philibert 
(yeel-o-metz), Count, French naval officer, b. in 
Belle-Isle-en-Mer, 7 Aug., 1763; d. in Suresnes, 
near Paris, 17 May, 1845. He entered the French 
navy in 1777, was with D'Estaing at Savannah in 
1779, and De Grasse at Yorktown in October, 1781, 
and in the engagements with Lord Rodney off 
Dominica, 9 and 12 April, 1782. He served after- 
ward in the Indian ocean. In 1802 he commanded 
the " Hercule " in Leclerc's expedition to Santo 
Domingo, and as commander of the station south 
of Mole St. Nicolas held in check the insurgents, 
whom, despite his instructions, he treated with 
humanity, and refused to cause the prisoners to be 



shot. After his promotion to rear-admiral he sailed 
on 14 Dec., 1805, with a division for Cayenne, Jerome 
Napoleon serving under him as post -captain. He 
pillaged the coast of British Guiana, and then 
turned to the north, his instructions being to de- 
stroy the cod-fisheries along the coast of New- 
foundland; but on 20 Aug.. 1806, the fleet was 
struck by a hurricane, which dismasted and dis- 
persed all the vessels. Two were sunk near the 
coast of South Carolina, and two others reached 
Chesapeake bay, where they were condemned and 
sold. Jerome Kapoleon sailed for France, and the 
admiral, with his remaining two ships, put into 
Havana for repairs. Here Tie received orders to 
abandon the expedition to Newfoundland, and to re- 
turn to Brest. He was made a count by Napoleon, 
vice-admiral by Louis XVIII., and in 1832 retired 
and was created a peer of France, He published 
" Dictionnaire de marine " (2 vols., Paris, 1820). 

WILLCOX, Albert OHrer, merchant, b. in 
New York city, 10 May, 1810. He was educated 
in the New York high-school, and embraced a mer- 
cantile career. Between 1835 and 1860 he was an 
active member of several anti-slavery societies. As 
chairman of the executive committee of one of 
these, he issued, on 3 Nov., 1838, an address con- 
taining the first proposal of political anti-slavery 
action. He was among the founders of the ** Na- 
tional Era" in Washington, D. C, in 1844. He 
was engaged for many years before the war in ex- 
tending the earliest mercantile agency, and in the 
dry-goods business, and has since followed the in- 
surance business in New York city, and devoted 
himself to the public advocacy of woman suffrage. 

WILLCOX, Orlando Bolivar, soldier, b. in 
Detroit, Mich., 16 April, 1823. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy, in 1847, eighth 
in a class of thirty-eight, among whom were 
Ambrose P. Hill 
and Ambrose E. 
Burnside, and 
was assigned to 
the 4th artillery. 
He served in the 
latter part of the 
Mexican war, on 
the plains, and 
in the final cam- 
paign against 
the Seminolesin 
1856-7, but re- 
signed his com- 
mission on 10 
Sept. of the lat- 
ter year, studied 
law, and in 1858 
was admitted 
to the bar at 
Detroit, Mich., 
where he practised till the opening of the civil war. 
He became colonel of the 1st Michigan regiment 
on 1 May, 1861, and his command was the first 
from the "west to arrive at the seat of war. He was 
engaged in the capture of Alexandria, Va., and 
commanded a brigade at Bull Run, where he was 
wounded and captured. After confinement in 
Charleston and Columbia, S. C, till 17 Aug., 1862, 
during part of which time he was kept a close 
prisoner as a hostage for Confederate privateers 
that were on trial for their lives in New York, he 
was exchanged and commissioned brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers, to date from 21 July, 1861. He 
took part in the Maryland and Rappahannock 
campaigns, temporarily commanded the 9th army 
corps and the district of central Kentucky from 




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10 April till 9 June, 1863, had charge of the 
district of Indiana and Michigan during the draft 
riots, and then engaged in the operations in eastern 
Tennessee till March, 1864. He commanded a di- 
vision in the 9th corps of the Army of the Potomac 
in the Richmond campaign, and on 1 Aug., 1864, 
was b revetted major-general of volunteers "for 
distinguished and gallant services in the several 
actions since crossing the Rapidan." At Petersburg 
his division was the first to break through, and re- 
ceived the actual surrender of the city. From 
26 April till 28 July, 1865, he had charge of the 
district of Washington, N. C, and from 7 Aug., 
of that year, till 15 Jan., 1866, he commanded that 
of Michigan. On the latter day he was mustered 
out, and returned to the practice of law at Detroit, 
where he was also made U . S. assessor of internal 
revenue; but on 28 July, 1866, he was recom mis- 
sioned in the regular army, as colonel of the 29th 
infantry, and on 2 March, 1867, he received the 
brevets of brigadier-general for Spottsylvania, and 
major-general for the capture of Petersburg. He 
was transferred to the 12th infantry on 15 March, 
1869, was superintendent of the general recruit- 
ing service in New York city in 18<3-'4, and com- 
manded various posts and departments till his 
promotion to brigadier-general, 13 Oct., 1886. 
While in command of the Department of Arizona, 
he received the thanks of the territorial legislature 
on 19 Feb., 1881, for "his constant and vigilant 
care, his untiring effort and military skill in pro- 
tecting the people and freeing the territory of Ari- 
zona from the cruel and brutal outrages of the 
hostile Indian tribes within the military depart- 
ment." On 16 April, 1887, he was placed on the 
retired list, at which time he was in command of 
the Department of the Missouri. Gen. Wilcox 
has published " Shoepack Recollections " (Boston. 
1856), and "Faca, an Army Memoir, by Major 
March "(1857). 

WILLEKENS, Jacobus, Dutch admiral, b. in 
Breda in 1571 ; d. in Ternate in 1633. He was in 
the employ of the East and West Indian company 
for years, and in 1620 presented to John Usseiinp, 
president of the board of directors, a memoir m 
which he advocated a combined attack on the 
Spanish possessions of the Atlantic and Pacific 
coast. Usseling commended the memoir to the 
directors, and in 1623 the expedition was decided 
upon. Willekens, being appointed commander-in- 
chief, directed the armament of two fleets. One. 
in command of Jacob L'Hermite-Clerk, sailed from 
Amsterdam, 29 April, 1623, to operate against 
Peru and Mexico, wnile the main fleet, under Wille- 
kens, was to attack Brazil, and sailed from Tcxel, 
22 Dec., 1623. Early in June, 1624, he began oper- 
ations against San Salvador da Bahia, and after 
his vice-admiral. Piet Hein (q. v.\ had crossed the 
bar on 10 June and captured the Portuguese fleet, 
the citv surrendered at discretion on the following 
day. feishop Texeira preached the war against 
the heretics among the Indians, and the Portu- 
guese, having rallied, besieged Willekens: but the 
latter repelled them, and Ted an expedition into 
the intenor, on his return from which he was de- 
feated by the Indians. Surrendering the com- 
mand to' nein, he sailed, 24 Aug., 1624, for Am- 
sterdam to obtain re-enforcements. He returned 
in June, 1625. but found Bahia abandoned by 
Hein and in the possession of a Spanish -Portu- 
guese fleet, which he attacked. Being driven back, 
ne sailed to the south, landing at intervals and 
destroying the Portuguese establishments. Chased 
by the Spanish fleet, he returned to Holland, where 
he learned of the new expedition that had been 



sent to Brazil under command of Hein in 1626 
and sailed to his succor. He made a successful 
attack against Rio de Janeiro, which paid ransom, 
and joined Hein ; but the two admirals disagreeing 
as to the chief command, they separated and Wille- 
kens returned to Amsterdam. He afterward com- 
manded in the East Indies, dying at Ternate after 
a successful attack against Manila. Willekens's 
clerk wrote an account of the expedition to Brazil, 
and it was published in Dutch (Amsterdam, 1626), 
but is best Known in the French version, entitled 
14 Journal de Tex petition entreprise par ordre de 
nos seigneurs des Etats-Ge'ne'raux, au Bresil. et du 
siege et de la capture de Bahia, sous les ordres de 
l'Amiral Jacob Willekens " (1629). 

WILLET, Joseph Edgerton, educator, b. in 
Macon, Ga., 17 Nov., 1826. He was graduated at 
Mercer university in 1846 and elected in 1847 ad- 
junct professor of natural philosophy and chemis- 
try, but spent some time in the analytical labora- 
tory of Yale college before fully taking up the du- 
ties of his chair. Since 1849 he has been engaged 
in teaching natural science in Mercer university, 
having been made full professor in 1848. During 
the civil war he was emploved by the Confederate 
government to superintend the laboratory at At- 
lanta, in which all kinds of ammunition were 
manufactured, and in recent years he has served 
on the U. S. commission to investigate the habits, 
nature, and ravages of the cotton caterpillar. Prof. 
Willet has delivered a course of lectures on " Sci- 
ence and Relijrion," besides lecturing before agri- 
cultural societies. He is the author or a prize-book, 
" The Wonders of Insect Life " (1869). 

WILLETT, Thomas, merchant, b. in England 
in 1611 ; d. in Barrington. R. I., 4 Aug., 1674. He 
came with Isaac Allerton from Leyaen in 1630, 
and became a trader and sea-captain of Plymouth 
colony, but lived much of the time in New Amster- 
dam, and in 1650 acted as a commissioner on be- 
half of the New Netherlands to settle boundary 
disputes with New England. In 1651 he became 
a magistrate of Plymouth colon v. He was the first 
to inform Peter ktuyvesant oi the coming of a 
hostile English fleet in 1664. After the surrender 
he accompanied the officers that went to take pos- 
session of Albany as a mediator with the Indians, 
and on 12 June, 1665, was appointed by Gov. 
Richard Nicolls the first mayor of New York. On 
23 Aug. he was nominated one of the commis- 
sioners of admiralty. He was a councillor under 
Gov. Richard Lovelace. When the Dutch retook 
the colony in 1673, his property in New York was 
confiscated, and he retired to New England. — His 
son, Thomas, soldier, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 1 Oct, 
1646, was major commanding the militia of Queens 
county, and summoned them to meet the French 
under the Marquis Denonville in 1687. He was a 
councillor under Sir Edmund Andros, and was 
continued in the office under Gov. Henrv Slough- 
ter. — The first Thomas's great-grandson, Marin lis, 
soldier, b. in Jamaica, L. I., 31 July, 1740; d. in 
New York citv, 22 Aug., 1830, served with dis- 
tinction as a lieutenant in Gen. James Abercrom- 
bie's expedition against Fort Ticonderoga in 1758, 
and participated in the capture of Fort Frontenac. 
He was one of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty 
in New York city, and on 6 June, 1775, prevented 
the sending of arras from the arsenal to tne British 
troops in Boston harbor. He joined Gen. Richard 
Montgomery's force, was commissioned as captain, 
took part in the expedition against Canada, and 
remained in command of the post at St John's 
after its capture. He was appointed lieutenant- 
colonel of the 3d New York regiment, and was en- 



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WILLETT 



WILLEY 




gaged in skirmishes near New York city in the 
spring of 1776. In August, 1777, he was second 
in command at Fort Stanwix, whence he led a 
sally against the main force of Col. Barry St. Leger, 

and thus gave the 
victory to the 
militia at Oris- 
kany. He joined 
Gen. Washing- 
ton's army in New 
Jersey in June, 
1778, and in 1779 
accompanied Gen. 
John Sullivan in 
his expedition 
against the Six 
Nations. From 
1780 till the end 
of the war he 
commanded the 
forces in the Mo- 
hawk valley, en- 
countering the ir- 
regulars of Sir 
Jonn Johnson at 
Johnstown in the 
summer of 1781, and in February, 1783, conducting 
the last hostile movement against the British, whien 
was an attempt to surprise the garrison at Oswego. 
He was elected to the state assembly after the peace, 
but vacated his seat in February, 1784, on being 
appointed sheriff of New York, which office he held 
till 1792. In the latter year he was offered the com- 
mand and rank of a brigadier-general in the expedi- 
tion against the western Indians, but declined. He 
was sent by President Washington in 1794 to the 
south on a mission to the Creek Indians, and brought 
Alexander McGillivray and his principal chiefs and 
warriors to New York, where they signed a treaty 
of peace. When De Witt Clinton was removed 
from the office of mayor of New York, in 1807, 
Willett was appointed m his place, In 1810 the 
section of the Republicans that became the Tam- 
many party nominated him for lieutenant-governor 
in opposition to Clinton. On 24 June, 1812, he 
was secretary of a mass-meeting in favor of mili- 
tary preparations against the British. See 44 A 
Narrative of the Military Actions of Col. Marin us 
Willett," prepared chiefly from his manuscript 
journals by his son, William M. Willett (New York, 
1831).— Marinus's son, William Marinus, author, 
b. in New York city. 3 Jan., 1803, entered the New 
York conference of the Methodis^ Episcopal church 
in 1823, and preached in eastern New York and 
Connecticut, and afterward in the limits of the 
Genesee conference, to which he was transferred 
in 1826 till 1833. In 1838 he became instructor in 
Hebrew at Wesleyan university, and in 1841-^2 
was professor of Hebrew and biblical literature, 
and also edited the last numbers of the college 
magazine that was called the 44 Classic." In 1843 
he rounded the Biblical institute at Newbury, Vt., 
of which he was president till 1848. His life has 
since been spent in literary labor. He edited the 
44 Newbury Biblical Magazine " in 1843-'4, and in 
1882 the 44 New Bible Magazine," whjch was con- 
tinued only through one volume. His works in- 
clude "Scenes in the Wilderness,: Authentic Nar- 
rative of the Labors and Sufferings of the Moravian 
Missionaries among the North American Indians" 
(New York, 1842) ; 44 A New Life of Summerfleld " 
(Philadelphia, 1857); "The Life and Times of 
Herod the Great, as connected. Historical! v and 
Prophetical I v, with the Coming Christ " (Philadel- 
phia, 1860) ; 44 Herod Antipas, with Passages from the 



Life of Jesus," a sequel to the last-named (New 
York, 1866); "The Messiah" (Boston, 1874); and 
44 The Restitution of All Things " (New York, 1880). 

WILLETTS, Jacob, educator, b. in Fishkill, 
N. Y., in 1785; d. near Mechanic. Dutchess co., 
i N. Y.. 12 Sept, 1860. He was educated at the 
Friends' boarding-school near Mechanic, and on 
his eighteenth birthday became head teacher there. 
About 1818 he settled on the island of Nantucket, 
where with his wife he conducted a flourishing 
school for many years; but in 1824 they returned 
to Dutchess county and established a school near 
Mechanic, which they continued until 1852. He 
was an accomplished mathematician, and published 
text-books of geography, arithmetic, and book- 
keeping, which were much used throughout the 
country.-— His wife, Deborah, b. in Marshfleld, 
Mass., in 1789; d. near Mechanic, Dutchess co., 
N. Y., in 1880, was educated in the same school 
with Mr. Willetts, and married him in 1812. Her 
maiden name was Rogers, and she was a lineal de- 
scendant of the martyr of Smithfield. She was a 
skilful grammarian, and was often consulted on 
difficult auestions by Goold Brown, who in the 
preface of his celebrated grammar acknowledged 
tits indebtedness to her. 

WILLEY, Austin, reformer, b. in Campton, N. 
H., 24 June, 1806. He was educated at Pembroke 
academy, studied at Bangor theological seminary, 
where he was graduated in 1837, and in 1839 be- 
came editor of the 44 Advocate of Freedom," an 
anti-slavery paper that had been established in the 

S receding year at Brunswick, Me., which he con- 
ucted until the abolition of slavery. He was also 
an early advocate of prohibition, and contributed 
to the adoption of the Maine law. He has pub- 
lished in book-form a 44 Family Memorial " (San 
Francisco, 1865), and 44 Historv of the Anti-Slavery 
Cause in State and Nation " (Portland. 1886). 

WILLEY, Benjamin Glazier, author, b. in 
Conway, N. H., 1 Feb., 1796 ; d. in East Sumner. 
Me., 17* April, 1867. He was graduated at Bowdoin 
in 1822, studied theology with Rev. Asa Cummings, 
was ordained as colleague pastor at Conway in 
1824, and preached there for seven years, and sub- 
sequently at Milton and Farmington, N. H., and 
East Sumner. Me. His father, Samuel, was one of 
the first settlers of Conway, and his brother, who 
was also named Samuel, perished with all his 
family in the avalanche of 28 Aug., 1826. An ac- 
count of this catastrophe is jriven in Mr. Willey's 
44 Incidents in White Mountain History " (Boston, 
1856), which was enlarged and republished under 
the title of 44 Historv of the White Mountains, 
together with many Interesting Anecdotes, illus- 
trating Life in the Backwoods" (New York. 1870). 

WILLEY, Calvin, senator, b. in East Haddam, 
Conn., 15 Sept., 1776; d. in Stafford, Conn., 23 
Aug., 1858. He studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1798, and began practice at Salford. He 
served in the state house of representatives for 
nine successive years and in the state senate for 
two veare, was postmaster at Stafford Springs in 
t806-'8, and afterward at Tolland till 1816, and 
for seven years filled the office of probate judee for 
the Stafford district. He was a presidential elector 
in 1824, voting for John Quincy Adams, and was 
elected a U. S. senator, serving from 9 Dec., 1825, 
till 3 March, 1831. At the end of his term he re- 
sumed practice at Stafford. 

WILLEY, Henry, botanist, b. in Geneseo. 
N. Y., 19 July, 1824. He was educated at the 
normal school in Bridgewater, Mass., and after- 
ward taught a farm -school for boys in Geneseo. 
Subsequently he studied law, and was admitted to 



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W1LLEY 



WILLIAMS 



519 



the bar of the supreme court of New York in Au- 
gust, 1848. For several years he practised his 
profession, first in Geneseo, and then in Spencer- 
port, N. Y. In 1858 he went to Massachusetts, and 
after teaching for several years settled in New 
Bedford as editor of the " Daily EveningStandard," 
which occupation he still continues. During this 
time he became interested in the study of lichens, 
of which he has made a collection, both of exotic 
and native species. His publications on liche- 
nology have been quite extensive, and, besides vari- 
ous reports to the national surveys of specimens 
submitted to him for examination, include "A 
List of North American Lichens" (New Bedford, 
1872) and u An Introduction to the Study of 
Lichens" (1887). He is also the author of a 
" Willey Genealogv" (1888). 

WILLEY, Waitman Thomas, senator, b. in 
Monongalia county, Va. (now W. Va.), 18 Oct, 
1811. He was graduated at Madison college, 
Uniontown, Pa., in 1831, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1833. He was clerk of the 
county and circuit courts successively from 1841 
till 1855, and a member in 1850-'l of the Virginia 
constitutional convention. Mr. Willey was a dele- 
gate to the State convention that met at Richmond 
in February, 1861, and after the adoption of the 
ordinance of secession was elected by the Unionist 
legislature at Wheeling to occupy the seat in the 
U. S. senate that was vacated t>y James M. Ma- 
son, taking his seat on 13 July, 1861. He attended 
the convention thai decided to create a new state, 
was chosen to represent West Virginia in the sen- 
ate, and took his seat on 3 Dec, 1863. In the 
following year he was re-elected for the full term 
that ended on 3 March, 1871, and served as chair- 
man of the committees on patents and on claims. 
In 1866 he was a delegate to the Loyalists' con- 
vention at Philadelphia, and in 1871 he was a 
member of the Constitutional convention of West 
Virginia. He has written for reviews and de- 
livered lectures on various subjects, including a 
scries on *' Methodism " in 1853. Allegheny col- 
lege gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1§63. 

WILLIAMS. Abram Pease, senator, b. near 
Portland, Me., 3 Feb., 1832. He attended acade- 
mies in North Anson and Farmington, Me., re- 
moved to California in 1858, and, after engaging in 
mining, became a merchant at Mono Lake, but the 
Indians destroyed his property, and in 1861 he 
went to San Francisco, where he has since engaged 
in commerce. He has also devoted some time to 
agriculture and sheep-raising. Mr. Williams was 
the founder of the San Francisco board of trade, 
and for two years its president and was first vice- 

f (resident of the chamber of commerce of that city, 
n 1884-'8 he was chairman of the Republican state 
central committee. On 4 Aug., 1886, he was elected 
U. S. senator to fill the unexpired term of John 
F. Miller, deceased, succeeding George Hearst, who 
had been appointed by the governor. Mr. Will- 
iams served till 3 March, 1887, and was in turn 
succeeded bv Mr. Hearst 

WILLIAMS, Alpheus Starker, soldier, b. in 
Saybrook, Conn., 10 Sept, 1810; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 21 Dec, 1878. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1831, studied law there, and afterward 
spent some time in European travel, apart of his 
tour being in company with Edwin Forrest and 
Nathaniel P. Willis. In 1836 he began the prac- 
tice of law in Detroit, Mich. In 1838 he was cap- 
tain of a local, militia company. In 1840 he was 
appointed judge of probate of Wayne county, and 
he held that post until 1844, when he was elected 
recorder of the city of Detroit At the opening of 



the war with Mexico he was commissioned lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the 1st Michigan volunteer in- 
fantry, and served with credit until the close of 
hostilities, when he returned to Detroit and re- 
sumed the practice of law. In 1861, when the civil 
war began, he was one of the first to offer his ser- 
vices in support of the government and as he had 
always been an active member of the Democratic 
party, his example had great influence. On 17 
May, 1861. he was appointed brigadier-general of 
volunteers. He at once entered upon his duties in 
the Army of the Potomac, and in the spring of 
1862 was made commander of a division in the 
corps of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks in the Shenan- 
doah valley. During the retreat of the corps in 
May, 1862, he did himself great credit by his skill 
and courage. While still a brigadier-general he 
commanded, with ability and success, an army 
corps in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, 
ana Gettysburg. In the autumn of 1863 he was 
sent with his corps to Tennessee, and in the follow- 
ing spring, as division commander, he entered 
upon the Atlanta campaign. He took an active 
part in all the battles of that summer. At the 
head of the 20th corps he marched with Sherman 
to the sea, and at Savannah he was promoted to 
be brevet major-general of volunteers to rank 
from 12 Jan., 1865, being 39th on the list of such 
brevet appointments, though far in advance of 
them all in date of previous commission and in 
actual service. Perhaps his was the only instance 
during the civil war wnere an officer of his grade 
was placed in command of a corps, except in a 
momentary emergency. Notwithstanding this 
neglect to recognize nis merits, Gen. Williams 
gave his best energies to his work. He shared in 
the campaign in the Carolinas and in the grand 
review at Washington, and was retained in service 
during the reconstruction era in Kentucky and 
Arkansas, until July, 1866, when he was honorably 
mustered out He was soon afterward appointed 
U. S. minister to San Salvador, where ne spent 
three years in diplomatic duties. He returned in 
1870 to his old home, and was in that year an un- 
successful candidate for governor of Michigan. In 
1874, and again in 1876, he was elected a repre- 
sentative in congress. He had established a repu- 
tation as an honest and independent legislator, when 
his career was cut short by death. During his 
second term in congress he was chairman of the 
committee on the District of Columbia, and did 
much to beautify the capital city. 

WILLIAMS, Arthur Trefusis Heneage, Ca- 
nadian soldier, b. at Penryn Park, Port Hope, 
Ont, 13 June, 1837; d. on Saskatchewan river, 
Northwest territory, 4 July, 1885. His father had 
been a commander in the British navy, and, subse- 
quently removing to Canada, was a member of the 
Canada assembly from 1840 till 1848. The son was 
educated at Upper Canada college and Edinburgh 
university, and afterward spent several years in 
travel through Great Britain, Ireland, and the 
European continent. From 1867 till 1871 he rep- 
resented East Durham as a Conservative in the 
Ontario legislature, and from 1878 till his death 
he sat for the same constituency in the Dominion 
parliament He was appointed a lieutenant-colonel 
of militia in 1866, in 1880 commanded the Cana- 
dian rifie-team at Wimbledon, and in 1885 led the 
Midland battalion in suppressing the Northwest 
insurrection. He was present with his command 
at the battle of Batoche, and afterward went with 
Gen. Sir Frederick Middleton to Prince Albert, 
and thence to Battleford and Fort Pitt From the 
last-named place he was sent in pursuit of Big 



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520 WILLIAMS 

Bear, an Indian chief who had joined Louis Riel, 
and while engaged in this service he contracted a 
cold which resulted in his death soon afterward. 

WILLIAMS, Barney (the stage name of Ber- 
nard Flaherty), actor, b. in Cork, Ireland, in 
1828; d. in New York city, 25 April, 1876, He 
came to this country as a boy, and in 1880 was 
connected with the old Franklin theatre, New 
York. In 1845 he was the manager of the Vaux- 
hall garden, in the Bowery, and after his marriage 
in 1850 he played, with his wife, in Irish comedy. 
After a successful visit to San Francisco in 1854 
they went abroad in 1855, but returned to the 
United States in 1859, and filled a long engage- 
ment at Niblo's garden. In 1867 Williams became 
manager of Wallack's old Broadway theatre, and 
subsequently he played with success in this coun- 
try. Great Britain, and Canada. Mr. Williams 
attained a wide reputation as an Irish comedian. 
Among his last plays were 44 The Emerald Ring," 
44 The Connie Soogah," and 44 The Fairy Circle. — 
His wife, Maria Pray, b. in New York city in 
1828, became a ballet-girl at fifteen years of age, 
performing at the Chatham theatre, and shortly af- 
terward married Charles Mestayer. After his death 
she married Mr. Williams in 1850, and thereafter 
generally appeared with him, plaving star engage- 
ments. She is a sister of Mrs. William J. Florence. 

WILLIAMS, Benjamin, governor of North 
Carolina, b. in North Carolina in 1754; d. in Moore 
county, N. C, in 1814. He entered the Revolu- 
tionary army as a captain, and did good service at 
Guilford, for which he was promoted colonel. Col. 
Williams served man? years in the legislature, sat 
in congress in 1793- 5, and was governor of his 
state in 1799-1802, and again in 1807- 8. In 
1808-'0 he was a member of the state senate. 

WILLIAMS, Catherine R. (Arnold), author, 
b. in Providence, R. I., about 1787; d. there, 11 
Oct, 1872. She was a granddaughter of Oliver 
Arnold, attorney-general of the state of Rhode Isl- 
and, and daughter of Capt Alfred Arnold, and in 
1818 married Mr. Williams ; but the match was un- 
fortunate, and, after a separation from her husband, 
she supported herself by literary work. She was 
the author of 44 Original Poems " ( Providence, 1828) ; 
44 Religion at Home " (1829) ; 44 Tales, National and 
Revolutionary" (2d series, 1830 and 1835); 44 Aris- 
tocracy " (1882) ; 44 Fall River, an Authentic Narra- 
tive " (1833) ; 44 Biography of Revolutionary Heroes " 
(1839) ; 44 Neutral French, or the Exiles of Nova 
Scotia" (1841); 44 Annals of the Aristocracy of 
Rhode Island (2 vols., 1843-*5). See 44 Bibliograph- 
ical Memoirs of Three Rhode Island Authors," by 
Sidney S. Rider (Providence, 1880). 

WILLIAMS, Channing Moore, P. E. mission- 
ary bishop, b. in Richmond, Va M 18 July. 1829. 
He was graduated at the College of William and 
Mary in 1853 and at the theological seminary at 
Alexandria, Va., in 1855, ordered deacon in St. 
Paul's church, Alexandria, 1 July, 1855. and sailed 
for China as a missionary under Bishop Boone in 
November of that year. He was ordained priest 
in the mission chapel, Shanghai, China, by Bishop 
Boone, 11 Jan., 1857, and shortly afterward, by 
direction of the foreign committee, he was trans- 
ferred to Japan. He was consecrated missionary 
bishop of China, with jurisdiction in Japan, in St. 
John s chapel, New York, 8 Oct., 1866. He received 
the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia in 1867. The 
convention of 1874 relieved him of the China mis- 
sion, and changed his title to bishop of Yedo. 

WILLIAMS, Charles Langdon, lawver, b. in 
Rutland. Vt, in 1821 ; d. there, 10 Feb., 1861. He 
was graduated at Williams in 1839, admitted to 



WILLIAMS 



the bar in 1842, and practised in Brandon, Vt, 
in 1844-'8, and afterward in Rutland. He pub- 
lished "Statistics of the Rutland County Bar," 
with biographical sketches (Brandon, Vt., 1847); 
M Statutes of Vermont" (Burlington, 1851); and 
vols, xxvii.-xxix. of 44 Vermont Supreme Court 
Reports" (Rutland, 1856-'8). 

WILLIAMS, Darid, patriot, b. in Tarrytown, 
N. Y., 21 Oct, 1754; d. near Livingstonville, N. Y., 
2 Aug., 1831. He enlisted in the Revolutionary 
army in 1775, served under Gen. Richard Mont- 
gomery at St. John's and Quebec, and continued 
in the army till 1779. During his service his feet 
were badly frozen, and this partially disabled him 
for life. With John Paulding and Isaac Van 
Wart, he was one of the captors of Maj. John Andre" 
on 28 Sept, 1780. (See Paulding, John.) Many of 
the details of the capture are related in Williams's 
deposition that he made on the following day. 
Some time after the war he bought a farm near the 
Catskill mountains, that had been the property of 
Daniel Shays, leader of Shays's rebellion. Will- 
iams was very generous, and indorsed freely for his 
friends. The farm became heavilv mortgaged, yet 
he succeeded in retaining it, ana received also a 
pension of $200 a year from the government The 
estate is now in the possession of his grandson, 
William C. Williams. Williams was given a silver 
medal by order of congress, and also received in 
New York city a cane that was made from the 
cheval-de-frise for obstructing the Hudson at West 
Point. In December, 1880, he visited New York 
by invitation of the mayor, who gave him a horse, 
harness, and carriage, and the pupils of one of the 
city schools presented him with a silver cup. A 
monument has been erected to his memory, by the 
state, at the stone fort near Schoharie court-house. 
The purity of the motives of Andrews captors has 
been called in question by some historians, but it 
has been vindicated by Horatio Seymour and Henry 
J. Raymond in addresses at Tarry town in 1853, 
by Samuel J. Tilden and Chauncey M. Depew at 
the same place in 1880, and by Orenville Tremaine 
and Daniel Knower at Schoharie in 1876. 

WILLIAMS, David Rogereon, soldier, b. in 
Robbins Neck, S. C, 10 March, 1776; d. in Lvnch's 
creek, S. C, 15 Nov., 1880. He was graduated at 
Brown in 1797, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar. In addition to his practice he conducted 
a large plantation. He served in congress in 
1805- 9, and was again chosen in 1810 as a Demo- 
crat serving till 1813. In the latter year, on 9 
July, he was appointed a brigadier-general in the 
regular army, but after seeing some service he re- 
signed on 6 April, 1814, and in 1814-'16 was gov- 
ernor of the state. He was killed by accident at a 
new bridge over Lynch's creek. 

WILLIAMS, Edward, English author, lived in 
the 17th centurv. He published 44 Virgo Trium- 
phans. or Virginia richly and truly Valued " (I-ion- 
don, 1650 ; 2d ed., 44 With Addition of the Discovery 
of Silkworms, etc.," 1650). The book is said by 
some authorities to be in substance the work of 
John Fairer, of Ceding. 

WILLIAMS, Edward P., naval officer, b. in 
Castine, Me., 26 Feb., 1833 ; d. in Yeddo bay, near 
Yokohama, Japan, 24 Jan., 1870. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. naval academy, 10 June. 1853, 
and was commissioned a lieutenant 16 Sept, 1855. 
During the first year of the civil war he served in 
the steamer 44 Paul Jones" on the South Atlantic 
blockade, and subsequently he was executive of 
the steamer 44 Powhatan." He was promoted to 
lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 186$. Williams 
was one of the volunteers that were called for by 



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Admiral Dahlgren to storm Fort Sumter, and on 
:he night of 8 Sept., 1863, commanded the first 
li vision of boats with sailors and marines in that 
ittack. He was captured and sent as prisoner to 
Columbia, S. C, where he remained for one year 
mtil exchanged. He was promoted to commander, 
15 July, 1866, served at the rendezvous at Boston, 
l865-'6, and on ordnance dutv at Boston and New 
rork, 1866-'8. On 9 Feb., 1869. he took command 
>f the steamer " Oneida " on the Asiatic station. 
We sailed from Yokohama at 4.80 p. m., 24 Jan., 
1870. and at 6.30 p. m. his vessel was run down by 
he English mail-steamer " Bombay " and sank in 
ifteen minutes. The " Bombay " was not injured, 
md, after backing out to clear her sharp stem from 
he " Oneida," she steamed away without waiting 

0 give assistance or heeding signals of distress. 
Twenty-two officers and 1 15 men were lost, 2 officers 
md 37 men were saved. Capt. Williams stood on t he 
>ridge and refused to leave his ship when he was 
irged to do so by those in the boat. The secretary 
>f the navy said in his official report to congress 
hat, after a thorough investigation of the collision, 
le concluded that tne disaster was due to the reck- 
essness and bad navigation of the English steam- 
er. Another theory was that the captain of the 

1 Bombay" mistook the 44 Oneida" for a rival mer- 
chant steamer of the American Pacific mail line, 
md ran into her purposely. 

WILLIAMS, Edwin, author, b. in Norwich. 
:onn., 7 March, 1797 ; d. in New York city, 21 
)ct., 1854. His father, Joseph, was extensively en- 
raged as a shipping and importing merchant, and 
v&s a general of Connecticut militia. The son re- 
no ved to New York, was for many years secretary 
•f the American institute, and actively connected 
nth the historical, geographical, and statistical so- 
ieties. He contributed constantly to periodicals, 
published 44 The New York Annual Register " in 
830-'45, and was the author of 44 The Politician's 
danual " (New York, 1832-'4) ; 44 New Universal 
Gazetteer" (1833); "Book of the Constitution" 
1833) ; " New York as it Is " (1833) ; 44 Arctic Voy- 
ges h (1835) ; 44 The Fashionable Puzzler " (1835) ; 

The Statesman's Manual " (1888, many editions ; 
ontinued after his death by Benson J. Lossing): 

Truths in Relation to the Erie Railroad " (1842) ; 

Political History of Ireland" (1848); 44 Wheat 
'rade of the United States and Europe " (1846) ; 

Presidents of the United States" (1849); and 

The Twelve Stars of the Republic " (1850). With 
!. Edwards Lester he issued 44 The Napoleon Dv- 
astv, or History of the Bonaparte Family "(1852). 

WILLIAMS, Elisha, lawyer, b. in Pomfret, 
!onn., 29 Aug., 1773; d. in New York city, 29 
une, 1833. He studied law with Judge Tapping 
leeve in Litchfield, Conn., and with Chief- Justice 
pencer, of Hudson, N. Y.,was admitted to the bar 
i June, 1798, and began practice at Spencertown, 
T. Y., but removed to Hudson in 1800. In 1815 
e founded the town of Waterloo, N. Y., which he 
amed immediately after the battle of Waterloo, 
nd in 1830, leaving the bar on account of feeble 
ealth, he removed there with his family. The 
xpense of building the court-house in that town 
ras borne chiefly by him. He exerted great politi- 
al influence in Columbia county, N. Y., in the 
'ederal party, was frequently elected to the as- 
»mbly, and was an active member of the New 
r ork constitutional convention of 1821. Mr. Will- 
uns won a reputation which, during his lifetime, 
laced him at the head of American orators and 
igh among the nisi prius lawyers of the country, 
lis power over a jury was astonishing, and his 
elivery was remarkable for force and elegance. 



In this respect he ranked, in his day, as the equal, 
if not the superior of Rufus Choate. In appear- 
ance Mr. Williams's form was erect, his shoulders 
were square, and he was more than six feet in 
height. His eyes were dark and sparkling and his 
forehead high and straight His manners were 
courteous and bland. 

WILLIAMS, Elkanah, physician, b. in Law- 
rence county, Ind., 19 Dec., 1822; d. in Hazle- 
wood, Pa., 5 Oct., 1888. His father, Isaac Williams, 
was a captain in the war of 1812 and one of the 
earliest settlers of Indiana. The son was edu- 
cated at Bedford seminary, the State university at 
Bloomington, and at Asbury university, where he 
was graduated in 1847. He took his medical de- 
gree at the University of Louisville in 1850, prac- 
tised in Indiana, and in 1852-'3 spent eighteen 
months in the study of ophthalmology in Paris, 
London, Prague, Vienna, and Berlin. He returned 
to Cincinnati in 1855 and began practice as a spe- 
cialist in diseases of the eye and ear, being the first 
regular physician in the United States to confine 
his practice strictly to those branches. Soon after- 
ward he became associated as a clinical lecturer in 
Miami medical college, and in 1860 he was given 
the chair of ophthalmology, the first of the kind 
in the United States, and neld it for many years. 
He was ophthalmic surgeon to the Commercial hos- 
pital in Cincinnati in 1862- 72, and early in the 
civil war was appointed assistant surgeon to the U. S. 
marine hospital, which post he held till the close of 
the war. He attended the international ophthalmic 
congress at Paris in 1862, where he read a paper on 
44 Plusieurs Questions de th^rapeutique,'' and in 
1872 attended a similar meeting at London. In 
1876 he was elected president of the ophthalmic con- 
gress in New York. Dr. Williams was also elected 
president of the Ohio state medical society in 1875. 

WILLIAMS, Ephraim, soldier, b. in Newton, 
Mass., 24 Feb., 1715; d. near Lake George, N. Y., 
8 Sept, 1755. In early years he was a sailor, and 
made several voyages to Europe ; but he afterward 
joined the anny and served in Canada in the 
war of 1740-'8 against the French, attaining the 
rank of captain. In 1750 the government of 
Massachusetts granted him 200 acres of land in 
the present townships of Adams and Williamstown, 
upon which, in the following year, he erected Fort 
Massachusetts, and was appointed commander of 
the whole line of frontier posts west of Connecticut 
river. In 1755, on the renewal of the war between 
France and England, he led a regiment of Massa- 
chusetts troops to join Sir William Johnson, who 
was on his 
way to invade 
Canada. At 
Albany, un- 
der a present- 
iment of ear- 
ly death, he 
made a will 
leaving the 
bulk of his 
landed and 
other proper- 
ty to found 
a free school 
at Williams- 
town. On 8 
Sept., 1755, at 
the head of 
1,200 men, while making a reconnoissancc of Baron 
Dieskau's advancing force, he fell into an ambus- 
cade of the enemy near the head of Lake George, 
and, at the first volley, was shot through the head. 




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The funds that he left were allowed to accumulate 
for thirty years, when a free school was incorpo- 
rated. Hie institution was afterward converted into 
a college, the first commencement of which was 
held on 2 Sept, 1795, when seventy-seven students 
were present, four of whom graduated. Col. Will- 
iams never married. In 1854 the alumni of Will- 
iams erected a monument (consisting of a huge 
boulder) to him near Lake George, on the spot 
where he fell. See illustration on preceding page. 
— Ephraim's brother, Thomas, pnysician, b. in 
Newton, Mass., 1 April, 1718: d. in Deerfield, 
Mass., 28 Sept, 1775, studied medicine in Boston, 
and .settled in Deerfield, Mass., in 1739. In 1743 
he was appointed surgeon in the army in the pro- 
jected expedition into Canada, which failed to set 
out He was afterward surgeon of the chain of 
forts that extended from Port Drummer, Vt, to 
Fort Massachusetts at Hoosac or Adams, suffering 
much hardship and danger in visiting these posts, 
which were exposed to the onslaughts of the In- 
dians. He was a surgeon in the army under Sir 
William Johnson at Lake George in 1755, and pres- 
ent at the skirmish on 8 Sept. of that year in which 
his brother, Col. Ephraim, was killed. Dr. Will- 
iams became lieutenant-colonel in 1756, serving on 
Lake George. His letters during that campaign 
are interesting and faithful histories of its events, 
and furnish many medical and military facts. 
When he resumed practice he was the only surgeon 
in his neighborhood, and was frequently called to 
Vermont and New Hampshire. He was a justice 
of the peace, judge of the court of common pleas 
and of probate, town-clerk for many years, and 
held many minor civil offices. He educated several 
students in the profession of medicine, and left a 
large and valuable library. 

WILLIAMS, George Henry, jurist, b. in New 
Lebanon, Columbia co., N. Y., 23 March, 1823. He 
was educated at an academy in Onondaga county, 
studied law. was admitted to the bar in 1844, and, 
removing to Iowa, began practice there. He was 
elected judge of the first judicial district of that 
state, serving from 1847 till 1852, and was a presi- 
dential elector in 1852. In 1853-'7 he was chief 
justice of Oregon territory, and he was reappointed 
to that office by President Buchanan, but declined. 
He was a member of the convention that framed 
the, constitution of Oregon in 1858, and, having 
been elected U. S. senator from the state as a 
Union Republican, served from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 
March, 1871. He was a member of the joint hijrh 
commission that in 
1871 arranged the 
treaty of Wash- 
ington for the ad- 
justment of dif- 
ferences between 
Great Britain and 
the United States 
growing out of the 
Alabama claims, 
and was appointed 
by Presiden t G rant 
attorney -general of 
the United States, 
serving from 10 
* Jan., 1872, till 15 

Vt*>r9y^o/£££<>~*-~$ May, 1875. On 1 
Dec., 1873, he was 
nominated by President Grant chief justice of 
the U. S. supreme court ; but his nomination was 
not confirmed by the senate, and his name was 
withdrawn. He afterward practised law in Wash- 
ington, D. C. 




WILLIAMS, George Washington, author, b. 
in Bedford Springs, Pa., 16 Oct., 1849. He is a 
mulatto. He served in the civil war, was a lieu- 
tenant-colonel of artillery in the Republican army 
of Mexico in 1865-'7, and attended school at New- 
ton Centre, Mass., until 1874. For a year he 
preached in Boston, but in 1875 he became a jour- 
nalist He was graduated at Cincinnati law col- 
lege in 1877, spent two years in the office of Al- 
phonso Taft, and in 1879-'81 was a member of the 
Ohio legislature. In 1880-*2 he was judge-advo- 
cate-general of the Grand army of the republic, 
and in 1885-'6 he was U. S. minister to Hayti. In 
1888 he was a delegate to the world's conference 
of foreign missions at London, England, where 
his speech on " The Drink Traffic in the Congo " 
attracted much attention. He has edited " The 
Southwestern Review" at Cincinnati and "The 
Commoner " at Washington, and is the author of 
" History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 
till 1880" (2 vols., New York, 1883); "History of 
the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion" 
(1887); and "History of the Reconstruction of 
the Insurgent States ''(2 vols., 1889). 

WILLIAMS, Henry Shaler, geologist, b. in 
Ithaca, N. Y., 6 March, 1847. He was graduated 
at the Sheffield scientific school of Yale in 1868, 
and received the degree of Ph. D. in 1871 from 
that university for advanced studies. Subsequent- 
ly he became professor of palaeontology in Cor- 
nell university, which chair ne still holds, and he 
is also engaged in pal&ontological researches for 
the U. S. geological survey. Prof. Williams is a 
member or various scientific societies, and since 
1882 has been a fellow of the American association 
for the advancement of science. His contributions 
to scientific literature include papers that have 
appeared in the "American Journal of Science," 
"The American Naturalist," the " Bulletins of the 
U. S. Geological Survey," and in the proceedings 
of the societies of which he is a member, and he is 
also the author of " Bones, Ligaments, and Muscles 
of the Domestic Cat " (New York, 1875). 

WILLIAMS, Henry Willard, physician, b. 
in Boston. Mass., 11 Dec, 1821. He was educated 
in the schools of Boston and Salem, and from his 
seventeenth till his twenty-fourth year was en- 
gaged in mercantile business. He was graduated 
in medicine at Harvard in 1849, engaged in prac- 
tice in Boston, Mass., and became distinguished 
as an oculist. He has been for twenty-five vears 
ophthalmic surgeon to the Boston city hospital, was 
a lecturer in Harvard medical school in 1869-*71, 
and from that time has filled the chair of ophthal- 
mology. Dr. Williams is connected with many 
medical societies, American and European, was for 
some years president of the American oph thai mo- 
logical society, and at the International congress 
at London in 1872 was a vice-president The de- 
gree of A. M. was conferred on him by Harvard 
in 1868. He published a " Practical Guide to the 
Study of the Diseases of the Eye " (Boston, 1862) ; 
" Recent Advances in Ophthalmic Science " (1866) ; 
"Optical Defects in School-Children" (1868); a 
Boylston prize essay; "Our Eves and how to take 
Care of Tnem"(1871); and "^'he Diagnosis and 
Treatment of Diseases of the Eye " (1886). 

WILLIAMS, James, soldier, b. in Hanover 
county, Va., in 1740; d. on King's Mountain, Gas- 
ton co.. N. C., 8 Oct, 1780. He emigrated first to 
Granville county, N. C, and then to Little River, 
Laurens district, S. C, in 1 773, and was a mem- 
ber of the Provincial congress of South Carolina in 
January, 1775. He was appointed a lieutenant- 
colonel of militia in 1776, commanded a detachment 



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at the battle of Stono, 20 June, 1779, and defeated 
the British and Tories at Musgrove's Mills, 18 
Aug., 1780. He led one of the attacking columns at 
the battle of King's Mountain, where he was killed. 

WILLIAMS, James Douglas, governor of In- 
diana, b. in Pickaway county, Ohio, 16 Jan., 1808; 
d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 20 Nov., 1880. His par- 
ents were emigrants from Europe, and moved 
with him to Knox county, Ind., in 1818, and at the 
death of his father in 1828 the support of the fam- 
ily devolved on him. James was almost entirely 
self-taught. In 1843 he became a member of the 
legislature, and from that time till 1874 sat almost 
continuously in this body, either in the house of 
representatives or in the senate. He was a dele- 
gate to the National Democratic convention at 
Baltimore in 1872, was the Democratic nominee 
for U. S. senator from Indiana in 1873 against 
Oliver P. Morton, who was elected, and was then 
chosen to congress, serving from 6 Dec, 1875, till 
1 Dec., 1876. when he resigned, having been elect- 
ed governor of his state. He held this office till 
his death. Gov. Williams was a farmer, and his 
foremost object was the development of the agri- 
cultural interests of his state. He was one of the 
incorporators and president of the state board of 
agriculture, originated many of the laws that have 
perfected school and college facilities in Indiana, 
and was instrumental in establishing as law the 
right of widows in that state to hold their deceased 
husband's estates, when not in excess of $300, with- 
out administration. He was a man of the strictest 
integrity, plain and simple in his manner and at- 
tire, ana was known as Blue-Jeans Williams, owing 
to his wearing trousers of that material. 

WILLIAMS, James William, Canadian An- 
glican bishop, b. in Overton, Hampshire, England, 
15 Sept., 1825. His father, Rev. David Williams, 
was for many years rector of Banghurst, Hamp- 
shire. The son's pre- 
liminary education was 
received under his fa- 
ther. For a time he 
attended the grammar- 
school at Crewkerne, 
Somersetshire, whence 
he went to Pembroke 
college, Oxford. In 
1851 lie was graduated, 
taking high honors in 
classics. The bishop of 
Oxford admitted nim 
to deacon's orders, and 
in 1856 the biehop of 
y Bath and Wells or- 

fas O M yf l dained him priest. He 

+-+*Si*r**~ held curacies in Buck- 
inghamshire and Som- 
ersetshire, and for two years occupied the post 
of assistant master in Leamington college. In 
1857 he accepted an invitation to organize a 
school in connection with Bishop's college, Len- 
noxville, province of Quebec. He went to Can- 
ada, became rector of the school, and shortly after- 
ward succeeded to the chair of classics and belles- 
lettres in the college, which post he continued 
to hold until his elevation to the episcopate. Un- 
der his direction both school and college took a 
high place. In 1863 Bishop Mountain, of Quebec, 
died, and the synod promptly selected Mr. Will- 
iams to succeed him m the see. At that time the 
jurisdiction of the bishop was very extensive. In 
1793 it had extended over the whole of Upper and 
Lower Canada. From time to time its limits have 
been curtailed, and it is -now confined to that part 




of the province of Quebec which extends from 
Three Rivers to the Straits of Bellisle and New 
Brunswick, on the shores of the St Lawrence and 
east of a line drawn from Three Rivers to Lake 
Memphremagog. The new bishop of the diocese 
was consecrated at Quebec on 11 June, 1863. Bish- 
op Williams is a close student of literature. As a 
pulpit orator he occupies a high place. The 
charges that he delivered to the clergy of the dio- 
cese of Quebec at the visitation held in Bishop's 
college, l*jnnoxville, in 1864, and in June, 1888, in 
Quebec city, at the close of his twenty-fifth year as 
bishop, attracted attention. His lecture on " Self- 
Education " (Quebec, 1865) and several papers be- 
fore the Literary and historical society of that city 
have also been much admired. Dr. Williams, dur- 
ing the twenty-five years of his episcopacy, confirmed 
11,176 persons, ordained 47 deacons and 43 priests, 
and consecrated 37 churches. 

WILLIAMS, Jared Warner, senator, b. in 
West Woodstock, Conn., 22 Dec., 1796; d. in Lan- 
caster, N. H., 29 Sept., 1864. He was graduated at 
Brown in 1818, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar, and in 1822 began to practise at Lancaster. 
He was a member of the state house of representa- 
tives in 1830-'l and 1835-'6, and a member of the 
state senate in 1832-'4. Mr. Williams was elected 
to congress from New Hampshire as a Democrat 
for two successive terms, ana served from 4 Sept., 
1837, till 3 March, 1841. He was governor of New 
Hampshire in 1847-'9, and was appointed a United 
States senator from that state in place of Charles 
G. Atherton, deceased, serving from 12 Dec, 1853, 
till 3 March, 1855. 

WILLIAMS, Jesse Lynch, civil engineer, b. in 
Westfield, Stokes co., N. C, 6 May, 1807; d. in 
Fort Wayne, Ind., 9 Oct., 1886. His ancestors, 
English Quakers, came to Maryland about 1700. 
His parents, who adhered to tlie same faith, re- 
moved to Cincinnati in 1814, and subsequently to a 
place near Richmond, Ind. The son was first a 
rod-man and then an engineer on the preliminary 
survey for the Miami and Erie canal, and contin- 
ued in the service of the state of Ohio from 1824 
till 1832, when he was appointed by Indiana chief 
engineer of the Wabash and Erie canal. In 1837 
he became chief engineer of all the internal im- 
provements of the state, including about 1,300 
miles of canals, railroads, and other works. In 
1853 he became chief engineer of the Fort Wayne 
and Chicago railroad, and in 1856, after its consoli- 
dation with other roads to form the Pittsburg, 
Fort Wayne and Chicago road, he became a direc- 
tor. From 1864 till his resignation in 1869 he was 
appointed annually a government director of the 
Union Pacific railroad and devoted himself to se- 
curing the best location through the Rocky moun- 
tains. He was chief engineer and receiver of the 
Grand Rapids and Indiana railroad in 1869-'71, 
and was connected with other roads. Mr. Williams 
was active in the councils of the Presbyterian 
church, and served as a director of the Theological 
seminary of the northwest from its organization 
till his death. A discourse on his life by the Rev. 
David W. Moffat, D. D., was printed privately 
(Fort Wavne, Ind., 1886). 

WILLIAMS, John, clergyman, b. in Roxbury, 
Mass., 10 Dec., 1644 ; d. in Deer-field, Mass., 12 
June, 1729. His grandfather, Robert, came to this 
country about 1638, settling in Roxbury, Mass. 
John was graduated at Harvard in 1683, ordained 
to the ministry in 1688, and settled as pastor in 
Deerfield, which, being a frontier town, was con- 
stantly exposed to the attacks of the Indians. On 
the night of 28 Feb., 1704, 300 French and Indians 



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under the command of Mai. Hertel de Rouville 
took advantage of the unfaithfulness of the guards, 
surprised the garrison, and took 800 citizens cap- 
tive, besides killing several, including two of Mr. 
Williams's children and a negro woman-servant. 
They then compelled him, his wife, and all his re- 
maining children, except one, who was absent from 
home, to begin on foot the march toward Canada, 
in which they were accompanied by their fellow- 
settlers. Mrs. Williams fell exhausted on the sec- 
ond day of their journey, and was at once de- 
spatched with a tomahawk. After travelling about 
300 miles they reached their destination, and, al- 
though Mr. Williams suffered many cruelties from 
his captors, he was finally redeemed by Gov. Phil- 
ippe de Higaud Vaudreuil, and returned to Boston 
in 1700, leaving his daughter Eunice still in cap- 
tivity. He resumed his charge in Deerfleld in the 
latter part of 1706 and remained there until his 
death. lie also gave much time to scientific re- 
searches and left many manuscripts on these sub- 
jects. He published several sermons and a narra- 
tive of his captivity called "The Redeemed Cap- 
tive " (Boston, 1707). See a " Biographical Memoir 
of Rev. John Williams, with Appendix, contain- 
ing the Journal of his Son, Rev. Stephen Williams, 
during his Captivity," by Stephen W. Williams 
(Greenfield, Mass., 1837). ' This is in a great part 
a reprint of "The Redeemed Captive." — His son, 
Eleazer, clergvman, b. in Deerfleld, 1 July, 1688 ; 
d. in Mansfield, Conn., 21 Sept., 1742, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1708, and from 1710 until his 
death was pastor at Mansfield. He published sev- 
eral sermons. — Another son, Stephen, clergyman, 
b. in Deerfleld, Mass., 14 May, 1693; d. in* Long 
Meadow, Mass., 10 June, 1782. was taken captive 
by the Indians in his eleventh year, and, with the 
other Deerfleld prisoners, marched on foot to Cana- 
da. After being detained for about fourteen months 
he was bought from the Indians by the governor 
of Canada, and in November, 1705. was returned 
to Boston. His minute account of this experience 
is incorporated in the " Memoir of John Williams" 
that has been mentioned. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1713, ordained to the ministry in 1716, 
and was pastor at Long Meadow, Mass., for sixty- 
six years. In the course of his ministry he served 
as chaplain in three different campaigns against 
the French and Indians, accompanying Sir Will- 
iam Pepperrell to Cape Breton and Sir William 
Johnson to Lake George during the old French 
war. He aided in establishing the mission among 
the Stockbridge Indians in 1734. of which John 
Sergeant, of Yale, was subsequently in charge. 
Dartmouth gave him the degree of D. D. in 1773. 
He published a "Sermon on the Ordination of 
John Keep" (1772).— John*s daughter, Eunice, b. 
in Deerfleld, 17 Sept., 1696; d. in Canada in 1786, 
was carried captive to Canada when she was in her 
eighth year. When her father was redeemed she 
was left among the Indians and no money could 
subsequently procure her release. She forgot the 
English language, adopted the Roman Catholic re- 
ligion, married an Indian named John de Rogers, 
and conformed to Indian views and habits. She 
visited her relatives several times, but always re- 
fused to adopt English dress or civilized customs. 
The legislature of Massachusetts offered her a 
tract of land if she and her family would settle in 
New England; but she refused, saying that it 
would endanger her soul. — Her putative great- 
grandson, Eleazer, missionary, b. in Caughnawa- 
ga, N. Y., probably in 1787; d. in Hoganstown, 
N. Y., 28 Aug., 1858, is supposed to have been a 
grandson of Ezekiel Williams, an English physi- 




cian, and Eunice's daughter. Their son, Thomas, 
married an Indian woman named Mary Ann Kon- 
watewenteta on 7 Jan., 1779. Eleazer was sent to 
school at Long Meadow about 1800, and remained 
there nine years. He then studied three years un- 
der the Rev. Enoch Hale in Westhampton, Mass. 
At the beginning 
of the second 
war with Great 
Britain he be- 
came superin- 
tendent - general 
of the Northern 
Indian depart- 
ment. At the 
battle of Platts- 
burg, 14 Sept., 
1814, he was se- 
verely wounded. 
He subsequently 
officiated as lay 
reader among the 
Oneida Indians 
and took orders 
in the Episcopal 
church. About 
1820 this tribe 
sold lands to the 
state of New York and removed to Green Bay, 
Wis., Mr. Williams accompanying them. In 1846 
the Society for the propagation of the gospel among 
the Indians gave money for his support as a mis- 
sionary, which was withheld at the end of two 
vears/the reports of his service not being favorable, 
lie left Wisconsin in 1850 and settled at St. Regis. 
In February, 1853, an article by the Rev. John H. 
Hanson, D. D., appeared in Putnam's Magazine," 
entitled " Have we a Bourbon among us t " The 
author had seen a published paragraph to the effect 
that '* Eleazer Williams was none other than Louis 
XVII., the son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoin- 
ette, who was born at Versailles, 27 March, 1785, 
and supposed to have died in the Temple." Dr. 
Hanson sought an interview with Williams, who 
assured him that he was convinced of his royal 
descent. In an interview he told Dr. Hanson that 
until he was thirteen or fourteen years of age his 
mind was a blank ; but by a fall he recovered his 
intellect, though not his memory. He then said 
that in 1841, on a steamboat, the Prince de Joinville 
urged him to sign a solemn "abdication of the 
throne of France," which he refused to do. Dr. 
Hanson issued a volume entitled " The Lost Prince M 
(New York, 1854), intending to prove t he identity of 
Williams with Louis XVII. Hanson's arguments 
in favor of Williams's Bourbon descent are that 
his baptism was not registered and that his puta- 
tive mother once admitted that he was an adopted 
son. Many physicians attested that Williams was 
not an Indian, and he had a remarkable resem- 
blance to the Bourbon family. The belief was gen- 
eral that the Dauphin was removed from prison and 
brought to America. Skenondough, an Indian, 
had made oath that the youth was brought by two 
French gentlemen to Lake George. Other evi- 
dences are the money that was sent from an un- 
known source to educate him, the De Joinville in- 
terview, which Williams recorded in his diary, and 
the marks on his body, which the Dauphin also 
bore. On the other hand, many Indians denied 
Skenondough's story, and Bishop Charles F. 
Robertson, Williams's literary executor, refutes 
from Williams's own papers the statement that 
he was educated with funds that were supplied 
by unknown persons, he having original bills to 



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the contrary. Prince de Joinville denied the 
alleged interview with Williams, in a letter ad- 
dressed to John Jay, of New York. Williams 
became interested in genealogical research in 
1822 and assisted in preparing a life of Eunice 
Williams, and it is probable that his taste for in- 
vestigation of historical subjects, with the knowl- 
edge of the doubtfulness of his parentage, created 
in ni9 mind a sincere adherence to his singular de- 
lusion. He was an authority on Indian history, 
manners, and customs, and was thoroughly familiar 
with the labors of the early French missionaries. 
In 1846 he became a corresponding member of the 
New England historic-genealogical society. He is 
the author of " A Spelling-Book in the Language 
of the Seven Iroquois Nations " (Plattsburg, 1813) : 
" A Caution against Our Common Enemy, in the 
Iroquois language (Albany, 1813; English trans- 
lation, 1815); and a "Life of Te-ho-ra-gwa-ne- 
gen, alias Thomas Williams" (printed privately, 
1859). He also translated into Iroquois " The 
Book of Common Prayer" (New York, 1853>. 
—Johns grandson, Sarunel, clergyman, b. in Wal- 
thara, Mass., 23 April, 1743 ; d. in Rutland, Vt., 
2 Jan., 1817, was graduated at Harvard in 1761, 
where his proficiency in mathematical studies in- 
duced Prof. John Winthrop to select him to go as 
his companion to Newfoundland to observe the 
transit of Venus on 6 June of that year. Mr. Will- 
iams taught at Bradford while studying theology, 
was licensed to preach in 1763, and was pastor of 
the church in Bradford in 1765-'80. He continued 
his school while occupying this charge, and gave 
lessons in natural philosophy to Benjamin Thomp- 
son, afterward Count Rumford, who was an inmate 
of his family, and with whom he maintained a sci- 
entific correspondence in later vears. He was Hol- 
1 is professor of mathematics and natural philosophy 
in Harvard in 1780-'8, lectured on astronomy to the 
senior class in 1785-'8, and in the last-named year, 
by request of the American academy of arts and 
sciences, went to Penobscot bay to observe a total 
eclipse of the sun. In the same year he was ap- 
pointed by the colonial government to survey the 
western boundary of Massachusetts. In 1788 he 
resigned his professorship, and he was pastor in 
Rutland. Vt., from 1789 till 1795. He subsequently 
preached in Burlington, Vt., for about two years, 
but his later life was passed in Rutland, where he 
edited the " Herald." He surveyed the western 
boundary of Vermont in 1805 by appointment of 
the governor, and delivered a course of lectures 
in the Universitv of Vermont not long after its es- 
tablishment. T*he University of Edinburgh gave 
him the decree of LL. D. in 1785, and Yale the 
same honor in 1786. He was a member of several 
scientific bodies, here and abroad. He left many 
valuable manuscripts on philosophical, scientific, 
and mathematical subjects, and published, besides 
pamphlets and addresses, " The Rural Magazine," 
a monthly devoted to historical and literary sub- 
jects, and a " Historvof Vermont," a work of great 
labor and research (kutland, 1794; 2 vols., 1809).— 
Samuel's son, Charles Kilbonrne, jurist, b. in 
Cambridge, Mass., 24 Jan., 1782; d. in Rutland, 
Vt.. 9 March, 1853, was graduated at Williams in 
1800, practised law in Rutland, Vt., and became an 
eminent member of the state bar. During the sec- 
ond war with Great Britain he served in one cam- 
paign on the northern frontier. He was frequently 
in the legislature from 1809 till 1821, and again in 
1849, states attorney in 1814-'15,a judge of the su- 
preme court in 1822-'4and in 1829-'42, collector of 
customs for the state of Vermont in 1825-'9, and 
chief justice of the supreme court of Vermont in 



l842-'6, at the same time occupying, ex officio, the 
position of chancellor of the state. He was presi- 
dent of the officers of censors in 1847, and gover- 
nor in 1850-'2. With his retirement from that 
office he closed a public life of forty vears. Early 
in his career he took great interest in the organi- 
zation of the militia, and rose to the rank of briga- 
dier-general. He was an active member of the 
Abolition party, and while governor of Vermont 
he approved the once celebrated habeas corpus act 
which had passed the legislature and was the be- 
ginning of the struggle in Vermont against sla- 
very. In 1845 he became a corresponding member 
of the New England historic-genealogical society. 
In 1834 he received the degree of LL. D. from 
Middlebury. See a "Memoir" of him by Chief- 
Justice Isaac Redfleld (Rutland, Vt., 1852).— 
A great-grandson of John, Stephen West, phy- 
sician, b. in Deerfield. Mass., 27 March, 1790; d. in 
Laona, III., 9 July, 1855, was the son of Dr. Thomas 
Williams, a well-known physician in western Massa- 
chusetts. Stephen was educated in his native town, 
studied medicine under his father and, after at- 
tending a course of lectures at Columbia, settled in 
practice in Deerfleld. and attained to success in his 
profession. In 1816 he turned his attention to the 
study of natural history and botany. With Ed- 
ward Hitchcock and Dennis Cooley he explored 
the forests and valleys of Deerfield in search of 
plants that were subsequently collected in an herba- 
rium. He lectured on medical jurisprudence before 
the Berkshire medical school in 1828-'31, and in 
1838 became professor of materia medics, phar- 
macy, and medical jurisprudence in Willoughby 
university, Cuyahoga co.. Ohio, which chair he re- 
signed in 1853. In 1838-'9 he lectured at Dart- 
mouth medical college. Dr. Williams was a mem- 
ber of many historical societies, president of the 
Franklin county, Mass., medical society, and vice- 

E resident of the Massachusetts medical society, 
[e delivered many lectures on scientific subjects, 
and published, besides many pamphlets, " Report of 
the Indigenous Medical Botany of Massachusetts ' 9 
(Deerfield, 1819); "Traditionary and Historical 
Sketch of the Indians who formerly resided in the 
Valley of the Connecticut," in the "Scientific 
Tract " series (1819) ; " Catechism of Medical Juris- 
prudence" (Northampton, Mass., 1833); "Bio- 
graphical Memoir of Rev. John Williams " (Spring- 
nela, Mass.. 1837) ; " American Medical Biography " 
(1845) ; and " The Genealogy of the Williams Fam- 
ily in America" (1847). He edited James Beding- 
field's "Compendium of Medicine" (Deerfield, 
Mass., 1818).— John's first cousin, William, cler- 
gyman, b. in Newton, Mass., 2 Feb.. 1665; d.in Hat- 
field, Mass., 29 Aug., 1741 , was graduated at Harvard 
in 1683. He was settled as pastor of the church at 
Hatfield in 1685, and labored there for fifty-five 
years. He published numerous sermons and theo- 
logical treatises, and commanded a wide influence 
in his community.— William's son, El inn a, clergy- 
man, b. in Hatfield, Mass., 24 Aug., 1694; d. in 
Wethersfield, Conn., 24 July, 1755. was graduated 
at Harvard in 1711, studied law, settled in Weth- 
ersfield, Conn., and for several years was clerk of 
the state general assembly and a member of that 
body. After the Collegiate school of Connecticut 
(now Yale) was removed from Saybrook to New 
Haven, some of the students refusing to obey the 
rules of government, Mr. Williams was chosen to 
instruct such as wished to withdraw, and taught 
them at Wethersfield for two years. He was or- 
dained to the ministry in 1721, and served the 
church at Wethersfield till 1726, when he became 
president of Yale, holding office till 1739. He sub- 



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sequently represented Wethersficld again in the 
legislature, and was chosen a justice of the superior 
court. In 1745 he went to Cape Breton as chap- 
lain of the Connecticut troo|>s, and the next year, 
when an expedition was planned to Canada and a 
regiment of 1,000 men was raised in Connecticut, 
he was appointed its colonel. The troops were not 
called out, and in 1740 he went to England to so- 
licit the royal government to pay the wages of the 
enlisted men that had held themselves in readiness 
to march for more than a year and a half. His 
mission was unsuccessful, but on his return he was 
employed in several public offices. Dr. Philip 
Doddridge, who was his intimate friend, said of 
him : " lie possessed an ardent sense of religion, 
solid learning, and consummate prudence. I look 
upon him as one of the most valuable men on 
earth."— Klisha's son. Samuel Porter, clergyman, 
b. in Wethersficld, Conn., in 1779; d. in Newbury- 
port, Mass., 23 Dec., 1826, was graduated at Yale 
in 1790, was ordained to the ministry, and in 
charge of the church at Mansfield. Conn., in 
1807-'17. From 1821 until his death he was pas- 
tor at Newburyport. lie published many sermons 
and addresses, a volume of which, with a memoir, 
appeared after his death (New Haven, 1827). — 
Another son of William, Solomon, clergyman, b. 
in Hatfield, Mass., 4 June, 1700; d. in Lebanon, 
Conn., 29 Feb., 1776, was graduated at Harvard in 
1719, ordained nastor of the church in Lebanon in 
1 722. and held that charge until his deat h. Yale gave 
him the degree of D. I). in 1773. Dr. Williams pos- 
sessed wide influence among the clergy of New Eng- 
land. In the course of his ministry he engaged in 
two important controversies. One, in 1741, was 
with Rev. Andrew Croswell, on the "Nature of 
Justifying Faith." and the other with his relative, 
Jonathan Ed wards, the elder, in 1751, on "The 
Qualifications Necessary to Ijawful Communion in 
the Christian Sacraments." He had an extensive 
correspondence abroad and in this country. He 
published nineteen sermons (1729-'75). — Solomon's 
son. El iphalet, clergyman, b. in Lebanon, 21 Feb., 
1727 ; d. in East Hartford, Conn.. 29 June, 1803, 
was graduated at Yale in 1743, and held a pastor- 
ate in East Hartford from his ordination in 1748 
until his death. Yale gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1782. He was a member of its corporation 
from 1769 till 1801, and published several popular 
discourses. — Eliphalet's son, Eliphalet Scott, cler- 
gyman, b. in East Hartford. Conn., 7 Oct.. 1757; d. 
ni Beverly, Mass., 3 Feb., 1845, was graduated at 
Yale in 1775, the same year became adjutant of a 
Connecticut regiment, and fought at the battles of 
Trenton and Princeton. He then enlisted in the 
navy, and participated in the engagement between 
the " Hancock " and the *• I-ievant," in which Capt. 
Edward Hardy was shot down by his side. He set- 
tled in Maine in 1790, taught and was a farmer, 
and in 1799 was ordained to the ministry of the 
Baptist church. He was pastor of the church in 
Beverly, Mass., in 1803-'12, and was then dismissed 
at his own request, becoming a minister at large, 
with his residence in Boston. He gave literally 
for the erection of churches, and to missions. — 
Another son of Solomon, William, signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 
18 April. 1731 ; d. there. 2 Aug., 1811, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1747. resided with his father 
and studied theology for about a year, and in 1755 
attended his relative, Col. Ephraim Williams, on 
the expedition to Lake George. He became town- 
clerk of Lebanon in 1756, holding that office for 
fortv-five years, was a representative in the as- 
sembly for more than fifty years, for many years 




sneaker, and for more than ninety sessions was not 
absent more than five times, except during his ser- 
vice in congress in 1776-'7. He l>eeaine colonel of 
the 12th regiment of militia in 1773, but resigned 
his commission 
in 1776 to ac- 
cept a seat in 
congress, sign- 
ing the Declara- 
tion of Inde- 
pendence on 4 
July of that 
year. During a 
greater part of 
the war he was 
a member of the 
council of safe- 
ty, expended 
nearly all his 
property in the 
patriot cause, 
and. abandon- 
ing his business, 
which was that 
of a merchant, 
went from house 
to house soliciting private donations to supply the 
army, and making speeches to induce a larcer en- 
listment. He became an assistant, or councillor, in 
1780, held office for twenty-four years, was judge 
of the county court of Windham, and judge of pro- 
bate for Windham district for forty years. Al- 
though prudent and economical in many cases, he 
frequently devoted all the emoluments of his offi- 
ces to benevolent objects. Throughout the war his 
house was open to the soldiers in their marches to 
and from the army, and in 1781 he gave up his 
dwelling to the officers of a detachment that was 
stationed for the winter in Lebanon. He was a 
member of the Connecticut convention in 1787 
that ratified the constitution of the United States, 
strongly advocating its adoption. He married 
Mary, second daughter of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull. 

WILLIAMS, John, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in Hanover county, Va. ; d. in Gran- 
ville county, N. C, in October, 1799. He was 
brought up to the trade of a house-carpenter, but 
removed to North Carolina, where he was admitted 
to the bar. In 1770, while attending court at Hills- 
borough, he was seized by the Regulators and se- 
verely beaten. He was one of the first judges un- 
der the state constitution in 1777-90, and sat in 
the Continental congress in 1777-'8. 

WILLIAMS, John, author, b. in London, Eng- 
land, about 1765; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 OcL, 
1818. He was educated at the Merchant Tailors' 
school and intended for the church, but adopted 
literature instead, and, after acting as a translator 
for London booksellers, went to Dublin, Ireland, 
where he was connected with various journals. His 
violent denunciations of the government caused 
his prosecution, and he was fined heavily and judi- 
cially declared in 1797 to be "a common libeller." 
Soon afterward he came to the United States, 
where he edited a Democratic newspaper. He died 
in great poverty. Mr. Williams wrote under the 
pen-name of " Anthony Pasquin." He was the au- 
thor of several plays; "Poems" (Ixmdon, 1789); 
" Legislative Biography " (1795) ; " The Hamilton- 
iad" (Boston, 1804): "Life of Alexander Hamil- 
ton " (1804); and " The Dramatic Censor" (1811). 

WILLIAMS, John, P. E. bishop, b. in Deer- 
field, Mass., 30 Aug., 1817. He entered Harvard 
at the age of fourteen, and after remaining there 
two years joined the junior class at Washington 



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(now Trinity) college, where he was graduated in 
1835. He studied theology with Dr. Samuel F. 
Jarvis, and was ordained by Bishop Thomas C. 
Brownell in 1838. From 1837 till 1840 ho served 
as tutor in Washington college, and he then spent a 
year in travel in England and France. On his re- 
turn he became assistant minister of Christ church. 
Middletown. Conn., from which he was called to 
the rectorship of St. George's church, Schenectady, 
N. Y. While rector in Schenectady his influence 
was great in his parish, among the students of 
Union college, aim ho was nearly elected provis- 
ional bishop of New York on the suspension of 
Bishop Benjamin T. Onderdonk. In 1848, when he 
was but thirty-one years old, he was chosen presi- 
dent of Trinity college, and the announcement of 
his election was received with great enthusiasm, 
while his inaugural address showed the scholarly 
principles on which he considered all true educa- 
tion to be based. In connection with the presi- 
dency Dr. Williams held the professorship of his- 
tory and literature. In 1851 Dr. Brownell, bishop 
of Connecticut, having asked that, on account of 
his crowing infirmities, an assistant bishop might 
be elected, the diocesan convention chose Dr. Will- 
iams, and he was consecrated on 29 Oct. He was 
able to continue in charge of the college for two 
years, but in 1853. as his episcopal duties became 
more numerous and urgent, he felt obliged to re- 
tire from the presidency. Under his administra- 
tion the college had increased in prosperity, its 
course of instruction had been developed, and its 
library funds had been increased. Owing to Dr. 
Williams's profound learning in theology and his 
gifts as a teacher, several graduates and others 
studying for holy orders had been for a few years 
under his care, and an informal theological de- 
partment had grown up at the college. In 1854 a 
charter was obtained for the Berkeley divinity- 
school, and it was located at Middletown. In this 
school Bishop Williams has been from the begin- 
ning the dean and the principal instructor in doc- 
trinal theology, in the history of the Reformation, 
and in the Prayer-Book, and his lectures at differ- 
ent times have covered the whole range of theo- 
logical studies. 
— Many of the clcr- 

gyof the Episco- 
/ J* lv pal churcn in 

jL^ - jHfit \ this country 

^Kjt* ~"viHw nave * nus 

*&Qm£j trained by him. 

He has also con- 
tinued to lecture 
on history at 
Trinity college, 
of which he was 
made vice-chan- 
cellor at the time 
of his resigna- 
tion of the presi- 
dency, succeed- 
ing to the chan- 
cellorship when 
he became bish- 
op of the diocese 
on the death of 
Bishop Brownell 
in 1885. For many years before that time t he whole 
administration of tne diocese had been in Bishop 
Williams's hands. In 1881 he was appointed the 
first lecturer at the General theological seminary. 
New York, on the Bishop Paddock foundation, and 
in the same year he delivered the first series of 
Bedell lectures at the seminary and college in 




Gambier, Ohio. At the general conventions of 
1883 and 1886 he was chosen chairman of the 
house of bishops, and he has constantly served on 
important committees of the bishops and joint 
commissions of the convention. In 1884 he visited 
Scotland for the centenary commemoration of the 
consecration of the first bishop of Connecticut, and 
delivered the commemorative sermon in Aber- 
deen. Bishop Williams is a churchman of the 
type that was once represented by Dean Hook and 
Bishops Wilberforce and Wordsworth. Since his 
ordination he has been a diligent student of ecclesi- 
astical history. He is remarkable for his genial 
manners to younp men, and in an eminent degree 
exerts a personal influence over his students. His 
manner in the pulpit is dignified and impressive, 
and he is one of the most eloquent speakers in the 
Protestant Episcopal church, of which he is now 
the presiding bishop. He received the decree of 
D. D. from Union in 1847, Trinity in 1849, Colum- 
bia in 1851, and Yale in 1883, and that of LL. D. 
from Hobart in 1870. His literary works include 
many and valuable contributions to the 44 American 
Church Quarterly Review," the 44 Churchman," and 
other periodicals, a charge on " Everlasting Pun- 
ishment " (1865), with many occasional sermons and 
addresses; "Ancient Hymns of Holy Church" 
(Hartford, 1845); "Thoughts on the GosjxjI Mira- 
cles " (New York, 1848) ; Paddock lectures on 44 The 
English Reformation" (1881); Bedell lectures on 
"The Worlds Witness to Jasus Christ" (1882); 
historical sermons in the 44 Seabury Centenary " 
(1885); and "Studies in the Book of Acts" (1888). 
He also edited, with additional notes, an American 
edition of Bishop Harold Browne's "Exposition 
of the Thirty-nine Articles " (1864). 

WILLIAMS, John jEthnrhnid, Canadian cler- 
gyman, b. in Carmarthen, Wales, 19 Dec., 1817. 
He removed to Canada in 1833, was ordained a 
minister of the Methodist church in 1850, elected 
president of the Ixmdon conference in 1874, was 
joint representative to the general conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal church of the United 
States in 1876, and was president of the united 
general conference in 1883 for the unification of 
the various branches of the Methodist church in 
Canada. He was joint representative at the cen- 
tennial conference of the Methodist churches of 
the United States in 1884, and in 1885 was ap- 
pointed general superintendent of the Methodist 
church in Canada. Victoria university gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1877. 

WILLIAMS, John Foster, naval officer, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 12 Oct., 1743; d. there. 24 June, 
1814. He early adopted the life of a sailor, and in 
the spring of 1779 commanded the Massachusetts 
cruiser "Hazard," of fourteen guns, with which in 
that year he captured the 44 Active," eighteen guns 
and performed other gallant exploits. In 1780 he 
was given the 44 Protector," another Massachusetts 
ship, with which, on 9 July. 1780, he fought the 
letter-of-marque 44 Admiral Duff," which blew up 
after an action of an hour and a half. After tak- 
ing many prizes he had a running fight with the 
frigate 4 * Thames " and narrowly escaped capture. 
He commanded the 44 Hazard " again in the unfor- 
tunate expedition to Penobscot river, in which 
that vessel with others was lost. Late in October 
he set out for a cruise in the West Indies, where he 
took valuable prizes ; but, falling in with two ships 
of superior force, he was captured and remained a 
prisoner till the peace. From 1790 until his death 
he was in command of a revenue-cutter. 

WILLIAMS, John Joseph, R. C. archbishop, 
b. in Boston, Mass., 27 April, 1822. He studied in 



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his native city, and in 1833-'41 at the College of J 
Montreal, where he was graduated in the latter 
year. He then followed a course in theology in the 
Sulpitina seminary in Paris, France, where he was 
ordained in 1845. 
He was stationed 
at the Boston ca- 
thedral till 1855, 
when he was ap- 
pointed its rector, 
and in 185? he was 
transferred to the 
Das to rate of St 
James's church in 
the same citv. On 
9 Jan.. 1866, he 
was chosen coad- 
jutor to Bishop 
Fitzpatrick and 
titular bishop of 
Tripoli, but be- 
fore his consecra- 
tion, which took 
place on 11 March, 
1866, he had suc- 
ceeded to the bishopric of Boston by the death 
of his superior. The new sees of Springfield and 
Providence were created from his original diocese 
in 1870 and 1872, respectively, and on 12 Feb., 1875, 
a new ecclesiastic province was established, em- 
bracing these dioceses and those of Portland and 
Burlington. Boston became the archiepiscopal 
see, and Bishop Williams was made archbishop, re- 
ceiving the pallium from the hands of Archbishop 
McCloskey. During his administration many edu- 
cational institutions have been established, of which 
the most important is the Sulpitian theological 
seminary, which was opened in 1884. In 1886 his 
diocese contained 820,000 Roman Catholics, 300 
priests, and 167 churches. 

WILLIAMS, John Mason, jurist, b. in New 
Bedford, Mass., 24 June, 1780; d. there, 28 Dec, 
1868. He was graduated at Brown in 1801, studied 
law, and, on his admission to the bar in 1808, rose 
rapidly in his profession. He became associate 
justice of the court of common pleas in 1821, and 
its chief justice in 183»-'44. In 1844-'56 he was 
commissioner of insolvency. Among Judge Will- 
iams's published addresses are " Remarks on Ani- 
mal Magnetism " (New York, 1837), and orations 
on the lives of Samuel Howe (Worcester, Mass., 
1828) and Peter O. Thacher (Boston. 1848). He 
was also author of a pamphlet entitled M Nullifica- 
tion and Compromise " (New York, 1863). 

WILLIAMS, John 8, lawver, b. in Lockport, 
N. Y., 14 Dec., 1825. He received a liberal edu- 
cation, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
practised in his native place and in Lafayette. Ind., 
where he settled in 1858. He was elected mavor 
of that town in 1856 and 1858, and for some time 
edited the Lafayette " Daily American." He re- 
cruited the 63d Indiana volunteers in the autumn 
of 1861, was commissioned as its colonel, and was 
with his regiment at the second battle of Bull Run, 
and till July, 1863, when he was compelled through 
illness to resign. He resumed practice, and in 
1866 was appointed by President Johnson collector 
of internal revenue for the 8th district of Indiana, 
holding the office till the accession of a new ad- 
ministration in 1869. Subsequently he became the 
publisher of the Lafayette " Sunday Times.*' In 
April, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him 3d 
auditor of the IT. S. treasury department — His 
brother, George Borchell, financier, b. in Lock- 
port, N. Y., 5 Dec,, 1841, received his education at 



Lock port Union academy. In 1858 he removed to 
Lafayette, Ind., where he became largely interested 
in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits. He be- 
came supervisor of internal revenue for the state 
of Indiana in November, 1868, and in July, 1870, 
deputy commissioner of internal revenue at Wash- 
ington, D. C, but resigned at the end of November, 
1871, having been appointed by the Japanese gov- 
ernment, at the suggestion of his own government, 
which had been requested to recommend some per- 
son who was qualified to assist in the organization of 
a financial system, to be counsellor to the imperial 
authorities in all matters relating to finance, and 
particularly upon banking, internal revenue, ex- 
port and import duties, and economic and mone- 
tary matters. In 1873 he visited the United States 
ana Europe on a financial mission for the imperial 
government, returning to Japan in the summer of 
the following year. He was again appointed a 
commissioner to Europe and the United States in 
October, 1875, and resigned the office of financial 
counsellor in November, remaining in Europe till 
June, 1876, when he retired from the Japanese ser- 
vice. He has since resided at Washington, D. C. 

WILLIAMS, John Stuart, senator, b. in Mont- 
gomery county, Ky., in 1820. He was graduated 
at Miami university, Oxford. Ohio, in 1838, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and engaged in prac- 
tice at Paris, Ky. He served in the war with 
Mexico, first as a captain and afterward as colonel, 
and was in command of the 4th Kentucky volun- 
teers at the taking of the city of Mexico. After 
his return he resumed practice, and engaged in 
agriculture and the breeding of fine stock, took an 
active part as a Whig in politics, served as a dele- 
gate to national conventions and as a presidential 
elector, and was in the legislature of Kentucky in 
1851-'2. Although he had opposed secession^ he 
raised a brigade for the Confederate army, received 
a commission as brigadier-general in 1862, and was 
serving under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston when the 
surrender took place. Going back to his home, he 
urged the people to renew their allegiance to the 
National government. He served again in the 
legislature in 1873-'4, and was elected a U. S. sena- 
tor from Ken tuck v as a Democrat, and served from 
4 March, 1879, till 3 March, 1885. Since that time 
he has been engaged in farming, in improving 
lands in southern Florida, and in promoting rail- 
ways in the mineral regions of Kentucky. 

WILLIAMS, John Wilson Montgomery, 
clergyman, b. in Portsmouth, Va.. 7 April, 1820. 
He was graduated at Columbian college, Washing- 
ton, D. C., in 1845, and subsequently at Newton 
theological seminary. After preaching for several 
years in Virginia, chiefly at Lynchburg, he was 
called to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church of 
Baltimore, Md., where he still remains. He has 
been president of the Maryland tract society since 
1870, vice-president of the Southern Baptist con- 
vention, several times moderator of the Maryland 
Baptist union association, and trustee of Columbian 
college (now university) since 1851. In 1866 that 
institution conferred upon him the degree of D. D. 
Besides several sermons, he has published ** Pas- 
tor and People, a Lecture" (Washington, 1867); 
"Reminiscences of a Pastorate of Thirty-three 
Years " (1884) ; " Training of our Members in the 
Distinctive Principles of our Denomination a Duty 
and a Necessity" (Philadelphia, 1855); and " How 
to enlarge the Congregation," a tract (1887). 

WILLIAMS, Jonathan, soldier, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 26 May, 1750; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 
May. 1815. His father, of the same name, was a 
patriot of the Revolution. The son received a 



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good education, entered a counting-house in Boston, 
and then made several voyages to the West Indies 
and to England. He was in the latter country in 
1770 and 177IJ, and was intrusted by his grand- 
uncle, Benjamin Franklin, with mditieal despatches 
to this country. He was also Franklin «$ secretary 
during the latter's residence in France as U. S. 
ambassador, and for part of the time served as 
U. S. commercial agent. While in France he 
studied military science, especially fortification. 
After his return to this country in i785 he was for 
several years a judge of the court of common 
pleas in Philadelphia, but on 0 Feb., 1801, he was 
appointed major of the 2d regiment of artillerists 
and engineers in the regular army, and on 4 Dec. 
he was made insjM'ctor of fortifications, and took 
command of the post at West Point, wit h the duties 
of instruction in his branches. On the establish- 
ment of the present military academy in 1802 ho 
became its superintendent, but on 20 June, 1803, 
he resigned his commission on a question of rank. 
On 19 April, 1805, he returned to the army, at 
President Jefferson's request, as lieutenant-colonel 
and chief engineer, resuming also the sur>erintcnd- 
ence of the academy. He nlanned and built most 
of the inner forts in New York harbor, including 
Fort Columbus, Fort Clinton (now Castle Garden), 
and Castle Williams, which was named for him. 
At the beginning of the war of 1812 Col. Williams 
claimed the command of the last-named work, and 
on being refused it by the secretary of war, resigned, 
31 July, 1812. He then returned to Philadelphia, 
and was for several years vice-president and cor- 
responding secretary of the American philosophical 
society, lie was elected to congress in 1814, but 
died without taking his seat. Col. Williams has 
been called "father of the corps of engineers." 

His full-length 
portrait is in the 
library of the U. 
S. military acad- 
emy, among 
those of other 
superintendents 
and professors. 
He was the au- 
thor of a me- 
moir on "The 
Use of the Ther- 
mometer in Nav- 
igation "(Phila- 
delphia, 1700), 
ana translat- 
ed " Elements 
of Fortifica- 
tion" (1801) 
and Koscius- 
ko's ** Manoeu- 
vres for Horse 
Artillery " (1808), besides contributing to the 
** Transactions" of the American philosophical so- 
ciety. — His son, Alexander John, soldier, b. in 
Philadelphia in 1790; d. in Fort Erie, Upper 
Canada, 15 Aug., 1814, was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1811, and assigned to the 
engineers, but was made captain of artillery, 17 
March, 1813. He commanded Fort Mifflin, Pa., 
in 1812-'14, and then engaged in the campaign on 
the Niagara frontier. During the defence or Fort 
Erie, while he was repelling the fourth assault of 
the enemy in a hand-to-hand encounter, a lighted 

Sort-lire in front of the British enabled them to 
irect their volleys on his company. He sprang 
forward, cut it off with his sword, and fell mor- 
tally wounded by a musket-ball. 
tol vi. — 34 




WILLIAMS, Mary Bushnell, author, b. in 
Baton Kouge, La., in 1820. Her father, Judge 
Charles Busnncll, was a native of Boston, Mass. 
She was educated by Prof. Alexander Dimitry, 
married Josiah P. Williams, a planter of Rapides 
parish, and resided near Alexandria, on Red river, 
till 1809, when she removed to Opelousas. Her 
husband died, and their residence, "The Oaks," 
was destroyed during the Bed river expedition in 
1804. For some time during the civil war she 
was a refugee in Texas. She has contributed to 
periwlical literature, and her poetry has l>een 
much admired, notably the verses entitled "The 
Serfs of Chatcney." She has in preparation a vol- 
ume of " Tales and Legends of Ixmisiana." 

WILLIAMS, Nelson Grosvenor, soldier, b. 
in Bainbridge, Chenango co., N. Y., 4 May, 1823. 
He was educated at Utica academy, and s|>ent one 
year at the U. S. military academy. At the lie- 
ginning of the civil war lie was appointed colonel 
of the 3d Iowa volunteers, and served in Missouri 
until March, 1802. He commanded the 1st brigade 
of the 4th division of the Army of the Tennessee at 
the battle of Shiloh, where a norse was killed un- 
der him, and was at the siege of Corinth. He was 
made brigadier-general on 29 Nov., 1802, but re- 
signed soon afterward, owing to injuries received 
at Shiloh. In 1869 he entered the U. S. custom 
service in New York city. 

WILLIAMS, Otho Holland, soldier, b. in 
Prince George county, Md., in March, 1749; d. 
alxnit 1800. His ancestors were among the earliest 
settlers in Maryland from England after Lord Bal- 
timore l>ecame proprietor of the province. Otho 
was left an orphan at twelve years of age, and a few 
years later placed in the clerk's office of Frederick, 
Md., whence he was transferred to the clerk's office 
at Baltimore. In 1775 he was appointed a lieuten- 
ant in a rifle corps that was raised in Frederick 
county. The company to which he was attached 
marched to Boston, and the captain having been 
promoted, young Williams succeeded to the com- 
mand. When Fort Washington was attacked he 
was a major. He was severely wounded, taken 
prisoner, and carried to New York, where he was 
released on his parole. On suspicion that he would 
open a secret correspondence with Washington, he 
was reapprehended and placed in confinement, 
where he suffered great indignities and cruelty. 
He was exchanged after fifteen months of impris- 
onment. During his captivity he was promoted to 
the command of the 6th regiment of the Maryland 
line, and after his exchange he participated in all 
the Imttles of that command. He acted as deputy 
adjutant-general of the southern armv under lien. 
Horatio Gates; and Gen. Nathanaef Greene, on 
assuming command of that army, appointed Col. 
Williams adjutant-general. During Greene's cele- 
brated retreat he led the light corps that acted as a 
rear-guard, and did efficient serv ice. At a critical 
moment in the battle of Eutaw, Gen. Greene issued 
the order "Let Williams advance and sweep the 
field with his bayonets." He led a charge that 
gained him the highest honors of the day. Near 
the close of the war Williams was sent by Gen. 
Greene with despatches to congress, and he was 
promoted by that body to the rank of brigadier- 
general. On the cessation of hostilities, Gen. Will- 
iams settled in Baltimore, and was appointed by 
the governor collector of the port. He held that 
office under the governor's .appointment until the 
adoption of the Federal constitution, and was 
then reappointed by Washington, retaining the 
office till his death. See memoir by Osmond 
Tiffany (Baltimore, 1851). 



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530 WILLIAMS 

WILLIAMS, Peter, clergyman, b. in New 
Brunswick, N. J M about 1780 : d. in New York city, 
18 Oct., 1840. His father, Peter, a negro, was born 
a slave, became sexton of the 1st Methodist Epis- 
copal church in New York, afterward engaged in 
trade, and was the principal founder of a church 
for colored Methodists. The son embraced Prot- 
estant Episcopal tenets with his pastor, the Rev. 
Thomas Lyeli, was educated by the Rev. Richard 
C. Moore, became a lay reader, and in 1820 was 
ordained by Bishop John H. Hobart, and inducted 
as rector of an Episcopal church for people of his 
race. He published an " Oration on the Abolition 
of the Slave-Trade" (New York, 1808), and "Dis- 
course on the Death of Capt. Paul Cuffee " (1817). 

WILLIAMS, Beoel, senator, b. in Hallo well 
(now Augusta), Me., 2 June, 1783 ; d. in Augusta, 
Me., 25 July, 1862. He was educated at Hallo well 
academy, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1802, and practised in Augusta. He was a member 
of the state house of representatives in 1822-'6, 
then sat in the state senate for three years, and 
after that was in the house again till 1832. In 
1836 he was a presidential elector on the Van 
Buren ticket. In the following year he was elected 
to the U. S. senate as a Democrat to fill a vacancy, 
taking his seat on 4 Sept, 1837. He opposed the 
Ashburton treatv, which adjusted the northeastern 
boundary. In February, 1842, in conseouence of 
a resolution of the legislature, in which the Whigs 
had obtained a preponderance, he offered his resig- 
nation, and in the congress that began its sessions 
on 4 Dec., 1843, he was replaced by John Fairfield. 
He was the principal promoter of the railroad 
between Portland and Augusta, which afforded 
direct rail communication with Boston, and was its 
president from 1847, when the work was begun, 
and the chief manager after its completion in 1851 
for about ten years. The degree ot LL. D. was 
conferred on him by Bowdoin in 1855. — His son, 
Joseph Hart well, lawyer, b. in Augusta, Me., 15 
Feb., 1814, was graduated at Harvard in 1834, and 
at the law-school in 1837, and practised his pro- 
fession in Augusta till 1862. He married a sister 
of the Rev. Sylvester Judd. He was president of 
the state senate in 1857, and became acting gov- 
ernor on the resignation of Hannibal Hamlin in 
February of that year. Gov. Williams was nomi- 
nated to the office of judge of the Maine supreme 
court in 1862, but declined. In 1864-'6 and 1874 
he was a member of the legislature, serving in 
1805-'6 as chairman of the committee on finance. 
He is the author of " A Brief Study in Genealogy," 
treating of the Cony family, to which his mother 
belonged (printed privately, Cambridge, 1885).— 
Reuel s nephew, Seth, soldier, b. in Augusta, Me., 
22 March, 1822 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 23 March, 
1866, was graduated at the U. S. military acade- 
my in 1842, commissioned as 2d lieutenant of 
artillery on 31 Aug., 1844, and as 1st lieutenant on 
8 Marcn, 1847, and during the Mexican war served 
as aide-de-camp to Gen. Robert Patterson, partici- 
pating in all the principal battles, and gaining the 
brevet of captain for gallantry at Cerro Gordo. 
He was adjutant of the military academy in 1850-'3, 
and subsequently served in the adjutant-general's 
department till his death. He was promoted major 
on 11 May, 1861, and appointed a brigadier-general 
in the volunteer army on 23 Sept., and from 20 
Aug., 1861, till 11 Nov., 1862, served as adjutant- 
general on the staff of Gen. George B. McClellan, 
being promoted lieutenant-colonel on 17 July, 1862. 
He was adjutant-general of the Army of the Poto- 
mac while it was commanded by Gen. McClellan, 
and continued to serve in that capacity under Gen. 



WILLIAMS 



Ambrose E. Burnside, Gen. Joseph Hooker, and 
Gen. George G. Meade, winning the brevet of 
colonel for gallant conduct at Gettysburg. His 
health was impaired by continued and arduous 
duties, and from November, 1864, till the close of 
hostilities.he served on Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 
staff as inspector-general of the array. He took 
part in nearly every important engagement, and 
received the brevet of major-general of volunteers 
on 1 Aug., 1864, for brave conduct in the field in 
the campaigns from Gettysburg to Petersburg, 
that of brigadier-general in the U. S. army on 13 
March, 1865, for gallantry in the final campaign 
near Richmond, and that of major-general on tne 
same date for gallant and meritorious services 
throughout the war. 

WILLIAMS, Robert, clergyman, b. in Eng- 
land about 1745; d. in Norfolk county, Va., 26 
Sept., 1775. He was a local preacher in John 
Wesley's society, and from him received permission 
to preach in this country under the direction of 
the regular missionaries. Arriving in New York 
city in October, 1769, he began his labors in the 
chapel there, then received a general license from 
Joseph Pilmoor in Philadelphia, assisted Robert 
Strawbridge in evangelistic work, and in 1772 en- 
tered Virginia as the apostle of Methodism. When 
he began by singing and preaching on the court- 
house steps in Norfolk, his ecstatic manner caused 
the citizens to suspect his sanity, yet he soon made 
converts and organized a society. ,He was received 
into the travelling connection at the first general 
conference, which was held at Philadelphia in 
June, 1773, and in the following year married and 
located. He was the first to print Methodist books 
in this country, and gave a wide circulation to 
Wesley's sermons until the conference that ad- 
mitted him appropriated the rirfht of publication. 

WILLIAMS, Robert, member of congress, b, 
in Surry county, N. C, 12 July, 1773 ; d. in Louisi- 
ana about 1820. His father, Maj. Joseph, was a 
Whig partisan who had many desperate encounters 
with tne Tories during the Revolution. The son 
became a lawyer, and during the war acted as 
adjutant-general of the state. He also collected 
the acts of the general assembly from 1776. For 
many years he was a trustee and treasurer of the 
University of North Carolina. He was a member of 
congress for three terms, serving from 15 May, 
1797, till 3 March, 1803, and was then appointed 
land commissioner for Mississippi. Retinng from 
that office in 1805, he went to Tennessee, and sub- 
sequently settled in Louisiana.— His cousin, Rob- 
ert, lawyer, b. in Caswell county, N. C, about 
1765; d. in Louisiana, was appointed governor of 
Mississippi territory by President Jefferson, filling 
that office from 1805 till 1809.— The second Rob- 
ert's brother, Marmadnke, member of congress, 
b. in Caswell county, N. C, 6 April, 1772 ; d. in 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 29 Oct, 1850, studied and prac- 
tised law, was a member of the state senate in 
1802, and served in congress three successive terms, 
entering the house when his cousin retired. After 
the conclusion of his last term he emigrated to 
Alabama in 1810. He was a delegate from Tusca- 
loosa county to the convention that framed the 
state constitution in 1819, and on its adoption was 
a candidate for'governor, but was defeated by Will- 
iam W. Bibb, who had held that office in the terri- 
torial government. He was elected to the legisla- 
ture in 1821, and was ten times re-elected. In 
1826 he was appointed a commissioner to settle 
territorial accounts between Alabama and Missis- 
sippi, and he was judge of the county court from 
1882 till 1842, when he was retired by limitation 



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WILLIAMS 



of age. — The flrst Robert's brother, John, senator, 
b. in Surry county, N. C, 20 Jan., 1778 ; d. in Knox- 
ville, Tenn., 10 Aug., 1887, was appointed a captain 
in the 6th U. S. infantry in April, 1799, but re- 
signed in June, 1800, studied law in Salisbury, 
NT C, was admitted to the bar in 1808, and re- 
moved to the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn., where 
he entered into practice. In 1812 he raised a regi- 
ment of mounted volunteers, and conducted a vic- 
torious campaign against the Seminoles. On his 
return he was commissioned as colonel of the 39th 
U. S. infantry, and ordered to the Creek nation, 
where he was in the battle of the Horse-Shoe Bend 
of the Tallapoosa. Gen. Andrew Jackson's report 
of this action failed to do justice to his command 
in the opinion of Col. Williams, who from that 
time was Jackson's most powerful and determined 
adversary. He served till the close of the war 
with Great Britain, and was then elected U. S. 
senator from Tennessee to serve through the unex- 
pired term of George W. Campbell, and was re- 
elected, serving from 4 Dec., 1815, till 3 March, 
1828. He was in 1825 appointed charge* d'affaires 
in Central America, but remained in that post only 
six days. He was afterward a member of the state 
senate, and declined a seat on the supreme bench 
of Tennessee. — His wife, Meunda, was a sister of 
Hugh L. White.— Another brother, Lewis, member 
of congress, b. in Surry county, N. C, 1 Feb., 1786 ; 
d. in Washington, D. C., 20 Feb., 1842, was gradu- 
ated at the university of North Carolina in 1808, 
and in 1813 entered political life as a member of 
the state house of commons. He was re-elected in 
1814, and on 4 Dec., 1815, took his seat in con- 
gress, to which body he was returned twelve times, 
remaining a member until his death. John Q. 
Adams and other representatives pronounced eulo- 
gies on Mr. Williams, who was commonly styled 

the father of the house." — Lewis's twin brother, 
Thomas Lanier, jurist, b. in Sussex county, N. C, 
1 Feb., 1786 j d. in Nashville, Tenn., 3 Dec, 1856, 
was graduated at the University of North Carolina 
with the valedictory. After studying law, he re- 
moved to Knoxville, Tenn. He was several times 
elected a representative and also a senator to the 
General assembly. For a short time he was one 
of the judges of the supreme court, and voluntarily 
relinquished that office to the regret of the bar. 
In 1886, on the establishment of corporate courts 
of equity jurisdiction in Tennessee, he was chosen 
chancellor and served as such for sixteen years. 
He was regarded as the father of equity jurispru- 
dence in Tennessee, and during his long judicial 
career only one or two of his decisions were re- 
versed. — John's son, Joseph Lanier, member of 
congress, b. in Tennessee, about 1800, resided in 
Knoxville, and was elected as a Whig to congress, 
and twice re-elected, serving from 4 Sept, 1837, 
till 3 March, 1843. 

WILLIAMS, Robert, soldier, b. in Culpeper 
county, Va., 5 Nov., 1829. His grandfather, James 
Williams, served in the Virginia line in the Revo- 
lutionary war and also in command of Virginia 
troops during the war of 1812. Robert was edu- 
cated at the local schools and at the U. S. military 
academy, where he was graduated and promoted to 
brevet 2d lieutenant in the 1st dragoons in 1851. 
He served at the cavalry-school for practice and 
with his regiment in Oregon for six years, in the 
mean time becoming 2d lieutenant in 1853, and 1st 
lieutenant in 1855. In 1857 he was assigned to 
duty as an assistant instructor in tactics at West 
Point Having been appointed in May, 1861. cap- 
tain and assistant adjutant-general, he served as 
such until October, when he was commissioned 



WILLIAMS 531 

colonel of the 1st Massachusetts cavalry. He was 
engaged in operations at Hilton Head, S. C, in the 
attack on Secession ville, James island, S. C, and in 
central Virginia till October, 1862, when he re- 
signed from the volunteer service and was assigned 
to duty at the war department, having become 
major and assistant adjutant-general in July of 
the same year. He afterward served as adjutant- 
general, respectively, of the Departments of the 
Missouri ana of the Platte, and of the Division of 
the Missouri. He was promoted by seniority in 
his department to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 
February, 1869, colonel, 1 July, 1881. and by brevet 
to the grade of brigadier-general, U. S. Army, 13 
March, 1865, " for diligent, faithful, and meritori- 
ous services during the rebellion." Gen. Williams 
married the widow of Stephen A. Douglas. He 
has published professional papers in periodicals. 

WILLIAMS, Roger, founderof Rhode Island, b. 
in Wales in 1599 ; d. in Rhode Island early in 1683. 
Little is known of his family or his early life. He 
seems to have been employed in some capacity by 
the great lawyer Sir Edward Coke, who placed him 
at the Charterhouse school in 1621, and afterward at 
Pembroke college, Cambridge, where he took a de- 
gree. He was admitted to orders in the Church of 
England, but soon became the friend and com- 
panion of John Cotton and Thomas Hooker, and 
adopted the most advanced views of the Puritan 
party. He embarked at Bristol, 1 Dec., 1630, in 
the ship " Lion," and on 5 Feb., 1631, arrived at 
Boston. He had then been recently married, but of 
his wife's early history very little is known. Ho 
was distinguished as an eloquent preacher and ripe 
scholar, and soon after his arrival in Massachu- 
setts he was invited to the church at Salem, as 
assistant to the pastor, Mr. Skelton. But rumors 
of his heretical opinions were already abroad. It 
was said that he had declared the ministers at 
Boston blameworthy for not formally proclaiming 
their penitence for ever having lived in commun- 
ion with the Church of England, and that he de- 
nied the right of magistrates to inflict punishment 
for Sabbath-breaking, or 44 any other offence that 
was a breach of the first table!" In spite of oppo- 
sition based upon these charges, Mr. Williams was 
settled, 12 April, 1631, as assistant or teacher in the 
Salem church. But he found his position there so 
uncomfortable that before the end of the summer 
he thought it best to seek shelter under the more 
tolerant jurisdiction of the Plymouth colony. At 
Plymouth he was settled in August, 1631, as assist- 
ant to the pastor, Ralph Smith. Here he made his 
first acquaintance witn the chiefs of the Warn pa- 
ri oags and Narragansetts, and, being an excellent 
linguist, soon learned to talk in the language of 
these Indians. About this time he was first sus- 
pected of the 44 heresy of Anabaptism." For such 
an aggressive and vigorous thinker the field of ac- 
tion at Plymouth seemed too narrow, and in 1633 
he returned to Salem, followed by several members 
of the congregation who had become devotedly at- 
tached to him. In 1634 he was settled as pastor of 
the church in Salem. There he soon got into trou- 
ble by denying the validity of the charter granted 
in 1629 by Charles I. to the Company of Massachu- 
setts Bay. He maintained that the land belonged to 
the Indians, and not to the king of England, who 
therefore had no right to give it away. The pro- 
mulgation of this view seemed dangerous to the 
founders of Massachusetts, who were in many ways 
incurring the risk of arousing the hostility of tne 
king, and were therefore anxious to avoid offend- 
ing nim on such a point as this. It was likely to 
be interpreted in England as indicating an inten- 



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632 WILLIAMS 

tion on the part of the settlers of Massachusetts to 
throw off tneir allegiance, and accordingly they 
hastened to condemn Mr. Williams and his views. 
This purely political question was complicated 
with disputes arising from Mr. Williams's advanced 
opinions on toleration. He maintained that " no 
human power had the right to intermeddle in mat- 
ters of conscience ; and that neither church nor 
state, neither bishop nor king, may prescribe the 
smallest iota of religious faith. For this, he main- 
tained, man is responsible to God alone." The 
ministers, with his friends. Cotton and Hooker at 
their head, sent a committee to Salem to censure 
him; but he denied their spiritual jurisdiction, 
and declared his determination to "remove the 
yoke of soul-oppression." In July, 1635, he was 
summoned before the general court at Boston, and 
in October he was ordered to quit the colony within 
six weeks, but permission was presently granted for 
him to remain until spring. It was then reported 
that many people in Salem, '• taken with an appre- 
hension of his godliness," repaired to his house for 
religious instruction, and that they meditated with- 
drawing from Massachusetts and founding a colony 
upon Narragansett bay, in which the principle of 
religious toleration should be strictly upheld. To 
prevent this movement, it was decided to send him 
back to England. He was again summoned to 
Boston, but refused to obey the summons, where- 
upon the magistrates sent to Salem a warrant for 
his arrest. He suspected what was coming, and left 
his home just before the officers arrived. He made 
his way through the wilderness to the wigwams 
of the Pokanokets. Their chief, Massasoit, granted 
him a tract of land on Seekonk river. There, 
in the spring, he was joined by friends from Sa- 
lem, and they began to build ; .but, in order to 
avoid any complications with the Plymouth colony, 
they moved to the site of Providence, where they 
made their first settlement in June, 1636. This 
territory was granted to Mr. Williams by the Narra- 
gansett chiefs, Canonicus and Miantonomoh. His 
influence over these Indians was great, and it soon 
enabled him to perform for the infant colonies a 
service that no other man in New England could 
have undertaken with any hope of success ; he de- 
tached the powerful tribe of Narragansetts from 
the league that the Pequot sachem Sassacus was 
forming for the purpose of destroying all the Eng- 
lish settlements. The effect of* Mr. Williams's 
diplomacy was to leave the Pequots to flght with- 
out allies, and the English soon exterminated them. 
During the Pequot war the magistrates of the 
colony that had banished him sought his counsel, 
and he gave it freely. In 1638 he assisted John 
Clarke and William Coddington in negotiating the 
purchase of Aquidneck, or Rhode Island, for which 
the Indians were liberally paid. True to his prin- 
ciple of toleration, while he opposed the opinions 
of that restless agitator, Samuel Gorton, he refused 
to join in the movement for expelling him from 
Providence. In 1643 he went to England and ob- 
tained the charter for the Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence settlements, dated 14 March, 1644. While 
in England he published his " Key into the Lan- 
guage of America" (I^ondon, 1643), a work of great 
value on the speech of the New England Indians. 
He also wrote and published anonymously his 
famous Inxik " The Bloody Tenent of Persecution 
for Cause of Conscience " (London. 1644). In this 
book the doctrines of religious freedom are ably and 
attractively presented in the form of a dialogue 
between Truth and Peace. It was dedicated to the 
parliament, then waging war against the king, and 
it attracted general attention from its great literary 



WILLIAMS 



merit as well as from the nature of the subject It 
was answered by Mr. Cotton's book entitled "The 
Bloody Tenent washed and made White in the 
Blood of the Lamb " (London, 1647). After a while 
Mr. Williams published an effective rejoinder en- 
titled " The Bloody Tenent made yet more Bloody 
by Mr. Cotton's Endeavor to wash it White " (Lon- 
don, 1652). The controversy was conducted on 
both sides with a candor and courtesy very rare in 
those times. While in London, in 1644, Mr. Will- 
iams also published a reply to Mr. Cotton's state- 
ment of the reasons for his banishment. This ad- 
mirable book, a small quarto of forty-seven pages, 
entitled " Mr. Cotton's Letter Examined and An- 
swered." is now exceedingly rare. Mr. Williams 
landed in Boston, 17 Sept., 1644, with a letter signed 
by several members of parliament, which was vir- 
tually a safe-conduct for his passage through Massa- 
chusetts territory. Through his exertions a treaty 
was made with the Narragansetts, 4 Aug., 1645, 
which saved New England from the horrors of an 
Indian war. In order to obtain the abrogation 
of the commission of William Coddington as 
governor of the islands of Rhode Island and Co- 
nanicut, Mr. Williams sailed in November, 1651, 
for England, in company with John Clarke. 
Through the aid of Sir Henry Vane this mission 
was successful. While in England, Mr. Williams 
spent several weeks at Vane^ country house in 
Lincolnshire, and he saw much of Cromwell and 
Milton. At this time he wrote and published his 
" Hireling Ministry None of Christ s M (London, 
1652), which is an able argument against an estab- 
lished church and the support of the clergy by 
taxation. In the same year he published " Experi- 
ments of Spiritual Life and Health, and their Pre- 
servatives. He returned to Providence in 1654 
and took part in the reorganization of the colonial 
government in that year. He was chosen, 12 Sept., 
1654. president of the colony, and held that office 
until May, 1658. During this time he secured the 
toleration of the Quakers, who were beginning to 
come to New England, and on this occasion he was 
again brought into conflict with the government of 
Massachusetts. A new charter was granted to Rhode 
Island, 8 July, 1663, under which Benedict Arnold 
was first governor and Roger Williams one of the 
assistants. This charter established such a liberal 
republican government that the Revolution in 
1776 made no change in it, and it was not super- 
seded until 1842. (See Dorr, Thomas Wilson.) 
Mr. Williams in 1663 was appointed commissioner 
for settling the eastern boundary, which had long 
been the subject of dispute with both Plymouth 
and Massachusetts. For the next fourteen years 
he was most of the time either a representative or 
an assistant In 1672 he was engaged in his fa- 
mous controversy with the Quakers, of whose doc- 
trines and manners he strongly disapproved, though 
he steadfastly refused to persecute them. George 
Fox was then in Newport, and Mr. Williams chal- 
lenged him to a public discussion of fourteen theo- 
logical propositions. Fox left the colony before 
the challenge had been delivered to him, but it 
was accepted by three Quaker champions, John 
Stubbs, John Burnet, and William Edmundson. 
Mr. Williams, though seventy-three years of age, 
rowed himself in a boat from Providence to New- 
port, about thirty miles, to meet his adversaries. 
The debate was carried on for three days in the 
Quaker meeting-house, wit hout changing anybody's 
opinion. Mr. Williams afterward wrote an ac- 
count of the affair, and maintained his own view, 
in the book entitled " George Fox digged out of 
his Burrowes," a small quarto of 827 pages (Boston, 



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WILLIAMS 



WILLIAMS 



583 



1676). A copy of this book is in Harvard college 
library. His last written document bears the date 
16 Jan., 1683, and relates to the dispute about the 
Pawtuxet lands. In a letter written, 10 May, 1683, 
by John Thorndike, of Providence, to th*e Rev. 
Samuel Hubbard, he says : " The Lord hath ar- 
rested by death our ancient and approved friend, 
Mr. Roger Williams, with divers others here." His 
death must have occurred between 16 Jan. and 10 




May, probably at Providence, as he was buried 
there. He was a man of wonderful strength and 
activity. In private life he was as gentle and kind 
as he was undaunted and pugnacious in contro- 
versy. His opinions and conduct in regard to tol- 
eration entitle him to a place among the foremost 
men of the world in the 17th century, and this is 
fully recognized jn Prof. David Masson's work on 
Milton, wnere the history of modern liberalism is 
discussed with profound learning. See James D. 
Knowles's " Memoir of Williams^' (Boston, 1834) ; 
William Gamraell's "Life of Roger Williams" 
(1846); Romeo Elton's "Life of Roger Williams" 
(London, 1852): and Henry M. Dexter's "As to 
Roger Williams" (Boston, 1876). Dr. Dexter has 
recovered a lost tract by Williams, "Christenings 
make not Christians" (London, 1645), which he 
found in the British museum, and edited for 
Rider's historical tracts. No. 14, 1881. — A de- 
scendant, Betsey, b. in Cranston (now a part of 
Providence), R. I., in 1780; d. there, 27 Nov., 1871, 
inherited a farm of one hundred acres, by direct 
succession through five generations, from Roger 
Williams, and bequeathed it to the city of Provi- 
dence to form the park that bears his name. The 
statue lately erected is shown in the illustration. 

WILLIAMS, Samuel, pioneer, b. in Carlisle, 
Pa., 16 Oct., 1786; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 Feb., 
1859. In his youth he learned the trade of a hatter, 
and removed with his parents to Chillicothe, Ohio, 
in 1807. He served in the war of 1812, and was 
with a detachment at River Raisin, Mich., when 
Gen. William Hull surrendered Detroit. An ac- 
count of this militarr expedition, written by him, 
was published in 1870, entitled "Two Western 
Campaigns." In 1815 he was appointed by the 
surveyor-general of Ohio chief clerk of that office, 
which post he filled for thirty years. His familiar- 
ity with the public surveys was of great value to 
the service, and he compiled for the general land- 
office the "Instructions to Surveyors-General of 
Public Lands," which is still used, and of which 



several editions have been issued. He was one of 
the founders in 1845 of the Ohio Wesleyan uni- 
versity, and in 1843 of the Wesleyan female col- 
lege at Cincinnati, of both of which he was for 
many years a trustee and patron, bequeathing to 
the former a valuable private library. He leu in 
manuscript copious memoirs of his own life and 
times, and a genealogy of his family. 

WILLIAMS, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Pom- 
fret, Conn., 5 Nov., 1779 ; d. in Providence. R. I., 
29 Sept, 1876. He studied for two years at Will- 
iams, then entered Yale, was graduated in 1800. 
and taught at Beverly, Mass., and Woodstock and 
Norwich, Conn., till 1803, when he opened a school 
for colored pupils in Boston, Mass. He was there 
licensed in order to act as chaplain of the alms- 
house, was sent to New York state as a missionary 
in the same year, and repeated his tour in 1804 and 
1805, after being ordained as an evangelist on 16 
May, 1804. From 1807 till his death, except while 
officiating as pastor at Foxborough, Mass., in 
1816-'21, at Attleborough in 1823-'?, at Hebron- 
ville in 1827-'30, and at Barrington, R. I., in 1835, 
he resided mainly at Providence, and, while hold- 
ing no charge, preached to colored people and 
others through the state of Rhode Island. He 
drafted the articles of faith and the rules of the 
Rhode Island evangelical consociation, and was 
its first scribe. Of his many printed sermons, some 
of which were signed by the pen-name " Demens 
Egomet," one was called "An Explicit Avowal of 
Nothingarianism," another had the title "Jehovah, 
or Uni-trini-tarianism," and others commemorated 
the first settlement of Rhode Island and the re- 
vival of religion in 1740. Several volumes of col- 
lected sermons were issued at various times. 

WILLIAMS, Thomas, lawyer, b. in Greens- 
burgh, Westmoreland co., Pa.. 28 Aug., 1806. He 
was graduated at Dickinson college in 1825, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and entered 
into practice at Pittsburg. He served in the state 
senate from 1838 till 1841. In 1861 he entered the 
state house of representatives, and after serving 
two years was elected to congress as a Republican, 
taking his seat on 7 Dec, 1863. He was twice re- 
elected, was a member of the committee on the 
judiciary during his entire period of service, and 
in March, 1868, acted as one of the managers of 
the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. 

WILLIAMS, Thomas, soldier, b. in New York 
state in 1815; d. in Baton Roupe, La., 5 Aug., 
1862. He was appointed a cadet in the U. S. mili- 
tary academy from Michigan, graduated in 1837, 
and immediately commissioned as 2d lieutenant 
of infantry. He served in the Florida wars and 
during the Canadian rebellion on the northern 
frontier, was assistant professor of mathematics at 
the military academy in 1840-'l, being promoted 
1st lieutenant on 5 Oct., 1840, and from 1844 till 
1850 was aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott. 
During the Mexican war he was present at Vera 
Cruz and the other principal engagements of the 
war, receiving the brevet of captain for bravery 
at Contreras and Churubusco, and that of major 
for taking a gallant part in the battle of Chapulte- 
pec. He became a captain on 12 Sept., 1850, was 
engaged in operations against the Seminoles in 
Florida in 1856-'7 and in the Utah expedition in 
1858, was promoted maior on 14 May, 1861, and 
made a brigadier-general of volunteers on 28 Sept., 
1861. He took part in the North Carolina expedi- 
tion, and remained in command of Fort Hatteras 
till March, 1862, then took command of a brigade 
in the Ship island expedition, was engaged in 
opening the lower Mississippi in April ana May, 



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1862, commanded in the first unsuccessful attack 
on Vicksburg, and projected and superintended 
the cutting of a canal that was designed to turn 
the course of the Mississippi away from that city. 
On the failure of this enterprise he was placed in 
command at Baton Rouge, where he successfully 
repelled the vigorous attack of Gen. John C. Breck- 
inridge, and was killed in the moment of victory 
while leading to the charge an Indiana regiment 
whose field-officers had fallen. 

WILLIAMS, Thomas H M senator, b. in Vir- 
ginia, about 1795. He went to Pontotoc, Miss., 
soon after the Indians were removed from that 
region, and became a member of the state house 
of representatives. Mr. Williams was appointed 
by the governor, and afterward elected by the 
legislature, a U. S. senator, to fill the vacancy 
caused by the resignation of James F. Trotter, 
and served from 13 Dec., 1838. till 3 March, 1839. 

WILLIAMS, Thomas Hill, U. S. senator, b. 
in North Carolina, about 1780: d. in Robertson 
county, Tenn., about 1840. He received an aca- 
demical training, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar, and began practice, but became a clerk in the 
war department at Washington. In 1805 he was 
appointed by President Jefferson register of the 
land-office for the territory of Mississippi, and he 
was collector of customs at the port of New Orleans. 
He was a delegate to the convention that framed 
the state constitution of Mississippi, and was elected 
one of the first U. S. senators from that state. He 
was re-elected, and served from 11 Dec, 1817, till 
3 March, 1829. During the session of 1820-'l he 
voted for the Missouri compromise bill. He then 
removed to Tennessee, where he remained until 
the time of his death. 

WILLIAMS, Thomas Scott, jurist, b. in 
Wethersfield, Conn., 26 June, 1777; d. in Hart- 
ford, 15 Dec. 1861. He was graduated at Yale in 
1794, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1799, 
and began practice at Mansfield, Conn., but re- 
moved to Hartford in 1803. He was appointed 
attorney of the board of managers of the school 
fund in 1809, from 1813 till 1829 represented Hart- 
ford in the general assembly, and sat in congress 
in 1817-'19. In May, 1829, he was appointed an 
associate judge of the supreme court of errors and 
of the superior court, and in May, 1834, he was 
appointed chief justice, which office he held until 
the constitutional expiration of his term in 1847. 
After retiring from the bench he never resumed 
the practice of his profession further than to act 
occasionally as an arbitrator or referee. He was 
mayor of the city of Hartford from 1881 till 1835. 
For several years he had been president of the 
American tract society, and he was active in vari- 
ous other religious and benevolent organizations. 
He was a contributor to objects of benevolence, and 
bequeathed $28,000 to charitable institutions. 

WILLIAMS, Sir William, British officer, b. in 
England about 1776 ; d. in Bath, England, 17 June, 
1832. Ho was appointed ensign in the 40th foot 
in 1794, lieutenant in 1795, captain in 1799, major 
in 1802, and lieutenant-colonel in the 60th foot in 
1809. He served at Corunna, Salamanca, and 
other battles during the campaign in the penin- 
sula, and in 1814 in Canada, when he commanded 
at St. John's and at the posts in advance on Riche- 
lieu river, and was complimented in general or- 
ders for his services. He was appointed a knight 
commander of the Bath, 5 Jan., 1815, became a 
colonel in 1819, and a major-general in 1830. 

WILLIAMS, William, publisher, b. in Fram- 
ingham, Mass., 12 Oct., 1787; d. in Utica, N. Y.. 
10 June, 1850. He was a descendant in the fifth 



generation from the Puritan settler, Robert Will- 
iams, of Roxbury. His father's family removing 
to the village of New Hartford, Oneida co.. in 1791, 
he was there apprenticed at the age of eleven to 
William McLean, a pioneer of printing and found- 
er of the first newspaper in central New York. 
In 1800 he entered the establishment of Asahei 
Seward, his brother-in-law, in Utica, and upon com- 
ing of age formed a partnership with him under 
the firm-name of Seward and Williams. The works 
issued from their press were chiefly religious and 
instructive. They were also publishers of a news- 
paper which, under the name of the •* Utica Pa- 
triot and Patrol," and other titles, strongly advo- 
cated De Witt Clinton and his canal policy, but 
ended in 1821 in a lawsuit and loss. Seward with- 
drew in 1824, leaving the business entirely to his 
partner, who indulged his anti-Mason proclivities 
in issuing a weekly paper entitled The Elucida- 
tory which was also a financial failure In 1829 
he published " Light on Masonry," which brought 
upon him the ill-will of the Masons. Mr. Williams 
was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and the 
organizer and superintendent of one of the earliest 
Sunday-schools in the country. During the cholera 
scourge in 1832 he gave his whole time to prescrib- 
ing for the sick, distributing aid to the needy, and 
burying the dead, until he was taken dangerously 
ill toward the end of the plague. He raised a com- 
pany of volunteers in 1813 for the relief of Sackett's 
Harbor, and served elsewhere in the war, remaining 
after its close as colonel of the militia regiment in 
Utica. — His son, Samuel Wells, sinologist, b. in 
Utica, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1812 ; d. in New Haven, 
Conn., 16 Feb., 1884, entered Rensselaer polytechnic 
institute at Troy in 1881. While in this school 
he accepted a proposal to go to China and take 
charge of a printing-office recently established there 
by the American board of missions. Arriving at 
Canton, 25 Oct., 1833, he found Dr. Robert Morrison, 
an Englishman, and Elijah C Bridgman, an Ameri- 
can, the only Protestant missionaries in China. He 
joined the latter as editor of the " Chinese Reposi- 
tory," which he both printed and edited until its 
conclusion in 1851. In all he contributed about 
130 articles to this magazine. In 1835 he removed 
his office to the Portuguese colony of Macao in 
order to complete the printing of Dr. Walter H. 
Mcdhurst's Hokkeen dictionary, which had been 
left unfinished at the dissolution of the East India 
company's China branch, and the company's font 
of Cninese type was from this date placed entirely 
at his disposal. During the winter of 1887-'8 he 
began to print the "Chinese Chrestomathy, v by 
Dr. Bridgman, to which he contributed one half. 
While this was in press he was also kept busy 
learning Japanese from some sailors, and with 
their aid made a version of the books of Oenesis 
and Matthew in that language. In 1844 lie re- 
turned to the United States by way of India, 
Egypt, Palestine, and Italy, and proposed to the 
secretary of the Presbyterian board of missions to 
assist tnem in obtaining a full font of Chinese 
type, from matrices to be cut in Berlin, nis share 
of raising the necessary funds was performed by 
delivering many courses of lectures on China in 
various cities of the Union, and these, being ampli- 
fied, were published under the title of the " Middle 
Kingdom." with a new map of the empire (2 vols,. 
New York, 1848). The same year he returned 
with his wife to China and began at once a new 
Chinese dictionary, the completion of which was 
delayed, while he 'accompanied Com. Matthow C. 
Perry's two expeditions to Japan in 185&-*4, as 
Japanese interpreter, and materially assisted in 



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concluding the treaty that opened that country to 
foreign commerce and civilization. In September, 
1855, he was appointed secretary and interpreter 
to the U. S. legation in China. His " Tonic Dic- 
tionary of the Chinese language in the Canton 
Dialect " was finished in August, 1856, eight years 
from its beginning and just before the destruc- 
tion of the foreign factories at Canton, which 
with his press and more than 7,000 books, were 
burned in December of that year. He resigned his 
connection with the American board in 1857, and 
in the following year assisted the American envoy. 
William B. Reed, in negotiating a new treaty and 
the settlement of claims of Americans upon .the 
Chinese government for losses at Canton and else- 
where. To Mr. Williams's abiding interest in the 
cause of missions was due the insertion in this 
treaty of a clause tolerating Christianity in China, 
a stipulation which was borrowed from his draft 
and inserted by each of the three allied European 
powers there assembled. The next year he ac- 
companied Mr. Ward to exchange the ratifications 
on the first visit of Americans to Peking. When 
the legation returned to the south, Mr. Williams 
made a second visit to the United States. In 
1862 he went with Anson Burlingame to Peking, 
where he resided with his family several years, in 
the course of which he built at his own expense 
and from his own designs the buildings that are 
still occupied by the U. S. legation in that capital. 
Besides his official duties, he found time to complete 
in these years his great work, M A Syllabic Diction- 
ary of the Chinese Language," a quarto volume of 
1330 pages, containing 12,527 characters and their 
pronunciations in four dialects. In order to 
superintend the printing personally, he spent the 
year 1878 in Shanghai, wnere it was stereotyped 
and published (1874) at the Presbyterian mission 
press, from the font of Chinese type, the funds for 
which he was instrumental in raising in 1846-'8. 
Much impaired in health, he returnecf in 1875, go- 
ing back to China in 1876 to close his affairs 
there and resign his office of secretary and inter- 
preter, the oldest commission at that time in the 
U. S. diplomatic service. During his term he had 
acted as charge" d'affaires nine times, amounting 
to nearly five years of service as acting minister. 
He was the oldest foreign resident in China at the 
date of his departure. In 1877 he was appointed 
professor of tlie Chinese language and literature 
in Yale, being the first professor of the sort 
in this country. In 1881 he was elected presi- 
dent of the American Biblo society, and later in 
the yearpresident of the American oriental society. 
In 1848 Mr. Williams received the degree of LL. D. 
from Union college. Besides the works already 
mentioned, he published 44 Easy Lessons in Chinese 
(Macao, 1842) ; " English and Chinese Vocabulary " 
(1843); "Chinese Topography " (1844); and "Chi- 
nese Commercial Guide, based on a previous work 
(1844 : 5th revised ed., Hong Kong, 1863); and 
completely rewrote, enlarged, and brought down 
to date his important work on "The Middle King- 
dom" (2 vols., New York. 1883). See "The Life 
and Letters of S. Wells Williams," by his son, 
Frederick Wells Williams (New York, 1888). 

WILLIAMS, Sir William Fenwlck, bart., 
Canadian soldier, b. in Annapolis Royal, Nova 
Scotia, 4 Dec., 1800 : d. in London, England, 20 
July, 1883. He was graduated at Woolwich in 
1821, and in 1825 became 2d lieutenant of artil- 
lery. In 1829 he was transferred to the East 
Indies, and was stationed in Ceylon, where he 
secured an appointment in the surveyor-general's 
office, and superintended the construction of scv- 




f Kars, and it 

as feared that If 4 ' 

rince Betutoff /V f^C&t^***^ 



eral public works. He travelled much through 
India, visited Egypt, Syria, and Constantinople, 
and in 1839 he returned to England and rejoined 
his corps. He became captain in 1840, was sent 
to Turkey, and afterward was British commissioner 
to the confer- 
ence at Erze- 
roum to settle 
the boundary- 
line between 
Persia and Tur- 
key in Asia. In 
1848 he was ad- 
vanced to a lieu- 
tenant - colonel- 
cy. During the 
Crimean war, 
when the Rus- 
sians had driven 
the Turks un- 
der the walls 
of Kars, and it 
was \ 
Prince 

might follow up 
his success in Asia, Col. Williams was despatched 
as commissioner, and, going to Kars, proceeded im- 
mediately to reorganize the troops. He was ap- 
pointed a lieutenant-general in the sultan's army 
under the name of Williams Pacha. After defend - 
ing Kars for four months aeainst the Russians, he 
met their commander. Gen. Mouravieff, at the head 
of a large force, on the heights above the city, and 
defeated him with great slaughter. Assisted by 
the Hungarian General Kmety, he did all in his 
power for the defence of Kars; but on 14 Nov. he 
capitulated. When the war was over, Williams 
returned to England. The queen created him a 
baronet, and decorated him with the ribbon of the 
Order of the Bath. A pension of £1,000 was 
granted him, and both houses of parliament 
thanked him. The sultan of Turkey conferred on 
"the hero of Kars" the rank of a pacha of the 
highest order, and the decoration of the Medjidieh. 
Napoleon III. created him a grand officer of the 
Legion of honor, besides presenting him with a 
diamond-hilted sabre. Oxford gave him the de- 
gree of D. C. L, the corporation of London in- 
vested him with the freedom of the city and a 
costly sword, and his native province of Nova 
Scotia gave him a sword costing 150 guineas. In 
July, 1856, he was given the command of the gar- 
rison at Woolwich, and elected to parliament for 
Calne. At the general elections in the following 
year he was again returned, but he retired in 1859. 
In the latter year he was appointed commander-in- 
chief of the forces in British North America. He 
was administrator of Canada from 12 Oct., 1800, to 
22 Jan., 1861, during the absence of the governor- 
general, Sir Edmund Head. When Lieut.-Gov. Sir 
Richard Graves Macdonnell left Nova Scotia in 
1865, Sir Fenwick Williams administered the gov- 
ernment of that province. He was the first lieu- 
tenant-governor of Nova Scotia after the union of 
1867, wnich post he held three months. On 2 
Aug., 1868, he was made a full general, and in Au- 
gust, 1870, he was appointed governor-general of 
Gibraltar. That post ne resigned in 1875. In Oc- 
tober, 1877, he retired from the army, and in 1881 
he was appointed constable of the Tower. 

WILLIAMS, William George, engineer, b. in 
Philadelphia, 1 Jan., 1801 ; d. in Monterey. Mexico, 
21 Sept., 1846. He was graduated at the tJ. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1824, and entered the 7th infantry 
as 2d lieutenant. He was promoted 1st lieutenant. 



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WILLIAMSON 



80 April, 1888, surveyed the site for a fort on Pea 
Paten island, in Delaware river, in 1884, and was 
promoted brevet captain of staff in the topographi- 
cal engineers on 28 Jan. in the same year. He 
surveyed the route for a ship-canal around the Falls 
of Niagara in 1885-'6. and performed similar ser- 
vices on Lake Champlain, at Charleston, S. C, and 
at Cincinnati, Ohio. He went in 1837 on a mili- 
tary reconnoissance to the country of the Chero- 
kees, attained the rank of captain of engineers in 
1888, and during the eight succeeding years was 
engaged in making triangulations ana in con- 
structing harbor works on Lake Erie. He was 
superintendent of the survey of the northwestern 
lakes and of the boundary between Michigan and 
Wisconsin, served under Gen. Zachary Taylor in 
the war with Mexico as chief of engineers, and was 
mortally wounded at the battle of Monterey, 21 
Sept., 1846, dying the same day. He was an adept 
in painting, and his literary and scientific attain- 
ments were of a high order. 

WILLIAMS, William R, clergyman, b. in 
New York citv, 14 Oct., 1804 ; d. there, 1 April, 
1885. His father, the Rev. John Williams, came 
from Wales in 1795, and was pastor of a Bap- 
tist church in New York from 1798 till his death 
in 1825. The son was graduated at Columbia in 
1822, and studied law with Peter A. Jay, whose 
partner be became. Religious convictions caused 
him to leave that profession and to devote himself 
to the Christian ministry. He was ordained pastor 
of the Amity street Baptist church in 1882. In this 
relation he continued until his death, though often 
solicited to accept various chairs in colleges and 
theological seminaries. Dr. Williams's library was 
one of the largest and choicest private collections in 
the country. Though he was a man of very positive 
convictions, his temper was gentle and eminently 
catholic. He was one of the foremost leaders in 
the councils of his own denomination, and an ac- 
tive manager in the great societies that are sup- 
ported by evangelical Christians in general, as the 
American tract society and the American Bible 
society. Columbia gave him the degree of S. T. D. 
in 1887, and he was a trustee of mat college in 
1888-'48. The decree of LL. D. was given him by 
Union in 1859. His chief works, besides many 
sermons and addresses, are " Miscellanies " (New 
York, 1850); "Religious Progress" (1850); and 
" Lectures on the Lord's Prayer " (1851). He was 
co-editor also of the " Baptist Library." 

WILLIAMSON, Hugh, statesman, b. in West 
Nottingham, Pa., 5 Dec, 1785; d. in New York 
city, 22 May, 1819. He was graduated at the Col- 
lege of Philadelphia in 1757, studied theology, and 
was licensed to preach in 1759 in Connecticut. He 
was subsequently admitted to the presbytery of 
Philadelphia, and preached altogether about two 
years, but, partly in consequence of ill health, he 
was never ordained nor assumed a pastorate. He 
was professor of mathematics in the College of 
Philadelphia in 1760-'8, studied medicine at 
Edinburgh and Utrecht, where he took his de- 
gree, and on his return to this country practised 
successfully at Philadelphia. On 7 Jan., 1769, he 
was appointed one of a commission of the Ameri- 
can philosophical society, to which he had been 
elected in 1768, to observe the transits of Ve- 
nus and Mercury, his account of which is con- 
tained in vol. i. of the "Philosophical Transac- 
tions." In 1772 he visited the West Indies to pro- 
cure aid for the academy at Newark, Del., ana in 
1778 he proceeded to England to solicit further 
assistance for that institution. He was examined 
in February, 1774, by the privy council on the 




subject of the destruction of the tea in Boston 
harbor, and other matters relating to the political 
state of the colonies. He afterward spent some 
time on the continent, and returned to this coun- 
try in 1776, after the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, bearing im- 
portant papers. 
In 1777 he engaged 
in mercantile pur- 
suits in Charles- 
ton, S. C, with a 
younger brother, 
and subsequently 
he practised medi- 
cine at Edenton, 
N. C. He served 
as surgeon in the 
militia of North 
Carolina in 1780- 
% and rendered 
aid to the wound- 
ed at the battle of 
Camden. He was 
a member of the 
house of commons 
of North Carolina in 1782, was elected to the Con- 
tinental congress in 1784, 1785, and 1786, and was 
a delegate to the convention that framed the con- 
stitution of the United States in 1787, as well as to 
the State convention to act upon it in 1789. He 
was elected to the 1st congress as a Federalist, re- 
elected to the second, and served from 19 March, 
1790, till 2 March, 1798, when he removed to New 
York. He married there, devoted himself to lit- 
erary pursuits, and was associated with De Witt 
Clinton in organizing the Literary and philosophi- 
cal society in 1814. He was an advocate x>t the 
New York canal system, and an active promoter of 
philanthropic, literary, and scientific institutions, 
br. Williamson was a frequent contributor to the 
transactions of learned societies in Europe and the 
United States. He published a series oi essays on 
"Paper Currency" in 1786; fugitive articles on 
"Languages in Politics" in the "American Mu- 
seum ; "Observations on Navigable Canals," an 
essay on " Comets " in the " Transactions " of the 
Literary and philosophical societv of New York ; 
" Discourse on the Benefits of Civil History " (New 
York, 1810); "Observations on the Climate of 
America" (1811); and "History of North Caro- 
lina" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1812). 

WILLIAMSON, Isaac Dowd, clergyman, b. in 
Pomfret, Vt, 4 April, 1807 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
26 Nov., 1876. He was a Universalis! minister, on 
10 Sept., 1829, at Townsend, Vt, was pastor at 
Albany, N. Y., from 1880 till 1887, and subse- 
quently held charges in Baltimore, Md., New 
York city, Philadelphia, Mobile, Ala., Cincinnati, 
Ohio, Lowell, Mass., and Louisville, Ky. In 1878 
he again became pastor at Cincinnati. He com- 
posed a large part of the ritual of the Order of 
Odd-Fellows, of which he was chaplain for many 
years. At different times he was editor of the 
"Gospel Banner," at Troy, N. Y., the " Religious 
Inquirer," at Hartford, Conn., the "Herald and 
Era," at Louisville, Ky., and the "Star in the 
West," at Cincinnati. He published " Argument 
for the Truth of Christianity" (New York, 1886); 
" Exposition and Defence of Universalism " (1840) ; 
" The Crown of Life, a Series of Discourses " (Bos- 
ton, 1850) ; " Examination of the Doctrine of End- 
less Punishment" (Cincinnati, 1854): "The Phi- 
losophy of Odd-Fellowship " (1855) ; " The Philoso- 
phy of Universalism " (1866) ; ana " Rudiments of 
Theological and Moral Science" (1870). 



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WILLIAMSON, Isaac Halsted, jurist, b. in 
Elizabethtown, N. J., in 1760 ; d. there, 10 July, 
1844 He was educated at the local schools in his 
birthplace, studied law with nis brother Matthias, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1701. Soon after- 
ward he became prosecuting attorney for Morris 
county, and rose to a high rank at the bar of New 
Jersey. In 1817 he was elected to the assembly, 
and he was governor and chancellor of the state 
from 6 Feb., 1817, till October, 1830, as, previous 
to the adoption of the constitution in 1844, the 
governor was, ex-officio, chancellor. He was presi- 
dent of the convention that was called to revise the 
state constitution in 1844, and died soon after the 
convention adjourned. 

WILLIAMSON, James, Canadian educator, b. 
in Edinburgh, Scotland, 19 Oct, 1806. He was 
one of the founders of the "Edinburgh Presby- 
terian Review," and was ordained as a Presby- 
terian minister in 1845. In 1842 he became pro- 
fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy in 
Queen's college, Kingston, Canada, and he was 
afterward vice-principal, professor of astronomy, 
and for many years director of the Kingston Ob- 
servatory. He has been given the degree of LL. D. 
by Glasgow university. Dr. Williamson has pub- 
lished " Inland Seas of North America " (Kingston, 
1854), and abstracts of meteorological observations 
at Kingston. Canada. 

WILLIAMSON, James Alexander, soldier, b. 
in Adair county, Ky., 8 Feb., 1829. He was edu- 
cated at Knox college, 111., but was not graduated, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but was 
mustered into the military service of the United 
States, 8 Aug., 1861, as 1st lieutenant and adju- 
tant of the 4th Iowa infantry. After the battle of 
Pea Ridge, where he was wounded, he was pro- 
moted to lieutenant-colonel of the regiment and 
immediately afterward he was made its colonel. 
At the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, near Vicksburg, 
on 28 Dec., 1862, he led the assault of Thayer* 
brigade on the enemy's lines and was seriously 
wounded. By order of Gen. Grant he was allowed 
to inscribe on the colors of his regiment ** First 
at Chickasaw Bayou." He was present at the 
siege of Vicksburg, and immediately after the sur- 
render was pven command of the 2d brigade of 
the 1st division of the 15th army corps. Col. Will- 
iamson continued in command of a brigade or di- 
vision until the capture of Savannah, when he was 
made a full brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 
Jan., 1865, having previously been promoted by 
brevet on 19 Dec., 1864. He was also brevetteS 
major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. After 
the capture of Savannah he was ordered -to St. 
Louis, Mo., to take command of the district of 
Missouri, where he remained until some time after 
the surrender of the armies of the Confederacy, 
when he was ordered to report to Gen. Grenville 
M. Dodge for duty in a military and inspecting ex- 
pedition of posts in the northwest, on Laramie, Pow- 
der, and Bighorn rivers. While on this duty he 
was mustered out of the military service; but he 
did not receive the order until his return to St. 
Louis in October, 1865. Gen. Williamson then re- 
sumed his profession, and was commissioner of the 
general land-office from June, 1876, till June, 1881, 
and chairman of the public lands commission 
created by act of congress, 3 March, 1879. He was 
elected chairman of the Iowa delegation to the Na- 
tional Republican convention at Baltimore in 1864, 
but did not attend in consequence of his military 
duties, and he was again elected chairman of the 
delegation in 1868. Ho is now general solicitor 
for the Atlantic and Pacific railroad company. 



WILLIAMSON 597 

WILLIAMSON, John, artist, b. in Toll Cross, 
near Glasgow. Scotland, 10 April, 1826 ; d. in Glen- 
wood-on-tne-Hudson, 28 May, 1885. His parents 
removed to this country when he was a chila. For 
several years he followed his profession in Brook- 
lyn, N. V„ where he was a member and secretary 
of the Art association. He was also one of the 
original members of the Artists' fund society, and 
in 1861 was elected an associate of the National 
academy. Many of his paintings are scenes near 
Hudson river and in the Catskills. They include 
"Trout Fishing" ; 44 American Trout"; "Summit of 
Chocorua " ; '* Autumn in the Adirondacks " ; 44 A 
Passing Shower, Connecticut Valley " (1869) ; 44 Af- 
ter the Storm, Blue Ridge" (1877); 44 In the Mo- 
hawk Valley " and 44 Sugar-Loof Mountain " (1878) ; 
and 44 The Palisades " (1879). 

WILLIAMSON, John, British physician, lived 
in the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a fellow 
of the Royal college of physicians of Edinburgh, 
and at one time surgeon to the Caithness High- 
landers. In 1798 he went with his family to Jamaica, 
W. I., where he practised nearly fourteen years near 
Spanish Town, returning to his native country 
in 1812. During his absence he kept a journal of 
his cases and other topics of interest, which he 
utilized in the preparation of his "Medical and 
Miscellaneous Observations relative to the West 
India Islands " (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1817). 

WILLIAMSON, Peter, Scottish author, d. in 
Edinburgh, Scotland, 19 Jan., 1799. He was kid- 
napped when a boy at Aberdeen, and sent to this 
country, but he afterward returned to Scotland, 
where ne recovered damages from his captors. He 
passed much time among the Cherokees, and on 
nis return amused the public with descriptions of 
their manners, assuming the dress of a cnief and 
imitating a war-whoop. He instituted a penny- 
post at Edinburgh, for which, when it was assumed 
oy the government, he received a pension, and he 
was also the first to publish a city directory. He 
was the author of "French and Indian Cruelty 
Exemplified" (Glasgow, 1758), and 44 A Brief Ac- 
count of the War in North America " (1760). 

WILLIAMSON, Robert Stockton, soldier, b. 
in New York in 1824 ; d. in San Francisco, Col., 
10 Nov., 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1848, assigned to the topo- 
graphical engineers, and took part in various sur- 
veys on the Pacific coast till 1856, when he became 
1st lieutenant From that time till the civil war 
he was on the staff of the commanding general of 
the Department of the Pacific, and in charge of 
military roads in southern Oregon, with meteoro- 
logical observations on that coast. On 6 Aug., 
1861, he was promoted captain, and, after recon- 
noissances on the lower Potomac till March, 1862, 
he was chief topographical engineer in the opera- 
tions in North Carolina, being brevetted major, 14 
March, 1862, for services at New Berne, ana lieu- 
tenant-colonel on 26 April for the siege of Fort 
Macon. He then served with the Army of the 
Potomac, of which he was chief topographical en- 
gineer, from 21 Nov. till 21 Dec., 1862, and held 
that post in the Department of the Pacific from 9 
Feb. till 3 March, 1868, when he was transferred 
to the corps of engineers, in which he was made 
major on 7 May. Afterward he served on the Pa- 
cific coast as superintending engineer of various 
surveys of rivers, harbors, and sites for fortifica- 
tions. On 22 Feb., 1869, he was promoted lieuten- 
ant-colonel. Col. Williamson published 44 Report 
of a Reconnoissance and Survey in California in 
Connection with Explorations for a Railway Route 
to the Pacific " in vol. iiL of " Pacific Railway Re- 



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538 



WILLIAMSON 



W1LLICH 



ports " (Washington, 1858); "On the Use of the 
Barometer on Surveys and Reconnoissances " (New 
York, 1868) ; and " Practical Tables in Meteor- 
ology and Hypsometry," being an appendix to the 
foi^ing(1869). 

WILLIAMSON, Walter, physician, b. in New- 
town, Delaware co.. Pa,, 4 Jan., loll ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 19 Dec., 1870. He was graduated in medi- 
cine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1888, and 
in 1848 was professor of obstetrics in the Homoeo- 
pathic medical college of Pennsylvania. In 1852 
ne was transferred to the chair of materia medica 
and therapeutics, which he resigned in 1855 on ac- 
count of failing health. He neld the chair of 
obstetrics again in 1857-'9, and in 1860 was made 
professor emeritus, which post he oontinued to 
nold in Hahnemann medical college when the Ho- 
moeopathic college was merged in it. In 1869-70 
he lectured there on hygiene. Dr. Williamson was 
president of the American institute of homoeopathy 
in 1846 and of the state homoeopathic medical so- 
ciety in 1868. He was the author of " Instructions 
concerning the Diseases of Females, and the Con- 
duct to be observed during Pregnancy, Labor, and 
Conanement" (Philadelphia, 18&), and "Diseases of 
Females and Children, and their Homoeopathic 
Treatment " (1854 ; revised ed. by George N. JEpps, 
London, 1857), and has contributed to the "Ho- 
moeopathic Materia Medica of American Drug 
Provings M (Philadelphia, 1846), and to the " North 
American Journal of Homoeopathy," of which he 
was an assistant editor. He also edited Dr. Joseph 
Laurie's " Parents' Guide " (1849). 

WILLIAMSON, William Durkee, historian, 
b. in Canterbury, Conn., 81 July, 1779 ; d. in Ban- 

£»r, Me.) 27 May, 1846. He removed with his 
ther in boyhood to Amherst, Mass., and entered 
Williams college, but was graduated at Brown in 
1804 He studied law in Amherst, and began to 
practise in Bangor, Me., in 1807. Afterward he 
served as attorney for Hancock county in 1808-'16, 
and as a member of the Massachusetts senate in 
1816-*20. On the separation of Maine from that 
state in 1820 he was the president of its first state 
senate, and he thus became acting governor on the 
resignation of Gov. William King. He was then 
elected to congress as a Democrat, and served in 
1821-U In 1824-'40 he was probate judge for his 
county, and in 1888-'41 he was a bank commissioner. 
Gov. Williamson was for some time president of the 
Bangor bank, and a member of several historical 
and literary societies. Besides contributions to the 
" American Quarterly Register " and to the " Col- 
lections" of the Massachusetts historical society, 
he published a valuable " History of the State of 
Maine, from its First Discovery to the Separation " 
(2 vols., Hallowell, 1882; 2d ed., enlarged, 1889). 

WILLI AMS-REBOLLEDO, Juan, Chilian na- 
val officer, b. in Curaoavi, province of Santiago, in 
1826. His father was a companion of Admiral 
Cochrane. The son entered tne naval service of 
his country, and at the opening of the war against 
Spain had obtained the rank of captain, and was 
in command of the corvette "Esmeralda." He 
was at anchor in the port of Papudo on 26 Nov., 
1865, when the Spanish gun-boat " Covadonga " 
passed with despatches, and, after a short chase and 
naif an hour's engagement, Williams captured her 
with about 110 men. For this victory he was 
raised to the rank of post-captain, and presented 
by the people with a sword of honor.. He was later 
a member of the municipality of Valparaiso and 
elected to congress. When the war against Peru and 
Bolivia began, he commanded the Chilian fleet as 
rear-admiral, and on 29 March, 1879, occupied the 




Bolivian ports of Cobija and Tocopilla, establish- 
ing in April the blockade of Iquique with his flag- 
ship, the iron-clad " Blanco Encalada," and other 
vessels of the squadron. But after the destruction 
of the " Esmeralda " by the " Huascar," and the 
successful cruise of the Peruvian fleet, great dis- 
content arose in Chili with the inactivity of their 
powerful squadron. According to Admiral Will- 
iams, this was caused by the condition of the bot- 
toms of his ships and their defective machinery, 
so that he was unable to cope in speed with the 
Peruvian vessels. Owing to this and on account 
of ill health, Williams resigned in September, 1880, 
and was succeeded by Admiral Galvarino Riveros, 
WILLICH, August, b. in Gorzyn, in the Prus- 
sian province of Posen, in 1810; d. in St Mary's, 
Mercer co., Ohio, 28 Jan., 187a His father, a 
captain of hussars during the Napoleonic wars, 
died when August was 
three vears old. With 
an elder brother, the 
boy found a home in 
the family of Fried- 
rich Schleiermacher, 
the famous theolo- 
gian, whose wife was 
a distant relative. He 
received a military 
education at Potsdam 
and Berlin, and at 
eighteen years of age 
was commissioned 2d 
lieutenant of artillery 
in the Prussian array, 
becoming a captain in 
1841. In 1846, in com- 
pany with a number of 
the younger and more 
ardent officers of his 
brigade, he became so imbued with republican ideas 
that he tendered his resignation from the army in 
a letter written in such terms that, instead of its 
being accepted, he was arrested and tried by a 
court-martial. By some means he was acquitted, 
and afterward was permitted to resign. When 
the great revolution of 1848 threatened the over- 
throw of all European monarchies, Willich, with 
several former army friends, among whom were 
Franz Sigel, Friedench K. F. Hecker, Louis Blenk- 
er, and Carl Schurz, went to Baden and took an 
active part in the armed attempt to revolutionize 
Germany. After its failure, Willich and many of 
his compatriots became exiles. He escaped to 
Switzerland, but afterward made his way to Eng- 
land, where several of his fellow-exiles had also 
found refuge. Here he remained till 1853, devot- 
ing much of his time and labor to aiding his dis- 
tressed countrymen to reach the United States. 
He had learned the trade of a carpenter while in 
England, and so earned a livelihood. Coming to 
the United States in 1853, he first found employ- 
ment at his trade in the navy-yard at Brooklyn. 
Here his attainments in mathematics and other 
scientific studies were soon discovered, and he 
found more congenial work in the coast survey. 
In 1858 he was induced to go to Cincinnati as 
editor of the "German Republican," in which 
work he continued till the opening of the civil 
war in 1861. He enlisted, at tne first call to arms, 
in the 1st German (afterward 9th Ohio) regiment, 
which within three days mustered about 1,500 men. 
He was at once appointed adjutant, and, on 28 
May, commissioned major. This regiment after- 
ward became one of the best in the service. In the 
autumn of 1861 Gov. Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana, 



Digitized by Google 



WILLING 



who was raising a German regiment in that state, 
commissioned him as its colonel. This was the 
82d Indiana infantry, famous in the Army of the 
Cumberland for its drill and discipline; as well as 
for its gallantry in action. Willich devoted him- 
self to this regiment, and with such good results 
that, on 26 Nov., 1861, three companies, deployed 
as skirmishers, repelled in confusion a regiment of 
Texan rangers. This affair gave it a prestige that 
it retained to the end of the war. On 17 July, 
1862, he was appointed brigadier-general of volun- 
teers. At the battle of Stone River, 31 Dec., 1862, 
he was captured almost before the action began, 
and was held a prisoner for several months. He 
was exchanged in season to take part, at the head 
of his brigade, in the battle of Chickamauga, 19 
and 20 Sept., 1868, and from that time on he 
shared in all the movements and battles of the 
army, including the Atlanta campaign and the 
march to the sea and through the Carolinas. He 
was made brevet major-general, 21 Oct., 1865, and 
was mustered out of service, 15 Jan., 1866. On his 
return to Cincinnati he was chosen county auditor, 
which post he held for three years. He was 
visiting nis old home in Germany at the beginning 
of the Franco-Prussian war, and at once offered 
his services to the king, whom he had before at- 
tempted to dethrone. His offer was gratefully 
acknowledged, but, on account of his advanced age, 
it was not accepted. He found consolation, if not 
more congenial occupation, in attending lectures 
on philosophy at Berlin. Returning to the United 
States, he chose St Mary's, Ohio, as his residence. 

WILLING, Thomas, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 
19 Dec., 1731 ; d. there, 19 Jan.. 1821. He was 
carefully educated at Bath, England, and, after 
reading law in the Temple, London, in 1754, be- 
came the head of the mercantile house of Willing 
and Morris, one of the largest in the country, his 
partner being Robert Morris, the financier of the 
Revolution. This partnership continued until 
1793. During the Revolution this firm were the 
agents of congress for supplying naval and military 
stores. In 1755 he was elected a member of the 
common council of Philadelphia, and in 1759 was 
made alderman, but did not accept until 1761. 
On 2 Oct, 1759, he was made an associate justice 
of the city court, and on 28 Feb., 1761, became 
justice of the peace of the court of common pleas, 
quarter sessions, and orphans' court, and was re- 
appointed in 1764. On 4 Oct, 1763, he was elected 
by the common council mayor of the city, and from 
14 Sept, 1767, till 1774 was an associate justice 
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and justice 
of the oyer and terminer, and general jail delivery. 
He was a leader in the movement against the 
stamp-act and one of the committee to enforce the 
non-importation agreement of 1765. He presided 
at a mass-meeting held in Philadelphia, 18 June. 

1774, to take action for a general congress of all 
the colonies, and was appointed one of the com- 
mittee of correspondence. On 15 July he was 
chairman of a patriotic meeting in Carpenters' hall. 
He was afterward a member of the committee of 
safety, was elected a representative to the as- 
sembly on the " moderate men's " ticket in April, 

1775, and was a delegate to the Continental con- 
gress in 1775--6, being elected in the place of 
Joseph Galloway. In congress he voted against 
Richard Henry Lee's preliminary resolutions and 
the Declaration of Independence, because he con- 
sidered the act premature and unnecessary, and the 
colonies not ready for independence. When the 
British took possession of Philadelphia in 1777, he 
remained during their occupation and held com- 



willis 539 

munication with Lord Howe. At a critical period 
of the war, in 1780, when there was great danger 
of the dissolution of the American army for want 
of provisions to keep it together. Willing and 
others in Philadelphia subscribed £260,000 toward 
the foundation of the Pennsylvania bank to pro- 
cure the necessary supplies and to promote the re- 
cruiting service. Of this amount he subscribed 
£5,000. Upon the formation of the Bank of North 
America in 1781, which was the first bank char- 
tered in this country, he was elected its presi- 
dent, and continued to serve until he resigned, 9 
Jan., 1792. He was also first president of the 
Bank of the United States, which was organized in 
1791. With his many public duties he united the 
business of an active and successful merchant 

WILLIS, Anson, lawyer, b. in Ulster county, 
N. Y., 28 Jan., 1802; d. in Portchester, N. Y., 14 
Dec., 1874. He was self-taught, studied law. and 
was for forty years a resident of New York city, 
which he represented in the assembly in 1835-'6. 
Afterward he served two terms as judge of the 6th 
judicial district court in that city. During the 
civil war he was a zealous supporter of the U. S. 
government Judge Willis published " Our Rulers 
and Our Rights, or Outlines of the United States 
Government" (Philadelphia, 1868), and left un- 
finished " Origin of all the Nations of the Earth." 

WILLIS, Michael, Canadian educator, b. in 
Greenock, Scotland, in 1799; d. in Aberdour, 
Banffshire, Scotland, 19 Aug., 1879. He was the 
son of the Rev. William Willis, who for nearly 
fifty years was a minister first in Greenock ana 
then in Stirling. The son was educated at the 
University of Glasgow and at the Divinity hall, 
ordained minister of the Renfield street church, 
Glasgow, and about the same time was appointed 
professor of divinity for the secession branch of 
the Presbyterian church, to which both he and his 
father belonged. At the disruption in 1843 Mr. 
Willis accompanied the Free church, and soon 
afterward removed to Canada as a deputy of that 
body, and also to render assistance to the recently 
established Knox college, Toronto. He became 
professor of theology in that institution in 1845, 
which chair he filled till 1870, when he resigned. 
During the latter years of his connection with the 
college he was its principal. He did much to pro- 
mote the cause of Presbyterian ism in Canada, and 
was well known for his eloquence as a preacher. 
He published a volume of " Pulpit and: College 
Discourses," and many pamphlets and sermons. 

WILLIS, Nathaniel Parker, i>oet, b. in Port- 
land, Me., 20 Jan., 1806 ; d. near Cornwall-on-the- 
Hudson, N. Y., 20 r Jan., 1867. He came of a race 
of printers and publishers. His great-grandfather 
was a printer in Boston, his grandfather was the 
proprietorof the "Independent Chronicle," the " Po- 
tomac Guardian," and the " Sciota Gazette," which 
still exists in the town of that name, and his fa- 
ther, Nathaniel 0780-1370), established the "East- 
ern Argus" at Portland, Me., in 1808, afterward 
projected and conducted in Boston (in 1816-*26) the 
" Recorder," one of the earliest religious papers in 
the world, and also founded in 1827 the '* Youth's 
Companion," which is said to be the first chil- 
dren's paper that was ever published, and which 
is still issued. The son was graduated at Yale in 
1827. During his course at college he wrote under 
the pen-name of " Roy," for his father's paper, a 
series of religious narrative poems that found many 
readers, and he also gained the prize of fifty dollars 
offered for the best poem bv the editor of " The 
Album." After leaving college, Willis edited for 
Samuel G. Goodrich, of Boston, two illustrated an- 



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540 



WILLIS 



WILLIS 




nuals, " The Legendary " (1828) and 44 The Token " 
(1820). During the last-mentioned year he estab- 
lished 44 The American Monthly Magazine," which 
ran a two years' career, and became merged in the 
"New York Mirror." 
This weekly publica- 
tion, devoted to art, 
literature, and soci- 
ety, established by 
Samuel Wood worth, 
was at this time 
conducted by George 
P. Morris. Its most 
readable articles were 
extracts from Eng- 
lish periodicals. The 
accession of such con- 
tributors as Theodore 
S. Pay and Mr. Wil- 
lis, with other able 
writers, changed the 
character of this pa- 
per and made it the 
chief organ of soci- 
ety and literature. In 1831 both Fay and Willis 
departed for the Old World and became weekly 
correspondents for their journal. Willis travelled 
over the greater part of Europe and into Asia 
Minor. William C. Rives, then U. S. minister at 
the court of Prance, attached him formally to his 
legation, which gave the young Doet great facilities 
for information and travel and an entrance into 
distinguished society. In 1837 Mr. Willis married 
the daughter of Gen. William St ace, commandant 
of the Woolwich arsenal, and in the same year re- 
turned to this country. They settled in a romantic 
home, which the poet named Glenmary, near Owego, 
N. Y., for several years dispensing open-handed 
hospitality. In 1839 the author made a brief visit 
to England in the interest of his private affairs, 
and in 1844, on the death of his wife, Willis again 
crossed the Atlantic for the purpose of recruiting 
his shattered health. In 1840 he married the adopt- 
ed daughter of Joseph Grinnell, of New Bedford, 
and settled on a small estate which he called Idle- 
wild, near Cornwall-on-the-IIudson, seen in the 
vignette. Prom 1823, until 1842, with brief inter- 
ruptions, he had continued his connection with the 
" Mirror." A short breach occurred between him 
and Morris in 1830, when Willis united his interest 
with that of William T. Porter to publish 44 The 
Corsair," a short-lived weekly. The then unknown 
William M. Thackeray was one of its regular con- 
tributors. On the discontinuance of the 44 Mirror," 
Morris and Willis issued the 44 New Mirror," but, 
having no success, their paper was changed in form 
and feature and became the successful 44 Home Jour- 
nal," which still continues to prosper. Both edit- 
ors conducted it until the time of their death. Al- 
though far from being handsome in person, Willis 
became known as a man of elegant manners who 
dressed in the extreme of fashion. His early 
career as a writer was one of remarkable success. 
His scripture versions quickly became popular and 
they were quoted from the pulpit. 44 Absalom " and 
44 The Leper ' were especial favorites. Among his 
secular pieces, 44 The Belfry Pigeon," 44 Unseen Spir- 
its," and 44 Parrhasius the Painter " were included 
in most anthologies. As a prose writer of ease and 
elegance, Willis was justly admired. He was an 
observing traveller and knew how to present his 
adventures in glowing colors. As a man of society 
he attracted and charmed the fashionable world. 
To this day 44 Pencillings by the Way " can be read 
with pleasure, and his thoughtful 44 Letters from 



under a Bridge," written in the seclusion of Glen- 
mary, continue to attract the attention of readers. 
But the elegance of Willis's prose was occasion- 
ally marred l>y frivolous conceits and affected Gal- 
licisms in writing for effect by overstated simple 
truths, and he made merchandise of facts and 
opinions that he gleaned in private intercourse. 
These last transgressions event ually led to quarrels 
and personal encounters. Lock hart gave him a 
severe castigation in the 44 Quarterly Review," and, 
with Capt. Marryat, then editor of the 44 Metrojwli- 
tan Magazine," he fought a bloodless duel. The 
ephemeral character of most of Willis's books is 
indicated by their titles: some were evidently re- 
vised collections of old magazine articles. During 
his stay in England he contributed to 44 Black- 
wood," the 44 New Monthly," and other periodicals. 
His early prose works, published in London, at- 
tracted a wide circle of readers, but the author's 
ambitious poems, " Melanie," 4 * The Ijady Jane," 
and 44 Ijord Ivon's Daughter," were failures, as was 
also his novel, "Paul Fane." The two dramas, 
44 Bianca Visconti " and "Tortesa, the Usurer," in- 
formed for several nights at the Park theat re, New 
York, strongly cast and well mounted, were with- 
out dramatic vigor and failed to interest the pub- 
lic. Willis was a careful elaborator, who retouched 
his manuscripts so continuously that he frequently 
found it necessary to make a fresh copy for the 
printers. On various occasions Willis delivered 
poems at collego commencements, and in 1844, 
at the New York Lyceum, an address on fashion 
which was attended by Cooper, Irving, and other 
authors and poets of the day. Many a struggling 
aspirant for literary fame received aid and advice 
from Willis, who, as Halleck said, 44 was one of the 
kindest of men." Thackeray asserted that 44 it is 
comfortable that there should have been a Willis.** 
Of his writings it has been remarked : 44 The prose 
and poetry of Mr. Willis are alike distinguished for 
exquisite 'finish and melody. His language is 
pure, varied, and rich, his imagination brilliant, 
and his wit of the first quality. Many of his de- 
scriptions of natural scenery are written pictures, 




and no other American author has represented with 
equal vivacity and truth the manners of the age." 
His publications include "Scripture Sketches" 
(Boston, 1827) ; 44 Fugitive Poetry " (1820) ; 44 Poem 
delivered before the Society of "the United Breth- 
ren " (New York, 1881); "Melanie, and other 
Poems " (London, 1835 : New York, 1887) ; 44 Pen- 
cillings bv the Way" (London, 1885; New York, 
1836); 44 Inklings of Adventure" (1886); 44 Bianca 
Visconti," a drama (1880) ; 44 Tortesa, the Usurer," a 
drama (1&30) ; " Loiterings of Travel " (New York, 
1830); "11 Abri, or the Tent pitched" (1839: 
London, 1840) ; 44 Letters from under a Bridge " 
(London, f840) ; 44 Poems " (New York. 1843) ; 
" Lady Jane, and other Poems " (1844) ; 44 Dashes at 
Life with a Free Pencil " (1845) ; " Kuril Letters " 



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WILLIS 



(1849) ; " Life Here and There " (1850) ; " People I 
have Met "(1850); - Hurrygraphs " (1851); "Fun 
Jottings " (1853) ; 44 A Summer Cruise in the Medi- 
terranean" (1853); "A Health Trip to the Trop- 
ics " (1&54) ; 44 Out Doors at Idlewild " (1854) ; 
44 Famous Persons and Places " (1854) ; 44 The Rag- 
Bag" (1855); 4 -Paul Fane," a novel (1857); 44 Po- 
ems "(1858); and 44 The Convalescent "(1859). He 
also edited and compiled 44 Scenery of the United 
States and Canada " (London, 1840) ; 44 Scenery and 
Antiquities of Ireland" (1842); 44 A Life of Jenny 
Lind*' (Philadelphia, 1851); and "Trenton Falls* 
(New York, 1851). His life has been written by 
Henry A. Beers in the 44 American Men of Letters 
series (Boston, 1885), who has also issued 44 Selec- 
tions " from his prose writings (New York, 1885). 
— His only son, Bailey, was graduated at the Co- 
lumbia college school of mines in 1878, and is 
now an assistant on the U. S. geological survey. 
— His brother, Richard Storrs, journalist, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 10 Feb., 1819, was graduated at 
Yale in 1841, and adopted literature as a profes- 
sion. He has edited the 44 New York Musical 
World " and 44 Once a Week," contributed to cur- 
rent literature, and published 44 Church Chorals and 
Choir Studies" (New York, 1854); "Our Church 
Music; a Book for Pastors and People" (1855); 
and "Carols and Music Poems" (15 nos., 1860-'l). 
He contributed to "National Hymns" (1861) and 
to the American edition of the 44 Life of Felix 
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy" (1865). 

WILLIS, William, lawyer, b. in Haverhill, 
Mass., 31 Aug., 1794; d. in Portland. Me., 17 Feb., 
1870. He was graduated at Harvard in 1818, and 
after studying law was admitted to the Suffolk 
bar in January, 1817. Opening an office in Boston, 
he practised there till April, 1819, when his former 
preceptor, Prentiss Mellen, having been elected 
to the U. S. senate, invited Mr. Willis to take 
charge of his practice. In 1820, on the organiza- 
tion of the state of Maine, Mr. Mellen became its 
first chief justice, and then Mr. Willis continued 
his profession alone until 1835, when he became 
associated with William P. Fessenden. For twenty 

J rears this partnership continued. His tastes never 
ed him toward court-practice, but rather toward 
conveyancing and other departments of real-estate 
business, in which he was considered unusually 
well informed and accurate. In 1855 he was elected 
to the Maine senate, and in 1859 he became mayor 
of Portland. He was chosen a Republican presi- 
dential elector in I860,, and the degree of LL. D. 
was conferred on him by Bowdoin in 1867. He 
was a member of nearly all the state historical 
societies, including that of Massachusetts, of which 
in 1867 he was elected vice-president, and in 
1855-"9 he was one of the vice-presidents of the 
New England historic-genealogical society. He 
became in 1828 a member of the Maine historical 
society, of which he was successively recording sec- 
retary, treasurer, and then president in 185o-'65. 
He was also chief editor of all the publications of 
the society. H is publications include 44 The History 
of Portland, from its First Settlement, with Notices 
of the Neighboring Towns, and of the Changes of 
the Government in Maine, Portland' 1 (2 parts, Port- 
land, 1831-3; enlarged ed. entitled "The History 
of Portland from 1632 to 1864," 1865); "Report 
of the Committee on the Riot in Portland " (1855) ; 
44 Introductory Address before the Maine Historical 
Society" (1855); "Inaugural Address before the 
Maine Historical Society " (1857) : 44 Genealogy of 
the McKinstry Family, with a Preliminary Essay on 
the Scotch-Irish Immigrations to America" (Bos- 
ton, 1858) ; 44 Descriptive Catalogue of Books and 



WILLISTON 541 

Pamphlets relating to Maine" (New York, 1859); 
and 44 A History of the Law, the Courts, and the 
Lawyers of Maine from its First Colonization to 
the Early Part of the Present Centurv " (Portland, 
1863). See 44 A Tribute to the Memory of Hon. 
William Willis," by Charles Henry Hart (Phila- 
delphia, 1870). 

WILLISTON, Ebenezer Bancroft, educator, 
b. in Tunbridge, Vt. in 1801 ; d. in Norwich, Vt., 
27 Dec, 1837. He was a second cousin of George 
Bancroft. He spent three years at Dartmouth, 
and was graduated at the University of Vermont 
in 1823. He had already begun to teach in Capt. 
Alden Partridge's military academy in Norwich, 
Vt., where he was subsequently a professor. Fee- 
ble health forced him to spend most of the last 
nine years of his life at the south, where he was for 
some time president of Jefferson college, Miss. He 

?ublished an edition of Tacitus (Hartford, Conn., 
826) and 44 The Eloquence of the United States" 
(5 vols.. Middletown, Conn., 1827).— His son, Ed- 
ward Bancroft, a major in the 3d U. S. artillery, 
received four brevets for gallantrv in the civil war. 

WILLISTON. Samuel, philanthropist, b. in 
Easthampton, Mass., 17 June, 1795; d. there, 18 
July, 1874. His father, Rev. Payson Williston 
(1768-1856), was graduated at Yale in 1788, was 
minister of Easthampton from 1789 till 1883, and 
published several sermons. The son began to 
study at Phillips Andover academy with a 
view to the ministry, but abandoned his purpose, 
owing to weakness of the eyes, and engaged in the 
manufacture of buttons, in which he gained a large 
fortune. This occupation was begun at his own 
home by his wife, and extended until many hun- 
dred women in the neighboring towns were em- 

Sloyed in it under his superintendence. In 1831 
oel Hayden began to make buttons in Williams- 
burg, Mass., with machinery of his own invention, 
and, Mr. Williston entering into partnership with 
him, they continued the business there till 1848, 
when Williston bought Hayden's rights and re- 
moved the factory to Easthampton. Afterward he 
engaged also in the manufacture of suspenders. 
In 1840 he established at his native place Williston 
seminary, a preparatory school of nigh grade, to 
which he gave at various times about $270,000 and 
bequeathed $500,000 more. He also gave to Am- 
herst $150,000, endowing professorships there in 
1858-*9, gave liberally to Mount Holyoke female 
seminary, and three times erected a church at 
Easthampton, which was twice burned. His bene- 
factions amounted to more than $1,500,000. He 
also did much to improve the appearance of his 
native town. In 1841-8 Mr. Williston was a mem- 
ber of the Massachusetts legislature. His widow 
gave to the seminary that bears his name the 
Williston homestead to be used as the principal's 
house after her death, which occurred in 1885. 

WILLISTON, Seth, clergyman, b. in SulBeld, 
Conn., 4 ApriL 1770 ; d. in Guilford Centre, Che- 
nango co., N. Y., 2 March, 1851. His father was a 
farmer and saddler, and the son assisted him in 
both occupations. He was graduated at Dart- 
mouth in 1791, taught at Windsor and New Lon- 
don, Conn., and, after studying theology with Rev. 
Dr. Charles Backus at Somen, was licensed to 
preach in 1794. After occupying several pulpits 
in Connecticut temporarilv, he went to Chenango 
county, N. Y., and labored as an evangelist, being 
ordained in 1797. He organized several churches, 
including that of Lisle, N. Y., where he became 
minister in 1799. On 4 July, 1810, Mr. Williston 
was installed over a Presbyterian church in Dur- 
ham, N. Y., where he remained till his dismissal, 



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542 WILLS 

at his own request, on 22 Dec., 1828, after which I 
he preached in various ulaces, chiefly in the state 
of New York, and also devoted much time to lit- | 
erature. Hamilton college gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1838. Dr. Wilhston published 44 Address ! 
to Parents" (Suffleld, Conn., 1799; Greenock, Scot- 
land, 1802) ; 44 Sermons on Doctrinal and Experi- 
mental Religion" (1812); 44 Five Discourses on the 
Sabbath" (1813): 44 Vindication of Some of the 
Most Essential Doctrines of the Reformation" 
(1817); " Sermons on the Mystery of the Incarna- 
tion and the Special Influences of the Spirit" 
(1823); "Sermons adapted to Revivals" (1828); 
44 Harmony of Divine Truth" (1830); " Discourses 
on the Temptations of Christ " (1837) ; 44 Christ's 
Kingdom not of This World," three discourses 
(1843) ; *• Lectures on the Moral Imperfections of 
Christians " (1846) ; and " Millennial Discourses," 
which he sold for the benefit of missions (1848). 

WILLS, James, philanthropist, b. in England 
about 1700; d. in Philadelphia about 1830. His 
father was in early life a coachman, but subse- 
quently amassed a fortune in business in Philadel- 
phia, which he bequeathed to his son. James was 
a member of the Society of Friends, and never 
married. He was well known as a grocer in Phila- 
delphia, where his integrity and uprightness in 
business gained him the esteem of the whole com- 
munity. He bequeathed to the 44 mayor and cor- 
poration of Philadelphia and to their successors 
forever" more than $122,000 to found 44 the Wills 
hospital for the relief of indigent blind and lame," 
jrivingpreference to those in Philadelphia and vicin- 
ltv. Tne corner-stone was laid on 2 April, 1832. 

"WILLSON, Forcer the, poet, b. in Little Gene- 
see, Alleghany co., N. Y., 10 April, 1837; d. in 
Alfred, N. Y., 2 Feb., 1867. He was christened 
Byron Forceythe, but dropped the first name in 
early manhood. His father, Hiram Willson, a na- 
tive of Vermont, had been a teacher, was afterward 
postmaster at Little Genesee, and was engaged 
in the lumber business there. In 1846 he placed 
his family and his household goods on a raft, and 
descended the Alleghany and Ohio rivers. They 
lived for six years at Covington, Ky., where Mr. 
Willson was the chief founder of the common- 
school system. Subsequently they removed to 
New Albany, Ind., where he died in 1859, leaving 
a comfortable fortune to his four children. For- 
ceythe, the eldest, studied at Antioch and at Har- 
vard, but failing health prevented him from finish- 
ing the course. He became an editorial writer for 
the Louisville 44 Journal," vigorously sustaining the 
National cause during the civil war, and his earli- 
est poems also appeared in that paper. In 1864-*6 
he lived in Cambridge, Mass., to superintend the 
education of a younger brother. He was a firm 
believer in spiritualism. His best-known poem is 
44 The Old Sergeant," originally written as a car- 
rier's address for the Louisville 44 Journal," 1 Jan., 
1863, which tells a literally true story, even the 
names being genuine. He published a small vol- 
ume, containing all of his poems that he cared to 
preserve (Boston, 1866). — His wife, Elizabeth 
Con well, b. in New Albany, Ind.. 26 June, 1842 ; 
d. in Cambridge, Mass., 18 Oct, 1864, married him 
in 1863. Her maiden name was Smith. A volume 
of her poems was printed privately in 1865. See 
an article by John James Piatt in the 44 Atlantic 
Monthly" for March, 1875. 

WILLSON, James Ren wick, clergyman, b. 
near Pittsburg, Pa., 9 April, 1780 ; d. in Colden- 
hara, N. Y., 20 Sept., 1853. He was graduated at 
Jefferson in 1805 and licensed to preach as a 
Reformed Presbyterian in 1807. He then took 



WILMARTH 



charge of schools in Pennsylvania till 1817. when 
he became pastor of the Coldenhain and New- 
burg congregations in New York, and, with the 
exception of a pastorate at Albany in 1830-*3. re- 
tained the former charge till 1840. In 1838 he 
had been appointed professor in the Eastern theo- 
logical seminary, ana retained his chair after the 
union with the Western seminary till 1851. He 
received the degree of D. D. in 1828 from the 
western University of Pennsylvania, lie edited 
44 The Evangelical Witness " in 1822-'6, the 44 ( 'hris- 
tian Statesman " in 1827-'8, and the 44 Albany 
Quarterly" in 1831-'3. In connection with the 
last he published a 44 History of the Church of 
Scoland. His other published works are 44 An 
Historical Sketch of Opinions on the Atonement " 
(Philadelphia, 1817); "Prince Messiah's Claims to 
Dominion over all Government" (Albany, 1832); 
"The Written Law" (1840); and many single ser- 
mons and addresses. — His son, James MeLeod, 
clergyman, b. near Elizabeth, Allegheny co., Pa., 
17 Nov., 1809; d. in Allegheny, Pa., 31 Aug., 
1866, wa* graduated at Union 'in 1829, licensed 
by a Reformed presbytery in 1834, and from that 
year till 1802 held a pastorate in Philadelphia, 
being elected professor in the Reformed Presby- 
terian theological seminary at Allegheny in 1859. 
From Westminster college, Pa., he received the 
degree of D. D. in 1865. He was chairman of 
the committee that published "True Psalmody" 
(Philadelphia, 1859), and edited the 44 Covenant- 
er," a monthly, from 1845 till 1863, when it was 
consolidated with the 44 Reformed Presbyterian," 
of which he was co-editor till his death. I)r. Will- 
son published "The Deacon" (Philadelphia, 1841); 
"Bible Magistracy" (1842); "Civil Government ** 
(1853); "Social Iteligious Covenanting" (1856); 
and 44 Witnessing " (1861). — James McLeod's son, 
David Bort, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
27 Sept., 1842, was graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1860 and at Jefferson medical 
college in 1863. serving in the medical corps of 
the U. S. army from that date till 1865. He was 
then graduated at the Allegheny seminary in 1869. 
ordained as a Reformed Presbyterian, and was 
pastor in Allegheny from 1870 till 1875, when he 
was chosen to his present post in the seminary 
there as professor of theology. Besides publish- 
ing occasional addresses he edited an edition of 
"Lyman's Historical Chart" (Philadelphia, 1867). 
and since 1874 has been an editor of the 44 Reformed 
Presbyterian and Covenanter" in Pittsburg. 

WILLSON, M arc! us, author, b. in West Stock- 
bridge, Mass., 8 Dec., 1813. He was graduated at 
Union coUege in 1836 and became a teacher, but 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. 
A bronchial affection compelled him to relinquish 
both professions till 1849, when he became princi- 
pal of Canandaigua academy, and remained there 
four years. Among his numerous educational 
works are 44 Civil Politv and Political Economy " 
(New York, 1838); "Perspective, Architectural, 
and Landscape Drawing" (1839); series of his- 
tories (1845-'54) ; two series of reading-books (New 
York, 1860-72; Philadelphia, 1881-*2); spellers 
(1864-70); "New System of Plane Trigonome- 
try " (1874) ; " Mosaics of Bible History " (2 vols., 
1883); "Mosaics of Grecian History " (1883); and 
44 The Wonderful Story of Old," an illustrated work 
on the Bible (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1888). 

WILMARTH, Lemuel Everett, artist, b. in 
Attleborough, Mass., 11 Nov., 1835. He studied 
at the academy in Munich under Wilhelm von 
Kaulbach in 1859-*63. and under Jean L. Gerome 
at the fk»le des beaux arts, Paris, in 1864-7. 



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WILMARTH 



WILMER 



543 



Since 1870 he has had charge of the schools of the 
National academy, of which he was elected an as- 
sociate in 1871 and an academician in 1873. 
Among his works, principally genre pictures, are 
"Captain Nathan Hale' 1 (I860) ; "Plaving two 
Games at the same Time" (1867): "The Home 
Missionary" (1809); "Another Candidate for 
Adoption" (1871); "Guess what I have brought 
You" (1873); "Left in Charge " (1874) ; "Ingrati- 
tude " (1875) ; " Feat of Courage " (1876) ; " A Plea 
for the Homeless" (1877); " Pick of the Orchard" 
(1878) : and "Jack's Return " (1879). 

WILMARTH, Seth, inventor, b. in Brattle- 
boro\ Vt., 8 Sept., 1810; d. in Maiden, Mass.. 5 
Nov., 1886. He became a machinist in Pawtucket, 
R. I., and in 1855 was appointed superintendent 
and master-mechanic of the Charlestown navy- 
yard. During the twenty years of his service there 
he made many valuable* improvements in various 
departments, the most important being the large 
planer and the great lathe in the machine-shop, 
which were then the largest of their kind in the 
world, both bearing his name as inventor. Among 
his patents, numbering about twenty, were those 
for his revolving turrets, and for the hydraulic lift 
for raising the turret shafts on monitor vessels. 
Soon after the war the latter was submitted to 
the navy department, and was rejected as being of 
questionable utility, if not dangerous, its purpose 
having been efficiently accomplished by the means 
of a sledge-hammer and screw- wedge on many ex- 
isting vessels. About 1873 the same plan was pur- 
chased bv the U. S. government for $50,000. 

WILMER, Lambert A., author, b. about 1805 ; 
d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 21 Dec, 1863. In early life 
he edited the Baltimore " Saturday Visitor." and 
for many years afterward he was connected with 
" The Pennsylvanian," in Philadelphia. He was 
the author of a M New System of Grammar " ; •* The 
(Quacks of Helicon " (1851) ; " Life, Travels, and 
Adventures of Ferdinand de Soto " (Philadelphia, 
1858) ; and " Our Press-Gang, or a Complete Ex- 
position of the Corruptions and Crimes of the 
American Newspapers (1859). 

WILMER, William Holland, clergyman, b. 
in Kent countv, Md., 29 Oct., 1782 ; d. in Williams- 
burg. Va., 24 July, 1827. His ancestors were early 
settlers of Maryland, and his uncle, James J. Wil- 
mer, a clergyman of the Episcopal church, was 
secretary of the first meeting of the clergy of the 
United States in 1783. On his motion the 
" Church of England in-the colonies " adopted the 
name of the Protestant Episcopal church. Will- 
iam was educated at Washington college in Kent 
county, and was for some time occupied in mer- 
cantile pursuits. He was admitted to orders in 
1808 by Bishbp Claggett, and was rector of Chester 
parish, Md., in 1808-U2, and of St Paul's, Alexan- 
dria, Va., in 1812-'22. He was elected rector of St 
John's, Washington city, in 1810, but declined. In 
1819 he began the publication of the" Washington 
Theological Repertory," and he continued in con- 
nection with it until 1820. During his pastorate 
in Alexandria he built the present St. Paul's 
church, was an originator of the Education society 
of the District of Columbia, and its president for 
several years, aiding in preparing for orders the 
first graduates of the Virginia Protestant Episco- 
pal seminary, of which he was a founder. When 
it was removed from Fairfax Court-House to Alex- 
andria in 1823, he was appointed professor of sys- 
tematic theology, ecclesiastical history, and church 

S>lity, and he was chosen assistant rector of the 
onumental church, Richmond, Va., in 1820, but 
declined. The same year he became president of 




tk 0 



William and Mary college, and rector of the church 
in Williamsburg, which posts he held till his death. 
Dr. Wilmer was verv active and efficient in trying 
to resuscitate the Episcopal church in Virginia, 
and used his pen freely and effectually. He was a 
delegate to general conventions in 1821-*0, and 
president of the house of clerical and lay deputies. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Brown in 
1820. He published numerous sermons on special 
occasions (1813-'20); many able articles in the 
"Theological Repertory" (1819-'2G); "Episcopal 
Manual" (1815); and "Controversy with Baxter, a 
Jesuit Priest "(1818).— His son, Richard Hooker, 
P. E. bishop, b. in Alexandria, Va., 15 March, 1810, 
was graduated at 
Yale in 1830, and 
at the Theologi- 
cal seminary of 
Virginia in 1839, 
was ordained in 
the Monument- 
al church, Rich- 
mond, Va., on 
Easter-day, 1840, 
and was rector of 
numerous church- 
es, chiefly in Vir- 
ginia, till 1804, 
when he was con- 
secrated bishop of 
Alabama in St 
Paul's church, 
Richmond, 
0 March, 1802. 
He received the 
degree of D. D. from William and Mary college, 
Va., in 1850. and that of LL. D. from'the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, England, in 1807, and from 
the University of Alabama in 1880. At the close 
of the civil war Bishop Wilmer recommended to 
the clergy of his diocese the omission of the 
prayer "for the president and all in civil author- 
ity, on the ground that only military govern- 
ment existed in Alabama, whereupon Gen. George 
H. Thomas suspended him and his clergy from 
their functions; but the order was afterward set 
aside by President Johnson. He is the author of 
" The Recent Past, from a Southern Standpoint : 
Reminiscences of a Grandfather" (New York, 1887V. 
— William Holland's nephew, Joseph Pere Bell, 
P. E. bishop, b. in Kent county, Md., 11 Feb., 
1812; d. in New Orleans, La.. 2 Dec., 1878, was 
educated at Kenyon college, and the Protestant 
Episcopal theological seminary, Alexandria, Va. 
He was ordered deacon in July, 1834, and ordained 
priest in May, 1838, and, after serving for a few 
months as chaplain at the University of Virginia, 
was appointed in 1839 a chaplain in the U. S. 
army. He resigned his commission in 1843, was 
in charge successively of Hungar's parish, North- 
ampton co., and St PauL's parish, Goochland co., 
Va., became rector of St Mark's church, Phila- 
delphia, in 1848, continuing there till the be- 
ginning of the civil war, when he resigned, and set- 
tled on his plantation in Albemarle county, Va. 
He went to England in 1803 to purchase feibles 
for the Confederate army, was captured on his re- 
turn voyage, and for a short time confined in the 
old Capitol prison, Washington, D. C. He became 
bishop of Louisiana in 1800. The diocese at that 
time was in a disorganized condition, but he de- 
voted himself with great energy to reconstructing 
churches that had been burned, and supplying -va- 
cant pulpits, and was successful in restoring the 
affairs oi the diocese to a prosperous condition. 



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544 



WTLMO^ 



WILMOT 



Bishop Wilmer was popularly classed with the 
high church party. He was noted as an eloquent 
speaker, and a popular pulpit orator. 

WILMOT, David, jurist, b. in Bethany, Pa., 20 
Jan., 1814; d. in Towanda, Pa., 16 March, 1868. 
He received an academical education at Bethany 
and at Aurora, N. Y., was admitted to the bar at 
Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1884, and soon began practice 
at Towanda. where he afterward resided. His sup- 
port of Martin Van Buren in the presidential can- 
vass of 1836 brought him into public notice, and he 
was subsequently sent to congress as a Democrat, 
serving from 1 Dec., 1845, to 8 March, 1851. Dur- 
ing the session of 1846, while a bill was pending 
to appropriate $2,000,000 for the purchase of a part 
of Mexico, he moved an amendment 44 that neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist 
in any part of said territory." This, which became 
known as the 44 Wilmot proviso," passed the house, 
but was rejected by the senate, and gave rise to 
the free-soil movement Mr. Wilmot was presi- 
dent-judge of the 18th district of Pennsylvania in 
1853- 61. a delegate to the National Republican 
conventions of 1856 and 1860, acting as temporary 
chairman of the latter, was defeated as the Repub- 
lican candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 
1857, and elected to the U. S. senate as a Republi- 
can, in place of Simon Cameron, who resigned to 
become secretary of war in President Lincoln's cabi- 
net, serving from 18 March, 1861, to 3 March, 1868. 
In that body he was a member of the committees 
on pensions, claims, and foreign affairs. He was 
appointed by President Lincoln judge of the U. S. 
court of claims in 1868, and died in office. 

WILMOT, Lemuel Allan, Canadian states- 
man, b. in the countv of Sunbury, New Bruns- 
wick, 81 Jan., 1809; *d. in Fredericton, 20 May, 
1878. He was educated at New Brunswick univer- 
sity, Fredericton, be- 
came an attorney in 
1880, and two years 
later was called to the 
bar of New Bruns- 
wick. In 1884 he 
was elected to par- 
liament by acclama- 
tion for the county 
of York. From the 
first he espoused the 
side of the Liberals, 
opposing the Family 
compact party, and 
advocating the prin- 
ciples of responsi- 
ble government. He 
scon became the ac- 
knowledged leader of the Reformers of his prov- 
ince. In 1886 Mr. Wilmot went to England as a 
delegate with William Crane on the subject of 
crown revenues and the civil list. The colonial 
secretary, Lord Glenelg, received the delegates 
cordially and drafted a bill granting the reforms 
that they asked; but the lieutenant-governor of 
New Brunswick, Sir Archibald Campbell, withheld 
his approval, and tendered his resignation. The 
delegates were again despatched to England, with 
an address to the king, oy whom they were favor- 
ably received. Sir Archibald Campbell's resigna- 
tion was accepted, the civil-list bill became law, 
and a vote of thanks to the diplomats was passed 
by the legislature. Mr. Crane was called to the ex- 
ecutive council, and Mr. Wilmot became a queen's 
counsel. In 1844 he accepted a seat in the execu- 
tive council, without portfolio ; but when the lieu- 
tenant-governor, Sir William Colebrooke, without 




consulting his advisers, appointed his son-in-law 
to the office of provincial secretary, Mr. Wilmot, 
with three colleagues, resigned his place in the 
cabinet. In 1847 Earl Grey, the colonial secretary, 
declared that the members of the executive coun- 
cil should hold office only while they possessed the 
confidence of a maiority of the people. In 1848 
the New Brunswick house of assembly passed a 
resolution approving of Earl Grey's desj>atch, after 
a long ana spirited debate. Mr. Wilmot, who 
made the great speech of the occasion, was called 
on to form a government. He accepted the task, 
and his cabinet became a coalition ministry, with 
Liberal tendencies. As premier and attorney-gen- 
eral he became identified with the consolidation of 
the criminal laws and the municipal law In 1850 
he attended the International railway convention 
at Portland, Me. In the same year he visited 
Washington in a similar capacity, on the subject 
of reciprocity. In 1851-68 he was a puisne judge 
of the supreme court of New Brunswick, during 
which time he employed the interval of leisure at 
his command in lecturing and in forwarding the 
cause of education, and benevolent and religious 
institutions. He was elected a member of the sen- 
ate of the University of New Brunswick, which 
gave him the degree of D. C. L. When the ques- 
tion of union arose in 1865. Judge Wilmot was 
ready to espouse the side of the Unionists, but 
took no very active part in the contest After 
the confederation was consummated he was se- 
lected to preside over his province as the first 
native governor. This office he held from 27 
July, 1868, until 14 Nov., 1873, when he received a 
pension as a retired judge. In 1875 he became 
second commissioner under the Prince Edward isl- 
and purchase act of that year, and he was also 
named one of the arbitrators in the Ontario and 
northwest boundary commission, but death pre- 
vented him from serving in the latter capacity. — 
His cousin. Robert Duncan, Canadian statesman, 
b. in Fredericton, New Brunswick, 16 Oct, 1809, is 
the son of John M. Wilmot, for several years a 
member of the provincial assembly. The son, at 
the age of five vears, left his native town with his 
father to reside at St John, where he attended 
school. On reaching manhood he engaged in ship- 
ping and milling. Afterward he went to Liver- 
pool, England, where he resided until 1840. when 
ne returned to St. John. He entered the parlia- 
ment of his province in 1846. and held his seat for 
fifteen years. He was a strong Protectionist, and 
an uncompromising advocate of the greenback 
system of banking. In 1849 he was mayor of St 
John. In 1851 he was asked to enter the New 
Brunswick government, and he filled the office 
of survevor-general from that year until 1854. In 
1856-'7 ne held the office of provincial secretary 
in the Wilmot-Grev administration. In 1865 Mr. 
Wilmot opposed tne scheme of union, and with 
his colleagues he succeeded in defeating the ad- 
ministration ; in the new government he held 
his old portfolio. He attended the Colonial con- 
ference in London, England, on the union question 
in 1866-'7, and when, in 1867, the union was con- 
summated, Mr. Wilmot was called to the senate of 
Canada by royal proclamation. He holds a patent 
of rank and precedence from the queen as an ex- 
councillor of New Brunswick. On 8 Nov., 1878, 
on the formation of Sir John Maodonald's minis- 
try, he was sworn a member of the privy council 
of Canada, without portfolio. On the same day he 
succeeded David Christie as speaker of the senate. 
This government adopted the policy of protection 
to Canadian industries, which Mr. Wilmot aided 



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WILMOT 



WILSON 



545 



in formulating. In February, 1880, he resigned 
the presidency of the senate to accept the lieuten- 
ant-governorship of New Brunswick, which post he 
held until 1885. 

WILMOT, Samuel, Canadian pisciculturist, b. 
in Clarke, West Durham co., Ont., 22 Aug., 1822. He 
was educated at Upper Canada college, Toronto, 
and became a farmer. Mr. Wilmot has been war- 
den of the united counties of Durham and North- 
umberland, a member of the agricultural and art 
associations of Ontario, and presided over the first 
Dominion exposition of agriculture, arts, and 
manufactures, at Ottawa in 1879. For many years 
he has given great attention to the subject of fish- 
culture, and in 1878 received through the French 
government a medal from the Socidtc ri'acclii nata- 
tion for the services he had rendered in that de- 
partment of practical science. He also obtained 
the gold medal for excellence in piscicultural ex- 
hibits in the Dominion exposition of agriculture 
and arts at Ottawa in 1879. Mr. Wilmot is super- 
intendent of fish-culture operations for the Do- 
minion government, and collected the exhibit of 
the fishery products of the Dominion for the 
World's fishery exposition in London in 1883, 
where he acted as chairman of the Canadian com- 
mission, and obtained by his system of fish-breeding 
the gold medal for 44 the best and most complete 
fish-breeding establishment in the great Interna- 
tional fisheries exposition." 

WILMSHl RST, Zararr, author, b. in Tun- 
bridge Wells. England. 25 Nov., 1824; d. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., 27 Jan., 1887. His name was William 
Bennett, but he early adopted by legal right the 
name he afterward bore. In youth he was one of 
the literary associates of the Countess of Blessing- 
ton, and at that time attracted special attention by 
his translations of Norse poems. He was subse- 
quently a clergyman for several years. On coming 
to the United States, he became connected with the 
New York press, and was associated editorially for 
many years with "The Atlas," "The Industrial 
Monitor," and 44 The Insurance Times," while for a 
short time he edited the 44 New York Weekly Re- 
view." He wrote for the stage, and also contributed 
stories and religious poetry to periodicals. Many 
of his hymns are much admired. Among his plays 
are a drama on Hawthorne's 44 Scarlet Letter, and 
44 Nitocria," a tragedy. His other writings are 
"The Viking," an epic (London, 1849): "The 
Winter of the Heart, and other Poems" (New 
York, 1874); "The Siren "(San Francisco. 1876); 
and 4 - Ralph and Rose." a poem (New York, 1879). 

WILSON, Sir Adam, Canadian jurist, b. in Ed- 
inburgh, Scotland, 22 Sept., 1814. He emigrated 
to Canada in 1830, and during the succeeding three 
years was employed in the mills and store of his 
uncle. George Chalmers, in Trafalgar, Halton co. 
In 1834 he began to study law under Robert Bald- 
win Sullivan in Toronto, and in 1839 he was ad- 
mitted to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 he en- 
tered into partnership with Robert Baldwin, leader 
of the Reform party, and on 28 Nov., 1850, was ap- 
pointed a queen's counsel, being the same year 
elected a bencher of the Law society of Upper 
Canada. He was appointed in 1856 a commis- 
sioner for revising the statutes of Canada and of 
Upper Canada, elected mayor of Toronto in 1859 
ana 1860. and was the first to hold that office by 
popular election. He was in the Canada assemblv 
for North York in 1859, and from May, 1862. till 
May, 1863, was solicitor-general in the Sandfield- 
Macdonald government, with a seat in the execu- 
tive. On 11 May, 1863, he was appointed puisne 
judge of the court of queen's bench. Three months 
tol. vl — 85 




afterward he was transferred to the common pleas. 
He was reappointed to the queen's bench in 1868, 
became chief justice of the court of common pleas 
in 1878, and in 1884 was made chief justice of the 
court of queen's bench. In 1871 he was appointed 
a member of the law reform commission. He was 
knighted, 20 Dec., 1887. As a judge he has been 
noted for his learning and his mastery of the prin- 
ciples of law. He has published 44 A Sketch of the 
Office of Constable" (Toronto. 1861). 

WILSON, Alexander, ornithologist, b. in Pais- 
ley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, 6 July, 1766; d in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Aug., 1818. His father, a 
master weaver, had intended that Alexander should 
be a minister, but 
family cares and al- 
tered circumstances 
interfered. He at- 
tended the gram- 
mar-school, and his 
father imbued his 
mind with a passion 
for reading and a 
love for the beauties 
of nature, which 
clung to him for life. 
In 1779, when thir- 
teen vears of age, he 
was bound appren- 
tice as a weaver to 
his brother-in-law, 
and after serving 
his time he contin- 
ued working at the 
loom as a journey- 
man for four years 
more. During leisure hours he continued his studi- 
ous habits, and indulged in solitary rambles, giving 
utterance to his thoughts in verse. Many of his earl v 
effusions appeared in the Glasgow 44 Advertiser v ' 
(now the 44 Herald "). His brother-in-law, Duncan, 
finding the weaving-trade inadequate for the sup- 
port of his family, now resolved to try that of a ped- 
dler. He continued this wandering life for about 
three years, at the end of which he had accumulated 
as much material in verse as would make a volume. 
He accordingly returned to Paisley and published 
it (1790). Talcing copies of his book with him, he 
again set out with his pack, but met with so little 
success that he resumed weaving. A second edition 
of his poems appeared in 1791, but its sale was still 
very limited. In 1792 Wilson's admirable narrative 
poem, " Watty and Meg," was published anonymous- 
ly as a penny chapbook, and had an enormous circu- 
lation. Its authorship was generally ascribed to 
Burns. Wilson, however, is greater as an ornitholo- 
gist than as a poet, but his poems entitle him to a re- 
spectable place among the minor bards of Scotland. 
His verse is mostly descriptive — terse and true, with- 
out being of a hign or i maginati ve order. In Paisley, 
a dispute having arisen between the manufactu- 
rers and weavers, Wilson joined in the fray by writ- 
ing some stinging personal lampoons, for which 
he was prosecuted and imprisoned. This induced 
him to leave the country. He walked to Port 
Patrick, crossed to Belfast, and there embarked in 
a vessel bound for New Castle, Del., sleeping on the 
deck of the crowded vessel during the voyage. He 
landed, with his fowling-piece in nis hand and only 
a few shillings in his pocket, on 14 July, 1794, and 
set out at once to walk to Philadelphia. There he 
found employment from a copper-plate printer for 
a few weeks, then took to weaving for about a year, 
and, having saved a little money, resumed his pack, 
and so traversed the greater part of New Jersey, 



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546 WILSON 

successfully disposing of his wares. Then he be- 
came a school-master, teaching successively at 
Frankfort, Pa., Millstone, Pa., Bloomfield, N. J., 
and lastly, in 1802, at Kingsessing. near Philadel- 
phia. Here he was welcomed by William Bartram, 
the botanist, and by Alexander Lawson, the en- 
graver. The former gave him access to his gar- 
den and library, and the latter gave him practical 
instructions in drawing, coloring, and etching. 
After trying to draw various objects with indiffer- 
ent success, he began to delineate birds, and in this 
walk he rapidlv attained such a degree of profi- 
ciency that ne far outstripped his teacher. This 
marked success seems to have fortified, if it did not 
suggest, his resolution to make a collection of birds. 
In October, 1804, accompanied by his nephew and 
another friend, he set out on a walking expedition 
to Niagara, which he satisfactorily accomplished. 
His companions left him, but he persevered, and 
reached nome after an absence of fifty-nine days 
and a walk of 1,260 miles. He graphically de- 
scribed this journey in a long poem called '* The 
Foresters." On his return he set about making 
preparations for his great work, and with his own 
hands etched two plates from his drawings, color- 
ing them from nature. At this time he was em- 
ployed in editing a new edition of Kees's 44 Cyclo- 
pedia," by Thomas Bradford, who cordially en- 
tered into his scheme and undertook to issue 
his 44 American Ornithology." the first volume of 
which made its appearance in 1808. On its pub- 
lication Wilson set out with a copy to obtain sub- 
scribers, but the cost— $120 for the completed 
work — was a serious barrier. In 1810 the second 
volume was published, and Wilson again set out 
on a journey, this time lasting for six months, both 
to obtain subscribers and to collect material for 
succeeding volumes. On his way to New Orleans 
he had sailed 720 miles down the Ohio alone in a 
little open skiff, walked long distances, and ridden 
through wildernesses well-nigh impassable, slept 
for weeks in the woods, subsisting the while on 
biscuits and dried beef, and drinking water. His 
reputation was now spreading over the world. In 

1812 he was elected a member of the American 
philosophical society, and similar honors were con- 
ferred on him by other learned bodies. In 1813 
the seventh volume of the 44 Ornithology " was pub- 
lished, and the eighth was also nearly ready, but 
kept back by the want of proper assistants to color 
the plates. In this emergency Wilson himself un- 
dertook the work of this department, in addition to 
all his numerous other duties. Intense application 
and excessive labor weakened his constitution. In 

1813 be swam a river with his clothes on, in pur- 
suit of a rare bird, which he succeeded in cap- 
turing ; but he took cold. Dysentery seized him, 
and he died after an illness of ten davs. He was 
buried in the cemetery of the Swedish church, 
Philadelphia, with pub'lic honors, and a simple 
marble monument was placed over his grave. In 
personal appearance Wilson was tall and handsome, 
nis dark-brown hair hung over his shoulders, his 
countenance was thoughtful and expressive, his 
eye full of intelligence and fire, and his conver- 
sation remarkable for vividness and originality. 
The plates for the ninth volume of the "Orni- 
thology " had all been completed under Wilson's 
own eye. and the letter-press was supplied by 
Mr. George Ord, who had been Wilson's com- 
panion in several expeditions. Ord also furnished 
a memoir of the deceased naturalist. Three sup- 
plementary volumes of the 44 Ornithology," con- 
taining American birds not described by Wilson, 
were added by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. An edi- 



WILSON 



tion in three volumes, with illustrative notes, and 
a life of Wilson by Sir William Jardine. was after- 
ward published (3 vols., London, 1832). Numerous 
lives of Wilson have appeared, including one by 
William B. O. Peabody, in Sparks's "American 
Biography"; an anonymous one prefixed to the 
Belfast edition of Wilson's poems (1867); those by 
C. Lucy Bright well (London, 1860), and Allan 
Park Paton (1863); and the memoir prefixed to 
the latest collected edition of 44 Wilson s Miscella- 
neous Prose Works and Poems," by the Rev. Alex- 
ander B. Orosart, LL. D. (2 vols., London, 1876). 

WILSON, Allen Benjamin, inventor, h. in 
Willet, N. Y., 18 Oct., 1824 ; d. in Woodmont, Conn., 
29 April, 1888. He was a cabinet-maker, and in 
1849. while in Pittsfield, Mass., invented a sewing- 
machine without ever having seen one before. It 
used a double-pointed shuttle in combination with 
the needle, which made a stitch at each forward 
and backward movement of the shuttle, instead 
of one at each throw of the shuttle, as in Elias 
Howe's machine. His first patent bears the date 
of 12 Nov., 1850, and is the fifteenth on the patent- 
office record for an improved sewing-machine. This 
included the double- pointed shuttle and the two- 
motion feed-bar. In 1851 he secured a patent for 
the rotating hook, which was designed to supersede 
the shuttle, and to make the lock-stitch with greater 
rapidity, neatness, and economy of power. A year 
later he devised the four-motion feed, which was 
subsequently adopted in all machines. In his 
device the hook seizes the loop of thread in the 
needle when it has descended to its lowest point, 
opens it out, and carries it around the bobbin, so 
that the thread is then passed through the loop of 
the stitch. This is then drawn up with the thread 
in the needle, so that the two are looped together 
about half way through the cloth, forming the 
strongest possible seam, showing the stitching ex- 
actly even upon both sides, with no threads above 
the surface to wear off and allow the seam to rip. 
On the completion of his machine, Mr. Wilson 
entered into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler, 
a practical manufacturer, and they began to make 
their machines in a small shop in Watertown. 
Their first machine, completed early in 1851. was 
sold for $125, and for a time this output was lim- 
ited to eight or ten machines a week, but the de- 
mand soon increased, and they removed to Bridge- 
port, where they established the largest factory of 
its kind in the world, making 600 machines a day. 
In 1852 the firm was organized as the Wheeler and 
Wilson sewing-machine company, and Mr. Wilson 
withdrew from the business and settled in Water- 
bury, where he engaged in other enterprises. 

WILSON, Alphens Waters, M. E. bishop, b. 
in Baltimore, Md., in 1834. His father. Rev. Nor- 
val Wilson, was a well-known minister of the 
Methodist Episcopal church in Maryland and Vir- 
ginia. The son was educated in Baltimore and 
Washington, and pursued the study of medicine, 
but left it for the ministry. When he was about 
nineteen years old he united with the Baltimore 
conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and 
rose rapidly, taking some of the best appointments 
in Baltimore and other parts of the conference. 
His labors having impaired his health, he pursued 
the study of law, but as soon as his physical 
condition improved resumed the ministry. Dur- 
ing the civil war the Baltimore conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was organ- 
ized, and he identified himself with it, and has 
been elected four times 'to its general conference. 
In 1878 he became secretary of the Board of mis- 
sions, and a great change took place under his 

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WILSON 



547 



administration. In 1881 he attended as a delegate 
the ecumenical conference in London, reading a 
paper on the "Influence of Methodism on other 
Denominations," which was published in the 
transactions of the conference, and gave great 
satisfaction. He has also written a work on 44 Mis- 
sions" (Nashville, 1882). In 1882 he was elected 
to the episcopacy, being chosen on the first ballot 
Bishop Wilson is a remarkable preacher, and, ex- 
cept when compelled by sickness to suspend his 
labors, has been attentive and successful in every 
work committed to his care. In 1888 he set out on 
an episcopal tour around the world. 

WILSON, Sir Daniel, Canadian educator, b. 
in Edinburgh, Scotland, 5 Jan., 1816. His brother, 
Dr. George Wilson, was the famous chemist and 

Crofessor of technology in the University of Edin- 
urgh. Daniel received his education at the high- 
school of his native city and at Edinburgh uni- 
versity, where he 
won high encomi- 
ums. At the age 
of twenty-one he 
left college and re- 
moved to London, 
where he adopted 
literature and jour- 
nalism as his means 
of support. A few 
years afterward he 
returned to Edin- 
burgh, where he 
resumed his pen, 
pursued the science 
of archaeology, be- 
came the secretary 
f . —"/i / °* the Scottish so- 

editorship of the 
of that institution. He also devoted 
himself to art with much skill and became proficient 
as a draughtsman. Wilson was offered the post of 
professor of history and English literature in Uni- 
versity college, Toronto, in 1853. He had held 
the post but a short time when the authorities of 
McGill university, Montreal, offered him the prin- 
cipalship of that institution, but he declined to 
leave Toronto. In addition to his regular work, 
he continued to devote himself to archieology and 
ethnology. These he prosecuted with untiring 
industry, and always with excellent results, his 
lectures and discourses on those subjects, as well 
as on history and literature, being characterized by 
breadth of view and ripeness of scholarship and 
thought. As an examiner his tact and discern- 
ment served him well, and as a teacher he at once 
took a high place. In his capacity of lecturer he 
spoke with great clearness and vigor, and his 

Fublic addresses always attracted large audiences, 
lis plea before the committee of the Canadian 
parliament in behalf of University college and 
non-sectarian endowments is remembered as one 
of the most effective addresses ever heard before a 

Sublic body. In 1880 he was called to the presi- 
ency of Toronto university, which post he still 
holds. In 1882, on the formation of the Royal 
society of Canada by the Marquis of Lome. Dr. 
Wilson was selected by the governor -general to 

§ reside over the secona section of that body, the 
epartment devoted to history, archapology, and 
English literature. In 1885 he succeeded to the 
presidency of the society. He has contributed 
raanv valuable papers on ethnology and archaeology 
to tne annual volumes of the " Proceedings " of 




that society, which have attracted attention abroad. 
Dr. Wilson is a fellow of the Royal societies of 
Edinburgh, Italy, and Copenhagen, and member 
of the Royal historical society of Great Britain, 
and many other learned bodies in both hemispheres. 
In 1885 McGill university conferred on him the 
degree of LL. D. Other colleges have honored 
him in a similar way before and since that date. In 
1888 the same degree was conferred on him by 
Princeton. In 1888 the queen offered him the 
dignity of knighthood, which he declined for per- 
sonal reasons. This act her majesty declined to 
entertain, and on 1 Aug. she issued letters-patent 
declaring him a knight of the United Kingdom. 
For many years he has been president of the 
Young men's Christian association of Toronto, and 
all schemes of a benevolent and charitable nature 
have ever found in him a devoted advocate. The 
Newsboys' home of Toronto was founded by him. 
For several years he has been chairman of the 
Ontario teachers' association, and twice he was 
elected by the high-school masters as their repre- 
sentative in the old council of public instruction. 
Besides voluminous contributions to periodical 
literature, and the proceedings of societies of 
which he is a member, he is the author of 44 Me- 
morials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time," illus- 
trated by himself (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1846-'8); 
•* Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate " (London, 
1848); "The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals 
of Scotland," with illustrations by the author, 
which established his reputation as an archaeolo- 
gist of the first rank (Edinburgh, 1851 ; revised 
ed., entitled " Prehistoric Annals of Scotland," 2 
vols.. London, 1863); "Prehistoric Man "(2 vole,, 
1862; revised ed., 1865); 44 Chatterton : a Bio- 
graphical Study" (London, 1869); "Caliban: the 
Missing Link " (1873) ; and " Reminiscences of Old 
Edinburgh " (2 vols., 1878). He has also published 
two volumes of poems, the second entitled: 44 Spring 
Wild Flowers" (London, 1878), and has written 
many of the important articles on Canadian topics 
in the 44 Encyclopaedia Britannica." 

WILSON, David, author, b. in West Hebron, 
Washington co., N. Y., 17 Sept., 1818; d. in Al- 
bany, NT Y., 9 June. 1887. He was graduated at 
Union in 1840, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1843, and practised at Whitehall. N. Y., 
until his health failed and he was compelled to re- 
linquish his profession, after which he devoted him- 
self largely to literary employments. He was a 
member of the assembly in 1852, and in 1854 de- 
clined a nomination for congress. He removed to 
Albany in 1857 on being appointed deputy state 
treasurer, and in the following year was elected 
clerk of the assembly. He was deputy clerk of the 
court of appeals in 1861-4, and afterward engaged 
in the brewing and malting business. Mr. Wilson 
published "Life in Whitehall: a Tale of Ship- 
Fever Times" (Auburn, 1850) ; "Solomon Nortn- 
rup. or Twelve Years a Slave, a narrative of the 
abduction and enslavement of a free negro of Wash- 
ington county (1853) ; 44 Life of Jane McCrea," in- 
cluding an account of Gen. John Burgoyne'a cam- 
paign (1854); "Life of Henrietta Robinson, the 
Veiled Murderess " (1855); and "A Narrative of 
Nelson Lee, a Captive among the Coraanches" 
(1859). He collected materials for a history of the 
Six Nations, but did not live to complete the work. 

WILSON, Ephraini King, senator b. in Snow 
Hill. Md., 22 Dec., 1821. He was graduated at 
Jefferson college in 1841, studied law, was admitted 
to the liar, ana in 1847 was elected to the legisla- 
ture. He established himself at Snow Hill, and 
practised with success in the Maryland courts till 



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WILSON 



WILSON 



1868. In 1852 he was a presidential elector on the 
Democratic ticket. Four years after retiring from 
legal practice he was elected to the National house 
of representatives, serving from 1 Dec., 1873, till 
3 March, 1875. He was a judge of the Maryland 
circuit court from 1878 till 1884, when he was 
elected United States senator for the term ending 
3 March, 1891, and was re-elected in 1890. 

WILSON, Franklin, clergyman, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., 8 Dec., 1822. He was graduated at 
Brown in 1841, studied theology in Newton theo- 
logical seminary, and was ordained to the Baptist 
ministry in 1846, but has held no pastorate, and has 

S reached irregularly, on account of physical in- 
rmities. He has served various worthy causes 
gratuitously, besides giving to them large sums of 
money. For many years, beginning with 1851, he 
was the editor of "The True Union," a Baptist 
weekly paper published in Baltimore, and he has 
long been a trustee of Columbian university, Wash- 
ington, D. C. He is the author of a prize essay on 
44 The Duties of Churches to their Pastors," and of 
several essays and tracts. In 1865 Columbian uni- 
versity conferred on him the degree of D. D. 

WILSON, George Francis, manufacturer, b. 
in Uxbridge, Mass., 7 Dec., 1818 ; d. in East Provi- 
dence, R. I., 19 Jan., 1883. He was apprenticed to 
the trade of wool-sorting at the age of seventeen, 
and at the end of three years became an expert in 
the business and familiar with all the machinery 
in the mill. Being ambitious of obtaining a bet- 
ter education, he entered the academy at Shelburne 
Falls, Mass., where he subsequently became a 
teacher. In 1844 he removed to Chicago, where 
he opened an academy that soon became a flour- 
ishing institution. He returned to the east in 
1848 and settled in Providence, where he devoted 
himself to the manufacturing business. In 1855, 
with Eben N. Horsford, he began the manufacture 
of chemicals, under the style of George F. Wilson 
and Co., and two years later their establishment 
became known as the Rumford chemical works. 
The direct management of the works was controlled 
by him, and by his knowledge of mechanics he was 
able to devise various improvements in the ma- 
chinery, resulting in the more economical manu- 
facture of the goods. He also invented an im- 
provement in the manufacture of steel, a revolving 
boiler for paper manufacture, and several improve- 
ments in illuminating apparatus for light-houses. 
Mr. Wilson devoted considerable attention to agri- 
culture, to methods of fertilization of soils, ana to 
the breeding of stock, while the range of his scien- 
tific knowledge was unusual for one whose life was 
almost entirely devoted to business pursuits. The 
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Brown in 
1872. He was a member of the city school com- 
mittee, and was twice elected to represent Provi- 
dence in the general assembly. During his resi- 
dence in East Providence, whither he removed in 
1861, he was for many years associated with the 
management of municipal affairs. He left $100,000 
to Brown university, and $50,000 to Dartmouth 
college, to be used (or scientific purposes. 

WILSON, George Henry, musical writer, b. 
in Lawrence, Mass., 18 Feb., 1854. He was edu- 
cated at the Lawrence high-school, and since 1874 
has been a clerk in the custom-house at Boston. 
He is also the musical critic of the Boston 44 Trav- 
eller," and in 1883 began the 44 Boston Musical 
Year-Book," the title of which wat changed in 1886 
to the 44 Musical Year-Book of the United States." 
Since 1885 he has prepared annually an analytical 
and historical programme of the concerts of the 
Boston symphony orchestra. 




WILSON, Henry, statesman, b. in Farming- 
ton, N. H.. 16 Feb., 1812; d. in Washington, D. C., 
22 Nov., 1875. He was the son of a farm-laborer, 
whose ancestors were from the north of Ireland, 
and at the age of ten was apprenticed to a farmer 
till the age of twenty-one. During those eleven 
years of service 
ne received not 
more than twelve 
months' school- 
ing altogether, 
but read more 
than a thousand 
volumes. When 
his apprentice- 
ship terminated 
in December, 
1833, he set out 
from Farming- 
ton on foot in 
search of work, 
which he found 
at Natick, Mass., 
in the house of a _ 
shoemaker. On $2^'^ 
attaining his ma- /Z<&9^*p 'flX&O 
jority he had his 
name, which was r 
originally Jeremiah Jones Colbaith, changed by 
legislative enactment to the simpler one of Henry 
Wilson. He learned the trade of his employer and 
followed it for two years, earning enough money 
to return to New Hampshire and study in the 
academies at Stafford, Wolfborough, and Concord 
At the same time he made his appearance in public 
life as an ardent Abolitionist during the attempts 
that were made in 1835 to stop the discussion of 
the slavery question by violent means. The person 
to whom ne nad intrusted his savings became in- 
solvent, and in 1838, after a visit to Washington, 
where his repugnance to slavery was intensified by 
the observation of its conditions, he was compelled 
to relinquish his studies and resume shoe making at 
Natick. In 1840 he appeared in the political can- 
vass as a supporter of William Henry Harrison, 
addressing more than sixty Whig meetings, in 
which he was introduced as the 44 Natick cobbler." 
In that year and the next he was elected to the 
Massachusetts house of representatives, and then 
after a year's intermission served three annual 
terms in the state senate. 

He was active in organizing in 1845 a conven- 
tion in Massachusetts to oppose the admission of 
Texas into the Union as a slave state, and was 
made, with John Green leaf Whittier, the bearer of 
a petition to congress against the proposed annexa- 
tion, which was signed by many thousands of Mas- 
sachusetts people. In the following year he pre- 
sented in the legislature a resolution condemnatory 
of slavery, supporting it with a comprehensive and 
vigorous speecn. In 1848 he went as a delegate to 
the Whig national convention in Philadelphia, and 
on the rejection of anti-slavery resolutions spoke 
in protest and withdrew. On his return he de- 
fended his action before his constituents, and soon 
afterward bought the Boston 44 Republican " news- 
paper, which he edited for two years, making it the 
leading organ of the Free-soil party. He was chair- 
man of the Free-soil state committee in 1849-'52. 
In 1850 he returned to the state senate, and in the 
two following years he was elected president of 
that body. He presided over the Free-soil nation- 
al convention at Pittsburg in 1852, and in the en- 
suing canvass acted as chairman of the national 
committee of the party. As chairman of the state 



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WILSON 



committee he had arranged a coalition with the 
Democrats by which George S. Boutwell was elected 
governor in 1851 and Charles Sumner and Robert 
Rantoul were sent to the U. S. senate. He was a 
candidate for congress in 1852, and failed of elec- 
tion by only ninety-three votes, although in his 
district the majority against the Free-soilers was 
more than 7,500. In 1853 he was a member of the 
State constitutional convention and proposed a pro- 
vision to admit colored men into the militia organ- 
ization. In the same year he was defeated as the 
Free-soil candidate for governor. He acted with 
the American party in 1855, with the aid of which 
he was chosen to succeed Edward Everett in the 
U. S. senate. He was a delegate to the American 
national convention in Philadelphia in that year, 
but, when it adopted a platform that countenanced 
slavery, he and other Abolitionists withdrew. He 
had delivered a speech in advocacy of the repeal of 
the fugitive-slave law and the abolition of slavery 
in the District of Columbia shortly after taking his 
seat in the senate in February, 1855. On the dis- 
ruption of the American organization through the 
secession of himself and his friends, he took an 
active part in the fonnation of the Republican 
party, with the programme of opposition to the 
extension of slavery. On 23 May, 1856, the morn- 
ing after his colleague in the senate, Charles Sum- 
ner, was assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, Mr. Wil- 
son denounced the act as " brutal, murderous, and 
cowardly/' For this language he was challenged 
to a duel by Brooks ; but he declined on the ground 
that the practice of duelling was barbarous and 
unlawful, at the same time announcing that he be- 
lieved in the right of self-defence. 

During the next four years he took part in all 
the important debates in the senate, delivering 
elaborate speeches on the admission of Kansas, the 
treasury-note bill, the expenditures of the govern- 
ment, the Pacific railroad project, and many other 
topics. His speeches bore the impress of practical, 
clear-sighted statesmanship, and if the grace of 
oratory and polished diction was wanting, they 
always commanded attention and respect. The 
congressional records during his long term of ser- 
vice in the senate show that he was one of the 
most industrious and efficient members of that 
body, and that his name stands connected with 
nearly all the important acts and resolves. Strong 
in his convictions, he was fearless in their expres- 
sion, but he was scrupulously careful in his state- 
ments, and the facts he adduced were never suc- 
cessfully disputed. In March, 1859, he made a 
notable reply to James H. Hammond, of South 
Carolina, in defence of free labor, which was print- 
ed and widely circulated through the northern 
states. He had been continued in the senate for a 
full term by an almost unanimous vote of the 
Massachusetts legislature in the preceding Janu- 
ary. In March, 1861, he was made chairman of 
the committee on military affairs, of which he had 
been a member during the preceding four years. 
He induced congress to authorize the enlistment 
of 500,000 volunteers at the beginning of hostili- 
ties between the states, and during the entire 
period of the war he remained at the head of the 
committee, and devised and carried measures of 
the first importance in regard to the organization 
of the army and the raising and equipment of 
troops, as well as attending to the many details 
that came before the committee. He had been 
connected with the state militia as major, colonel, 
and brigadier-general from 1840 till 1851, and in 
1861 he raised the 22d regiment of Massachusetts 
volunteers, and marched to the field as its colonel, 



WILSON 549 

serving there as an aide to Gen. George B. Mc- 
Clellan till the reassembling of congress. 

During the session of 1861 -2 he introduced the 
laws that abolished slavery in the District of Colum- 
bia, put an end to the " black code," allowed the 
enrolment of blacks in the militia, and granted 
freedom to slaves who entered the service of the 
United States and to their families. During the 
civil war he made many patriotic speeches before 
popular assemblages. He took a prominent part 
in the legislation for the reduction of the army 
after the war and for the reconstruction of the 
southern state eovernments, advocating the policy 
of granting full political and civil rights to the 
emancipated slaves, joined with measures of con- 
ciliation toward the people who had lately borne 
arms against the United States government He 
was continued as senator for the term that ended 
in March, 1871, and near its close was re-elected 
for six years more. He was nominated for the 
office of vice-president of the United States in 
June, 1872, on the ticket with Ulysses S. Grant, 
and was elected in the following November, re- 
ceiving 286 out of 354 electoral votes. On 8 
March, 1873, he resigned his place on the floor of 
the senate, of which he had been a member for 
eighteen years, in order to enter on his functions 
as president of that body. The same year he wns 
stricken with Daralysis, and continued infirm till 
his death, which was caused by apoplexy. 

It is but just to say of Henrv Wilson that with 
exceptional opportunities which a less honest 
statesman mignt have found for enriching himself 
at the government's expense, or of taking advan- 
tage of his knowledge of public affairs and the 
tendency of legislation upon matters of finance 
and business, he died at his post of duty, as he had 
lived, rich only in his integrity and self-respect 
Among his many published speeches may be men- 
tioned " Personalities and Aggressions of Mr. But- 
ler "(1856); "Defence of the Republican Party" 
(1856); " Are Workingmen Slaves! " (1858) ; "The 
Pacific Railroad "(1850); and "The Death of Sla- 
very is the Life of the Nation" (1864). He was the 
author of a volume entitled " History of the Anti- 
Slavery Measures of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty- 
eighth United States Congresses," in which he re- 
lates the progress of the bills relating to slavery 
and cites the speeches of their friends and oppo- 
nents (Boston, 1865) ; of a history of legislation on 
the army during the civil war, with the title of 
"Military Measures of the United States Con- 
gress" (1866); of a small volume called "Testi- 
monies of American Statesmen and Jurists to the 
Truths of Christianity," being an address that he 
gave before the Young men's Christian associa- 
tion at Natick (1867) ; of a " History of the Recon- 
struction Measures of the Thirty-ninth and Forti- 
eth Congresses, 1865-'8" (1868) ; of a series of 
articles on Edwin M. Stanton that were reprinted 
from a magazine, with those of Jeremiah S. Black, 
with the title of "A Contribution to History" 
(Easton. Pa., 1868); of a published oration on 
" The Republican and Democratic Parties " (Bos- 
ton. 1868) ; and of a great work bearing the title 
of History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave 
Power in America," on which he labored indefati- 
gably during his last illness, yet was not quite 
able to complete (3 vols., Boston, 1872-'5). See 
his •* Life and Public Services." which was written 
by his friend, Thomas Russell, and Rev. Elias Na- 
son. who was his pastor for many years (1872). 
Congress directed to be printed a volume of 
" Obituary Addresses," that were delivered in both 
houses, on 21 Jan., 1876 (Washington, 1876). 



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WILSON, Henry Parke Cnstis, physician, b. 
in Workington, Somerset co., Md., 5 March, 1827. 
His Scotch-Irish ancestors emigrated to this coun- 
try in 1700 from Ireland, being driven out by re- 
ligious persecution, and founded the first Presby- 
terian cnurch in this country at Rehoboth. Somer- 
set co., Md. Henry was graduated at Princeton in 
1848, studied medicine at the University of Vir- 
ginia and the University of Maryland, and settled 
in Baltimore. Dr. Wilson has contributed numer- 
ous articles on gynecology and obstetrics to the 
medical journals and the transactions of medical 
societies, and has invented important and useful 
gynecological instruments. In 1856-7 he was 
physician to the Baltimore county and city alms- 
house. He is president and one of the founders of 
the Baltimore gynecological and obstetrical society, 
has been president of the medical and chirurgical 
faculty of Maryland and the Baltimore academy 
of medicine, vice-president and one of the founders 
of the American gynecological society, and vice- 
president of the American medical association. 
He is a fellow of the British gynecological society 
and the British medical association, and of numer- 
ous other local and national medical societies. 

WILSON, James, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, b. near St Andrew's, Scotland, 14 
Sept., 1742; d. in Edenton, N. C, 28 Aug., 1798. 
After receiving a university education at St. An- 
drew's, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, he emigrated to 
this country about 
1768, remained for 
some time in New 
York city, and in 
1766 went to Phila- 
delphia, Pa., where 
he was for several 
months tutor in 
Latin at the City 
college, which was 
afterward merged 
in the University of 
Pennsylvania. He 
left this employ- 
ment to study law 
with John Dickin- 
son, was admitted 
to the bar in 1767, 
began practice in 
Beading, but soon removed to Carlisle, and was 
established in his profession before the Revolu- 
tion, having made his reputation by an argument 
in an important land case against the proprietors 
of Pennsylvania. He espoused the popular cause 
from the beginning of the difficulties with the Brit- 
ish government, contributing many essays to the 
controversy. He was a member of the Provincial 
meeting of deputies of 15 July, 1774, and a dele- 
gate to the Provincial convention of 28 Jan., 1775. 
when three representatives were added to the Penn- 
sylvania delegation on 6 May, 1775, he was selected 
with Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Willing, and 
was present at the opening of congress on 10 May. 
He was successively re-elected on 8 Nov., 1775, 20 
July, 1776, and 10 March, 1777, but was superseded 
at the election of 14 Sept, 1777, because he had 
hesitated to declare for independence while there 
remained a prospect of obtaining justice from par- 
liament He had resisted separation on 8 June, 
1776, after the legislature of Pennsylvania had 
withdrawn its restrictions on the votes of its rep- 
resentatives ; yet on 1 July he and John Morton 
were the first of the Pennsylvania delegates to 
vote for independence, and they were the only 
ones, except Benjamin Franklin, who voted for 




the adoption of the declaration on 4 July. He 
took an important part in the discussion of mili- 
tary and commercial questions, and opposed the 
views of the southern delegates on questions of 
slavery and taxation, believing it to be the duty of 
congress to discourage slave-holding. In July, 

1775, when the Indians were divided into three 
departments, he was appointed by congress com- 
missioner and superintendent of Indian affairs for 
the middle department He was a member of 
committees to consider the state of the colonies 
and measures for their defence, to supply the 
treasury, to investigate the condition of the "army, 
to suppress internal enemies, to re-enforce Wash- 
ington s army, and to strengthen the American 
cause in Canada ; was one of the authors of an ap- 
peal to the assembly of Jamaica, a letter to the 
people of Canada, and an address to the United 
colonies, and served on the standing committees 
for Indian affairs and for hearing appeals on libels 
from the decisions of the state aamiralty courts, as 
well as on the first board of war. When hostilities 
began, Wilson was chosen colonel of a battalion of 
militia that was raised in Cumberland county, with 
which he took part in the New Jersey campaign of 

1776, but afterward he took no part in active opera- 
tions, owing to his civil appointments. When party 
spirit caused his removal from the Pennsylvania 
delegation in congress, he went to Annapolis, Md., 
and practised there for a year, at the end of which 
he settled permanently in Philadelphia. On 5 June, 
1770, he was appointed advocate-general for the 
French government in the United States, the ap- 
pointment being confirmed by letters-patent from 
the king on 18 Feb., 1781. On 81 Dec, 1781. he was 
appointed by congress a director of the Bank of 
North America. He made himself obnoxious to the 
democracy by denying the right of the town council 
to regulate the price of food, opposing the more 
liberal provisions of the constitution, and acting 
as counsel for Tories who were prosecuted for trea- 
son, and when he and other citizens of conserva- 
tive views were threatened, they gathered in his 
house, where, on 4 Oct., 1779, they were attacked 
by the mob and militia, and, after many shots were 
exchanged, were rescued by the city troop. There 
was loss of life on both sides, and the feeling 
against Wilson was such that he absented himself 
from the city for a time. On 28 May, 1782, he was 
appointed a brigadier-general of militia. He acted 
as counsel for Pennsylvania before the court of arbi- 
tration that in November, 1782, decided against 
the claims of Connecticut to the lands of the Wy- 
oming settlement On 12 Nov. of that year he was 
re-elected to congress, taking his seat on 2 Jan., 1 783. 
He proposed the plan of general taxation which 
was adopted on 12 Feb., 1788. He was not a mem- 
ber of congress in 1784, but was returned in 1785, 
and continued by re-election till the adoption of 
the present constitution. He was a member of 
the Federal convention, and in its debates sup- 
ported direct popular suffrage and a single execu- 
tive. He exercised much influence in determining 
the character of the constitution, and was appointed 
on the committee of detail. He explained and 
defended the constitution, as finally framed, in the 
Pennsylvania convention for its ratification. Hav- 
ing been the chief of the Republican party in Penn- 

STvania, which approved a firmer government than 
e Federation, and was bitterly opposed by the 
Constitutional party, Mr. Wilson now became a 
leader of the Federalists. In the convention of 
1 789- '90 for framing a new state constitution he 
successfully advocated the plan of the direct elec- 
tion of state senators. He was appointed on the 



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drafting committee, and prepared the form of the 
instrument. In October, 1789, President Washing- 
ton appointed him an associate justice of the U. S. 
supreme court, and he remained in this office till 
his death. In 1790 he was appointed professor of 
law in Philadelphia college, which conferred on him 
the degree of LL. D. in that year, and in the two 
following winters he delivered lectures. In March, 
1791, he was appointed by the state house of repre- 
sentatives to revise and digest the laws of Pennsyl- 
vania, and after the senate had refused to concur he 
continued the work as a private undertaking, but 
died before completing the digest. He published, 
besides other pamphlets, an " Address to the Citi- 
zens of Philadelphia" (Philadelphia, 1784), and, 
with Thomas McKean, " Commentaries on the Con- 
stitution of the United States " (Ijondon, 1792). His 
14 Works," comprising law lectures, speeches, and 
legal disquisitions, were published under the direc- 
tion of Bird Wilson (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1803-'4). 
— His son, Bird, clergvman, b. in Carlisle, Pa.. 8 
Jan., 1777; d. in New York city. 14 April, 1859, 
was graduated in 1792 at the College of Philadel- 
phia, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 
Philadelphia in 1797. He was appointed commis- 
sioner of bankrupt law, and in 1802 was made 
president-judge of the court of common pleas in 
the counties of Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, 
and Bucks. He resigned his post in 1818, studied 
theology under Bishop White, and was ordained 
deacon in Christ church, Philadelphia, 12 March, 
1829. and priest a year later, by the same bishop. 
Mr. Wilson was rector of St John's church, Norris- 
town, and St. Thomas's church, Whitemarsh, Pa., 
in 1819— *21. He received the degree of D. D. from 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1821, and that 
of LL. D. from Columbia in 1845. He was elected 
professor of systematic divinity in the Episcopal 

feneral theological seminary in 1821, which post 
e held for nearly thirty years. He was secretary 
of the house of bishops in 1829-'41. The last few 
years of his life were passed in retirement in New 
York city. Dr. Wilson was an able theologian 
of the school of Hooker, Tillotson, Waterland, 
and other like divines of the Church of England, 
and prepared numerous valuable tractates for 
the classes under his charge. His chief publica- 
tions were " Abridgment of the Law by Matthew 
Bacon" (7 vols., Philadelphia, 1811-13), and " Me- 
moir of the Life of the Right Rev. William White, 
D. D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
in the State of Pennsylvania " (1839). See a *• Me- 
morial of the Rev. Bird Wilson, D. D., LL. D.," by 
W. White Bronson (1864). — James's kinsman, 
William, poet, b. in Perthshire, Scotland. 25 Dec., 
1801 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 25 Aug., I860. 
At an early age he was imbued with a passionate 
love of poetry, derived from his mother, who sang 
with great beautv the Jacobite songs and ballads 
of her native land. While a school-boy he lost his 
father, the generous merchant's death" being pre- 
ceded by his failure in business, and a bachelor 
brother's fortune in Jamaica was in some way lost 
to his children, for whom it was intended, so that 
Wilson's early life was accompanied by many depri- 
vations, including the completion of his educa- 
tion. At twenty-two he became the editor of the 
Dundee " Literary Olio," a large proportion of 
which, both in prose and verse, was from his j>en. 
In 1826 he was induced by influential friends to 
remove to Edinburgh, where he established himself 
in business. In the same year he lost his young 
wife, and he sought relief from his great sor- 
row in composition. His contributions were wel- 
comed in the " Edinburgh Literary Journal " and 




other leading periodicals. In 1830 Wilson married 
Miss Sibbald, of Borthaugh, a descendant of Sir 
Andrew Sibbald and a niece of James Sibbald, the 
literary antiquary and editor of the " Chronicle 
of Scottish Poetry," 
also the friend of 
Robert Burns, At 
this' period the 
youngpoet'scharm- 
ing conversation 
and manners made 
him a welcome 
guest in the liter- 
ary circles of Edin- 
burgh. At the house 
of Mrs. Grant, of 
Laggan, he was a 
constant visitor, 
and she claimed 
the privilege of 
possessing hispor- 
trait by Sir John 
Watson Gordon, 
from which the ac- 
companying vig- o 

When Thir^-two '?l£&Ujuua- /u£iLtfa. 
years of age Wilson 

removed to the United States and settled at Pough- 
keepsie, on the Hudson, where he engaged in book- 
selling and publishing, which he continued till his 
death, a portion of the time in partnership with 
the elder brother of Bishops Alonzo and Horatio 
Potter, and later with his son, James Grant. In 
the New World, Wilson occasionally contributed in 
prose and verse — generally anonymously^-to vari- 
ous American periodicals, and sometimes sent a 
contribution to " Blackwood " or " Chambers's Jour- 
nal." Selections of his poems appeared in "The 
Cabinet," 44 Modern Scottish Minstrel," and Long- 
fellow's " Poems of Places," but he never issued 
them in a volume, or even collected them, and it 
was not till 1869 that a portion of his poems were 
published in Poughkeepsie with a memoir bv Ben- 
son J. Lossing. A second edition, with additional 
poems, appeared in 1875, and has since been fol- 
lowed by a third. Willis pronounced one of Wil- 
son's poems " the best modern imitation of the old 
ballad style that he had ever met with," and Bryant 
said " the song in which the writer personates Rich- 
ard the Lion-hearted during his imprisonment is 
more spirited than anv of the ballads of Avtoun." 
All of Wilson's sons by his second marriage served 
in the civil war, the eldest, with whom the idea of 
this work originated in 1879, attaining the rank of 
brigadier-general ; the second fell at the head of 
his company at Fredericksburg, and the youngest, 
leaving his studies at sixteen, volunteered with 
several of his classmates and went to the front. 
— His son, James Grant, b. in Edinburgh, 28 
April, 1832, was educated at College Hill, Pough- 
keepsie, continuing his studies in the languages, 
music, and drawing, under private teachers, joined 
his father in business, later becoming his partner. 
In 1855 he went abroad, and soon after his return 
established in Chicago the first literary paper pub- 
lished in the northwest, and became known as a 
public speaker. In 1862 he disposed of his journal 
and was commissioned major of the 15th Illinois 
cavalry, becoming soon after acting colonel of the 
regiment, and taking part in many engagements, 
and in the Vicksburg campaign. In August, 1863, 
he accompanied Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to New Or- 
leans, ana there acceptea, bv his advice, the colo- 
nelcy of the 4th regiment, United States colored 



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cavalry, and was assigned to duty as aide-de-camp 
to the commanding general of the Department of 
the Gulf, with whom he remained till April, 1865, 
taking part in the Teche, Texas, and Red River 
campaigns, and in the latter aiding Lieut-Col. 
Joseph Bailey in the construction of the Red River 
dam. During the same period of nearly two years 
he acted as military agent in Louisiana for the 
state of New York. When Gen. Banks was re- 
lieved, Col. Wilson was bre vetted brigadier-general 
and sent to Port Hudson, where for a time Tie was 
in command, and in July he resigned and returned 
to New York city, where he has since resided, pur- 
suing a literary career, with the exception of several 
years spent with his family in Europe. Since 1874 
he has been a delegate from St. James's church to 
the New York diocesan conventions, and he was a 
member of the General convention that met in Rich- 
mond, Va. In 1879 he was appointed a member of 
the board of visitors to the U. S. naval academy, 
and the following year he was a visitor to the U. S. 
military academy, delivering the address to the 
cadets, "and preparing the reports of both boards. 
Gen. Wilson was appointed in 1882, by the governor, 
chairman of the committee to collect $40,000 as 
the state's contribution to the Garfield monument. 
(See vol. iL. p. 604.) Since 1885 he has been presi- 
dent of the New York genealogical arid biographi- 
cal society, is a vice-president of the Association for 
the reform and codification of the law of nations, 
a member of the executive committee of the Society 
for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and an hon- 
orary member of many American and foreign his- 
torical and other societies. He was instrumental 
in erecting a monument over the grave of Fitz- 
Greene Halleck at Guilford, Conn., and a statue in 
Central park. New York, the first in honor of an 
American poet, and is active in the movement for 
the New York statue of Columbus. (See vol. L, r>. 
698.) He has published numerous addresses, includ- 
ing those on Col. John Bayard, Com. Isaac Hull, 
Chief-Justice Kirkpatrick, and Bishop Samuel Pro- 
voost, and contributed upward of a hundred arti- 
cles to Harper's " and other American and Eng- 
lish magazines. Among the principal works that 
he has written or edited are " Biographical Sketches 
of Illinois Officers" (Chicago, 1862; 3d ed., 1863); 
"Love in Letters: Illustrated in the Correspond- 
ence of Eminent Persons" (New York, 1867); 
•• Life of Gen. U. S. Grant " (1868 ; 3d ed„ enlarged, 
1885) ; *• Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene Halleck " 
(1869): 44 Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers" (1874); 
4 * Poets and Poetry of Scotland, from the Earliest 
to the Present Time" (2 vols., London and New 
York. 1876); "Centennial Historv of the Diocese 
of New York. 1785-1885" (New York, 1886); " Bry- 
ant and his Friends : Some Reminiscences of tne 
Knickerbocker Writers" (12mo; illustrated ed.. 
8vo, 1886); " Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American 
Biography" (6 vols., 1886^9); and "Com. Isaac 
Hull and the Frigate 'Constitution'" (1889). 

WILSON, J Ames F M senator, b. in Newark. 
Ohio, 19 Oct., 1828. He received a classical edu- 
cation, studied law, and in 1853 began practice 
in Iowa, making Fairfield his residence. He was 
a member of the State constitutional convention 
in 1856, and in the following year entered the 
legislature. He passed into the state senate in 
1859, was chosen its president in 1861. and in the 
same year was elected to congress to fill the vacancy 
that was caused by the resignation of Samuel R. 
Curtis taking his seat on 2 Dec. He was re-elected 
for the following term, serving as chairman of the 
judiciary committee, and on his second and third 
re-election was placed at the head of the same 




committee, and of that on unfinished business. In 
1868 he was one of the managers of the impeach- 
ment trial of President Andrew Johnson. In I860 
he was made a commissioner for the Pacific rail- 
road. He was elected a senator from Iowa for the 
term that will expire on 4 March, 1889, and was 
appointed on the committee on foreign affairs. 

WILSON, James Harrison, soldier, b. near 
Shawneetown, 111., 2 Sept., 1837. His grandfather, 
Alexander, a Virginian by birth, was one of the 
founders of Illinois, and his father, Harrison, was 
an ensign in the war of 1812, and captain during 
the Black Hawk 
war. The son was 
educated at the 
common schools, 
at McKendree col- 
lege, and at the 
U. S. military 
academy, where he 
was graduated in 
1860 and assigned 
to the corps of top- 
ographical engi- 
neers. He served 
at the headquar- 
ters of the Depart- 
ment of Oregon 
until June, 1861, 
when he became 
2d lieutenant, and 
on 19 Sept, 1861, 
he was made 1st 
lieutenant. He was 
on duty as chief 
topographical engineer of the Port Royal expedi- 
tion till March, 1862, then served in the Depart- 
ment of the South, including the bombardment of 
Fort Pulaski, and was an acting aide-de-camp to 
Gen. George B. McClellan in September, 1862, being 
present at the battles of South Mountain and An- 
tietara. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in 
the volunteer staff of the army in November, 1862. 
and served as chief engineer and inspector-general 
of the Army of the Tennessee till October, 1863, 
being active in the operations before and during 
the siege of Vicksburg. He became captain of 
engineers in May, 1863. and brigadier-general of 
volunteers, 31 Oct, 1863, and was engaged in the 
operations near Chattanooga, the battle of Mis- 
sionary Ridge, and the relief of Knoxville, con- 
structing bridges till December, 1863. Gen. Wil- 
son, after a short tour of duty at Washington in 
charge of the cavalry bureau, was placed in com- 
mand of the 3d division of the cavalry corps in 
the Armv of the Potomac, and bore a conspicuous 

Sart in the operations under Gen. Philip H. Sheri- 
an from May till August 1864, including the 
Richmond raid and combats near Petersburg. He 
also led his division during the Shenandoah cam- 
paign, including the battle of the Opequan, till 
October, 1864, when he was assigned to the com- 
mand of the cavalry corps of the military division 
of the Mississippi, organizing a body of 15,000 
mounted men, and contributing largely to the suc- 
cess that attended the armies in the west under 
Gen. George H. Thomas and Gen. William T. 
Sherman, particularly by the assault and capture 
of Selma, Ga., Montgomery, Ala., and Columbus 
and Macon, Ga., on 20 April. 1865, the date of his 
promotion as major-general of volunteers. In 
twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, 
twenty-three stand of colors, 288 guns, and 6,820 
prisoners, among whom was Jefferson Davis. Hav- 
ing been mustered out of the volunteer service in 



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January, 1866, Gen. Wilson was for four years 
engaged in the improvement of Mississippi river. 
He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 
35th infantry, 28 July, 1866. and brevetted to the 
grade of major-general, U. S. army, " for gallant 
and meritorious services " in the capture of Fort 
Pulaski, the battles of Chattanooga, the Wilder- 
ness, and Nashville, and capture of Selma, respect- 
ively. He was honorably discharged, at his own 
request, 31 Dec, 1870. He has been largely engaged 
in railroad and engineering operations since nis 
retirement from the army. He is the author of 
"China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle 
Kingdom" and "Life of Andrew J. Alexander" 
(New York, 1887) : also, in conjunction with Charles 
A. Dana, " Life of Gen. U. S. Grant " (Springfield, 
Mass., 1868). — His brother, Bluford, served during 
the civil war as assistant adjutant-general of vol- 
unteers, and afterward was solicitor of the U. S. 
treasury during the 44 whiskey-ring" prosecutions. 

WII&ON. J Ames Jefferson, senator, b. in Es- 
sex county, N. J., in 1775; d. in Trenton, N. J., 28 
July, 1824. He received a common-school educa- 
tion, was for many years clerk of the New Jersey 
legislature, of which he was a member in 1809-'ll, 
and edited the "True American ,r at Trenton. He 
was also adjutant-general of the state in 1810-'12 
and 1814, and captain of a company of infantry in 
service on the coast of New Jersey during the war 
of 1812-'15. He was elected to the U. S. senate, 
and served from 4 Dec, 1815, till 1821, when he re- 
signed on being appointed postmaster at Trenton. 
He sat in the legislature in 1822. and in December 
of that year he sustained severe injuries while he 
was delirious from illness. 

WILSON, John, clergyman, b. in Windsor, 
England, in 1588; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 Aug., 
1667. He was the son of Dr. William Wilson, 
prebendary of St Paul's, of Rochester and of 
Windsor, who had been chaplain to Edmund Grin- 
dall, archbishop of Canterbury, and grandnephew 
of Sir Thomas Wilson, secretary of state to Queen 
Elizabeth. Young Wilson was educated at Eton 
and at Cambridge, where he was graduated about 
1606. He studied law three years at one of the inns 
of court, and took orders in the Church of Eng- 
land, but soon became conspicuous for his Puritani- 
cal leanings. He preached at Mortlake, Henley, 
Bumstead, Stoke, Clare, and Candish, and for sev- 
eral years was minister of Sudbury, Essex, where 
he was repeatedly suspended or silenced by the 
bishop's court for his opinions, but was befriend- 
ed by Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick. Becom- 
ing interested in the colonization of Massachu- 
setts, he and many of his neighbors embarked 
on 8 April, 1630, in the great fleet with John 
Winthrop and his associates of the Massachu- 
setts company. He landed at Salem on 12 June, 
and soon afterward removed to Charlestown, 
where he preached under a tree, and on 30 July 
organized what was subsequentlv the 1st church in 
Boston, to which place the majority of the mem- 
bers soon removed. He was ordained teacher of 
the church on 27 Aug. by imposition of hands by 
the several communicants. In 1631 he sailed for 
England, where he remained until May, 1632, and 
was ordained pastor in November of the latter 
year. He again visited England in the autumn of 
1634, and remained absent a year. Soon after his 
return the Antinomian controversy arose in his 
congregation, and Gov. Winthrop and Wilson 
fought ttoutly against the faction that was led by 
Anne Hutchinson. While this discussion was 
pending, an expedition was sent against the Pe- 
quots, and Mr. Wilson was selected by lot as its j 



chaplain. For this service he received a grant of 
1.000 acres of land in what is now Quincy. He 
also accompanied the Indian apostle, John Eliot, 
in his visit to the native settlements, and labored 
among the savages. He outlived two colleagues in 
the ministry, John Cotton and John Norton, and 
was left at the age of seventy-six with the entire 
charge of his congregation on his hands. He con- 
tinued in the active discharge of his duties until 
finally disabled by a fatal disease. Of his charac- 
ter Cotton Mather has said : 44 Indeed, if the pic- 
ture of this good and therein great man were to be 
exactly given, great zeal with great love would be 
the two principal strokes that, joined with ortho- 
doxy, should make up his portraiture." Besides 
many occasional productions, the titles of which 
are unknown, Mr. Wilson published 44 Some Helps 
to Faith," a theological treatise (London, 1625); 
44 Famous Deliverances of the English Nation," a 
poem (1626; new ed., Boston, 1680); a Latin poem 
to the memory of John Harvard ; and a tract, " The 
Day Breaking, if not the Sun Rising, of the Gospel 
with the Indians in New England " (1647 ; new ed., 
New York, 1865). 

WILSON, John, printer, b. in Glasgow, Scot- 
land, 16 April, 1802; d. in Cambridge. Mass., 3 
Aug., 1868. Although of humble birth and enjoy- 
ing but meagre educational advantages, he became 
later in life a learned man, having mastered He- 
brew, Greek, Latin, French, German, and other lan- 
guages. He was apprenticed to a printer, and in 
1846 removed to Boston, Mass., where he established 
himself in business, and became widely known for 
his excellent work. He subsequently removed to 
Cambridge, Mass., and was the founder of the pres- 
ent firm of John Wilson and Son, that, for several 
years, has had charge of the University press. 
Wilson was also a sturdy champion of Unitarian- 
ism, and wrote several books in its defence that 
have been highly commended. His principal pub- 
lication is connected with his art, being a 44 Trea- 
tise on Grammatical Punctuation " (Belfast, 1826; 
new ed., entitled 44 A Treatise on English Punc- 
tuation," Boston, 1850). Of this work, of which 
over twenty editions have been issued, it has 
been said that it 44 places punctuation on a clear 
and intelligible grammatical basis, and so com- 
pletely exhausts the subject as to leave nothing to 
oe desired." He received the degree of A. M. from 
Harvard in 1866. He also prefixed an 44 Essay on 
the Character and Writings of Robert Bums" to 
an edition of that poet's works (Belfast, 1837). and 
delivered an 44 Address on Burns," which is con- 
tained in the 44 Report of the Burns Centenary 
Meeting" (Boston, 1859). His other publications 
comprise "Scripture Proofs and Scripture Illus- 
trations of Unitarian ism " (1833 ; 3d ed.. London 
and Manchester. 1846 ; abridged. Boston, part i. : 
new ed., New York, 1847); "The Concessions of 
Trinitarians" (Manchester, 1842; Boston, 1845); 
"Unitarian Principles Confirmed by Trinitarian 
Testimonies" (Boston, 1855-'7); and "The Ele- 
ments of Punctuation," an abridgment of the 
first-named work (1&56). 

WILSON, John Allston, civil engineer, b. in 
Phoenixville. Pa., 24 April, 1837. He was gradu- 
ated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1856, 
and in 1857-'8 served as topographer on surveys in 
Central America for the Honduras interoceanic 
railway. In 1858 he entered the service of the 
Pennsylvania railroad as assistant engineer, and in 
1861-'4 he was principal assistant engineer in 
charge of construction, after which he was chief 
engineer for the Pennsylvania railroad company 
on their main line or on affiliated roads until 1875. 



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Meanwhile, in 1863, he served as aide on the staff 
of Gen. Darius N. Couch (then in command of the 
Department of the Susquehanna), and had charge 
of the construction of fortifications at Harrisburg 
and vicinity. In 1875 he was engaged as consult- 
ing engineer on the construction of the buildings 
for the World's fair in Philadelphia, and since 
January, 1876, he has been a partner in the firm 
of Wilson Brothers and Company, civil engineers 
and architects. Mr. Wilson nas been chief engi- 
neer for various railroads in Pennsylvania and New 
York ; also has been connected with lumber-manu- 
facturing and coal-mining interests in Pennsyl- 
vania. A large number of railway structures, in- 
cluding bridges, have been built by him, especially 
along the lines of the roads with which he has been 
connected. He is a member of the Franklin insti- 
tute, the American institute of mining engineers, 
the American society of civil engineers, and other 
technical societies. — His brother, Joseph Miller, 
civil engineer, b. in Phoenixville, Pa., 20 June, 
1838, was graduated at the Rensselaer polytechnic 
institute in 1858, and studied chemistry. He en- 
tered the service of the Pennsylvania railroad in 
March, 1860, as assistant engineer, and in 1867 
was (riven jurisdiction as engineer of bridges and 
building over all lines that were controlled by 
the Pennsylvania company from New York on the 
east to Pittsburg on the* west, and from Canan- 
daigua, N. Y., on the north to Quantico, Va., on 
the south. This office he resigned in 1886. In 
1874-'6 he was joint engineer and architect with 
Henry Pettit for the main exhibition building and 
machinery hall of the World's fair in Philadel- 
phia, and in January, 1876, in association with his 
brother, he organized the firm of Wilson Brothers 
and Company, with which he is still connected. 
Among the important structures that he has built 
are the Susquehanna bridge at Harrisburg, the 
Schuylkill river bridge of the Filbert street line 
in Philadelphia, and bridges at Trenton, and 
New Brunswick, N. J. Mr. Wilson designed the 
Drexel bank and the Drexel building in Phila- 
delphia, the St. Francis de Sales industrial school 
in Eddington, Pa., and other buildings. He re- 
ceived medals and awards for his plans of bridges 
and buildings at the World's fair in 1876, and the 
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1877. He is a member 
of the London institution of civil engineers, of the 
American society of civil engineers, and other so- 
cieties, and was president of the Franklin insti- 
tute in 1887-8, and of the Engineers' club of 
Philadelphia in 1888. In addition to various tech- 
nical papers in scientific journals, he wrote the 
mechanical, scientific, and historical parts of the 
44 Illustrated Catalogue of the International Ex- 
hibition of 1876" (Philadelphia, 1876-'8). 

WILSON, John 0 rover, clergyman, b. in Mid- 
dletown, New Castle co., Del., in 1810; d. in Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., 20 Feb.. 1885. He was educated at 
Delaware college, and became a minister of the 
Methodist Protestant church. This connection he 
severed in 1855, but while affiliating with the sect 
called Christians. or Campbellites, he never formally 
joined them. On the contrary, he and the church 
to which he ministered in Philadelphia continued 
until his death to be free from any denominational 
associations. The society still exists, and is known 
as the 44 Ebenezer Independent Christian church." 
Mr. Wilson never used the prefex 4 * Rev." in writ- 
ing his name, but instead preferred the initials 
V. D. M., a contraction for 44 Verbi Dei Minister " 
— minister of the word of God. He expounded 
his peculiar views in various periodicals, and es- 



pecially in the 44 Homiletic Magazine and Reposi- 
tory of Pastoral Theology " (1843-'4), which was 
founded by him. From 1842 till 1845 he was 
secretary of the Baltimore annual conference of 
the Methodist Protestant church. He published, 
among other works, 44 Discourses on Prophecy 
(Philadelphia, 1850) ; " A Vindication of the 
Scheme of Redemption " (1858) ; 44 Writings in 
Prose and Verse '' (1860); "The Gospel of the 
Epiphany "and "The Branch of David" (1867): 
44 The Sabbath and its Law " ; 14 Lyre of my 
Youth " ; and 44 God, All in All," a prize poem. 

WILSON, John Henry, Canadian educator, b. 
near Ottawa, 14 Feb., 1833. He was educated at 
the Grammar-school, St Thomas, and at the Uni- 
versity of the citv of New York, and was graduated 
as a physician at Victoria university, Cobourg, OnU, 
in 1858. He subsequently became professor of 
anatomy in Victoria university, and was a member 
of the legislative assembly of Ontario from 1871 
till 1879. He was elected to the Dominion parlia- 
ment in 1882, and re-elected in Februarv, 1887. 

WILSON, John Laird, journalist, b. in Croft- 
head, Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland, 20 
Sept., 1832. He is the eldest son of Alexander 
Wilson, an architect and surveyor. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Glasgow in 1852, studied 
at the Theological hall of the United Presbyterian 
church in Edinburgh, and was licensed as a preacher 
of the gospel in 1857. In the same year he accepted 
a call to the west of Scotland. After several years* 
successful work he resigned this charge, on account 
of feeble health, and went to Egypt, where he re- 
gained his strength. In the summer of 1866 Mr. 
Wilson came to this country, and was on the edi- 
torial staff of the New York 44 Herald " before the 
close of the year. In 1874 he retired from the 
"Herald," and, at the head of a joint-stock com- 
pany, established the New York 44 Scotsman." but 
the following year he abandoned the enterprise. 
He has contributed largely to periodicals, ana has 
published 44 The Battles of the Civil War" (2 vols.. 
New York, 1878), and 44 John Wycliffe, Patriot and 
Reformer— a Biography " (1884). He is now pre- 
paring a history of the Huguenots. 

WILSON, John Leigh ton, missionary, b. in 
Sumter county, S. C, 25 March, 1809; d. near 
Mayesville, S. C., 13 July. 1886. He was graduated 
at Union college in 1829, and at the Columbia (S. 
C.) theological seminary in 1833, being a member 
of the first class 
that was educated 
in that institution. 
He was ordained 
as a missionary 
the same year, 
and, after study- 
ing Arabic at An- 
dover seminary, 
sailed in Novem- 
ber on a voyage 
of exploration to 
western Africa, re- 
turning in the 
following spring. 
As a result of his 
investigations, he 
decided that Cape 
Pal mas was 
promising field for 
missionary work. In May, 1834. he was married, 
and returned with his wife to Africa .before the 
close of that year. Here they labored until 1841, 
during which period they organized a church of 
forty members, educated more than one hundred 




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555 



ve youth, and reduced the Grebo language to 
ing, publishing a grammar and dictionary, and 
slating the gospels of Matthew and John, to- 
er with several small volumes, into the native 
ue. In 1842 Mr. and Mrs. Wilson removed to 
Gaboon river, 1,200 miles southeast of Cape 
aas, and began a new mission among trie 
ngwe people. Here again the language was 
ced to wnting for the first time, and a gram- 
a vocabulary, parts of the Bible, and several 
1 volumes were published. In the spring of 
. owing to failing health, he and nis wife 
•ned to the United States. The following 
mn he became secretary of the board of for- 
missions of the Presbyterian church, and con- 
>d to discharge his duties until the begin- 
of the civil war, when he returned to his 
» in the south. On the organization of the 
hern Presbyterian church, Dr. Wilson was ap- 
ed secretary of foreign missions, and contin- 
o act as such until 1885, when he was made 
tarv emeritus. For seven years during this 
d the home mission work was combined with 
of foreign missions, he taking charge of both. 
352 a strong effort was made in the British 
unent to withdraw the British squadron from 
Mrican coast, under the impression that the 
;n slave-trade could not be suppressed. To 
; that this view was erroneous, Dr. Wilson 
> a pamphlet, and pointed out what was neces- 

0 make the crusade against the traffic success- 
The pamphlet, fall ing into the hands of Lord 
erston, was republished in the 44 United Ser- 
fournal," and also in the parliamentary " Blue 
," an edition of 10,000 copies being circulated 
ghotit the United Kingdom. Lord Palmer- 
subsequently informed Dr. Wilson that his 
it had silenced all opposition to the squadron's 
ning on the coast, and in less than five years 
•ade itself was brought to an end. Dr. Wil- 
•dited "The Foreign Record" (New York, 
'61), which gave an account of the progress of 
in the foreign missionary field, and "The 

>nary" (Baltimore. 1861-86). He received 
»grce of D. D. from Lafayette college in 1854. 
s in Africa he sent to the Boston society 
ural history the first specimen of the gorilla 
^as sent from there. lie contributed to the 
hern Presbvterian Review" and other periodi- 
lle also published "Western Africa: its His- 
Condition, and Prospects" (New York, 1857). 
LSON, John Lvde, lawyer, b. in Marlbor- 
listrict, S. C, 24 May, 1784; d.in Charleston, 
12 Feb., 1849. He received a good academic 
tion, studied law, and was admitted to the 
Columbia, S. C, in 1807. He began toprac- 
Georgetown, and in 1808 he was returned to 
•nth Carolina house of representatives from 
; George Winyaw. He was repeatedly re- 

1 and subsequently was chosen senator. In 
e was made president of the senate, and dur- 
e same year elected governor and commander- 
»f. Before his election as governor he pub- 
a severe attack on the court of appeals, 
is believed to have contributed materially to 
►olition of that tribunal. Gov. Wilson re- 
J in office until 1824. In 1827 he was again 
1 to the senate. He was also a member of 
illification convention of 1832, and advocated 
r»st violent of the measures that were pro- 
then and during the session of 1833. In 
ic published a "Code of Honor," which he 
yd was the means of saving life, but which 
1 to be intended rather to regulate duels, in 
I of which he took part. Gov. Wilson's in- 



tellectual powers were remarkable, and his speeches, 
political and legal, were always prepared with the 
greatest care. He also possessed the art of extem- 
poraneous speaking. His voice was good and his 
inanner graceful. He published a " Speech on the 
Codification of the Laws of the State (New York, 
1827), and " Cupid and Psyche : from the 4 Golden 
Ass' of Apuleius" (Charleston, 1842). 

WILSON, Matthew, clergyman, b.in East Not- 
tingham, Chester co., Pa., 15 Jan., 1731 : d. in 
Lewes, Sussex co., Del., 30 March, 1790. He was 
licensed to preach in 1754, and in 1756 was in- 
stalled pastor of the congregations at Lewes and 
Cool Spring. Del. By consent of his two congre- 
gations, he began, in 1767, to preach every third 
Sabbath at the neighboring town of Indian River. 
For this extensive parish he continued to minister 
until his death. As he had received a medical as 
well as a theological training, Dr. Wilson divided 
his time between the two professions, and few phy- 
sicians of his day displayed more learning, skill, or 
achieved greater success. In the 44 Old Side " and 
44 New Siue " controversy that preceded the " Plan 
of Union," that restored peace to the Presbyterian 
church in 1758, he took part with the former, al- 
though his piety and amiable character made him 
esteemed by both parties. In the Revolutionary 
struggle he held decided views in favor of the in- 
dependence of the colonies. He received the degree 
of D. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 
1786.— His son, James Patriot, clergyman, b. in 
Lewes, Sussex co., Del., 21 Feb., 1769; d. in Bucks 
county, Pa., 9 Dec., 1830, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1788, and was at once 
offered the chair of assistant professor of mathemat- 
ics in that institution, but declined on account of 
feeble health. Subsequently, and after teaching in 
his native town, he studied law and was admitted 
to the bar of Sussex county, Del., in 1790. lie also 
acted for some time as surveyor- general of the 
state. Although he rose to eminence in his pro- 
fession, the sudden death of his wife and the mur- 
der of his brother combined to turn his attention 
to the subject of religion, and he abandoned his 
profession lor the pulpit. He was licensed to preach 
in 1804, and the same year was installed as pastor 
of the three congregations over which his father 
had so long presided. In May, 1806, he was called 
to the charge of the 1st Presbyterian church in 
Philadelphia. Here he remained until May, 1828, 
when he retired to his farm, about twenty miles 
from that city, on account of failing health. He 
preached occasionally until 1830, when his resigna- 
tion was accepted. Dr. Wilson was noted for ec- 
centricities of character, but they were overlooked 
in view of his sterling worth. As a preacher he 
was deliberate and unimpassioned, and spoke with- 
out notes. He was probably the only clergyman 
of his country and time who had not only read all 
the volumes extant of Patristic theology, but liter- 
ally lived among them. On a blank leaf of his 
copy of Henry Ware's tract on 44 Extern poraneous 
Preaching " he wrote : 44 1 have preached twenty 
vears, and have never written a full sermon in my 
life, and never read one word of a sermon from the 
pulpit, nor opened a note, nor committed a sen- 
tence, and have rarely wandered five minutes at a 
time from my mental arrangement previously 
made." " I heard him preach one sermon," says a 
writer, who knew Dr. Wilson, 44 and it was through- 
out as consecutive and condensed as the demon- 
stration of a problem of Euclid." He received the 
degree of I). D. from the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1807. His publications include " Lec- 
tures ujion Some of the Parables and Historical 



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Passages of the New Testament" (Philadelphia. 
1810) ; " An Easy Introduction to the Knowledge 
of the Hebrew Language " (1812) ; 44 Ridgely's 
4 Bod? of Divinity.' with Notes. Original and Se- 
lected " (1814); "An Essay on Grammar " (1817); 
44 An Essay on the Probation of Fallen Men " 
(1827) ; 44 Common Objections to Christianity " and 
the 44 Hope of Immortality " (1829) ; and 44 A Free 
Conversation on the Unpardonable Sin" (1830). 

WILSON, Matthew, artist, b. in London, Eng- 
land, 17 July, 1814. He came to this country in 
1832, and for several years painted miniatures in 
Philadelphia. He then became a pupil of Henrv 
lnman, and in 1835 went to Paris, where he stud- 
ied with fidouard Dubufe. He was elected an as- 
sociate of the National academy in 1843. Among 
his numerous portraits are those of Samuel J. Til- 
den ; Gov. Thomas G. Pratt, of Maryland ; Secre- 
taries Gideon Welles, George M. Robeson, and 
William E. Chandler, for the U. S. navy depart- 
ment; Albert Gallatin, for the treasury depart- 
ment; Washington Irving; James Fenimore Coop- 
er; Henry Wilson; and Thaddeus Stevens, lie 
also painted the last portrait of Abraham Lincoln 
two weeks before the president's death, and has 
since executed a full-length picture of Mrs. Wash- 
ington for the White House. 

WILSON, Oliver Morris, lawyer, b. in Lo- 
gansport. Ind., 16 Aug., 1836. He was graduated 
at Hamilton college in 1858 and studied law. 
After serving in the civil war as captain and ma- 
jor of Indiana volunteers, he was secretary of the 
Indiana senate in 1865- 9, assistant U. S. attorney 
for the state in 1869-'71, and member of the legis- 
lature in the latter year. He was adjutant-general 
of the Grand army of the republic for Indiana in 
1860-'8, and organized the flrst depart ment in that 
order. Maj. Wilson has published 44 Digest of Par- 
liamentary Law" (Philadelphia, 1869), and 44 In- 
diana Superior Court Reports" (1875). 

WILSON, Peter, educator, b. in Ordiquhill, 
Banff, Scotland, 23 Nov., 1746; d. in New Barba- 
does, N. J., 1 Aug., 1825. He was educated at the 
University of Aberdeen, where he paid particular 
attention to classical studies. Removing to New 
York citv in 1763, he soon found employment 
as a teacher, and was called to be the principal 
of Hackensack (N. J.) academy, where, over the 
front windows of his residence, his own and his 
wife's name are still to l>e seen cut in the stone. 
In 1775 he threw himself with great zeal into the 
political movements that preceded the Revolu- 
tion, and from 1777 till 1783 he served in the 
New Jersey legislature. In the latter year he was 
appointed to revise and codify the laws of that 
state. In 1789 he was elected professor of Greek 
and Latin in Columbia, and he held the office 
until 1792, when he resigned to become principal 
of Erasmus Hall, Flat bush, L. I. In 1797 he 
was recalled to Columbia as professor of Greek 
and Latin and of Grecian and Roman antiquities, 
which chair he filled until 1820, when he was re- 
tired with a pension by the trustees. He received 
the degree of LL. D. from Union in 1798. He 
published * 4 Rules of Latin Prosody, for the Use of 
Schools " (New York, 1810) ; 4 * Introduction to Greek 
Prosody" and 44 Compendium of Greek Prosody" 
(1817); together with editions of Sallust. Longi- 
nus, the Greek Testament, and revised Dr. Alex- 
ander Adams' 44 Roman Antiquities" (1826). 

WILSON, Samuel Farmer, journalist, b. in 
Connecticut in 1805; d. in New Orleans, La., 11 
March, 1870. He was graduated at Columbia in 
1822, studied law in New York citv, was admitted 
to the bar there in 1826, and at Raleigh, N. C, in 



1828. removed from that place to New Berne, and 
from there to Mobile, Ala., in 1832, where he aban- 
doned law to become joint editor of the ** Register." 
He went to New Orleans in 1849, and joined the 
staff of the 44 Crescent," connected himself with 
the 4 * Picayune " in the following year, and became 
a joint owner and the chief editorial writer of that 
newspaper. For several terms he was a member 
of the Louisiana legislature. He was the author 
of a 44 History of the American Revolution," which 
passed through several editions (Baltimore, 1834). 

WILSON, Theodore Delavan, naval construct- 
or, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 11 May, 1840. He served 
an apprenticeship as a shipwright at the Brooklyn 
navy-yard, and at the beginning of the civil war 
was a non-commissioned officer in the 13th New 
York militia regiment for three months. Upon 
his return he was appointed a carpenter in the 
navy, 3 Aug.. 1861, and he served in the steamer 
44 Cambridge," of the North Atlantic blockading 
squadron, in 1861-4, and with Rear- Admiral Greg- 
ory as inspector of vessels in the private establish- 
ments near New York city. After passing the re- 
quired examination he was commissioned as an as- 
sistant naval constructor. 17 May, 1866. ne served 
at the Pensacola navy-yard in 1866-'7, and at Phila- 
delphia in 1867-'9, and was instructor in naval 
architecture and ship-building at the U. S. naval 
academy in 1869-'73. He was commissioned naval 
constructor, 1 July, 1873. and served at the Ports- 
mouth navy-yard in 1873-'82. He was elected a 
member of the Institute of naval architects of Eng- 
land, being the first American member of that sci- 
entific boay. He was appointed chief of the bu- 
reau of construction and repair, 3 March, 1872, and 
reappointed for a second term of four years, 15 Dec, 




1886. In 1870 he received a patent for 44 air-ports," 
which have been adopted in the naval sen-ice and 
merchant-ships, and in 1880 he patented a bolt- 
extractor, which is in general use. While chief 
of the bureau of construction and repair he has 
designed several of the modern ships that have 
been recently built and are now building. He de- 
signed the 44 Chicago," 44 Boston," and ' 4 Atlanta." 
to meet the requirements of the advisory board, 
and the cruisers 44 Newark," 44 San Francisco," 
44 Concord," 44 Yorktown," 44 Bennington," " Pe- 
trel," and 44 Maine," the latter of which is shown 
in the illustration. He is the author of "Ship- 
Building, Theoretical and Practical," which is used 
as a text-book at the naval academy and by the 
profession generally (New York, 1873). 

WILSON. Thomas, clergyman, b. in England 
in 1761 ; d. in Washington county, Kv., in 1824. 
He was a member of the Dominican onier, and was 
president of its college at Bomheim, Belgium, in 
1803, when the building was attacked and plun- 
dered by the French troops. He escaped to Eng- 
land, wnere he petitioned the general of the order 
to be allowed to establish a house in the United 
States. He was employed, for several years after 
his arrival in this country, on missions in Marv- 
land and the neighboring states, and it was not till 
1808 that the first Dominican convent in the United 



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States, that of St. Rose, was founded in Washing- 
ton county, Ky. Shortly afterward, Father Wil- 
son was appointed provincial of his order, and 
superior of the convent and college. In 1809 he 
established a novitiate, in which he trained a large 
number of priests for the Kentucky mission. lie 
continued at the head of these institutions until 
the close of his life. 

WILSON, Thomas, author, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., about 1768; d. there about 1828. He learned 
the printer's trade, wrote extensively for the press, 
removed in 1811 to Baltimore, Md., and there con- 
ducted a newspaper, returning in 1816 to Phila- 
delphia. He was the author of ** The Biography 
of the Principal American Military and Naval lie- 
roes " (New York, 1821); and "The Picture of Phil- 
adelphia in 1824" (Philadelphia, 1824). 

WILSON, Thomas, merchant, b. in Harford 
County, Md.,5 Feb., 1789; d. in Baltimore, 2 Sept., 
1879. His parents were members of the Society of 
Friends, and removed to Baltimore in 1798. The 
son received a plain education, and at the age of sev- 
enteen was apprenticed to Thorndick Chase, a mer- 
chant of Baltimore, t rading with the West Indies and 
the Spanish Main. He was advanced by Mr. Chase 
to the post of chief clerk before he was nineteen, 
and upon attaining his majority became a partner 
in the firm of Brown and Wilson. He spent much 
of his time from 1811 till 1816 at La Guayra, Vene- 
zuela, as resident partner of his Arm ; but during 
the war of 1812 he returned to Baltimore and or- 
ganized a line of small vessels to run from Boston 
to Folly Landing, Va., whence their cargoes were 
transported overland to Onancock, and thence by 
boats to Baltimore. While engaged in these ven- 
tures he narrowly escaped capture by the British 
on several occasions. In 1857 he retired from 
mercantile business, and confined his operations to 
dealing in securities. He was identified with many 
of the manufacturing interests of Maryland and 
Pennsylvania, was a member of the Maryland colo- 
nization society, and for many years president of 
the Baltimore manual labor school, in which char- 
ity he took great interest. During the civil war 
of 1861-'5 he was a firm supporter of the National 
cause. By his will he devoted $025,000 to various 
charities, endowing the Thomas Wilson sanita- 
rium for children — an institution designed to take 
care of sick children during the summer months — 
with $500,000; and a fuel-saving society — to aid 
deserving poor people to purchase their fuel cheap- 
ly, and sewing- women to obtain sewing-machines 
a't low cost— with $100,000. 

WILSON, Thomas, jurist, b. in County Tyrone, 
Ireland, 16 May, 1827. He whs brought to the 
United States in 1839, was graduated at Allegheny 
college in 1852, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in Meadville, Pa., in 1855. and settled in 
Winona, Minn. He was a meml>er of the Con- 
stitutional convention of Minnesota in 1857, was 
elected a district judge, and took his seat on the 
bench in 1858, on the organization of the state 
government. In the spring of 1864 he was ap- 
pointed a judge of the supreme court, and in the 
autumn of the same year he was elected chief 
justice for the term of seven years. In 1869 he 
resigned, and has since followed the practice 
of his profession. He was elected to the state 
house of representatives in 1880, and in 1882, after 
declining a nomination for congress, was elected 
to the state senate, and served till 1885. In the 
latter year he was the Democratic candidate for a 
seat in the United States senate, and in 1886 he 
was elected to the National house of representa- 
tives, taking his seat on 5 Dec, 1887. 



WILSON, Thomas Bellerby, physician, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 17 Jan., 1807; d. in Newark, 
Del., 15 March, 1865. He was educated at the 
Friends' school in Philadelphia, and then studied 
medicine, which he practised in his native city 
with considerable success. Subsequently he de- 
voted himself to natural history, and paid special 
attention to birds, of which he made a remarkable 
collection. In 1832 he was elected to the Academy 
of natural sciences of Philadelphia, and at once 
took an active part in its proceedings. Its library 
was largely created through his liberality, and his 
collection of birds, which then ranked as the third 
in the world, was presented by him to the academy, 
of which he was president in 1863-'4. 

WILSON, William, physician, b. in Scotland 
in 1755; d. in Clermont, Columbia co., N. Y., in 
December, 1828. He was the brother of Sir Alex- 
ander Wilson, bart., of Bath, England. He was 
educated at the University of Glasgow, where he 
received the degrees of A. B. and M. D., and came 
to the United States in 1784, bringing letters of in- 
troduction to Chancellor Robert R. Livingston 
and other citizens. The chancellor, feeling the 
need of a skilled medical man in his part of the 
country, induced Dr. Wilson to take up his resi- 
dence at Clermont, N. Y., where he remained until 
his death. When Mr. Livingston went to Europe 
in 1800 as minister to France he left his extensive 
estates in the care of Dr. Wilson, and afterward ap- 
pointed him one of his executors. On the organi- 
zation of the County medical society, he was made 
its president, and subsequently held the same post 
in the Medical association of the state of New 
York. In 1804 Dr. Wilson was named first judge 
of Columbia county, being the second incumbent 
of that office, the duties of which he continued to 
discharge until he was disqualified by age. The 
latter |>art of his life was spent in agricultural pur- 
suits, and he was mainly instrumental in organiz- 
ing the Farmers' club of Dutchess and Columbia 
counties, N. Y., which is believed to have been the 
first purely agricultural association in the state. — 
His son, Stephen Bayard, naval officer, b. in Cler- 
mont, Columbia co., N. Y., 18 Aug., 1796; d. in 
Hudson, N. Y„ 15 March, 186J1, entered the navy as 
a midshipman, 1 Jan., 1812, and served at Norfolk 
for a short time, and then on the lakes during the 
war until 1816. In 1817 he was attached to tho 
ship "Independence" at Boston. He cruised on 
tho Mediterranean station in the frigate "Guer- 
riere" and the ship "Washington" in 1818— '21, 
was stationed at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1822, 
and served in the Musquito fleet in 1823-'7 for the 
suppression of piracy in the West Indies. He was 
commissioned a lieutenant, 13 Jan., 1825, served at 
the naval rendezvous' at Baltimore in 1827-'tf0, 
cruised in the frigate "Potomac," of the Pacific 
souadron, in 1831-'4, in the " John Adams" on the 
Mediterranean station in 1835-'7, in the ship " Mace- 
donian," in the West Indies in 1838-'40. He whs 
promoted to commander, 8 Sept., 1841, and had 
the frigate " Columbus," of the Brazil station, in 
1843-'4. He served at the Boston navy-yard in 
1845-'7, commanded the sloop "John Adams," in 
1847-'8, during the latter |>art of the Mexican war, 
and after the war continued cruising for some time 
on the Gulf coast of Mexico. He particijwitcd in 
the expedition that captured Tuspan. He served 
at the New York navy-yard in command of the 
receiving-ship in 1850-'i. On 14 Sept., 1855, he 
was promoted to captain, and commanded the 
frigate " Columbia " on the home station for a 
few months after his promotion. His health 
failed, and he was on waiting orders until he was 



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WIMAN 



retired by operation of law, 21 Dec, 1861, because 
of his age. He saw no service during the civil war, 
on account of his feeble health. 

WILSON, William Dexter, clergvman, b. in 
Stoddard, N. H., 28 Feb., 1816. He was graduated 
at Walpole academy, where he became teacher of 
mathematics, entered the Harvard divinity-school 
in 1835. and was graduated in 1838. Becoming 
dissatisfied with Unitarianism, he took orders in 
the Protestant Episcopal church, was ordained 
deacon in St. Anne's church, Lowell, Mass., 7 
April, 1842, by Bishop Griswold, and priest in 
Trinity church, Rutland, Vt., 21 Sept., 1847, by 
Bishop Hopkins. He was minister of Christ church", 
Sherburne, N. Y.. from 1842 till 1850, when he was 
elected professor of moral and intellectual philoso- 
phy in Geneva (now Hobart) college. On the 
opening of Cornell university in I860, he became 
professor of philosophy in that institution, which 
post he held until 1886, when he was retired as 
emeritus professor. He now resides in Syracuse, 
N. Y., and is deacon of St. Andrew's divinity-school 
in that city. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Geneva college in 1849, that of LL. D. from Bed- 
ford university, Tenn., in 1868, and that of L. H. D. 
from the regents of the University of the state of 
New York in 1872. Dr. Wilson has been active in 
the affairs of the church in various ways, and has 
contributed to reviews and magazines during forty 
vears. His chief publications are "The Church 
Identified " (Utica, 1848) ; *• Elementary Treatise on 
Logic" (New York, 1856); 44 Psvchology, Compara- 
tive and Human" (1871); 44 Text-Book of Logic" 
(1872) ; 44 Introduction to the Study of the History of 
Philosophy " (1872) ; 44 Live Questions in Psychology 
and Metaphysics " (1877) ; and 44 The Foundations 
of Religious'Belief," Paddock lectures (1883). 

WILSON, William Lvne, congressman, b. in 
Jefferson county, Va., 3 May, 1843. He was grad- 
uated at Columbian college in 1860, afterward 
studied in the University of Virginia, served in 
the Confederate army, was professor of Latin in 
Columbian college from 1865 till 1871, studying 
law at the same time, and on being admitted to 
the bar in the latter year engaged in practice at 
Charlestown, W. Va. He was a delegate to the 
Democratic national convention and a presidential 
elector in 1880. In 1882 he became president of 
West Virginia university, but he resigned in order 
to take his seat in congress on 1 Dec, 1883. He 
was re-elected for the three following terms, and 
served on the ways and means committee that pre- 
pared the Mills tariff bill, taking an active part in 
the deoates on that measure in 1888. He was a 
regent of the Smithsonian institution in 1883-*7, 
and received the degree of LL. I), from Columbian 
university in 1883. 

WILSON, Woodrow, educator, b. in Staunton, 
Va., 28 Dec, 1856. He is a son of the Rev. Joseph 
R. Wilson, D. I)., and nephew of the Rev. James 
Woodrow, D. D., of Columbia, S. C. He was grad- 
uated at Princeton in 1870, studied law at the 
University of Virginia, and practised at Atlanta, 
Go., in 1882-'3. Preferring to devote himself to 
special studies, he abandoned the legal profession 
and took a post-graduate course in history and 
politics at Johns Hopkins university in 1883-^5. re- 
ceiving the degree of Ph. D. from that institution 
in 1886, and that of LL. D. from Wake Forest col- 
lege, N. C, in 1887. He was associate in history 
at Bryn Mawr college. Pa, in 1885-'6, and asso- 
ciate professor of history and political science in 
the same college in 1886^'8. In the latter year he 
was elected to the chair of history and politi- 
cal economy in Wesleyan university. Prof. Wil- 



son has published 44 Congressional Government: 
a Study in American Politics M (Boston, 1885). 
This work has attracted attention in England, 
Belgium, and Germany. In England it has been 
accepted as an authority on American institutions. 
It has also been epitomized by Prof, fimile de 
Laveleye in the 44 Revue des Deux-Mondes." He 
has contributed to a collection of essays by Ameri- 
can economists, entitled 44 The National Revenues " 
(Chicago, 1888), and articles on political and ad- 
ministrative subjects to periodicals. 

WILSTACH, John Augustine (wil'-stack), au- 
thor, b. in Washington, D. C, 14 July, 1824. He 
was educated in a military and academical in- 
stitute that was taught by Ormsby M. Mitchel, 
and in Cincinnati college, studied law, and began 
practice in 1850. From 1852 till 1862 he was a 
master in chancery. In 1867 he was sent to the 
Paris universal exposition as commissioner for 
Indiana, and from that year till 1872 he was com- 
missioner of immigration for the same state. He 
has devoted his attention to philological studies, 
and has made the only complete translation of the 
works of Virgil into English verse, with various 
readings and notes (Boston, 1884). He also pub- 
lished a review of the literature relating to \ irgil 
under the title of 44 The Virgilians " (1884). More 
recently he has prepared a poetical translation of 
the "Divine Comedy "of Dante Alighieri, with 
notes and illustrations (1888), and a volume of criti- 
cism entitled. 44 Dante, the Danteans, and Things 
Dantean " (1889). Mr. Wilstach has invented a 
new character (ai) to represent the Greek diph- 
thong eu, which was first used in typography in 
his translation of the 44 Divina Comraedia. He has 
almost completed a free translation of the entire 
Bible from the original languages.— His son, Jo- 
seph Walter, author, b. in Lafayette, lnd., 28 
June, 1857, was educated at St. John's college. 
Fordham, N. Y., studied law, and established him- 
self in practice at Lafayette, lnd. He has made a 
translation of some of the 44 Odes" of Horace 
(printed privately. New York, 1883), and, besides 
review articles, has published a 44 Biography of 
Count Charles d'Alembert" (1885). 

WIMAN, Erastus, capitalist, b. in Churchville, 
Peel co., Ont., 21 April, 1834. He received a scanty 
education in a country school, removed to Toronto, 
and, after working four years as a printer, became 
a reporter on the Toronto 44 Globe,' and in 1854-'7 
was commercial editor of that paper. He edited 
the Montreal 44 Trade Review " in l864-'5. In 1856 
he entered the service of R. G. Dun and Co.'s mer- 
cantile agency, and in 1867 became a partner in its 
New York house, and subsequently its principal 
manager. He became president of the Great 
Northwestern telegraph company of Canada in 
1881, is a director of the Western 'Union telegraph 
company, and president of the Staten Island Rapid 
Transit railway company in 1884, and succeeded: in 
carrying through congress the authorization of the 
Arthur Kill bridge between New Jersey and Staten 
island, which makes ten miles of water front in 
New York harbor accessible to trunk railroads. 
Mr. Wiman was mainly instrumental in establish- 
ing the Canadian club of New York in 1885. and 
was it* first president. Through his influence 
chiefly the project of the commercial union of 
Canada with the United States assumed public im- 
portance in the former country, and was finally 
adopted in the winter of 1888 as the main clause 
in the platform of the Canadian Liberals, under 
its changed name of unrestricted reciprocity. He 
was instrumental in securing in 1886 the aboli- 
tion of imprisonment for debt in New York state. 



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559 



VIMMER, Boniface, R. C. prelate, b. in Thal- 
^sing. Bavaria, 9 Jan.. 1809 ; a. in Westmoreland 
nty, Pa.. 8 Dec., 1887. He received a classical 
cation, took an academic course at Ratisbon. 

entered the Munich university with the in- 
ion of studying law, but, changing his mind, 
sued a theological course in the Ratisl>on sem- 
•y. On 31 July, 1831, he was ordained priest ; 

in the following year he was admitted to the 
edictine monastery in Metten, Bavaria, chang- 

his baptismal name Sebastian to Boniface, 
ing 1833-'6 he labored as professor and priest 
vlenstetler, Augsburg, in 1840 became profes- 
in the Louis gymnasium, Munich, and in 1846 
ved in the United States with four theological 
lents and fifteen artisans, for the purpose of 
Niching an abbey for the education of German 
h for the Roman Catholic priesthood. He set- 
near Beattv, Westmoreland co.. Pa., and on 28 
:., 1848, laid the foundation of the present St. 
?ent's abbey. Two vears afterward he founded 
Mary's priory in Elk county. Pa. Pope Pius 
raised his original settlement to the dignity 

of a monastery, then of an abbey, and ap- 
ted him superior of St. Vincent's, 2l"Mav, 1852, 
it ad trirnniwn, 17 Sept., 1855, and abbot for 
and president, of the American congregation, 
uly. 1866. When the parent abbey was fully 
)lished and provided with a variety of manu- 
ring industries for its support, he set al>out 
ding branches in the south, and organized col- 

< in Louisiana, North Carolina, Alabama, and 
gia in 187G-'7,and in southern Illinois in 1881. 
li) Dec.. 1883, he celebrated the fiftieth anni- 
iry of his Benedictine profession amid cere- 
ies in which members of the order from all 

< of the world participated, and on that occa- 
Pope Leo XIII. elevated him to the dignity of 
•ablxit. He was a man of attractive manner, 
business ability, and large scholarship. 
IMPFFEN - BERNEBURG, Alexander 
isluus, explorer, b. in Deux-Ponts in 1748; 
* Paris in 1819. He was a younger brother 
ie two French generals, Francois I^ouis and 
:. received his education in his native city, 
ed the French army, and served in this coun- 
ts a captain under Count Rochamtieau in 
-'2. He was afterwanl employed in the West 
s, but resigned in 1788, and visited the West 
s and Mexieo. In 1804 he secured an em- 
nent in the military household of Napoleon I., 
l he retained till 1814, when he retired to 
te life. He wrote " Vovage a Saint Doiningue 

les annees 1788, 1789, and 1790" (2 vols., 
. 1797), which was translated into German as 
en naeh St. Domingo" (Erfurt, 1798), and 
English (London, 1797); "Voyage dans les 
les Franchises et Espagnoles" (Paris, 1799); 
ressions de voyage et essai sur le royaumc de 
•uvelle Espagne" (1802): and "Histoire na- 
p rlu Cacao et du Sucre" (1805). 
NANS. Ross, inventor, b. in Vernon, N. J., 
toU»r, 1790; d. in Baltimore, Md., 11 April, 
He began life as a farmer, and exhibited at 
rlv age great inventive genius. One of his 
evices was a plough. Afterward he invented 
ietion-wheel for cars, and the outside l>earing 
les, now almost indispensable to the use of 
vs. He was also the inventor of the eight- 
r>d car system. He was sent to England by 
iltimore and Ohio railroad company to study 
iglish systems, and sj>ent a year in making 
at ions t hat proved of great value to the corn- 
He built the first successful locomotive used 
s railroad, and also invented the camel-back 



locomotive. He established in Baltimore the largest 
railway machine-shops in the country, and his sons 
were associated in their management. Mr. Winans 
was solicited by the Russian government, through 
the agency of George W. Whistler, to go to Russia 
and build rolling-stock for the railroad between 
Moscow and St. Petersburg, but declined to go him- 
self, and sent his two sons. During the civil war 
he took an active part in politics, and was chosen 
to represent Baltimore in the extra session of the 
Maryland legislature in 1861 ; but he was arrested 
and imprisoned in Fort McIIenry. He made nu- 
merous compilations of gleanings from the works 
of eminent writers, upon philosophical subjects, 
and was himself the author of various pamphlets 
on religious subjects, and of "One Religion, Many 
Creeds" (Baltimore, 1870). — His son, Thomas Be 
Kajr, engineer, b. in Vernon, N. J.. 6 Dec., 1820; 
d. in Newport, R. L, 11 June, 1878, showed when a 
child great fondness for mechanical toys, which 
taste his father encouraged, and apprenticed him 
in his youth to a machinist. On reaching his ma- 
jority, he l>ecame associated in business with his 
father, and, with his brother William Lewis, was 
sent to Russia to arrange the contracts for furnish- 
ing and managing the equipment of the railroad 
between Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1843, with 
Andrew M. East wick and Joseph Harrison, they 
concluded a contract with the Russian government 
for $3,000,000, and subsequently they held other 
contracts, from which the profits were very large. 
With his father and brother he invented a system 
of steam navigation commonly called the "cigar- 
ship," and for many years conducted elaborate, ex- 

emsive, and successful experiments, principally in 
uropean waters. After his return to the United 
States, he devoted his attention to the study of new 
inventions of the most diverse kinds. He devised a 
great improvement in the construction of organs, in- 
vented a tubular adjustment by which young trout 
could be more readily fed, and built a chimney 100 
feet high to ventilate his residence in Baltimore. 

WINANS, William, clergyman, b. in Pennsyl- 
vania, 8 Nov., 1788; d. in Amite county. Miss., 81 
Aug., 1857. He entered the Western conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal church in 1808, went to 
Mississippi as a missionary in 1812, was a pioneer 
of his church in that state and Louisiana, and took 
a conspicuous part in the organization of the 
Methodist Episcopal church, south. He exerted a 
wide influence in his denomination, and took part 
in the discussion of political Questions. He pub- 
lished 44 Discourses on Fundamental Religious 
Subjects.*' edited by the Rev. Thomas O. Summers, 
D. I). (Nashville). 

WINCH ELL, James Manning, clergyman, b. 
in North East, Dutchess co., N. Y., 8 Sept., 1791 ; 
d. in Boston, Mass., 22 Feb., 1820. He entered 
Union college in 1808, but, deciding to become a 
minister, preferred to finish at a Baptist institu- 
tion, and was graduated at Brown in 1812. Mr. 
Winchell was licensed by the Baptist church in 
North East on 4 Oct., 1812, and accepted an in- 
vitation to supply the pulpit in Bristol, R. I., for 
a year. He was then called to the 1st Baptist 
church in Boston, and was publicly recognized in 
that place on 14 March, 1814. Here he remained 
until his death, and won a high reputation for elo- 
quence, and suavity and grace of manner. Mr. 
Winchell was one of the editors of the 44 American 
Baptist Magazine," and published 44 Jubilee Ser- 
mons: Two Discourses, exhibiting an Historical 
Sketch of the First Baptist Church in Boston from 
1G«5 to 1818 " (Boston, 1819), and 44 Watts's Psalms 
and Hymns, with a Supplement" (1820). The lat- 



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W1NCHELL 



WINCHESTER 



ter, known as " Winchell's Watts." was long used 
by the Baptist churches in this country. — His 
nephew, Alexander, geologist, b. in North East, 
Dutchess co., N. Y., 31 Dec., 1824, was graduated 
at Wesleyan in 1847, and spent the following year 
in teaching natural science in Pennington semi- 
nary, N. J. In 1848 he became teacher of natural 
science in the Amenia (N. Y.) seminary, but in 1850 
he removed to Alabama, and had charge succes- 
sively of several institutions. He was called to the 
chair of physics and civil engineering in the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1854, and a year later was 
transferred to the chair of geology, zoology, and 
botany, which he then held until 1873. In 1866-'9 
he filled a similar professorship in the University 
of Kentucky. Meanwhile he made a survey of a 
railroad from Ann Arbor to Manchester, and was 
appointed in 1859 director of the geological survey 
of Michigan. The beginning of the civil war prac- 
tically brought the survey to a close, although Prof. 
Winchell made palasontological researches in the 
material that it had accumulated, and in his pub- 
lications established seven new genera and 304 new 
species, most of which were fossil. In 1869 the 
geological survey resumed its work, and he was 
designated as its director, but he resigned in 1871. 
He accepted the chancellorship of Syracuse uni- 
versity in 1873, but at the end of the year retired 
from this office to become professor of geology, 
zoology, and botany. In 18*5 he was invited to 
fill a similar chair in Vanderbilt university, and 
thereafter until 1878 continued to divide his time 
between the two institutions. As he had con- 
tributed by editorial request certain articles to the 
" Northern Christian Advocate," in which he de- 
fended a belief in the existence of a preadatnite 
race, and as he was understood to hold the doctrine 
of evolution, his resignation from the professorship 
at Vanderbilt was asked by Bishop Holland N. 
McTyeire, president of the' board of trustees of 
that university. Prof. Winchell refused, and his 
lectureship was declared abolished by the college 
authorities. In 1879 he was recalled to the chair 
of geology and paleontology in the University of 
Michigan, which he still retains. He was actively 
connected in l886-'7 with the geological survey of 
Minnesota. The degree of LL. D. was conferred 
on him by Wesleyan in 1867, and his name has 
been assigned to fourteen new species. Prof. Win- 
chell has lectured extensively on geology, and con- 
tributed to numerous periodicals. By his investi- 
gations he has established the Marshall group in 
American geology. His bibliography includes 
about 200 titles. In addition to his reports on 
geology, he has published "Genealogy of the 
Family of Winchell in America" (Ann Arbor, 
1869); "Sketches of Creation" (New York, 1870); 
"A Geological ('hart" (1870) ; "Michigan," being 
condensed nopular sketches of the topography, 
climate, anil geology of the state (1873); "The 
Doctrine of Evolution " (1874) ; ** Reconciliation of 
Science and Religion " (1877); " Preadamites, or a 
Demonstration of Existence of Men l>efore Adam " 
(Chicago, 1880); "Si>arks from a Geologist's Ham- 
mer" (1881); "World Life, or Comparative Geol- 
ogy" (188:]); "Geological Excursions, or the Rudi- 
ments of Geology for Young learners" (1884); 
" Geological Studies, or Elements of Geology " 
(1886); and "Walks and Talks in the Geologi- 
cal Field" (1886).— Alexander's brother, Newton 
Horace, geologist, b. in North East, Dutchess co., 
N. Y., 17 Dec, 1839, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan in 1866. In 1860 he had been 
assi>tant on the geological survey of Michigan, for 
which he reported a complete " Catalogue of the 



Plants of the State of Michigan/' In 1866 he be- 
came superintendent of public schools in Adrian. 
Mich., but resigned in July, 1869, to accept the 
office of assistant state geologist of Michigan. A 
year later he joined the geological survey of Ohio, 
where he remained until 1872, when he became 
state geologist of Minnesota, in connection with 
which he is also professor of mineralogy and geol- 
ogy in the University of Minnesota Prof. Win- 
chell is president of the Minnesota academy of 
natural sciences. In 1887 he was appointed a mem- 
ber of the U. S. assay commission, and he is man- 
aging editor of " The American Geologist," issued 
at Minneapolis. His bibliography includes nearly 
fifty titles, and comprises " Annual Reports on the 
Geology and Natural History Survey of Minnesota ** 
(15 vols., Minneapolis, 1872-'88), and "Geology of 
Minnesota" (2 vols., 1884-'8). 

WINCHESTER, Elhanan, clergyman, b. in 
Brookline, Mass., 30 Sept., 1751 : d. in Hartford, 
Conn., 18 April, 1797. He began to preach about 
1769, and in 1771 was ordained pastor of an open- 
communion church at Rehoboth, Mass. About a 
year later, adopting the views of the close-com- 
munionists, he was excommunicated by his church, 
and after residing in Charleston, S. C, in 1774-*80, 
he became pastor of the 1st Baptist church in 
Philadelphia In 1781, with the majority of his 
congregation, he founded a Univerealist church 
there. In 1787-'94 he preached successfully in 
England. Among his numerous publications are 
" New Book of Poems on Several Occasions " (Bos- 
ton, 1778); "Hymns" (1776); "The Universal 
Restoration, Exhibited in Four Dialogues " (Lon- 
don, 1788 ; 4th ed., with notes by William Vidler, 
1799); "Course of Lectures on the Prophecies that 
Remain to be Fulfilled" (4 vols., 1789; American 
ed., 2 vols., 1800) ; " Oration on the Discovery of 
America," delivered in London (1792) ; " The Three 
Woe Trumpets" (1793); "The Progress and Em- 
pire of Christ," a poem (1793); and " Plain Politi- 
cal Catechism for Schools" (1795). A sketch of his 
life and review of his writings was issued after his 
death by William Vidler (1 197), and his life was 
also written by Edwin M. Stone (Boston, 1836). 

WINCHESTER, James, soldier, b. in White 
Level (now Westminster), Md., 6 Feb., 1752; d. 
near Gallatin, Tenn., 27 July, 1826. He served in 
the Revolution, being commissioned lieutenant in 
the 3d Maryland regiment, 27 May, 1778, was cap- 
tured by the British, and exchanged, 22 Dec, 
1780. lie then settled in Sumner county, Tenn., 
where he married and resided on a large estate. 
On 27 March, 1812, he was appointed a brigadier- 
general in the regular army, and on 18 Sept he 
relieved Gen. William Henry Harrison of his com- 
mand at Fort Wayne, much to the dissatisfaction 
of the soldiers, some of whom refused at first to 
serve under the new commander. On 24 Sept., 
Harrison was given command of the Northwestern 
army, including the force under Winchester. The 
latter had already set out, on 22 Sept.. for Maumee 
rapids with 2,000 men. He was opposed by about 
1.200 British and Indians under Maj. Muir: but 
Muir, alarmed by exaggerated reports of Win- 
chester's strength, fled without offering battle. 
Winchester was afterward joined at Fort Defiance 
by Harrison, who, having mielled a mutiny among 
tne troops, left him there m command of the left 
wing of the army, with which he intended to move 
on Detroit. Winchester now moved on Maumee 
rapids as he had been ordered, and though Har- 
rison soon afterward recommended the abandon- 
ment of the movement, in view of reports that 
Tecumseh was in position to cut off his supplies, 



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the march was continued, and the rapids were 
occupied und fortified on 10 Jan., 1813. On 17 
Jan. ne sent forward a detachment of about 700 
men, who drove a partv of British and Indians 
from Frenchtown (now ^fonroe, Mich.), on Raisin 
river, with a loss of only 12 killed and 55 wounded. 
Dn the 20th Winchester followed with 300 men, and 
encamped outside the town. Col. Henry Proctor, 
who was then at Fort Maiden, eighteen miles dis- 
tant, now approached secretly with 1,500 British 
and Indians ; but, though the American commander 
was informed of their advance, he refused to believe 
it. His camp was surprised on the evening of the 
22d, and after a bloody conflict he surrendered his 
force, including those in the town who had re- 
pelled the enemy and seemed likely to hold their 
position. Proctor agreed to make provision for the 
protection of the prisoners against savage bar- 
barity ; but this was not done, and the surrender 
was followed bv a massacre of the sick and wounded 
who had been left in the town. This outrage was 
keenly felt in Kentucky, where most of tfie vic- 
;ims resided, and excited great indignation through- 
>ut the United States. The battle-cry of the Ken- 
ucky soldiers during the remainder of the war 
vas •* Remember the River Raisin ! " The Ameri- 
can loss was 934 men out of an army of about 
1,000, while that of the British was 180. Those 
[British writers that make any mention of the mas- 
sacre at Frenchtown try to shield Proctor by 
iffirming that he neither accepted the surrender 
>n any conditions, nor agreed to protect the 
vounded: but their statements are controverted 
>y the testimony of many witnesses, and by the 
•eport of Gen. Winchester, which was written at 
Maiden on the day after the battle. Gen. Win- 
•hester was taken as a prisoner to (Quebec, and con- 
ined at Beauport, near that city, till his exchange 
n 1814. On 21 March, 1815, he resigned his com- 
nission in the army, and he afterward resided on 
lis Tennessee estate. 

WINCHESTER, Oliver Fisher, manufacturer, 
). in Boston. Mass., 30 Nov., 1810; d. in New Ha- 
ren. Conn., 10 Dec, 1880. After receiving a Uni- 
ted education, he was apprenticed to a carpenter, 
md in 1830 became a master-builder in Baltimore, 
tfd., but left his trade in 1833, entered business in 
hat city, and in the following year established the 
irst men's furnishing-store in Maryland. About 
848 he removed to New Haven. Conn., and began 
he manufacture of shirts, which he was probably 
he earliest to undertake in this country. The 
Misiness, in which he was associated with John M. 
)avies, grew to be one of the largest in the United 
States. About 1850 he l>ecame interested in fire- 
irms, and in 1857 he was a large stockholder in 
he Volcanic arms company, which had just been 
onned to manufacture the repeating rifle of Ben- 
amin T. Henry, one of the earliest magazine arms 
n this conn try. The company was unsuccessful, 
md in 1860 Mr. Winchester bought it out and or- 
ranized the New Haven arms company, of which 
ic became president. In 1865 the company was 
eorganized as the Winchester repeating arms com- 
pany, and, selling his interest in the shirt-factory, 
Hr. Winchester gave the former his entire atten- 
ion. The Henry rifle was improved more and 
nore. until its name was changed to the Winches- 
cr repeating arm, and in 1872 the company also 
jeeran to make metallic cartridges, of which its 
>iant can produce half a million a day. The build- 
ngs of the company in New Haven cover an area 
»f fonr acres. They furnished many rifles for the 
^rench government during the war with Germany, 
ind for Turkey in the Russo-Turkish war. Mr. 
vol. vi. — 36 



I Winchester was a Republican presidential elector 
in 1864, and in 1866 was chosen lieutenant-governor 
of Connecticut. He took a deep interest in relig- 
ious and educational affairs, which he aided liber- 
ally. Besides large donations to the scientific and 
theological departments of Yale, he gave to the 
university property whose value at the time was 
about $100,000, and will increase to many times 
that amount, for the foundation of the Yale ob- 
servatory. Though this was called at first the 
Winchester observatory, Gov. Winchester specially 
reouested that his name should not be used in the 
title. One of the chief features of the observatory 
is its heliometer, which is the only one in the coun- 
try, and at the time of its purchase was the largest 
in the world. The institution is also known for 
its horological and thermometry bureaus, by which 
many hundreds of watches and thermometers are 
examined yearly, and their peculiarities certified. 
Gov. Winchester was also much interested in hor- 
ticulture, and his residence and grounds in New 
Haven were among the finest in the citv. 

WINCHESTER, Samuel Gorer, clergyman, 
b. in Rock Run, Harford co., Md.. 17 Feb., 1805; 
d. in New York city, 31 Aug., 1841. He attended 
school at Bel Air and Baltimore, Md., and began 
the study of law in the University of Maryland in 
1825, but abandoned it for theology, studied in 
Princeton seminary, and in 1830-7 was pastor of a 
Presbyterian church in Philadelphia. From the 
latter year till his death he had charge of a con- 
gregation in Natchez, Miss. Besides frequently 
contributing to current religious literature, he pub- 
lished "Companion for the Sick" (1833); "Chris- 
tian Counsel to the Sick" (1836); "Family Re- 
ligion n (1841) ; and "The Theatre" (1841). 

WINDER, Levin, governor of Maryland, b. in 
1756; d. in Baltimore, Md., 7 July. 1819. He was 
appointed major of the 4th Maryland regiment, 
and before the close of the Revolutionary war 
attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Subse- 
quently he l>ecame a brigadier-general of the Mary- 
land militia. He also was speaker of the house of 
delegates, and in 1816 was a member of the state 
senate 

WINDER, William Henry, soldier, b. in Som- 
erset countv, Md.. 18 Feb., 17<5; d. in Baltimore, 
Md., 24 May, 1824. He was educated at the Uni- 
versity oi Pennsylvania, studied law, and settled in 
Baltimore, where he continued from 1708 until the 
war with Great Britain. In March. 1812. he was 
appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 14th U. S. 
infantry, and on 6 July was given command of 
that regiment. He had charre of a successful ex- 
pedition sent from Black Kt>ck to the Canada 
shore below Fort Erie on 28 Nov., 1812, and was 
made brigadier-general on 12 March. 1813. At 
the battle of Stony Creek, 1 June, 1813. his com- 
mand repelled the" British attack, but he was cap- 
tured. In May, 1814, he was appointed adiutant- 
and inspector-general, and commanded at the bat- 
tle of Bladensburg. He was unable to prevent the 
occupation of Washington, and on the reduction 
of the army in June, 1815, he wa« retired. He re- 
turned to his profession and served in the Mary- 
land senate.— His son, John Henry, soldier, b. in 
Maryland in 1800; d. in Branch ville. S. C. 9 Feb., 
1865. was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1820, and after various services became oaptain 
in the 1st artillery on 7 Oct., 1842. He took part 
in the war with Mexico, and was at the battles of 
Contreras and Churubusco. the storming of Chapul- 
tepec, and the capture of Mexico, gaining for his 
gallantry the brevets of major and lieutenant- 
colonel. On 22 Nov., 1800. he was promoted major. 

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562 



WINDOM 



WINEBRENNER 



but he resigned on 27 April, 1861, and entered the 
Confederate service. He was made brieadier-gen- 
eral and given command of Richmond, where he 
had charge of Libby prison and Belle Isle. Sub- 
sequently he was sent to command the prison-pen 
at Anderson ville, Ga,, where his cruelties to the 
prisoners made his name a reproach. 

WINDOM, William, cabinet officer, b. in Bel- 
mont countv, Ohio, 10 May, 1827; died in New 
York, 20 Jan., 1891 . He studied law at Mount Ver- 
non. Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. 
In 1852 he became prosecuting attorney for Knox 
countv, but in 
1855 he removed 
to Minnesota, and 
soon afterward he 
was chosen to con- 
front that 




state as a Repub- 
lican, serving from 
1859 till 1869. 
In that body he 
served two terms 
as chairman of 
the committee on 
Indian affairs and 
also was at the 
head of the spe- 
cial committee to 
visit the western 
tribes in 1865, and 
of that on the 
conduct of the 
commissioner of Indian affairs in 1867. In 1870 
he was appointed to the U. S. senate to fill the 
unexpired term of Daniel S. Norton, deceased, 
and he was subsequently chosen for the term that 
ended in 1877. He was" re-elected for the one that 
closed in 1883, and resigned in 1881 to enter the 
cabinet of President Garfield as secretary of the 
treasury, but retired on the accession of President 
Arthur in the same year, and was elected by the 
Minnesota legislature to serve the remainder of 
his term in the senate. He wns secretary of the 
treasury under Harrison, and died suddenly at Del- 
monico's, after concluding an important speech. 

WINDS, William, soldier, b. in Southhold, 
Long Island, N. Y., in 1727; d. in Rockaway, Mor- 
ris co., N. J., 12 Oct., 1789. While yet a young 
man he fixed his residence in New Jersey, pur- 
chasing a large tract of land in Morris county, 
where, by reason of his wealth and natural abili- 
ties, he became a leader of the people. Hundreds 
of traditions are still repeated in relation to him, 
many of which are doubtless true, and all of which 
represent him as a man of great courage, as well 
as of rare physical and mental powers. He first 
became prominent at the age of thirty when he 
served as a captain in the brigade that was raised 
in New Jersey, in 1758, to aid in the conquest of 
Canada. Many stories are related of his exploits 
in the old French war. but they are not so fully 
authenticated as to give them a place in history. 
In 1705 he was one of the king's justices of the 
peace for Morris county, and it is said that in his 
official transactions he boldly resisted the enforce- 
ment of the stamp-act. substituting the bark of the 
white birch for tnc stamped paper, no one daring 
to call in question the validity of any legal instru- 
ment that ne prepared on no matter what kind of 
material. In 1772 and 1775 he represented Morris 
county in the general assembly of New Jersey, and 
he was also chosen a delegate to the Provincial 
congress that assembled in New Brunswick in 
1776. Under the first call for troops from New 



Jersey by this congress, he was made lieutenant- 
colonel of the 1st battalion, 7 Nov., 1775, Lord 
Stirling being colonel. On 7 March, 1776, he was 
promoted colonel of the same, and on 4 March, 
1777, he was made brigadier-general of militia. 
Under his first appointment he was stationed at 
Perth Amboy, N. J., and while there held in his 
custody, as a prisoner, Gov. William Franklin, the 
last of the royal governors of New Jersey. On 
being made brigadier-general, he was ordered to 
the north on the expedition against Canada, and 
was among the few that survived that campaign. 
Subsequently he served in New Jersev. 

WINDSrilP, George Barker, athlete, b. in 
Roxburv. Mass., 3 Jan., 1834; d. there, 14 Sept., 
1876. His father, grandfather, and great-grand- 
father were all physicians; the last-named, Dr. 
Amos Windship, was surgeon on the 44 Alliance," 
under John Paul Jones. George entered Harvard 
in 1850, and in his freshman year was induced to 
pay special attention to physical training by ridi- 
cule of his weakness ana small stature. He was 
graduated in 1854, and at the medical department 
in 1857, and while engaged in active practice kept 
himself in training and gave particular attention 
to lifting, devising a harness with which, by con- 
stantly increasing his load, he finally succeeded in 
raising from the ground 2.600 pounds, a greater 
weight than any one else had ever lifted. He gave 
public lectures on " Physical Culture" illustrating 
them with feats of strength, and thus attained a 
wide reputation. Out of his experiments has grown 
the modern system of health-lifting; but he carried 
them too far," and was attacked by a paralytic affec- 
tion, which resulted in his death. Besides his lift- 
ing-apparatus, Dr. Windship invented a system of 
graduated dumb-bells. 

WINEBRENNER, John, founder of a sect, b. 
in Frederick countv, Md.. 24 March, 1797; d. in 
Harrisburg, Pa.. l£ Sept., 1800. He was partly 
educated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., stud- 
ied theology in Philadelphia, and was ordained by 
the synod of the German Reformed church in 
September, 1820, at Hogerstown, Md. The same 
vear he was called to the Salem church at Harris- 
burg, Pa., and at the same time he ministered to 
churches in the neighborhood. He retained his 
connection with the Harrisburg charge till 1827, 
when, owing to his religious views on revivals, 
Sunday-schools, and the early temperance and 
anti-slavery movements, and to his allowing non- 
ordained persons to preach in his pulpit, he became 
obnoxious to his congregation, and a separation 
took place. His connection with the Reformed 
church censed by the action of the svnod in Sep- 
tember, 1828. In several pamphlets that he subse- 
quently issued he defended his principles from the 
attacks of his opponents and continued active as a 

Sreacher. In October, 1830, he established a new 
enomination that he called the "Church of God/* 
whose members were at that time known as Wine- 
brennerians. They hold that there are three posi- 
tive ordinances of perpetual standing: baptism by 
immersion, the washing of feet, and the I^ords 
supper. Baptism, however, they do not regard as 
necessarily preceding church fellowship, iaith in 
Christ being considered the prerequisite to admis- 
sion into their communion. Washing the feet of 
disciples they hold as lieing obligatory on all Chris- 
tians, and they also approve of fasts, experience- 
meetings, and camp-meetings. Mr. Winebrenner 
met with remarkable success as the founder of a 
new sect. The ministers of that denomination now 
(1889) number about 500, and the membership prob- 
ably 65,000. They have a foreign and domestic 



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WINES 



WING 



563 



missionary society, a book depository, and a printing 
establishment at Harrisburg, Pa., where a weekly 
paper, the •* Church Advocate," and a Sunday-school 
paper, 44 The Gem," are published. For several 
years he edited the 44 Gospel Publisher" (now the 
* 4 Church Advocate "), and with Isaac Daniel Rupp, 
issued 44 The History of all the Religious Denomina- 
tions in the United States" (Hartford, 1844). He 
also published 44 Pronouncing Testament and Gaz- 
etteer" (Harrisburg. 1830); "Brief Views of the 
Church of God" (1840): 44 A Treatise on Regen- 
eration" (1844); "The Seraphina," a music-book 
(1853) ; 44 Practical and Doctrinal Sermons " (1860) ; 
and pamphlets and separate sermons. He was the 
compiler and editor of the 44 Church Hymn- Book." 

WINES, Enoch Cobb, philanthropist, b. in Han- 
over, N. J., 17 Feb., 1806; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 
10 Dec, 1879. He was graduated at Midulebury in 
1837, and in 1829 was commissioned teacher of 
midshipmen in the U. S. navy. In 1832 he pur- 
chased Edgehill school, at Princeton, N. J. After- 
ward he removed to Philadelphia, where he was 
a professor in the City high-school, and subse- 
quently he purchased a classical school at Burling- 
ton, N. J. He then studied theology, and was 
pastor of Congregational churches in Cornwall, 
Vt, and East Hampton, Long Island, N. Y. In 
1853 he was chosen to the chair of ancient lan- 
guages in Washington college, Pa., and in 1859 to 
the presidency of the City university of St. Louis, 
Mo. He accepted, in 1862, the secretaryship of the 
New York prison association, and from that date 
until his death his talents and energy were devoted 
to the study of penology, and to the promotion of 
reform in the act ministration of criminal law, and 
in the conduct of penal institutions throughout the 
world. In 1866, in conjunction with Dr. Theodore 
W. Dwight, of Columbia law-school, he made a tour 
of inspection of the prisons and reformatories of 
the United States, of which they submitted a report, 
in 1867, to the legislature of New York. In 1870, 
through his personal efforts, the first National 
prison congress assembled at Cincinnati, at which 
was formed the National prison association, of 
which Dr. Wines was unanimously chosen "secre- 
tary, which post he filled until the close of his 
life. Similar National congresses were organized by 
him at Baltimore in 1872, at St. Louis in 1874, and 
in New York in 1876. In 1871 the New York legis- 
lature authorized the appointment of three com- 
missioners, to investigate the question of the rela- 
tions between prison and free labor. Dr. Wines 
was appointed a member of this commission, and 
wrote its report, which was pronounced in its oppo- 
sition to maintaining convicts in idleness. In this 
same year Dr. Wines was appointed by President 
Grant, under authority of a joint resolution of con- 
gress. U. S. commissioner to organize an Interna- 
tional penitentiary congress at London, and he was 
sent abroad for the purpose of making the necessary 
diplomatic representations to foreign governments. 
When the congress assembled, 4 July, 1872, dele- 
gates were present from twentv-six nations. Dr. 
Wines representing both the United States and 
Mexico. At the second congress, at Stockholm, 
in 1878, he was chosen honorary president. At 
the International penitentiary congress which as- 
sembled in Rome in November, 1885, Count di 
Foresta, an Italian senator, said of him : 44 It is to 
him more than to any other individual that we 
owe the initiation of the movement for the reforma- 
tion of prisoners, which is the glory of the latter 
half of the 19th century." Middlebury gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1853 and Washington that 
of LL. D. in 1857. His works include 44 Two Years 



and a Half in the Navy" (2 vols., Philadelphia. 
1832) ; 44 A Trip to China " (Boston, 1832) ; 44 Hint* 
on Popular Education," believed to be the first sys- 
tematic treatise on this subject published in the 
United States (Philadelphia. 1838); 44 How shall I 
govern my School!" (1838); 44 Commentaries on 
the Laws of the Ancient Hebrews" (New York, 
1852); "Adam and Christ" (1855); 44 Historical 
and Farewell Discourses " (1859) ; 44 The True Peni- 
tent" (Philadelphia, 1862) ; 44 Treatise on Regenera- 
tion " (1863) ; " An Essay on Temptation " (1865) ; 
"The Prisons and Reformatories of the United 
States and Canada" (1807); 44 The Promises of 
God" (1808); and "State of Prisons and Child- 
saving Institutions" (Cambridge, 1880).— His son, 
Frederick Howard, clergyman, b. in Philadel- 
phia. Pa., 9 April, 1838, was graduated at Wash- 
ington college, Pa., in 1857, served as tutor there, 
and afterward studied at Princeton theological 
seminary, but left because of weakness of the eyes. 
He was licensed by the presbytery of St. Louis in 
1860, and in 1862 was commissioned hospital chap- 
lain in the National army. He was on duty at Spring- 
field, Mo., till 1864, and participated in the battle of 
Springfield, 8 Jan., 1868, being mentioned by name 
in the official report for bravery on the field. He 
was graduated at Princeton seminary in 1865, and 
called to the 1st Presbyterian church of Spring- 
field, III., where he remained four years. In 1869 
he became secretary of the newly created board of 
State commissioners of public charities for the stale 
of Illinois, which post he still holds. Mr. Wines 
was active in effecting an organization of similar 
boards throughout the country, under the name of 
the National conference of charities and correction, 
of which at Louisville, in 1883, he was the presi- 
dent In 1879 he conducted the investigations as 
to the number and condition of the defective, de- 

gendent, and delinquent classes in the United 
tates, and his report constitutes a separate volume 
of the 44 Tenth Census." In 1886 he established a 
monthly journal entitled " The International Rec- 
ord of Charities and Correction," which is published 
in New York and London. He represented Illinois 
in the International penitentiary congress at Stock- 
holm, in 1878. The result of his observations 
there was embodied in a report to the legislature, 
and he recommended the construction of the new 
Hospital for the insane, at Kankakee, 111., on the 
"detached ward" or "village" system, an event 
which marks an era in the history of the care of 
the insane in this countrv. In 1887 Mr. Wines was 
elected secretary of the National prison association, 
and succeeded to the post that was formerly held 
by his father. His writings, apart from reports, 
have been chiefly pamphlets. Among them are 
44 The County Jail System, an Argument for its 
Abolition," read at the New York prison congress 
(1878); "The Kankakee Hospital *' (1882); "Pro- 
vision for the Insane in the United States," an his- 
torical sketch (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or 
the Paroling of Prisoners." written for the Atlanta 
prison congress (1886) ; and 44 American Prisons in 
the Tenth Census" (1888). 

WING, Conway Phelps, clergvman, b. near 
Marietta. Ohio, 12 Feb., 1809; d. in Carlisle. Pa., 
7 May, 1889. He was graduated at Auburn theo- 
logical seminary in 1831, and was ordained and in- 
stalled pastor of the church at Sodus. Wayne co., 
N. Y.. by the presbyterv of Geneva in 18o2, remain- 
ing there till 1830. fie was afterward pastor at 
Ogden, N. Y., at Monroe, Mich., where he was pas- 
tor emeritus, at Huntsville. Ala., and at Carlisle, 
Pa. Mr. Wing took an active part in the revivals 
of 1832-'5, and in the anti-slavery agitation in 



Digitized by Google 



564 



WING ATE 



WING FIELD 



western New York, and was zealous in his opposi- 
tion to slavery in Tennessee and Alabama. He 
received the decree of D. D. from Dickinson col- 
lege in 1857. He was an adherent to the new- 
school branch of the Presbyterian church, but 
an earnest supporter of the reunion in 1869 and 
1870, and was a member of the joint committee 
of reconstruction for the church in the latter year. 
He translated from the German "A History of the 
Christian Church," by Dr. Charles Hase. with Dr. 
Charles E. Blumenthal (New York, 1850); and 
published " History of the Presbyteries of Donegal 
and Carlisle" (Carlisle, 1876); History of the 
First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle" (1877); 
" History of Cumberland Countv, Pa." (1879); and 
" Historical and Genealogical Register of the De- 
scendants of John Wing, of Sandwich " (New York, 
1885 ; 2d ed., 1888). 

WINGATE, George Wood, lawyer, b. in New 
York city, 1 July, 1840. He was educated in New 
York, and at the age of thirteen entered a law- 
office, where he continued until his admission to the 
bar in 1861. During the civil war he served with the 
22d New York National guards, which he entered 
as a private, and was promoted until he became 
captain. His experience in the field impressed him 
with the necessity of greater training in marks- 
manship, and he specially instructed his company 
in that subject After the war he wrote frequently 
on rifle-practice, and his efforts resulted in the 
formation of the National rifle association in 1871, 
of which he became secretary. In that capacity 
he drafted its regulations and aided largely in the 
establishment and management of the Creedmoor 
rifle-range. Subsequently he became president of 
the association, and held that office until 1888. In 
1874 he was appointed general inspector of rifle- 

Eractice of New York state, with the rank of 
rigadier-general, but resigned in 1879. In this 
office he organized and carried into successful 
operation the system of instruction in rifle-prac- 
tice that has since been followed by the National 
guard, as well as by the U. S. army. He was 
the first president of the Amateur rifle-club in 
1872, and captain of the first American rifle-team 
in 1874, and has been connected with all the Inter- 
national rifle-matches. From the part he took in 
these matters he has teen frequently called 4< the 
father of rifle-practice in America." He was 
president of the National guard association of the 
United States since 1879, and has been active in his 
profession. Gen. Wingate is the author of the 
Last Campaign of the Twenty-second Regiment" 
(New York, 1864); a "Manual of Rifle Practice." 
of which seven editions have been issued (1872); 
and " On Horseback through the Yellowstone " 
(1886).— His brother, Charles Frederick, sanitary 
engineer, b. in New York city, 5 March, 1847, was 
educated in the public schools, and early devoted 
his attention to journalism. For five years he was 
New York correspondent of the Springfield ** Re- 
publican," under the signature of M Carl fried." 
From 1874 till 1882 he edited successively the 
u Paper-Trade Journal," the *' American Station- 
er," *• The Housekeeper," and 44 The Sanitary Engi- 
neer." Since that time he has followed the profes- 
sion of a sanitary engineer, and has paid special 
attention to the problem of working-men's homes 
in cities, on which he has written voluminously in 
the New York daily press. In 1887 he was instru- 
mental in securing tne passage of a bill to amend 
the tenement-house law and the small-parks bill. 
He organized the Twilight club in 1883, and has 
since been its secretary. Mr. Wingate contributed 
articles on the " History of the Tweed Ring " to 



the ** North American Review " in 1874, and has 
edited 44 Views and Interviews on Journalism " 
(New York. 1875). and "Twilight Tracts" (1886). 

WINGATE, Paine, senator, b. in Amesburr, 
Mass.. 14 May, 1739; d. in Stratham. N. H.. 7 
March, 1838. He was a great-grandson of John 
Wingate, of Dover (1660), grandson of Col. Joshua, 
who was at the capture of Louisburg, and son of 
Rev. Paine Wingate, minister of Amesbury. The 
son was graduated at Harvard in 1759, studied 
theology, and was ordained a minister of the Con- 
gregational church at Hampton Falls, N. H., 14 
Dec, 1763, where he preached till his dismissal, 18 
March, 1776. He then removed to Stratham, N. H., 
and became a farmer. He was a member of the 
New Hampshire legislature, a delegate from that 
state to the Continental congress in 1787-'8, and 
was U. S. senator from New Hampshire from 4 
March, 1789, till 2 March, 1793. He served in con- 
gress from New Hampshire in 1793-'5, and was a 
judge of the state superior court from 1798 till 
1809. He was the last survivor of the original 
members of the U. S. senate, and was for several 
years the oldest graduate of Harvard. 

WING FIELD, Edwin Maria, English mer- 
chant, b. in England about 1570 ; the date of his 
death is unknown, ne was of a family of wealth 
and distinction, became a merchant in London, 
and took an active part in colonizing Virginia, 
under the patent of 10 April, 1606. He sailed with 
the first company of emigrants, 19 Dec., 1606, and 
was named nrst president of the colony in the 
sealed instructions that were opened on the pas- 
sage. Having quarrelled with his associates, espe- 
cially with Capt. John Smith, he was deposed, and 
returned to England, after which no further de- 
tails of his life are known. Charles Deane edited, 
with notes and an introduction, " A Discourse of 
Virginia," by Wingfield, from the original manu- 
script in the Lambeth library (Boston, 1860). 

WINGFIELD, John Henry Dncachet, P. E. 
bishop, b. in Portsmouth, Va., 24 Sept, 1833. At 
the age of thirteen he entered St. Timothy's col- 
lege, Maryland, where he was graduated in 1850. 
He served as tutor there for two years, joined the 
senior class of William and Mary college, Va., in 
1852, and was graduated in 1853. Returning to 
St. Timothy's, he spent another year in teaching, 
and in the autumn of 1854 removed to New 
York and became a tutor in the Churchill mili- 
tary academy at Sing Sing. In 1855 he entered 
the Theological seminary of Virginia, where he 
remained only one year, removing to Arkansas, 
and accepting the office of principal of Ashley in- 
stitute, at Little Rock. He was ordained priest, 
in the chapel of the Theological seminary of Vir- 
ginia, 1 July, 1859, by Bishop Johns. In July, 
1858, he became assistant to his father, who was 
rector of Trinity church, Portsmouth, Va. He was 
rector of Christ church. Rock Spring, Harford co., 
Md., in 1864. but returned to Portsmouth to his 
old post in 1866. Two years afterward he be- 
came rector of St. Paul's church, Petersburg. Va,, 
.where, in 1871, he founded St. Paul's school for 
young ladies. The degree of D. D. was conferred 
upon him by William and Mary college in 1869. 
and that of "LL. D. by the same college in 1874. 
In that year he removed to California, and was rec- 
tor of Trinity church, San Francisco. During the 
session of the general convention at New York in 
1874 he was elected missionary bishop of northern 
California, and he was consecrated in St. Paul's 
church, Petersburg, Va., on 2 Dec., 1874, but re- 
mained in charge of his parish until April, 1875. 
He became president of tne missionary college of 



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WINKLER 



W1NSER 



565 



it. Augustine, Benicia, and in 1876 head of St. 
Jary's of the Pacific, a school for girls*, and rector 
»f St. Paul's church in that city. He was elected 
lishop of Louisiana in 1870. but declined. 

WINKLER, Edwin Theodore, clergyman, b. 
n Savannah, Ga., 18 Nov., 1828 ; d. in Marion, 
Ua , 10 Nov., 1883. He was graduated at Brown 
n 1843, and received his theological education at 
Newton theological seminary. Having been or- 
lained to the Baptist ministry, he preached in Co- 
umbus and Albany, Ga.,and in Gillisonville, S. C. 
n 1852 he became corresponding secretary of the 
Southern Baptist publication society, and editor of 
he "Southern Baptist,** residing in Charleston, 
>. C. In 1854 he was called to the pastorate of the 
st Baptist church in that city. Subsequently he 
vaa pastor of the Citadel square church. In 1872 
le took charge of the Baptist church in Marion, 
Via., and in 1874 he was made editor-in-chief of 
he "Alabama Baptist." In 1858 he received the 
legree of D. D. from Furman university. Dr. 
tVinkler was the author of a catechism for the in- 
truction of colored people, and of several published 
ermons, addresses, and essavs. 

WINKLEY, Henry, donor, b. in Barrington, 
C. H.,9 Nov., 1803; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Aug., 
888. He was educated at district schools and 
,t Pembroke academy. On the completion of his 
tudies he went to Boston, Mass., and was employed 
n a crockery-store. Subsequently he engaged in 
hat business for himself, and was an importer of 
hina-ware in New York and Philadelphia from 
831 till 1852. In the latter year he retired from 
msiness, and thereafter devoted himself to the 
tudy of religious, social, and political economy, 
n the pursuit of which he travelled throughout 
he world. He was not married, and divided his 
ortune among such educational institutions as he 
onsidered orthodox. Mr. Winkley gave to Will- 
niis college, $50,000; to Phillips Exeter academy, 
t30,000; to Bowdoin college, $70,000: to the Theo- 
>gical seminary at Bangor, Me., $30,000: to that 
t Andover, $45,000; and to the one at Yale, 50,- 
00; to Dartmouth college, $80,000; and to Am- 
erst college, $30,000. All these bequests are di- 
rected by the will to constitute permanent funds, 
he income of which is to be applied for the benefit 
nd purposes of the institutions as the trustees 
lay think best. Mr. Winkley left to the American 
»ible society $20,000, and to the Young men's 
'hristian association of Philadelphia $20,000. His 
[•mains were interred in Mount Auburn, where he 
ad built a granite mausoleum in a lot that was 
ie only piece of real estate he ever owned. 

WINliOCK, Joseph, astronomer, b. in Shelby 
^unty, Ky., 6 Feb., 1826 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 
1 June, 1875. He was graduated at Shelby col- 
»ge, Ky., in 1845, where he was appointed professor 
f mathematics and astronomy. In 1852- 7 he was 
ne of the computers in the office of the " Ameri- 
in Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac " in Cam- 
ridge, Mass., and then he was appointed professor 
f mathematics at the U. S. naval academy, An- 
apolis, Md., but he soon returned to Cambridge as 
iperintendeiit of the "Nautical Almanac." In 1859 
e relinquished this office to take charge of the 
lathematical department of the U. S. naval acad- 
uy ; but on the removal of that institution to 
ewport, H. I., at the beginning of the civil war, 
s resumed charge of the " Almanac." He was ap- 
Mnted in 1800 professor of astronomy in Har- 
trd, and director of the observatory, and subse- 
jently he was professor of eeodesy in the I>aw- 
;nce scientific and mining schools of the univer- 
ty. His first work after taking charge of this 



observatory was the reduction and publication of 
the unfinished work of his predecessors, thus com- 
pleting the volume on sun-s|M>ts, the catalogue of 
zone stars, and of polar and clock stars that has 
since been published. Meanwhile the instrumental 
appliances were carefully studied and largely in- 
creased, not only by the accumulation of new forms, 
but by the introduction of improved apparatus of 
his own device. The meridian circle was procured 
through his influence at a cost of $12,000. In 1870, 
when the new instrument was ready for use. it was 
directed upon the zone of stars between 50° and 
55° of north declination, which was the field as- 
signed to the Harvard observatory by the Astrono- 
mische Gesellschaft. His other work included a 
catalogue of new double stars and much labor on 
stellar photometry. He was further active in the 
efforts that have resulted in furnishing standard 
time to Boston. In 1872 he began the preparation 
of a series of astronomical engravings to represent 
the most interesting objects in the heavens as they 
appeared in the powerful instrument of the ob- 
servatory. Thirty-five plates were completed at the 
time of his death, and included representations of 
the planets, sun-spots, protuberances, and corona; 
the moon's craters ana geographv, seven of the 
most famous clusters and nebula?, the Donati comet 
of 1858 and Coggia s comet of 1874. He held the 
office of consulting astronomer of the U. S. coast 
survey, and in 1874 was appointed chairman of the 
commission that was established by act of congress 
for making inquiries into the causes of steam-boiler 
explosions. Prof. Winlock had charge of the party 
that was sent by the U. S. coast survey to Kentucky 
to observe the total solar eclipse of August, 1869, 
and conducted the expedition to Spain, under the 
same auspices, to observe the eclipse in December, 
1870. Tne degree of A. M. was conferred on him 
by Harvard in 1808, and he was a member of vari- 
ous scientific societies, including the American 
academv of arts and sciences. In 1863 he was 
named by act of congress as one of the corporate 
members of the National academy of sciences. His 
published works consist chiefly of a set of "Tables 
of Mercury," of other publications from the office 
of the 44 American Kphemeris," and of brief papers 
in astronomical journals and in the proceedings of 
scientific societies of which he was a member. 

WINSER, Henry Jacob, journalist, b. in the 
island of Bermuda, 23 Nov., 1833. His father, 
Francis J. Winser. was an officer in the British 
navy. He attended the Springfield academy. Ber- 
muda, came to New York in 1851. entered a print- 
ing-office as proof-reader, and later became are- 
porter on the " Times." At the opening of the 
civil war he accompanied Col. Kphraim E. Ells- 
worth as military secretary, and afterward was war- 
correspondent of the New York "Times." After 
the war he served for a period as city and night 
editor of the New York " Times," and then as day- 
manager of the editorial department. In 1867 ne 
attended the French exposition at Paris as regular 
correspondent for the " Times," and made the trip 
to Cherbourg in the iron-clad " Dunderberg." In 
May, 1869, Mr. Winser was appointed U. S. consul 
at Sonneberg, Germany, and during his twelve 
years' service he made several valuable reports to 
the state department, including one on forest-cul- 
ture. In 1882 he was made chief of the bureau of 
information of the Northern Pacific railway com- 
pany, but on the retirement of Henry Villard he 
returned to journalism, first as assistant editor of 
the New York •* Commercial Advertiser " and after- 
ward as managing editor of the Newark " Adver- 
tiser," with which he is still associated. 



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WINSLOW, Benjamin Davis, clergyman, b. 
in Boston, Mass., l.'J Feb, 1815: d. in Burlington, 
X. J., 21 Nov.. 1839. He was graduated at Ilar- 
vard in 1835 and at the Episcopal general theo- 
logical seminary. New York, in 1838, and the same 
year became assistant to his uncle. Rev. Dr. (after- 
ward Bishop) George W. Doane, in the pastorate of 
St. Mary's church. Burlington, N. J. lie was or- 
dained deacon in May, 1838, and priest in March, 
1839. Mr. Winslow was a graceful writer and ac- 
complished preacher. His "Sermons and Poetical 
Remains" were edited by Bishop Doane, who pre- 
fixed a notice entitled " The True Catholic Church- 
man in his Life and Death" (New York, 1841). 

WINSLOW. Charles Frederick, physician, b. 
in Nantucket. Mass., in 1811. He was graduated 
as a physician at Harvard in 1834. Dr. Winslow 
was appointed U. S. consul at Payta. Peru, in 1862, 
served for several years, visited the Sandwich 
islands and other countries, and was for many 
years a resident of California. He contributed to 
periodicals, and published *' Cosmography, or Phil- 
osophical View of the Universe" (Boston, 1853); 
"Preparation of the Earth for the Intellectual 
Races," a lecture (1854); "The Cooling Globe" 
(1805); and "Force and Nature: Attraction and 
Repulsion, etc.," (Philadelphia, 18G9). 

WINSLOW, Edward, governor of Plymouth 
colony, b. in Droitwich, near Worcester, England, 
18 Oct., 1595; d. at sea, 8 May, 1655. He was der 
sccnded from an ancient English family. When 
he was a traveller on the continent he met Rev. 
John Robinson, of Leyden, with whose church he 
united in 1617. 
He sailed in 
the " Mayflower " 
with the band of 
first settlers at 
Plymouth, and on 
22* March. 1621, 
he was deputed 
to negotiate with 
Massasoit, making 
a treaty that re- 
mained* intact" till 
it was broken by 
King Philip in 
1675. In July, 
1621, Winslow 
conducted the 
first embassy to 
the Indians, which 
was also the first 
attempt of the 
English to explore the interior. When, in March, 

1623, Massasoit was likely to die. he was sent to 
the sachem, and by his skilful treatment saved the 
life of the valuable ally, who in his gratitude in- 
formed Winslow's guide of the nlots among the 
surrounding tribes to cut off Tnomas Weston's 
colony. He sailed, 10 Scot., 1623, for England, 
where he prepared for publication the following 
year his " Good Newes from New England," which 
drew much attention to the colony. On 16 March, 

1624, he imported the first neat-cattle brought into 
New England. At the election that year he was 
chosen an assistant governor, in which office he 
was continued till 1647. excepting 1633, 1636, and 
1644, when he was chosen governor. Contrary to 
the advice of Winslow. the adventurers in London 
had sent John Lyford, a preacher, to Plymouth, 
who wrote letters full of slander and falsehood to 
people in England. He therefore sailed that sum- 
mer (1624; for England, presented the matter at a 
meeting, and returned to Plymouth with the evi- 




dence against Lyford. who. with John Oldham, 
was promptly banished. The principal oversight 
of tiie commercial transactions of the colony was 
in his keeping during its period of development. 
Upon coming to the chief magistracy in 1633. he 
found that disputes had arisen with the Dutch in 
New York respecting the trade with the Connecti- 
cut-river Indians. The Massachusetts colony de- 
clining to unite in establishing a trading-fort on 
the river, Gov. Winslow despatched a vessel, which 
went a mile beyond the Dutch fort, on the site of 
Hartford, and erected the first house in Connecti- 
cut. In 1635 he sailed for England to defend the 
Plymouth and Massachusetts colonies against the 
accusations of Thomas Morton, and to represent to 
the government the encroachments of the French 
on the east and t he Dutch on the west. Archbishop 
Laud, then at the head of the special commission 
established in 1634, secured his imprisonment on 
a frivolous pretence; but, after seventeen weeks 
of confinement, obtaining his release by the privy 
council, he addressed an able paper to that body 
upon the object of his mission to the government. 
L'nder Winslow as governor, the court of associates, 
in November, 1636, enacted the elaborate code of 
laws and statutes that placed the government on a 
stable foundation. About 1 April, 1637. in behalf 
of the government, he replied to Winthrop's letter 
for advice in the conduct of the proposed Pequot 
war, and was selected to meet the authorities in 
Boston on 12 May, to whom he declared the war 
was none of Plymouth's quarrel. In the estab- 
lishment of the confederation known by the name 
of the United Colonies of New England, he was 
commissioner from his colony. This act of 1643 
he seems to have anticipated in 1631. when he pe- 
titioned the royal commission for a warrant to the 
colonies to defend themselves unitedly against all 
foes. The Massachusetts government intrusted 
him in 1646 with the mission to answer the charges 
of Samuel Gorton and others in England, and to 
defend the colony from the accusation of religious 
intolerance. His book, " Hypocrisie Unmasked." 
was considered a complete vindication. Winslow 
advocated the civilization and conversion of the 
Indians, and published an address to parliament 
and council, with intelligence from New England 
upon the subject ; and by his influence an act 
was passed, 19 July, 1649. incorporating the So- 
ciety for propagating the gospel in New England. 
The government appointed him one of three com- 
missioners in 1654 to adjust the claims against 
Denmark for losses to English shipping. Much 
light is thrown upon the important service in 
which he was engaged on behalf of the colonies, 
during his sojourn in England (1646-*54), by the 
recent publication of the " Calendar of State Pa- 
pers, Colonial Series. 1574-1660," edited by W r . Noel 
Sainsbury (5 vols., London, 1860-'80). When Crom- 
well planned an expedition against the Spaniards 
in the West Indies under Gen. Venables and Ad- 
miral Penn, he appointed Winslow head commis- 
sioner at a salary of £1,000. The general and ad- 
miral disagreed in their tempers and views, the 
control of the commission was of no avail, and the 
army was defeated at Santo Domingo. The fleet 
sailed for Jamaica, but on the passage Winslow 
died of a fever, and his body was committed to the 
deen with the honors of war. Among his accom- 
plishments was a consummate address, which never 
railed him as the diplomatist of the colony. His 
piety was fervent, and for a day of intoleration he 
was often singularly tolerant to those who differed 
with him in matters of belief. Gov. Winslow mar- 
ried at Leyden, 16 May, 1618, Elizabeth Barker. 



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ho died, 24 March, 1621, at Plymouth. He mar- I 
n\, 12 May, 1621, Mrs. Susanna White, who had ' 
ven birth to the first white child born in New I 
tigland, was now the first bride, and destined to 
be the wife of a gov- 
ernor and mother of 
another governor. 
By her he had two 
children, Elizabeth 
and Josiah. Ilis 
brothers. John, Ken- 
elm, and Josiah, 
identified with the 
early history of the 
colony, are the an- 
cestors of ft numer- 
ous family. Ilis 
familv-seat was es- 
tablished in 1636- 
'7 at Greenharbor 
(now Marshfield), 
afterward the estate 
of Daniel Webster. 
The engraving of 
Gov. Winslow is 
from the only au- 
thentic portrait of 
any of the Pilgrims. 
It was executed in 
>ndon in 1651 and is now preserved at Plymouth, 
le engraving above represents the monument in 
ymouth to the memory of the pilgrims. Gov. 
inslow's pen has left some valuable and substan- 
.1 writings to indicate his versatility in narration 
d argument. What is called "Bradford's and 
inslow's Journal," or by others *• A Diary of Oc- 
rrences " (London. 1622), covering the first year of 
e colony, is admirably supplemented by " Wins- 
v's Relation," which brings down the history to 
Sept., 1623. This work, also known as "Good 
;\ves from New England," appeared complete in 
exander Young's "Chronicle? of the Pilgrims" 
>ston, 1841). Ilis letter to George Morton as advi- 
•y for such as proposed voyaging to Plvmouth, the 
ters to John Winthrop, in Thomas Hutchinson's 
ollection of Papers." and those to Sec. Thurlow 
•state Papers," iii.) from the Barbadoes, 1654-'5, 
> among the most valuable of his briefer remains, 
s " Brief Narration," or " Hypocrisie Unmasked," 
opposition to Samuel Gorton (1646), appears, 
part, in Young's •* Chronicles." This trenchant 
>k was followed by another, under the title of 
Tew England's Salamander." as an answer to 
>ersions cast upon New England (1647). "The 
irious Progress of the Gospel amongst the Indi- 
? in New England" (1649), dedicated to parlia- 
nt, contained also letters from John Eliot and 
omas Mayhcw. " A Platform of Church Disci- 
tie in New England" (1653) is his last publica- 
n extant or of which we have knowledge. See 
ore's "Governors of New Plymouth"; Bay- 
's "New Plymouth": "The Winslow Memo- 
[," by David P. and Frances K. Ilolton (New 
rk. 1877): Samuel G. Drake's "History of Bos- 
" (Boston, 1856): and John G. PalfreV's " His- 
y of New England" (3 vols., 1858-*64).— His 
. Josiah, governor of Plymouth colony, b. 
Plymouth in 1629 ; d. at Marshfield, Mass., 18 
*., 1680, was chosen denuty to the general court 
rn Marshfield in 1643. * In 1657, two years 
»r the death of his father, he was made an as- 
ant governor, which post he filled till his elec- 
i as governor in 1673. This last office he held 
his death. In 1658 he was chosen one of the 
imissioners of the United Colonies, and re-elect- 



ed for fourteen years. On 5 Sept., 1672, he was 
one of the six signers of the new artic les of con- 
federation of the New England colonies, and on 
9 Sept., 1675, he signed the declaration of war 
against King Philip, made by the commissioners. 
In 1652 he commanded the military company of 
Marshfield, in 1659 he was appointed military com- 
mander of the colony, and in 1675 he was elected 
general-in-chief of the whole military forces of the 
United Colonies, being the first native-born gen- 
eral as well as governor in New England. During 
his chief magistracy in 1674-'5 the first public 
school of the colony was established, and in 1680 
the first lieutenant-governor was elected. The 
general court ordered in 1675 that four halberdiers 
should attend the governor and magistrates at 
elections, and two during the court sessions. The 
government now maintained a state that was hith- 
erto unknown in the colony. Gov. Winslow lived 
at Careswell, the family-seat in Marshfield, where 
he enjoved the distinction of being the most ac- 
complished gentleman in the colony. His hospi- 
tality was generous, and the attractions of the 
festive and social board were not a little height- 
ened by the charms of his beautiful wife. In 1657 
James Cudworth was displaced by the colony from 
his official post for refusing to sign, as a commis- 
sioner, the proceedings against the Quakers. When 
first a commissioner, in 1658, Winslow refused to 
sanction the "horrible recommendation" of that 
year against the Quakers, and in 1674, by his active 
friendship and powerful influence as governor. 
Cudworth was rescued from the disgrace to which 
Gov. Prince and others had subjected him. He 
showed that he had a just spirit in the active part 
he bore in the preliminaries to the war against 
Philip, in which he was afterward commander-in- 
chief. On 1 May, 1676. he wrote to the commis- 
sioners in Boston that the land in his colony had 
all been honestly purchased of the Indians, and, 
to protect the natives from wrong, no settler was 
allowed to receive land except by permission of 
the court. His capture of Alexander in 1662, 
the brother of Philip, and for two years sachem 
after Massasoit's death, illustrates his courage and 
personal daring as a soldier. His last public act, 
on 5 Sept., 1680, was to solicit a charter for Plym- 
outh from the crown, Cudworth being appointed 
to present the ad- 
dress to the king. 
Gov. Winslow cele- 
brated the memory 
of Gov. Bradford in 
a poem that is pub- 
lished in George 
Morton's "Memo- 
riall." He married, 
in 1657, Penelope 
Pelham. daughter 
of Herbert Pelham, 
who came to Bos- 
ton in 1645, and 
was first treasurer 
of Harvard college, 
and assistant gov- 
ernor in 1646- '9. 
The portrait of 
Gov. Winslow giv- 
en herewith is from a painting probablv executed 
during his visit to London in 1651, which, with 
the portrait of his wife, is preserved in Pilgrim 
hall, Plvmouth. A son and a daughter survived 
him. — 'fhe former, Isaac, b. in 1670; d. at Cares- 
well, 6 Dec, 1738, was military commander of the 
colony, a member of the council more than twenty 




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years, some of the time its president, judge of pro- I 
bate, and chief justice the latter part of his life. — I 
Isaac's son, John, soldier, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 
27 May, 1702; d. in Hingham, Mass., 17 April, 
1774. with the exception of Sir William Pepperell, 
was the most distinguished military leader in New 
England at that period. The council appointed 
him, on 14 Aug., 1740, captain of the company that 
was raised in Boston to serve in the expedition 
against Cuba. He went as a commissioner in 1752 
to Fort St. George, Me., to adjust territorial and 
other disputes with the Indians. While a major- 
general of militia and captain in the British army 
in 1755, he was directed bv Gov. William Shirley, 
who was advised by Gov. Lawrence, of Nova Sco- 
tia, to proceed to* that province to remove the 
Acadians. The most responsible persons for the 
manner in which that act was accomplished appear 
to have been Lawrence and his council, and Admi- 
rals Boscawen and Moysteyn. Winslow acted un- 
der written and positive instructions, and he said 
to the Acadians, before reading the decree, that it 
was ** very disagreeable to his natural temper and 
make," but that it was not his business to 44 ani- 
madvert, but to obey such orders as he should re- 
ceive." The following year he took the field with 
about 8,000 men to serve against the French. Re- 
ceiving from Gov. Hardy, of New York, in July, 
a commission as major-general and commander-in- 
chief, he established himself at Fort William 
Henry on Lake George; but Montcalm, fearing to 
risk the encounter, turned aside to capture Oswego. 
That general then returned to Canada, and the 
army of Winslow to Massachusetts. He served 
again as major-general against the French in the 
expedition of 1758-'9 to the Kennebec. In 1762 he 
was appointed chief justice of the court of common 
pleas in Plymouth county. He participated as a 
commissioner in the first effort that was made to 
solve the vexed question — Which is the true river 
St. Croix f — in determining the easterly line of 
Maine with James Otis and William firattle, in 
1762. During the stamp- act troubles he was a 
councillor of the province in the legislature, and 
was associated on various occasions with Samuel Ad- 
ams and others in preparing documents upon that 
controversy. The town of Winslow in Maine was 
named, in 1771, in his honor. His house in Plym- 
outh is still standing, and in Pilgrim Hall are his 
sword and a portrait of him in military dress. 
—Edward, loyalist, brother of Gen. John, b. 7 
June, 1714; d. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 8 June, 
1784, was graduated at Harvard college in 1736, 
was successively clerk of the courts, registrar of 
probate, and collector of the port, at Plymouth, and 
removed to Halifax at the evacuation of Boston. 
— Edward's son, Edward, governor of New Bruns- 
wick, b. in Plymouth in 1746 ; d. in Fredericton, 
New Brunswick, in 1815, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1765, and served as clerk of the county 
court in his native place. In 1775 he was ap- 
pointed colonel in the royal army at Boston, and 
in 1782 he became muster-master-gencral for North 
America of the American forces in the service of 
the crown. After the war he settled in New 
Brunswick, was a member of the first council of 
that colony, and, successively, surrogate-general, 
judge of the supreme court, and governor of the 
province. lie was a founder and eminent spirit 
of the Old Colony club, under whose auspices the 
long line of celebrations began, and he delivered 
the first anniversary oration,' 22 Dec., 1770. 

WINSLOW, Edward Francis, soldier, b. in 
Augusta, Me.. 28 Sept., 1837. He was educated at 
the Augusta high-school, removed in 1856 to Mount 



I Pleasant, Henry co., Iowa, and soon afterward be- 
I came interested in the construction of railways. 
He was a captain in the 4th Iowa cavalry "in 
1861, and was promoted major, 3 Jan., 1863.' and 
colonel on the day that Vicksburg fell. He then 
took part in the campaign against Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston, and soon afterward was appointed by 
Gen. Sherman chief of cavalry, and placed in com- 
mand of the cavalry forces of the 15th corps, 
which posts he held till March, 1804. In Febru- 
ary, 1864, he commanded the cavalry of Gen. Sher- 
man's array in the campaign against Gen. Leo- 
nidas Polk, and successfully attacked the Confed- 
erate cavalry near Jackson. He was in command of 
a brigade of cavalry in the engagement at Gun- 
town, Miss., in 1864, and after the defeat of the 
National forces covered the retreat. In October. 
1864, Col. Winslow's brigade formed part of Gen. Al- 
fred Pleasonton's force in pursuit of Gen. Sterling 
Price. He was severely wounded at Big Blue river 
on 22 Oct.. and was unable to resume his command 
till November. He was brevetted brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers, 12 Dec., 1864, with his brigade 
participated in the expedition against Selma. 
Montgomery, Columbus, and Macon in the spring 
of 1865, and on 16 April took Columbus. Ga., by 
assault. Soon after retiring to civil life he en- 
gaged in the construction of railways. On 1 Nov., 
1879. as vice-president and general manager of the 
Manhattan elevated railway in New York city, he 
took charge of that property and unified the sys- 
tem of control and management of its lines; but, 
having been elected president of the St. Louis and 
San Francisco railway company and vice-president 
of the Atlantic and Pacific railway company, he 
severed his connection with the Manhattan com- 
pany, 31 March, 1880. He was also for several 
years president of the New York, Ontario, and 
Western railway company, and formed an associa- 
tion for the purpose of building the West Shore 
railway, which he completed in about three years. 

WINSLOW. James, banker, b. in Connecticut 
in 1816; d. in New York city, 18 July, 1874. After 
having been employed in the hardware-store of 
Erastus Corning in Albany, he removed to New 
York and, after following the hardware business 
for several years, entered the banking-firm of Wins- 
low, Lanier and Co., which had been established 
by his brother and his father-in-law, and which 
rendered important services to the government 
during the administration of President Lincoln in 
connection with war loans. He was subsequently 
identified with the rise of national banks, and was 
connected as an officer with several. 

WINSLOW, Jens Olana, Danish explorer, b. 
in Fttnen island in 1739 : d. in Copenhagen in 
1794. He was a lieutenant in the navy when he 
was appointed in 1780 to the command of the 
Danish colonies in Africa. In 1784 he was sent 
on a vovage around the world, visiting the West 
Indies, ferazil, and the Spanish |>ossessions on the 
Pacific coast, Manila, India, and returned to Co- 
penhagen in June, 1787, with valuable charts and 
rich collections in natural history. After his pro- 
motion as post-captain he again explored the West 
Indies in 1788-'90. and in particular studied the 
condition of the negroes and the African slave- 
trade. He wrote " Reise omkring Verden " (3 vols.. 
Copenhagen, 1787, illustrated); "Journal holden i 
skibet Christianstad paa reisen til Cuba, Puerto 
Rico ogVest Imlien" (2 vols., 1790); and presented to 
the Academy of sciences of Copenhagen a memoir 
on the condit ion of the negroes in the West Indies as 
compared with the life of the negroes on the west 
coast of Africa, which was published in Olaus 



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Gyldendars collection (Copenhagen, 1792), and 
translated into French under the title 44 Etat, con- 
dition, et usages des negres des Antilles, compare 
avec la condition des negres de la cote d'or " (Am- 
sterdam. 1795). 

WINSLOW, John, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 
29 Oct., 1753; d. there, 29 Nov., 1819. He saved 
the communion-plate of the Old South church from 
the British by burying it, and from its steeple wit- 
nessed the battle of Bunker Hill. Upon going to 
the battle-field he was the first person to discover 
the body of Gen. Joseph Warren. Disguising him- 
self in sailor's clothes, he shipped on a British man- 
of-war bound to Newport, wnere he escaped, en- 
tered the American army, and shortly received the 
appointment of deputy paymaster-general. He 
saved the public chest and important papers at the 
defeat of the army under Montgomery at Quebec 
and at the battle of Ticonderoga ; in charge also 
of a battery in the campaign against Burgoyne, at 
his surrender he took account of the captured 
stores, being subsequently stationed at West Point 
and White Plains. On 21 March, 1799, he was 
elected brigadier-general of the Boston brigade, 
and in 1809 chosen by the legislature major-gen- 
eral of the militia. In 1788 he was lieutenant, and 
in 1792 and 1798 captain, of the Ancient and hon- 
orable artillery company. An infantry company 
was formed and named the Winslow blues." He 
was an original member of the Society of the Cin- 
cinnati and its treasurer, and was also treasurer 
of Suffolk county the last seven years of his life. 

WINSLOW, John Ancrum, naval officer, b. 
in Wilmington, N. C, 19 Nov., 1811; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 29 Sept., 1873. He was descended from a 
brother of Gov. 
Edward Winslow, 
of Plymouth colo- 
ny. He entered 
the navy as a mid- 
shipman, 1 Feb., 
1827, became a 
passed midship- 
man, 10 J une, 
1833, and was com. 
missioned a lieu- 
tenant, 9 Feb., 
1839. During the 
Mexican war he 
took part in the ex- 
peditions against 
Tabasco, Tampico, 
. and Tuspan, and 

(Le4£ was present at the 

fall of Vera Cruz. 
For his gallantry in action he was allowed to have 
command of the schooner ** Union," which had been 
captured at Tampico, and was taken into service and 
named the "Morris"; but she was poorly equipped, 
and was lost on a reef off Vera Cruz, 10 Dec, 1846. 
He was executive of the sloop "Saratoga" in the 
Gulf of Mexico in 184£-'9, at the Boston navy-yard 
in 1849-'50, and in the frigate " St. Lawrence," of 
the Pacific station, in 1851-'5. ne was promoted to 
commander, 14 Sept., 1855, and joined the Mississippi 
river flotilla in 18G1, but was not able to remain on 
duty because of a serious accident which disabled 
him. He was commissioned captain, 16 July, 1862, 
and commanded the steamer " Kearsarge " on spe- 
cial service in 1863-'4 in pursuit of the "Alabama." 
Capt. Winslow arrived off Cherbourg, 14 June, 
1864, where he found the "Alabama' and block- 
aded her in the harbor. The "Alabama" made 
preparations for fight, and Capt. Raphael Semmes 
caused Winslow to be informed of this intention 




through the U. S. consul. On Sunday, 19 June, 
1864, ne was lying three miles off the eastern en- 
trance of the harbor when the " Alabama " came 
out, escorted by a French iron-clad and the English 
yacht " Deerhound." Winslow steamed off seven 
miles from the shore so as to be beyond the neu- 
tral ground, and then steamed toward the "Ala- 
bama." The armament of the "Kearsarge" was 
seven guns, and that of the " Alabama" eiglit guns, 
including a 100-pound Blakely rifle. The " Kear- 
sarge" was slightly faster, ar.d had 163 men, while 
the "Alabama" had 149. When Winslow turned 
to approach, the "Alabama" opened fire from 
a rakmg position at a distance of one mile at 
10.57 a. m. He kept on at full speed, receiving a 
second broadside and part of a third, when he 
sheered off and returned the fire from his star- 
board battery. Both vessels circled around a com- 
mon centre, and ncared each other to within 600 
yards. The sides of the " Alabama " were torn out 
by the shells, and at noon, after the action had 
continued for one hour, she headed for the shore 
to get into neutral waters, then five miles distant. 
This exposed her port side, and she could only 
bring two guns to bear. The ship was filling, and 
Winslow approached so rapidly that Semmes 
hauled down his flag. Winslow stopped the ship, 
but continued to fire, uncertain whether the "Ala- 
bama " had surrendered or the flag had been shot 
away. A white flag was then shown, and Winslow 
ceased tiring. The " Alabama" again renewed her 
firing, and Winslow also opened and fired three or 
four times, though the white flag was still flying. 
A boat from the "Alabama" then came alongside 
to announce the sunender, and was allowed to go 
back to bring off the "Alabama's" officers and 
crew, but she did not return. The yacht " Deer- 
hound" then came up, and Winslow asked her to 
assist in rescuing the officers and crew of the "Ala- 
bama." which was then sinking fast The " Deer- 
hound "picked up thirty-nine persons, including 
Semmes and fourteen of his officers, after which 
she went off and sailed to Southampton. Wins- 
low's officers begged him to throw a shell at the 
*• Deerhound," but he refused. The engagement 
lasted an hour and twenty minutes. After the 
last shot was fired the "Alabama" sank out of 
sight. She had about forty killed, and seventy were 
made prisoners, so that thirty-nine escaped. Oidy 
three men were wounded in the " Kearsarge," one 
of whom died. Only twenty-eight projectiles struck 
the 41 Kearsarge " out of tne 370 that were fired by 
the " Alabama," and none of these did any mate- 
rial damage. One 100-pound shell exploded in the 
smoke-stack, and one lodged in the stern-post of the 
** Kearsarge," but did not explode. The "Kear- 
sarge" fired 173 projectiles, and few failed to do 
some injury. This was the only important sea-fight 
of the war between two ships. Honors were show- 
ered upon Winslow throughout the country for his 
victory. He received a vote of thanks from con- 
gress, and was promoted to commodore with his 
commission dated 19 June, 1864, the date of the 
victory. He commanded the Gulf squadron in 
1866-7, was a member of the board of examiners 
in 1868-'9, and commander-in-chief of the Pacific 
souadron in 1870-'2. He was promoted to rear- 
admiral, 2 March. 1870, and after his return from 
the cruise in the Pacific resided temporarily at San 
Francisco, after which he removed to Boston, Mass., 
where he resided until his death. 

WINSLOW, John Flack, manufacturer, b. in 
Bennington, Vt., 5 Nov., 1810. He was educated 
at select schools of Albany, was a clerk in com- 
mercial houses in New York from 1827 till 1831, 



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and in the latter year became agent of the New 
Jersey iron company. In 1883 he engaged in the 
production of pig-iron in Bergen and Sussex 
counties, N. J., and in 1837 he formed a connec- 
tion with Erastus Corning, of Albany, which lasted 
under various firm-names for thirty years. The 
firm, controlling the Albany and Rensselaer iron- 
works, was one of the largest producers of railroad 
and other iron in the United States. During his 
visits to Europe, Mr. Winslow purchased the right 
to manufacture and sell Bessemer steel in this coun- 
try. The U. S. government contracted with his 
firm for the construction of the " Monitor," which 
was begun in October, 1861, at Greenpoint. Long 
Island, was launched, 30 Jan., 1862, and delivered 
to the government, 5 March, 1862. In 1867 Mr. 
Winslow retired from active business. In 1863-'7 
he waspresident of Rensselaer polytechnic institute. 
He has been president of the Poughkeepsie and 
Eastern railway, and of the company for construct- 
ing the Poughkeepsie bridge over Hudson river. 

WINSLOW, Joshua, British soldier, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 23 Jan., 1727; d. in Quebec in 1801. 
He served with distinction in the capture of Louis- 
burg in 1745, and was commissarv-general in the 
expedition to Acadia in 1755. rlis diary of the 
expedition to Nova Scotia in 1750 is to appear in 
Holton's " Genealogy of John Winslow's Descend- 
ants." At the beginning of the Revolution he re- 
moved to Halifax, became paymaster-general of the 
British forces in North America, and subsequently 
resided in Quebec. His widow returned to the 
United States, and died at Medford, Mass., 16 
April, 1816. Two portraits, by John S. Copley, of 
Gen. Winslow (one taken in 1755, in the undress uni- 
form of a British officer) are now in the possession 
of J. P. Trott, Esq., of Niagara Palls. The journal 
of his daughter, Anna Green, b. 29 Nov., 1759; 
d. in 1779, (luring 1771 -'3, in Boston, is a curiosity 
in its description of the customs and doings of that 
day. Most of it appeared in the 44 Bulletin of Pil- 
grim Record," Nos. 3, 4, and 5 (1877). 

WINSLOW, Miron, missionary, b. in Willis- 
ton. Vt., 11 Dec., 1789; d. at Cape of Good Hope, 
22 Oct., 1864. He was descended from a brother of 
Gov. Edward Winslow. After graduation at Mid- 
dlebury in 1815, 
and at Andover 
theological semi- 
nary in 1818, he 
sailed in 1819 for 
Ceylon, where he 
established a mis- 
sion and afterward 
a seminary at Oo- 
dooville. In 1836 
he founded the 
mission at Madras, 
where he spent the 
remainderof his life 
establishing seven 
vernacular schools 
and a native col- 
lege. Harvard con- 

arntu«+4~> > ^ d D. ,h o e „ 

1858. His chief 
books are "Sketch of the Missions" (Andover, 
1819) ; " Memoir of Harriet Lathrop Winslow," his 
wife (New York, 1835; republished in London, 
France, and Turkey); 44 Hints on Missions to In- 
dia " (New York, 1856) : a translation of the Bible 
into Tamil; and a "Comprehensive Tamil and 
English Dictionary," in part from manuscript 
materials of the late Rev. Joseph Knight (Madras, 




1862). This great work, costing $20,000 and more 
than twenty years of toil, averaging three hours 
a dav, contains 68,000 words and definitions, of 
which about half owe their lexicographic birth and 
position to the author. — His first wife, Harriet 
Lathrop, b. in Norwich, Conn., 9 April, 1796; d. 
in Oodooville, Ceylon, 14 Jan., 1833, married. 11 
Jan., 1819, and sailed for Ceylon, 8 June, 1819. 
where she was distinguished for her educational 
labors in connection with her husband's work. — 
Their son, Charles Lathrop, b. in Oodooville, 
Cevlon, 12 Jan., 1821 ; d. in New York. 24 May, 
1832. His memoir, first published by the Ameri- 
can tract society (1834), was republished in Eu- 
rope. It contains the well-known lines of Mrs. 
Sigourney on his death.— Catherine Waterbory 
Carman, Miron 's second wife, b. in 1799; d. near 
Madras, 23 Sept., 1837, married Mr. Winslow, 23 
April, 1835. She was one of the most accomplished 
women and extensive travellers in Europe in her 
day. The 44 Remains of Mrs. Winslow," edited by 
Rev. Jared B. Waterbnry, were published (Boston, 
1851).— His brother, Hubbard, author, b. in Wil- 
iiston, Vt.. 30 Oct., 1799; d. there, 13 Aug., 1864, 
was graduated at Yale in 1825, studied two years 
at Andover, and completed his theological course 
at Yale. He was settled over churches at Dover, 
N. H., Boston, Mass., and Geneva, N. Y. At Bos- 
ton he was Lyman Beecher's successor in the Bow- 
doin street church. From 1844 till 1858 he con- 
ducted the Mount Vernon institute in Boston, 
devoting himself during this period and for much 
of his life to the advancement of higher education 
in Boston and among the colleges. His published 
volumes are 44 History of the First Church. Dover, 
N. H." (Dover, 1831); "Doctrine of the Trinity ** 
(1831); "Controversial Theology" (Boston, 1832): 
"Philosophical Papers" (1833); "Christianity ap- 
plied to our Civil and Social Relations" (1835); 
"Young Man's Aid to Knowledge" (1836); "Aids 
to Self- Examination " (1837); "Mental Cultiva- 
tion " (1839) ; 44 Lectures to Sunday-School Teach- 
ers " (1839) ; 44 The Appropriate Sphere of Woman " 
(1840) ; " Natural Science and Revelation " (1841); 
44 Design and Mode of Baptism" (1842); "Chris- 
tian Doctrines " (1844) ; •* Intellectual Philosophy "* 
(1852); "Moral Philosophy" (New York, 185G); 
and "Hidden Life" (1863). The "Young Man's 
Aid," published in England also, had a sale of 
100,000 copies, and more than 250.000 copies of 
his tract, "Are You a Christian t" were issued. 
Among Dr. Winslow's minor publications are his 
eulogy on Daniel Webster (1853) and 44 History of 
the Presbyterian Church, Geneva, N. Y." (1858). 
With JacoD Abbott and Ethan A. Andrews he edit- 
ed the "Religious Magazine" (Boston, 1837-*8). 
—Another brother. Gordon, clergyman, b. in Wil- 
liston, Vt., 12 Sept., 1803; d. in 'Potomac river, 
7 June, 1864, entered the ministry of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal church, and was settled succes- 
sively at Troy and Elmira, N. Y., Annapolis, Md., 
and State n island. He enlisted as chaplain of the 
5th New York regiment, of which his son Cleveland 
afterward became colonel, and was instrumental 
with Dr. Henry W. Bellows and others in estab- 
lishing the sanitary commission, holding the post 
of its inspector for the Armv of the Potomac He 
was a member of scientific bodies and contributor 
to their published proceedings, and active in phil- 
anthropic work. New York university gave hira 
in 1863 the honorary degree of M. D., bbth because 
of his distinguished service in the sanitary com- 
mission and his capabilities in caring for the sick 
and wounded. — His son, Cleveland, soldier, b. in 
Medford, Mass., in 1836 ; d. in Alexandria, Va*, 7 



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7, 1864, was an officer in the 71st New York 
inent when the civil war opened. He raised a 
pany, and was with the 5th New York in all its 
igements, beginning with Big Bethel, till he 
ived his mortal wound, which terminated his 
before his nomination as brigadier-general for 
ant conduct and efficient service could be acted 
n. He died from a wound that he received at 
hanicsville, while leading his regiment, as its 
nel, into battle. — His brother, Gordon, b. in 
), a captain in the same regiment, is now a cap- 
in tne regular army. Their mother, Catn- 
e Fish Winslow, was a cousin of Hamilton 
i.— Hubbard's son, William Copley, arch®- 
rist, b. in Boston, Mass., 13 Jan., 1840, was 
luated at Hamilton college in 1862, and at 
Protestant Episcopal general theological semi- 
r% New York city, in 1865. He has since been 
iged in preaching, lecturing, and writing for 

press, and was assistant editor of the New 
k - World" in 1862-'3, and of the "Christian 
on" in 1864. Since 1870 he has resided in 
ton, and has had temporary charge of churches 
e and in Taunton ana Weymouth. He is vice- 
ident and honorary treasurer of the Egypt ex- 
ation fund for America, and by his efforts has 
ted a widespread interest in its work. He has 
ten numerous articles for the reviews and jour- 

on exploration and cognate subjects, and is 
,rded as an authority on biblical, and particu- 
r Egyptological, explorations. Through his 
rts the Boston museum of fine arts has received 
lossal statue of Ramses II., the Pharaoh of the 
ression, discovered in the suburbs of the site of 
biblical Zoan. He is actively connected with 
ous learned societies, and received the degree 
>h. D. from Hamilton college in 1866, that of 

D. from St. Andrew's, Scotland, in 1886, 
[. D. from Columbia in 1887, and D. D. from 
tierst in 1887. 

INSLOW, Stephen Noyes, journalist, b. in 
tland, Vt., 14 April, 1826. He was graduated 
343 at the high-school in Philadelphia, where 
lad already been a reporter for newspapers 
e 1841. He has been for forty-seven years 
mercial editor of the " Inquirer," occupied the 
b editorial chair on the "Bulletin" for thirty- 
was connected also with the 44 Evening Tele- 
>h " for fifteen, and has long been the editor 
proprietor of the 44 Commercial List and Price 
rent," Mr. Winslow is the author of Biog- 
lies of Successful Philadelphia Merchants" 
ladelphia, 1864). 

r INSLOW, Warren, member of congress, b. 
?ayetteville, N. C, 1 Jan., 1810; d. there, 11 
b. 1862. He was graduated at the University 
orth Carolina in 1827, studied law, was admit- 
to the bar, and practised at Fayette ville. In 
t he was appointed by President Pierce a con- 
ltial agent to Madrid, and bore despatches re- 
ling 44 The Black Warrior " difficulty. He was 
;ed to the state senate during his absence, was 
en speaker of that bodv after his return, and 
me acting governor of worth Carolina in 1854, 
ti Gov. David S. Reid was elected to the U. S. 
te. He served in congress by successive re- 
ions from 3 Dec. 1855, till 3 March. 1861. 
INSOK, Justin, librarian, b. in Boston, 
2 Jan., 1831. He studied at Harvard during 
i, and then at Heidelberg, Germany. In 1868 
xjcame superintendent of the Boston public 
irv, where he remained until 1877. He then 
me librarian of Harvard, which post he still 
s. He was the first president, in 187«-'86, of 
American library association, and has also held 




the office of president in the American historical as- 
sociation, and that of secretary in the Massachu- 
setts historical society. The University of Michigan 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1886. Besides 
numerous magazine 
articles and address- 
es, mostly on sub- 
jects connected with 
American history, he 
has written 44 Histoiy 
of Duxbury, Massa- 
chusetts " (Boston. 
1849); "Songs of 
Unity," compiled 
with Rev. George 
H. Hepworth(1859); 
"Bibliography of the 
Ori^inalQuartos and 
Folios of Shake- 
speare, with Partic- 
ular Reference to 
Copies in America" 
(1876) ; 44 Readers 
Hand- Book of the 
American Revolu- 
tion, 1761-'83" (1880); "Was Shakespeare Shap- 
leight A Correspondence in Two Entanglements" 
(1887); and several pamphlets, including 44 Gov. 
Bradford's Manuscript History of Plymouth Plan- 
tation " (Cambridge. 1881); "Arnold's Expedition 
against Quebec, 1775-1776 . . ." (1886); 44 The Man- 
uscript Sources of American History " (New York, 
1887); and "Notes on the Spurious Letters of 
Montcalm " (Cambridge, 1887). He edited the 
"Memorial History of Boston" (4 vols.. Boston, 
1880-'l) ; "Narrative and Critical History of 
America," of which vols. i. to viii. have been issued 
(1886-'0); "Harvard University Bulletin" (since 
1877) ; and 44 Library of Harvard University : 
Bibliographical Contributions'' (begun in 1887). 
To the last he has contributed "Shakespeare's 
Poems: Bibliography of the Earlier Editions" 
(1878-'9); "Pietaset Gratulatio: Inquiry into the 
Authorship of the Several Pieces" (1879) ; "Halli- 
welliana: a Bibliographv of the Publications of 
J. 0. Halliwell-Phillips"*(1881); " Bihliogranhv of 
Ptolemy's Geography" (1884); 44 The Kohl Collec- 
tion of Earlv Maps" (1886); and a "Calendar of 
the Sparks Manuscripts in Harvard College Libra- 
ry" (1888). He also edited the "Hecord of the 
250th Anniversary of the Founding of Harvard 
College" (1887). 

WINSTON, John Anthony, governor of Ala- 
bama, b. in Madison county, Ala.. 4 Sept., 1812; d. 
in Mobile, Ala.. 21 Dec, 1871. He was educated 
at La Grange colletre, Ala., and Nashville univer- 
sity. Tenn., and became a cotton-planter and com- 
mission-merchant. In 1840 and 1 842 he was chosen 
to the lower branch of the legislature, and in 1845 
he was elected to the state senate, of which he was 
president for several years. In 1846 he raised two 
companies of troops for the Mexican war, and was 
elected colonel of the first Alabama volunteers: 
but on account of some technicality the regiment 
was not accepted. In 1853 he was chosen governor 
ot Alabama, and, by opposing state aid to railroads 
and the reissue of state bank-notes as a loan to 
railroad companies, gained the name of the "veto 
governor." Bills for both purposes were passed over 
nis vetoes; but the attorney-general gave an opin- 
ion that they were unconstitutional, and the gov- 
ernor ordered the state treasurer to pay out no 
money for such purposes. He was re-elected in 
1855. and the legislature of that year approved his 
course. In 1860 Gov. Winston was a candidate 



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WINTHROP 



for presidential elector on the Douglas ticket. 
Though he had opposed secession, he entered the 
Confederate army in 1861 as colonel of the 8th Ala- 
bama regiment, and commanded a brigade in the 
peninsular campaign. Soon afterward ne resigned 
his commission on account of physical disability, 
and devoted himself to aiding the" poor and desti- 
tute. He was a delegate to the State constitutional 
convention of 1866, and was afterward chosen to 
the U. S. senate, but was refused a seat. After this 
he repeatedly declined to be a candidate for gov- 
ernor, and lived in retirement. Gov. Winston was 
tall and thin, and in early years erect and active, 
but his later life was a long struggle with disease. 
He had few equals as a debater, being gifted with 
great powers of satire and possessing much readi- 
ness and boldness in controversy. In his power 
over his friends and his hostility to his enemies he 
has been compared to Andrew Jackson. 

WINSTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Louisa 
county, Va., 17 June, 1746; d. near German town, 
N. C, 21 April, 1815. His ancestor was one of five 
brothers from Winston Hall, Yorkshire, England, 
who came to Hanover county, Va., in the 17th 
century. Joseph received a fair education, and at 
the age of seventeen joined a company of rangers. 
While pursuing a party of hostile Indians they fell 
into an ambuscade, and young Winston was twice 
wounded, one of the balls remaining in his body 
till his death. The savages put the rangers to 
flight, but Winston escaped and was carried on a 
comrade's back for three days, till they reached a 
frontier cabin. He was afterward pensioned by 
the legislature, and in 1766 removed to Surry 
county, N. C. In 1775 he was a member of the 
Hillsborough convention, and in February, 1776, 
he was in the expedition against the Scotch Tories. 
In the same year he was made ranger of Surry 
county and major of militia, serving against the 
Cherokees, and in 1777 he was a member of the 
legislature and of the commission that made a 
treaty with that tribe on Holston river. In 1780 
he took part again in partisan warfare with the 
Tories, and at King's Mountain he led the right 
wing, and was conspicuous for his bravery, con- 
tributing greatly toward the victory. For his ser- 
vices on this day the legislature afterward gave 
him a sword. After defeating a band of loyalists 
in a running fight in February, 1781, he took part 
in the battle of Guilford in March. He represent- 
ed Surry county in the state senate for three terms, 
and when Stokes county was formed became the 
first senator from that county, serving five times 
between 1790 and 1812. In 1798-'5, and again in 
1803-7, he was a member of congress. The county- 
seat of Forsyth county, N. C, is named for him. — 
His son, Joseph (178iM840), served in the war of 
1812, was many years in the legislature, and was a 
major-general ofmilitia. William Winston Seaton, 
the journalist, was the elder Joseph's nephew. 

WINTER, William, author, b. in Gloucester. 
Mass., 15 July, 1836. He was graduated at the 
Harvard law-school, but began his career as a 
journalist and literary and dramatic reviewer. As 
such he wrote for the* New York journals, and con- 
tributed literary articles to various magazines. 
Since August. 1865, Mr. Winter has been attached 
to the New York " Tribune " as dramatic reviewer, 
and as such has secured for himself a high reputa- 
tion. Within that time he has also written and 
delivered poems on numerous public occasions. 
Partly in the interest of his profession. Mr. Win- 
ter has made several visits to Europe. In 1886, in 
commemoration of the death of his son, he found- j 
ed a library at the academy in Stapleton, Staten ( 



island, N. Y. Mr. Winter's publications include 
"The Convent, and other Poems" (Boston. 1854); 
••The Queen's Domain, and other Poems " (1858); 
"Mv Witness: a Book of Verse*' (1871); "Sketch 
of the Life of Edwin Booth" (1871); "Thistle- 
down: a Book of Lyrics "(1878): "The Trip to 
England " (1879); "Poems: Complete Edition " 
(1881); "The Jeffersons" (1881); "Henry Irving" 
(New York, 1885); "The Stage-Life of Mary An- 
derson " (1880) ; 44 English Rambles and other 
Fugitive Pieces" (Boston, 1884); and "Shake- 
speare's England " (Edinburgh, 1886). He has 
edited, with memoirs and notes, "The Poems of 
George Arnold" (Boston, 1866); "Life, Stories, 
and Poems of John Brougham " (1881) ; and " The 
Poems and Stories of Fitz-James O'Brien " (1881). 

WINTHROP, John, governor of Massachusetts, 
b. in Edwardston, near Groton, Suffolk, England, 
22 Jan., 1588: d. in Boston, Mass., 26 March, 1649. 
The manor of Groton had been purchased in 1544 
by his grandfather, Adam Winthrop, a rich clothier 
of Suffolk, who had also a city home in St. Michael's, 
Cornhill, and who was for several years master of 
the famous Cloth-workers' company of London. A 
portrait of him, ascribed to Hans Holbein, indicates 
a man of culture, decision, and great strength of 
character. One of his daughters became the wife 
of Sir Thomas Mildmay, nephew of the founder of 
Emmanuel college; and another was the mother 
of Dr. William Alabaster, who is styled, in " Full- 
er's Worthies," " a most rare poet as any our age 
or nation has produced : witnesse his Tragedy of 
Koxana." Of this Adam Winthrop the third son, 
also named Adam, was a lawyer by profession, 
a graduate of Magdalen college, Cambridge, and 
for many years the auditor of Trinity and St. 
John's colleges. His first wife was a sister of Dr. 
John Still, bishop of Bath and Wells, but she died 
early without offspring. His second wife was 
Anne Browne, of Eawardston. and of this marriage 
John Winthrop, the subject of this notice, was the 
only son. His parents lived until within a few 
years of his coming to this country, his mother 
dying only one year before he embarked. Of the 
school or schools which he attended as a boy there 
is no record, but we find him admitted to Trinity 
college, Cambridge, on 18 Dec., 1602, when he was 
not quite fourteen years of age, and he remained 
there for more than two years. But his college 
life was brought prematurely to a close, before ne 
was entitled to a degree, by nis early engagement 
and marriage. On 26 April, 1605, he married Mary 
Forth, daughter and sole heir of John Forth, of 
Great Stam bridge, in Essex. She was of a wealthy 
family, one of whom was knighted in 1604, and is 
said to have brought to her husband " a large por- 
tion of outward estate." It is matter of tradition 
that he was made a justice of the peace on arriving 
at eighteen years of age, and that "he was ex- 
emplary for his grave and Christian deportment." 
As early as 1609, when he had just attained his 
majority, he is recorded in his father's diary as 
holding " his first court in Groton Hall." The "wife 
of his youth was taken away within eleven years 
after their marriage, having borne him six children, 
of whom two had died in their earliest infancy; 
and a second wife, of the old Clopton family, had 
been buried, with her infant, only a year and a day 
after wedlock. He was sorely oppressed by such 
successive bereavements, and found consolation 
only in a more earnest cultivation of the Christian 
hope and faith which he had cherished from his 
childhood. There is reason for thinking that he 
! had contemplated l>ecoming a clergyman at this 
( period, and his " Experiences," as written at the 



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time and still extant, evince a deep susceptibility 
to religious impressions, not without a tinge of 
superstition. But he gradually gave himself up 
to the profession of his father, engaged actively in 
the practice of the law and in the discharge of his 
duties as a magistrate, and in 1626 was appointed 
by Sir Robert Naunton one of the attorneys in the 
court of wards and liveries, over which Sir Robert 
presided. His professional services brought him 
also into connection with the parliamentary pro- 
ceedings of the time, in preparing bills for legisla- 
tive committees; and as late as 1628 we find record 
of his special admission to the Inner Temple, of 
which his eldest son had been admitted a member 
four years previously. Meantime he was once more 
established in domestic life, having married in 1618 
Margaret, daughter of Sir John Tyndal, knight, of 
Great Maplested, in Essex, who was happily spared 
to him for nearly thirty years, and who was to be 
his companion and support for seventeen of those 
years in the New World. 

The coming over of John Winthrop to America 
seems not to have been the result of any long pre- 
vious deliberation. The earliest intimation of such 
a step is found in a letter dated 15 May, 1629, in 
which he says: "My dear wife, I am veryly per- 
suaded God will bringe some heavye Affliction upon 
this lande. and that speedylye: but be of good 
comfort, the hardest that can come shall be a 
meanes to mortifie this bodye of corruption, which 
is a thousand tymes more dangerous to us than 
any outward tribulation, and to bring us into 
nearer communion with our Lord Jesus Christ, 
and more assurance of his kingdome. If the Lord 
seeth it will be good for us, he will provide a shelter 
and a hidinge place for us and others, as a Zoar for 
Lott, Sarephtah for his prophet," etc. At this 
moment he was privately preparing a careful state- 
ment of the " Reasons to be considered for juste- 
fieing the undertakeres of the intended Plantation 
in New England, and for incouraginge such whose 
hartes God shall move to joyne with them in it." 
This is the paper that he communicated for con- 
sideration to his eldest son (afterward governor 
of Connecticut) in August of the same year, and 
which elicited from him the memorable response: 

For the business of New England I can say no 
other thing but that I believe confidently that the 
whole disposition thereof is of the Lord, who dis- 
poseth all alterations by his blessed will, to his own 
glory and the good of his: and therefore do assure 
myself that all things shall work together for the 
best therein. . . . The Conclusions which you sent 
down I showed my uncle and aunt, who liked them 
well. I think they are unanswerable." In less 
than a year from the date of that letter John Win- 
throp. the father, was established in New England, 
having been elected governor of Massachusetts by 
the company in London, on 30 Oct., 1629, and 
having arrived at Salem, with the charter and 
company, in a fleet of eleven ships, of which the 
"Aroella" was "tbe admiral," on 22 June, 1630. 
A few days later he went to what is now called 
Charlestown, and soon afterward to the site and 
settlement of Boston. 

Both the religious and the political condition of 
Old England at that period were repulsive to 
minds like those of Winthrop and his associates. 
The king was systematically assuming and assert- 
ing despotic authority, and reducing the power 
of parliament to a nullity. Indeed, from March, 
1629, no parliament was convoked, for eleven 
years. It was the period of high commission, 
star chamber, tonnage and poundage, forced loans, 
and taxation without representation. Not a few 



distinguished men who opposed such a policy and 
resisted such exactions were seized and impris- 
oned. Sir John Eliot, to whom Winthrop was 
no stranger, was sent to the Tower for free speech 
in parliament, to die there after several years of 
suffering. The Puritan spirit, with which Win- 
throp strongly sympathized, was sternly repressed. 
Lauu. as bishop of London, was already manifest- 
ing the bigoted and prescriptive policy which he 
displayed a few years later as archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and which at last brought him to the block. 
Meantime the New World was open to freedom, and 
the little pioneer Pilgrim band was already sending 
over tidings of religious liberty from Plymouth 
Rock. All this will sufficiently explain the great 
Suffolk emigration, of which Winthrop was the 
chosen leader. The Massachusetts company had 
already established a plantation at Salem, and John 
Endicott had been deputed by them to govern the 
little colony in subordination "to the governor and 
companyinLondon. But theynowsolcmnly resolved 
to transfer the whole government to the American 
soil, and Winthrop was made the leader and gov- 
ernor to effect and carry out that transfer, the com- 
pany " having received, as the record says, extra- 
ordinary great commendations of his integrity and 
sufficiency." Nineteen years intervened between the 
arrival of Gov. Winthrop at Salem and his death 
in Boston in 1649, during twelve of which he was 
the governor of the colony, and during every year 
of which he was actively engaged in its affairs. He 
was annually elected 
governor till 1634, x 
and held the office 
again in 1637- 40, *Sa3L 
1642-4, and from , . 

1646 tUl his death. 

which issue he was ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

the new AnTinomian 

doctrines, and was active in the banishment of 
Mrs. Hutchinson and her followers. In 1644-'5 he 
was again deputy governor. During that year he 
was virtually impeached, but his acquittal and 
the speech which followed it, with his celebrated 
definition of libertv, are among his most memor- 
able triumphs. Winthrop lived to see Bostou, 
which he had founded, a thriving and prosperous 
capital ; and the state, of which he brought over 
the charter, extended by successive settlements 
over a wide territory, and represented, in its little 
legislature, by depuiies from nearly thirtv separate 
towns. Other colonies had planted themselves 
around Massachusetts, and a New England con- 
federation had been fonned under his auspices, of 
which he was the first president. Free schools had 
been established, and a college incorporated and 
organized. Above all, religion hud taken deep root 
in all the settlements, and churches were gathered 
wherever there was an adequate population. Al- 
though he was a member of the Church of England 
as long as he resided in the mother country, and 
had united in an affectionate farewell to that 
church on his departure, he was a man who held 
Christianity to be above all churches. He soon saw 



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clearly that Congregationalism was the best and 
only mode of planting and propagating Christian- 
ity in this part of the country und in those old 
Puritan times, and he was henceforth a Congrega- 
tionalist until his death. Bancroft says of him: 
*' It was principally the calm decision of Winthrop 
which sustained the courage of his companions. ' 
Palfrey concludes a notice of him, in his M History 
of New England," as follows: "Certain it is that, 
among the millions of living men descended from 
those whom he ruled, there is not one who does not, 
through efficient influences, transmitted in society 
and in thought along the intervening generations, 
owe much of what is best within him and in the 
eircumstunces about him to the benevolent and 
courageous wisdom of John Winthrop." 

He kept a careful journal of all that was done 
by himself and others, which he designed to have 
revised and perfected at his leisure: but no leisure 
ever came to him. The first volume was published 
from family manuscripts (Hartford, 1790). The 
continuation was discovered in 1816 in the tower 
of the Old South church in Boston, and placed in 
the hands of James Savage, who published the 
whole journal as *' The llistorv of New Eng- 
land from 1630 to 1649, bv John "Winthrop," with 
notes (2 vols., Boston, 1825-'6; 2d ed.. with addi- 
tions, 1853). It furnishes the most authentic rec- 
ord of the early days of Massachusetts. Among 
other writings is an essay entitled 44 Arbitrary 
Government described : and the Government of 
the Massachusetts vindicated from that Asper- 
sion." It was written bv him in 1644. but it saw 
the light onlv in 1869." His "Modell of Chris- 
tian Charity/' written on board the " Arbella," on 
his way to this country, is printed in the ** Massa- 
chusetts Historical Collections." His "Life and 
Letters " were published by Robert C. Winthrop (2 
vols., Boston. 1864-'7). There is a oortrait of him, 
ascribed to Vandyck, in the senate-cnamber of Mas- 
sachusetts, and reproduced in the accompanying 
steel engraving; a statue by Richard Greenough in 
the U. S. capitol at Washington, another in Boston 
and one in the chapel at Mount Auburn cemetery, 
seen in the illustration on page 573.— His eldest 
son, John, known as John Winthrop the younger, 
b. in Groton Manor, 12 Feb.. 1606 ; d. in* Boston, 
Mass.. 5 April, 1676. after l>eing educated at Bury 
St. Edmunds school and Trinity college, Dublin, 
entered the Inner 
Temple, but, find- 
ing the study of 
law little to* his 
taste, obtained tem- 
porary employment 
in the naval ser- 
vice and sailed un- 
der the Duke of 
Buckingham in the 
unfortunate ex|>e- 
dition f<»r the relief 
of the Protestants 
of Rochelle. A lit- 
tle later he made 




a prolonged tour 
of r'n 



Europe, passed 
some time in Pa- 
dua. Venice, and 
Constantinople, re- 
turning home in 
1629, to find his friends busy with the great Massa- 
chusetts enterprise, in which he was soon actively 
enlisted. In 1631 he followed his father to New 
England, and he was shortly afterward elected an 
assistant of the Massachusetts colony, which post he 



retained for eighteen successive years. In 1633 he 
took the chief part in the settlement of Ipswich. 
Mass., where he acquired a considerable estate. In 
1034 he went to England on public business, and he 
returned, in 1635, with a commission from Lords 
Say, Brooke, and others, empowering him to build 
a fort at the mouth of Connecticut river, and con- 
stituting him governor of that region for one year 
from his arrival. At the expiration of this term 
he preferred to return to Massachusetts, where he 
busied himself in scientific researches, in trying to 
develop the mineral resources of the colony, and 
in building salt-works. The journal of Gov. Win- 
throp the elder speaks of his son John at this 
period as possessing in Boston a library of more 
than 1,000 volumes, several hundred of which are 
still preserved, and bear testimony to the learning 
and broad intellectual tastes of their original own- 
er. In 1640 he obtained a grant of Fisher's island, 
which was subsequently confirmed by royal patent. 
In 1641 he went again to England on a long ab- 
sence, bringing back with him, in 1643, workmen 
and machinery with which he established iron- 
works at Lynn and Braintree. In 1646 he be^an 
the plantation at Pequot, better known as New 
London, and, having gradually acquired much 
landed property in that neighborhood, he trans- 
ferred thither his principal residence in 1650, ex- 
changing the duties of a Massachusetts for those 
of a Connecticut magistrate. In 1657 he was elect- 
ed governor of Connecticut, and. with a single 
year's exception, he held that office till his death, 
nineteen years later. From the autumn of 1661 
till the spring of 1663 he was chiefly in Ixmdon on 
business of the colony, where he Iweame widely 
known as an accomplished scholar, one of the ear- 
liest and most active members of the Royal society, 
and the personal friend of many of the chief natu- 
ral philosophers of Eurojw, his corresixindence with 
whom is in print. The ability aim tact that he 
displayed at the court of Charles II. resulted in 
his obtaining from that monarch a charter uniting 
the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven, with 
the most ample privileges, under which the free- 
men of that colony became entitled to all the 
rights and immunities of Englishmen. In this 
charter Winthrop was named first governor, and 
in the administration of it he passed his remaining 
years. His death occurred in Boston, where he 
had gone to attend a meeting of the commissioners 
of the united colonies and where he was buried in 
his father's tomb. He had not the hitter's heroic 
cast of character, and his tastes were rather thoM? 
of a student than a statesman; but he was a man 
of singularly winning qualities and great modera- 
tion, whose" Puritanism was devoid of bigotry or 
asceticism, and who knew how to retain the esteem 
of those from whom he differed most widely in opin- 
ion. By Indians he was revered for his justice, 
and by* Quakers gratefully rememWred for his 
lenity. In chemistry and medicine he was par- 
ticularly skilled. and in the dearth of medical prac- 
titioners in the colony his advice was sought far 
and wide. He married, in 1631, his cousin Martha, 
daughter of Thomas Fones, of London, and stej>- 
daughter of Rev. Henry Painter; she died in Ips- 
wich, without surviving issue, in 1634. He mar- 
ried, in 1635. Elizalieth, (laughter of Edmund 
Heade. of Wick ford in Essex, and stepdaughter 
of the famous Hugh Peters: this lady, so lovingly 
alluded to in the letters of Roger Williams, died in 
Hartford in 1672. leaving two sons and five daugh- 
ters. Much of the correspondence of her husband 
and sons is printed in the publications of the Mas- 
sachusetts historical society. — The second John's 



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tlder son, John, known as Fitz-Johx, b. in Ips- 
vich, Mass., 19 March, 1639 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
57 Nov., 1707, left Harvard without taking a de- 
rree in order to accept a commission in the par- 
iamentary army, in which his father's brotner, 
Stephen, and his mother's brother, Thomas Reade, 
vere colonels. After seeing active service in Scot- 
and, where he was for some time in command at 
^ardross, ho accompanied Gen. George Monk on 
lis famous march to London; but his regiment 
vas disbanded at the Restoration, and he returned 

0 New England in 1003, and passed the remainder 
>f his life in the military and civil employment of 
Connecticut. He served with distinction in the In- 
lian wars, sat in the council of Sir Edmund An- 
Iros, and was appointed in 1690 major-general 
•ommanding the joint expedition against Canada. 
The lukewarm support of the New York govern- 
nent and the bad faith of its Indian allies 
nade this campaign a failure, but Fitz-John re- 
vived a vote of thanks from Connecticut, and in 
093 was made agent of that colony in London, 
v here he passed four years at the court of William 
II. His services in this capacity were so highly 
ppreciated that, soon after nis return in 1698, he 
fas elected governor of Connecticut, continuing in 
fflce till his death nearly ten years later, while on 
visit to his brother in Boston. His own princi- 
pal residence was at New London, where he was 
oted for his hospitality. He was neither a great 
L'holar like his father, nor a great statesman like 
is grandfather, but he was deservedly respected 
s a gallant soldier, a skilful administrator, and a 
lan of conspicuous integritv and patriotism. He 
carried, somewhat late in life, Elizabeth, daugh- 
ter of George Tongue, of New London, and left an 
nly child, Mary, who married Col. John Living- 
ton, of Albany, but died without issue. — Another 
3n of the second John, Wait Still, jurist, b. in 
Boston, 27 Feb., 1643; d. there, 7 Nov., 1717, was 
arly in the military service of Connecticut, and 
x>k part in Indian wars; but after his father's 
eath he resided chiefly in Massachusetts, where 
e was for about thirty years a member of the 
xecutive council and ma^or-general of the pro- 
incial forces, besides holding, for shorter periods, 
he offices of judge of admiralty, judge of the 
uperior court, and chief justice. He took an ac- 
ive part in the overthrow of Sir Edmund Andros, 
nd an effort was made by the popular {»arty to 
ave him appointed governor, in place of Joseph 
)udley. Judge Sewall speaks of him as "the 
reat stay and ornament of the council, a very 
ious, prudent, courageous New England man; 
3r parentage, piety, prudence, philosophy, love to 
■ T ew England ways and people very eminent." In 
he intervals of public duty he devoted himself to 
griculture and the study of medicine, often prec- 
ising gratuitously among his neighbors. — Wait 
till s son, John (1681-1747), was graduated at 
larvard in 1700, served for some time as a magis- 
rate of Connecticut, and was afterward a fellow 
f the Roval society of London, to whose " Trans- 
ctions" he was a contributor, and one of whose 
olumes was dedicated to him. — John, phvsicist, 

. in Boston, Mass., 19 Dec, 1714: d. in Cambridge, 
lass., 3 May, 1779, was the son of Chief-Justice 
idam Winthrop. He was graduated at Harvard 

1 1732, and from 1738 till his death was profes- 
or of mathematics and natural philosophy there, 
'he range of his acquirements was great, and ho 
id good original work in several departments of 
cience. It seems likely that we owe in part to 
is influence the attention of Benjamin Frank- 
in and of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, 



to physical science. He was in the 18th cen- 
tury the foremost teacher of science in this coun- 
try. In 1740 he observed the first of the transits 
of Mercury that took place in that century. In 
1761 he observed the second transit, making a 
journey to Newfoundland for this purpose. The 
voyage was made in a vessel in the provincial 
service and the expenses were defrayed by the 
colonial government. This is believed to have 
been the earliest purely scientific expedition sent 
out by any American state. In the development 
of astronomy Prof. Winthrop made other important 
observations in the matter of comets, the results 
of which were published by means of two printed 
lectures (1759). He had an opportunity to ob- 
serve the facts connected with the great earth- 
quake that occurred in New England on 18 Nov., 
1755. It was his habit to publish the more popular 
and interesting parts of his work in public lectures 
in the college chapel. His observations on this 
phenomenon were contained in a discourse printed 
in Boston within a month after the catastrophe. 
The observations recorded in this memoir and the 
scientific considerations that he based on them 
show that Winthrop had a clearer conception of 
earthquake movements than any of his predeces- 
sors. He recognized the fact that the movement 
was essentially a wave in the earth's crust, and per- 
ceived that the buildings affected by the shock took 
on a pendulum movement. Observing that the 
bricks were thrown from the chimney of his house, 
which had a height of thirty-two feet, so that they 
fell at a point thirty feet from the column, he com- 
puted the speed of their motion, and ascertained it 
to be twenty-one feet a second. He also perceived 
the fact that the shorter the vibrations the Quicker 
they performed the movement He saw also the 
analogy between the vibrations of the earth and 
those of the chord of a musical instrument. In 
this and manv other observations he showed a 
capacity for observation and for the application 
of computative methods to this class of phenom- 
ena that was unusual in the scientists of nis time. 
It appears probable that he was the first person 
to apply computations to earthquake phenomena. 
If this be the case, it may be claimed for him that 
he laid the foundations of the important science 
of seismology. Prof. Joseph Lovering, in his ac- 
count of ** Boston and Science " in the " Memorial 
History of Boston," says that " Prof. Winthrop's 
views of the nature of heat were greatly in advance 
of the science of his day." We find in his lecture 
on earthquakes that he looked to the action of 
heat for an explanation of seismic disturbances. 
He had a considerable share in the public life of 
the colony where he lived. He was several years 
judge of probate for Middlesex county, a member 
of the governor's council in 1773-'4, and in the 
Revolution threw his influence with the patriots. 
The University of Edinburgh gave him the honor- 
ary degree of LL. D. in 1771, and the Royal society 
of London made him a member. Although Prof. 
Winthrop has left no work of any importance to 
modem physicists, his influence in detennining a 
scientific spirit in New England was great. He laid 
the foundations of scientific inquiry in Harvard. 
Though not the earliest of the Massachusetts men 
of science — for he was preceded by Thomas Brat- 
tle, Zabdiel Boylston, and others — he deserves the 
first place among the pioneers of natural science in 
New England. His publications include " Lecture 
on Earthquakes" (1<55); "Answer to Mr. Prince's 
Letter on Earthquakes" (1756) ; " Account of some 
Fiery Meteors" (1765); and "Two Lectures on 
the Parallax" (1709). His paper "Cogitata de 



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Cometes".was communicated to the Royal society 
by Benjamin Franklin (London, 1760). — Prof. 
Winthrop's son, James, jurist, b. in Cambridge, 
Mass., in 1752; d. there, 2G Sept., 1821, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1709, and was wounded at 
Bunker Hill. He was librarian of Harvard from 
1772 till 1787; for several years a judge of the 
court of common pleas; and long register of 
probate. He bequeathed his valuable library to 
Alleghany college, Meadville, Pa. He published 
" Attempt to translate the Prophetic Part of the 
Apocalypse of St. John into Familiar Language " 
(Boston, 1794); "Systematic Arrangement of Sev- 
eral Scripture Prophecies relating to Antichrist" 
(1795) ; Attempt to arrange, in the Order of Time, 
Scripture Prophecies yet to be Fulfilled" (Cam- 
bridge, 1803); and scientific and literary contribu- 
tions to current literature. — John Winthrop the 
younger's ^reat-grandson, Thomas Lindall, mer- 
chant, b. in New London, Conn., G March, 17G0; 
d. in Boston, Mass., 22 Feb., 1841, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1780, and in 178G married Elizabeth 
Bowdoin Temple, a granddaughter of Gov. James 
Bowdoin and the daughter of Sir John Temple, 
British consul-general in the United States. In 
early life he was an active Federalist, but he 
joined the Republicans at the beginning of the 
war of 1812-'!. j, and was successively a state 
senator, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 
182G-\32, and a presidential elector. Few men of 
his time were so widely esteemed throughout New 
England for integrity", public spirit, and unosten- 
tatious hospitality. Among his many posts of 
public usefulness were those of president of the 
Massachusetts agricultural society, the Massachu- 
setts historical society, and the" American anti- 
quarian societA*. — Thomas Lindall's youngest son, 
Robert Charles, statesman, b. in Boston, 12 May, 
1803, was graduated at Harvard in 1828, studied 
law with Daniel Webster, was admitted to the bar 
in 1831. but after a brief professional career be- 
came active in local politics as a Henry Clay Whig. 
From 1834 till 1840 ne was a memberof the lower 
house of the Massachusetts legislature, of which 
he was chosen speaker in 1838, 1839, and 1840. In 
the last-named year he was elected to congress, 
where he served ten years with much distinction, 
maintaining the reputation he had already ac- 
quired as a ready debater and accomplished par- 
liamentarian, and adding to it by a series of im- 
pressive speeches upon public questions, many of 
which are still con- 
sulted as authori- 
ties. The earliest 
resolution in favor 
of international 
arbitration by a 
commission of ci- 
vilians was offered 
by him. In 1847-9 
he was speaker of 
the house, but he 
was defeated for a 
second term by a 
plurality of two, 
after a contest that 
lasted three weeks. 
1850 he was 
ointed by the 
vernor of Massa- 
chusetts to Daniel 
Webster's seat in the senate, when the latter be- 
came secretary of state. His course on the slavery 
question was often distasteful to men of extreme 
opinions in both sections of the Cnion, and in 




^^r^.A^J^^ a Pl* 



1851 he was defeated for election to the senate 
by a coalition of Democrats and Free-soilers, after 
a struggle of six weeks. In the same year he was 
Whig candidate for governor of the* state, and 
received a large plurality; but the constitution 
then required a majority, and the election was 
thrown into the legislature, where the same co- 
alition defeated him. This occasioned a change 
in the state constitution, which now requires 
merely a plurality, but Mr. Winthrop declined to 
be a candidate again, and successively refused 
various other candidacies and appointments, pre- 
ferring gradually to retire from political life and 
devote himself to literary, historical, and philan- 
thropic occupations. From time to time, however, 
his voice was still heard in presidential elections, 
and he gave active and influential support to Gen. 
Winfield Scott in 1852, to Millard Fillmore in 
185G, to John Bell in 1860, and to Gen. McClellan 
in 1864, when a speech of his at New London was 
the last, but not tne least memorable, of his politi- 
cal addresses. Of the Boston provident associa- 
tion he was the laborious president for twenty-five 
years, of the Massachusetts historical society for 
thirty years, of the Alumni of Harvard for eight 
years, besides serving as chairman of the overseers 
of the poor of Boston, and in many other posts of 
dipnity and usefulness. lie was the chosen coun- 
sellor of George Peobodv in several of his munifi- 
cent benefactions, and fias been from the outeet 
at the head of the hitter's important trust for 
southern education. It is as the favorite orator of 
great historical anniversaries that Mr. Winthrop 
has long been chiefly associated in the popular 
mind, and he has uniformly received the com- 
mendation of the best judges, not merely for the 
scholarship and finish of these productions, but 
for the manifestation in them of a fervid eloquence 
that the weight of years has failed to quench. 
They may l>e found scattered through four vol- 
umes of •» Addresses and Speeches." the first of 
which was published in 1852 and the last in 188U. 
Among l he most admired of them have been an 
"Address on laying the Corner-Stone of the Na- 
tional Monument to Washington*' in 1848. and one 
on the completion of that monument in 1^85, the 
latter prepared at the request of congress; an 
"Address to the Alumni of Harvard," in 1857; an 
"Oration on the 250th Anniversary of the Landing 
of the Pilgrims," in 1870; the " Boston Centennial 
Oration," 4 July, 1876; an address on unveiling 
the statue of Col. Prescott on Bunker Hill, in 
1881 ; and, in the same year, an oration on the 
hundredth anniversary of the surrender of Corn- 
wallis at Yorktown, "delivered by invitation of 
congress. He has been thought equally to excel 
in shorter and less formal utterances. Several 
speeches of his on Boston common during the civil 
war excited much enthusiasm by their patriotic 
ring; while his brief tributes to John Ouincy 
Adams. John C. Calhoun, Edward Everett, Daniel 
Webster. Abraham Lincoln, and many other emi- 
nent men with whom he had been associated at 
different periods, are models of graceful and dis- 
criminating eulogv. Besides the collected works 
already cited, he is the author of the "Life and 
Letters of John Winthrop " (2 vols.. Boston, 1864), 
and Washington, Bowdoin, and Franklin " (1876). 
A portrait of him, in the capitol at Washington, 
presented by citizens of Massachusetts, commemo- 
rates at once his speakership and his Yorktown 
oration; while another, in the hall of the Massachu- 
setts historical society, is a fit reminder of his ser- 
vices to New England history. — Thomas Lindall's 
nephew, Benjamin Robert, capitalist, b. in New 



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York city, 18 Jan., 1804 ; d. in London, England, 
26 July, 1879, was in early life a clerk in the l>ank- 
ing-house of Jacob Barker, but afterward devoted 
himself to the care of a large inherited estate and 
to furthering the interests of public institutions of 
education, charity, and religion in his native city. 
He was a trustee of the old Public school society, 
and on its dissolution in 1853 became a school 
commissioner and member of the board of educa- 
tion; was an earnest friend of the New York 
hospital, the Lying-in hospital, and other similar 
institutions ; and oy his care and liberality did 
much to advance the prosperity of the Institution 
for the deaf and dumb. He was recording secretary 
and vice-president of the New York historical 
society, and for many years a vestryman of Trinity 
church, as a member of whose cemetery committee 
he originated the plan of displaying plants in the 
church-yards of the parish. Among his publica- 
tions is an address on 44 Old New York," which he 
read before the Historical society (New York, 1862). 
—The second John's descendant, Theodore, 
author, b. in New Haven, Conn., 22 Sept., 1828 ; d. 

near Great Bethel, 
Va., 10 June, 1861, 
was the son of 
Francis Bayard 
Winthrop. His 
mother was Eliza- 
beth Woolsey, a 
niece of President 
Timothy Dwight, 
and sister of 
President Theo- 
dore Woolsey, for 
whom Theodore 
was named. He 
was graduated at 
Yale in 1848, with 
the Clark scholar- 
ship, on which he 
continued there a 
year, studying 
mental science, 
languages,and his- 
tory. In 1849 he went to recruit his health in Eu- 
rope, where he remained until January, 1851. There 
he became acquainted with William H. Aspinwall, 
whose children he taught for some time, and through 
him Winthrop entered the employ of the Pacific 
mail steamship company, to whose offices in Pana- 
ma he was transferred in 1852. In the following 
year he visited California and Oregon, and thence 
he returned overland to New York. In December, 
1853, he joined, as a volunteer, the expedition under 
Lieut. Isaac Q. Strain to survey a canal-route across 
the Isthmus of Panama, and soon after his return 
in March, 1854, he began to study law with Charles 
Tracy. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and 
in the following year, during a vacation-trip in 
Maine, made political speeches there in advocacy 
of John C. Fremont. After this he spent most of 
his time in literary pursuits, for which he had 
always had a fondness. The first of his writings 
that appeared in print was a description of his 
friend Frederic E. Church's painting, "The Heart 
of the Andes," whose progress he had watched at 
the easel. For several years Winthrop worked 
carefully on his novels, recasting them after each 
rejection by a publisher. One, 44 Cecil Dreeine" 
was finally accepted, but the opening of the civil 
war delayed its appearance. Another, 44 John 
Brent," was also accepted on condition that the 
author should omit the episode of the death of the 
horse Don Fulano. whicn he refused to do. At 
vol. vi. — 87 




the opening of the civil war Winthrop enlisted in 
the 7tn New York regiment, which he accompanied 
to Washington. Soon afterward he went with 
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler to Fort Monroe as 
military secretary, with the rank of major, and 
with his commanding officer he planned the attack 
on Little and Great Bethel, in which he took part. 
During the action at the latter place he sprang 
upon a log to rally his men, and received a bullet 
in his heart. Shortly before his departure for the 
seat of war his tale 44 Love and Skates " had been 
accepted for the 44 Atlantic Monthly " by its editor, 
James Russell Lowell, who then asked the author 
to furnish an account of his march to Washington 
for the magazine. This he did in two articles, 
which attracted much attention, and made Win- 
throp so well known that the sudden end of his 
career soon afterward occasioned wide-spread sor- 
row. Immediately after his death his novels ap- 
peared in quick succession, and were very favorably 
received. They have held their place in American 
literature, and it is probable that had Winthrop 
lived he would have taken high rank as a writer. 
Prof. John Nichol, of Glasgow, says of "Cecil 
Dreeme *' : 44 With all its defects of irregular con- 
struction, this novel is marked by a more distinct 
vein of original genius than any American work of 
fiction known to us that has appeared since the 
author's death." His books include the three 
nQvels 44 Cecil Dreeme" (Boston, October, 1861), 
44 John Brent " (January, 1862), and 44 Edwin 
Brothertoft " (July, 1862) ; and the collections of 
sketches 44 The Canoe and the Saddle " (November, 
1862), and 44 Life in the Open Air, and other 
Papers " (May, 1863). These have passed through 
many editions, and were reprinted in the 44 Leisure- 
Hour Series," with the addition of his 44 Life and 
Poems," edited by his sister, Laura Winthrop 
Johnson (New York, 1884). See also a memoir 
by George William Curtis, prefixed to the earlier 
editions of 44 Cecil Dreeme. — Theodore's brother, 
William Woolsey, soldier, b. in New Haven, 
Conn., 3 Aug., 1831, was graduated at Yale in 
1851, and at the law-school in 1853, and after- 
ward continued his legal studies at Harvard. He 
was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1854, 
and practised until April, 1861, when he entered 
the 7th New York regiment as a private. He was | 
commissioned 1st lieutenant of sharp-shooters, 1 ] 
Oct., 1861, became captain, 22 Sept., 1862, was | 
made major and judge-advocate, 19 Sept, 1864, 
and at the close of the war brevetted colonel for j 
meritorious service. On 25 Feb., 1867, he was 
commissioned major in the regular army, and on 5 , 
July, 1884, he became lieutenant-colonel and depu- j 
ty judge-advocate-general. He is now professor of 
law in the U. S. military academy. Col. Winthrop 
is the author of 44 Digest of Opinions of the Judge- 
Advocates-General of the Armv" (Washington, 
1865; enlarged eds., 1866 and 1868; greatly en- 
larged and annotated, 1880); and 44 Treatise on 
Military Law" (2 vols., 1886: condensed into one 
volume for the use of the cadets at the military 
academv as 44 Abridgment of Military Law,* 
1887). lie has also translated the 44 Military Penal 
Code of the German Empire "(1873).— Their sister, 
Laura, author, b. in New Haven. Conn., 13 Sept, 
1825, was educated at private schools in her native 
place, and in 1846 married W. Templeton Johnson. 
Besides the above-mentioned 44 Life and Poems " 
of her brother Theodore, she has published 44 Little 
Blossom's Reward," a book for children, under 
the pen-name of 44 Emily Hare" (Boston, 1854); 
"Poems of Twentv Years " (New York, 1874); a 
44 Longfellow Prose*Birth-day Book " (Boston, 1888); 



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and various articles in magazines. — Theodore's 
cousin, Frederick, soldier, b. in New York city, 
3 Aug., 1839 ; d. near Five Forks, Va., 1 April, 
1865, was the son of Thomas C. Winthrop. He 
was commissioned a captain in the 12th U. S. in- 
fantry, 26 Oct., 1861, and received the brevet of 
brigadier-peneral of volunteers on 1 Aug., 1864 
He was killed at the battle of Five Forks, where 
he commanded a brigade in the 5th corps. In 
1867 the brevet of major-general of volunteers was 
conferred on him, among the few brevets that were 
given after death. It was dated back to 1 April, 
1865, the day of the battle in which he fell. 

WIRT, William, lawyer, b. in Bladensburg, 
Md., 8 Nov., 1772 : d. in Washington, D. C, 18 
Feb., 1834. His father was a Swiss, his mother a 
German. Both parents having died before he was 
eight years old, Jasper Wirt, his uncle, became 
his guardian. Be- 
tween his seventh 
and his eleventh 
year the boy was 
sent to several clas- 
sical schools, and 
finally to one kept 
bv the Rev. James 
rlunt, in Montgom- 
ery county, where, 
under an accom- 
plished and sym- 
pathetic teacher, 
ne received during 
four years the chief 
part of his educa- 
tion. For two years 
he boarded with 
Mr. Hunt, in whose 
library he spent 
much of his time, 
reading with a keen 
and indiscriminate appetite. In his fifteenth year 
the school was disbanded, and his patrimony 
nearly exhausted. Among his fellow-pupils was 
Ninian Edwards (afterward governor of Illinois), 
whose father. Benjamin Edwards (afterward mem- 
ber of congress from Maryland), discovering, as he 
thought, in younj* Wirt signs of more than ordi- 
nary natural" ability, invited him to reside in his 
family as tutor to "Ninian and two nephews, and 
offered him also the use of his library for the prose- 
cution of his own studies, an invitation whicn was 
joyfully accepted. Under Mr. Edwards's roof 
Wirt stayed twenty months, spending his time in 
teaching, in classical and historical studies, in 
writing, and in preparation for the bar, which he 
had chosen as his future profession. With the ad- 
vantages of a vigorous constitution and a good 
person and carriage, but with the drawbacks of a 
meagre legal equipment, a constitutional shyness 
and timidity, and an over-rapid, brusque, and in- 
distinct utterance, he began his legal career at 
Culoeper Court-House, Va. In 1795 he married 
Milured, daughter of Dr. George Gilmer, and re- 
moved to Pen Park, the seat of that gentleman, 
near Charlottesville. This change introduced him 
to the acquaintance of many persons of eminence, 
including Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. 
The boundless hospitality of the country gentle- 
men and the convivial habits of the members of 
the bar at that time had for a season a dangerous 
fascination for Wirt, who was regarded by his 
legal brethren rather as a bon vivant and gay, fas- 
cinating companion, than as an ambitious lawyer. 
Fortunately he saw his peril, and with quick re- 
solve forsook the seductive path he was treading. 




In 1799 his wife died, and he removed to Rich- 
mond, where he became clerk of the house of dele- 
gates. Three years later, at the early age of thirty, 
he was elected chancellor of the eastern district of 
Virginia, which office he resigned after performing 
its duties for six months. In the winter of 1803-*4 
Wirt removed to Norfolk, but in 1806, wishing for 
a wider field of practice, returned to Richmond, 
where he speedily took rank with the leaders of 
the bar. In 1807 he was retained to aid the U. S. 
attorney in the prosecution of Aaron Burr for 
treason. His principal speech, occupying four 
hours, and which was characterized by eloquent 
appeal, polished wit, and logical reasoning, greatly 
extended his fame. The passage in which he de- 
picted in glowing colors the home of Harman 
Blennerhassett. and 44 the wife of his bosom, whom 
he lately permitted not the winds of summer* to 
visit too roughly,' 99 as 44 shivering at midnight on 
the wintry banks of the Ohio, and mingling her 
tears with the torrents that froze as they fell, was 
for many years a favorite piece for academic decla- 
mation ; and the fact that, though worn to shreds 
by continual repetition, it still has power to charm 
the reader, is proof of its real though somewhat 
florid beauty. In 1808 Wirt was elected to the 
Virginia house of delegates, the only time he con- 
sented to serve the state as a legislator. In 1816 
he was appointed a district attornev, and in 1817 
he became attorney-general, of the "United States. 
He soon afterward removed to Washington. After 
twelve years, during which he was often pitted 
with signal honor against the most eminent coun- 
sel in the land, he resigned his office and removed 
to Baltimore. In 1832 Wirt accepted a nomina- 
tion by the anti-Masons as their candidate for the 
presidency of the United States, and in the elec- 
tion that followed he received the seven electoral 
votes of Vermont, and a popular vote of 33,106. 
He died at Washington of erysipelas, after an ill- 
ness of two days, caused by a severe cold. 

The most striking characteristic of Mr. Wirt 
was his devotion to his profession. From the be- 
ginning to the end of his legal career he kept be- 
fore him a lofty ideal, which, except for a brief in- 
terval, he strained every nerve to attain. To this 
end all his studies, literary, historical, and scien- 
tific, as well as legal, were made to converge. In 
his early legal addresses he was tempted to aim 
less at argumentative strength than at the quali- 
ties that captivate the multitude. The reputation 
that he thus acquired for excelling in the ornate 
rather than in the severe qualities of oratory ad- 
hered to him long after it had ceased to be well 
founded. The consciousness of his early fault ap- 
pears to have haunted him during a large part of 
nis career, for we find him not only perpetually 
denouncing 44 the florid and Asiatic style of ora- 
tory" in his letters, and characterizing wit and 
fancy as 44 dangerous allies," but laboring with in- 
defatigable perseverance to attain a better reputa- 
tion for himself. That he succeeded is well 
known. While he never ceased to relieve the 
stress and weariness of argument with playful sal- 
lies of humor, it was in logical power — the faculty 
of close, cogent reasoning — tnat he mainly ex- 
celled. His power of analvsis was remarkable and 
his discrimination keen, tie excelled in clearness 
of statement, in discernment of vital points, and in 
the vigorous presentation of principles. Bestow- 
ing great labor on his cases, he often anticipated 
and answered his opponent's arguments, and swept 
the whole field of discussion, so as to leave little 
for his associates to glean. In meeting the unfore- 
seen points that come up suddenly for discussion. 



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he was remarkably prompt and effective. TTis 
ablest arguments were those he delivered on the 
trial of Aaron Burr, in the case of McCulloch vs. 
tho State of Maryland, in the Dartmouth college 
case (see Wheelock, John, and Webster, Dan- 
iel), in the great New York steamboat case of Giln 
bons vs. Ogden, in the Cherokee case, and especial- 
ly in the defence of Judge Peck, impeached Defore 
the U. S. senate. Mr. Wirt was conspicuous for 
his personal beauty, both in youth ana manhood. 
His manly, striking figure, intellectual face, clear, 
musical voice, and graceful gesture won the favor 
of his hearer in advance. In his public addresses 
he was usually calm, self-possessed, and deliberate. 
His memory was very retentive, and he excelled in 
felicity of quotation, sometimes retorting upon an 
adversary with telling effect a passage inaptly cited 
bv him from an English or Latin poet. A "pocket 
edition of Horace was often thumbed in his jour- 
neys; but Seneca was his favorite classic author. 
Wirt's conversation, enriched bv multifarious read- 
ing, yet easy, playful, and sparkling with wit and 
humor, was full of interest and charm. Similar 
qualities pervade his letters. He was a member of 
the Presbyterian church, and in his last years took 

nt interest in missionary societies, and was presi- 
of the Maryland Bible society. 
Wirt's earliest work was the noted " Letters of 
the British Spy," which he first contributed to the 
Richmond "Argus" in 1803, and which won im- 
mediate popularity. They are chiefly studies of 
eloquence and eloquent men, are written in a vivid 
and luxuriant style, and may be regarded, in spite 
of the exceptional excellence of "The Blind 
Preacher," as rather a prophecy of literary skill 
than its fulfilment. They were soon afterward is- 
sued in book-form (Richmond, 1803; 10th ed., 
with a biographical sketch of the author by Peter 
H. Cruse, New York, 1832). In 1808 Wirt wrote 
for the Richmond " Enquirer " essays entitled 
" The Rainbow," and in 1810, with Dabney Carr, 
George Tucker, and others, a series of didac- 
tic and ethical essays, entitled " The Old Bache- 
lor," which, collected, passed through several edi- 
tions (2 vols., 1812). These papers were modelled 
after those of the " Spectator, and treat of female 
education, Virginian manners, the fine arts, and 
especially oratory — a favorite theme of the author. 
The best of the essays, that on the " Eloquence of 
the Pulpit," is a vigorous and passionate protest 
against the coldness that so often reigns there. In 
October, 1826, he delivered before the citizens of 
Washington a discourse on the lives and charac- 
ters of tho ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson, 
who had died on 4 Jul) of the same year (Wash- 
ington, 1820), which the London "Quarterly Re- 
view," in a paper on American omtory, several 
years afterward, pronounced " the best which this 
remarkable coincidence has called forth." In 1830 
Wirt delivered an address to the literary societies 
of Rutgers college, which, after its publication by 
the students (New Brunswick. 1830), was repub- 
lished in England, and translated into French and 
German. His other publications are "The Two 
Principal Arguments in the Trial of Aaron Burr" 
(Richmond, 1808) : " Sketches of the Life and Char- 
acter of Patrick Henry," which has been severely 
criticised both for its "hero- worship and its style, 
the subject of the biography having been regarded 
by many as a creation of the rhetorician rather 
than an actual personage (Philadelphia, 1817); 
u Address on the Triumph of Liberty in France" 
(Baltimore, 1830); and "Letters by John Q. Adams 
and William Wirt to the Anti-Masonic Committee 
for York County " (Boston, 1831). Wirt's " Life " 



has been written by John Pendleton Kennedv (2 
vols., Philadelphia, 1849).— His second wife, Eliza- 
beth Washington, b. in Richmond, Va., 30 Jan., 
1784; d. in Annapolis, Md.. 24 Jan., 1857. was the 
daughter of Col. Robert Gamble, of Richmond, 
Va. She was carefully educated in her native city 
and in 1802 married Sir. Wirt. She published an 
illustrated quarto volume entitled "Flora's Dic- 
tionary," which was the first l>ook of its kind in 
this country, and is described as " at once a course 
of liotany, a complete flower letter-writer, and a 
dictionary of quotations'* (Baltimore, 1829). 

WISE, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Portsmouth, 
England, 10 Jan., 1813. He was educated at Ports- 
mouth grammar-school, came to the United States 
in 1833, and, entering the ministry of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal church, was pastor of various 
churches in 1837-'52. and then editor of "Zion's 
Herald " in Boston till 1856. From that time till 
1872 he was editor of the Sunday-school publica- 
tions of his denomination, and from 1800 till 1872 
he was also editor of the tract publications. Since 
1872 he has been engaged chiefly in literary work. 
Weslevan universitv gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1855. Dr. Wise published and edited in 1838-'44 
the first Methodist Sunday-school paper in this 
country. Among his many works, which are chiefly 
for vouth, are "Life of Lorenzo Dow" (Lowell, 
Mass., 1840); "History of London " (1841); "Per- 
sonal Effort" (Boston. 1841); "The Cottage on 
the Moor" (New York, 1845); "The McGregor 
Family" (1845); "Lovest Thou Met" (Boston, 
1846); "Guide to the Saviour" (New York, 1847); 
"Bridal Greetings" (1850); "Life of Ulric Zwin- 
ele" (1850); "Aunt Effie" (1852); "My Uncle 
Toby's Library" (12 vols., Boston, 1853): "Popu- 
lar Objections to Methodism Considered and An- 
swered" (1856); "The Squire of Walton Hall: a 
Life of Waterton, the Naturalist" (1874); "The 
Story of a Wonderful Life: Pen Pictures from the 
Life of John Weslev " (Cincinnati, 1874) : " Van- 
quished Victors " (Cincinnati. 1876); "Lights and 
Shadows of Human Life" (New York, 1878); 
" Heroic Methodists " (1882) ; " Sketches and Anec- 
dotes of American Methodists" (1883); "Our Mis- 
sionary Heroes and Heroines " (1884); "Boy Trav- 
ellers in Arabia" (1885); "Men of Renown" (Cin- 
cinnati, 1886); and "Some Remarkable Women" 
(1887). He has used the pen-names of "Francis 
Forrester, Esq.," and " Lawrence Lancewood." 

WISE, Henry Alexander, governor of Vir- 

finia, b. in Drummondtown. Accomack co., Va., 3 
>ec, 1806; d. in Richmond. Va,. 12 Sept.. 1876. 
He was graduated at Washington college. Pa., in 
1825. studied law, was admitted to the bar in Win- 
chester. Va., in 1828, and settled in that year in 
Nashville, Tenn., but in 1830 returned to Acco- 
mack. In 1833 he was elected to congress by the 
Jackson party, and after the election fought a duel 
with his competitor for the office. He was twice 
re-elected. In congress he went over to the oppo- 
sition on the development of Jackson's bank policv, 
and took strong ground in favor of slavery, fn 
1837 he was second to William J. G raves, of* Ken- 
tucky, in his duel with Jonathan Cilley. of Maine, 
in which the latter was killed. He was a man of 
undoubted ability, and had great influence in John 
Tyler's administration, and, says John W. Forney, 
"Standing between the two great parties in the 
house, he delighted in his isolation and rioted in 
the eccentricities of his genius." In 1H42 the sen- 
ate rejected the nomination of Mr. Wise as minis- 
ter to France, but he was subsequently appointed 
minister to Brazil, and resided at Rio Janeiro 
from May, 1844, till October, 1847. In 1848 and 



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WISE 




1852 he supported the Democratic candidates for 

Jiresident He was elected governor of Virginia in 
855, after a very vigorous canvass, directed es- 
pecially against the "Know-Nothings," whose 
progress he did 
much to check by 
his vigorous ora- 
tory. His success, 
which overturned 
the calculations 
of many politi- 
cal prophets, was 
due in part to his 
accusation that 
the " Know-Noth- 
ings" were Abo- 
litionists in dis- 
guise. Toward the 
close of his term 
occurred the seiz- 
ure of Harper's 
Ferry by John 
Brown, whose exe- 
cution on 2 Dec, 
1859, was one of 
the last acts of his 
administration. (See Brown, John.) In February, 
1861, he was a member of the State convention, in 
which, from the committee on Federal relations, he 
made a report that aimed at compromise and 'a 
peaceable adjustment with the seceded states. Af- 
ter the secession of Virginia he was appointed briga- 
dier-eeneral in the Confederate army. His force 
was driven out of Kanawha valley by the National 
troops under Gen. Jacob D. Cox, and at Gauley 
Bridge lost a large quantity of arms and stores. Sub- 
sequently he commanded at Roanoke island, N. C, 
where his forces were defeated by Gen. Ambrose E. 
Burnside's expedition, his son, Ooadiah J. Wise, be- 
ing among the killed. After the war he resumed 
the practice of his profession. He published 44 Seven 
Decades of the Union: Memoir of John Tyler" 
(Philadelphia, 1872). — Henry Alexander's son, John 
Sergeant, politician, b. in Rio Janeiro, Brazil, 25 
Dec, 1846, was educated at Virginia military in- 
stitute, and, while a cadet there, took part in the 
battle of Newmarket, Va., where he was wounded, 
afterward serving on staff duty till the end of the 
war. He studied law at the University of Virginia, 
was admitted to the bar in 1867, and has engaged 
in practice in Richraoud. From 1882 till 1883 he 
was U. S. district attorney. He was chosen to con- 
gress in 1882 as a Readjuster, served one term, and 
in 1885 was the Republican candidate for governor 
of Virginia, but was defeated by Fitzhugh Lee. — 
Henry Alexander's nephew, George Douglas, con- 
gressman, b. in Accomack county, Va., 4 June, 1831, 
was educated at Indiana university, studied law at 
William and Mary, and practised at Richmond. 
He served in the Confederate army as a captain, 
was commonwealth's attorney of Richmond in 
1870-'80, and in the latter year was chosen as a 
Democrat to congress, where he has since served. 
— Gov. Wise's cousin, Henry Augustus, naval offi- 
cer, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 May, 1819 ; d. in Naples, 
Italy, 2 April, 1869, was a son of George Stuart 
Wise, of the U. S. navy. He entered the navy, 8 
Feb., 1834, attended the naval school at Philadel- 
phia in 1839-'40, and became a passed midshipman, 
16 July, 1840. He served in tne depot of charts, 
and on special duty in 1840-'S, and cruised in the 
" Plymouth," of the Mediterranean station, in 
1844-'5. He was promoted to master, 31 Oct.. 
1846, and lieutenant, 25 Feb., 1847. During the 
Mexican war he was attached to the razee 44 Inde- 



pendence," on the Pacific station, and participated 
in the operations in the Gulf of California, at 
Mazatlan, and La Paz. In 1850-*2 he served in 
the coast survey, and then he cruised in the frigate 
44 Cumberland, of the Mediterranean station, in 
1852-'4. He was on ordnance duty at Boston 
and Washington during the following years until 
1860. When the civil war began he was attached 
to the steam frigate 44 Niagara " in the first block- 
ading squadron off Charleston, S. C, in 1861. He 
was promoted to commander, 16 July, 1862, and 
appointed assistant chief of the bureau of ordnance 
and hydrography, where he served throughout the 
remainder of the war and until January, 1869, and 
rendered valuable services. He was promoted to 
captain, 29 Dec, 1866, and was abroad on leave 
when he died. He married a daughter of Edward 
Everett in 1848. Capt. Wise was the author of 
44 Los Gringos, or an Interior View of Mexico and 
California, with Wanderings in Peru, Chili, and 
Polynesia" (New York, 1849): "Tales for the Ma- 
rines" (Boston, 1855); " Scampavias ; from Gibel 
Tarak to Stamboul, by Harry Gringo " (New York, 
1857) ; 44 The Story of the Gray African Parrot," 
for children (1859); and "Captain Brand of the 
4 Centipede'" (London, 1860; New York, 1864). 

WISE, Isaac Mayer, clergyman, b. in Stein- 
grub, Bohemia, 3 April, 1819. After following the 
usual rabbinical training, and a course of secular 
instruction at Prague, he was graduated at the 
University of Vienna in 1843. In the same year he 
was appointed rabbi of Radnitz, Bohemia, where 
he remained three years. He then went to New 
York, and from 1846 till 1854 he officiated in Al- 
bany. In 1854 Dr. Wise was called to Cincinnati, 
Ohio, where he has remained. In 1854 he pub- 
lished the weekly, 44 The Israelite," and in 1855 a 
German supplement, 44 Die Deborah." He has also 
issued a special ritual called 44 Minhag America," 
which has been adopted by a larjre number of con- 
gregations, and he has been an industrious writer 
on Jewish and polemical topics. He has lectured 
throughout the country, and consecrated a large 
number of synagogues. He is identified with the 
reform movement in American Judaism, and his 
energv led to the union of American congregations 
and tne Hebrew union college, of which he is presi- 
dent. Among his works are a "History of the 
Israelitish Nation" (Albany, 1854); "Essence of 
Judaism" (Cincinnati, I860) ; "Judaism: its Doc- 
trines and Duties" (1862); "The Martyrdom of 
Jesus of Nazareth," to prove that the Jews were 
not responsible for the crucifixion (1874): "The 
Cosmic God " (1876) : and 44 History of the Hebrews' 
Second Commonwealth " (1880). 

WISE, John, clergyman, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 
in August, 1652; d. in Ipswich, Mass., 8 April, 
1725. He was the son of Joseph Wise, who, in his 
younger days, had been a serving-man. John at- 
tended Roxbury free school, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1673, and, after studying theology, was 
ordained pastor of Chebacco, a new parish of Ips- 
wich, on 12 Aug., 1683, where he remained till his 
death. In 1688, for leading the citizens of Ipswich 
in their remonstrance against arbitrary taxation by 
Sir Edmund Andros, he was imprisoned, fined £50 
and costs, and deprived of his ministerial office, 
but after the revolution of the following year he 
brought action against Chief-Justice Dudley for 
refusing him the benefit of the habeas corpus act, 
and is said to have recovered damages. Tne town 
had paid' his fine and costs and sent him, as its 
representative, to Boston, where he took an active 
part in reorganizing the government. In 1690 he 
was a chaplain in the unfortunate expedition to 



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WISE 



Canada. When it was proposed, under the leader- 
ship of the Mathers, to establish associations of 
ministers in Massachusetts that should exercise 
authority that had belonged to the individual 
churches, Wise opposed the plan as being the first 
step toward a hierarchy, ana published against it 
a pamphlet entitled 44 The Churches' Quarrel Es- 
poused" (Boston, 1710; 2d ed., with the 44 Cam- 
bridge Platform," 1715). In this he attacked the 
scheme with keen satire, utterly defeating it. Dr. 
Henry M. Dexter, in his "Congregationalism as 
Seen in its Literature," says the essay is unsur- 
passed 44 for density, for clearness, for largeness of 
vision, for conclusiveness, and for general ability 
and beauty of style." Later Mr. Wise amplified 
his views in his " Vindication of the Government 
of New England Churches," which was bound to- 
gether with another edition of the former pam- 
phlet (1717). This is a remarkable exposition of 
the general principles of civil government, and be- 
came, says a biographer, 44 the text-book of liberty 
for our Revolutionary fathers, containing some of 
the notable expressions that are used in the Decla- 
ration of Independence." The two essays were 
reprinted in a volume by the Congregational board 
of publication, with an historical introductory no- 
tice by the Rev. Joseph S. Clark, D. D. (i860). 
See, also, funeral sermon, by John White (1725). 

WISE, John, aeronaut, b. in* Lancaster, Pa., 24 
Feb., 1808; d. in Lake Michigan, 28 or 29 Sept, 
1879. His first ascension from Philadelphia, Pa., 
on 2 May, 1835, .was short and uneventful. Dur- 
ing his next, on 4 July, 1885, from Lebanon, Pa., 
he attempted to open the valve on the top of the 
balloon, but lost control, and it burst, compelling 
him to descend. On 1 Oct, 1885, he attempted 
an ascension from Lancaster, Pa., but was thrown 
from the car and became unconscious while the 
balloon ascended alone, and on 7 May, 1836, he 
ascended again from Lancaster, and landed in Har- 
ford county, Md., about seventy-five miles distant. 
While he was emptying the car of its cargo an ex- 
plosion of the gas occurred, burning the aSronaut 
severely. He made a voyage from Philadelphia, 
Pa., on 18 Sept., 1837, alighting in Delaware river, 
where he was rescued. On this trip he set loose 
two parachutes for the purpose of demonstrating 
the superiority of the inverted parachute. In Oc- 
tober, 1837, he ascended again from Philadelphia, 
and alighted in New Jersey, forty miles from his 
starting-point He left Easton, Pa., 1 1 Aug., 1838, 
and when he had reached the height of 18,000 feet 
his balloon burst and in less than ten seconds all 
the gas had escaped. The balloon descended rapid- 
ly with an oscillating motion, and, on reaching the 
earth, rebounded, throwing Mr. Wise ten feet from 
the car. He next advertised that on 1 Oct, 1838, 
he would ascend and in the air would convert his 
balloon into a parachute, which feat he success- 
fully accomplished. On 4 July, 1840, he entered 
into competition with William Paullin for a record 
of the highest and longest balloon ascension, but 
was defeated. In June, 1843, he announced his 
intention of crossing the Atlantic in the summer 
of 1844, advancing the theory that there was a con- 
stant air-current From west to east 12,000 feet above 
the ocean ; but he failed to secure an appropriation 
from congress for the purpose, and was compelled 
to abandon the project In August, 1846, during 
an ascension from West Chester, Pa, he entered a 
thunder-cloud, and, on descending, his car was 
struck by lightning, but he escaped. During an 
ascent, on 15 Aug., 1851, from Zanesville. Ohio, he 
made experiments on the action of falling bodies, 
and found that they all spin upon their axes. A 



WISNER 581 

light, empty pint-bottle fell in a large spiral, giv- 
ing out a musical sound in its descent, and turning 
slowly on an axis as it came down. On 5 Sept, 
1851, he ascended from Columbus, Ohio, and found 
himself entering a stratum, 10,000 feet in height, 
that was highly electrical and agitated by 4 * con- 
vulsionary air-wheels." All parts of the oalloon- 
rigging acquired musical properties, the various 
cords giving forth sounds similar to those of a 
stringed instrument At sunset he saw the clouds 
tinted with the colors of the rainbow, and, although 
more than a mile high, heard the voices of persons 
below in conversation. This voyage was benefi- 
cial to his health, which had been much impaired. 
In 1851 he petitioned congress for an appropria- 
tion of $20,000 for the purpose of constructing a 
large air-ship with which to demonstrate the pos- 
sibility of destroying any fleet, fort, or army by 
means of explosive missiles thrown from the car, 
and also the possibility of crossing the ocean. 
The petition was referred to the naval committee 
and never reported on. Thereafter be continued 
to make occasional ascensions until 1859, when 
they numbered about 280. In that year, with 
John La Mountain and others, he made the cele- 
brated voyage from St Louis to Jefferson county, 
N. Y., a description of which is given in the article 
La Mountain. Prom September, 1871, till July, 
1872, he was librarian of the Franklin institute. 
He then revived his project of crossing the Atlantic, 
and made efforts to raise funds for a balloon and 
equipment, but without success until the enterprise 
was taken up by the 44 Daily Graphic," of New 
York city. (See Donaldson, Washington H.) 
Soon after this failure he removed to Louisiana, 
Mo., intending to devote the remainder of his life 
to farming; but he was unable to resist the fasci- 
nation of ballooning, and announced an ascension 
from St Louis, Mo.. 28 Sept, 1879. With several 
companions, in a new balloon named the 44 Path- 
finder," he set out at the appointed time, intending 
to stay in the air as long as he could. The bal- 
loon moved in a northeasterly direction, and was 
last seen at Carlinville, 111. From that time no 
tidings were ever received from the aeronauts, but 
several weeks later the body of one of the party 
was washed ashore on Lake Michigan. It is sup- 
posed that they perished during one of the sudden 
tempests of that region, and, nke Donaldson and 
others, were drowned in the waters of the great 
lake. Mr. Wise published a 44 System of Aero- 
nautics " (Philadelphia, 1850). 

WISNER, Benjamin Blydenbnrg, clergy- 
man, b. in Goshen, Orange co., N. Y., 19 Sept, 
1794 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 9 Feb., 1835. His father 
was one of the 'first settlers in Goshen. Benjamin 
was graduated at Union in 1818 and at Princeton 
theological seminary in 1820, and in the interval 
was principal of the academy in Johnstown, N. Y., 
also studying law. In 1821-'32 he was pastor of 
the Old South church, Boston, Mass. He then 
resigned on account of failing health, and became 
secretary of the American board of commissioners 
for foreign missions. In that capacity he did good 
service in visiting various parts of the country and 
in forming missionary associations. Union gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1828. His publications 
include single sermons and memoirs ; 44 History of 
the Old South Church " (Boston, 1880) ; and 44 Moral 
Condition and Prospects of the Heathen " (1833). 
See 44 Memorial Volume of the First Fifty Years of 
the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign 
Missions," bv Rufus Anderson, D. D. (1862). 

WISNER, Henry, patriot, b. in Goshen, Or- 
ange co., N. Y., about 1725 ; d. there in 179a 

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He was the grandson of a Swiss soldier who set- 
tled in Orange county in 1715. Henry was ap- 
pointed in 1768 one of the assistant justices of the 
court of common pleas, and represented Orange 
county in the New York general assembly in 
1759- 69. He strenuously espoused the side of 
colonial rights against the pretensions of the Brit- 
ish parliament, and was a member of the Conti- 
nental congress of 1774, and of the 2d Continental 
congress, which adopted the Declaration of Inde- 

Cendence. For that measure Wisner voted, and 
e was the only New York delegate who acquired 
that honor, but before the Declaration was en- 
grossed on parchment and ready for signing, he 
went to New York to attend the Provincial con- 
gress, of which he had been elected a member. He 
studied the art of making gunpowder and erected 
three powder-mills in the neighborhood of Goshen, 
from which large quantities of powder were sup- 
plied to the Revolutionary army. He was other- 
wise of practical service to the patriot cause by 
having spears and gun-flints made and by repair- 
ing the roads in Orange county, thus facilitat- 
ing the transportation of provisions and military 
material to the American troops. He also, at his 
own expense, erected works and mounted cannon 
on the banks of Hudson river, which greatly im- 
peded British vessels in their passage of the High- 
lands. He was one of the committee that framed 
the first constitution of New York in 1777, state 
senator in 1777-'82, and a member of the New 
York convention of 1788, which ratified the U. S. 
constitution. On that occasion he voted in the 
negative, fearing, in common with other stanch 
patriots, that a strong Federal government would 
overpower state and individual rights. In person 
Wisner was tall, with pleasing manners, and a 
frame that was vigorous even in old age. He pos- 
sessed a strong intellect and an energetic charac- 
ter. See "A Memorial of Henry Wisner," by 
Franklin Burdge (New York, 1878). 

WISNER, Moses, lawyer, b. in Aurelius, N. Y., 
in 1818 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 5 Jan., 1863. He 
was carefully educated, removed to Michigan in 
1839, studied law, and was admitted to the bar at 
Pontiac in 1842. He became prosecuting attorney 
for Lapeer county in 1843, and was governor of 
Michigan in 1849-'61. In 1862 he entered the 
National army as colonel of the 22d Michigan 
regiment, but died on his way to the seat of war. 

WISNER, William, clergvman, b. in Warwick, 
N. Y., in 1782; d. in Cedar fiapids, Iowa, 7 Jan., 
1871. He adopted the profession of law, and prac- 
tised in Orange county, N. Y., for several vcars, 
but relinquished that profession to become a clergy- 
man. He studied theology at Princeton seminary, 
was pastor of the Presbyterian church in Ithaca 
for a short time, and in 1831 took charge of the 
Brick church, Rochester, N. Y., where he remained 
for several years. He removed to Cedar Rapids, 
Iowa, in 1870. Delaware college gave him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1842. His publications include 
*• Incidents in the Life of a Pastor" (New York, 
1&51), and "Elements of Civil Liberty, or the 
Way to maintain Free Institutions " (1853).— 
His son, William Carpenter, clergyman, b. in 
Elmira, N. Y., 7 Dec., 1808; d. in Lockport, N. Y., 
14 July, 1880, was graduated at Union in 1830, 
studied theology with private instructors, and 
was nastor of Presbyterian churches in New York 
and Missouri from 1832 till 1836, when he became 
pastor in Lockport, N. Y., holding charges there 
from 1837 till 1876. Union college gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1851. Dr. Wisner was known 
throughout the Presbyterian church not only for 



solid learning, but for his inexhaustible humor. 
He left his large private library to Auburn theo- 
logical seminary, of which he was a trustee in 
1863-'76. He was moderator of the general as- 
sembly in 1855. He published several sermons 
and " Prelacy and Parity" (New York. 1844). 

WISSER, John Philip, soldier, b. in St. Louis, 
Mo., 19 July, 1852. He was graduated at the 
Central high-school of St Louis in 1870, and at 
the U. S. military academy in 1874. Receiving 
an assignment to the 1st artillery, he served on 
garrison duty in Florida and Massachusetts until 
May, 1876. when he was ordered to the U. S. artil- 
lery-school at Fort Monroe. Since 1878 he has 
been connected almost continuously with the aca- 
demic staff of instructors at the U. S. military 
academy, chiefly in the department of chemistry, 
mineralogy, and geology. On 13 Jan., 1880, he 
was promoted 1st lieutenant, and during 1884 he 
studied at the Freiberg, Saxony, school of mines, 
and at the agricultural experiment station at Wies- 
baden. He was requested to investigate and report 
upon the system of instruction at the military 
schools of England, France, Germany, and Austria, 
and to attend and report upon the manoeuvres of 
the 17th corps of the French army in 1884. Lieut 
Wisser was aide-de-camp to Gen. John Gibbon 
during the Chinese troubles in Washington territory 
in 1886, but in August of that year he returned to 
the U. S. military academy. He is a member of 
the Chemical society of Berlin and of the Ameri- 
can association for the advancement of science, 
His publications include "Chemical Manipulations" 
(Fort Monroe, 1883); "Short Historical Sketch of 
Gunpowder" (New York, 1883); "Compressed 
Gun-Cotton for Military Use" (1886) ; " Report on 
the Manoeuvres of the 17th Corps of the Army 
of France" (Vancouver Barracks, W. T., 1886); 
*• Practical Instruct ion in Minor Tactics and St rat- 
egy " (New York, 1888) ; and " Report on the MUi- 
tary Schools of Europe : 1., Austria" (1889). 

WlSSLER, Jacques, engraver, b. in Strasburg, 
Germany, in 1803 ; d. in Camden, N. J., 25 Nov., 
1887. He was educated in Paris, France, came to 
this country in 1849, and was employed in a litho- 
graphing firm. Before the civil war his employer 
sent him to Richmond, Va., and after the firing on 
Fort Sumter he was detained by the Confederate 
authorities and assigned to the task of engraving 
its paper currency and bonds. Mr. Wissler ac- 
quired a fortune in this employment, but his loy- 
alty to the U. S. government caused the confisca- 
tion of his estate oefore the close of the war. He 
then removed to Macon, Miss., and Anally settled 
in Camden, N. J., where he acquired the reputa- 
tion of being among the most skilled engravers in 
this country. He was also successful in portrait- 
painting in crayons and oils. 

WISTAR, Richard, merchant, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 20 July, 1756 ; d. there, 6 June, 1821. He 
was the grandson of Caspar Wistar, who came to 
this country from Germany in 1717 and estab- 
lished near Salem, N. J., what is believed to have 
been the first glass-factory in the colonies, in the 
management of which his son was also associated. 
In early life Richard turned his attention to com- 
merce, in which he was eminently successful. He 
built a large four-storied store in 1790, where he 
conducted an iron and hardware business, and with 
the profits of this undertaking purchased lands and 
houses in the vicinity of Philadelphia, which be- 
came exceedingly valuable. During the Revolu- 
tionary war he advocated the defence of his prop- 
erty by arms, which resulted in his being disowned 
by the Society of Friends. He was an inspector 



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of prisons, and was one of the early friends and 
supporters of the Philadelphia library company 
and the Pennsylvania hospital.— His brother, Cas- 

far, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 Sept., 
761 ; d. there. 22 Jan., 1818, was educated at the 
Friends' school in his native city, where he received 
a thorough classical 
training. His inter- 
est in medicine began 
while he was aiding 
in the care of the 
wounded after the bat- 
tle of German town, 
and he made his first 
studies under the di- 
rection of Dr. John 
Redman. He attend- 
ed lectures at the med- 
ical depart ment of the 
University of Penn- 
sylvania, and received 
the degree of bachelor 
of medicine in 1782. 
After spending a year 
in England, he went 
to Edinburgh, where, 
in 1786, he received 
his doctorate. While in Scotland he was, for two 
successive years, president of the Royal medical so- 
ciety of Edinburgh, and also president of a society 
for the further investigation of natural history. He 
returned to this country in January, 1787, and en- 
tered on the practice of his profession in Philadel- 
phia, where he was at once appointed one of the phy- 
sicians to the Philadelphia dispensary. He was pro- 
fessor of chemistry and the institutes of medicine 
in the College of Philadelphia from, 1789 till 1792, 
when the faculty of that institution united with 
the medical department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, of wnich he was adjunct professor of 
anatomy, midwifery, and surgery until 1808. In 
that year, on the death of his associate, Dr. Will- 
iam Shippen, Jr., he was given the chair of anato- 
my, whicn he retained until his death. His fame 
attracted students to his lectures, and he was largely 
the means of establishing the reputation of the 
school Meanwhile he was chosen physician to the 
Pennsylvania hospital, where he remained until 
1810. His ability as an anatomist was increased 
by his description of the posterior portion of the 
ethmoid bone with the triangular bones attached, 
which received universal recognition as an original 
treatment of the subject. It was his habit to throw 
open his house once every week in the winter, and 
at these gatherings students, citizens, scientists, 
and travellers met and discussed subjects of inter- 
est These assemblies, celebrated in the annals of 
Philadelphia under the title of Wistar parties, were 
continued long after his death by other residents 
of that city. The College of physicians elected him 
a fellow in 1787, and he was appointed one of its 
censors in 1794, which place he retained until his 
death. He was elected a member of the American 
philosophical society in 1787, was chosen its vice- 

5 resident in 1795, and on the resignation of Thomas 
efferson, in 1815, succeeded to the highest office, 
which he filled during the remainder of his life. 
On the death of Dr. Benjamin Rush, Dr. Wistar 
succeeded to the presidency of the Society for the 
abolition of slavery. The well-known climbing- 
shrub, wistaria, which grows wild in the western 
and southern states, was named in his honor. Dr. 
Wistar contributed papers to the " Transactions of 
the College of Physicians " and to the " Transac- 
tions of the American Philosophical Society," and 



was the author of " A System of Anatomy, for the 
Use of Students of Medicine " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 
1814, originally published in parts). — His son, 
Isaac Jones, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 
Nov., 1827, was educated at Haverfora college, Pa., 
adopted the profession of law, and practised in 
Philadelphia. He entered the National army in 
1861, as a captain in a regiment of Pennsylvania 
volunteers, and served in maryland and Virginia, 
his commission as brigadier-general of volunteers, 
dated 29 Nov., 1862, being granted for services at 
Antietam. After the war he resumed practice, and 
is now president of a canal company and several 
coal companies in Pennsylvania. 

WI8TER, Annis Lee, translator, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 9 Oct., 1830. She is the daughter of 
the Rev. William H. Furness, and married, in 1854, 
Dr. Caspar Wister (a descendant of Caspar Wis- 
tar, who came to this country in 1717), who was 
born in 1817, and died 20 Dec, 1888. Her educa- 
tion was received chiefly at home under the care 
of her father, and she early began to translate 
stories from the German. Suosequently she trans- 
lated and adapted various novels, including those 
of Eugenie Marlitt, Wilhelmine von Hillern, Fried- 
rich W. Hackl&nder, Fanny Lewald. and others, 
numbering in all more than thirty volumes (Phila- 
delphia, 1864 et segX among which are " The Old 
Mara'selle's Secret, " Gold Elsie," " The Second 
Wife," " Violetta," and "The Owl's Nest." A uni- 
form set of her German translations has been issued 
in thirty volumes (1888). She has also published, 
with Dr. Frederic H. Hedge, "Metrical Transla- 
tions and Poems " (Boston, 1888). 

WISWALL, Ichabod, clergyman, b. in Eng- 
land in 1688; d. in Duxbury, Mass., 28 July, 1700. 
He emigrated to this country in his youth, studied 
at Harvard for three years without being gradu- 
ated, was ordained to the ministry, and from 1676 
until his death was pastor of the church in Dux- 
bury, Mass. He taught for many years, and was 
an agent of the colony in 1689 in its efforts to 
prevent the union of Plymouth colony to New 
York or Massachusetts, visiting England for this 
purpose, but was defeated by Increase Mather, the 
representative of Massachusetts, who desired the 
union. Wiswall published a poem on the comet 
of 1680 (London, 1680). 

WITHERELL, James, statesman, b. in Mans- 
field, Mass., 16 June, 1759; d. in Detroit, Mich., 9 
Jan., 1838. He served in the Revolutionary army 
as a member of the 11th Massachusetts regiment 
from the beginning of the war till 1788, when he 
was mustered out of service, after participating in 
the principal battles in New York and New Jersey, 
and being severely wounded at White Plains, fte 
then studied medicine in his native state, was 
licensed to practise in 1788, and removed to Ver- 
mont, where he adopted the profession of law. He 
served in the legislature in 1798-1803, was a judge 
of Rutland county for the next two years, state 
councillor in 1803-'7, and a member of congress 
from October, 1807, till May, 1808, when he re- 
signed to become U. S. judge for the territory of 
Michigan. He resigned that post in 1828. and was 
appointed secretary of the territory by President 
John Quincy Adams. He was active in the man- 
agement of the municipal and educational affairs 
of Detroit, and left a valuable collection of papers 
on the history of that city and the state of Michi- 
gan.— His son, Benjamin Franklin Hawkins, 
jurist, b. in Fair Haven, Vt., 4 Aug., 1797 ; d. in 
Detroit, Mich., 26 June, 1867, was educated in a 
private school in Troy, N. Y., accompanied his 
father to Michigan, ana studied law. He was ad- 



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WITHERSPOON 



mitted to the bar of Detroit in 1819, was prose- 
cuting attorney and probate judge of Wayne 
county, and in 1843 district judge of the criminal 
court of Wayne, Washtenaw, and Jackson counties. 
He became historiographer of Detroit in 1855, and 
from 1857 until his aeath was circuit judge of 
Wayne county. He was appointed a regent of the 
State university in 1848, served several terms in 
the legislature, was a member of the State consti- 
tutional convention in 1850, and president of the 
Michigan historical society for many years. 

WITHERS, Frederick Clarke, architect, b. 
in Shepton Mallet, Somersetshire, England, 4 Feb., 
1828. He was educated in King Edward's school 
in Sherborne, Dorsetshire, and then devoted him- 
self to the study of architecture. Mr. Withers 
early came to this country and established for 




himself a high reputation for his designs of 
churches. Among these are St. Luke's, Matteawan, 
N. Y. ; the 1st Presbyterian, Newburg, N. Y. ; St. 
Thomas's, Hanover, N. H. ; the Church of the Ad- 
vent, Louisville, Ky. ; St. Luke's, Altoona, Pa. ; and 
Calvary, Summit, N. J. Of other buildings, the 
Hudson river state hospital for the insane at Poueh- 
keepsie, N. Y. ; and the buildings of the Columbia 
institution for deaf and dumb at Washington, 
D. C, are from his plans. The Jefferson market 
court-house and prison in New York, designed in 
the Italian Gothic style, is the onlv public building 
where that style has been introduced, and ranks 
as one of the best pieces of architectural designing 
in that city. He also designed and had charge 
of the erection of the altar and reredos in Trinitv 
church, New York city, in honor of William fi. 
Astor. This memorial, carved in Caen stone, 
occupies nearly the entire width of the chancel, 
and is about twenty feet high. The altar, of white 
marble, is eleven feet long, and is divided into 
panels, in the central one of which is a Maltese 
cross in mosaic set with cameos, on which are cut 
the symbols of the evangelists. In beauty of de- 
sign and delicacy of carving this reredos is among 
the best works of its character on the American 
continent. (See illustration.) During 1861-'2 Mr. 
Withers served as an officer in the New York vol- 
unteer engineers, and he has published " Church 
Architecture " (New York, 1878). 

WITHERS, Jones Mitchell, soldier, b. in 
Madison county, Wis., 12 Jan., 1814. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1835, 
and resigned in the same year, but during the 
Creek disturbances in 1886 commanded the Ala- 
bama volunteers. He subsequently studied law in 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., became private secretary to Gov. 
Clement C. Clay, and was admitted to the bar in 
1888. He settled in Mobile as a lawyer and com- 



mission merchant in 1841. He was in the legisla- 
ture in 1855, mayor of Mobile in 1856-'61, and at 
the beginning of the civil war entered the Confed- 
erate army as colonel of the 3d Alabama infantry. 
He became brigadier-general in July, 1861, com- 
manding the defences of Mobile, major-general 
early in 1862, commanded a division at bhiloh. and 
participated in the battle of Stone River, 31 Dec, 
1862. He was subsequently in charge of a depart- 
ment, with headquarters at Montgomery, Ala. 
After the war he returned to Mobile, ana edited 
the " Tribune " in that citv. 

WITHERS, Robert Enoch, senator, b, in 
Campbell county, Va., 18 Sept. 1821. He was 
graduated at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Virginia in 1840, and practised his pro- 
fession in his native county for fifteen years, after- 
ward removing to Danville, Va. Early in 1861 he 
became colonel of the 18th Virginia regiment, and 
with that command he participated in all the bat- 
tles of the Army of Northern Virginia from Bull 
Run to Gaines s Mills, where he was severely 
wounded. Being incapacitated for further field 
duty, he was then assigned to the charge of the 
prisons and hospitals in Danville, Va., which post 
he held till the close of the civil war. He edited 
the "Lynchburg News" in lSee-ty and subse- 
quently the 44 Richmond Enquirer," and was nomi- 
nated for governor by the Democratic party in 
1868, but withdrew in favor of Gilbert C. Walker, 
Conservative. He was a presidential elector in 
1873, became lieutenant-governor, 1 Jan., 1874, 
and on the 13th of the same month was chosen 
U. S. senator as a Democrat, succeeding John F. 
Lewis, Republican, and serving one term. Since 
1885 he has been U. S. consul at Hong Kong. China. 

WITHERSPOON, John, signer of the declara- 
tion of Independence, b. in Gifford, Haddington- 
shire, Scotland, 5 Feb., 1722; d. near Princeton, 
N. J., 15 Sept., 1794. Through his mother he was 
descended from John Knox. His father, James 
Witherspoon, was minister of the parish of Yester, 
which included the 
village of Gifford. 
The son was gradu- 
ated at Edinburgh 
university in 1742, 
and in 1745 was 
ordained minister 
of the parish of 
Beith. While look- 
ing at the battle of 
Falkirk he was 
made a prisoner, 
and confined for 
two weeks, to the 
permanent injury 
of his health. He 
gained a wide rep- 
utation, first by a 
satirical essay on ec- 
clesiastical 
and afterward by 
a disquisition on the Calvinistic doctrine of justifi- 
cation by faith, and was installed pastor at Paisley 
on 16 Jan., 1757, and in the course of a year was 
chosen moderator of the synod of Glasgow and 
Ayr. The University of Aberdeen conferred on 
him the degree of D. D. in 1764. He declined the 
presidency of Princeton college in 1766, but ac- 
cepted a second invitation, and was inaugurated 
on 17 Aug., 1768. He brought with him 800 
valuable volumes as a gift to the college, while 
his friends in Scotland and England gave many 
more. Finding the treasury empty, he made a 




ride rep- 

iayonec- /W ^d^ 1 ^ 

abuses, /¥ 

vard bv " 



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WITHERSPOON 



WITHERSPOON 585 



tour in New England, obtaining subscriptions in 
Boston and other towns, secured aid also from 
South Carolina, Virginia, and other colonies, and 
issued " An Address to the Inhabitants of Jamaica 
and other West India Islands on Behalf of the 
College of New Jersey." His special department 
of instruction was that of divinity, and during 
the entire period of his presidency he officiated as 
pastor of the church in Princeton. He was the 
first teacher in this country of the system of meta- 
physics that was contemporaneously expounded in 
Scotland by Thomas Reid. He also enlarged the 
course of "philosophy so as to include political 
science ana international law, and promoted the 
study of mathematics. The college received a 
great expansion through his administrative ability 
and the introduction of progressive educational 
methods. Besides other improvements in the sys- 
tem of teaching, he introduced the lecture method, 
and gave lectures himself on rhetoric, moral phi- 
losophy, history, and theologv. In 1772 he insti- 
tuted a class in Hebrew, and fie also introduced the 
study of the French language. He was a leader 
of the Presbyterians of the country in embracing 
the side of the patriots in the difficulties with the 
British crown, identifying himself with the colonial 
contention from his landing in America, and by his 
influence and example doing much to attach the 
Scotch and Scotch-Irish population to the patriot 
cause. When the preparations for a general con- 
gress were in progress he met the New Jersey com- 
mittee at New Brunswick to urge resistance to the 
tea tax, and was accounted " as high a son of lib- 
erty as any man in America." On 17 May, 1776, 
which was appointed by congress as a day of fast- 
ing, he delivered a sermon on " The Dominion 
of Providence over the Passions of Men," which 
was published and dedicated to John Hancock, and 
reprinted in Glasgow with notes denouncing the 
author as a rebel and a traitor. The people of New 
Jersey elected him to the convention that framed 
the state constitution, and he surprised his fellow- 
members with his knowledge of law. On 22 June, 
after taking part, as a member of the Provincial 
congress, in tne overthrow of the authority of the 
royal governor, William Franklin, he was elected 
to the Continental congress. He was impatient of 
delay in passing the Declaration of Independence, 
declaring that "he that will not respond to its 
accents, and strain every nerve to carry into effect 
its provisions, is unworthy the name of freeman," 
and protesting for himself that "although these 
gray hairs must soon descend into the sepulchre, I 
would infinitely rather that they should descend 
thither by the hand of the public executioner than 
desert at this crisis the sacred cause of my country." 
He was a member of the secret committee of con- 
gress whose labors were of supreme importance in 
the prosecution of the war. In November, 1776, he 
was appointed on a committee with two others to 
visit (*en. Washington and confer with him on the 
military crisis, and in December, when congress 
had been driven from Philadelphia to Baltimore, 
he made one of a committee, tne other members 
being Richard Henry I^ee and John Adams, which 
issued a stirring appeal to the people. He was 
also a member of the board of war, and in 1778 
was made a member of the committee on the 
finances. In the following year he distinguished 
himself as a member of the committee to procure 
supplies for the famishing army. He also acted in 
that year on the committee to conduct negotiations 
with the people of Vermont, who were determined 
to organize a new state on the New Hampshire 
grants. In 1779 he resigned his seat in congress on 



account of the expense that was incident to the 
place, and with the desire to devote his attention 
to a revival in the college; but he was persuaded to 
return in 1780. Many of the state papers on the 
emission of a paper currency, the mode of supply- 
ing the army by commission, and other important 
subjects were from his pen, and some of the chief 
measures of congress were initiated by him. Re- 
tiring from congress in 1788, he visited England 
with Joseph Reed, intending to appeal to the peo- 
ple of Great Britain and tne continent for con- 
tributions to the treasury of Princeton college: 
but he found the British so embittered toward the 
people of this country that he refrained from pre- 
senting his object to the public. He did not re- 
sume the work of teaching after the war, but 
occupied himself with the administrative affairs 
of the college and with the cultivation of a farm 
near Princeton till the close of his life. For two 
years before bis death he was blind. The earliest 
publication of Dr. Witherspoon was his " Ecclesi- 
astical Characteristics, or the Arcana of Church 
Policy; being an Humble Attempt to open up the 
Mystery of Moderation," first issued without his 
name (Glasgow, 1753), but afterward avowed in 
"A Serious Apology for the 'Characteristics.'" 
His "Essay on the Connection between the Doc- 
trine of Justification by the Imputed Righteous- 
ness of Christ and Holiness of Life " (Edinburgh, 
1856) was often republished. The publication by 
the Rev. John Home of the tragedy of " Douglas 
drew from him a "Serious Inquiry into the Na- 
ture and Effects of the Stage'' (Glasgow, 1757). 
A sermon entitled " Seasonable Advice to Young 
Persons" (Paisley, 1762), denouncing some young 
men for mocking the sacrament, subjected him 
to a heavy fine ior libel. The first collection of 
his writings, which bore the title of "Essays on 
Important Subjects, with Ecclesiastical Character- 
istics" (8 vols., London. 1704), included an "Essay 
on Regeneration," which was also published sepa- 
rately. " Sermons on Practical Subjects " (Glasgow, 
1768) and " Practical Discourses on Leading Truths 
of the Gospel " (1768) contained nine and fourteen 
homilies, respectively. After coming to this country 
he published single sermons; lectures on philoso- 
phy, eloquence, divinity, and education; an " Essay 
on Money," "Letters on Marriage," philological 
papers in "The Druid," and political essays, one 
of which, entitled " Considerations on the Nature 
and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the 
British Parliament" (Philadelphia, 1774), was 
attributed to Benjamin Franklin. After his death 
appeared a volume containing " Sermons on Vari- 
ous Subjects," and numerous controversial tracts, 
one of which was the " History of a Corporation of 
Servants," satirizing the Church of England, which 
was written before he left Scotland. A collected 
edition of his "Works," with his funeral sermon 
by Rev. Dr. John Rodgers. and a memoir of bis 
life by Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Smith, was edited by 
the Rev. Dr. Ashbel Green (4 vols., New York, 
1800-'l; 9 vols., Edinburgh, 1804). The "Life" 
had already appeared by itself (New York, 1795), 
and was reprinted in an edition of his "Select 
Works" (2 vols., London, 1804). Dr. Green left a 
memoir of Dr. Witherspoon which remains in 
manuscript in the library of the New Jersey his- 
torical society at Newark. A colossal statue of 
Witherspoon was unveiled on 20 Oct., 1876, in 
Fairmount park. Philadelphia, Pa. 

WITHERSPOON, Thomas Dwlght, clergy- 
man, b. in Greensborough, Hale co., Ala., 17 Jan., 
1886. He was graduated at the University of Mis- 
sissippi in 1856, studied theology, and became pas- 



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586 WITHINGTON 

tor of the Presbyterian church at Oxford, Miss. t 
in 1859, was a chaplain in the army of the Confed- 
eracy for the whole duration of the civil war, then 
was settled at Memphis, Tenn., till 1870, when he 
was chosen chaplain of the University of Virginia 
for the usual period of two years. After his in- 
cumbency in that post he took charge of a church 
at Petersburg, Va., which he left in 1882 to be- 
come pastor of one in Louisville, Ky., and at the 
same time chairman of the evangelistic agency of 
the synod. He has been invitea to various pro- 
fessorships and to the presidency of colleges, but 
would not leave the pastorate. l"he University of 
Mississippi gave him the degree of D. D. in 1868, 
and that of LL. D. in 1884. Dr. Witherspoon is 
the author of 41 Children of the Covenant (Rich- 
mond, 1867), and 44 Letters on Romanism " (1877). 

WITHINGTON, Leonard, clergyman, b. in 
Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., 9 Aug., 
1789; d. in Newbury, Mass., 22 April, 1885. He 
was graduated at Yale in 1814, studied theology 
at Andover seminary, was ordained as a Congrega- 
tional minister on 31 Oct., 1816, and acted as pas- 
tor of the 1st church at Newbury till 1858, when 
he retired from the active duties of the ministry, 
though he continued to be connected with the 
church as senior pastor till his death. He received 
the degree of D. D. from Bowdoin in 1850. He 

Imblished, besides numerous sermons, reviews, and 
ectures, 44 The Puritan, a Series of Essavs," under 
the pen-name of 44 John Oldbug, Esq.* (2 vols., 
Boston, 1836), afterward suppressing the edition ; 
44 Penitential Tears, or a Cry from the Dust by the 
Thirty-One" (1845), referring to the protest of Bos- 
ton school-masters against the abolition of corporal 
punishment ; and 44 Solomon's Song Translated 
and Explained," which was the fruit of nearly 
twoscore years of study (1861). 

WlTHllOW, William Henry, Canadian au- 
thor, b. in Toronto, 6 Aug., 1839. He was edu- 
cated at Toronto academy, Victoria college, and 
Toronto university, and was graduated in 1864. 
He entered the ministry of the Methodist church 
in 1864, and was subsequently pastor consecutively 
at Waterford, Montreal, Hamilton, and Niagara. 
In 1874 he was elected editor of the 44 Canadian 
Methodist Magazine" at Toronto, which he has 
since held, ana he is also editor of the Sunday- 
school periodicals of his denomination. He was 
professor of ethics and metaphysics in Wesleyan 
ladies' college at Hamilton in 1873-'4; was a mem- 
ber of the senate of Toronto university in 18*°, 
and of Wesleyan theological college since 188o; 
was elected a fellow of the Royal society of Canada 
in 1884, and in 1882 received the degree of D. D. 
from Victoria university, Cobourg. He has trav- 
elled extensively, and has been identified with the 
cause of temperance in Canada. He has published 
" The Catacombs of Rome, and their Testimony 
relative to Primitive Christianity" (New York, 
1874) ; 44 School History of Canada" (Toronto, 1876) ; 
44 History of Canada '* (Boston, 1878); ''Worthies 
of Early Methodism" (Toronto, 1879); 44 Romance 
of Missions" (1879); 44 The King's Messenger, or 
Lawrence Temple's Probation" (1879); 44 Barbara 
Heck " (1880) ; •• Great Preachers, Ancient and 
Modern * (1880); "Neville Trueman, the Pioneer 
Preacher " (1880) ; 44 A Canadian in Europe " (1881) ; 
"Valeria, the Martyr of the Catacombs" (1881); 
44 Men Worth Knowing" (1883); 44 Life in a Par- 
sonage, or Lights ana Shadows of Itinerancy" 
(1885) ; and 44 The Dominion of Canada, Picturesque 
and Descriptive" (1888). 

W1TSEN, Willem Jacobns, Dutch physician, 
b. in Oesgeet, Holland, in 1739 ; d. near Rotter- 



WOERT 

dam in 1808. He was educated at the University 
of Leyden, and went about 1765 to St. Eustatius, 
W. I., where he practised his profession and formed 
a valuable library. After holding the office of 
health commissioner of the colony, he was trans- 
ferred to Surinam in the same capacity, and 
checked there an epidemic of yellow fever in 
1779-'80, and the Asiatic cholera in 1783. He 
was maintained in his office when the colony was 
captured by the English and retaken by the 
French, and after the conclusion of peace he estab- 
lished a botanical garden in Surinam, and made 
several expeditions into the interior to collect 
medicinal plants. In 1797 he was appointed sur- 
geon-inspector in the home navy department, and 
retired from active service in 1801, settling on an 
estate near Rotterdam, where he died. Among 
his works are 44 Tropiske Medicinske Voorden- 
boek, gefolgden van een Verhandling over medi- 
cinske planten van Quiana " (Rotterdam, 1799), and 
44 De plantarum Guiana* fficonomia" H802). 

WITTE, Nicolas (vit-teh), Flemish missionary, 
known also as Fray Juan de San Pablo, b. in 
Bruges about 1505; d. in Mexico, 21 Oct, 1565. 
It is said that he was a relative of the Emperor 
Charles V., who gave him a high office at court, 
but in 1532 he fled to the convent of San Agustin 
and became a monk, despite the emperors en- 
treaties. As he longed to labor in the New World, 
and had refused several bishoprics, he obtained 
leave in 1543 to go to New Spain. He learned the 
Indian dialects in Mexico, took charge in 1548 o£ 
the missions in the northern provinces, preaching 
in the native languages with remarkable success. 
He was given by the Indians the name of 44 El 
f?oco," which means friend, or protector. Owine 
to his great favor with the emperor, he abolished 
in his missions the enforced labor to which the 
Indians had before been subjected, and, making 
known at court their true condition, succeeded in 
obtaining several imperial decrees, enacting im- 
provements and measures for their welfare, not 
only in Mexico but in the whole of South America. 
He was prior successively of the convents of Chilapa 
and Mexico. Witte left to the convent of Burgos 
a rich library of books about Aztec and Toltec 
monuments. Besides manuscripts that are pre- 
served in the archives of Simancas, and several 
letters published in the recent Spanish state publi- 
cation 44 Cartas de Indias," he wrote 44 Ensayo sobre 
la lengua Mexicana" (Seville, 1561). 

WOEDTKE, Frederick William (vet'-kehl 
Baron de, soldier, b. in Prussia, about 1740; a. 
near Lake George, N. Y., 81 July, 1776. He was 
for many years an officer in the array of Frederick 
the Great, attaining the rank of major. Coming 
to Philadelphia with letters of recommendation 
from friends of America in Paris, he was appointed 
a brigadier-general on 16 March, 1776, ana ordered 
to join the Northern army. He took part, about 
three weeks before his death, in a council of war 
at Crown Point, which decided, against the advice 
of Col. John Stark and others, to evacuate that 
post and fall back on Mount Independence. 

WOERT, or WERT, Jan Jacobus Sebald. 
Dutch navigator, b. about 1550; d. in Holland 
about 1612. He was in the service of the East 
Indian company, when he sailed as rear-admiral 
of the fleet of Jacobus Mahn, which was sent to 
explore the Strait of Magellan, and left Texel in 
June, 1598. The admiral having died at sea in 
September following. Simon Van Cordes succeeded 
in command, and Woert became vice-admiral. Af- 
ter visiting Buenos Ayres and making sounding* 
along the coast of Patagonia, they anchored in 

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WOLCOTT 



WOLCOTT 



587 



April, 1599. at the Pinguin islands, and a few weeks 
later discovered Nassau island, where the admiral 
established his headquarters, while Woert made 
journeys into the interior and had friendly inter- 
course with the natives. They entered the South 
sea on 10 Sept., and the next day Woert's ship 
was carried by a storm back into tho straits. Un- 
able to unito the fleet, ho returned to Nassau isl- 
and, whence he led surveying expeditions along 
the strait, prepared a valuable chart, and dis- 
covered the Sebald islands on 28 Feb., 1000. lie 
reached Amsterdam in tho following June, and 
in 10(4 commanded a new expedition to the Strait 
of Magellan. Some authors assert that he died 
during the journey, but others contend that he 
sailed to the south till he encountered ice-fields. 
Tho clerk of tho expedition wrote a narrative 
of Woert's discovery, which was translated into 
French as 44 Relation do l'expcdition des amiraux 
Jacques Mahn, Simon do Cordcs et Jean Selwild 
Woert, faitc au detroit do Magellan" (Lcyden, 
1003). There is a Latin version by Jan "l^aet, 
which is included in his "Novus orbis, sou dc- 
scriptionis occidental is" (Lcyden, 1033). 

WOLCOTT, Rotfer, colonial governor, b. in 
Windsor, Conn., 4 Jan., 1079; d. in East Windsor 
(then a part of Windsor), Conn., 17 May, 1707. 
The frontier settlement in which he grew" up af- 
forded him no op[M)rtunitiesof early education. At 
the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a weaver, 
and on reaching his majority he established him- 
self in business, and acquired a competence. lie 
was a representative in 1709, became a justice of 
the i>cace in the following year, and in 1711 acted 
as commissary of the Connecticut forces in the ex- 
pedition against Canada. He became a member of 
the council in 1714, judge of the county court in 
1721, a judge of the supreme court in 1732, and 
deputy governor and chief judge of the supreme 
court in 1741. In 1745 he commanded the Con- 
necticut contingent of the forces that were sent by 
the colonies against Louisburg, with the rank of 
major-general, and in the siege of that place was 
second in command under Sir William J'epperell. 
He was elected governor in 1750, and held the 
office till 1754, when he retired from public life, 
and devoted his after-years to literary pursuits and 
religious meditation. He published 44 Poetical Med- 
itations," a small volume of verse (New London, 
1725), containing, with six shorter pieces, a narra- 
tive poem called 44 A Brief Account of the Agency 
of the Hon. John Winthrop in the Court of King 
Charles the Second," which has been reprinted in 
the 44 Collections " of the Massachusetts historical 
society. Some of the other poems are given in 
Charles W. Everest's 44 Poets of Connecticut " 
(New York, 1843) ; and a letter to the Rev. Peter 
Hobart entitled 44 The New England Congrega- 
tional Churches are and always have been Conso- 
ciated Churches " (1761).— His son, Erastlis, sol- 
dier, b. in East Windsor, Conn., 21 Sent., 1722; d. 
there. 14 Sept., 1793. was repeatedly elected to the 
general assembly, and was chosen speaker of the low- 
er house, was a justice of the peace and a judge of 
prolate, and became chief judge of the county court. 
He was sent to Boston in 1775 to observe the 
movements of the British troops. Earlv in 1776 he 
joined Gen. Washington's army before froston with 
a regiment of Connecticut militia, and in the sum- 
mer of that year he garrisoned the forts at New 
London with his men. He was appointed a briga- 
dier-general of militia in 1777, and led the 1st 
brigade of Connecticut troops on the expedition to 
Peekskill, N. Y., and then to Danbury, Conn. He 
was chosen a delegate to the Continental congress, 




but did not serve. After the Revolution he was a 
judge of the supreme court of Connecticut. — 
— Another son, Oliver, signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, b. in Windsor, Conn., 20 Nov., 
1726: d. in Litchfield, Conn., 1 Dec, 1797, was 
graduated at Yale in 1747, and in the same year 
was commissioned as captain by the governor of 
New York, and, rais- 
ing a company of vol- 
unteers, served on the 
northern frontier till 
his regiment was dis- 
banded after the sig- 
nature of the treaty 
of Aix -la- Chapel lc. 
He then studied med- 
icine with his brother, 
Dr. Alexander Wol- 
cott. but in 1751, bo- 
fore he entered into 
practice, he was cho- 
sen sheriff of the new- 
ly organized county 
of Litchfield. He 
was a member of the 
council continuously 
from 1774 till 1780, 
and at the same time 
judge of the county 
court of common pleas, and also judge of probate 
for the Litchfield district many years. He was ac- 
tive in the militia organization, and rose through 
all the grades from a captaincy to the rank of 
major-general. Adhering to the American cause 
from the l>eginning of the Revolutionary troubles, 
he was appointed by the Continental congress in 
July, 1775. one of the commissioners of Indian 
affairs for the northern department, who were in- 
trusted with the task of inducing the Iroquois 
Indians to remain neutral. The Wyoming con- 
troversy between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, 
and. still more, the dispute between the "settlers 
of Vermont and the authorities of the state of 
New York, which endangered the harmonious 
action of the colonies, were compromised largely 
through his exertions. A gilded leaden statue of 
George III., that had been erected on Bowling 
Green in New York city in 1770, was thrown down 
bv the citizens in 17*6, and was taken to Gen. 
Wolcott's place in Litchfield, where his daughters 
and their friends converted the material into cart- 
ridges for the militia. He was elected to the sec- 
ond Continental congress, and took his seat in 
January, 1776, remaining during the debates on 
the Declaration of Independence and until after it 
was adopted. He then returned to Connecticut, 
and was appointed by the governor and council of 
safety to the command of the fourteen regiments 
of Connecticut militia that were sent for the de- 
fence of New York. He organized this force, and 
when it was divided into brigades returned to his 
home, and in November resumed his seat in con- 
gress, which, a month later, was driven from 
Philadelphia, and continued its sessions in Balti- 
more. During the summer of 1777 he was em- 
ployed in organizing bodies of militia, in active 
operations, and in corresponding with other patri- 
ots on military matters. He brought re-enforce- 
ments of several thousand men to the assistance 
of Gen. Israel Putnam on Hudson river, and then 
joined the northern army under Gen. Horatio 
Gates with three or four hundred volunteers, and 
was assigned to the command of a brigade of 
militia which took part in the defeat of Gen. John 
Burgoyne. In February, 1778, he resumed his 



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588 



WOLCOTT 



WOLFE 



place in congress, which was then sitting at York, 
Pa. lie was not elected to the next congress. In 
the summer of 1779, when the British ravaged the 
coast of Connecticut, he took the field at the head 
of a division of militia. In 1780 he was again 
elected a representative in congress, and continued 
a member till 1784, although he did not regularly 
attend the sessions. In 1785 he was appointed one 
of the commissioners of Indian affairs for the 
northern department who negotiated a treaty of 
peace with tne Six Nations. He was elected lieu- 
tenant-governor of Connecticut in 1786, and re- 
elected till 1796, when he was chosen governor, 
which office he held at the time of his death. 
— Olivers son, Oliver, secretary of the treasury, 
b. in Litchfield, Conn., 11 Jan., 1760; d. in New 
York city, 1 June, 1833, was graduated at Yale in 
1778. having in the previous year taken part as a 
militiaman in encounters with the British who at- 
tempted to capture the Continental stores at Dan- 
bury. He studied law at Litchfield, at the same 
time accompanying his father to the coast in 1779 
as a volunteer aid, and discharging later the duties 
of ouarter master at Litchfield. He was admitted 
to the bar in January, 1781, removed to Hartford, 
became a clerk in the financial department of the 
state government, and in 1782 was appointed a 
member of the committee of the pay-table. In 
May, 1784, he was commissioned, witn Oliver Ells- 
worth, to adjust the claims of Connecticut against 
the U. S. government. He was appointed comp- 
troller of public accounts when that office was cre- 
ated in 1788. When 
the National gov- 
ernment was or- 
ganized under the 
new constitution, 
in September, 1789, 
he received the ap- 
pointment of au- 
ditor of the treas- 
ury. He became 
compt roller of the 
treasury in the 
spring of 1791, re- 
taining that office 
in preference to 
the presidency of 
the United States 
bank, which he was 
^ offered on its or- 

=r of in rt 

year. On 2 Feb., 
1795, he succeeded Alexander Hamilton as secre- 
tary of the treasury. He offered his resignation on 
the accession of John Adams to the presidency, but 
was continued in office till 8 Nov., 1800, when he 
peremptorily resigned. He had been subjected to 

fross slanders, his political opponents accusing the 
'ederalist officials of burning the treasury build- 
ings in order to conceal peculations. He therefore 
called for an investigation, and the hostile com- 
mittee of the house of representatives kept alive 
the malicious insinuation by reporting that they 
had obtained no evidence regarding the fire in the 
treasury department that enabled them to form a 
"conjecture satisfactory." President Adams forth- 
with nominated Mr. Wolcott judge of the U. S. 
circuit court for the 2d district, embracing the 
states of Connecticut, Vermont, and New York, 
and the senate shielded his reputation by unani- 
mously confirming the nomination. In 1802 he 
lost his judgeship by the repeal of the judiciary 
act under which he bad been appointed. He then 




engaged in mercantile business in New York city, 
and in 1803 was elected president of the Merchants' 
bank, which, however, soon afterward was de- 
stroyed by the operation of the law known as the 
" restraining act." When the charter of the first 
United States bank expired, Wolcott employed his 
capital in founding the Bank of North America, 
and was chosen its first president, holding the 
office from 1812 till 1814, when he retired, in con- 
sequence of political differences between himself 
ana the directors. He was the Democratic candi- 
date for governor of Connecticut in 1815, and was 
defeated, but in 1817 he was elected, and in the 
same year was a member of the convention that 
framed the new state constitution, and was chosen 
to preside over that body. He was annually re- 
elected to the governorship for ten years. Subse- 
quently he resumed his residence in New York city. 

WOLF, George, governor of Pennsylvania, b. 
in Allen township, Northampton co., Pa., 12 Aug., 
1777; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 March, 1840. He 
was the son of a German emigrant, was educated 
at a classical school, taught for some time, and then 
studied law. Attaching himself to the Republican 
party at the beginning of the administration of 
Thomas Jefferson, he was appointed postmaster at 
Easton, and afterward clerk of the Northampton 
county orphans' court, remaining in that post till 
1809. In 1814 he was elected to the state house 
of representatives. He was elected to congress 
without opposition, taking his seat on 9 Dec, 1823, 
and was returned at the two succeeding elections, 
taking the protectionist side in the debates on the 
tariff, and serving till 3 March, 1829. In that 
year he was elected governor. After inducing the 
legislature to prosecute the construction of canals 
and impose new taxes for the liquidation of debts 
that had already been incurred on account of in- 
ternal improvements, he urged the establishment 
of a general system of common schools, and by 
strenuous efforts accomplished this reform where 
former governors had failed. He was once re- 
elected, serving six years as governor, and was 
then defeated as a candidate for a third term, 
owing to the defection of a part of the Democrats 
who voted for Henry A. Muhlenberg. In the 
following year President Jackson appointed him 
first comptroller of the treasury. He entered on 
the functions of this office on 18 June, 1886. Re- 
tiring on 23 Feb.. 1838, he was in the same year 
appointed collector of the port of Philadelphia, 
and held that office till he died. He was recog- 
nized as the " father of the public-school system " 
by the erection of a memorial gateway at Easton, 
which was unveiled on 29 June, 1888. 

WOLF, Simon, lawyer, b. in Hinzweiler, Ba- 
varia, 28 Oct., 1836. He emigrated to the United 
States at an early a^e, and For several years fol- 
lowed business pursuits, but began to read law, and 
was graduated at the Cleveland law-school in 1861. 
In 1862 he went to Washington, and in 1869 he 
was appointed recorder of deeds for the District of 
Columbia, holding that office until May, 1878. In 
July, 1881, he received the post of consul-general 
in Egypt, which he resigned in May, 1882. He has 
been active in Jewish charitable and educational 
movements, and is a frequent lecturer on social, 
literary, and political topics. 

WOLFE, James, British soldier, b. in Wester- 
ham, Kent, England, 2 Jan., 1727 ; d. near Que- 
bec, Canada. 13 Sept., 1759. He was a son of 
Lieut-Col. Edward Wolfe, an officer distinguished 
for skill and bravery in Marlborough's campaigns. 
James was educated at Greenwich. His military 
life began early, and with such unmistakable en- 



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WOLFE 



WOLFE 



589 




dences of great ability that at the age of sixteen he 
served as adjutant of his regiment in the campaign 
of Dettingcn. In 
the suppression of 
the Scottish re- 
bellion of 1745 he 
served as major 
and deputy quar- 
termaster - gener- 
al, while his father 
was a major-gen- 
eral, commanding 
a division. Pie 
was engaged in 
the Netherlands 
in 1747-'8. on gar- 
rison duty in Scot- 
land and Ireland 
in 1748-*53, and 
in England in 
1753-7. In 1758 
^2 he had reached 

Wtr/fet. d^e e r-^eml! ,n a!rd" 
" commanded one 

of Gen. Jeffrey Amherst's divisions at the siege of 
Louisburg, where he was distinguished for his gal- 
lantry. The next year he was promoted major- 
general, and placed by William Pitt in command 
of the expedition against Quebec. In the latter 
part of June, 1759, he arrived before that city with 
a force of 8,000 men, supported by a powerful 
fleet, and, after erecting batteries at Point Levi and 
the isle of Orleans, he opened fire on the enemy's 
defences, which had been greatly strengthened \>y 
the French commander-in-chief. (See Montcalm.) 
The large ships of war being unable to co-operate 
by reason of their draught, he next took position 
near the mouth of Montmorency river and made a 
bold attack on the French works, which was re- 
pelled with loss. Various other plans were now pro- 
posed by Wolfe, but rejected by his officers. Sir 
Jeffrey Amherst failed to co-operate as had been 
promised, and the approach of winter necessitated 
the speedy departure of the fleet. Wolfe sent 
many desponding messages to Pitt, and the ap- 
pointment of the young general to the command 
was severely criticised in England. As a final plan, 
Wolfe transferred his troops to a point several 
miles above the citv. While reconnoitring the 
precipitous bluffs called the Heights of Abraham, 
on the north shore of the river, he detected the 
cove that is now called by his name, about two 
miles from Quebec, whence a narrow path wound 
up the cliff. Determining to surprise the French 
by this difficult route, he spent a day and a ni^ht in 
preparation, and at one o clock on the morning of 
13 Sept. embarked about 5,000 men in boats, 
which dropped noiselessly down the river to the 
landing-place. By sunrise the entire force had 
completed the ascent, and soon after ten o'clock 
they confronted the French force, which was su- 
perior in numbers but composed chiefly of undis- 
ciplined provincials. After an hour's cannonade 
Montcalm attacked impetuously, but his men were 
driven back in confusion, and Wolfe, pressing to 
the front, ordered the Louisburg grenadiers to 
charge the enemy. While cheering on his men, 
he received two wounds, the second of which 
ended his life, but not until he was assured of the 
defeat of the French. Five days later Quebec sur- 
rendered, and the English became masters of Can- 
ada. Wolfe's remains were carried to England, 
where a monument was erected to him in West- 
minster Abbey. The Massachusetts assembly also 



voted a marble statue of him. A small column 
marks the spot where he fell, and an obelisk sixty 
feet in height has been placed in the government 
gardens at Quebec in his honor and that of his 
enemy Montcalm, who fell in the same battle. 
See Robert Wright's " Life of James Wolfe " (Lon- 
don, 1864), and Francis Parkman's 44 Montcalm 
and Wolfe " (Boston, 1885). 

WOLFE, John David, merchant, b. in New 
York city, 24 Julv, 1792; d. there. 17 May, 1872. 
He was the son of David Wolfe (1758-1836), who 
served during the Revolutionary war as captain in 
a militia company and later as assistant quarter- 
master under Col. Timothy Pickering with the 
army under Gen. Washington. The lx>y was edu- 
cated for a commercial life, and became a success- 
ful hardware-merchant and the head of the firm of 
Wolfe and Bishop. He gave largely to benevolent 
objects, especially for the relief of orphans, nged 
persons, and prisoners, and for the promotion of 
religion and education under the auspices of the 
Protestant Episcopal church. For some time he 
was a vestryman of Trinity, and at the time of 
his death was senior warden of Grace church. Ho 
founded a high-school for girls, known as 44 Wolfe 
hall," at Denver, Col., and a diocesan school for 
girls at Topeka, Kan., gave the building for the 
theological seminary connected with Kenyon col- 
lege, and a fund for the College of the Sisters ol 
Bethany, at Topeka, Kan., built homes for crippled 
and destitute children and for impoverished Chris- 
tian men, in Suffolk county, N. Y., and, with Mrs. 
Peter Cooper, established the Sheltering Arms 
charity in New York city. Mr. Wolfe was asso- 
ciated in the organization of St. Johnland, was its 
first president, and a liberal contributor to its 
support. He was also president of the Working- 
womens' protective union, vice-president of the so- 
ciety of the New York hospital, also an active 
officer in other charitable organizations, and presi- 
dent of the American museum of natural history. 
Mr. Wolfe prepared a "Mission Service." consist- 
ing of suitable portions of the 44 Book of Common 
Prayer," which he had translated into German, 
Spanish, and French, and in all circulated m^re 
than 130,000 copies. See 44 A Memorial of John 
David Wolfe," by Evert A. Duyckinck (New York, 
1872). His wife was Dorothea Ann, a daughter 
of Peter Lorillard. — Their daughter, Catharine 
Lorillard, philanthropist, b. in New York citv, 
28 March, 1828; d. there, 4 April, 1887, inherited 
from her father's 
and grandfather's 
estates a well-in- 
vested fortune of 
about $10,000,000, 
and expended at 
first $100,000, and, 
as her income in- 
creased, as much as 
$250,000, each year 
for benevolent pur- 
poses. She aided 
the charities that 
her father estab- 
lished, carried out 
his design in giv- 
ing a site for the 
Home for incura- 
bles at Fordham, 
N. Y., gave alxmt $100,000 to Union college, $30,- 
000 to St. Luke's hospital. New York citv, and 
$65,000 to St. Johnland on Long Island ; largely 
aided in building the American chapel at Rome, 
and contributed a large sura to the one in Paris ; 




i 



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590 



WOLFF 



WOLSELEY 



established an Italian mission, costing $50,000, and 
a newsboys' lodging-house, and a diocesan house 
which, including its endowment, cost $170,000. 
This was her last act of public charity. She also 
founded or built schools and churches in many 
places in the west and south; added to the funds 
of Alexandria seminary, the American school at 
Athens, Griswold college, and distributed large 
amounts annually among the indigent clergy and 
the deserving poor through the ministers and 
charitable institutions of the Protestant Episcopal 
church. In 1884 she sent an ex{>edition to Asia 
Minor in charge of Dr. William 11. Ward, which 
made im|M>rtant archaeological discoveries. Miss 
Wolfe took special interest in Grace church, of 
which she was a member, ami during her life gave 
to it the chantry, the reredos, a large memorial win- 
dow, and Grace house, all of which amounted to 
over $250,000. By her will she left an endowment 
of $350,000 to that church. Her fondness for art 
was shown in her residence at 13 Madison avenue, 
which was filled with paintings, many of which she 
selected during her visits abroad, and of these Lud- 
wi" Knaus's "Holy Family" and Gabriel Max's 
" The Last Greeting " are the best known. In ad- 
dition to her city house she owned a villa at New- 
port, R. I., that was elegantly furnished, and other 
country houses. Miss Wolfe left her valuable col- 
lection of modern paintings to the Metropolitan 
museum of art, together with $200,000 for its 
preservation and enlargement. 

WOLFF, Bernard Croiise, clergyman, b. in 
Martinsburg, Va., 11 Dec, 1794; d. in Ijancaster, 
Pa., 1 Nov., 1870. He received a classical educa- 
tion at the Chambersburg high -school, studied 
theology at the seminary of the German Reformed 
church at York, Pa., after having carried on busi- 
ness as a mechanic in Martinsburg for thirteen 
years, and l>ecamethe English pastor of the church 
at Easton, Pa., in 1833. In 1845 he left that nlace 
to become pastor of a Reformed church in Haiti- 
more, Md., and in 1854 became professor of didac- 
tic and practical theology in the seminary at Mer- 
cersburg. After retiring from the chair in 1804 he 
removed to Lancaster, and was active and success- 
ful in obtaining contributions for Franklin and 
Marshall college. Rutgers gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1843. He was for several years president 
of the German Reformed board of foreign mis- 
sions, a member of the liturgical committee from 
184!* till 1808, when the liturgy was completed, 
and a frequent contributor to the church publica- 
tions, having begun his literary labors while a 
theological student by editing the " German Re- 
formed Magazine." rte translated for his classes 
Johann II. A. Ebrard's " Christliche Dogmatik," 
and was engaged in preparing the work for publi- 
cation when he died. 

WOLLE, Peter, Moravian bishop, b. on the 
island of St. John, W. I., 5 Jan., 1792; d. in Beth- 
lehem, Pa., 14 Nov.. 1871. His father, a Moravian 
missionary in the West Indies, came to this coun- 
try in 1800, and placed his son in school at Naza- 
reth, Pa. Peter was afterward one of the first 
three graduates of the theological seminary of the 
American Moravian church, and after his ordina- 
tion had charge of the churches at Lancaster, 
Philadelphia, and Lititz. While laboring at Lititz 
he was consecrated to the episcopacy, 26 Sept., 
1845. He was an active member oi the executive 
or governing board of the northern district of the 
church for nearly twenty- five years, and at his 
death was senior bishop "of the Moravian church 
in Europe and America. He possessed a thorough 
knowledge of music, and by direction of the synod 



revised and rearranged the hymn-tunes that are 
now in use in the Moravian churches. — His n*»i»lu>w, 
Francis, botanist, b. in .Jaeol»sbiirg. near Naza- 
reth, Pa., 17 Dec., 1817, was educated in the Mo- 
ravian parochial school in Bethlehem, and then 
became a clerk in his father's store. Subse- 
quently he taught, first at Nazareth hall and 
then in the higher departments of the Moravian 
parochial school in Bethlehem. He became in 
1857 vice-principal of the Moravian seminary for 
young ladies, and in 1801 urincipal of that insti- 
tution, which place he held until 1881. He was 
ordained a clergyman in the Moravian church 
in 1801, but is now retired. In 1852 he patented 
in the United States, and later in France and Eng- 
land, a machine that he devised for making paper 
bags. It was the first of its kind, and covers the 
fundamental principle of the many similar ma- 
chines that are now used. From early boyhood 
he made natural history a study, particularly en- 
tomology, which later gave place to botany. At 
first ho* studied phamogams, then cryptogams, 
especially musci, hepatica?, and finally the fresh- 
water al'gje of the United States. He has con- 
tributed papers on his specialties to the ** Bulletin 
of the Torrey Botanical Club,'* and similar pe- 
riodicals. His works, which are recognized as 
authorities both in this country and abroad, are 
44 Desmids of the United States, and List of Pedi- 
astrums," with 1.100 illustrations bv the author 
(Bethlehem, Pa., 1884), and " The 'Fresh- Water 
Alga? of the United States.*' with 2,300 illustra- 
tions by the author (2 vols.. 1887). 

WOtLEN WEBER, Louis Augn»t, author, b. 
in Speycr, on the Rhine, German v, 5 Dec., 1807 : 
d. in Reading, Pa., 25 July, 1888. lie was educated 
at Speyer for Die trade of a printer, was employed 
at his vocation at Homburg, and was compelled 
to emigrate to this country in consequence of his 
being one of the agitators of the 44 Hambacher 
Volksfest." After his arrival in Philadelphia he 
was first engaged on the "Schnellpost," afterward 
founded a new German paper, * 4 Der Freiniue- 
thige," and subsequently acquired possession of 
the 4 * Demokrat." trie chief German newspaper in 
Philadelphia. In 1853 he sold the "Demokrat," 
and afterward resided in the Lebanon valley and 
in Reading. He was a frequent correspondent of 
the German newspapers, and published "Sketches 
of Domestic Life in Pennsylvania." a collection of 
poems and sketches in the mixed German and 
English of the Pennsylvania Germans (Philadel- 
phia, 1869); 44 Treu bis in den Tod" (1875); and 
44 Zwei treue Kameraden " (1878). 

WOLLEY, Charles, clergyman, b. in Lincoln, 
England, about 1652; the date of his death is un- 
known. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1673, 
sailed for New York, 27 May. 1678, in company 
with Sir Edmund Andros, and was chaplain of 
Fort James there from the date of his arrival till 
1680, when he returned to England. He is said to 
have been afterward settled at Alford, Lincoln- 
shire. He published 44 A Two Years' Journal in 
New York, and Part of its Territories in America M 
(London, 1701), of which a new edition, with copi- 
ous historical and biographical notes, was issued 
by Edmund B. O'Callaghan (New York, I860). 

WOLSELEY, Garnet Joseph, Viscount, Brit- 
ish soldier, b. in Golden Bridge house, near Dub- 
lin, Ireland, 4 June, 1833. He is the son of an 
army officer, and is descended from a Staffordshire 
family. He was educated privately, entered the 
army as ensign in March, 1852, became a captain 
in 1855, major in 1858, and colonel in June, 1865. 
He served in the Burmese war of 1852-'3, in the 



Digitized by Google 



WOOD 



WOOD 



591 



war in the Crimea, was severely wounded at the 
siege of Sebastopol, and received the decoration 
jf the Legion of honor and the Turkish order of 
:he Medjidieh. During the Sepoy mutiny in 1857 
le was at the siege and capture of Lucknow, and 
it the defence of Alumbugh. He was sent to 
L'anada when difficulties arose with the United 
States in consequence of the affair of the ** Trent," 
November, 1801, and afterward visited the Con- 
federate camps. In 1807 he was appointed deputv 
quartermaster - general of Canada, and in 186b 
joinmanded the expeditionary force that was sent 
;o suppress the insurrectionary government of 
fjouis Kiel at Fort Garry, and was knighted for 
lis services. He commanded the troops during 
,he Ashantee war of 1873-'4, and for his success 
»vas promoted a major-general, and received the 
shanks of parliament and £25,000. In April, 1874, 
le was appointed to command the auxiliary forces, 
n 1875 was sent to Natal as administrator of its 
government, and in 1876 was nominated a mem- 
ber of the council of India. In 1878 he was sent 
;o organize the government of Cyprus; in June, 
1879, he returned to Natal, and, as governor of 
Natal and the Transvaal, took charge of the work 
)f organizing a government in Zululand, and con- 
lucted the subsequent campaign against Secoeni. 
Returning in May, 1880, he was appointed quarter- 
naster-general, became adjutant-general of the army 
n April, 1882, and the same year was commander- 
n-chief of the force that was sent to Egypt For 
lis services on this occasion he was gazetted Baron 
Wolseley of Cairo, and of Wolseley in the county 
)f Stafford on 20 Nov., 1882, and he was also pro- 
noted a general in 1882. In 1884-'5 he was com- 
nander-in-chief in Egypt, and conducted the futile 
>perations for the relief of Khartoum, and on his 
•cturn he was made a viscount. He is now adju- 
tant-general of the British army. He has received 
legrees from various colleges, and has published a 
* Narrative of the War with China in 1860" (Lon- 
lon, 1862) ; "The Soldier's Pocket- Book for Field 
Service" (I860); "TheSvstem of Field Manoeuvres 
Dest adapted for enabling our Troops to meet a 
Continental Army" (1872); and "France as a 
Military Power in 1870 and 1878" (1878). 

WOOD, Alphonso, botanist, b. in Chesterfield, 
$. H., 17 Sept., 1810; d. in West Farms, N. Y., 4 
Tan., 1881. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1834, and then studied for a year in Andover theo- 
ogical seminary. Subsequently he taught in Kim- 
>all union academy, Meriden, N. H., until 1849, 
ifter which he followed the practice of civil engi- 
leering for three years. In 1851 he became presi- 
lent of the Ohio female seminary, where he re- 
named until 1857 and then accepted a professor- 
ship in Terre Haute female college. Ind. He was 
;hosen principal of Clinton female seminary in 
Brooklyn, which post he held until 1865, and then 
ifter travelling for a year he settled in 1867 in 
West Farms, N. Y. Prof. Wood made a specialtv 
>f botany and published " Class- Book of Botany, v ' 
)f which 100,000 copies have been sold (Boston, 
1845) ; " First Lessons in Botany " (1848) ; " Leaves 
md Flowers, or Object Lessons in Botanv " (New 
Fork, 1863); "The American Botanist and Flor- 
st " (1870) ; and " Plant Record " (1877). He edit- 
id a translation from the German of " Poetry from 
:he Vegetable World n (Cincinnati, 1853). 

WOOD, Charles, clergyman, b. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 3 June, 1851. He was graduated at Haver- 
ford college, Pa., in 1870, and at the theological 
seminary at Princeton in 1873. He was pastor of 
the Central Presbyterian church, Buffalo, N. Y.. in 
1873-*8, afterward passed a year in study in Ger- 



many, made a tour around the world, and, return- 
ing to this country in November, 1881, became 
pastor of the 4th Presbyterian church, Albany, 
N. Y. In March, 1886, he assumed charge of the 
1st Presbyterian church in Germantown, the sub- 
urb of Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Wood was delegate 
of the Presbyterian church of the United States to 
the general assembly of the Church of Scotland in 
1879. He has been a frequent contributor to peri- 
odical literature, and has published " A Memorial 
of Dr. John C. Lord" (Buffalo, 1878) and "Saun- 
terings in Europe" (New York. 1882). 

WOOD, Charlotte Matilda, actress, b. in Eng- 
land in 1830. She came of an old theatrical family 
named Vining. She married John Wood, and with 
her husband played her first important engagement 
at Manchester, appearing as Audrey to her hus- 
band's Touchstone. Mr. and Mrs. John W T ood 
came to the United States in 1854, and Mrs. Wood 
made her debut in Boston as Gertrude in "A Loan 
of a Lover." In 1859 they visited California, where 
she undertook the management of the San Fran- 
cisco American theatre. There she separated from 
her husband, who died in Vancouver's island, 28 
May, 1863. Returning to New York, Mrs. Wood 
appeared, in May, I860, at the Olympic theatre, to 
which she gave that name, it having previously 
been known as Laura Keene's theatre, of which she 
subsequently became the manager, and remained 
until 1866, when she returned to England, where 
she acted at the Princess theatre in London un- 
der the management of her cousin, George Vin- 
ing. Appearing there in "Barnaby Rudge," she 
was not well received, her audience mistaking her 
for an American, and actors of that nationality 
bein^ then unfavorably regarded by the , English 
public. Since that time Mrs. Wood has played in 
London, where she has also managed several thea- 
tres with success and created many new characters. 
Among her latest successes are the principal char- 
acters in "The Magistrate," " The School- Mistress," 
and " Dandy Dick." On 24 Sept., 1888, she ap- 
peared at the new Court theatre with a comedy 
entitled "Mamma," an adaptation of "Les sur- 

S rises de divorce." On the same evening her 
auehter, Florence, made a successful dibut. 
WOOD, De Volson, engineer, b. in Smyrna, 
N. Y.. 1 June, 1832. He was graduated at the 
Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1857 with the 
degree of C. E., and at once became assistant pro- 
fessor of civil engineering at the University of 
Michigan, where he was made full professor two 
years later. In 1872 he was chosen professor of 
mathematics and mechanics in the Stevens insti- 
tute of technology, Hoboken, and in 1885 he was 
transferred to the chair of engineering, which he 
still retains. Prof. Wood designed an ore-dock 
at Marquette, Mich., in 1866, and has invented a 
rock-drill, a steam-pump, and an air-compressor. In 
1881 he was chosen president of the board of edu- 
cation in Boonton, N. J. The honorary degree of 
A. M. was conferred on him by Hamilton in 1859, 
and that of M. S. by the University of Michigan in 
the same year. Prof. Wood is a member of the 
American "society of civil engineers and of the 
American association for the advancement of sci- 
ence, and corresponding member of the American 
society of architects. He has contributed to 
mathematical and engineering journals and has 
published "Treatise on the Resistance of Materials " 
(New York, 1871); "A Treatise on the Theory of 
the Construction of Bridges and Roofs " (1872) ; 
"The Elements of Analytical Mechanics" (1876); 
"Principles of Elementary Mechanics" (1878); 
"The Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry w (1879); 

Digitized by Google 



592 WOOD 

"The Mechanics of Fluids " (1884) ; "Trigonome- 
try, Analytical, Plane, and Spherical " (1885) ; and 
" Thermodynamics" (1887). 

WOOD, Edmund Burke, Canadian jurist, b. 
near Fort Erie, Ont., 13 Feb., 1820 ; d. in Winni- 
peg, Manitoba, 7 Oct., 1882. He was graduated at 
Oberlin in 1848, studied law, and in 1853 was ad- 
mitted to the Canadian bar as an attorney. In 
1854 he was called to the bar of Ontario, and en- 
tered into partnership with Peter Ball Long. In 
1863 he was elected to parliament as a supporter of 
the Macdonald-Dorion government He sat in the 
house until 1867, when the union of the colonies 
took place. At the first general election afterward 
he presented himself for a seat in the Ontario house 
of assembly. In those days dual representation 
was allowed, and he was elected to a seat in both 
the legislative assembly of Ontario and the house 
of commons of Canada. In July, 1867, Mr. Wood 
entered the Ontario coalition ministry of John Sand- 
field Macdonald as provincial treasurer. He be- 
came an expert financial minister, and his budget 
speeches rank among the best that were delivered 
in the Ontario legislature. In December, 1871, he 
resigned his office, but he continued to sit in the as- 
sembly as a private member. In 1872 he was made 
a queen's counsel, and in the following year was 
elected a bencher of the Law society. In 1873 Mr. 
Wood resigned his seat in the Ontario legislature, 
and, announcing his candidature for the house of 
commons, was returned by acclamation. He held 
his seat until 11 March, 1874, when the Macken- 
zie- Dorion administration appointed him chief jus- 
tice of Manitoba. As a member of the house of 
commons he took part in the attack on Sir John 
A. Macdonald and nis cabinet in the Pacific scan- 
dal question. While treasurer of Ontario he in- 
troduced the scheme for the settlement of the 
municipal loan fund of Upper Canada, and brought 
to a conclusion the financial arbitration between 
Ontario and Quebec provinces consequent on con- 
federation, drafting the award with his own hand. 
In 1871 his popularity and political standing suf- 
fered somewhat in consequence of the charge that 
he had betrayed his leader during the time that 
the fortunes of his government were hanging in 
the balance. He possessed a voice of singularly 
deep notes, and Thomas D'Arcy McGee gave him 
the name of " Big Thunder." As chief justice he 
instituted many important reforms in the legal 

Crocedure of the courts of Manitoba. In the cele- 
rated case of The Queen vs. Ambrose Lepine for the 
murder of Thomas Scott at Fort Garry, during the 
Red river rebellion. Judge Wood's decision was con- 
firmed by the law officers of the crown in England. 
In 1882 an attempt was made in the house of com- 
mons at Ottawa to impeach him on the grounds 
of " misconduct, corruption, injustice, conspiracy, 
partiality, and arbitrariness," and a petition was 
sent to parliament in which these charges were 
preferred. The judge returned an answer of 128 
pages octavo, in which he denied the accusations, 
explained the transactions to which the petitioners 
referred, and assailed the character of his oppo- 
nents. Parliament appointed a special commission 
to deal with the question, but, as the chief justice 
died late in the autumn, the matter was dropped. 

WOOD, Eleazer Derby, soldier, b. in New 
York city in 1783 ; d. near Fort Erie, Upper Cana- 
da, 17 Sept., 1814. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy, 30 Oct, 1806. appointed 2d lieu- 
tenant in the corps of engineers, and assisted in 
the construction of Castle Williams, Governor's 
island, N. Y., and Fort Norfolk, Va. In the war 
with Great Britain he conducted the defence of 



WOOD 



Fort Meigs during its siege, was engaged in the 
sortie of 5 May, 1818, and was in command of the 
artillery at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct. fol- 
lowing. He was appointed acting adjutant-gen- 
eral to Gen. William Henry Harrison in October, 

1813, was transferred to tne Northern army in 

1814, and engaged in all the events of that cam- 
paign, including the capture of Fort Erie on 3 
July and the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, and 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for bravery at the 
last-named action. After the battle of Niagara 
the A merican army fell back to Fort Erie. Col. 
Wood, in command of the 21st infantry, partici- 
pated in the repulse of the assault on this fort, 15 
Aug., 1814, ana was killed in a sortie a few days 
afterward. Wood county, Ohio, which contains 
the site of Fort Meigs, and Fort Wood on Bedlow's 
island, New York harbor, were named in his honor. 
Gen. Jacob Brown erected a handsome monu- 
ment to his memory at West Point 

WOOD, Fernando, mayor of New York city, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 June, 1812 ; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 14 Feb.. 1881. He was of Quaker 
descent, and went to New York city in 1820, where 
he early entered business and became a shipping- 
merchant From the time that he attained his 
majority he was active in public matters, and at- 
tracted notice by his writing and speaking. In 
1839 he was chairman of the chief young men's 
political organization in New York city, ana a year 
later he was elected as a Democrat to congress, 
serving from 31 May, 1841, till 3 March, 1843. On 
the expiration of his term he returned to his busi- 
ness, which occupied his attention until his retire- 
ment in 1850. He was then nominated by the 
Democratic party for the mayoralty of New York 
city, but was defeated by a combination of the 
Whig and Know-Nothing parties. He was a suc- 
cessful candidate in 1854, at a time when the city 

government was in a state of demoralization, and 
e at once devised a municipal system to secure 
good government Various reforms were intro- 
duced and were received with such satisfaction 
that he was re-elected by the better element of 
both parties in 1856. During the winter of 1856-*7 
a bill was passed by the state legislature depriving 
the mayor of all control of the police, and abol- 
ishing the municipal force. Acting by advice of 
the counsel of the corporation and of Charles 
O'Conor, he refused to recognize the change, and 
endeavored to maintain the municipal police, for 
which the authority had been in existence for 200 
years. The metropolitan police was organized, 
and a collision between the two forces occurred, 
resulting in a serious riot (See Matsell, George.) 
Ultimately the municipal police went out of exist- 
ence, and at the ensuing election Mr. Wood was 
defeated. He was again elected in 1859, and in 
January, 1861, when the question of secession was 
foremost, recommended that New York secede and 
become a free city. Mr. Wood then returned to 
congress and served from 7 Dec, 1868, till 3 March, 
1865. After a year in Europe he was re-elected 
to congress and served from 4 March, 1867, till 
8 March, 1877.— His brother, Benjamin, journal- 
ist, b. in Shelbvville, Ky., 13 Oct, 1820, received a 
common-school education, and early became self- 
supporting. In the capacity of a supercargo, he 
went to the West Indies and Central America. 
Subsequently he engaged in business in New York 
city, and in 1860 he purchased the " Daily News" 
and became its editor. He supported Stephen A. 
Douglas in his canvass for the presidency m 1860, 
becoming chairman of the committee of editors 
that met in the Astor house. Mr. Wood was elect- 



Digitized by Google 



WOOD 



ed to congress in the same year and served, with 
re-election, from 4 July, 1861, till 8 March, 1865. 
Throughout his career in Washington he persist- 
ently opposed the continuation of the civil war, 
and his conduct in that respect led to the prefer- 
ring of charges against him in the house, with the 
result that the matter was referred to a committee 
lor consideration ; but no action was taken in the 
matter. His paper was suppressed for eighteen 
months during tne first years of the war. On 29 
April, 1867, he began its publication as an evening 
journal, at the price of one cent a copy. It was 
the first daily to be issued at that price after the 
war, and it attained the largest circulation of any 
journal in the United States, and the third largest 
of any daily paper in the world. In March, 1876, 
he founded the " New Yorker Ta^es-Nachrichten," 
a German evening paper, which is still continued, 
and previously he established the " New York Sun- 
day News." Mr. Wood is the author of " Fort La- 
fayette, or Love and Secession " (New York, 1862). 

WOOD, (from, lawyer, b. in Chesterfield, Bur- 
lington co., N. J., 17 Jan., 1789 ; d. in New York 
city, 17 March, 1860. He was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1808, and, after studying law with Richard 
Stockton, was admitted to the bar in 1812. Set- 
tling in New Brunswick, he soon rivalled his pre- 
ceptor, and he has been referred to as the ablest 
lawyer that his state ever produced. His power 
of analogical reasoning was very striking, and he 
had the faculty of so stating a question as to make 
the mere statement an argument in itself. The 
law of this country on charitable devises was in a 
great degree unsettled in his time, but Mr. Wood 
was able to elucidate that subject in such a manner 
as to form a guide for the decisions and learning 
of this country. In 1831 he went to New York 
city, where he took a high rank among lawyers, 
ana he was engaged in chief cases not only there 
but throughout the United States. In his later 
years his efforts were much directed toward the 
maintenance of sound government principles, and 
to the preservation of the constitution in its integ- 
rity. On one occasion, when William C. Preston, 
of South Carolina, was about to argue an important 
case in the U. S. supreme court, Daniel Webster 
asked him who was on the other side. Preston 
replied that it was a man from New York, whose 
name he could not recall, and said, " a sleepy-look- 
ing fellow named Wood, I think." " If it is George 
Wood," said Webster. " I advise you to look out 
how you wake him up." The degree of LL. D. was 
conferred upon him by Hamilton college in 1842 
and by Union in 1845. 

WOOD, George, author, b. in Newburvport, 
Mass., in 1799 ; d. in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 24 
Aug., 1870. He studied under Samuel L. Knapp, 
and removed with his mother and family to Alex- 
andria, Va., in 1816. He was a clerk in the war 
department in 1819-*22, and in the treasury in 
18&2-'45, after which he removed to New York, 
but returned to Washington, resumed his clerical 
labors in the treasury department, and became 
chief of the navigation division. Mr. Wood con- 
tributed to the "Knickerbocker Magazine" in 
1846-*7, and to the " National Era," of Washington, 
and other periodicals. He published "Peter 
Schlemihl in America" (Philadelphia, 1848); "The 
Modern Pilgrim : showing the Improvements in 
Travel, with the Newest Methods ox Reaching the 
Celestial City" (2 vols., Boston, 1855); "Marrying 
Too Late : a Tale " (New York, 1856) : and " Future 
Life, or Scenes in Another World" (1858). On 
the publication of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's " Gates 
Ajar," Mr. Wood's last-named book was reissued 
vol. vi. — 88 



WOOD 693 

with the title "The Gates Wide Open" (Boston, 
1869), and four editions were sold in one week. 

WOOD, George Bacon, author, b. in Green- 
wich, Cumberland co., N. J., 13 March, 1797 ; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 80 March, 1879. His parents 
were members of the Society of Friends. He re- 
ceived his early education in the city of New York, 
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1815, and in medicine in 1818, and in 1820 de- 
livered a course of lectures on chemistry in Phila- 
delphia. He was professor of chemistry in the 
Philadelphia college of pharmacy in 1822-'81, of 
materia inedica in 1831-*5, held the same chair in 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1885-'50, and 
that of the theory and practice of medicine in that 
institution from 1850 till 1860. when he resigned. 
He was eminently successful as a lecturer, and 
while in the chair of materia medica exhibited to 
the students many specimens of rare living tropi- 
cal and other exotics, which he had secured at 
great expense, and of which he had occasion to 
treat in his lectures. In 1865 he endowed an 
auxiliary faculty of medicine in the University of 
Pennsylvania composed of five chairs— zoology and 
comparative anatomy, botany, mineralogy and ge- 
ology, hygiene, and medical jurisprudence and toxi- 
cology—and by will he endowed the Peter Hahn 
warn of the University hospital. He was physician 
in the Pennsylvania hospital in 1835-'5», became 

? resident of the American philosophical society in 
859, and was for many years president of the Col- 
lege of physicians of Philadelphia. With Franklin 
Bache, M. D., he published " The Dispensatory of the 
United States" (Philadelphia, 183$. Of this work 
150,000 copies were sold during Dr. Wood's life- 
time, the royalty to the authors being about $155,- 
000. He also published " A Treatise on the Prac- 
tice of Medicine" (2 vols., 1847); "A Treatise on 
Therapeutics and Pharmacology, or Materia Medi- 
ca" (a vols., 1856); "Introductory Lectures and 
Addresses on Medical Subjects " (1859) ; and, of 
lesser works, " History of the University of Penn- 
sylvania " (Philadelphia, 1827) ; " Memoir of Samu- 
el G. Morton " (1853) ; and " Memoirs of Franklin 
Bache " (1865).— His nephew, Horatio C, physi- 
cian, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Jan., 1811, was 
graduated at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1862, and established 
himself in practice in Philadelphia, making special- 
ties of therapeutics and nervous diseases. In 1866 
he was appointed professor of botany in the aux- 
iliary medical faculty of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, but in 1876 he relinquished this depart- 
ment to accept the chair of therapeutics. In 1875 
he had been made clinical professor of diseases of 
the nervous system. The last-mentioned charges 
he still retains. In 1879 he was elected to the 
National academy of sciences. He was visiting 
physician of the Philadelphia hospital in 1872-'87, 
ana to St. Agnes's hospital in 1886, and has held 
the same relation to the University hospital since 
1870. He has published " Experimental Researches 
in the Physiological Action of Nitrite of Amyl," 
for which he received the Warren prize from the 
Massachusetts general hospital in 1871 ; also me- 
moirs on "The Myriapoda of North America" 
(1865); "On the Phalangidae of North America" 
(1868) ; " The Fresh- Water Alg» of North A merica " 
(1872) ; and " Fever, a Study in Morbid and Normal 
Physiology " (1880). The two last-mentioned were 
issued by the Smithsonian institution. Dr. Wood 
edited "}few Remedies "in 1870-'8: "The Phila- 
delphia Medical Times" in 1878-'80; and since 
1884 has conducted "The Therapeutic Gazette." 
He was also an editor of the " U. S. Dispensatory " 

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594 wood 

(14th ed., Philadelphia, 1883 et aeqX He has also 
published " Researches upon American Hemp," for 
which a special prize was awarded by the Ameri- 
can philosophical society ; *' Thermic Fever, or Sun- 
stroke " (Philadelphia, 1872), for which he received 
the Boylston prize from Harvard university in 
1872 ; " Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeu- 
tics" (1875 ; 7th ed., 1888); " Brain- Work and Over- 
work" (1879); and "Nervous Diseases and their 
Diagnosis" (1886). 

WOOD, Isaac, physician, b. in Clinton, Dutchess 
co., N. Y.,21 Aug., 1793; d. in Norwalk, Conn., 
25 March, 1868. In 1803 his father removed to 
New York city, establishing there a book-store and 
publishing-house. Isaac studied medicine with 
Dr. Valentine Seaman, spent the years 1814-*16 in 
the New York hospital, and in 1816 received his 
diploma from the medical department of Queen's 
(now Rutgers) college, N. J. He was one of the 
physicians of the New York dispensary till 1825, 
ana resident physician of Bellevue hospital from 
1826 till 1833, when he resigned. In 1832-'3, dur- 
ing the prevalence of cholera in New York, he kept 
his post, and was attacked by the disease, from 
whose effects he did not fully recover for Ave years. 
Dr. Wood was an active member of the Society for 
the reformation of juvenile delinquents, of which 
his father and elder brother were the principal 
founders. He was for twenty-five vears one of the 
most active managers of the New Vork institution 
for the blind, one of the founders and subse- 
quently president of the Society for the relief of 
the widows and orphans of physicians, and a 
founder and twice president of the New York 
academy of medicine. For many years he was 
president of the Bellevue hospital medical board, 
and he was connected with other institutions and 
societies, including the Sanitary commission dur- 
ing the civil war. He had a high reputation as an 
ophthalmic surgeon. 

WOOD, James, governor of Virginia, b. in 1750 ; 
d. at Olney, near Richmond, Va., 16 July, 1813. 
His father, Col. James Wood, was the founder of 
Winchester, Va., and clerk of Frederick county. In 
1774 the son was commissioned bv Lord Dun more 
a captain of Virginia troops, ana in 1775 he was 
elected to the house of burgesses from Frederick 
county. In July of that year he went on a mis- 
sion from the state of Virginia to the western 
Indians, accompanied by a single companion, to 
invite them to a treatv at Fort Pitt. Trie courage 
that he displayed on this mission won the admira- 
tion of the savages, and he accomplished his ob- 
ject The house of burgesses, of which he was a 
member in 1776, appointed him on 12 Nov., 1776, a 
colonel in the Virginia line, commanding the 8th 
regiment. He served with gallantry during the 
early part of the Revolutionary war. When Bur- 
goyne s captured army was quartered at Charlottes- 
ville, Va., in 1778, Col. Wood was appointed to the 
command of that post. In 1781 he was made super- 
intendent of all the prisoners of war in Virginia, 
and in 1788 the governor of the state commis- 
sioned him a brigadier-general of state troops. He 
was also for several years a member of the Virginia 
council, and by seniority in that body the lieu- 
tenant-governor of the state. In 1789 he was one 
of the presidential electors for Virginia when the 
vote of that state was cast for George Washing- 
ton. He was elected governor of Virginia, 1 Dec., 
1796, serving until 1 Dec., 1799, when he was suc- 
ceeded by James Monroe. Wood county (now in 
West Virginia) was named in honor of his public 
services, which covered a period of more than 
twenty-five yean. Gov. Wood was the vice-presi- 



WOOD 



dent in 1797, and in 1801 president of the Socie- 
ty for promoting the abolition of slavery in Vir- 
ginia. He became a member of the Virginia branch 
of the Society of the Cincinnati, 9 Oct.. 1784, was 
elected vice-president of the same, 4 Dec., 1789, and 
became president, 17 Jan., 1802, serving in this 
office until his death in 1813.— His wife, Jean 
Moncure, b. in Virginia in 1754 ; d. in 1823, mar- 
ried Gov. Wood in 1775. She was the daughter of 
the Rev. John Moncure, a clergyman of the Church 
of England in Virginia, and a native of the parish 
of Kinoff, Scotland. She was possessed of much 
poetic ability. Christian zeal, and loveliness of 
character. The later years of her life were spent 
in deeds of Christian benevolence. She was active 
in organizing the Female humane association of 
Richmond, which was incorporated in 1811, and 
was its first president Many examples of her po- 
etic talent occurred in the publications of her day, 
and the most elegant verses from her pen were 
published in a volume entitled "Flowers and 
Weed? of the Old Dominion " (1859). 

WOOD, James, educator, b. in Greenfield, Ul- 
ster co., N. Y., 12 July, 1799; d. in Hightstown, 
Mercer co., N. J., 7 April, 1867. He was graduated 
at Union college in 1822, and studied at Princeton 
theological seminary. He preached at Wilkesbarre 
and Kingston, Pa., in 1825-'6, and, after being or- 
dained in the latter year, he held the jointpastor- 
ate of Amsterdam and Veddersburg, N. Y., from 
1826 till 1834. The next five years he served as 
an agent of the board of education of the Presby- 
terian church, and he was professor in the Theo- 
logical seminary of the northwest from 1839 till 
1851, while that institution was located at Hanover 
and New Albany, Ind. The following three years 
he was again an agent of the board of education, 
and in 1854-*9 he was its associate secretary. In 
1859 he became president of Hanover college, Ind., 
and held the office until 1866, when he resigned to 
become principal of the Van Rensselaer institute 
at Hightstown, N. J., a school for the education of 
the children of missionaries. Dr. Wood took high 
rank among the clergymen of his denomination. 
His sound judgment, amiable temper, extensive 
learning, and great energy made his influence 
widely felt. In an able work, entitled u Old and 
New Theology" (1855), he gave the fullest ex- 
hibition of the reasons that led to the disruption 
of the Presbyterian church, and its division into 
Old and New School, that has ever been published. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Marion col- 
lege, Mo., in 1841. In 1864 he was moderator of 
the general assembly. He is also the author of 
"A Treatise on Baptism" (1850); "Call to the 
Sacred Office" (Philadelphia, 1857); "The Best 
Lesson and Best Time " ; " The Gospel Fountain " 
(1859); and "Grace and Glory" (1860). 

WOOD, James Frederic, archbishop, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 27 April, 1818 ; d. there, 20 June. 
1888. His father, an Englishman who had settled 
in this country, carried on the business of an im- 
porter. The child was sent in his eighth year to 
nis English relatives in Gloucester, where for five 
years he attended the free-school of St Mary de 
Crypt. In his fifteenth year he left Philadelphia 
for Cincinnati, where he had been appointed clerk 
in a branch of the U. S. bank, and in 1888 he be- 
came teller in the Franklin bank of that city, and 
in 1836 its cashier. He was received into the 
Roman Catholic church in April, 1886, by Arch- 
bishop Purcell, and a few months later resigned 
his post in the bank and went to Rome to study 
for the priesthood. In the College of the prop- 
aganda, where he remained nearly seven years. 



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WOOD 



WOOD 



595 




the authorities appointed him prefect of dis- 
cipline. After his ordination in 1844 he returned 
to Cincinnati, where he acted as assistant rector 
in the cathedral for ten years, and in 1854 he was 
appointed to the pastorate of St. Patrick's. In 
1867 he was con- 
secrated bishop of 
Oratianopolis in 
partibu8,&nd after- 
ward he was trans- 
ferred to Philadel- 
phia, his native 
city, where he was 
to act as coadjutor 
to Bishop Neu- 
mann with the 
right of succes- 
sion. The Phila- 
delphia diocese at 
that time had 
hastily undertak- 
en more than it 
seemed likely to 
be able to accom- 
plish, and financial difficulties were producing 
apathy. Many institutions for religion, education, 
and benevolence, a magnificent cathedral among 
the number, had been begun, but their expense, so 
far cheerfully borne, was beginning to be severely 
felt by the Roman Catholic population. As a con- 
sequence, many of the buildings had been stopped 
altogether, and the others were advancing in a 
slow and half-hearted way. But from the moment 
of Bishop Wood's arrival things began to improve. 
Instead of waiting for the completion of the cathe- 
dral to form its parish, he called a very strong one 
into instant existence by simply erecting a large 
but inexpensive cathedral chapel, thus securing 
immediate and permanent financial aid. which he 
then gradually augmented by general collections. 
Bishop Neumann dying in 1860, his successor could 
devote himself with still greater efficiency to the 
wants of the diocese. The cathedral was hardly 
finished in 1864 when the foundation was laid at 
Overbrook of the Seminary of St. Charles, the cost 
of which, $500,000, was fully justified by the de- 
mands for pastors that were made by new churches. 
Many other institutions — educational, charitable, 
or religious — were either auspiciously be^un or 
brought to a successful issue during his administra- 
tion. He was taken away from his ordinary duties 
three times by orders to present himself at rtome — 
in 1862 to assist at the canonization of the Japanese 
martyrs, in 1867 to celebrate the 1800th anniver- 
sary of St. Peter and St. Paul, and in 1869 to take 
active part at the Vatican council. In 1871, the 
flourishing state of the diocese making a division 
necessary, several episcopal districts were formed, 
over which he was created archbishop in 1875. In 
1880 he assisted at the Baltimore provincial coun- 
cil, and in 1882 the twenty-fifth anniversary of 
his elevation to the bishopric was celebrated en- 
thusiastically. His health was now feeble, yet he 
allowed himself little or no relaxation from his 
numerous duties. Among his favorite projects 
had been that of providing the cathedral with a 
grand altar, decorating the interior in befitting 
style, and then paying off the debt. Most of this 
he had successfully accomplished when death put 
a sudden end to his labors. He was noted for his 
knowledge of sanitary laws as applicable to the con- 
struction of new buildings, and no Roman Catholic 
institution was erected without this subject re- 
ceiving his careful consideration. He was espe- 
cially nostile to the introduction of political issues 



from other countries into the United States, and 
the stand he took on this question sometimes cre- 
ated discontent among his flock. 

WOOD, James Rnshmore, surgeon, b. in Mn- 
maroneck, Westchester co., N. Y., 14 Sept., 1816 ; 
d. in New York city, 4 May, 1882. He was the son 
of a Quaker merchant. Alter studying medicine in 
New York city, and at the Castleton, Vt., medical 
college, he was graduated at the latter institution in 
1834, and appointed demonstrator of anatomy. Soon 
afterward he began the practice of medicine in his 
native city, and in 1847 he became a member of the 
medical board of Bellevue hospital, New York. 
At that time this institution was a receptacle for 
lunatics, paupers, criminals, and other victims of 
a depraved life. The most rudimentary hygienic 
laws were grossly violated in its management, and 
the nursing was inefficient and untrustworthy. 
With the assistance of Morris Franklin, president 
of the board of aldermen, Dr. Wood set about re- 
forming this state of things, and labored so suc- 
cessfully that he soon reduced the annual death- 
rate by 600. He also made all the post-mortem 
examinations, amounting to many hundreds yearly, 
established Saturday surgical clinics, and founded 
the Wood prize for the best anatomical dissection. 
In 1847 Dr. Wood began to collect material, with 
the intention of founding a museum, and this col- 
lection, together with the accumulated specimens 
of twenty years' practice, he presented in 1856 to 
the commissioners of public cnarities and correc- 
tions. This, with later additions, constitutes the 
44 Wood museum," which Dr. Willard Parker has 
styled "the grandest monument ever erected to 
any surgeon in this country." In 1857 Dr. Wood 
was mainly instrumental in procuring the passage 
by the legislature of the dissecting bill, which pro- 
vided that the bodies of all unclaimed vagrants 
should be given for dissection to the institutions in 
which medicine and surgery are taught. It took 
four years to secure the enactment of this law, and 
so great was the public prejudice against it that it 
finally passed by only one majority. In 1861 Dr. 
Wood, in association with many physicians and 
surgeons of the metropolis, and under the auspices 
of the almshouse commissioners, founded Bellevue 
hospital medical college. The same year he was 
called to occupv the chair of operative surgery and 
surgical pathology in that institution, which he 
held until his death, being made professor emeritus 
in 1868. Dr. Wood paid especial attention to the 
bones and their growth, and succeeded in establish- 
ing beyond dispute the fact of a second growth of 
bone bv separating the periosteum from the ne- 
crosed Done and carefully enucleating it. In his 
anatomical and pathological museum he had on 
exhibition an entire jaw that he had removed for 
phosphor-necrosis, and also a second jaw that had 
attached itself to the skull of a patient who had 
been operated upon and had subsequently died of 
another disease. In fact, he had specimens to show 
the reproduction of almost every bone in the human 
body. Among his other successful operations were 
the tying of both carotids in the same patient for 
malignant disease of the antrum, placing the liga- 
ture on the subclavian on several occasions, and 
tying the external iliac artery. Dr. Wood was also 
surgeon to St. Vincent's hospital and to the New 
York ophthalmic dispensary. He was a member 
of many medical ana other learned associations, 
and twice president of the New York pathological 
society. Besides papers on " Strangulated Hernia " 
(1845), "Spontaneous Dislocation of the Head of 
the Femur into the Ischiatic Notch" (1847), and 
an essay on 44 Medical Education " (1848), he pub- 



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596 wood 

lished "Ligature of the External Iliac Artery fol- 
lowed by Secondary Haemorrhage " and •* Phosphor- 
Necrosis of the Liower Jaw " (1856), and " Early 
History of Ligation of the Primitive Carotid." 

WOOD, John, author, b. in Scotland about 
1775 ; d. in Richmond, Va., in May, 1822. He was 
residing in Switzerland in 1798 at the time of the 
French invasion. On returning home, he became 
in the following year master of the Edinburgh 
academy for the improvement of arts in Scotland. 
About 1800 he emigrated to the United States. In 
1806 he edited the Western World " in Kentucky, 
and in 1817 he had charge of "The Atlantic 
World," a paper published at Washington, D. C. 
He subsequently resided at Richmond, Va,, where 
he was employed in. making county maps. He 
published, Desides other works, " General View of 
the History of Switzerland" (Edinburgh, 1799); 
" Letter to A. Addison, Esq., in Answer to his 
4 Rise and Progress of Revolution ' " (Philadelphia, 
1801); "Full Exposition of the Clintonian Fac- 
tion, and the Society of the Columbian lllumi- 
nati " (Newark, 1802) ; " History of the Administra- 
tion of John Adams " (New York, 1802 ; suppressed 
by Aaron Burr ; new ed., with notes and appendix 
by John Henry Sherburne, Philadelphia, 1846) ; 
"Narrative of the Suppression, by Col. Burr, of 
the 'History of the Administration of John 
Adams,' with a Biography of Jefferson and Hamil- 
ton" (1802); "Full Statement of the Trial and 
Acquittal of Aaron Burr" (Alexandria, 1807); 
and " New Theory of the Diurnal Rotation of the 
Earth " (Richmond, 1809). Of the " History of 
the Administration of John Adams " James Par- 
ton, in his " Life of Aaron Burr," says : " Stu- 
pidity, Ignorance, and Falsehood combined their 
several powers in the production of this indigested 
mass oi tedious lies." Mr. Wood's statements 
were also traversed in " Antidote to Johu Wood's 
Poison " (Philadelphia, 1802). 

WOOD, John, pioneer, b. in Moravia, Cayuga 
co., N. Y., 20 Dec., 1798; d. in Quincy, 111., 4 June, 
1880. . He emigrated to Illinois in 1819, and in 
1822 built the first cabin on the site of the present 
city of Quincy, living in it alone during one win- 
ter. In 1825 he secured the laying out of Adams 
county, of which Quincy is the county-seat. For 
the succeeding sixty years he was the foremost 
figure in all matters relating to the city that he 
founded and made his home. He served as town 
trustee from 1834 till 1840, was many times alder- 
man, and seven times mayor. In 1850 he was 
elected to the state senate, where he sat till 1854. 
In 1856 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and he 
succeeded to the governorship in 1859. He had 
enlisted in the Black Hawk war in 1832, and at 
the beginning of the civil war he was appointed 
quartermaster-general of Illinois. In 1861 he was 
sent as a delegate to the Peace conference at Wash- 
ington, and in 1864 was elected colonel of the 
137th Illinois volunteers. Gov. Wood was one of 
the few men who, from the outset, comprehended 
the scoj>e of the coming struggle. On being ques- 
tioned by Gov. Richard J. Ogiesby as to whether 
a call for 75,000 men for three months' service 
would be sufficient, he replied : " I know these 
people, their attachment to slavery, and the deep 
feeling that actuates them. . . . They will fight 
long and desperately. What we want, and want 
now, and must have, for it will take it all— I know 
it will— is 500,000 men and $500,000,000." After 
taking the field, Col. Wood was placed in com- 
mand of a brigade at Memphis, where he was 
stationed at the time of Gen. Nathan B. Forrest's 
raid on that city. As quartermaster-general he 



WOOD 

made frequent visits to the armies both in Virginia 
and in the southwest, giving personal attention to 
the wants of the various Illinois regiments. He 
was strongly anti-slavery in sentiment, and more 
than any one man in northwestern Illinois is said 
to have contributed to the casting of the vote in 
that region against the slave-state scheme of the 
convention of 1824. His townsmen dedicated a 
monument to his memory on 4 July, 1883. 

WOOD, Joseph, patriot, b. in Pennsylvania : d. 
in Sunbury, Ga.. in 1789. During the early part 
of the Revolutionary war he saw service with the 
2d Pennsylvania regiment and rose to the rank of 
colonel. In 1776 he was on duty in Canada. To- 
ward the close of that year he removed to Georgia 
and settled in St. John s parish (afterward Liberty 
county), where he became a planter and was elected 
a member of the council of safety. In 1777-*9 Col. 
Wood represented Georgia in the Continental con- 
gress, for which he was placed on the list of citi- 
zens that were disqualified by act of the Tory gen- 
eral assembly of the state on 6 July, 1780, during 
the British occupation. In this document he is 
stigmatized as a •* member of the rebel congress." 
Col. Wood was a man of unblemished character 
and held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens. 

WOOD, Reuben, lawyer, b. in Rutland county, 
Vt., in 1792 ; d. in Rock port, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 
2 Oct, 1864. He served in the war of 1812 as 
captain of Vermont volunteers, and, after studying 
law and being admitted to the bar, began to prac- 
tise in Cleveland, Ohio. From 1825 till 1828 he 
was a member of the state senate. In 1830 he was 
appointed president- judge of the 3d district, and 
in 1833 he became judge of the state supreme 
court, which office he held until 1845. In 1849 he 
was elected governor by the Democrats, and he 
was re-elected in 1850, when the new constitution 
went into effect In 1852 the Democratic national 
convention discussed the nomination of Gov. Wood 
for the presidency, but finally united upon Frank- 
lin Pierce. In 1S&3 he was appointed U. S. consul 
at Valparaiso, and he resided tnere eighteen months, 
when ne resigned and retired from public life. 

WOOD, Samuel Casey, Canadian merchant, b, 
in Bath, Lennox co., Ont., 27 Dec, 1830. His fa- 
ther, Thomas Smith Wood, was formerly of Sara- 
toga Springs, N. Y. The son was educated at 
various common schools, and taught three years, 
when he embarked in trade, taking a situation in 
a country store. Later he opened an establishment 
on his own account in Mariposa, Victoria co., and 
subsequently became clerk of the township coun- 
cil. From 1860 till 1876 he held the post of county 
clerk and county treasurer. He was chairman of 
the high-school "board in Lindsay, Ont, and was 
the representative.of the public-school inspectors 
in the council of public instruction. On 25 Feb., 
1871, he entered the legislative assembly of Ontario, 
in the Liberal interest, as member for South Vic- 
toria, and the premier, Oliver Mowat invited him 
in July, 1875, to enter his government as secretary, 
registrar, and commissioner of agriculture. In 
March, 1877, on a readjustment of the portfolios, 
he assumed the departments of finance and agri- 
culture. In March, 1883. he retired from public 
life altogether. He was chairman of the Ontario 
agricultural commission of 1881, and two years 
later accepted the office of manager of the Free- 
hold loan and savings company. 

WOOD, Silas, legislator, b. in Suffolk county, 
N. Y., in 1769; d. in Huntington, N. Y., 2 March, 
1847. He was graduated at Princeton in 1789. and 
during the succeeding five years was a tutor there. 
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 



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WOOD 



WOOD 



597 




began practice at Huntington, N. Y. lie was after- 
ward elected to congress as a Democrat, serving 
from 6 Dec., 1819, till 3 March, 1829. He is the 
author of 44 Sketch of the First Settlement of the 
Several Towns on Long Island, with their Politi- 
cal Condition to the End of the American Revolu- 
tion " (Brooklyn, 1824 ; with a biographical memoir 
and additions by Alden J. Spooner, 1865). 

WOOD, Thomas John, soldier, b. in Munford- 
ville. Ky., 25 Sept., 1823. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1845, assigned to the 
topographical engineers, and then transferred, at 
his own request, to the 2d dragoons, becoming a 2d 
lieutenant there 
on 2 Dec., 1840. 
He took part in 
the war with Mex- 
ico, being present 
at the battles of 
Palo Alto, Mon- 
terey, and Buena 
Vista, served sub- 
sequently in Lou- 
isiana and Texas, 
as aide-de-camp to 
Gen. William S. 
Harney in 1848-'9, 
and as adjutant of 
the 2d dragoons 
till 1854. He was 
promoted in suc- 
cession to 1st lieu- 
tenant in 1851, and to captain in the 1st cavalry in 
1855, serving in Kansas during the border troubles 
and on the Utah expedition under Albert Sidney 
Johnston till 1859. He became major, 16 March, and 
lieutenant-colonel, 9 May, 1861. and in October of 
the same year was commissioned briffadier-creneral 
of volunteers and placed in command of a division 
in the Tennessee and Mississippi campaigns, taking 
part in the battle of Shiloh and the siege of Cor- 
inth. During the remainder of the year he was 
engaged in guarding railroads in Alabama and 
Tennessee, in Gen. Don Carlos Buell's operations 
in Kentucky, the pursuit of Gen. Braxton Bragg's 
forces, and in the battle of Stone River, 31 Dec., 1862. 
where he was wounded. He commanded a divis- 
ion in the 21st corps. Army of the Cumberland, 
during the operations in Tennessee, being pres- 
ent at the battles of Chickamauga and Mission 
Ridge, till November. 1863, and was engaged in 
operations for the relief of Knoxville and the in- 
vasion of Georgia, including the principal battles, 
to the action of Lovejoy's Station in September, 
1804, where he was severely wounded. Gen. Wood 
took an active part in the battles of Franklin and 
Nashville, where he commanded the 4th corps, 
and in the pursuit of .the enemy to Tennessee 
river in December, 1864. He was promoted major- 
general of volunteers in January, 1865, and com- 
manded various districts and departments in Ten- 
nessee, Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi until he 
was mustered out of the volunteer service, 1 Sept., 
1866. Gen. Wood received the brevet of 1st lieu- 
tenant, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious 
conduct in the battle of Buena Vista, that of 
brigadier -general for Chickamauga, and major- 
general for Nashville. He was promoted colonel 
of the 2d cavalry, 12 Nov., 1861, and retired from 
service, with the rank of major-general, 9 June, 
1868. and that of brigadier-general, 3 March, 1871. 

WOOD, Thomas Waterman, artist, b. in Mont- 
pelier, Vt., 12 Nov., 1823. He studied port mi t- 
painting with Chester Harding in Boston during 
1846-'7, and executed likenesses in Quebec, Wash- 



ington, and Baltimore until 1858. In that vear 
he went abroad for further study, remaining about 
two years. After his return he was engaged in 
portrait-painting in Nashville, Tenn., and Xouis- 
ville, Ky., until 1866. He then removed to New 
York, where he has since resided. He soon devoted 
himself almost entirely to genre painting, in which 
he has chosen familiar subjects in American life. 
Mr. Wood became vice-president of the National 
academy in 1878, and from 1878 till 1887 was presi- 
dent of the Water-color society. He was one of 
the founders, in 1878, of the New York etching 
club, and is a regular contributor to its exhibitions, 
most of his etchings being after his own paintings. 
His three paintings, 44 The Contraband," 44 Recruit,*' 
and 44 Veteran," exhibited at the Academy of design 
in 1867, gained him his election as associate the 
following year, and in 1871 he became an acade- 
mician. These three pictures now belong to the 
Metropolitan museum, New York. Among his 



other works in oil are 44 Return of the Flag " (1870) ; 
44 The Yankee Peddler " (1873) : 44 The Village Post- 
Office " (1874) ; 44 His own Doctor " and 44 His own 



Pipe " (1879) ; and 44 Uncle Ned and I " (1882). At 
the Water-color society he has exhibited 44 Nom- 
inated " and 44 Elected" (1875); "Arguing the 

Suestion" (1877); 44 Dull Times" (1879); "The 
oubtf ul Coin " and " The Cup that Cheers " (1881); 
"Seeking Advice" (1882); "His First Business 
Venture^' (1884) ; " For Thanksgiving- Day ".(1885) ; 
"The Lost Stitch" (1886); and "When we were 
Boys Together " (1888). 

WOOD. Walter Abbott, inventor, b. in Mason, 
N. H., 23 Oct., 1815. He is the son of Aaron Wood, 
who early settled in New York state and was among 
the first to manufacture the cast-iron ploughs in- 
vented by Jethro Wood. The boy had a natural 
fondness for mechanics, and continued in his 
father's shops till he was twenty years old. In 
1835 he settled in Hoosick Falls, N. Y., where he 
entered the works of Parsons and Wilder, and, after 
acquiring a small capital, began business on his 
own account. He studied the mechanism of farm- 
ing-implements and soon introduced the' Manny 
harvesting-machine with Wood's improvements, of 
which in 1852 he made and sold nearly 200. Mr. 
Wood continued to improve and invent better 
forms of mowers and reapers, and in 1853 his sales 
amounted to 500 machines. These were so well 
received that he determined to increase his works 
and manufacture on as large a scale as possible. 
In 1869 he disposed of 6,000 machines, and in 1884 
of 48,300. In all, nearly 600,000 machines have 
been manufactured and sold by him since he estab- 
lished his business. About thirtv patents have 
been taken out by Mr. Wood, and his works are 
probably the most extensive of their kind in the 
world. He conducted his business alone until 
1866, when it was organized into a stock company 
called the Walter A. Wood mowing and reaping 
company, of which Mr. Wood has since been presi- 
dent. Mr. Wood early recognized the importance 
of furnishing the markets abroad with his machines, 
and his foreign sales have steadily increased until 
it is estimated that ninety percent, of the machines 
that are sold abroad are made by him. The value 
of his inventions has been recognized by the 
award of first prizes at the World's fairs in Paris 
in 1867, in Vienna in 1873, in Philadelphia in 1876, 
and in Paris in 1878, as well as by medals at local 
fairs. He has received the order of Francis Joseph 
from the Austrian government, and is an officer of 
the Legion of honor in France. In 1878 he was 
sent as a Republican to congress, and he served 
from 18 March, 1879, till 4 March, 1883. 



Digitized by 



Google 



008 WOOD 

WOOD, William, colonist, b. in England about 
1580; d. in Sandwich, Mass., in 1689. lie emi- 
grated to this country in 1629, and returned to 
England in 1633. He soon afterward sailed again 
for Massachusetts, and settled at Lynn, which 
town he represented in the general court in 1636. 
He removed to Sandwich the following year, be- 
came town-clerk, and resided there until his death. 
After his return to London he published " New 
England's Prospect," the first printed account of 
Massachusetts, and styled it " A True. Lively, and 
Experimentall Description of that part of Amer- 
ica commonly called New England ; discovering 
the State of that Countrie, both as it stands to our 
New-Come English Planters and to the old Native 
Inhabitants ; Laying downe that which may both 
enrich the Knowledge of the Mind-travelling 
Reader, or benefit the future Voyager "(1634). The 
perfect copies are enriched with a curious map. of 
the country, and the text is interspersed with 
rhymed descriptions of natural history that strongly 
resemble those of Spenser. The " Prospect " was 
republished with an " Introductory Essay," which 
is ascribed to James Otis (Boston, 1764), and again 
by the Prince society (1865). 

WOOD, William, publisher, b. on Long Island 
in April, 1797 ; d. in New York city, 9 April, 1877. 
In 1822 he became a member of the publishing- 
firm of Samuel Wood and Sons, which his father, 
Samuel Wood, an English Quaker, had established 
in New York city. This house did a large jobbing 
trade in books and stationery, and earlv became 
noted for the publication of juvenile books. Soon 
after the admission of William Wood he turned 
his attention to publishing medical books, which 
has become the leading business of the house. He 
also began the publication of the "Medical Rec- 
ord "and the "American Journal of Obstetrics." 
Mr. Wood was a member of the Society of Friends, 
and held the chief executive office of the society 
for the state of New York for manv years. 

WOOD, William Burke, actor, b. in Mon- 
treal, Can., 26 May, 1779; d. in Philadelphia, 23 
Sept., 1861. He was brought in childhood to New 
York city, where he began life as a clerk. Feeling 
that he had a vocation for the stage, he set out for 
Annapolis, Md., with a capital of three doubloons, 
and through the courtesy of Manager Wignell, an 
old family friend, he made his first appearance 
there on 26 June, 1798, as George Barnwell. He 
was partially successful, and began an engagement 
the same year in Philadelphia in " Secrets Worth 
Knowing. On 30 Jan., 1804, he married Juliana 
Westray, an actress, and in the autumn of 1809 he 
purchased of William Warren one half of his inter- 
est in the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washing- 
ton theatres. Previous to entering upon the duties 
of management he visited New York city and 
played De Valmont. In the autumn of 1810 he 
*>egan his career as manager in Baltimore, and 
from September, 1812, till the close of the season 
of 1820, he divided his time between that city and 
Philadelphia, where his company played at the 
Chestnut street theatre. On 2 April, 1820, the 
latter edifice was destroyed by fire, and, as the 
insurance had expired a few days before, the loss 
was heavy. Havingsecured a lease of the Walnut 
street theatre, the warren- Wood company began 
to play again in Philadelphia the following No vem- 
*>er. On the 27th of that month Master Edwin 
Forrest made his first appearance there on any 
stage in " Douglas." The Chestnut street theatre 
having been rebuilt, it was opened by the same 
managers on 2 Dec., 1822, with the "School for 
Scandal," Warren playing Sir Peter Teazle, and 



WOOD 



Wood, Charles Surface. In 1826 the sixteen years* 
partnership between the two managers was ter- 
minated by the withdrawal of Mr. Wood. On 1 
Oct., 1828, the latter undertook the management of 
the Arch street theatre, Philadelphia, then just 
built ; but the enterprise was not successful, and 
the rest of his theatrical career was divided between 
management and acting in the same city. He 
retired finally from the stage. 18 Nov., 1846, on the 
occasion of a benefit at the Walnut street theatre, 
For an account of his career, and much information 
regarding the American stage, see his M Personal 
Recollections of the Stage" (Philadelphia, 1855).— 
His wife, Juliana, whose maiden name was West- 
ray, first appeared at the Hay market theatre, 
Boston, in 1797. The following year she came to 
New York, where she made her dibui at the Park 
as Sarsnet in " The Deserted Daughter." She soon 
after joined the company in which Mr. Wood was 
playing, and after her marriage continued to act 
m the theatres that he managed. 

WOOD, William Maxwell, surgeon, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., 27 May, 1809; d. in Owing's Mills, 
Baltimore co., Md., 1 March, 1880. He entered the 
navy as an assistant surgeon, 10 May, 1829, became 
a passed assistant surgeon, 1 Jan., 1835, and was 
commissioned surgeon, 20 Feb., 1838. He served 
on the steamer " Poinsett " on the coast of Florida 
during the Seminole war in 1838-'41, was appointed 
fleet-surgeon of the Pacific squadron in 1843, and 
brought the first intelligence of the opening of the 
Mexican war from Guadalajara to Mazatlan to Com. 
Sloat. This information induced the commodore 
to go immediately to California, when he captured 
Monterey and began the operations which resulted 
in the conquest of the state. He was fleet-surgeon 
of the East India squadron in 1850-*8 and present 
at the capture of the Barrier forts in Canton river, 
China. He was fleet-surgeon of the North Atlantic 
blockading squadron in the flag-ship " Minnesota w 
in 1861-'4,ana was present at the capture of the forts 
at Hatteras inlet, 28 Aug., 1861, in the engagements 
with the " Merrimac," 8-9 March, 1862, at the cap- 
ture of Sewall's point and Norfolk in May, 1862, m 
the sounds of North Carolina in 1863, and on 
blockade and other operations on the coast in 
1863-'5. On 1 July, 1869, he was appointed sur- 
geon-general of the navy and chief of the bureau 
of medicine and surgery, in which he served until 
24 Oct., 1871, though he was retired by operation 
of law on 27 May, 1871. He was commissioned a 
medical director, 3 March, 1871, and resided at 
Owine's Mills, Baltimore co., Md., until his death. 
Dr. Wood was the author of " Wandering Sketches 
of People and Things in South America, Polynesia, 
California, and Other Places visited during a Cruise 
in the U. S. ships 4 Levant,' 'Portsmouth,' and 
'Savannah'" (Philadelphia, 1849); "A Shoulder 
to the Wheel of Progress" (New York, 1849); 
" Hints to the People on the Profession of Medi- 
cine " (Buffalo, 1852) ; and " Fankwei, or the * San 
Jacinto' in the Seas of India, China, and Japan n 
(New York, 1859).— His son, William Maxwell, 
naval officer, b. in Baltimore, Md., 9 March, 1850, 
was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1870, 
was promoted to master, 9 Aug., 1874, and to lieu- 
tenant, 11 Dec., 1877. He has patented a boat- 
detaching apparatus (1871), which has been adopted 
in the U. S. navy and merchant service, and is 
the author of the article on " Life- Boats and Boat- 
detaching Apparatus " in Hamersly's " Naval 
Cyclopedia" (Philadelphia, 1881). 

WOOD, William Willis Wiley, naval engineer, 
b. in Wake county, N. C, 30 May, 1818; d. near 
Jutland, St. Mary's co., Md., 81 Aug., 188& He 

Digitized by Google 



WOODBERRY 



acquired a knowledge of engineering at the West 
Point foundry, N. Y., entered the navy as a chief 
engineer, 15 March, 1845, and superintended the 
construction of the boilers and engines of the 
steam frigate "Merriraac" in 1854-'7 at Cold 
Spring, N. Y. During the civil war he rendered 
valuable services on special duty connected with 
the steam-engineering service at the navy-yards in 
New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. He was 
head of the department of steam engineering at 
the naval academy in 1866-7, chief engineer of 
the New York navy-yard in 1868-*9, inspector of 
machinery afloat in 1870-'2, chief of the bureau 
of steam engineering from 1872 till 8 March, 1877, 
and on special duty at Washington until 30 May, 
1880, when he was placed on the retired list. He 
was one of the pioneers in the U. S. steam navy, 
and held the relative rank of commodore when he 
was retired as he had served as engineer-in-chief. 
He was drowned in a boat capsized by a squall. 

WOODBERRY, George Edward, author, b. in 
Beverly, Mass., 12 May, 1855. He was Graduated 
at Harvard in 1877, and was professor of English in 
the University of Nebraska in 1877-8 and 1880-*2. 
He was connected editorially with the " Nation," 
in 1878-'9, and is the author of a "History of 
Wood-Engraving "(New York, 1883) ; " The North 
Shore Watch, a Threnody" (printed privately, 
1888); and "Life of Edgar Allan Poe," in the 
" American Men of Letters " series (Boston, 1885). 

WOODBRIDGE, John, clergyman, b. in Stan- 
ton, Wiltshire, England, in 1614 ; d. in Newbury, 
Mass., 1 July, 1691. He was the son of the Rev. 
John Woodbridge, rector of the parish of Stanton, 
Wiltshire, whose earliest known ancestor was John 
Woodbridge, bom about 1492, and was sent to Ox- 
ford, where he remained " until the oath of confor- 
mity came to be required of him, which neither his 
father nor his conscience approving, he removed 
thence into a course of more private studies." In 
1634 he came to New England in the ship " Mary 
and John " with his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Parker, 
and settled in Newbury, Mass., of which he was town- 
clerk in 1634-'8. and surveyor of arms in 1687. In 
1639 he married Mercy, the daughter of Gov. Thom- 
as Dudley, and in 1648 taught in Boston. With 
others he negotiated the purchase from the Indians 
of the land on which tne town of Andover was 
built ; he was chosen the first minister of the place, 
his ordination, on 24 Oct, 1645, being one of the 
earliest in New England. In 1647 he returned to 
England, became chaplain to the parliamentary 
commissioners who made a treaty with the king at 
the Isle of Wight, and was afterward minister at 
Andover, Hants, and at Barford-St Martin's, Wilt- 
shire, until he was ejected after the Restoration. 
In 1668 he was driven from a school that he had 
established in Newbury, England, and returned to 
New England. He then served as assistant to the 
Rev. Thomas Parker until 30 Nov., 1670, when he 
was dismissed in consequence of dissensions in the 
church. Subsequently ne held other local offices, 
and was an assistant of Massachusetts colony in 
1688-'4. Cotton Mather, in his " Magnalia," speaks 
of his excellence and piety. His memory is pre- 
served in the name of Woodbridge island, near the 
month of Merrimac river. He is the progenitor 
of all the American Woodbridges. — His brother, 
Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Stanton, Wiltshire, 
England, in 1622; d. in Inglefleld, Berks, Eng- 
land, 1 Nov., 1684, was graduated at Oxford in 
1638, came to New England in 1689, and, enter- 
ing- Harvard, was the first graduate of that uni- 
versity. After his return to England with his 
brother in 1647 he became minister at Newbury, 



WOODBRIDGE 599 

Berks, but was ejected in 1662. Being a favorite 
of the king, he was permitted to preach privately. 
He was a member of the Savoy conference and for 
a time was chaplain to Charles II. He received 
episcopal ordination after the Restoration, but 
subsequently became a non-conformist He was 
called " the first fruits of the college of New Eng- 
land,*' and left the reputation of being a " univer- 
sally accomplished person, of a clear and strong 
reason, and of an exact and profound judgment 
He published several sermons, including " Justifi- 
cation by Faith" (London, 1662); "The Method 
of Grace in the Justification of Sinners " (16561 ; 
and "Church Members set in Joynt" (1650). 
— John's son, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Barforo- 
St Martin's, Wilts, England, 13 Jan., 1656 ; d. in 
Hartford, Conn., 80 April, 1782, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1675, and became minister of the 1st 
church in Hartford, Conn., in 1688, but was not 
ordained until 1685. He introduced infant bap- 
tism into Connecticut in 1696, and was one of the 
ten principal ministers of Connecticut colony that 
were named as trustees and authorized by the 
general assembly of Connecticut to found Yale 
college in 1699, and was a fellow of that college in 
1700-'82. He was an active member of the Say- 
brook convention in 1708, and served the colony 
in many important political affairs. He published 
an election sermon (1727) and occasional poems. — 
Another son. Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Med- 
ford, Mass., 15 Jan., 1710, was minister of Bristol 
and of Kittery, Me., in 1645. He wrote the ingen- 
ious lines for the tomb of Cotton Mather. His 
brother John was minister of Wethersfleld, Conn., 
and died in 1791 ; and for eight generations one of 
his descendants always bore the name of John and 
followed the same profession.— The second Benja- 
min's grandson, Benjamin, merchant, b. in 1709 ; 
d. in Boston, Mass., 5 July, 1728, was the son of 
Gov. Dudley Woodbridge, of Barbadoes. Ho re- 
ceived a good education in Boston and became a 
partner of Jonathan Sewall, son of the chief jus- 
tice. On 8 July, 1728, he fought a duel with 
swords with Henry Phillips, without seconds and 
at night, on Boston common, and was killed. 
Phillips escaped to France. The motive for the 
duel is not known. It caused great sensation, and 
severe laws against duelling were enacted. The 
" Overland Monthly " for October, 1874, gives an 
account of it— John's descendant in the fifth 
generation, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Stock- 
bridge, Mass., 28 Nov., 1784; d. in S pence rtown, 
Columbia co., N. Y., 7 Dec., 1862, was the son of 
Jahleel (1738-'96), who was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1761, and served in the state senate and 
as judge of probate in Stockbridge. Mass., from 
1789 till 1795, and of Lucy, daughter of Jona- 
than Edwards. The son entered Williams col- 
lege in 1799, but during his sophomore year lost 
his eyesight, and passed the remainder of his life 
in total blindness. After graduation in 1808 he 
studied law, but abandoned this to enter Andover 
theological seminary in 1810, and was graduated 
there in 1811. In 1816 he became pastor of the 
Presbyterian church in Green River, Columbia co., 
N. Y., remaining there until 1842> when he was 
called to the Presbyterian church in Spencertown, 
and held this charge until 1851. In 1852-'8 he 
served as pastor of a Congregational church in 
Alford, Mass., and he then returned to Spencer- 
town, where he devoted his life to charity, preach- 
ing only occasionally. He was known as the " blind 
minister"; but, notwithstanding his infirmity, he 
was very active and cheerful, a hard student, and 
an interesting preacher. In his method of con- 
Digitized by Google 



600 



WOODBRIDGE 



WOODBURY 



ducting religions worship there was nothing to in- 
dicate nis blindness; the hymns and parts of the 
scripture, though really repeated, were apparently 
read. In the rigor of his logic and the clearness 
of his descriptions he strongly resembled his dis- 
tinguished ancestor. Williams gave him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1846. See " The Autobiography of 
a Blind Minister, including Sketches of the Men 
and Event* of his Time " (Boston, 1856), and a 44 Dis- 
course at the Funeral of the Rev. Timothy Wood- 
bridge," bv William B. Sprague, D. D. (Albany, 
1863).—Jonn's descendant in the fifth generation. 
William, governor of Michigan, b. in Norwich, 
Conn^ 20 Aug., 1780 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., 20 Oct, 
1861, removed with his father, Dudley (1747-1823), 
one of the earliest emigrants, to the Northwest ter- 
ritory, to Marietta, Ohio, in 1791, but was sent to 
Connecticut to receive his education. After study- 
ing at the Litchfield law-school, he was admitted 
to the bar of Ohio in 1806, and in 1807 was elected 
to the assembly. From 1808 till 1814 he was prose- 
cuting attorney for New London county, Ohio, and 
he was also a member of the state senate. In 1814 
he received from President Madison the appoint- 
ment of secretary of the territory of Michigan, and 
removed to Detroit For a long time he was legal 
adviser of John Jacob Aster's northwest fur com- 
pany, and was counsel in important Canadian cases 
against the Hudson bay company. He was elected 
the first delegate to congress from Michigan, serv- 
ing from 1819 till 1820, when he resigned. He 
was instrumental in procuring government aid 
toward constructing a road through the " Black 
Swamp " to connect Detroit with Ohio, and also 
toward exploration of the Northwest territory. 
From 1828 till 1882 he was judge of the superior 
court of Michigan 
territory, and in 
1835 he was a dele- 
gate to the State 
constitutional con- 
vention. He was 
elected to the state 
senate in 1837, was 
governor of Mich- 
igan in 1840-'l, 
and. being chosen 
to the U. S. sen- 
ate, served from 
81 May, 1841, till 3 
March, 1847. Dan. 
iel Webster, in a 
note to his speech 
yv ^,^ • - in defence of the 

&.V2&6^&&*>>€*A^ Ashburton treaty, 
attributed to Mr. 
Woodbridge the first suggestion that was ever 
made to him for inserting in that treaty a pro- 
vision for the surrender of fugitives under cer- 
tain circumstances, upon the demand of foreign 

governments. For many years before his death 
e lived at his country-seat near Detroit, and de- 
voted himself to his books and to horticulture. He 
married Juliana, daughter of John Trumbull, au- 
thor of " McFingal." See his *• Life," bv Charles 
Lanman (Washington. 1867).— The first Timothy's 
great-grandson, William Channing, educator, b. 
m Medford, Mass., 18 Dec, 1794 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 
9 Nov., 1845, was graduated at Yale in 1811, and 
studied medicine and theology, but was never or- 
dained. In 1812-'14 he was principal of the Bur- 
lington academy, N. J., and in 1817 he became an 
instructor in the institution for the deaf and dumb 
in Hartford, Conn., remaining there for three years, 
and being licensed to preach By the Congregational 




association of that city. He tnen visited Europe 
three times, and on his return devoted himself to 
elevating the condition of the common schools, 
and introduced the Pestalozzian system of instruc- 
tion as modified by Philip Emanuel von FeUen- 
berg, and by his own observations. In August, 
1831, he purchased the M American Journal of Edu- 
cation," changed its name to 44 The Annals of Edu- 
cation," and published it until 1838, serving also 
as one of its editors. In this appeared a series of 
14 Letters from Hofwyl," in which he gave an ac- 
count of Fellenberg's system of instruction. He 
published " Universal Geography, Ancient and 
Modern," with Mrs. Emma Willard (Hartford, 
1824), and was the author of M Rudiments of 
Geography" (Hartford, 1833); "Modern School 
Geography " ; and other text-books for schools. — 
John's descendant in the seventh generation, Sam 
nel Merrill, clergyman, b. in Greenfield, Mass_, 5 
April, 1819, was graduated at the University of the 
city of New York in 1838 and at the theological 
seminary at New Brunswick, N. J., in 1842, and 
became pastor of the Dutch Reformed churches in 
South Brooklyn in 1841, in Coxsackie, N. Y„ in 
1850, and in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1852. From 
1857 till 1864 he was professor of ecclesiastical his- 
tory and church government, and dean of the theo- 
logical seminary of the Reformed church in New 
Brunswick, and also professor of church history 
there after 1856. He received the degrees of D. D. 
from Rutgers in 1857 and Union in 1858, and 
LL. D. from Rutgers in 1883. Besides addresses 
and sermons, he has published an ** Analysis of 
Theology " (New York, 1872).— John's descendant 
in the eighth generation, Frederick Enoch, law- 
yer, b. in Vergennes, Vt, 29 Aug., 1819 ; d. there. 
26 April, 1888, after graduation at the University 
of Vermont in 1840, studied law under his father, 
Enoch D. Woodbridge, was admitted to the bar in 
1842, and practised in his native town. He was 
long a member of the legislature, state auditor in 
l&W-^, prosecuting attorney in 1854-U and 
many times mayor of his native city. In 1860*-*2 
he served in the state senate, of which he was presi- 
dent pro tempore in 1861. He was then elected to 
congress as a Republican, served from 7 Dec. 1863, 
till 3 March, 1869, and was a member of the com- 
mittees on the judiciary and private land-claims, 
and chairman of that on the pay of officials of con- 
gress. He was a delegate to tne Philadelphia loyal- 
ists' convention of 1866. Mr. Woodbridge engaged 
in railroad enterprises, and for several years was 
vice-president and active manager of the Rutland 
and Washington railroad.— John's descendant, in 
the 7th generation, Abby D wight, b. in Jackson, 
Me., 27 Sept, 1808; d. 23 Feb., 1866, taught for 
many years in Albany and Brooklyn, and was the 
author of numerous poems. 

WOODBURY, Augustus, author, b. in Beverly, 
Mass., in 1825. He was graduated at Phillips Exe- 
ter academy in 1846, and at the divinity-school of 
Harvard in 1849, and became pastor of Unitarian 
churches in Concord, N. H., in 1849, in Lowell, 
Mass.. in 1853, and of Westminster Unitarian 
church, Providence, R. I., which place he still 
holds. - He was chairman of inspectors of the 
Rhode Island state prison in 1866-'77, and in 
1875-'9 was a member of the commission for build- 
ing the state prison. He was chaplain of the 1st 
Rhode Island regiment from April till August, 
1861, and in 1874-'5 was chaplain-in-chief of the 
Grand army of the republic Since 1888 he has 
been president of the Providence athenajum. Har- 
vard gave him the degree of A. M. in 1866, and 
Brown that of D. D. in 1888. He is the author of 



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Google 



WOODBURY 



WOODFORD 



601 



"Plain Words to Young Men" (Concord, 1858); 
"The Preservation of the Republic," an oration 
(Providence, I860): "Narrative of the Campaign 
of the First Rhode Island Regiment in the Soring 
and Summer of 1861 " (1862) : " General Ambrose 
E. Burnside and the Ninth Army Corps" (1867); 
"The Second Rhode Island Regiment" (1875); 
•* An Historical Sketch of the Prisons and Jails of 
Rhode Island" (1877); "Memorial of Gen. Am- 
brose E. Burnside " (1882) ; and sermons, addresses, 
and articles in reviews. 

WOODBURY, Daniel Phineas, soldier, b. in 
New London, N. H., 16 Dec, 1812 ; d. in Key West, 
Fla., 15 Aug., 1864. He was educated at private 
schools and at the U. S. military academy, where 
he was graduated in 1836 and promoted to be 2d 
lieutenant in the 3d artillery. In November of the 
same year he was transferred to the engineers, 
but the order was inoperative until July, 1837, 
when he was made brevet 2d lieutenant of engi- 
neers, to date from 1 July, 1836. He was engaged 
in the construction of the Cumberland road in Ohio 
till 1840, being promoted 1st lieutenant, 7 July, 1888, 
and was then on dutv till 1847, repairing fortifica- 
tions at points on the Atlantic coast, and as an 
assistant to the chief of engineers at Washington. 
Lieut Woodbury was superintending engineer in 
the construction of Fort Kearny and Fort Laramie 
for the protection of the Oregon route till 1850, 
and on fortification duty on the North Carolina 
coast until 1856, becoming captain of engineers, 
3 March, 1853. Thereafter, until the civil war, he 
was constantly engaged in the duties of his corps 
on the southern coast, and as an assistant to the 
chief of engineers. He was promoted major of en- 
gineers, 6 Aug., 1861, assisted in the construction 
of the defences of Washington, and was with Gen. 
David Hunter's column at Bull Run. He was 
made lieutenant-colonel and additional aide-de- 
camp in September, 1861, and brigadier-general of 
volunteers, 19 March, 1862, and was assigned to 
command the engineer brigade in the Army of the 
Potomac, where he rendered great service in the 
siege of Yorktown and the construction of roads, 
bridges, and causeways for the advance upon Rich- 
mond and the subsequent change of base to James 
river. In the Rappanannock campaign of 1862-*8 
Gen. Woodbury Distinguished himself at Freder- 
icksburg in laying down pontoons under the enemy's 
fire, ana in their prompt removal after the troops 
had recrossed the river. In March, 1863, he was 
placed in command of the District of Key West, 
where he died of yellow fever. He was brevettea 
to the grade of major-general in the United States 
army "for gallant and meritorious services dur- 
ing the rebellion," especially on the peninsula in 
1862 and at the battle of Fredericksburg. Gen. 
Woodburywas the author of works on " Sustaining 
Walls" (Washington. 1845), and the ** Theory of 
the Arch " (New York, 1858). 

WOODBURY, Isaac Baker, editor, b. in 
Beverly, Mass., in 1819; d. in Columbia, S. C, 26 
Oct, 1858. He studied music in Europe for a 
year, and, returning to this country, taught it in 
the public schools of Boston. In 1845 he removed 
to Mew York, where he edited the " Musical Re- 
view " and the " Musical Pioneer." He compiled 
several collections of church music and glee-books, 
among which were the "Anthem Dulcimer" (New 
York, 1850); "Liber Musicus" (1851); "Million's 
Glee-Book h (1853): "Cultivation of the Voice 
Without a Master"; "Self-Instructor in Musical 
Composition and Thorough Bass"; "Singing- 
School and Music-Teacher's Companion"; and 
the " Melodeon and Seraphine Instruction-Book." 




of ^ 



WOODBURY, Levi, jurist, b. in Francestown, 
N. H., 22 Dec, 1789; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 4 
Sept, 1851. He was descended from John Wood- 
bury, of Somersetshire, England, who settled first 
at Cape Ann in 1624, and at Naumkeag (now 
Salem) in 1626. After graduation with the high- 
est honors at Dartmouth in 1809, Levi entered the 
Litchfield, Conn., 
law-school. He was 
admitted to the bar 
in 1812, and prac- 
tised in his native 
town until 1816, 
when he was chosen 
clerk of the state 
senate. In 1817 he 
was appointed a 
judge of the su- 
preme court of the 
state, and in 1819 
removed to Ports- 
mouth, where he 
practised law after 
serving as govern- 
or of New Hamp 
shire in 1823-^ 
He was speaker < 

the state house of representatives in 1825, and 
was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, 
serving from 5 Dec, 1825, till 8 March, 1831, 
when he was appointed secretary of the navy, 
and held that office until 1834,' when he was 
made secretary of the treasury, serving until 1841. 
During this period he refused the post of chief 
justice of the New Hampshire superior court. Be- 
ing elected again to the U. S. senate, he served 
from 4 March, 1841, till 20 Nov., 1845, and voted 
in 1844 for the annexation of Texas. In 1845 he 
declined the mission to England, and was appointed 
a justice of the U. S. supreme court to succeed 
Judge Joseph Story. His nomination was con- 
firmed by the senate on 8 Jan., 1846, and he held 
this office at the time of his death. For his part 
in the celebrated senate debate on Samuel A. 
Foote's resolutions " on the public lands " in 1830 
he was pronounced by Thomas H. Benton "the 
rock of the New England Democracy." and be was 
also conspicuous in the session of 1841 in defend- 
ing the independent treasury system, which was 
first established under his administration of the 
department, and in defeating the banking svstem 
that was proposed by Henry Clay. He published 
discourses, and was co-editor with William M. Rich- 
ardson of several volumes of the " New Hampshire 
Reports " (Concord, 1816 et aeo.). After his death 
appeared " The Writings of Hon. Levi Woodbury, 
Political, Judicial, and Literary," selected and ar- 
ranged by Nahum Capen (8 vols., Boston, 1852). — 
His son, Charles Levi, lawyer, b. in Portsmouth, 
N. H., 22 May, 1820, was a member of the Suffolk, 
Mass., bar, and U. S. district attorney for Massa- 
chusetts from 1858 until 1861. He edited with 
Georpe Minot " Reports of Cases argued and de- 
termined in the Circuit Court of the United States 
for the First Circuit" containing the decisions of 
Judge Levi Woodbury (8 vols., Boston, 1847-52). 

WOODFORD, Stewart Lyndon, lawyer, b. 
in New York city, 8 Sept, 1835. He studied at 
Yale and at Columbia, where he was graduated 
in 1854, and in 1857 began the practice of law in 
his native city. In 1860 he was chosen messenger 
of the electoral college of his state to convey to 
Washington its vote in favor of the presidency of 
Abraham Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed 
U. S. assistant district attorney for the southern 



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002 WOODFORD 

district of New York, holding this office about j 
eighteen months. In 1862 he entered the National 
army as a volunteer, serving until 1865, during 
which time he became in succession chief -of-staff 
to Gen. Quincv A. Gillmore in the Department of 
the South, and military commandant of Charleston 
and Savannah, and attained by brevet the rank of j 
brigadier-general of volunteers. From 1866 till 
186% he was lieutenant-governor of New York, 
having been chosen as a Republican, but he was 
defeated as candidate for the governorship in 1870. 
In 1872 he was elected to congress, and was also 
chosen as a presidential elector. From 1877 until 
1883 he filled the office of U. S. attorney for the 
southern district of New York. Since that time 
he has been engaged in the practice of law. He is 
the author of numerous public addresses, includ- 
ing^ eulogy on Gen. George H. Thomas. 

WOODFORD, William, soldier, b. in Caroline 
county, Va., in 1735 ; d. in New York city, 13 
Nov., 1780. He served with credit during the 
French and Indian war, and in the autumn of 
1775, on the assembling of the Virginia troops at 
Williamsburg, was chosen colonel of the 2d Vir- 

Slnia regiment At Hampton Roads, the first bat- 
e of the Revolution in Virginia, he was engaged 
in preventing the destruction of the town of 
Hampton by Lord Dun more, and sank five of his 
vessels. Col. Woodford had command of the Vir- 
ginians that defended Great Bridge on Elizabeth 
river, and defeated the force that was sent by Lord 
Dunmore to take it, after a sharp battle in which 
the British suffered a loss of fifty- five, while not a 
single Virginian was killed. He called the militia 
of Norfolk and Princess Anne counties to arms, 
and on 14 Dec., 1775. occupied Norfolk. He was 
appointed brigadier-general on 21 Feb., 1777, and 
given command of the 1st Virginia brigade. At 
the battle of the Brandywine he was wounded in 
the hand, but he took an active part in the battles 
of Germantown and Monmouth. He was then 
ordered to the relief of Charleston, S. C, and 
marched 500 miles with the Virginia and North 
Carolina troops in twenty-eight days. He reached 
Charleston in April, and was taken prisoner on 12 
May, 1780. The British sent him to New York, 
where he died. Counties in Kentucky and Illi- 
nois bear his name. 

WOODHOUSE, James, chemist, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 17 Nov., 1770; d. there, 4 June, 1809. 
He was graduated at the University of Pennsylva- 
nia in 1787, and at its medical department in 1792. 
In 1791 he served as a surgeon in Gen. Arthur St. 
Clair's expedition against the western Indians. 
When. Joseph Priestley declined to accept the chair 
of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1795, Dr. Wood house received the appointment, 
which he held until his death. He is said to have 
been the first to demonstrate the superiority of the 
Lehigh anthracite coal in Northampton county, 
Pa., over the bituminous coals of Virginia for in- 
tensity and regularity of heating power. He was a 
member of the American philosophical society, and 
contributed to its transactions, to Dr. Samuel 
L. Mitchell's 44 Medical Repository," and to Dr. 
John R. Coxe's " Medical Museum/' Besides edit- 
ing Parkinson's 41 Chemical Pocket-Book " (Phila- 
delphia, 1802) and Chaptal's " Elements of Chem- 
istry" (4th ed., 2 vols., 1807), he published "Dis- 
sertation on the Chemical and Medical Properties 
of the Persimmon-Tree " (1792) ; " Observations on 
the Combinations of Acids, Bitters, and Astring- 
ents" (1798); "Answer to Dr. J. Priestley's Con- 
siderations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston and the 
Decomposition of Water " (1794) ; "Young Chem- 



WOODHULL 



ist's Pocket -Companion** (1797); and "Experi- 
ments and Observations in the Vegetation of 
Plants" (1802). 

WOODHULL, Maxwell, naval olficer, b. in 
New York city, 2 April 1813; d. in Baltimore, 
Md., 19 Feb.. 1863. He Was the only son of Rich- 
ard Miller Woodhull, i he founder of" Williamsburg 
(now the eastern distri », of Brooklyn, N. Y.). Max- 
well Woodhull entereu the navy as midshipman. 4 
June, 1832, and served in the Mediterranean, on 
the coast of Africa, on the Brazil station, and in 
the Gulf of Mexico. During the Paraguay expe- 
dition he was executive officer of the flag-ship ** Sa- 
bine," and he afterward commanded the brig 
" Bain bridge." Being attached, to the coast sur- 
vey, he surveyed New York harbor and the ob- 
structions of Hell Gate, reported plans for their 
removal, and received the thanks of the Chamber 
of commerce of New York. He was also engaged 
on surveys on the New England coast. At the 
opening of the civil war he was assigned to special 
duty under the navy department, and promoted to 
the rank of commander, 1 July, 1861. He organ- 
ized the supply service for the blockading fleet, 
commanded the "Connecticut," was afterward 
transferred to the gun-boat " Cimerone," and led a 
division of the James river flotilla during Gen. 
George B. McClellan's peninsular campaign. Later 
he was attached to Admiral Charles Wilkes's flying 
squadron, and ordered with the "Cimerone to 
Florida waters to open St. John's and St. Mary's 
rivers, which was accomplished, the squadron sev- 
eral times engaging the batteries of the enemy. 
Early in 1863 he was ordered to the north with his 
vessel for repairs. He was killed accidentally by 
the discharge of a gun from which a salute was 
being fired.— His son, Maxwell Van Zakdt, en- 
tered the volunteer army in 1862 with the rank of 
captain, and was promoted to major and subse- 
quently to lieutenant-colonel and assistant adju- 
tant-general of the 15th army corps. He was 
brevetted colonel on the recommendation of Gen. 
John A. Logan, and brigadier-general of volunteers 
on that of Gen. Oliver O. Howard. 

WOODHULL, Richard, colonist, b. in Then- 
ford, Northampton, England, 18 Sept, 1620 ; d. in 
Brookhaven, N. Y., 17 Oct., 1690. He came to this 
country probably in 1648, on 29 April of which 
year he witnessed a deed at Easthampton, Long Isl- 
and. He settled permanently at Brookhaven, Suf- 
folk co., N. Y., in 1655, of which place he became 
proprietor in two patents— that of Gov. Richard 
Nicolls in 1666 and that of Geo. Thomas Dongan in 
1686. In 1663 he represented Brookhaven at the 
general court at Hartford in an effort to obtain aid 
against the usurpations of the Dutch. In 1666 he 
was appointed one of the justices of the court of 
assizes, and in 1673 he became deputy to the Dutch 
commissioners in New York, and by them was com- 
missioned a magistrate for Brookhaven. — His great- 
grandson, Nathaniel, soldier, b. in St George's 
manor, Long Island, N. Y., 80 Dec,, 1722 ; d. in 
New Utrecht, Long Island, 10 Sept, 1776. ne 
served as major, under Gen. Abercrombie, in the 
attack upon Crown Point and Ticonderoga in 1758, 
afterward accompanied Bradstreet against Fort 
Frontenac, and was a colonel under Gen. Jeffrey 
Amherst in 1760. He was a representative from 
Suffolk county in the colonial assembly from 1769 
till 1775, and was active there in resisting the en- 
croachments of the crown. The colonial govern- 
ment was suspended in May. 1775, from which time 
till April, 1777, New York was governed by the 
Provincial congress, of which Gen. Woodhull was 
president in 1775, and again in 1776. He was ap- 

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WOODHULL 



WOODRUFF 



603 



pointed brigadier-general in August, 1775, and, on 
the landing of the British on Xiong Island, put 
himself at the head of the militia. A few days 
after the disastrous battle of Lon£ Island he was 
surprised by a body of British light horse near 
Jamaica. He surrendered his sword, but was after- 
ward so severely wounded by the troopers that he 
died in consequence. A narrative of Gen. Wood- 
hull's capture and death was published by Henry 
Onderdonk, Jr. (New York, 1848), and his' journal 
of the Montreal expedition of 1760 appeared in 
the 44 Historical Magazine " for September, 1861. — 
Richard's great-great-grandson, William, clergy- 
man, b. in Miller's Place, Long Island, N. Y., 3 
Dec., 1741 ; d. in Chester, Morris co., N. J.. 24 Oct., 
1824, was graduated at Princeton in 1764, entered 
the ministry, and in 1777 occupied the Black River 
(now Chester) pulpit, Morris co., N. J. He was a 
member of the Provincial congress of New Jersey 
which met at Burlington, 9 June, 1776, deposed 
Gov. William Franklin, the last royal governor, 
and framed the first constitution of New Jersey, 
2 July. 1776, and of the convention that met at 
Trenton on 11 Dec, 1787, and adopted the U.S. 
constitution.— William's brother, John, clergy- 
man, b. in Miller's Place, Long Island, N. Y., 
26 Jan., 1744; d. in Freehold, N. J., 22 Nov., 
1824, was graduated at Princeton in 1766, pursued 
theological stud- 
ies with the Rev. 
John Blair, of 
Faggs Manor, Pa., 
ana was ordained 
pastor of Lea- 
cock Presbyterian 
church, Lancaster 
co., Pa., 1 Aug., 
1770, where he re- 
mained ten years. 
In 1779 he was 
called to Free- 
hold, N. J., to 
succeed William 
Tennent. In 1780 
S\ he was elected a 

s — n i j) trustee of Prince- 

voted his most 
faithful attention. In 1785 Mr. Woodhull was 
one of a committee appointed by synod to form 
a complete system for the organization of the 
Presbyterian church in the United States. This 
resulted in the formation of the general assembly 
and the present form of government and discipline. 
In 1798 he received the degree of D. D. from Yala 
In 1812 he was one of the founders of Princeton 
theological seminary. While pastor at Leacock in 
1777 he induced all his male parishioners to shoul- 
der their muskets for Valley Forge, and accom* 
panied them as chaplain. Afterward at Freehold, 
in 1782, he wrote to Gen. Washington begging 
him to retaliate by the execution of one of the 
English officers, then in his hands, for the murder, 
without trial, of Capt. Joshua Huddy, of Mon- 
mouth, whose funeral sermon Dr. Woodhull de- 
livered from the court-house steps to an immense 
audience from the adjoining counties. This request 
was granted, and Capt. Asgill, of the British army, 
was designated by lot to expiate the offence. Mean- 
while, however, the English general organized a 
court-martial to examine into the affair, when it 
was found that the execution of Huddy had been 
perpetrated under instructions from William 
Franklin, late governor of New Jersey, then in 




New York, and president of the Associated Loyal- 
ists. Asgill was accordingly released. Only three 
of Dr. Woodhull's printed sermons have been pre- 
served — 44 The Establishment of the Federal Con- 
stitution " (1787); "The Death of General Wash- 
ington " (1799); and an ordination sermon (1813). 

WOODMAN, Clarence Enirene, clergyman, b. 
in Saco, Me., 1 Nov., 1852. He entered Amherst, 
but was graduated at Trinity in 1873. After a 
year's study at the General theological seminary 
of the Protestant Episcopal church in New York 
city, he became a convert to the Roman Catholic 
faith, and entered the Congregation of St. Paul, 
with which he has since been connected. He is 
among the most eloquent public orators of his 
church in this country. On high festivals he is 
frequently invited to preach in the cathedral, and 
has rendered great service throughout the church. 
As an amateur, Father Woodman has shown abil- 
ity in various departments of physical science, 
especially in photography. The honorary degree 
of A. M. was conferred on him by Amherst in 1877, 
and that of Ph. D. by Manhattan college in 1883. 

WOODMAN, John Smith, educator, b. in Dur- 
ham, N. H., 6 Sept., 1819 ; d. there, 5 May, 1871. 
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1842, taught 
for four years in Charleston, S. C, and read law. 
He visited the principal cities of Europe in 1849, 
travelling a great part of the time on foot, and on 
his return to New Hampshire practised his pro- 
fession in Dover, and subsequently in Rollinsford 
till 1851, when he became professor of mathematics 
in Dartmouth. He held that chair for five years, 
and upon the establishment of the Chandler scien- 
tific school there in 1852, also taught in that de- 
partment. He became professor of civil engineer- 
ing and vice-president, and the practical head of 
the Chandler scientific school in 1856, its prosperity 
dating from his entrance on these offices, all of 
which he held until his death. He wrote for jour- 
nals and magazines, and lectured on scientific sub- 
jects. His papers on the construction and main- 
tenance of highways showed originality and prac- 
tical knowledge, and his views were often adopted. 

WOODRUFF, George, jurist, b. in Bingham- 
ton, N. Y., 4 July, 1807; d. in Marshall, Mich., 13 
May, 1887. He was graduated at Hobart in 1829, 
admitted to the bar of Ithaca, and in 1837 removed 
to Marshall, Mich., where he practised law. He 
became county judge in 1846, served two terms, 
was circuit commissioner three terms, and a judge 
of the circuit court in 1866-75.— His son, William 
S., was killed in battle before Petersburg, 25 June, 
1864.— Another son, George Augustas, soldier, b. 
in Marshall, Mich., 27 May, 1840 ; d. in Gettysburg, 
Pa., 4 July, 1863, was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1857, and became 1st lieutenant 
of artillery m June. 1861. He served in the Vir- 
ginia peninsular campaign from March till July, 
1862, participating in the siege of Yorktown and 
the battles of Fair Oaks, Glendale, and Malvern 
Hill, commanded a battery at Antietam in the 
Maryland campaign, was engaged at Fredericks- 
burg and Chancellorsville, and during the Pennsyl- 
vania campaign commanded a battery, and was 
mortally wounded at Gettysburg. In this battle 
he was stationed on the right of Gen. Winfleld S. 
Hancock's line. Of his death Gen. nancock wrote : 
" Among all the brave men who fell at Gettysburg 
there are none whose loss I regret more than his. 

WOODRUFF, Hiram, horse-trainer, b. in 
Flemington, N. J., 22 Feb., 1817; d. on Long Isl- 
and, N. Y., 18 March, 1867. He began his career 
as a professional horse-trainer in Philadelphia 
in 1831, and acquired a unique reputation for 



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WOODRUFF 



WOODS 



honesty and fair dealing, as well as for skill in 
driving and training horses. He was the author 
of "The Trotting- Horse of America, with Remi- 
niscences of the Trotting Turf," edited by Charles 
J. Foster, with a memoir and an introduction by 
George Wilkes (New York, 1869). 

WOODRUFF, Israel Carle, soldier, b. in 
Trenton, N. J., in 1815; d. in Tompkinsville, 
N. Y., 10 Dec., 1878. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 18130, became 1st lieu- 
tenant of topographical engineers in 1842, and 
was superintending topographical engineer of the 
survey of the Creek boundary in lHoO-'l. He then 
engaged in reconnoissances of military roads to 
the South Pass of the Rockv mountains and to 
New Mexico, was subsequently engineer and in- 
spector of light-houses on the great lakes, and in 
1853 became captain of topographical engineers 
for fourteen years' continuous service. He was as- 
sistant to tne chief topographical engineer at 
Washington, D. C, in 1857-'63, became major in 
that branch of the service in August, 1861, and 
from 1863 until his death was assistant to the 
chief engineer at Washington. In that capacity 
he was engaged in the defence of Washington 
against the advance of Gen. .Tubal A. Earlv in 
July, 1864. He became lieutenant-colonel of en- 
gineers in August of the same year, and was a mem- 
ber of the board of examination of engineer officers 
in 1864-'5. On 13 March. 1865, he was brevet ted 
colonel, U. S. army, 44 for faithful and meritorious 
services in the corps of engineers," and brigadier- 
general in the same 44 for meritorious services dur- 
ing the civil war." 

WOODRUFF, Wilford, president of the Mor- 
mon church, b. in Northington (now Avon), Conn., 
1 March, 1807. He was educated in Farmington, 
early joined the Mormon church, and was or- 
dained to the priesthood in 1833. Mr. Woodruff 
followed the church in its journeyings through the 
United States until it finally reached Salt Lake 
City. He was ordained one of the twelve apostles 
on '29 April, 1&39, at Far West, Mo., with the spe- 
cial designation of 44 the Banner of the Gospel." 
He has Deen sent on missions throughout the 
United States and Europe, and in all has travelled 
about 150,000 miles. Mr. Woodruff became presi- 
dent of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- 
Day Saints on the death of John Taylor in 1887, 
retaining still that office, having held at that time 
the place of president of the twelve apostles. He 
has been a member of the Utah legislative assem- 
bly for twenty-two years. He served in 1843 on 
the editorial staff of the "Times and Seasons " in 
Nauvoo, 111., and in 1843 on the "Millennial Star" 
in Liverpool. Mr. Woodruff is a believer in polyg- 
amy, and entered into that practice before there 
was any law against it in the United States. See 
"Early Davs of Mormonism," by James Harrison 
Kennedy (S'ew York, 1888). 

WOODS, Andrew Salter, jurist, b. in Bath, 
Me., 2 June, 1803 ; d. there, 30 June, 1863. He 
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1825. and began 
the practice of law in his native town. He at- 
tained to eminence in his profession, and in 1840 
was chosen a judge of the supreme court of New 
Hampshire, becoming chief justice in 1855. Dart- 
mouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1852. 

WOODS, Leonard, clergyman, b. in Princeton, 
Mass., 19 June, 1774; d. in Andover, Mass., 24 
Au£., 1854. nis father, Samuel, possessed " Puri- 
tanic piety/' and his habits of serious thought on 
metaphysical subjects obtained for him the title of 
44 Philosopher Woods." The son was brought up 
strictly, and while very young was conversant witn 



I the works of John Locke and Jonathan Edwards. 

He was graduated at Harvard in 17!>6, taught. 
' studied theology at Somers, Conn., and in 1708 
I was ordained pastor at Newbury, Mass. When 
the Andover theological seminary was founded in 
1808 he became professor of Christian theoh»gy 
there, holding that chair for thirty-eight vears, 
and becoming professor emeritus in 1846. "Dart- 
mouth gave him the degree of D. 1). in 1810. Dr. 
Woods was active in the establishment of the 
American tract society, the Temperance society, 
and the board of commissioners of foreign mis- 
sions, of whose prudential committee he was a 
member for twenty-five years. He ably defended 
orthodox Calvinism against Unitarian theology. and 
while he admitted improvements in theologians 
and theological science, thought theological truths 
were fixed and unalterable. His literary reputa- 
tion dates from his contribution in lsa"i of a Maries 
of papers in the 4 * Panoplist," a religious periodi- 
cal, in which he defended Calvinism against Jo- 
seph Buckminster, William Channing. and other 
Unitarian divines. Dr. Henry B. Smith says of 
him : 44 He is emphatically the • judicious 'divine of 
the later New England theology. He educated 
more than 1,000 preachers, who had neither crotch- 
ets nor airy aims." He left in manuscript a 44 His- 
tory of Andover Seminary." His publications in- 
clude 44 Letters to Unitarians" (Andover, 1820); 
44 Lectures on the Inspiration of the Scriptures** 
(1829); 44 Memoirs of American Missionaries" 
(1833); 44 Examination of the Doctrine of Perfec- 
tion" (1841); 44 1-iectures on Church Government" 
(New York, 1843) ; 44 Lectures on Swcdenborgian- 
ism"(1846); and his collected works, containing 
lectures, essays, sermons, and reviews (5 vols., An- 
dover, 1849-*50).— His son, Leonard^ scholar, b. 
in Newbury, Mass.. 24 Nov., 1807 ; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 24 Dec., 1878. was graduated at Union col- 
lege in 1827 and at Andover theological seminary in 
1830. In 1831-'3 he was resident graduate scholar 
at Andover, and in 1833 he was licensed to preach. 
His private pupil, Richard Henry Dana, says of 
him : 44 At the age of t went v-f our years he' had 
been the first scholar in the Phillips academy, the 
first in every branch at Union, had been graduated 
at the Theological seminary the acknowledged fore- 
most man of his period, and had published a trans- 
lation of Knapps 'Christian Theology/ enriched 
with a long and fully thought-out preface, with 
original notes showing profound scholarship. He 
was assisting Professor Stuart in his commentary 
on the 4 Epistle to the Romans,* and aiding Profes- 
sor Robinson in editing the 4 Biblical Repository/ 
then the most scholastic periodical in America, 
and was assistant instructor of Hebrew in the 
seminary." He edited the 44 Literary and Theo- 
logical Review" in New York city in*1834-'7, and 
although that periodical was the organ of the 
Presbyterian and Congregational churches, he di- 
rectly opposed the opinions of many of its sup- 
porters, objecting to the proposals' of temper- 
ance and anti-slavery societies and popular re- 
vivalists, and to the German Reformation, and 
defending the few and simple conditions of ad- 
mission into the Anglican communion, as com- 
pared with the minute requirements of doctrine 
in his own church. He was professor of sacred 
literature in Bangor theological seminary in 
1836-'9, and from 1839 till 1866 president of fcow- 
doin. He never accepted a pastoral charge, but 
occasionally delivered sermons and addresses. He 
went abroad in 1833, and contracted friendship* 
with eminent theologians in Rome and in Oxford. 
His familiarity with the classics caused him to be 



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WOODS 

congratulated by Gregory XVI. for his " excellent 
Latin and the richness of his discourse," and the 
Oxford theology having won his approval, he was 
the theological champion and personal friend of 
Dr. Edward B. Pusey. " He was even more re- 
markable, perhaps, for his conversations than for 




his public addresses," says his biographer, Prof. 
Edwards A. Park. Having resigned the presi- 
dency of Bowdoin in 1866 (see the accompanying 
vignette), he accepted from the legislature of Maine 
a commission to visit Europe to obtain materials 
for the early history of the state. He engaged 
the assistance of Dr. John G. Kohl in the work, 
which subsequently assumed shape in his " Dis- 
covery of Maine " (Portland, Me., 1868), and pro- 
cured the Hakluvt manuscript of the "Westerne 
Planting." Dr. Woods was preparing this docu- 
ment for the press when nis health declined, 
and the papers were completed and published by 
Charles Deane, in the 44 Proceedings of the Maine 
Historical Society" (Portland. 1877). Dr. Woods 
furnished other valuable matter, which appeared in 
the 1st and 2d volumes of the publications of that 
society, and was engaged in further work when his 
materials were destroyed by a fire that consumed 
his entire library. Harvard gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1846, and Bowdoin that of LL. D. in 1866. 
Besides the works already referred to, including his 
translation of George Christian Knapp's " Chris- 
tian Theology "(2 vols.. New York, 1831-'3), Dr. 
Woods published an ** Address on the Life and 
Character of Parker Cleveland (Portland, Me., 
1859), and " Address on the Opening of the New 
Medical Hall of the Medical School of Maine" 
(1862). See a " Memorial " of him. by Edwards A. 
Park (Andover, 1880), and an article by Richard 
H. Dana in the ** Century Magazine" for June, 
1881. — The first Leonard's nephew, Alva, educa- 
tor, b. in Shoreham, Vt., 13 Aug., 1794 ; d. in Provi- 
dence, R. I., in July, 1887, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1817, and at Andover seminary in 1821. Im- 
mediately upon his graduation at the seminary he 
was elected professor of mathematics and natural 
philosophy in Columbian college, Washington, D. C. 
In 1824 he was elected to the same chair in Brown 
university, where he remained until 1828, when he 
was made president of Transylvania university, Ky. 
He continued in this place until 1881, when he be- 
came president of the University of Alabama, at 
Tuscaloosa. Resigning this office in 1837, he re- 
moved soon afterward to Providence, R. I., where 
he spent the remainder of his days. He was a 
trustee and fellow of Brown, and a trustee of New- 
ton theological institution. He founded five fel- 
lowships in the former, and a lectureship on elocu- 
tion in the latter. He received from Brown, in 
1828, the degree of D. D. Dr. Woods published 
several inaugural and other addresses. 

WOODS, Robert Stuart, Canadian jurist, b. in 
Sandwich, Ont, in 1819. His grandfather, a Scotch 
merchant, emigrated to Canada. Robert was edu- 



WOODS 605 

cated at Sandwich, took an active part in the re- 
bellion of 1837, followed Sir Allan N. MacNab 
through the campaign, and was engaged in the af- 
fair of the 44 Caroline." He subsequently studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, became a 
queen's counsel in 1872, and continued the prac- 
tice of his profession till he was appointed junior 
judge of Kent county in 1885. He was largely in- 
strumental in securing the construction of the 
Great Western railway, was an unsuccessful can- 
didate for parliament in 1854, and is revising-officer 
of the electoral district of Kent. He is an active 
advocate of the temperance reform. 

WOODS, William, clergyman, b. in Albemarle 
county, Va., in 1738; d. there in 1819. He was 
of Scotch-Irish descent, and his father, William, 
came from Pennsylvania with the emigrants that 
followed John Lewis up Shenandoah valley, and 
became the owner of large tracts of land in Albe- 
marle county, Va. The son was a bold and in- 
dependent thinker, and became a Baptist when 
that denomination was struggling for existence 
against great opposition. In 1 y80 ne was ordained 
a minister of that faith, and founded the old Albe- 
marle Baptist church, near the University of Vir- 
ginia. Thomas Jefferson frequently attended his 
church, and wrote that " it was a model for a re- 
public." At the request of Jefferson he resigned 
nis charge in 1799 that he might be elected to the 
legislature. He served during the agitation of 
1800 over the Kentucky resolutions of 1798-'9, and 
his name heads the list of state-rights Republican 
voters in that body. During his term a bill was 
passed to increase the pay of the members, but he 
refused to accept its privileges.— His son, Micajmh, 
jurist, b. in Albemarle county, Va., in 1776 ; d. 
there in 1887, was for twenty years a member of 
the justice's court for Albemarle county, and for 
many years the presiding justice of that county. — 
His son, John Rodes, physician, b. in Albemarle 
county, Va., 15 Jan., 1815; d. there, 9 July, 1885, 
was graduated in medicine at the University of 
Virginia in 1835, but ceased to practise in 1837, 
devoted his attention to scientific agriculture, and 
brought large importations of English stock to his 
estate, " HoTkharo." He was a member of the old 
Whig party, a personal friend of Henry Clay, and 
a member of many Whig conventions. For eight 
years he was a director of the Virginia Central 
(now Chesapeake and Ohio) railway company. Dr. 
Woods was a supporter of the University of Vir- 
ginia, and a member of its board of visitors from 
1867 till 1872. — John Rodes's son, Micajah, law- 
yer, b. at Holkham, Albemarle co., Va., 17 May, 
1844, has been attorney for the commonwealth of 
Albemarle county since 1870. and was a member 
of the board of visitors to the University of Vir- 
ginia from 1872 till 1876. 

WOODS, William Burnham, soldier, b. in 
Newark, Licking co., Ohio, 8 Aug., 1824; d. in 
Washington, D. C. f 14 May, 1887. His father, 
Ezekiel S. Woods, was a native of Kentucky, of 
Scotch-Irish parentage. The son was educated at 
Western Reserve college and at Yale, where he was 
graduated in 1845. He afterward studied law in 
nis native place, and practised there, was elected 
mayor of Newark in 1856 and 1857, and in the 
latter year was chosen to the Ohio legislature. He 
was elected speaker of the house in 1858, and re- 
elected to the legislature in 1859. Soon after the 
opening of the civil war he entered the National 
army as lieutenant-colonel of the 76th Ohio volun- 
teers, and from November, 1861, till the close of 
the war he was continuously at the front, except 
for a period of three months. He participated in 

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WOODWARD 




the battles of Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas 
Post (where he was slightly wounded), Kesaca, 
Dallas, Atlanta, .lonesboro', Lovejoy Station, and 
Bentonville. He was also present at the sieges of 
Vicksburg and Jackson, ana commanded a division 
in Gen. William T. 
Sherman's march to 
the *ea. He was ap- 
pointed brevet brig- 
adier-general of vol- 
unteers, 12 Jan., 
1805 ; brevet major- 
general of volun- 
teers, 13 March. 
1805; full brigadier- 

feneral, 31 Mav, 
805; and on 1*7 
Feb., 1800, was mus- 
tered out of the ser- 
vice. Upon leav- 
ing the army, Gen. 
Woods engaged in 
cotton - planting in 
Alabama, resuming 
at the same time the practice of law, and taking 
an active part in the reconstruction of the state, 
of which he became chancellor in 1808. In 1809 
he was appointed U. S. judge for the 5th circuit, 
and on 15 Dec., 1880, was nominated by Presi- 
dent Hayes an associate justice of the if. S. su- 

Ereme court, being confirmed on 22 Dec. — His 
rother, Charles Robert, soldier, b. in Newark, 
Ohio, 19 Feb., 1827; d. there, 20 Feb., 1885, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1852. 
appointed brevet 2d lieutenant of infantry, and 
served on garrison and frontier duty till 1801. In 
the attempt to relieve Fort Sumter in April of that 
year, he commanded the troops on the steamer 
" Star of the West," and he was appointed colonel 
of the 70th Ohio volunteers, 13 Oct., 1801. He was 
at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and commanded a 
brigade during the siege of Corinth, and a regi- 
ment in the Vicksburg campaign. He was recom- 
mended for promotion for bravery at Arkansas 
Post, and became a brigadier-general of volunteers, 
4 Aug., 1803, leading a brigade in the 15th corps at 
Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge. In the cam- 
paign in Georgia and the Carolinas ne commanded 
a division in the same corps. He was appointed 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 Aug., 1803, brevet- 
ted major-general, 22 Nov., 1804, made brevet briga- 
dier- and major-general in the U. S. army, 13 
March, 1805, and" mustered out of the volunteer 
service, 1 Sept.. I860. He was transferred to the 
27th infantry, 27 Sept, 1800, and during the latter 
part of the same year was on the plains fighting 
Indians and guarding railways. He became colonel 
of the 2d infantry, 23 March. 1874, and was retired 
on 15 Dec. of the same year. He was familiarly 
known in the army as " Susan Wood," a name that 
had been applied to him when he was a cadet at 
the military academy. 

WOODVILLE, ftichard Caton, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., about 1825; d. in Ixmdon, Eng., 13 
Sept., 1855. He studied in Dflsseldorf, whence he 
sent to the American art union "The Card-Play- 
ers" (1847}, and "The Cavalier's Return" and 
"Mexican News" (1848). He twice revisited Eu- 
rope, and while in London was cut short in a ca- 
reer of much promise. Among his effective and 
well - finished genre pictures were ** Old *76," 
" Young '48," * The Politicians," ** The Game of 
Chess," " Waiting for the Stage," and " The Sail- 
or's Wedding." Several of them were engraved or 
lithographed. 



WOODWARD, Ashbel, physician, b. in Well- 
ington. Conn.. 20 June, 1804 ; d. in Franklin, Conn.. 
20 Nov., 1885. He was graduated at the medical 
department of Bowdoin in 1829, settled in Frank- 
lin, Conn., and resided there until his death, en- 
gaging in the practice of his profession and in 
genealogical and historical researches. At the 
beginning of the civil war he volunteered as 
surgeon in the 20th army corjjs, sharing in the 
siege and capture of Port Hudson. Yale gave 
him the honorary degree of M. I), in 1854. Dr. 
Woodward was president of the Connecticut medi- 
cal society for many years, and a member of the 
New England historic-genealogical society, to 
which he contributed alxmt fifty papers. His" pub- 
lications include " Vindication of Gen. Israel Put- 
nam " (Norwich. Conn.. 18-11) : " Historieal Account 
of the Connecticut Medical Society" (Hartford, 
1850) ; " Biographical Sketches of the Early Phy- 
sicians of Norwich" (Norwich, 1859); - Medical 
Ethics" (Hartford, 18(H)); "Life." an addrww 
(1801); " Memoir of Col. Thomas Knowlton " (Ifcst- 
ton, 1801); "Life of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon " (Hart- 
ford, 1802); "Vindication of Army* Surgeons" 
(New Haven. 18Grt): "S|>ecialism in Medicine" 
(1800); and "The Two Hundredth Anniversary of 
the Settlement of Franklin," an address delivered 
in April, 1808 (1870). See a memoir of him by his 
son. Henry H. Woodward (Boston, 1880). 

WOODWARD, Augustus B, jurist, b. in Vir- 
ginia about 1775; d. in Florida in 1827. lie was 
a laborious student, adopted the profession of law. 
and in 1805 emigrated to Michigan to become a 

t'udgo of the territory, holding office till 1824. 
hiring that service he published the " code of laws " 
that bears his name. He was then appointed a 
judge of the territory of Florida, where he died 
after a service of three years. He was an ardent 
patriot, and during the second war with Great 
Britain was the author of the resolution that was 
adopted by the legislature of Michigan prohibiting 
the wearing of any clothing made from English 
goods. He is said to have lx»en a founder of the 
town of Ypsilanti, Mich., but the statement is not 
corroborated. He published "Considerations on 
the Substance of trie Sun" (Washington. D. C„ 
1801); " Considerations on the Executive Govern- 
ment of the United States of America" (Flatbush, 
1809); and "A Svstem of Universal Science" 
(Philadelphia, 1810). 

WOODWARD, CalTtn Milton, educator, b. in 
Fitchburg, Mass., 25 Aug.. 1&37. He was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1800. and became principal of 
Brown high-school in Newburvport, Mass. Dur- 
ing the civil war he was captain in the 48th Mas- 
sachusetts volunteers, taking part in the siege and 
capture of Port Hudson under Gen. Nathaniel P. 
Banks. In 1805 he was chosen vice- principal of the 
Smith academy of Washington university, St Louis, 
and in 1808 he was appointed assistant professor 
of mathematics in that university, where since 1870 
he has held the chair of mathematics and applied 
mechanics, also since 1870 he has been dean of its 
polytechnic school, ne planned and organized in 
1871) the manual training-school as a subordinate 
department of the university without resigning his 
other duties, and has filled the directorship of this 
school from the first The St. Louis manual train- 
ing-school is the pioneer of its kind in America, 
and has served as the model in organizing other 
similar schools, in conseouence of which Prof. 
Woodward's expositions of the aims and value of 
manual training have had the widest influence in 
shaping the new education both at home and 
abroad. He was a member of the school board of 



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WOODWARD 



St Louis in 1878-*80, and president of the St. Louis 
engineer club in 1888-'4. Prof. Woodward was 
president of the industrial department of the 
Rational educational association in 1882-'4, and 
vice-president of the American association for the 
advancement of science in 1888, presiding over the 
section on mechanical science. In 1885 he was in- 
vited to present a paper on "Manual Training" 
before the educational conference in Manchester, 
England, and afterward he visited the educational 
institutions of Europe. He has written a large 
number of papers on mathematical subjects and 
manual training, which he has contributed to sci- 
entific journals and other periodicals. His books 
are 44 History of the St. Louis Bridge " (St. Louis, 
1882), and "The Manual Training - School : its 
Aims, Methods, and Results " (Boston, 1887). 

WOODWARD, George Washington, jurist, 
b. in Bethany, Pa., 26 March, 1809 ; d. in Rome, 
Italy, 10 May, 1875. He received an academic edu- 
cation, and studied and practised law in his native 
town. He was a member of the Pennsylvania 
constitutional convention in 1827, president-judge 
of the 4th judicial district in 1841-*51, and a judge 
of the superior court of Pennsylvania in 1852-'67. 
He was cnosen to congress as a Democrat in 1866, 
and was twice re-elected. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic convention in 1868. His 
death occurred during a tour abroad. 

WOODWARD, Joseph Janvier, surgeon, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 30 Oct, 1838 ; d. near that city, 
17 Aug., 1884. He was graduated at the Philadel- 
phia central high-school in 1850, and at the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1853. He practised his profession in Philadel- 
phia, and also gave private instruction in the use 
of the microscope ana in pathological histology, and 
with Dr. Charles Bishop he conducted a 44 quiz " 
class in connection with the course of instruction 
in the University of Pennsylvania. Subsequently 
he became demonstrator in operative surgery in 
that place and clinical surgical assistant, and then 
took charge of the surgical clinic of the univer- 
sity. At the beginning of the civil war he entered 
the U. S. army as assistant surgeon, serving with 
the 2d U. S. artillery in the Army of the Potomac, 
and then became chief medical officer of the 5th 
division in the Department of Northeast Virginia, 
being present at the first battle of Bull Run. Later 
he became medical officer of three light batteries 
in Gen. Philip Kearny's division in the Army of 
the Potomac In May, 1862, he was assigned to 
duty in the surgeon-general's office in Washington, 
and charged with the duty of collecting materials 
for a medical and surgical history of the war and 
for a military medical museum. At the close of 
the war he received the brevets of captain, major, 
and lieutenant-colonel, and on 28 July, 1866, he was 
commissioned captain and assistant surgeon. Soon 
after his assignment to Washington his attention 
was directed to experiments in pnoto-micrography. 
and he improved the old methods and devised 
new ones for this class of work. His publications 
in this direction gave a powerful stimulus to the 
construction of microscopic objectives, and the 
great improvements that nave been made in these 
instruments of research are due chiefly to his labors. 
He was made surgeon with the rank of major on 
"26 June, 1876. Dr. Woodward was associated in 
the management of President Garfield's case after 
he was snot, and the confinement, anxiety, and 
labor to which he was subjected during the presi- 
dent's long illness proved too great for him and 
hastened the sickness that terminated his life. In 
Addition to his connection with scientific societies, 



WOODWARD 607 

including his election in 1873 to *.he National 
academy of sciences, he was president of the Amer- 
ican medical association ana of the Philosophical 
society of Washington. He published about 100 
single" papers, and in book-form 44 Outlines of the 
Chief Camp Diseases of the U. S. Armies " (Phila- 
delphia, 1863} and u The Medical and Surgical His- 
tory of the War of the Rebellion " (2 vols., Wash- 
ington, 1870-'9). — His sister, Annie Aubertine 
Woodward-Moore, translator, b. in Montgomery 
countv, Pa., 27 Sept., 1841, was educated in Phila- 
delphia, studied music with Carl Gartner, and gave 
successful piano recitals and concerts in Boston, 
Philadelphia, and New York. She also early de- 
voted herself to literary pursuits, and translated 
extensivelv from the French and German. She 
was occupied in translating from the Scandinavian 
tongues with Rasmus B. Anderson in 1876, and 
for twelve years was busy preparing English ver- 
sions of Bjornstjerne Bjornson's novels (Boston, 
1881-'2), and of Georg Brande's 44 Authors of the 
Nineteenth Century " (New York, 1886). She has 
resided in Madison, Wis., since 1877, was a founder 
of the Wisconsin conservatory of music, and has 
lectured extensively, especially on Norwegian lit- 
erature and music. She married Samuel H. Moore 
in 1887. Mrs. Moore has published most of her 
writings under the pen-name of " Auber Forestier." 
Th*y include, besides the translations that have 
been noticed, English versions from the German of 
Robert Byr's u Sphynx " (Philadelphia, 1871) ; - The 
Struggle for Existence * (1873); Sophia Verena's 
44 Above the Tempest and the Tide " (1878) ; - Sam- 
uel Brohl & Co.," from the French of Victor Cherbu- 
liez (New York, 1877); "Echoes from the Mist 
Land, or the Nibelungen-Lied Revealed " (Chicago, 
1880) ; " The Spell-Bound Fiddler," from the Norse 
of Kristofer Janson (1881); 44 The Norway Music- 
Album," Norway folk-songs, dances, etc., edited 
and furnished with English text (Boston, 1881); 
and 44 Voice-Culture," from the German (1885). 

WOODWARD, Samuel, physician, b. in Water- 
town, Conn., in 1750; d. in Torringford, Conn., 6 
Jan., 1835. By economy and industry he suc- 
ceeded in obtaining sufficient means to enter Yale 
when he was twenty-six years old, but the class of 
which he was a member was dispersed by the 
Revolution, and he was not graduated. He then 
adopted the profession of medicine, and began 
practice in Torringford, Conn., where he remained 
for the greater part of his life. He served in the 
legislature for several terms, during the last of 
which he was called the 44 father of the house," and 
was chosen its speaker. He was the first in that 
body to advocate openly Democratic principles 
after the Revolution, and was the unsuccessful 
candidate of that party for congress. He estab- 
lished a successful practice, prepared a large num- 
ber of students for the medical profession, and was 
active in temperance and other reforms.— His son, 
Samuel Bayard, physician, b. in Torringford, 
Conn., 10 June, 1787; a. in Northampton, Mass., 8 
Jan., 1850, adopted the profession of medicine, and 
settled in Wethersfield, Conn., where he became 
physician to the state prison, and was for several 
years a member of the state senate. He was a 
founder of the Retreat for the insane at Hartford, 
Conn., and in 1832-'46 was superintendent of the 
Massachusetts state lunatic asylum at Worcester. 
He then removed to Northampton, Mass., where 
he practised until his death. Dr. Woodward was 
a projector of the Massachusetts school for idiotic 

f outh and of an asylum for inebriates. He pun- 
ished essays on diseases of the mind and nerves, 
and contributed to medical journals. 

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WOODWORTH, John, jurist, b. in Schodack, 
N. Y., 12 Nov., 1768; d. in Albany, N. Y., 1 June, 

1858. He studied law with John Lansing in Al- 
bany, was admitted to the bar in 1791, and began 
practice in Troy, N. Y., but he returned to Albany 
in 1806, and resided there until his death. He was 
surrogate of Rensselaer county in 1793-1804, a 
member of the assembly in 1803, and of the state 
senate in 1804-7, attorney-general of New York in 
1804- '8, and a judge of the state supreme court in 
lS^^. He published 44 Reminiscences of Troy 
from its Settlement in 1790 till 1807 " (Albany, 
1855), and with William P. Van Ness revised the 
laws of New York (2 vols., 1813). 

WOODWORTH, John Maynard, physician, 
b. in Big Flats, Chemung co., N. Y., 15 Aug., 
1837: d. in Washington, D. C, 14 March, 1879. 
He was educated at the University of Chicago, be- 
came curator of the museum of the Chicago acade- 
my of sciences in 1858, and established the Museum 
of natural history in the University of Chicago in 

1859. He was graduated at the Medical college of 
Chicago in 1802. entered the National army as 
post surgeon of volunteers, and served under Gen. 
William T. Sherman till 1865, becoming full sur- 
geon in 1863, and subsequently medical inspector 
of the Army of the Tennessee. In March, 1865, 
he was ore vetted lieutenant-colonel of volunteers 
for his services during the civil war. He became 
professor of anatomy in Chicago medical college 
in 1866, surgeon of the Union soldiers' home, and 
sanitary inspector of the city board of health in 
1868. In 1871-'9 he was supervising surgeon- 
general of the Marine hospital, Washington. D. C. 
In that service he introduced systematic methods 
of conducting its affairs, required candidates for 
medical offices to pass examinations, and substi- 
tuted inexpensive pavilions for costly insanitary 
hospitals of iron and stone. He was president of 
the Alumni association of Chicago medical college 
in 1870, one of the twelve organizers of the Ameri- 
can public health association in 1872, a member of 
many state and National professional bodies, and a 
vice-president of the Society of the Army of the 
Tennessee. In 1876 he read before the Interna- 
tional medical congress a paper entitled 4 * Quaran- 
tine with Reference to Cholera and Yellow Fever," 
and submitted six propositions to that body on the 
subject, which were adopted. He wrote numer- 
ous essays and papers that were published in the 
44 Transactions of the American Medical Associa- 
tion," and is the author of 44 Primary Surgery of 
Gen. Sherman's Campaigns " (Chicago, 1866) ; 44 The 
Mystery of Life," an address (1871) ; 44 Regulations 
of the United States Marine Hospital Service " 
(Washington. D. C, 1873) ; 44 Hospitals and Hospi- 
tal Construction " (1873) ; 44 The Immigration Ser- 
vice of the United States " (1873) ; 44 Nomenclature 
of Diseases" (1874); and 44 Cholera Epidemic in 
the United States in 1873 " (1875). 

WOODWORTH, Samuel, poet, b. in Scituate, 
Mass., 13 Jan., 1785; d. in New York city. 9 Dec.. 
1842. He was the youngest son of a farmer and 
Revolutionary soldier, whose poverty prevented 
him from educating his children, but Samuel's 
verses attracted the attention of Rev. Nehemiah 
Thomas, who taught him the classics for. He 
was apprenticed to Benjamin Russell, editor of 
the "Columbian Centinel," when he was seven- 
teen years of age, and a year after the expiration 
of his term removed to $ew Haven, Conn., where 
he issued a weekly paper called the 44 Belles-Let- 
tres Repository," of which he was "editor, pub- 
lisher, printer, and more than once carrier, but 
the enterprise failed at the end of its second 




month. He removed to New York in 1809, and dur- 
ing the second war with Great Britain conducted 
a weekly paper called " The War," and a monthly 
Swedenoorgian magazine entitled the "Halcyon 
Luminary and 
Theological Re- 
pository," both of 
which were un- 
successful. His 
next literary un- 
dertaking was a 
contract in 1816 
to write a histo- 
ry of the second 
war with Great 
Britain in the style 
of a romance, en- 
titled the 44 Cham- 

Sions of Free- 
om," which was 
published (2 vols., 
New York, 1816), 
but possesses lit- 
tle merit either as 
history or as a 
novel. With George P. Morris he began, in 1823, 
the publication of the 44 New York Mirror,** bat 
he withdrew from the partnership within a year. 
He edited the 44 Parthenon " in 1827. afterward 
contributed frequently to the press, and was the 
author of several operettas that were produced 
with success, of which the 44 Forest Rose " is still oc- 
casionally performed. During his later life he was 
paralyzed, and his resources were meagre. Of his 
numerous lyrics the 44 Old Oaken Bucket " is the 
only one that will probably live. George Perkins 
Marsh savs of this poem in his 44 Lectures on the 
English Language'' (New York, 1861): "Wood- 
worth's fine song, the 4 Old Oaken Bucket,* which 
has embalmed in undying verse so many of the 
most touching recollections of rural childhood, will 
preserve the more poetic form oaken, together 
with the memory of the almost obsolete implement 
it celebrates, through all dialect changes, as long 
as English shall be a spoken tongue." His poetical 
works were collected and edited by his son, with a 
memoir of him by George P. Morris (2 vols.. New 
York, 1861).— His son, Sellm E M naval officer, b. in 
New York city. 27 Nov., 1815 : d. in San Francisco, 
Cal.. 29 Jan., 1871, when twelve years old set out 
with a rifle to cross the continent to the Pacific, 
but was met by friends and sent home after walking 
300 miles. In 1834 he sailed as captain's clerk in 
the ship 44 Margaret Oakley," in which he was ship- 
wrecked off Madagascar. He lived on the island 
with the natives, but eventually reached Mauritius, 
whence he returned home after an absence of four 
years. He was appointed a midshipman in the 
navy, 16 June, 1838, became a passed midshipman. 
20 May, 1844, and, obtaining special leave of absence 
in 1846, made the journey to the Pacific overland, 
travelling from St. Louis to Columbia river in sixty 
days. He then went down the coast to the site of 
San Francisco, where he reported for duty as a 
master on board the sloop 44 Warren." and subse- 
quently served in command of the transport 44 Ani- 
ta " until the close of the Mexican war. He re- 
signed from the navy. 11 Feb., 1850, and was elected 
to the first state senate of California. He engaged 
in mercantile pursuits, but at the opening of the 
civil war he volunteered and was commissioned 
acting lieutenant, 10 Sept., 1861. He served under 
Farragut at New Orleans and in Mississippi river, 
and was promoted two grades to commander. 16 
July, 1862, for gallant conduct He commanded 



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609 



the steamer " Narragansett," which he took out to 
the Pacific coast in 1865-'6. and upon his return 
resigned from the navy, 31 May, 1866.— Samuel's 
nephew, Francis C, author, b. in Colchester, Conn., 
in 1812; d. at sea, 5 June, 1859, was a printer by 
trade, and afterward preached, but withdrew from 
the ministry on account of failing health. He then 
devoted himself to juvenile literature, in which he 
was remarkably successful. He died during a voy- 
age between Savannah and New York. His nu- 
merous publications include " Our own Fields " 
(New York, 1850) ; " Youth's Book of Gems " (1851) ; 
"Uncle Frank's Home Stories" (6 vols., 1851); 
•'Uncle Frank's Picture Gallery "(2 vols., 1852); 
"Wonders of the Insect World" (1853); "The 
World as it is, or a Miniature Sketch of the Earth 
and its Inhabitants" (Philadelphia, 1854); "Theo- 
dore Tinker's Stories for Little Folks" (12 vols., 
New York, 1854-'8); "Young American's Life of 
Fremont " (1856) and " Uncle Frank's Pleasant 
Pages for the Fireside " (1*57). He edited " Wood- 
worth's American Miscellany" (12 vols., 1853 et 
seq.), and " Woodworth's Youth's Cabinet," which 
was continued after his death (15 vols., 1854 et seq.). 

WOOL, John Ellis, soldier, b. in Newburg, 
N. Y., 20 Feb., 1784; d. in Troy, N. Y., 10 Nov., 
1869. His father was a soldier of the Revolution. 
The son was educated at the common schools of 
his native town, and, after a short experience in 
mercantile life in Troy, began the study of the 
law, at which he was engaged when war with Eng- 
land was declared. He entered the military service 
as an officer of volunteers, raised a company in 
Troy, was commissioned captain in the 13th U. S. 
infantry, 14 April, 1812, and greatly distinguished 
himself at Queenstown Heights, 13 Oct., 1812, 
where he was severely wounded. He was promoted 
major of the 29th infantry, 13 April, 1813, and at 
Plattsburgon 11 Sept., 1814. he received the brevet 
of lieutenant - colonel for gallantry. Maj. Wool 
was transferred to the 6th infantry, 17 May, 1815, 
and in the subsequent reorganization was made 
inspector-general of the army, wit h rank of colonel, 
29 April, 1816. The routine of his duty was varied 
in 1832 by a professional tour abroad, comprising 
an inspection of the military establishments of 
Europe for the benefit of the U. S. service. In 
1836 ne effected the transfer of the Cherokee In- 
diana to the country west of the Mississippi, and 
on 25 June, 1841, he was appointed brigadier- 
general in the U. 
S. army. He was 
active at the be- 
ginning of the 
Mexican war in 
preparing volun- 
teer forces for the 
field, and in less 
than six weeks 
despatched to the 
scat of war 12,000 
men, fully armed 
and equipfK»d. He 
was Gen. Zachary 
Taylor's second in 
command at Buc- 
na Vista, selecting 
the ground for the 
action, making the 
preliminary dispo- 
sitions, and commanding on the field till the ar- 
rival of his superior. For gallant and meritori- 
ous conduct in that battle he was brevetted major- 
general, 23 Feb., 1847. For his services during 
the war with Mexico congress awarded him a vote of 
vol. ti. — 89 





thanks and a sword of honor, and a sword was also 

E resented to Gen. Wool by the state of New York, 
[e commanded the eastern military division in 
1848-'53, and the Department of the Pacific in 
1854-'7, putting an end to Indian disturbances in 
Washington and Oregon territories in 1856 by a 
three-months' campaign. He had charge of the 
Department of the East in 1860, and at the opening 
of the civil war saved Fortress Monroe by timely 
re-en forcernents, afterward commanding there at 
the head of the Department of Virginia. He was 
promoted major-gen- 
eral, U. S. army, 16 
May, 1862, and had 
charge successively of 
the middle military de- 
partment and the De- 
partment of the East 
till July, 1863. He 
was retired from ac- 
tive service, 1 Aug., 
1863. Gen. Wool was 
a rigid disciplinarian, 
and had no superior in 
the U. S. service as an 
organizer of troops. 
The monument shown 
in the illustration was 
raised to his memory 
in Troy. It is 75 feet 
high, and bears the 
following inscription 
from the pen of Will- 
iam Cullen Bryant : 
"This stone is erect- 
ed to Major-General 
John Ellis Wool, the gallant soldier, the able 
commander, and the patriotic citizen, distin- 
guished in many battles ; and to Sarah Moulton, 
his excellent and worthy consort." 

WOOLF, Solomon, educator, b. in New York 
city, 6 Jan., 1841. He was graduated at the Col- 
lege of the city of New York in 1859, and in the 
same year was appointed tutor in descriptive ge- 
ometry there anu in the Cooper Union. In 1878 
he was appointed to the professorship of geometry 
and drawing in that college, which chair he has 
since held. Besides various contributions to the 
press, he has published " A Course in Descriptive 
Geometry " (New York, 1888). 

WOOLMAN, John, Quaker preacher, b. in 
Northampton, Burlington co., N. J., in August, 
1720: d. in York, England, 7 Oct., 1772. He 
worked on a farm with his father till he was twen- 
ty-one years of age, when he became clerk to a 
storekeeper at Mount Holly, where he opened a 
school for poor children, and first began to speak 
at the meetings of the sect. Wishing to visit the 
various societies of Friends throughout the colo- 
nies, and to preach to them, he first learned the 
trade of a tailor, as best adapted for supporting 
him in the itinerant life that he had resolved to 
lead. In 1746 he set out on a tour, with Isaac An- 
drews, to visit the Friends in the back settlements 
of Virginia, and he spent a great part of his life 
in such journeys, for the purpose of preaching. 
He spoke and wrote much against slavery. In 
1763 no visited the Indians on Susquehanna river. 
Early in 1772 he went to England, and, while at- 
tending the quarterly meeting at York, ho was 
smitten with small-pox, and died, after a few days' 
illness. Woolman's writings have been much ad- 
mired, and were highly praised by Charles Lamb. 
Perhaps the most interesting of his works is the 
posthumous " Journal of John Woolman's Life and 



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610 WOOLSEY 

Travels in the Service of the Gospel " (Philadelphia, 
1775, edited, with an introduction, by John G. Whit- 
tier, 1871). Woolman also published 44 Some Con- 
siderations on the Keeping of Negroes " (Philadel- 
phia, 1758 ; 2dpart, 1762) ; 44 Considerations on Pure 
Wisdom and Human Policy, on Labor, on Schools, 
and on the Right Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts " 
(1768) ; 44 Considerations on the True Harmonyof 
Mankind, and How it is to be Maintained" (1770); 
and "An Epistle to the Quarterly and Monthly 
Meetings of Friends" (1772). His "Serious Con- 
siderations, with Some of his Dying Expressions," 
appeared after his death (London, 1778). Various 
manuscripts that he left were included in an edi- 
tion of his works (2 parts, Philadelphia, 1774-V5). 

WOOLSEY, Melanchton Taylor, naval officer, 
b; in New York in 1782; d. in Utica, N. Y., 
18 May, 1888. His father was an officer in the 
war of independence and resided at Plattsburg, on 
Lake Champlain, where he was collector of the 
port. The son studied law, but entered the navy 
as a midshipman, 9 April, 1800, and cruised in 
the sloop 44 Adams " in the West Indies in 1800-'l. 
He went to Tripoli just before the close of the 
Tripolitan war, was promoted to lieutenant, 14 
Feb., 1807, and went to Washington, where he pre- 
pared a code of signals for the navy. He was sent 
to Lake Ontario to superintend the building of 
three naval vessels, and at Oswego, in 1808, laid the 
keel of the "Oneida," the first U. S. naval vessel 
that was ever built on that lake. He commanded 
the 44 Oneida," and was in charge of the naval sta- 
tion at Sackett's Harbor when the war of 1812 
began. On 19 July, 1812, a British squadron of five 
vessels came in sight, when Woolsey attempted to 
escape into the open sea in the 44 Oneida" ; but as 
this was impossible, he returned into Sackett's Har- 
bor, where ne landed half of his battery on shore 
and repelled the British after an engagement of 
two hours. Com. Isaac Chauncev arrived soon 
after this victory, and assumed chief command. 
Other vessels were built, and in November, 1818, 
Kingston was attacked, Woolsey commanding the 
"Oneida" and continuing to serve as second in 
command. He was promoted to master-comman- 
dant, 24 July, 1813, and was present at the attack 
on York ana the assault on Fort George. In the 
schooner 44 Sylph " he sailed with Com. Chauncev's 
squadron on 28 Aug., 1813, and chased the British 
sauadron under Sir James Yeo for six days, par- 
ticipating in numerous engagements during Sep- 
tember. On 5 Oct, 1813, he captured the cutter 
" Drummond " and the sloops 44 Elizabeth," 44 Mary 
Ann," and "Lady Gore" off False Ducks. In 
May, 1814, Woolsey was sent to Oswego in the 
" Sylph " to transport guns and cables to Sackett's 
Harbor at a period when the British had again ob- 
tained control of the lake. The British squadron 
appeared off Oswego while be was there, and he 
circulated a report that the destination of the guns 
and stores had been changed, after which, availing 
himself of a dark night, he went out with a flotilla 
of nineteen heavy boats carrying the guns and 
stores. The British discovered his retreat and 
followed him to Sandy Creek, where he was land- 
ing the guns when they appeared. Mai. Daniel 
Appling, who had accompanied him with a force 
of riflemen, prepared an ambuscade, and with 
Woolsey met the British with such a destructive 
fire that in the end they were all captured. Three 
gun-boats, two barges, one gig, six guns, and 186 
men were taken on this occasion. Woolsey then 
took his guns and stores to Sackett's Harbor, and 
the Americans regained command of the lake. He 
had charge of the brig 44 Jones " from the following 



WOOLSEY 



year until the close of the war. He remained at Sack- 
ett's Harbor after peace was restored until 1824 in 
command of that station. He was promoted to 
captain, 27 April, 1816, had the frigate 44 Constella- 
tion " in the West Indies from 1824 till June, 1827, 
was in charge of the Pensacola navy-yard in 1827-*31, 
and commodore commanding the Brazil station in 
l832-'4. In 1886-7 he had charge of the surveys 
of the Chesapeake bay, after which his health de- 
clined.— His son, Melanchton Brooks, naval offi- 
cer, b. in New York, 11 Aug., 1817: d. in Pensa- 
cola, Fla., 2 Oct, 1874. entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman, 24 Sept, 1882, attended the naval school 
at Philadelphia, and became a passed midshipman, 
16 July, 1840. He was promoted to master, 22 
March, 1847, and to lieutenant, 16 July, 1847, and 
by action of the retiring board he was placed on 
the reserved list, 18 Sept, 1855. In 1861 he was 
assigned to active dutv and attached to the re- 
ceiving-ship at New York. He commanded the 
steamer 44 Ellen," on the South Atlantic blockade, 
in 1861-2, in which he engaged Fort Pemberton 
at Wapper creek, S. C, in May, 1862. repelled 
Confederate cavalry at Secessionville, 1 June, 1862, 
and participated in the attack on James island, 3 
June, 1862. He was commissioned a commander, 
16 July, 1862, on the reserved list, and command- 
ed the sloop "Vandalia" in 1862-'8, and the 
steamer 44 Princess Royal," in the West Gulf squad- 
ron, in 1868-'5. He participated in the engage- 
ment and repulse of the Confederates at Donald-; 
sonville, La., on 28 June, 1868, and was highly com- 
mended for this victory. He continued to serve 
on the blockade until the close of the war, and was 

S laced on the active list and promoted to captain, 
5 July, 1866, and to commodore, 20 May, 1871. 
On 6 March, 1878, he was appointed commandant 
of the Pensacola navy-yard. In 1874 Woolsey had 
orders to go to the north on duty, but he declined 
to leave his post when a yellow-fever epidemic 
appeared, and he died there. 

WOOLSEY, Theodore Dwight, educator, b. in 
New York city, 81 Oct., 1801 ; d. in New Haven, 
Conn., 1 July, 1889. He was the son of a merchant 
and of Elizabeth Dwight sister of President Tim- 
othy D wight, of Yale. He was graduated at Yale 
in 1820, studied law for a year in Philadelphia, and 
theology at Princeton in 1821-*8, and from 1828 till 
1825 was a tutor at Yale. In 1825 he was licensed 
to preach, and from 1827 till 1880 he studied the 
Greek language and literature in Germany, France, 
and Italy. Returning to this country, he was pro- 
fessor of Greek at Yale from 1881 till 1846, when 
he was appointed president, which post he held till 
his resignation in 1871. He was a member of the 
American company of revisers of the New Testa- 
ment, and its chairman in 1871-*81, was at one 
time vice-president of the Oriental society, and 
for several years a regent of the Smithsonian insti- 
tution at Washington, D. C. He received the de- 
gree of D. D. from Harvard in 1847, and that of 
LL. D. from the same institution in 1886. He 
gave to the Yale library 1,000 volumes in Greek 
literature. His opinions are regarded as of great 
weight on questions of international law. He 
edited the 44 New Englander" for several years 
after its first appearance in 1848, and wrote for 
the 44 North American," 41 Princeton Review," and 
the ** Century." He published editions of the 
Greek text, with English notes for the use of col- 
lege students, of the <4 Alcestis" of Euripides 
(Cambridge, 1834) ; the 44 Antigone " of Sophocles 
(1835); the "Prometheus" of -fischylus (1887); 
the 44 Electra " of Sophocles (1887) ; and the 44 Gor- 
gias " of Plato (1848) ; 44 Introduction to the Study 

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WOOSTER 



611 



of International Law, designed as an Aid in Teach- 
ing and in Historical Studies" (Boston. 1860 ; 5th 
ed., enlarged. New York, 1879) ; " Essays on Di- 
vorce and Divorce Legislation, with Special Refer- 
ence to the United States" (1869); "Religion of 
the Present and of the Future, Sermons preached 
chiefly at Yale College" (1871); "Political Sci- 
ence, or the State, Theoretically and Practically 
considered " (2 vols., 1877) ; " Communism antl 
Socialism in their History and Theory : a Sketch " 
(1880); and " Helpful Thoughts for Young Men" 
(1882). He edited new editions of Francis Liebers 
"Civil Liberty and Self - Government " (Phila- 
delphia, 1871), and a "Manual of Politic Ethics" 
(2 vols., 1871). He also published smaller works, 
and essays and reviews in magazines. The dis- 
courses and addresses at his ordination to the min- 
istry, and his inauguration as President of Yale 
were published together (New Haven. 1846). — His 
son, Thkodork Salisbury, b. in New Haven. Conn., 
22 Oct., 1&52, was graduated at Yale in 1872, stud- 
ied abroad in 1874-'6, was gaduated at the Yale 
law-school in 1876, and since 1879 has been pro- 
fessor of international law at Yale law-school. — 
Theodore Dwight's niece. Sarah Chauncey, author, 
b. in Cleveland, Ohio, about 1845, has published, 
under the pen-name of "Susan Coolidge," "The 
New- Year's Bargain " (Boston, 1871): "What Katy 
Did " (1872) ; " Mischief s Thanksgiving, and other 
Stories" (1874), besides other books for children: 
" For Summer Afternoons " (1876) ; " Verses " 
<1880); "A Guernsey Lily" (1881); "A Little 
Country Girl" (1885); and "A Short History of 
the Citv of Philadelphia " (1887). 

WOOLSON, Abba Louisa Uoold, author, b. 
in Windham, Mc, 30 April, 1838. She is the 
daughter of William Goold, author of " Portland 
in the Past" (Portland, 1886), and of several his- 
torical papers in the "Collections" of the Maine 
historical society, of which for many years he was 
corresponding secretary. She passed her early 
life in Portland. Me., where she was graduated at 
the high-school for girls in 1856, and the same year 
married Moses Woolson, its principal. Mrs. Wool- 
son has given courses of lectures in Boston, New 
York, Washington, and other cities on " Knglish 
Literature in Connection with English History," 
"The Influence of Foreign Nations upon English 
Literature," " Dramas of Shakespeare, as Illus- 
trating English History," and "The Historic Cities 
of Spain." She resides with her husband in Bos- 
ton, and is a meml>cr of literary and philanthropic 
societies and president of the Castilian club. She 
has contributed to periodicals, and published 
"Woman in American Society" (Boston, 1873); 
"Browsing among Books" (1881); and "George 
Eliot and her Heroines" (New York, 1886); and 
edited " Dress Reform," a scries of lectures by 
female physicians of Boston on " Dress as it affects 
the Health of Women " (Boston, 1874). 

WOOLSON, Constance Fen I more, author, b. 
in Claremont, N. H., in 1848. She is the daughter 
of Charles .larvis Woolson and of Hannah Cooper 
Pomeroy, who was a niece of James Eeniinore 
Cooper. She removal with her parents to Cleve- 
lanu, Ohio, in early life, was educated at the young I 
ladies' seminary there, and afterward sent to Ma- I 
dame Chegary's French school in New York city. [ 
On the death of her father in 1869 she liegan to j 
write, and she removed with her mother to the ' 
southern states in 1873, where she resided, prinei- ! 

Sally in Florida, till 1879. In that year, on the j 
eath of her mother, she went to Kngland, where 
she has since resided. She has contributed to peri- J 
odicals, and published "Anne" (New York, 1882); ! 




"For the Major" (1883); "East Angels" (1886); 
"Hodman the Keeper *' (1886); and "Castle No- 
where: Lake-Country Sketches" (1886). 

WOOSTER, Darid, soldier, b. in Stratford, 
Conn., 2 March, 1710; d. in Danburv, Conn., 2 
Mav, 1777. He was graduated at Yale in 1738, 
and when war be- 
tween England 
and Spain began 
in 1739 he en- 
tered the pro- 
vincial army as 
lieutenant, and 
was subsequent- 
ly made captain 
of a vessel that 
was built and 
equipped by the 
colony for the 
defence of its 
coils ts. In 1745 
he served as 
captain in Col. 
Aaron Burr's 
regiment, which 
participated in 
the expedition 
against Louisburg, and commanded the " Connecti- 
cut." which conveyed the troops thither. From 
that place he went, in command of a cartel, to 
England. He was made a captain under Sir 
William Peppercll, and received half-pay until 
1774. He was appointed colonel in the 3d Con- 
necticut regiment m 1755, and later brigadier-gen- 
eral, and served during the French war, 1756-'63. 
He was an originator of the expedition that cap- 
tured Ticonderoga in April, 1775, and afterward 
served in the Connecticut assembly. On the or- 
ganization of the Continental army he was appoint- 
ed one of the eight brigadier -generals, tmrd in 
rank, and served in Canada, where, after the death 
of Gen. Richard Montgomery, he held for a time the 
chief command. He resigned from the army, but 
on his return to Connecticut he was made the first 
major-general of the militia of that state. During 
the winter of 1776-'7 he was employed in raising 
recruits and provisions for the force that was 
stationed in Danburv, and was in command of 
that town when it was attacked by Gov. William 
Tryon's troops on 26 April, 1777. Tryon, fear- 
ing that he might be cut off on his retreat, 
marched toward Ridgeway, a parish in the town 
of Ridgefield, and when this movement was 
known to the American commanders they sep- 
arated their forces into two parts. The largest 
division, of 400 men, under Gold Sellcck Silliiuan 
and Benedict Arnold, was stationed in front of the 
enemy, while Wooster, with the remaining 200, 
was sent to annoy the rear-guard. Arnold, on 
arriving at Ridgefield, constructed a barricade 
across the highway between the house of Benjamin 
Stebbins and a ledge of rock to the west of the 
road, and awaited the enemy's approach. The 
British, after leaving Danbury, changed their course 
of retreat, and Wooster hastened forward until he 
met the foe a few miles north of Ridgefield, fell 
upon the rear of the British column, and, after a 
sharp skirmish, took forty prisoners. He made a 
second assault about a mile north of the Stebbins 
house. Several discharges of artillery caused the 
American column to break, ami Wooster endeav- 
ored to rally his men, exclaiming, "Come on, my 
lx>ys ! Never mind such random shots ! " But a 
musket-ball pierced his body. He was taken to 
Danbury, where he died a few days afterward. On 



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WORCESTER 



WORCESTER 



17 June, 1777, the Continental congress passed a 
resolution that a monument be erected to the 
memory of Gen. Wooster. The sum of $500 was 
appropriated for this purpose, but the money was 
never paid, and the grave of the hero soon be- 
came unknown. A handsome monument of Port- 
land granite was erected to his memory in Dan- 
bury in 1854.— His grandson, Charles Whiting, 
naval officer, b. in New Haven, Conn., in 1785 ; 
d. in California in 1848, entered the merchant 
service, and during the war with England armed 
the privateer 44 Saratoga,'* with which he captured 
many prizes, acquiring a fortune. When the Chili- 
ans in 1817 were trying to improvise a navy for 
capturing a Spanish convoy that was expected in 
Callao by way of Cape Horn, Wooster arrived in 
Valparaiso with his armed brig 44 Columbus," which 
the government bought from him, and, under the 
name of the " Araucano," placed under the com- 
mand of Wooster, with the rank of captain. After 
a fortunate cruise on the coast of Peru and Mex- 
ico, his vessel was sent, with the "San Martin," 
44 Chacabuco," and "Lautaro," to capture a con- 
voy of nine transports, escorted by the frigate 
44 Maria Isabel," which was expected from Spain 
in Talcahuano. On 28 Oct., 1818, they found the 
frigate in that port, and captured her after a short 
struggle, Wooster being the first to board her. In 
recompense he was given command of the prize, 
and, with four of the transports, captured shortly 
afterward, the Chilian fleet entered Valparaiso. 
When Lord Cochrane was given command-in-chief 
of the Chilian navy in 1819, Wooster, refusing to 
serve under him, resigned and took command of 
a merchant-vessel. After Cochrane's departure, 
Wooster entered the service again in 1822, taking 
command of his old ship, witn the rank of post- 
captain, and in the following year made a suc- 
cessful cruise on the coast of Peru. He also took 
part in the campaigns of 1824-'6 against the Chi- 
Ioe archipelago. In 1829 he was promoted rear- 
admiral, and, for a long time before, he had been 
practically commander-in-chief of the small Chili- 
an navy. He went in 1847 to California, where he 
engaged in mining on Yuba river, but without 
success.— Gen. Wooster's great- grandnephew, Da- 
vid, physician, b. in Jasper, Steuben co., N. Y., 10 
June, 1825, served as acting assistant surgeon in 
the U. S. army during the Mexican war, being sta- 
tioned in La Puebla. He was graduated at the 
Cleveland medical college in 1849, and in that year 
began the practice of his profession in Adrian, 
Mich. In 1850 he crossed the plains to California, 
practised medicine, and was a miner on Yuba river 
until 1856, when he removed to San Francisco. In 
1861-8 he served as surgeon in the California vol- 
unteers in Arizona and New Mexico. From 1867 
till 1871 he was U. S. special examiner of drugs in 
San Francisco, and in 1871-'2 he was surgeon in the 
U. S. marine hospital of that city, where he still 
practises his profession. In 1858 he founded " The 
Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal" in San 
Francisco, which he edited four years. Besides nu- 
merous contributions to this journal and to other 
medical periodicals, he has published a brochure on 
44 Diphtheria," the first publication in the United 
States on this disease (1859); "Diseases of the 
Heart " (1867) ; a pamphlet on 44 Hip-Joint Disease " 
(1876) ; and a 44 Genealogy of tne Woosters in 
America " (San Francisco, 1885). 

WORCESTER, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 18 Feb., 1884. He became pastor of the 
New Church society of Newtonville, Mass., in 1869, 
instructor of theology in the New Church theologi- 
cal school, Boston, m 1878, and its president in 




1881. He is the author of 44 A Year's Lessons 
from the Psalms" (Boston, 1869); ** Correspond- 
ences of the Bible: the Animals" (1875; 2d ecL, 
1884); and 44 A Journey in Palestine" (1884). 

WORCESTER, Joseph Emerson, philologist, 
b. in Bedford, N. H., 24 Aug., 1784; d. in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 27 Oct, 1865. His father, Jesse Wor- 
cester (1761-1884), wrote much for the press, and 
left in manuscript 44 Chronicles of Nissitissit." The 
son worked on a 
farm in his youth, 
but cultivated stu- 
dious habits, de- 
termined to ob- 
tain a liberal edu- 
cation, and at the 
age of twenty- 
five entered Yale, 
where two years 
later, 1811, he was 
graduated. He 
was a teacher in 
Salem, Mass., for 
several years, and 
passed two years 
at Andover,butin 
1819 removed to 
Cambridge, which 
was thenceforth 
his home. His life 
was long and quiet, with hardly an incident except 
the publication of his books. H is first work was 44 A 
Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer, 
Ancient and Modern" (2 vols., Andover. Mass.. 
1817), of which he published an enlarged edition 
in 1828. He also published 44 A Gazetteer of the 
United States " (1818) ; 44 Elements of Geography. 
Ancient and Modern (1819), which passed through 
several editions : 44 Sketches of the Earth and its In- 
habitants " (1828) ; 44 Elements of History, Ancient 
and Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas ** 
(1826), which was used extensively as a text-book : 
44 Epitome of History " (1827) ; and 44 Outlines of 
Scripture Geography"^ (1828). These works were 
notable for their accuracy, skilful condensation, 
and agreeable style. In 1825 Dr. Worcester read 
before the American academy of sciences a paper 
on '* Longevity and the Expectation of Life in the 
United States, Relating more Particularly to the 
State of New Hampshire, with Some Comparative 
Views in Relation to Foreign Countries," which was 

{)ublished in the 44 Transactions." His work in 
exicography began with an edition of 44 Johnson's 
Dictionary, as improved by Todd and abridged by 
Chalmers, with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary 
Combined " (1828}. In 1829, much against his in- 
clination, he was induced to prepare an abridgment 
of Noah Webster's 44 American Dictionary," and in 
1880 he published his own 44 Comprehensive Pro- 
nouncing and Explanatory English Dictionary." 
The next year he visited Europe, where he col- 
lected philological works and kept a journal, which 
is still in manuscript From 1881 to 1843 he edit- 
ed the "American Almanac" In 1846 he pub- 
lished a 44 Universal and Critical Dictionary or the 
English Language," of which a pirated edition ap- 
peared in London with a garbled preface and a 
statement on the title-page that it was 44 compiled 
from the materials of Noah Webster, LL. D., by 
Joseph E. Worcester," whereupon Dr. Worcester 
published a pamphlet exposing the fraud. In 
l847- > 9 he was unable to use his eyes, but they 
were restored after he had undergone two operations 
for cataract. Enlarged editions of his "Compre- 
hensive Dictionary ,r were issued in 1847, 1849, and 



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WORCESTER 



1855. All this work was preparatory to his great 
quarto "Dictionary of the English Language" 
(Boston, 1860), in which he had the assistance of 
many collaborators, especially for the explanations 
of technical terms. This was the first dictionary 
that used illustrations. The difference between 
his system and Webster's, briefly indicated, was 
this: that Worcester endeavored simply to repre- 
sent the English language as it was, while Web- 
ster tried to improve it and set it forth as he 
thought it ought to be. The successive editions of 
Webster's work have receded steadily from his 
radical plan, so that now there is but little essen- 
tial difference between the two great dictionaries. 
Dr. Worcester was retiring, modest, benevolent, 
and deeply religious. He married, in 1841, Amy 
Elizabeth, daughter of Prof. Joseph McKean, of 
Harvard. They had no children. He was a mem- 
ber of numerous learned societies, and received the 
degree of LL. D. from Brown in 1847 and from 
Dartmouth in 1856. Ezra Abbott prepared a 
memoir of him, which was read before the Ameri- 
can academy of sciences the year after his death. 

WORCESTER, Noah, clergyman, b. in Hollis, 
N. H., 25 Nov., 1758; d. in Brighton, Mass.. 31 
Oct., 1887. He was descended from Rev. William 
Worcester, who came from Salisbury, England, 
and was the first minister of the church in Salis- 
bury, Mass., which was organized in 1638. Noah's 
father, of the same name, was one of the framers 
of the constitution of New Hampshire. The son 
was a fifer in the Continental army in 1775, entered 
the service again for a short time as fif e-maior in 
1777, and was at the battles of Bunker Hill and 
Bennington. In September, 1778, he removed to 
Plymouth, N. H., where he taught, and in Febru- 
ary, 1783, settled at Thornton, filling several local 
offices, and was chosen to the legislature. Having 
turned his attention to theology, he published a 
" Letter to the Rev. John Murray Concerning the 
Origin of Evil " (Newbury port, 1786), was licensed 
to preach by a Congregational association in 1786, 
ana in 1787 was ordained pastor of the church in 
Thornton, where he remained till 1802, receiving a 
salary of $200. In 1802 he was employed as its 
first missionary in the New Hampshire society 
then organized, and in that capacity preached and 
travelled extensively through the northern part of 
the state. He removed to Salisbury, N. H., in 
1810, and there supplied the pulpit of his brother 
Thomas till 1813, when he settled at Brighton, 
Mass. He edited the "Christian Disciple" in 
1818-'18, and ** The Friend of Peace," a quarterly 
magazine, in 1819-'29, founded the Massachusetts 
peace society in 1815, and was its secretary till 1828. 
Mr. Worcester received honorary degrees in arts 
from Dartmouth in 1791, and that of D. D. from 
Harvard in 1818. In addition to his editorial work 
he contributed to the " Theological Magazine," and 

Sublished " Familiar Dialogue Detween Cephas and 
ereas " (Worcester, 1792) ; 44 Solemn Reasons for 
Declining to adopt the Baptist Theory and Prac- 
tice " (Charlestown, 1809) ; " Bible News, or Sacred 
Truths Relating to the Living God, his only Son, 
and Holy Spirit," which was censured by the Hop- 
kinsian association, of which the author was a 
member, as unsound on the doctrine of the Trinity 
(Concord, 1810) ; " Impartial Review of the Testi- 
monies in Favor of the Divinity of the Son of God " 
(1810); "Respectful Address to the Trinitarian 
Clergy" (Boston, 1812); "Solemn Review of the 
Custom of War, by Philo Pacificus," which was 
republished in Europe in several languages (1814) ; 
44 The Atoning Sacrifice : a Display of Love, not of 
Wrath" (Cambridge, 1829); "The Causes and 



WORCESTER 618 

Evils of Contentions among Christians " (Boston, 
1831); "Last Thoughts on Important Subjects" 
(Cambridge, 1833) ; and single sermons and tracts. 
See " Memoirs of Noah Worcester, D. D.," by Rev. 
Henry Ware, Jr., D. D., with a preface, notes, and 
a concluding chapter by Samuel Worcester (Boston, 
1844).— His brother, Thomas, clergyman, b. in 
Hollis, N. H., 22 Nov., 1768; d. 24 Dec., 1881, 
having studied theology under the direction of 
Rev. Daniel Emerson, of Hollis, was ordained 

rtor of the Congregational church in Salisbury, 
H., 9 Nov., 1791. He adopted the Unitarian 
views of his brother Noah, and this, together with 
his impaired health, led to his dismissal, 24 April, 
1823, by a mutual council. He remained after- 
ward without a pastoral charge. He received the 
honorary degree of M. A. from Dartmouth college 
in 1806. Mr. Worcester published "A Call for 
Scripture Evidence that Christ is the Self-Exist- 
ent Eternal God " (Boston, 1811) ; " New Chain of 
Plain Argument Deemed Conclusive against Trini- 
tarianism" (1817); "The True God but one Per- 
son" (1819); and separate sermons. — Another 
brother, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Hollis, N. H., 
1 Nov., 1770; d. in Brainard, Tenn., 7 June, 1821, 
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1795, licensed to 
preach in 1796, and was pastor of the Congrega- 
tional church in Fitchburg, Mass., from 1797 till 
1802. He became pastor of the Tabernacle church, 
Salem, in 1803, which charge he held till his death. 
He declined the professorship of theology in 
Dartmouth in 1804, became corresponding secre- 
tary of the American board of commissioners for 
foreign missions in 1810, and in 1815 engaged in 
the Unitarian controversy, his immediate oppo- 
nent being the Rev. William E. Channing. At the 
time of his death he was travelling for the benefit 
of his health. He published " Discourses on the 
Covenant with Abraham" (Salem, 1805); "Three 
Letters to the Rev. William E. Channing on Uni- 
tarianism" (Boston, 1815); "Watts's Entire and 
Select Hymns " (1818) ; single sermons and pam- 
phlets ; and reviews and essays in religious periodi- 
cals. After his death a collection of his sermons 
was published (1823). See "Life and Labors of 
Rev. Samuel Worcester," by his son, Rev. Samuel 
M. Worcester (2 vols., Boston, 1852).— Samuel's 
son, Samuel Melancthon, b. in Fitchburg, Mass., 
4 Sept, 1801; d. in Boston, 16 Aug., 1866, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1822, studied for a year 
at Andover, was a tutor in Amherst in 1828-'5, 
and professor of rhetoric and oratory there from 
1825 till 1834. He was pastor of the Tabernacle 
church, Salem, from 1834 till 1860, when impaired 
health caused him to resign. He was a member of 
the Massachusetts senate and house of representa- 
tives. Mr. Worcester published " Essays on Sla- 
very, by Vigorinus " (1826) ; " The Memorial of the 
Ola and New Tabernacle," Salem, Mass. (Boston, 
1855) ; the life of his father that has been men- 
tioned; single sermons and discourses; and articles 
in religious periodicals. — Noah's son, Thomas, 
clergyman, b. in Thornton, N. H., 15 April, 1795 ; 
d. in Waltham, Mass., 12 Aug., 1878, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1818, and spent two years and a half 
at the divinity-school, but embraced Swedenborgian 
tenets, and was the first clergyman of that faith 
in Massachusetts, serving as pastor of the Boston 
society of the New Jerusalem church from 1821 
till 1867. He was president of the Massachusetts 
association of his denomination, and also of its 
general convention from 1839 till 1875. Harvard 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1856, and he was 
one of its overseers in 1854-'60. He published 
sermons, addresses, and magazine articles. 



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WORKMAN 




WORCESTER, Noah, educator, b. in Thorn- 
ton, N. H.,in 1812 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 4 April, 
1847. He was graduated at Harvard in 1832, was 
afterward a tutor at Dartmouth, became professor 
of general pathology in Western Reserve college, 
Ohio, and was eminent as a physician. He pub- 
lished "Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of 
Diseases of the Skin " (Philadelphia, 1844). 

WORDEN, John Lorimer, naval officer, b. in 
Westchester county, N. Y., 12 March, 1818. He 
entered the navy as a midshipman, 12 Jan., 1835, 
attended the naval school at Philadelphia in 1840, 
and became a passed midshipman on 16 July of 
that year. He was 
promoted to lieu- 
tenant, 30 Nov., 
1846, and served on 
various vessels and 
at the naval ob- 
servatory till the 
civil war. In April. 
1861, he delivered 
the orders from 
t he secretary of the 
navy by which Port 
Pickens was saved 
for the Union, and 
u pon h is attem pt to 
return to the north 
overland he was 
arrested and con- 
fined as a prisoner 
of war for seven 
months. When he 
was exchanged he was ordered to superintend the 
completion of John Ericsson's ** Monitor," and ap- 
pointed to take command. He left New York 
nastily in this vessel, and after experiencing great 
danger arrived at Hampton Roads. On 8 March, 
1862, the iron-clad ram " Merrimac " had come 
down from Norfolk and had sunk the " Congress " 
and the " Cumberland." Worden anchored along- 
side of the " Minnesota," then aground on the 
shoal, and prepared to defend the fleet when the 
"Merrimac reappeared. Early the next morn- 
ing, 9 March, tne ram prepared to attack the 
" Minnesota," but when sne was within a mile of 
the ship the Monitor" steamed out. The " Mer- 
rimac ' fired broadsides upon the " Monitor," but 
all the shots that struck her turret glanced off ; the 
" Monitor " fired deliberately about every seven 
minutes, every shot taking effect Worden en- 
deavored to jeet as close as possible, while the 
" Merrimac " fired as rapidly as the guns could be 
served. The duel continued for more than two 
hours, when the " Merrimac " attempted to ram the 
"Monitor," but Worden avoided the blow by. ma- 
noeuvring, so that the ram glanced off. Worden 
had orders not to use heavy charges, as the eleven- 
inch guns were considered too weak for more than 
fifteen-pound charges, with which he could not 

re net rate the " Merrimac's " heavy armor. At 
1.30 a. M. a shell exploded on the pilot-house of 
the " Monitor " while Worden was looking through 
the slit, and the powder and flame was driven into 
his eyes, rendering him blind and helpless. (See 
Greene, Samuel Dana.) Lieut. Greene, the sec- 
ond in command, continued the action ; but the 
" Merrimac " soon withdrew to Norfolk. It was 
a drawn battle, but the " Merrimac " was prevent- 
ed from accomplishing her purpose of destroy- 
ing the National fleet and eventually securing the 
independence of the Confederates by capturing 
Washington, New York, and other cities, as had 
been expected. Honors were showered upon Wor- 



den for this service. Congress gave him a vote of 
thanks, 11 July, 1862, and again on 3 Feb., 1868. 
and recommended him to be advanced one grade 
for his conduct in this conflict. He was commis- 
sioned a commander, 12 July, 1862, and, in accord- 
ance with the second vote of thanks, was promoted 
to captain, 3 Feb., 1863. He recovered from the 
injuries to his eyes, and commanded the monitor 
"Montauk," in the South Atlantic blockading 
squadron, from January till June, 1863. In order 
to test the ability of the monitors to withstand 
heavy gun-fire from forts, Worden was sent to en- 
gage Fort McAllister, at Genesee point, on Ogeechee 
river, and reported that he was convinced they 
could do so. In this expedition he destroyed the 
Confederate privateer "Nashville," which had 
taken shelter under the guns of Fort McAllister. 
He participated in the blockade of Charleston, and 
in the attack on the forts of Charleston by Admiral 
Dupont's squadron on 7 April, 1863. After receiv- 
ing his promotion to captain, he was on duty at 
New York connected witn the iron-clads in 1863- '6. 
He commanded the " Pensacola," in the Pacific 
squadron, in 1866-7, and was on special duty in 1868. 
He was promoted to commodore, 27 Mav, 1868, 
and was superintendent of the naval academy in 
1870-'4. He was commissioned a rear-admiral, 20 
Nov., 1872, was commander-in-chief of the Euro- 
pean squadron from 3 Feb., 1875, till 23 Dec,, 1877, 
and then served as member of the examining board 
and president of the retiring board until 23 Dec-, 
1886. As he had received two votes of thanks 
from congress, he was retained by operation of law 
on the active list until he should nave had fifty- 
five years of service, but he was retired with the 
highest sea-pay of his grade, at his own request, by 
special act of congress, 23 Dec, 1886. 

WORK, Henry Clar, song-writer, b. in Middle- 
town, Conn., 1 Oct., 1832 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 8 
June, 1884. He was the son of Alanson Work, 
who was sentenced to twelve years* imprisonment 
in 1841 in Missouri' for assisting fugitive slaves to 
escape. W T hile young the son removed with his 
father to Illinois, where he received a common- 
school education. He returned to Connecticut, 
was apprenticed to a printer, and employed his 
leisure in studying harmony. His first success 
was achieved during the civil war, when he sprang 
into favor by his war-songs, among which were 
"Kingdom Coming," "Marching through Geor- 
gia," and "Babylon is Fallen." His songs num- 
ber nearlv one hundred, and include " Nicodemus 
the Slave." " Lily Dale," and " My Grandfather's 
Clock." He went to Europe in 1865, and on his 
return invested the fortune that his songs had 
brought him in a fruit-raising enterprise in Vine- 
land, N. J., which was a failure. In 1875 he be- 
came connected as composer with Root and Cady, 
the music-publishers, who had published Work's 
songs until the plates were destroyed by the 
Chicago fire of 1871. Mr. Work was also an in- 
ventor, and patented a knitting-machine, a walk- 
ing doll, and a rotary engine, 

WORKMAN, Thomas, Canadian merchant, b. 
near Lisburn, County Antrim, Ireland, 17 June, 
1813. He emigrated to Canada in 1827, served 
during the rebellion of 1887-'8, was present at the 
battle of St. Eustache, and was made a lieutenant 
in March. 1838. He entered the employ of a hard- 
ware firm in Montreal in 1834, with which he has 
retained his connection, and he is now its senior 
partner. He has been for more than thirty years 
a member of the board of directors of Molson's 
bank, Montreal, and for many years its president, 
and is a life-governor of the Eraser institute and 



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WORTH 



616 



Free library, to the establishment of which he con- 
tributed liberally, as he has also to McGill uni- 
versity and to many other public institutions in 
Montreal. Mr. Workman was unanimously elected 
to the Dominion parliament in 1867 for Montreal 
centre, and declined renomination, but was again 
elected in 1875 for Montreal west. 

WORMAN, James Henry, author, b. in Prus- 
sia, 28 Feb., 1835. He was educated at the Univer- 
sity of Berlin and at the Sorbonne, Paris, taking 
his degree in both institutions in 1864, came to the 
United States in 1865, and became professor of 
modern languages in Knox college, Galesburg, 111. 
In 1867 he was appointed librarian and instructor 
in Drew theological seminary, Madison, N. J., and 
on the death of Dr. John McClintock he became 
one of the editors of 44 McClintock and Strong's 
Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature." He was a 
teacher in Adelphi academy, Brooklyn, N. Y., from 

1877 till 1888, and then a professor in Vanderbilt 
university till 1886. He officiated at the same 
time as professor in Chautauqua university from 

1878 till 1885, and since that date has been director 
of the Southern Chautauqua and Round Lake 
branch. In 1886 he edited the 44 Saratopian," and 
since 1887 he has been editor of 44 Outing." Dr. 
Worman published a school-book on universal his- 
tory before coming to this country (Berlin, 1862), 
ana has since published many books for language 
instruction. He was the first to introduce the 
method of writing books of instruction entirely in 
the language to be learned, interpreting the mean- 
ing by means of illustrations, and has applied it 
to German. French, Spanish, and Latin. 

WORMELET, Mary Elizabeth, author, b. in 
London, England, 26 July, 1822. Her father, Ad- 
miral Ralph Randolph Wormeley, of the British 
navy, a native of Virginia (1785-1852), had for 
some time preceding his death resided in Boston, 
Mass., and was grandson, on the mother's side, of 
Attorney-General John Randolph. Her mother 
was a niece of Com. Edward Preble, U. S. navy. 
The daughter resided several years in New- 
port, R. L, and, after gaining a reputation as a 
writer, married Randolph Latimer, of Baltimore. 
She has contributed to magazines, and published 
" Forest Hill : a Tale of Social Life in 1880-'l " 
(3 vols., London, 1846); "Amabel, a Family His- 
tory" (New York, 1853); "Our Cousin Veronica" 
(18&6) ; and " Familiar Talks on Some of Shake- 
speare's Comedies " (Boston, 1887) ; also translations 
of Louis Ulbach's 44 Madame Gosselin " (New York, 
1878); "The Steel Hammer" (1888); and "For 
Fifteen Years" (1888).— Her sister, Katharine 
Prescott, author, b. in Suffolk, England, 14 July, 
1832. took an active interest in the relief of the 
National soldiers during the civil war, and pub- 
lished 44 The U. S. Sanitary Commission " (Boston, 
1863). A volume of her letters from the head- 
quarters of the U. S. sanitary commission with the 
Army of the Potomac during the peninsular cam- 
paign in 1862 has been published by the Massa- 
chusetts commander}' of the Loyal legion under 
the title of. 44 The Other Side of War " (1888). She 
is best known as the American translator of Honore 
de Balzac's novels, of which thirteen volumes have 
been issued (Boston, 1886-'9), among which the 
44 Magic Skin," 44 Louis Lambert," and 44 Seraphita," 
have introductions by George Frederic Parsons. — 
Another sister, A liana Randolph, b. in Suffolk, 
England, 14 Oct., 1885, married Daniel Sargent 
Curtis, of Boston. She has published a comedy en- 
titled 44 The Coming Woman, or the Spirit of *76 " 
(Boston, 1870), that has been acted in public and 
private both in the United States and in Europe. 



WORM LEY, Theodore George, chemist, b. in 
Wormleysburg, Pa., 1 April, 1826. He was edu- 
cated at Dickinson college, but left without gradu- 
ation to study medicine, and in 1849 received his 
degree at the Philadelphia medical college. In 
1852 he was called to the chair of chemistry and 
natural sciences at Capital university, Columbus, 
Ohio, which he held until 1865, and was also 
professor of chemistry and toxicology in Starling 
medical college in 1854-'77. On the resignation of 
Prof. Robert E. Rogers in 1877, he was called to 
the chair of chemistry and toxicology in the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
which place he still holds. During 1867-'7o he was 
state gas commissioner of Ohio, and in 1867-'74 he 
was chemist to the Ohio geological survey. The 
degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Dickin- 
son college, and that of LL. D. by Marietta, both 
in 1870. He is a member of the American philo- 
sophical society, a fellow of the American asso- 
ciation for the advancement of science, and a 
member of other societies. Prof. Worm ley was ap- 
pointed a member of the Centennial medical com- 
mission, having in charge the arrangements for the 
International medical congress of 1876, and was a 
delegate therefrom to the International medical 
congress at Philadelphia in September, 1876. He 
delivered an address before that body on 44 Medical 
Chemistry and Toxicology." In 1862-'4 he edited 
the 44 Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal." and he 
published in the "Chemical News" of London a 
series of papers on the *• Chemical Reactions of 
Strychnine " (1859) ; 44 Atropine," 44 Brucine," 44 Mor- 

Shia," " Narcotine and Meconic Acid," 44 Corrosive 
ublimate," 44 Veratrine " (1860) ; 44 Nicotine and 
Daturine," 44 Solanine," 44 Codeine, Meconine, Nar- 
ceine, and Aconitine" (1861); "Conine" (1862); 
and "Oxalic Acid" (1863). Prof. Wormley is the 
author of 44 Methods of Analysis of Coals, Iron 
Ores, Furnace Slags, Fire Clays, Limestones, and 
of Soils" (1870), has contributed reports to the 
44 Geological Survey of Ohio " (Columbus, 1871), and 
has also published 44 The Micro-Chemistry of Poi- 
sons " (New York, 1867). 

WORTH, Jonathan, governor of North Caro- 
lina, b. in Guilford county, N. C, 18 Nov., 1802 ; d. 
in Raleigh, N. C, 5 Sept.. 1869. He was educated 
at the common schools and at Greensborough acad- 
emy, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 
1825. He soon afterward settled at Asheborough, 
Randolph co., and engaged in practice. He was a 
member of the North Carolina legislature in 
1829-'84. and during the height of the nullification 
excitement introduced in 1831 a resolution into the 
house of commons of the state denouncing it in the 
strongest terms. He was also for several terms a 
member of the state senate, and opposed secession 
both in the legislature and in appeals to his con- 
stituents ; but after his state had seceded he gave 
his adhesion to the Confederate government. He 
was a member of the lower house of the legislature 
from 1862 till the end of the war, and was public 
treasurer of the state during the same period. 
When a provisional government was organized in 
North Carolina by President Johnson, Mr. Worth 
was reappointed state treasurer, which post he re- 
signed soon afterward, and became a candidate for 
governor. He was elected and served from 1865 
till 1868. when the existing state government was 
superseded by the one that was organized under 
the reconstruction act of congress. 

WORTH, William Jenkins, soldier, b. in Hud- 
son. N. Y.. 1 March, 1794; d. in San Antonio, Tex.. 
17 May, 1849. He was of Quaker ancestry, and of 
a family that produced many well-known men. 



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WORTH 



WORTHEN 




among others Judge John Worth Edmunds, Gor- 
h&m Worth, and Lawrence Worth, president of 
the Park bank. Young Worth received only a 
common-school education, and in early life entered 

a store in Hud- 
son, whence he 
soon removed to 
Albany, where he 
continued in mer- 
cantile pursuits 
till he was eigh- 
teen years of age. 
On the opening 
of war with Great 
Britain he ap- 
plied for a com- 
mission in the 
army, and on 19 
March, 1813, re- 
ceived the ap- 
pointment of 1st 
lieutenant in the 
23d infantry. He 
served as aide 
to Gen. Winfield 
Scott, and for 
gallantry was promoted to the rank of captain, 19 
Aug., 1&14. In the battle of Niagara he again 
so distinguished himself as to receive the thanks 
of his general and the rank of major. At the 
cloee of the war he was appointed superintend- 
ent of the U. S. military academy, and in 1824 
was b revetted lieutenant-colonel. In 1838 he be- 
came colonel of the 8th infantry. In the Florida 
war he was especially active, fighting the battle of 
Palaklaklaha, 19 April, 1842, in which the Semi- 
noles were disastrously defeated. He was second 
in command to Gen. Zachary Taylor at the opening 
of the war with Mexico, leading the van of his 
army, and being the first to plant, with his own 
hand, the flag of the United States on the Rio 
Grande. Under Taylor he conducted the negotia- 
tions for the capitulation of Matamoras, and by 
him was intrusted with the assault on the bishops 
palace at Monterey. It was a hazardous under- 
taking, the cannon having to be dragged up precipi- 
tous cliffs, and throughout the action his troops 
were exposed to the heaviest fire, but he achieved 
it with a small loss of life, and escaped personal 
injury, though constantly on horseback passing 
from post to post during 
the entire action. He was 
subsequently ordered to 
the Gulf coast to join Gen. 
Scott, and was under him 
engaged in all the battles 
from Vera Cruz to Mexico, 
having a principal part in 
the capture of the impor- 
tant city of Puebla, and be- 
ing the first to enter the 
city of Mexico, where, with 
his own hand, he cut down 
the Mexican flag that waved 
from the National palace. 
After the war he was placed 
in command of the Depart- 
ment of Texas, and there 
he died of cholera. He 
was a man of tall and com- 
manding figure, and said 
to be the best horseman 
and handsomest man in 
the army. He was of a manly, generous nature, 
and possessed talents that would have won him 




distinction in any sphere of action. He was bre- 
vetted major-general for his services at Monterey, 
apl given swords by congress, the states of New 
\ork and Louisiana, and his native county, Co- 
lumbia. A monument was erected to his mem- 
ory by the city of New York at the junction of 
Broadway and Fifth avenue. (See vignette.) — 
Thomas, caricaturist, b. in New York. 12 Feb., 
1834, is the son of a cousin of Gen. William J. 
Worth. He was with his father in banking busi- 
ness for a few years after leaving school, but soon 
devoted himself entirely to art. He first came 
prominently before the public in 1862. with his il- 
lustrations to 44 Plutarch Restored." He illustrated 
also some of the books of M Orpheus C. Kerr," the 
edition of Dickens's M Old Curiosity Shop " that 
was published by the Harpers in 1878, and numer- 
ous other works. He is best known to the general 
public by his lithographed caricatures, many of 
them on sporting subjects or scenes in negro life; 
and he has furnished pictures for every illustrated 
paper of note in the countrv. At present he is on 
the staff of Texas Sittings."" 

WORTHEN, Amos Henry, geologist, b. in Brad- 
ford, Vt., 31 Oct, 1813; d. in Warsaw, HI., 6 May, 
1888. He was educated at Bradford academy and 
emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, where he taught 
In 1836 he settled in Warsaw, 111., which contin- 
ued to be his principal residence until his death. 
There he engaged in the forwarding and commis- 
sion business, and later in the dry-goods trade. 
His attention was early directed to the geological 
features of his western home, and he collected 
specimens of the sedimentary rocks of that region, 
especially the geode formations that there existed 
in abundance. In 1842, owing to the financial 
depression on account of the Mormon disturbances 
in the west, he withdrew from business and spent 
two years in Boston, where he exchanged his min- 
erals for a cabinet of sea-shells. On his return to 
Warsaw in 1844 he resumed his collecting, and, by 
comparing the fossil specimens with his shells, 
he became an expert paleontologist As his 
cabinet increased it attracted the attention of 
scientists, and by means of exchanges it grew to 
include forms from other parts of the country. 
In 1851 he became assistant on the newly estab- 
lished geological survey of Illinois, and in 1855 ac- 
cepted a similar office in the survey of Iowa under 
James Hall, who intrusted him with reporting on 
the paleontology of that state. This place he held 
until 1858, when he was appointed state geologist 
of Illinois and continued in the work of the sur- 
vey until 1877, when the office was abolished. 
Meanwhile he associated with himself representa- 
tive men in special fields of science, assigning the 
descriptions of plants to Leo Lesauereux, the ver- 
tebrate palaeontology to John S. Newberry, the in- 
vertebrate palaeontology to Fielding B. Meek, and 
_ to Garland C. Broadhead and Edward T. 
x, and it resulted in the publication of his re- 
ports on the "Geological Survey of Illinois w (8 
vols., Springfield, 1866-'88). In 1877 he was ap- 
pointed curator of the State historical library and 
natural history museum, which office he held until 
bis death. In this capacity he gathered an exten- 
sive variety of minerals and fossils which he classi- 
fied, and also furnished numerous collections to 
different colleges in the state. Mr. Worthen was 
elected to the National academy of science in 1872, 
and in 1874 was made a fellow of the American as- 
sociation for the advancement of science, besides 
membership in other American and foreign scien- 
tific bodies. His writings were confined to profes- 
sional papers and the reports of the surveys. 



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WORTHEN 



WORTHEN, William Ezra, civil engineer, b. 
in Amesburv, Mass., 14 March, 1819. He is the 
son of Ezra Wort hen, who was the first to suggest 
the present site of the city of Lowell as a desirable 
locality for manufacturing, and who was the first 
superintendent of the Merrimac mills. The son 
was graduated at Harvard in 1838, and at once 
began the practice of civil engineering. Beginning 
under George R. Baldwin, C. E., with surveys and 
measurements of brook-flows for the increase of 
the Jamaica-pond supply for the city of Boston, he 
continued hydraulic investigations and works un- 
der James B. Francis, C. E., of Lowell, until 1848, 
with an intermediate employment in 1840- H 2 on the 
surveys and construction of the Albany and West 
Stockbridge railroad. Removing to New York in 
1849, he did architectural work, and became the 
engineer of the New York and New Haven rail- 
road, and in 1854 its vice-president As a hydraulic 
engineer, he has designed and constructed masonry 
dams across rivers, for the establishment of water- 
powers, and the canals, mills, and shops connected 
therewith. For the water-supply and sewers of 
towns he has given designs for all the construc- 
tions and has supervised their execution. He has 
tested the large pumping-engines of Brooklyn, 
Lawrence, Jersey City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and 
Milwaukee, and has also given designs for and con- 
structed pumping-en^ines. In the city of New 
York he was the sanitary engineer of the Metro- 
politan board of health, during its continuance in 
1866-*9, engineer of the Southern boulevard, mem- 
ber of the examining board on the new docks and 
bulkheads, engineer of the first rapid-transit com- 
mission in the annexed district, member of a later 
commission, and member of examining board on 
the Riverside park and Fifth avenue pavement 
In Brooklyn he has been consulted, and, with the 
engineer of the board of city works, has reported 
on an extensive addition to the system of sewers. 
He has been the consulting engineer of many of 
the large water-power companies, has measured* the 
quantity of water used by different lessees, and re- 
ported on the condition and capacity of the works. 
Mr. Worthen is a member of several scientific soci- 
eties, and was president of the American society of 
civil engineers in 1887. In addition to numerous 
official reports, he has published a •* Cyclopaedia of 
Drawing * (New York, 1857); 44 First Lessons in 
Mechanics" (1862); and "Rudimentary Drawing 
for Schools "(1868). 

WORTHINGTON, Erasing, lawyer, b. in Bel- 
chertown, Mass., 8 Oct., 1779; d. in Dedham, 
Mass., 27 June, 1842. He was graduated at Will- 
iams in 1804, admitted to the bar, practised at 
Dedham from 1809 till 1825, and was a member of 
the general court in 1814-'15. He published an 
oration on "Recent Measures of trie American 
Government " that he delivered at Dedham, 4 July, 
1809 ; "An Essay on the Establishment of a Chan- 
cerv Jurisdiction in Massachusetts" (1810); and 
"History of Dedham, from the Beginning of its 
Settlement in 1635 to May, 1827" (Boston, 1827). 

WORTHINGTON, George, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Lenox, Mass., 14 Oct., 1848. He was graduated at 
Hobart in 1860, and at the General theological 
seminary. New York, in 1863, ordered deacon in 
June, 1863, and ordained priest in 1864. He served 
as an assistant at St. Paul's church, Troy, N. Y., 
and then became rector of Christ church, Ballston 
Spa, N. Y.. but soon removed to St John's church, 
Detroit, Mich., where he remained as rector for 
seventeen years. He was for several years presi- 
dent of the diocesan standing committee, and ex- 
amining chaplain and deputy to the general con- 



WOUWERMAN 617 

vention. He was elected twice by the vote of the 
clergy to the episcopate of Michigan, but the laity 
refused to confirm him. In 1883 the house of 
bishops elected him missionary bishop of Shanghai, 
China, but he declined. Upon the death of Bishop 
Clarkson in 1884 he was chosen bishop of Nebraska, 
and was consecrated to that office in St. John's 
church, Detroit, 24 Feb., 1885. He has received 
the degrees of D. D. and LL. D. from Hobart in 
1876 and 1885, respectively. 

WORTHINGTON, Henry Rossiter, inventor, 
b. in New York city, 17 Dec.. 1817; d. in Tarry- 
town, N. Y., 17 Dec., 1880. He early engaged in 
business with his father, a merchant in New York 
city, and about 1840 began experimenting with 
steam for the propulsion of canal-boats. Among 
the difficulties to be overcome was the maintain- 
ing of a supply of water within the boiler while 
the engine was not in motion, as when the boat 
was passing through locks. The method in use at 
this time was a hand-pump, and he conceived the 
idea of compelling the idle boiler to furnish power 
to supply its own water. For this purpose ne de- 
vised a small steam cylinder with an attached pump, 
which, without the use of shaft, crank, and fly- 
wheel, produced a movement of its own slide-valve. 
In 1841 he patented the independent feed-pump, 
which developed into the direct-acting steam-pump 
that he patented in 1849. In 1854 he erected in 
Savannah the first direct-acting compound con- 
densing engine that was ever built and the first 
compound engine that was ever used in water- 
works. The success of this led to the subsequent 
adoption of similar engines throughout the coun- 
try. The invention of the duplex pump followed, 
and consists of an arrangement of two pumps 
working side by side. It is now largely used for 
supplying water in cities and towns and in mills 
and factories, as well as on steamers, where it is 
used to feed boilers, extinguish fires, and for similar 
purposes. Mr. Worthington built up a large plant 
for the manufacture of pumping machinery, and 
he ranks as a pioneer in that branch of hydraulic 
engineering. He was a member of the American 
institute of mining engineers and one of the found- 
ers of the American society of mechanical engineers. 

WORTHINGTON, Thomas, governor of Ohio, 
b. near Charleston, Va. (now W. Va.), 16 July, 
1773 ; d. in New York city, 20 June, 1827. He re- 
ceived a good education, but was a common sailor 
in 1790-'8. In 1797 he removed to Ross county, 
Ohio, where he was a member of the territorial 
legislature in 1799-1801, and a delegate to the 
State constitutional convention in 1803. ne was 
elected one of the first U. S. senators from Ohio, 
as a Democrat, serving from 17 Oct., 1803, till 3 
March, 1807, and again elected instead of Return 
Jonathan Meigs, Jr., who had resigned, serving 
from 8 Jan., 1811, till 1814, when he resigned. He 
was governor of Ohio in 1814-'18, a canal commis- 
sioner from 1818 till his death, and one of the 
original vice-presidents of the American Bible so- 
ciety. He contributed greatly to the development 
of his adopted state. 

WOUWERMAN, Simon van, Flemish author, 
b. in Bruges in 1690; d. in Paris in 1743. Little 
is known of his early life except that he was in 
the employ of the West Indian company about 
1724, and afterward of the Mississippi company. 
In 1740 he secured an employment in the latter 
company's office at Paris, wnere he died. He wrote 
two curious works, " Histoire philosophique et mo- 
rale de la Louisiane " and " Svsteme d'aaministra- 
tion de la compagnie des Indes," which found 
afterward their way into Holland, where they were 

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618 



WRAGG 



WRANGELL 



published (3 vols^ Amsterdam, 1752}. They con- 
tained grave accusations against the Louisiana and 
West Indian companies, which appear to have se- 
cured recruits and immigrants by false promises, 
and, when these means failed, to have shipped to 
America young convicts and women of question- 
able character. Wouwermans works caused a 
scandal at the. time of their publication, and all 
available copies were bought and destroyed by 
order of the officials of the company. Abbe Pre- 
vost, in his noted "Manon Lescsut," mentions 
that it was the custom of the company to send 
criminals to the American colonies. 

WRAGG, William, lawyer, b. in South Carolina 
in 1714; d. at sea in September, 1777. He was of 
Huguenot descent, and was educated in England, 
where he studied law. After returning to South 
Carolina, he served for many years in the assem- 
bly and in the council. In 1759 he declined the 
appointment of chief justice of the colony, that he 
might give evidence to those whose political course 
he opposed without being charged with acting in 
hope of official distinction. His sense of duty pre- 
vented his espousing the cause of independence, 
and, on refusing to take the oath prescribed by the 
Provincial congress, he was banished. He sailed 
for England in the summer of 1777, but was ship- 
wrecked off the coast of Holland. He possessed a 
fortune, and was much esteemed. A monument 
was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. 
He published ** Reasons for not concurring in the 
Non-Importation Resolution " (1760). 

W RANG EL, Charles Magnus von, clergyman, 
b. in Sweden about 1730; d. in Sala, Sweden, in 
1786. He was a descendant of an illustrious Swed- 
ish general, and was educated at Vestr&s and the 
Universitv of Upsala, in 1757 received the degree 
of D. D. from GSttingen university, and was then 
immediately nominated as court preacher to the 
king of Sweden. In 1759 he was called to the 
provostship of the Swedish churches in this coun- 
try, and arrived at Philadelphia in the same year. 
He at once took charge of the Wicaco parish and 
the oversight of all the Swedish Lutheran congre- 
gations in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was 
one of the most zealous and successful laborers in 
the Swedish churches. According to the instruc- 
tion of the archbishop of Sweden, he cordially and 
actively co-operated with the German ministers in 
the defence of their common faith and the exten- 
sion of the Lutheran church in America, and under 
thin salutary influence both parties were perfectly 
united and frequently met in conference for con- 
sultation and in synod for the transaction of busi- 
ness pertaining to the welfare of the German and 
Swedish churches. He was an indefatigable worker 
and an eloquent preacher. When the weather 
permitted, he was usually obliged, in consequence 
of the crowds, to preach in the open air. Besides 
attending to the duties of his own parish, he built 
two new churches for the Swedes — one at King- 
sensing, under the name of St. James church, the 
other at Upper Merion, under the name of Christ 
chuivh— ana in 1765 obtained a charter from Rich- 
ard Thomas Penn for the " United Swedish Lu- 
theran churches* of Wicaco, Kingsessing, and Upper 
Merion." He also visited the Germans at Lancas- 
ter and York. He often preached in English, 
since he found that the young could understand 
that language better than either Swedish or Ger- 
man. He also prepared an improved English 
translation of Luther's small catechism for the use 
of his young people. The church in which Dr. 
Wrangel labored is M Gloria Dei Church," or the 
44 Old Swedes Church," on Swanson and Christian 




' streets, Philadelphia. The building in which he 

1 preached is still in good preservation, and is one 
of the oldest buildings in Philadelphia. The first 
house of worship was a block-house, erected in 

, 1669, and was used 
by Swedish Luther- 

! ans both as a defence 

i against the Indians 

I and as a place of 
worship. On 2 July, 

! 1700, the new Gloria 
Dei church was dedi- 
cated and was used 
by Lutherans for 
nearly a hundred 
years, but in the lat- 
ter part of the eight- 
eenth century it 
passed into the hands 
of Episcopalians. The 
church is sixty feet 
long and thirty feet 
wide, built of brick, 
every alternate brick being? glazed. (See illustra- 
tion.) After nine years* faithful service, Dr. Wran- 
gel returned to Sweden in 1768, and received from 
the government the pastorate of Sala, where he 
died, after a useful ana eminently successful career. 

WRANGELL, Ferdinand PetrorlUh, Baron 
von, Russian navigator, b. in Pleskau. Esthonia, 
29 Dec, 1796; d. in Dorpat, Livonia, 10 June. 
1870. He was educated in the school for cadets at 
St Petersburg, entered the naval services in 1812, 
and was attached to the scientific expedition to Si- 
beria and Kamtchatka in 1817. He was appointed 
in 1820 to command an expedition to explore the 
Russian polar seas. Sailing from St. Petersburg, 
he arrived, on 2 Nov., 1820, at Nijnii-Kolvmsk, and 
performed, early in 1821, a remarkable journey to 
Cape Schelagin on sledges drawn by dogs. He 
sailed afterward up Kolyma river, advancing about 
125 miles into the interior, through the territory 
inhabited by the warlike Takutes, On 10 March, 
1822, he resumed his journey northward, and trav- 
elled forty-six days on the ice, reaching 73* 2' north 
latitude. He left Niinii-Kolyiusk on 1 Nov., 1828, 
and arrived at St Petersburg. 15 Aug., 1824. In 
1825 Wrangell, who had been promoted command- 
er, made a journey around the world on the sloop- 
of-war 44 Kratkoi. and on his return to Kronstadt 
in 1827 was appointed governor of Russian America 
(now Alaska). He repaired to his post early in 
1829, by way of Siberia and Kamtchatka, and on 
his arrival devoted all his energy to developing the 
resources of the country. After thoroughly reform- 
ing the administration, he introduced the culture 
of the potato, opened and regulated the working 
of several mines, and urged upon the home gov- 
ernment the organization of a fur company. He 
foresaw also the great future of the country, en- 
deavored to induce capitalists to invest money there, 
and sent missionaries to the remotest districts. He 
likewise began a survey of the country, opened 
roads, built bridges and government buildings, and 
promoted the civilization and improvement of the 
natives. He also made valuable geographical and 
ethnographical observations, which ne embodied 
in a memoir to the navy department Being re- 
called in 1834, Wrangell made his return by way 
of the Isthmus of Panama and the United States, 
where he visited several cities. He was promoted 
rear-admiral in 1837, and made director of the ship- 
timber department in the navy office, which post 
he held for twelve years. He became vice-admiral 
in 1847, but resigned in 1849, and temporarily sev- 



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WREE 



WRIGHT 



619 



ered his connection with the navy to assume the 
presidency of the newly reorganized Russian Ameri- 
can company. He was always opposed to the cession 
of Alaska to the United States, and wrote several 
memoirs upon the subject. In 1854 he re-entered 
active service and was made chief director of the 
hydrographical department of the navy, chief as- 
sistant in 1855 to the high admiral, Grand Duke 
Constantino, member of the counsel of the empire 
in 1858, and in 1850 admiral and general aide-de- 
camp to the czar. Alexander II. The continent 
that Wrangell sought was discovered in 1855 by 
the English navigator, Capt. Thomas Long, and is 
named Wrangell Land. An account of the physical 
observations during his first journey was published 
in German (Berlin, 1827), and also in German ex- 
tracts f rom Wrangell's journals, " Reise laengs der 
NordkQste von Sibirien und auf dem Eismeere 
in den Jahren 1820-'4 " (2 vols., Berlin, 1839), 
which was translated into English as " Wrangell's 
Expedition to the Polar Sea " (2 vols., London, 
1840), but the complete report of the expedition 
appeared two years later: "Otceschewie do Sje- 
wernym be re gam Sibiri, po Ledowitomm More" 
(2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1841), and was immediate- 
ly translated into French with notes by Prince 
Galitzin, under the title "Voyage sur les cotes 
septcntrionales de la Sibe>ie et de la mer glaciale" 
(2 vols., 1841). From the French version an Eng- 
lish one was made under the title "A Journey 
on the Northern Coast of Siberia and the Icy Sea'' 
(2 vols., London, 1841). He also published "Ots- 
cherk puti is Sitchi w' S. Petersburg " (1836 ; French 
translation under the title "Journal de voyage de 
Sitka a Saint Petersbourg " (Paris, 1836 ; English 
version from the French, entitled "Journal of a 
Voyage from Sitka to St. Petersburg," London, 
1837) ; and " Nachrichten ttber die Russischen Be- 
sitzungen an der Nordwestkllste America's" (2 vols., 
St. Petersburg, 1839), better known by the French 
version, *• Renseignements statistiques et ethno- 
eraphiques sur les possessions Russes de la cote 
Nord-Ouest de rAmcrique" (Paris, 1839), which was 
translated into English under the title "Statistical 
and Ethnographical Notices on the Russian Pos- 
sessions in North America" (London, 1841). 

WREE, Oliver van der (vray), Dutch soldier, 
b. iu Charleroi, near the end of the 16th century ; 
d. in Amsterdam in 1649. He accompanied in 
1637 Prince Maurice of Nassau to Brazil as secre- 
tary, and assisted in all the stages of the conquest 
of the northern provinces of the country. In 1644 
he was sent by Gen. Sigismond, the new com- 
mander-in-chief, to the Portuguese viceroy, but 
was detained as hostage, despite his character of 
ambassador. He was exchanged a few years later, 
and on his return to Holland published a very in- 
teresting work, in which he recounts his captivity 
and the events he witnessed, and gives curious 
details regarding the Indians and negroes, and the 
administration of Brazil. It is entitled " Epistola 
in carcere unde erupit scripta, 17 August, 1647" 
(Amsterdam, 1649). 

WRIGHT, Adam Henry, Canadian physician, 
b. in Brampton, Ont., 6 April, 1846. He was gradu- 
ated at the Universty college, Toronto, in 1866, 
and received the degree of M. B. there in 1873, 
and from the Royal college of surgeons in England 
in 1877. He was demonstrator of normal his- 
tology in the Toronto school of medicine from 
1879 till 1887, surgeon-general of the Toronto hos- 
pital in 1882-'3, lecturer in the Woman's medical 
college in 1883-'6, and since 1887 has been pro- 
fessor of obstetrics in the University of Toronto, 
which gave him the degree of M. D. in 1888. 



WRIGHT, Alonzo, Canadian member of par- 
liament, b. in Hull, Lower Canada, 26 Feb., 1825. 
He is a grandson of Philemon Wright, of Wo- 
burn, Mass., who removed to Canada in 1797, 
founded the village of Hull, and was the first repre- 
sentative of the county of Ottawa in the Lower 
Canada assembly. The grandson was educated at 
Potsdam academy, N. Y., became a farmer, and is 
lieutenant - colonel of the Ottawa county reserve 
militia. He was a representative in the Canada 
assembly from 1862 till 1867, when he was elected; 
to the Dominion parliament by acclamation, re- 
elected by acclamation in 1872, and again returned 
in 1874, 1878, and in 1887. 

WRIGHT, Ambrose Ransom, soldier, b. in 
Louisville, Jefferson co.. Ga., 26 April, 1826; d. 
21 Dec, 1872. He studied law, was admitted to 
the bar, and entered politics as a Democrat, but 
subsequently joined the Know-Nothing party. He 
supported the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860, and 
after its defeat espoused the cause of secession. 
He was sent bv the convention of Georgia as com- 
missioner to Maryland to induce that state to join 
the movement. He enlisted as a private soldier 
in the Confederate army early in 1861, became 
colonel of the 8d Georgia regiment of infantry. 
8 May, 1861, colonel of the 38th Georgia infantry, 
15 Oct., 1861, brigadier-general, 3 June, 1862, and 
major-general, 26 Nov.. 1864. After the close of 
the war he was editor of the " Chronicle and Sen- 
tinel " newspaper. He was elected in 1872 a repre- 
sentative in congress as a Democrat, but died be- 
fore taking his seat. 

WRIGHT, Arthur Williams, physicist, b. in 
Lebanon, Conn., 8 Sept., 1886. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1859, and received the degree of Ph. D. 
there in 1861. Subsequently he studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1866, but did not prac- 
tise. In 1863-'8 he was a tutor at Yale, and in 
1868-'9 he studied physical science in Heidelberg 
and Berlin. In 1869 he became professor of phys- 
ics and chemistry in Williams, but he returned to 
Yale in 1872 as professor of molecular nhysics 
and chemistrv. The title of his chair was changed 
in 1887 to tnat of experimental physics. Since 
1885 he has had charge of the Sloane physical labo- 
ratory at Yale, which was constructed under his 
supervision. Prof. Wright was the first to observe 
and describe the electric shadow in 1870-'l, devised 
a new apparatus for the production of ozone, and 
investigated its action upon alcohol and ether in 
1872-'4; also in 1874 determined the polarization 
of the zodiacal light, measuring its amount, and 
investigated its spectrum. He was the first to dis- 
cover gases in stony meteorites, to extract them 
and determine their composition, obtaining their 
spectra in vacuum tubes, and pointing out their 
relation to the spectra of comets as affording a 
probable explanation of the latter. In 1877 he 
devised a method of applying the discharge of 
electricity in a vacuum to deposit the metal of the 
electrode upon glass or other surfaces, so as to form 
brilliant transparent metallic films. He was a 
member of the party that was stationed at La 
Junta, Col., to ooserve the total solar eclinse of 
1878. when he determined the character and degree 
of polarization of the light of the corona with a 
special form of polarimeter. The same instrument 
was employed in the detection and measurement 
of the polarization of the light of several comets 
and of the moon in 1881-'3. He has devised a 
novel standard barometer and a simple apparatus 
for distilling mercury in vacuo, which has been 
adopted by the U. S. signal service. In 1881-'6 he 
was consulting specialist to the U. S. signal service 



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620 WRIGHT 

bureau. Prof. Wright was chosen in 1879 a fellow 
of the Royal astronomical society, and in 1881 a 
member of the National academy of science. He 
was one of the collaborators in the revisions of 
Webster's " Dictionary " in 1862-'4 and in 1885-U 
He is the author of many scientific papers. 

WRIGHT, Asher, missionary, b. m Hanover, 
N. H., 7 Sept, 1808 ; d. in Cattaraugus, N. Y., 18 
April, 1875. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1828 and at Andover theological seminary in 1881, 
and from that year until his death was a mission- 
ary to the Seneca Indians upon the Buffalo creek 
and Cattaraugus reservations. He acquired the 
Seneca dialect, into which he translated parts of 
the New Testament, which were printed by the 
mission press. He also prepared several element- 
ary school-books and a hymnal in that language, 
and for a time issued a small periodical. He was 
an accomplished scholar, possessed a good knowl- 
edge of medicine, and did much for the improve- 
ment of the Senecas. He published 44 The Inter- 
esting Narrative of Mary Jenison, who lived 
nearly Seventy-eight Years among the Indians " 
(Buffalo, 1834).— His wife, Laura Sheldon, b. in 
Massachusetts about 1808, wrote and translated 
several hymns in the Seneca dialect. 

WRIGHT, Benjamin, engineer, b. in Wethers- 
field, Conn., 10 Oct., 1770; d. in New York city, 34 
Aug., 1842. He studied mathematics by himself, 
ana in 1786 went to Plymouth, Conn., where he 
studied surveying with his uncle. In 1788 he 
settled in Fort Stanwix (now Rome), N. Y., where 
he was actively employed in laying out the property 
of the new settlers. Having acquired in this man- 
ner an accurate knowledge of civil engineering, he 
was called on to make a map and profile of Wood 
creek for the Western inland lock navigation com- 
pany. Subsequently he made a survey of Mohawk 
river from Fort Stanwix to Schenectady, and pro- 
posed a plan for its improvement During 1811-12 
ne made a survey for the canal commissioners, 
making a complete report of his work. He was 
repeatedly elected to the legislature, and during 
the war with Great Britain was appointed county 
judge. In 1816 he was appointed engineer of the 
middle section of the Erie canal, and to him, with 
James Geddes, is chiefly due the credit of the suc- 
cessful completion of the enterprise. Mr. Wright 
was chief engineer of the Delaware canal, the 
Chesapeake and Ohio canal, the Harlem railroad, 
and the St Lawrence ship canal. In 1834 he was 
street commissioner of New York city, and in 
1834-'6 he conducted a survey for the route of the 
New York and Erie railroad. Subsequently he was 
engaged in Virginia. 

WRIGHT, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Savannah, 
Ga., 2 April, 1784; d. in Purdy, Tenn., 80 Jan., 
1860. His father, John, a cousin of Sir James 
Wright, noticed below, was a captain in the 
Georgia line in the Revolutionary war. Benjamin 
was appointed a lieutenant in the army by Presi- 
dent Madison, 29 July, 1818, and assigned to the 
89th regiment of infantry, which was commanded 
by Col. John Williams. At the battle of the Horse 
Shoe, 27 March, 1814, as the regiment was moving 
on the Indian breastworks, Mai. Lemuel Mont- 
gomery was killed. Lieut Wright at once rushed 
in front of his company, and, sword in hand, 
mounted the works ana called to his men to follow. 
They passed over the works, and the result of the 
battle, which ended the Creek war, was the death, 
disabling, or capture of the entire Indian force. 
Wright was complimented in general orders and 
promoted captain in September, 1814. He re- 
signed from the army in June, 1815, and settled 



WRIGHT 



in the Choctaw country of western Tennessee, where 
he built on the present site of Purdy the first log- 
cabin. He was popular with the Choctaw and 
Chickasaw Indians, and was instrumental in mak- 
ing the treaty by which they ceded their lands in 
northern Mississippi and western Tennessee. He 
volunteered at the age of sixty-five in the Mexican 
war, where he contracted disease that led to his 
death.— His son, John Tines, lawyer, b. in Purdy, 
McNairv oo., Tenn., 28 June, 1&28, received "a 
classical education, studied law, practised in his 
native town, and was elected to congress as a 
Democrat, serving in 1855-'61. He was then 
chosen colonel of the 13th Tennessee infantry in 
the Confederate army, and participated in the bat- 
tle of Belmont. Col. Wright was elected to the 
first Confederate congress, and re-elected. He has 
been judge of the circuit court, special chancellor 
and judge of the state supreme court, and in 1880 
was the nominee of the Democratic party for gov- 
ernor of Tennessee, advocating the payment of the 
state debt, but was defeated on account of disaf- 
fected Democrats who were opposed to the payment 
He was in 1887 chairman of the northwestern In- 
dian commission, which concluded treaties with 18 
tribes, and he is now (1889) a member of the Sioux 
commission. — Another son, Harcns Joseph, sol- 
dier, b. in Purdy, McNairy co., Tenn., 5 June. 1831, 
received a classical education, in 1857 was appointed 
assistant purser of the navy-yard at Memphis, after- 
ward studied law, and practised in that city. He 
entered the Confederate army as lieutenant-colo- 
nel of the 154th Tennessee militia regiment 4 
April, 1861, and, wfttt^wr companies of his regi- 
ment and a battery of art Uery, occupied and forti- 
fied Randolph, Tipton co., on Mississippi river. 
He was military governor of Columbus, Ky., from 
February till March, 1862, and lieutenant-colonel 
and assistant adjutant-general on Gen. Benjamin 
F. Cheatham's staff during the Kentucky cam- 
paign from June till September, 1862. He was 
appointed brigadier-general, 13 Dec., 1862, and in 
1863- '4 was in charge of the district of Atlanta, 
Ga., until its evacuation. He subsequently com- 
manded the districts of Macon, northern Missis- 
sippi, and western Tennessee. He led his regiment 
in the battles of Belmont and Shiloh. and as briga- 
dier-general he was at Chickamauga. In 1867 
he was elected sheriff of Shelby county, Tenn., and 
on 1 July, 1878, he was appointed agent of the 
war department to collect Confederate records 
for publication in the " Official Records of the 
War of the Rebellion," which place he now holds. 
He has published "Reminiscences of the Early 
Settlement and Early Settlers of McNairy County, 
Tenn." (Washington, 1882), and a 14 Life of Gov- 
ernor William Blount" (1884). 

WRIGHT, Benjamin Hall, engineer, b. in 
Rome, N. Y„ 19 Oct, 1801 ; d. there, 13 May, 1881. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1822, and served fes 2d lieutenant in the 2d in- 
fantry on garrison duty in Sackett's Harbor until 
his resignation on 1 June, 1823. The profession 
of civil engineering then engaged his attention, 
and he prompted the first establishment of rail- 
roads on the island of Cuba. In 1834 he conducted 
the preliminary survey and subsequent construc- 
tion of the line from Havana to Guinea, the first 
railroad in Cuba. He was in 1836 engineer of the 
Cardenas and Bemba railroad, and in 1837-'42 en- 
gineer of the Nuevitas and Puerto Principe rail- 
road. For a time he was associate principal en- 
gineer of Cuba, in the service of the Spanish gov- 
ernment. He then returned to this country, and 
was one of the first to conceive the idea of intro- 



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WRIGHT 



WRIGHT 



ducing steam as a motive power for canal- boats, 
building several experimental engines, which were 
operated successfully. 

WRIGHT, Carroll Davidson, statistician, b. 
in Dunbarton, N. H., 25 July, 1840. He was edu- 
cated in New Hampshire ana Vermont, and began 
the study of law. At the beginning of the civil 
war he enlisted in the 14th New Hampshire regi- 
ment, of which he became colonel in December, 
1864. After serving as acting assistant adjutant- 
general under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, he resigned 
in March, 1865, and was admitted to the New 
Hampshire bar in October. His health led to his 
removal to Massachusetts, where he was in the 
state senate in 1871-2, during which time he se- 
cured the passage of a bill to provide for the es- 
tablishment of workingmen's trains to Boston from 
the suburban districts. He was chief of the state 
bureau of statistics of labor in 1873-'88, and in 
1880 was appointed supervisor of the U. S. census 
in Massachusetts, being also special agent of the 
census on the factory system. In 1885 he was 
commissioned by the governor to investigate the 
public records of the towns, parishes, counties, and 
courts of that state, and in January, 1885, he was 
made first commissioner of the bureau of labor in 
the interior department in Washington, which 
office had been created in June, 1884. Col. Wright 
was a Republican presidential elector in 1876. In 
1875 and again in 1885 he had charge of the decen- 
nial census of Massachusetts. He was lecturer 
during 1879 on phases of the labor question, ethi- 
cally considered, at the Lowell institute in Boston, 
Mass., and during 1881 university lecturer on the 
factory system at Harvard. He is a member of 
various scientific societies and has been recording 
secretary of the American statistical association 
and president of the American social science asso- 
ciation. The degree of A. M. was given him by 
Tufts college in 1883. Col. Wright has published 
" Annual Reports of the Massachusetts Bureau of 
Statistics of Labor" (15 vols., Boston, 1873-'88); 
44 Census of Massachusetts " (3 vols., 1876-*7) ; 44 The 
Statistics of Boston" (1882); "The Factory Sys- 
tem of the United States" (Washington 1882); 
44 The Census of Massachusetts " (4 vols., Boston, 
1887- 8) ; 44 Reports of U. S. Commissioner of La- 
bor," including "Industrial Depressions" (Wash- 
ington, 1886); "Convict Labor" (1886); and 
" Strikes and Lockouts " (1887) ; also numerous 
pamphlets, including " The Relation of Political 
Economy to the Labor Question " (Boston, 1882) ; 
44 The Factory System as an Element in Civiliza- 
tion " (1882) ; 44 Scientific Basis of Tariff Legisla- 
tion" (1884); 44 The Present Actual Condition of 
the Workingman" (1887); "The Study. of Statis- 
tics in Colleges " (1887) ; " Problems of the Census " 
(1887); "Hand Labor in Prisons" (1887); 44 His- 
torical Sketch of the Knights of Labor*' (1887); 
and "The Growth and Purposes of Bureaus of 
Statistics of Labor" (1888). 

WRIGHT, Charles Barstow, financier, b. in 
Bradford county, Pa., 8 Jan., 1822. He embarked 
in business at fifteen, and at nineteen was taken 
as a partner by his employer. In 1843 he received 
from the Towanda bank a trust of landed interests 
in the then small town of Chicago, and in two 
vears he not only fulfilled this mission successfully, 
out realized handsome profits in Chicago real estate 
for himself. In 1863 ne engaged actively in de- 
veloping the petroleum interests of Pennsylvania. 
In 1870, as director and afterward as president, he 
undertook the work of pushing the Northern Pa- 
cific railroad to completion. After the road had 
been built to Missouri river, and eastward from 



the Pacific about 100 miles, Jay Cooke and Co„ 
the fiscal agents, failed, during the panic of 1873 
that took place, and the completed parts were not 
paying expenses. Mr. Wright afterward assisted 
in the reorganization by which the road was com- 
pleted to Puget sound. In 1873 he took an active 
part in founding the city of Tacoma, which now 
has a population of 15,000. He endowed the An- 
nie Wright seminary for girls, and Washington 
college for boys, at Tacoma, and has been noted 
for his generosity to young men. 

WRIGHT, Channcey, mathematician, b. in 
Northampton, Mass., 20 Sept., 1830; d. in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 12 Sept., 1875. He was graduated 
at Harvard in 1852, and at once became a compu- 
ter for the recently established 44 American Ephem- 
eris and Nautical Almanac " in Cambridge. His 
occasional contributions to the 44 Mathematical 
Monthly " and similar journals soon gained for 
him reputation as a mathematician and physicist 
Gradually his attention became fixed upon the 
questions in metaphysics and philosophy that are 
presented in their latest form in the works of John 
Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Alexander Bain, 
Herbert Spencer, and others, and he prepared a se- 
ries of philosophical essays for the "North Ameri- 
can Review," which continued until within a few 
months before his death. These are regarded by 
Charles Eliot Norton as 44 the most important con- 
tribution made in America to the discussion and in- 
vestigation of the questions which now chiefly en- 
gage the attention of the students of philosophy." 
In 1870 he delivered a course of university lectures 
at Harvard on the principles of psychology, and in 
1874-'5 he was instructor there in mathematical 
physics. He was appointed recording secretary of 
the American academy of arts ana sciences in 
1863, and held that office for sevenyears. His writ- 
ings were collected by Charles Eaiot Norton and 
published, with a biographical sketch, as 44 Philo- 
sophical Discussions " (New York, 1877). 

WRIGHT, Eliznr, reformer, b. in South Ca- 
naan, Conn., 12 Feb., 1804 ; d. in Medford, Mass., 
21 Nov., 1885. His father, Elizur (1762-1845), was 
graduated at Yale 
in 1781, and be- 
came known for 
his mathematical 
learning and devo- 
tion to the Pres- 
byterian faith. In 
1810 the family re- 
moved to Tall- 
madge, Ohio, and 
the son worked on 
the farm and at- 
tended an academy 
that was conduct- 
ed by his father. 
His home was of- 
ten the refuge for 
fugitive slaves, and 
he early acquired 
anti-slavery opin- 
ions. He was grad- 
uated at Yale in 1826, and taught in Groton, Mass. 
In 1829-'33 he was professor of mathematics and 
natural philosophy in Western Reserve college, 
Hudson, Ohio. Mr. Wright attended the conven- 
tion in Philadelphia in December, 1833, that formed 
the American anti-slavery society, of which he was 
chosen secretary, and, removing to New York, he 
took part in editing the 44 Emancipator." He con- 
ducted the paper called 44 Human Rights " in 
1834-'5, and the 44 Quarterly Anti-Slavery Maga- 




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WRIGHT 



WRIGHT 



zine " in 1835-'8, and through his continued op- 
position to slavery incurred the enmity of its 
advocates. His house was once besieged bv a 
mob, and an attempt was made to kidnap hira 
and convey him to North Carolina. He removed 
to Boston in 1839. and became editor of the "Mas- 
sachusetts Abolitionist." For several years he 
was connected with the press, and in 1846 he 
established the " Chronotype," a daily newspaper 
which he conducted until it was merged in the 
"Commonwealth" (1850). of which he was for a 
time the editor. Mr. Wright was twice indicted and 
tried for libel, in consequence of his severe strict- 
ures on the liquor interests while publishing the 
" Chronotvpc," and again in 1851 for aiding the 
rescue in Boston of Shadrach, a runaway slave. Be- 
tween 1853 and 1858, besides editing the " Railroad 
Times," he gave his attention to invention and me- 
chanics, constructing a spike-making machine, a 
water-faucet, and an improvement in pipe-coup- 
ling. He patented the last two, and manufactured 
them for a short time. In 1853 he published " Life 
Insurance Valuation Tables " (2d ed., revised and 
enlarged, 1871), and in 1858 he secured an act of 
the Massachusetts legislature to organize an in- 
surance commission, on a basis that required the 
annual valuation of the policy liabilities of all life- 
insurance companies in the state. He was appoint- 
ed insurance commissioner of Massachusetts under 
this act, which office he held until 1866. He ob- 
tained the passage of the Massachusetts non-for- 
feiture act of 1861, and also its substitute in 1880, 
which was embodied with some change in the in- 
surance codification bill of 1887. He devised a new 
formula for finding the values of policies of various 
terms, now known as the " accumulation formula," 
and, in order to facilitate his work, invented and 
afterward patented (1860) the arithmeter, a mechan- 
ical contnvance for multiplication and division, 
based on the logarithmic principle. Afterward he 
became consulting actuary for life-insurance com- 
panies. He was a delegate to the convention of 
1840, which formed the Liberty party and nomi- 
nated James G. Birney for the presidency, and 
edited " The Free American " in 1841. He was a 
promoter of the convention at Philadelphia on 4 
July, 1876, which organized the National liberal 
league to support state secularization, and was the 
second president of the league, being twice re-elect- 
ed. He was a member of the Forestry association, 
was instrumental in obtaining the Massachusetts 
forestry act of 1882, and labored for a permanent 
forest preserve. He wrote an introduction to Whit- 
tier's 44 Ballads, and other Poems" (London, 1844): 
and published a translation in verse of La Fon- 
taine s " Fables " (2 vols., Boston, 1841 ; 2d ed., New 
York, 1859); 44 Savings Bank Life Insurance, with 
Illustrative Tables" (1872); "The Politics and 
Mysteries of Life Insurance " (1873) ; and " Myron 
Hoi ley, and what he did for Liberty and True* Re- 
ligion," a contribution to anti-slavery records (1882). 

WRIGHT, Fanny, reformer, b. in Dundee, 
Scotland, 6 Sept., 1795; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 14 
Dec., 1852. Her father was an intimate friend of 
Adam Smith, Dr. William Cullen, and other scien- 
tific and literary men. She became an orphan at 
an early age, was brought up as a ward in cnancery 
by a maternal aunt, and early adopted the philoso- 
phy of the French materialists. She travelled in 
this country in 1818-'20, and was introduced by 
Joseph Rodman Drake in the first of the "Croaker 
papers. On her return to England she published 
her 44 Views of Society and Manners in America " 
(London, 1821 ; Paris, 1822). On the invitation of 
Ijafayette she went to Paris, and in 1825 she re- 



turned to this country. She purchased 2.400 acres 
in Tennessee, at Neshoba (now Memphis), and es- 
tablished there a colony of emancipated slaves, 
whose social condition she sought to elevate. Ne- 
shoba, which was held in trust for her by Gen. La- 
fayette, was restored by him when he discovered 
that her plans could not be carried out without 
conflicting with the laws of the state. The ne- 
groes in the colony were afterward sent to Hayti. 
In 1833-'6 she appeared as a public lecturer in the 
eastern states, where her attacks upon slavery and 
other social institutions attracted large audiences 
and led to the establishment of " Fanny Wright 
societies," but her freedom of speech caused great 
opposition and the hostility of the press and the 
cnurch. Fitz-Greene Halleck said her chief theme 
was 4 * just knowledge," which she pronounced " ioost 
nolidge." She then became associated with Rob- 
ert Dale Owen in New Harmony, Ind.. edited there 
"The Gazette," and lectured in behalf of his colo- 
ny, but with little success. In 1838 she visited 
France, and married there M. D'Arusmont whose 
system of philosophy resembled her own, but she 
was soon separated from him. resumed her own 
name, and resided with her daughter in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, until her death. Her last years were 
spent in retirement. She was benevolent, unself- 
ish, eccentric, and fearless. She published in 
London in 1817 44 Altdorf," a tragedy, founded on 
the tradition of William Tell and unsuccessfully 
played at the Park theatre; "A few Days in Ath- 
ens) being a Translation of a Greek Manuscript 
discovered in Herculaneum " (London, 1822) : and 
a " Course of Popular Lectures on Free Inquiry, 
Religion, Morals, Opinions, etc, delivered in the 
United States" (New York, 1829 ; 6th ed., 1836). 
See 44 Biography, Notes, and Political Letters of 
Fanny Wrignt* D'Arusmont" published by John 
Windt (London, 1844), and 44 Memoir of Fanny 
Wright, the Pioneer Woman in the Cause of Wom- 
en's Rights," by Amos Gilbert (Cincinnati 1855). 

WRIGHT, George, soldier, b. in Vermont in 
1803 : d. at sea, SO July, 1865. He was educated 
at common schools and at the U. S. military acade- 
my, where he was graduated and promoted 2d 
lieutenant in the 3d U. S. infantry, 1 July. 1822. 
He served at Fort Howard, Wis., and Jefferson 
barracks, Mo., until 1828, was promoted 1st lieu- 
tenant, 23 Sept., 1887. and remained in garrison at 
Fort Leavenworth till 1831, when he became adju- 
tant of his regiment On 30 Oct, 1836, he was 
promoted captain, and in 1838 he was transferred 
to the 8th infantry upon the organization of that 
regiment serving during the Canada border trou- 
bles and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., till 1840. He 
took part in the Florida war against the Serai noles, 
remaining in that countrv with the 8th infantry 
until 1844, and receiving the brevet of major 44 for 
meritorious conduct in zeal, energy, and persever- 
ance." Mai. Wright took an active part in the 
war with Mexico, iu the principal engagements 
from Vera Cruz to Molino del Rev, where Tie com- 
manded the storming party ana" was wounded. 
For his services in Mexico he was brevetted to the 
grade of colonel. In 1848 he became major, in 
1855 lieutenant-colonel of the 4th infantry, and on 
3 March, 1855, colonel of the 9th infantry, having 
served during that period in California and Wash- 
ington territory. He was in command of the 
northern district of the Department of the Pacific 
till 1857, and during this time conducted opera- 
tions against the Indians, especially at the Cascades 
in 1856 and in Oregon. In 1858 he commanded 
an expedition against the Spokanes, with whom he 
had several combats. At tne opening of the civil 



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623 



war he commanded the Department of Oregon, 
from which he was transferred to command the 
Department of the Pacific with the rank of briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, 28 Sept, 1861. He 
served there until 1864, and was brevetted briga- 
dier-general, U. S. army, 19 Dec., 1864, 44 for long, 
faithful, and meritorious services." Gen. Wright 
was drowned, 30 July, 1865, on the wreck of the 
" Brother Jonathan " while on his way to assume 
command of the Department of the Columbia. 

WRIGHT, George Frederick, geologist, b. in 
Whitehall, N. Y., 22 Jan., 1838. He was graduated 
at Oberlin in 1859, and at the theological seminary 
there in 1862, and during 1860 he was for five 
months a private in the 7th Ohio volunteers. In 
1862 he entered on the pastorate of the Congrega- 
tional church in Bakersfield, Vt, where he was or- 
dained in September, 1863, and in 1872 was called 
to a similar charge in Andover. Mass. He accept- 
ed the professorship of New Testament language 
and literature in 1881, which chair he still holds. 
Prof. Wright has devoted considerable attention 
to geology. In 1881 he was assistant geologist on 
the Pennsylvania survey, and since 1884 ne has 
been connected with the division of glacial geology 
on the U. S. survey. He is a member of scientific 
societies, and in 1884 became an associate editor 
of the 44 Bibliotheca Sacra." His works include 
" The Logic of Christian Evidence " (Andover. 
1880); - 4 Studies in Science and Religion " (1882) ; 
44 The Relation of Death to* Probation " (Boston, 
1882); "The Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, 
and Kentucky " (Cleveland, 1884) ; and 44 The Di- 
vine Authority of the Bible " (Boston, 1884). 

WRIGHT, Hendrick Bradley, lawyer, b. in 
Plymouth, Luzerne co., Pa., 24 April, 1808 ; d. in 
Wilkesbarre, Pa,, 2 Sept., 1881. lie was educated 
at Dickinson college, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1831. and began practice in Wilkesbarre. 
He was appointed district attorney for Luzerne 
county in 1834, and was elected to the legislature 
in 1841-'3, serving in the latter year as speaker. 
He was a member of all the national Democratic 
conventions between 1840 and 1860, and was the 
presiding officer in the one that nominated James 
K. Polk for president. Being elected to congress 
as a Democrat, he served from 5 Dec, 1853, till 
3 March, 1855. He was elected again to fill the va- 
cancy caused by the death of George W. Scranton, 
serving from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1863, and 
again from 1877 till 1881. He published 44 A Prac- 
tical Treatise on Labor" (New York, 1871), and 
" Historical Sketches of Plymouth, Luzerne Co., 
Pa." (Philadelphia, 1873).— His nephew, Harrison, 
lawyer, b. in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 15 July, 1850; d. 
there, 20 Feb., 1885, was educated in his native city 
and at Heidelberg, Germany, where he studied four 
years, receiving in 1871 the degrees of A. M. and 
rh. D. He returned home, studied law and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1874. He was chosen secretary 
of the Wyoming historical and geological society of 
Wilkesbarre in 1874, and devoted himself to lit- 
erary and scientific pursuits. Mr. Wright was a 
member of the Archaeological society of Rome, and 
other societies. He published various monographs 
on archaeological ana scientific subjects. His last 
publications— 44 The Manuscripts of the Earl of 
Ashburnham, a Translation of the Report to the 
Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, by 
Leopold Delisle, of the National Library " (1884), 
and 44 Observations on the Very Ancient Manuscript 
of the Libri Collection, by Leopold Delisle " (1884), 
which he published and circulated widely in Amer- 
ica — were doubtless the means of preventing the 
sale of these treasures in this country and of re- 



storing them to the National library at Paris. He 
also edited the first volume of the 44 Proceedings" 
of the Wyoming historical and geological society. 

WRIGHT. Henry Clarke, reformer, b. in Sha- 
ron, Litchfield co.. Conn., 29 Aug., 1797; d. in 
Pawtucket, R. I., 16 Aug., 1870. For many years 
he was a noted lecturer on anti-slavery topics, and 
was an advocate of peace, socialism, and spiritual- 
ism, on all of which subjects his convictions were 
vehement, and were delivered with eloquence. At 
one time he was conspicuous among the band of 
anti-slavery orators that assembled annually in 
New York at the anniversary of the American 
anti-slavery society, and by its earnestness enlist- 
ed the sympathy of the people. He was the au- 
thor of 44 Man-Killing by individuals and Nations 
Wrong " (Boston, 1841) ; 44 A Kiss for a Blow " (Lon- 
don, 1843 ; new ed., 1866) ; 14 Defensive War proved 
to be a Denial of Christianity " (1846) ; 44 Human 
Life Illustrated*' (Boston, 1849); 44 Marriage and 
Parentage " (1854) ; and 44 The Living Present and 
the Dead Past "(1865). 

WRIGHT, Horatio Governenr, soldier, b. in 
Clinton, Conn., 6 March, 1820. He was graduated 
second in his class at the U. S. military academv in 
1841, served in the engineer corps, and in 184$-'4 
as assistant professor, first of French and then 
of engineering, 
at West Point, 
and was pro- 
moted 1st lieu- 
tenant in 1848. 
After super- 
intending the 
buildingofforts 
and improve- 
ments in Flor- 
ida he became 
captain in 1855, 
and till the 
civil war was 
assistant to the 
chief engineer 
at Washington, 
also serving 
on several spe- 
cial ordnance 
boards. He de- 
clined a major's 
commission in the 13th infantry on 14 May, 1861, 
but, after constructing several of the defences of 
Washington, taking part in the battle of Bull 
Run as chief engineer of Heintzelman's divis- 
ion, and organizing the Port Royal expedition in 
the same capacity, he accepted that rank in the 
engineer corps in August, and on 14 Sept. be- 
came brigadier-general of volunteers. He took 
part in the capture of Hilton Head, S. C, in No- 
vember, led the land forces in the Florida expe- 
dition, February-June, 1862, and on 18 July, 1802, 
became major-general of volunteers. He com- 
manded the Department of the Ohio till 26 March, 
1863, the District of Ixmisville, Kv., till April, and 
then led a division of the Army of the Potomac in 
the Pennsylvania and Rapidan campaigns, receiv- 
ing the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for the cap- 
ture of Rappahannock Station, where he tempora- 
rily commanded the 6th corps. After the death of 
Gen. John Sedgwick, 9 May, 1864, he succeeded to 
the command of that corps, and on 12 May was 
brevetted colonel for gallantry at Spot tsyl van ia. 
While at Petersburg he was ordered to the defence 
of Washington during Gen. Jubal A. Early's inva- 
sion of Maryland, in the midsummer of 1864. Great 
anxiety was felt lest succor from the troops in front 




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624 WRIGHT 

of Petersburg should not arrive in time to save the 
capital, but as Early's advance arrived in the sub- 
urbs of Washington on the north, Wright's troops 
were landing at the wharves on the south. With 
some regiments of the 19th corps just arrived from 
the Gulf and a few other hastily gathered troops, 
Gen. Wright was ready to meet any assault. Early 
was soon forced to withdraw in the face of a strong 
reconnoissance which Gen, Wright pushed out 
"I have se nt from here," wrote Gen. Grant to 
President Lincoln from the Petersburg lines, "a 
whole corps, commanded by an excellent officer." 
And to a prominent official of the war department 
he said : " Boldness is all that is needed to drive 
the enemy out of Maryland, and Wright is the 
man to assume that." Gen. Wright rallied the 
troops under his command, re-formed the line, and 
did much to retrieve the fortunes of the early sur- 
prise at Cedar Creek. 19 Oct., 1864. His 6th corps 
first broke the strong lines at Petersburg? on Sun- 
day morning, 2 April, 1865. In his official report 
of that battle Gen. Grant said : " Gen. Wright 
penetrated the line with his whole corps, sweeping 
everything before him, and to his left to warn 
Hatcher's Run, capturing many guns and several 
thousand prisoners." He was b re vetted brigadier- 
general, U. S. army, 18 March, 1865, for gallantry 
in the battle of Cold Harbor, and major-general 
for the capture of Petersburg, Va. On 14 June, 
1865 he received the thanks of the Connecticut 
legislature. He was made lieutenant-colonel, 28 
Nov., 1865, and then served on various engineer- 
ing boards, becoming colonel, 4 March, 1879, and 
chief-of-engineers with the rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, 30 June, 1879. On 22 March, 1884, he was 
retired from active service. Gen. Wright is co- 
author of a '* Report on the Fabrication of Iron for 
Defences " (Washington, 1871). 

WRIGHT, Sir James, bart., governor of Geor- 
gia, b. in Charleston, S. C, about 1714 ; d. in Lon- 
don, England, 20 Nov., 1785. His father, Robert, 
removed from Durham, England, to Charleston, 
and was chief justice of South Carolina for manv 
years. The son was probably educated in England, 
studied law, and practised m Charleston. He was 
appointed agent of the province in Great Britain, 
and became chief justice and lieutenant-governor 
of South Carolina on 13 May, 1760. He was ap- 
pointed royal governor of Georgia in 1764, and 
was the last to administer its affairs in the name 
of the king. He arrived in Savannah in October, 
1764, and his management of affairs was successful 
until the passage of the stamp-act He labored to 
convince the people that they should submit to the 
king's authority, but the governor's proclamations 
only served to exasperate them. On 5 Dec., 1766, 
his majesty's ship " Speedwell " arrived in the Sa- 
vannah river with the stamped paper, which was 
placed under the care of the commissary ; but, on 
receiving news that the "Liberty boys" had de- 
termined to break open the fort and destroy the 
papers, the governor ordered a jruard to prevent 
their seizure, and afterward had them removed 
to Fort George, on Cockspur island. In 1768 the 
governor charged the assembly with revolution- 
ary conduct and dismissed it On 17 June, 1775, 
several men-of-war arrived in Tybee, and, to pre- 
vent the governor from holding communication 
with them, Joseph Habersham entered his dwell- 
ing and took him prisoner ; but the governor made 
his escape, and went to Bona venture, whence he 
was conveyed to the armed ship ** Scarborough," 
where he addressed a letter to nis council. The 
assembly adjourned without giving Gov. Wright an 
answer, and he then planned an attack upon the 



WRIGHT 



town, which proved unsuccessful, and he afterward 
sailed for England. In 1779 he was despatched 
to resume the government of Georgia. Savannah 
was at this time in possession of the British, and 
the Americans were endeavoring to recover it. 
The friends of Gen. Wright say that, owing to 
his determination and spirit, the defence of his 
capital "was one of the most brilliant events of 
the war in the south," and would not have been 
made but for his deciding vote in the council 
of war. At the close of hostilities he retired to 
England, and his extensive property was confis- 
cated. He was created a baronet on 8 Dec, 1772. 
Wrightsborou^h, Columbia co., Ga., was named in 
his honor. — His brother, Jennyn, was in command 
of a fort on St. Mary's river, which became a 
rendezvous for the Tories of that part of the coun- 
try, and was unsuccessfully assailed by the patriots. 
A severe writer calls it a M nest of villains." An- 
other account is that Wright's force consisted of 
negroes. In 1778 he was attainted, and lost his 
estate. His name appears in the confiscation act 
of South Carolina in 1782. — James's son, James, 
succeeded his father in 1785. The Georgia Royal- 
ists were raised for him in 1779, but his name is 
found in connection with that corps only at the 
sie^e of Savannah, when his post was in a redoubt 
built of green wood strengthened by fillings of 
sand, ana mounted with heavy cannon. He died 
in 1816 without issue, and his title reverted to his 
grand-nephew. Sir James Alexander. — Another 
son, Alexander, b. in 1751, married Elizabeth, 
the only daughter and heiress of John Izard, of 
South Carolina. At the close of the Revolution 
he settled in Jamaica, W. I. He was of " known 
and just influence." 

WRIGHT, Joel Tom Meson, Canadian clergv- 
man, b. in Upwell, Isle of Ely, England, 16 March, 
1834. He removed to Canada in 1855, and was 
ordained as & priest of the Church of England in 
Canada in 1862 by Bishop Benjamin Cronyn. He 
was incumbent of Wardsville and adjacent places 
in Middlesex county for eight years, and has since 
been rector of St. James's church, St Mary's, Ont 
He was plaintiff in the celebrated chancery suit, 
Wright va. the Synod of Huron, instituted in 1881 
on behalf of himself and other clergy of the dio- 
cese. The case finally reached the supreme court 
of Canada, which decided against Mr. Wright, who 
thereupon, in 1884, appealed to the privy council 
of Great Britain, where it is now pending. He is 
known as a lecturer on Freemasonry, and has pub- 
lished a work on " Constitutional Government and 
Synod Legislation " (1879). 

WRIGHT, John C. a jurist, b. in Wethersfield, 
Conn., in 1788 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 13 Feb., 
1861. He received an academic education, learned 
the trade of a printer, and went to Troy, N. Y., 
where he edited " The Gazette " for several years. 
After studying law he was admitted to the bar and 
began practice in Steubenville, Ohio. For manv 
years he was iudge of the state supreme court, anil 
he was electea to congress as an Adams Democrat, 
serving from 1 Dec., 1823, till 3 March, 1829, and 
being afterward defeated for re-election as a Henry 
Clay Democrat He and Tristram Burgess, of 
Rhode Island, were the only two members of the 
house that ventured to reply to John Randolph of 
Roanoke in the stvle of sarcasm that characterized 
Randolph's speeches. He was a delegate to the 
peace congress in Washington in February, 1801, 
out died before its adjournment. For several years 
he was the editor and proprietor of the Cincinnati 
** Gazette." His speeches in congress on the'** reso- 
lution calling on the secretary of state for infor- 

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mat ion relative to the selection of newspapers for 
the publication of the laws " were issued (Wash- 
ington, 1827). He also published 44 Supreme Court 
Reports of Ohio " (Columbus, 1881-4). This book 
possessed much legal authority at the time of its 
publication, and is still held in repute. Many of 
the cases are reported in a vein of peculiar face- 
tiousness, for which Judge Wright was noted. — 
His son, Crafts James, soldier, b. iu Troy, N. Y., 
13 July, 1808 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 23 Julv, 1883, 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1828, but resigned on 8 Nov., 1828, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar of Ohio, and practised with 
his father. In 1840 he became assistant editor of 
the Cincinnati 44 Gazette," and from 1847 till 1854 
he was president of the 44 Gazette " company, after 
which he again practised law. He aided in organ- 
izing the first telegraph company in the west and 
became one of its directors. At the beginning of 
the civil war he entered the National army as 
colonel of the 8th Missouri infantry, but afterward 
he raised and disciplined the 13th Missouri. He 
served in the Tennessee campaign of 1862, and 
for his services received the thanks of the gov- 
ernor of Missouri. In March, 1862, he was in com- 
mand of Clarksville. He was afterward ordered 
to Pittsburg Landing, where he was senior colonel, 
and given command of a brigade. He was also 
engaged in the Mississippi campaign and in the 
siege of Corinth, where he remained ill for many 
we*ks until he resigned his commission on 16 Sept., 
1862. For his services at Shiloh. President Lin- 
coln nominated him for the post of brigadier- 
general, but he resigned before he could be con- 
firmed by the senate. Subsequently he engaged in 
farming in Glendale, Ohio, but afterward lived in 
Chicago, where in 1876 he was made steward of the 
marine hospital. — His wife, Margaret, was active 
during the war in visiting hospitals and battle- 
fields, and was identified with many benevolent 
works. She was at one time the only woman on 
the boat that carried disabled soldiers to the north, 
and acted as nurse to them under the direction of 
the senior surgeon. 

WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, b. at 
Sheffield, Mass., 10 Julv, 1815; d. in Chicago, 111., 
26 Sept., 1874. On 29 Oct. 1832, he arrived in 
Chicago with his father, and thev at once estab- 
lished a store. In 1837 he built at his own expense, 
for $507.93, the first public-school building in Chi- 
cago. In 1840 he established the 44 Prairie Farmer," 
which is still in existence. In 1845 he wrote for 
the New York 44 Commercial Advertiser" numer- 
ous articles setting forth the advantages and pro- 
spective greatness of Chicago and the northwest 
In 1852 he began the manufacture of Atkins's 
self-raking reaper and mower. He was one of the 
active promoters of the Illinois Central railroad, 
and sent thousands of circulars at his own expense 
from Chicago to the Gulf, calling attention of the 
people to the prospective benefits of such a road 
through the state. He published a valuable statisti- 
cal work entitled •• Chicago : Past, Present, and Fu- 
ture" (Chicago, 1870). 

WRIGHT! Joseph, portrait-painter, b. in Bor- 
dentown, N. J., in 1756* ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 
1793. He was the son of Patience Wright, who 
excelled in modelling miniature heads in wax. In 
1772 he went to England with his parents, and 
there received his art education. Subsequently he 
studied in Paris under the care of Benjamin Frank- 
lin, and on his return to this country he narrowly 
escaped with his life from a shipwreck. In the 
autumn of 1783 he painted a three-quarters-length 
portrait of Georgo Washington, afterward he paint- 
vol. vi. — 40 



ed another for the Count de Solms, and still later 
he made a miniature profile from life. He was ap- 
pointed by President Washington first draughts- 
man and aie-sinker in the U. S. mint, and the first 
coins and medals issued by the National govern- 
ment were his handiwork. 

WRIGHT, Joseph Albert governor of In- 
diana, b. in Washington, Pa., 17 April, 1810; d. in 
Berlin, Germany, 11 Mav, 1807. He removed to 
Bloomington, Ind., with nis parents, and entered 
the State university, where, to procure his educa- 
tion, he acted as janitor. He studied law. was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1820, began practice in Rock- 
ville, Ind., and was a member of both houses of 
the legislature. Being elected to congress as a 
Democrat, he served from 4 Dec, 1843, till 8 March, 
1845, and from 1849 till 1857 he was governor of 
Indiana. In the last-named year he was appointed 
minister to Prussia, holding this position until 
1861. From 8 March, 1862, till 22 Jan., 1863, he 
served in the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term 
of Jesse D. Bright, who had been expelled. He 
was appointed U. S. commissioner to the Hamburg 
exhibition in 1863, and was then a second time 
minister to Prussia, serving from 1865 until his 
death.— His brother, George Grover, jurist, b. 
in Bloomington, Ind., 24 March, 1820, was gradu- 
ated at the University of Indiana in 1839, studied 
law with his brother in Rockville, and removed to 
Iowa in 1840, where he began practice. He was 
prosecuting attorney in 1847-'8, was elected to the 
Iowa senate in 1849, serving two terms, and was 
chosen chief justice of the supreme court of Iowa 
in 1854, serving till 1870. From 1868 till 1870 he 
was a professor in the law department of the Uni- 
versity of Iowa, and he Vas then elected U. S. 
senator as a Republican, holding his seat from 4 
March, 1871, till 8 March, 1877, and serving on the 
committees on finance, the judiciarv. claims, and 
the civil service. He then resumed' his practice, 
and for the past five years has lectured before the 
law-school of the State university. He is presi- 
dent of the Polk county savings-bank. In 1860-'5 
he was president of the Iowa agricultural society. 

WRIGHT, Joseph Jefferson Burr, soldier, b. 
in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 27 April, 1800; d. in Carlisle, 
Pa., 14 May, 1878. He was educated at Wash- 
ington college, Pa., and received his medical de- 
gree at Jefferson medical college in 1836. He en- 
tered the U. S. army as a volunteer, became as- 
sistant surgeon on 25 Oct., 1833, and major and 
surgeon on 26 March, 1844. and served in the war 
with Mexico, participating in the principal battles, 
and being in charge of the general hospitals at 
Matamoras and Vera Cruz. At the close of the 
war he transferred the sick and wounded to New 
Orleans, and, after being at the U. S. military 
academy, served in Texas and on the frontier until 
1861. He was then intrusted with organizing gen- 
eral hospitals in the west and arranging medical 
affairs on an efficient basis for field service. As medi- 
cal director on the staff of Gen. George B. McClel- 
lan he was present at Rich Mountain and Carrick's 
Ford, W. Va., and on the transfer of that officer 
to the east he declined the post of medical director 
of the Army of the Potomac, and was appointed 
medical director of the Department of the Missouri 
on the staff of Gen. Henry W. Halleck, with head- 
quarters in St. Louis, Mo. Owing to his advancing 
years, he did not participate actively in the war 
after 1862. He was bre vetted brigadier- general, 
U. S. army, on 18 March, 1865, and retired from 
service on 81 Dec., 1876. Dr. Wright was among 
the first to use and recommend the sulphate of 
quinine, administered in large doses during the 



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WRIGHT 



WRIGHT 



remission in the treatment of malarial remittent 
fevers. This method of treatment is now admitted 
to be of great value. He contributed to medical 
literature, and published articles in the *• Southern 
Medical Reports." 

WRIGHT, Lnther, educator, b. in Easthamp- 
ton, Mass., 24 Nov., 1796: d. there, 5 Sept. 1870. 
After graduation at Yale in 1822, he was principal 
of an academy in Maryland for two years, and 
then returned to Yale, where he served as a tutor, 
and studied theologv. Subsequently he taught in 
Middletown and Ellington, Conn., and was princi- 
pal of the academy in Leicester, Mass., in l83&-'9. 
He was the first principal of Williston seminary, 
which he organized (see Williston, Samuel), serv- 
ing from 1841 till 1849, when he resigned, but for 
several years gave instruction to private pupils. 
Mr. Wright published an address at the dedication 
of the academy building in Leicester (1833), and a 
historical sketch of Easthampton (1851). 

WRIGHT, Milton, bishop of the United 
Brethren in Christ, b. in Rush county, Ind., 17 
Nov., 1828. He was graduated at Hartsville col- 
lege in 1853, and in 1855-'6 was pastor of the 
Church of the United Brethren in Indianapolis. 
He was ordained in the latter year, and, after hold- 
ing a charge at Andersonville, Ind., in 1856-'7, he 
went as missionary to Oregon, where he was pas- 
tor at Sublimity, and president of Sublimity col- 
lege, a denominational institution, in 1857-9. 
From 1859 till 1869 he served in the itinerancy in 
the White river conference, during which he was 
presiding elder and pastor in Hartsville, Ind., and 
also professor of theology in Hartsville college in 
1868-'9. In 1877 he became bishop, and until 
1881 held that position* in the western Mississippi 
district. In 1881-5 he was presiding elder in the 
White river conference, and in the latter year he 
was re-elected bishop for a term of four years and 
sent to the Pacific coast district. Westfield col- 
lege, 111., gave him the degree of D. D. in 1878. 
He was editor of the " Religious Telescope," the 
organ of his church, in 1868-'9, and editor and 

Fublisher of "The Richmond Star," Richmond, 
nd.. in 1883- '5, and has published several tracts. 
WRIGHT, Rebecca McPheraon, spy, b. near 
Winchester, Va., 31 Jan., 1838. She was a Quak- 
er, and her father, Amos Wright, died in a Con- 
federate prison early in the civil war. Her fam- 
ily was one of the few of Union sentiment that 
remained in Winchester, Va., during that period. 
On 16 Sept, 1864, she received a note from Gen. 
Philip H. Sheridan, which was conveved to her 
wrapped in a small wad of tin-foil, and carried in 
the mouth of a negro messenger. It read thus: 
" Can you inform me of the position of Early's 
forces, the number of divisions in his army, and 
the strength of all or any of them, and his proba- 
ble or reported intentions? Have any more troops 
arrived from Richmond, or are any more coming, 
or reported to be coining f" Having been told of 
the position of the Confederate army by a wound- 
ed Confederate officer, who visited her two even- 
ings previously, she sent a reply to Gen. Sheridan, 
describing the number of troops and their situa- 
tion, and upon her information he directed the at- 
tack on Winchester. After the battle she was 
thanked in person by Gen. Sheridan, who always 
spoke of her as his "little Quaker girl," and in 
1867 sent her a gold watch as a memento. In 1871 
she married William C. Bonsai, and she has held 
a clerkship in the United States treasury depart- 
ment at Washington since 1868. 

WRIGHT, Robert, governor of Maryland, b. 
m Kent county, Md., about 1765 ; d. in Queens- 



town, Md., 7 Sept, 1826. After receiving a public- 
school education he studied law, was admitted to 
the bar, and practised in Queenstown. Being 
elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat he 
served from 7 Dec., 1801, till 1806, when he re- 
signed. From 1806 till 1809 he was governor of 
the state. After being in congress from 3 Dec. 
1810, till 8 March, 1817, and again from 3 Dec, 
1821, till 3 March. 1823, he was appointed district 
judge of Kent county. 

WRIGHT, Robert Emmet lawyer, b. in Al- 
lentown. Pa., in 1810. He was educated at Allen- 
town academy, studied law and was admitted to 
the bar. and has practised in his native town. He 
is the author of many essays on constitutional re- 
form, and has published practical digests of tbe 
laws of Pennsylvania on "Aldermen and Justices 
of the Peace lf (Philadelphia. 1839); "The Office 
and Duties of Constable " (1840); the "Reported 
Cases determined in the Several Courts of Pennsyl- 
vania from Mav Term. 1886, till December, 1841 w 
(1842); and " Pennsylvania State Reports " (14 
vols., 1861-6). He has edited William Graydon's 
"Forms of Convevancing" (1845); Samuel Rob- 
erts's "Digest of Select British Statutes" (1847) ; 
and F. Carroll Brewster's " Reports at Law and in 
Equity" (1847). 

WRIGHT, Robert William, author, b. in 
Ludlow, Vt, 22 Feb., 1816; d. in Cleveland, Ohio. 
9 Jan., 1885. His grandfather. Stephen, was the 
fourth in descent from Capt. Edward Wright of 
Concord, Mass., who came to this country from 
Bromwick, England, in 1645. After graduation at 
Harvard in 1842, he taught in the public grammar- 
schools in Boston, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1845. He then went to Wisconsin 
and practised his profession in Waukesha until 
1856, and in 1852 declined the Whig nomination 
for congress from that district In 1856~*9 he re- 
sided in Waterbury, Conn., where he practised law, 
edited the Waterbury "Journal," and served onv 
year as judge of probate. He edited the Hartford 
"Daily Post" in 1858. the New Haven "Daily 
News from 1859, and afterward the Rkhmono, 
Va., "State Journal." Afterward he removed to 
Cheshire, Conn., which was his home until his 
death. He invented two successful newspaper ad- 
dressers, for which ho obtained patents, and de- 
voted his leisure to astronomy ana literature. He 
read papers before the New Haven colony histori- 
cal society, contributed to magazines, and printed 
numerous satirical poems. He published "The 
Church Knaviad, or Horace in West Haven, by 
Horatius Flaccus," a satirical mock-heroic poem 
(New Haven, 1864) ; " The Vision of Judgment, or 
the South Church, Ecclesiastical Councils viewed 
from Celestial and Satanic Standpoints by Que- 
vedo Redivivus " (1867) ; " The Pious Chi-Neh, or 
a Veritable History of the Great Election Fraud, 
done into Verse by V Bet," a humorous pasquinade 
on the election of 1871 in Connecticut (1872); and 
" Life : its True Genesis," a refutation of the Dar- 
winian theory (New York, 1880). Mr. Wright was 
also the author of " Practical Legal Forms" (Mil- 
waukee, 1852). 

WRIGHT, Rnfus, artist b. in Cleveland, Ohio, 
in 1832. He was a pupil at the National academy, 
and studied also for a time under George A. Baker. 
His professional life has been spent in New York. 
Washington, and Brooklyn. In 1866 he was made 
a member of the Brooklyn academy of design. 
His portraits include those of Roger B. Taney, 
, Edwin M. Stanton, and William H. Seward. 
' About 1875 he turned his attention also to the 
I painting of composition pictures, and has pro- 



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WRIGHT 



WRIGHT 



627 




duced, among other works, "The Morning Bou- 
quet " and " The Inventor and the Banker " (1870) ; 
"Thank you, Sir!" (1877); "Concerned for his 
Sole H (1878) ; and " Feeding the Birds " (1880). 

WRIGHT, Silas, statesman, b. in Amherst, 
Mass., 24 May, 1795; d. in Canton, St Lawrence 
co., N. Y., 27 Aug., 1847. His early life was spent 
on his father's farm in Weybridge, Vt., and after 
graduation at Mid- 
ulebury college in 
18 15 he studied law, 
was admitted to 
the bar, and began 

f ractice in Canton, 
n 1820 he was ap- 
pointed surrogate 
of St. Lawrence 
county, and in 
1828-7 he was a 
member of the state 
senate, where he 
opposed the politi- 
cal advancement of 
De Witt Clinton, 
regarding it as dan- 
gerous to the Dem- 
ocratic party, of 
which he was a firm 
adherent through- 
out his life. In 1827 he made a report to the senate 
developing the financial policy with which he was 
identified throughout his life, and which he subse- 
quently enforced as a jwlitical measure, while he 
was governor of New York. In 1827 he was made 
brigadier-general of the state militia. He served 
in congress from 3 Dec., 1827, till 3 March, 1829, 
and there voted for the protective tariff of 1828, 
and for the appointment of a committee to inauire 
into the expediency of abolishing slavery ana the 
slave-trade in the District of Columbia. In 1829 
he was appointed comptroller of New York, which 
office he held until 1833, when he was chosen to 
the U. S. senate in place of William L. Marcy. In 
that body he served on the committee on finance, 
supported the force bill and Henry Clay's compro- 
mise bill of 1833, introduced the first sub-treasury 
bill, which became a law, defended President 
Jackson's removal of the deposits from the U. S. 
bank, and delivered a speech opposing Daniel 
Webster's motion to recharter that institution. He 
also voted against receiving a petition for the abo- 
lition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and 
in favor of excluding from the mails all " printed 
matter calculated to excite the prejudices of the 
southern states in regard to the question of sla- 
very." Mr. Wright opposed the distribution among 
the states of the surplus Federal revenues, sup- 

S>rted the independent treasury scheme of Van 
uren. maintained in reference to the abolition of 
slavery the right of petition and the sovereignty 
of congress over the territories in 1838, and voted 
for the tariff of 1842 and for the annexation of 
Texas. His term extended from 11 Jan., 1833, till 
1 Dec, 1844, when ho resigned to become governor 
of New York, which post he held until 1847, dur- 
ing which period he opposed the calling of a con- 
vention to revise the state constitution, vetoed a bill 
to appropriate money for canal improvements, and 
took decided ground against the anti-rent rioters, 
declaring Delaware county in a state of insurrec- 
tion and calling out a military force. He was de- 
feated as candidate for re-election in 1846. When 
in April, 1847, the application of the Wilmot pro- 
viso to the territories that had been obtained from 
Mexico was under discussion, Mr. Wright emphat- 



ically declared that the arms and the money of 
the Union ought never to be used for the acquisi- 
tion of territory for the purpose of planting sla- 
very. In May,1847, he wrote a letter expressing 
himself in favor of using the money of the Federal 
government to improve the harbors of the north- 
ern lakes. He refused several offers of cabinet 
offices and foreign missions. After his term as 
governor he retired to his farm in Canton, which 
he cultivated with his own hands. His mind was 
logical and powerful, and he was considered a 
clear and practical statesman. Horatio Seymour 
said: "Mr. Wright was a great man, an honest 
man; if he committed errors, they were induced 
by his devotion to his party. He was not selfish; 
to him his party was everything^ — himself nothing." 
There is a good portrait of him by James White- 
house in the New York citv-hall. See " Eulogy on 
Silas Wright," by Henry D. Gilpin (Philadelphia, 
1847); his "Life and Times," by Jabez D. Ham- 
mond (Syracuse, 1848); and his "Life," by John 
S. Jenkins (Utica, 1852). 

WRIGHT, Thomas Lee, physician, b. in Wind- 
ham, Portage co., Ohio, 7 Aug., 1825. He was edu- 
cated at Miami university and at Ohio medical 
college, where he was graduated in 1846. Until 
1854 he practised in Kansas City, chiefly among 
the Wyandotte Indians, and he afterward removed 
to Bellefontaine, Ohio. He lectured on the theory 
and practice of medicine in Ohio Wesleyan uni- 
versity in 1855-'6, and was a member of the Ohio 
medical society and president of the Logan county 
medical society. Dr. Wright has made the scien- 
tific aspects of inebriety a special study. This has 
led to inquiries respecting the effects oi alcohol, not 
only immediately, but remotely, upon the nervous 
functions and capacities ; and filially upon minds 
and morals in their several departments. In 1887 
he attended the International congress of inebriety 
held in London, and was one of its vice-presidents. 
He also edited the " Ohio Censor," a political jour- 
nal published in Bellefontaine. Dr. Wright has 
contributed to the transactions of the Ohio medi- 
cal society and medical journals, and has written 
" Notes on the Theory of Human Existence " (1848) 
and ** Disquisition on the Ancient History of Medi- 
cine" (I860). He has published " Inebriism, a Patho- 
logical and Psychological Study "(Columbus, 1885). 

WRIGHT, William, senator, b. in Clarkstown, 
Rockland co., N. Y., in 1794; d. in Newark, N. J., 
1 Nov., 1860. He 
was a volunteer 
for the defence of 
Stonington,Conn., 
in the war of 1812. 
The death of his 
father. Dr. Will- 
iam Wright, com- 

Selled him to a ban - 
on the hope of 
a collegiate edu- 
cation, and he 
learned the trade 
of a saddler, and 
followed this busi- 
ness in Bridge- 
port, Conn., for 
seven years. After 
acquiring a for- 
tune, he removed 
to Newark, N. J., 
in 1821, and was 
mayor of that 
town in 1840-'3. Being elected to congress as a 
Henry Clay Whig, he served from 4 Dec., 1843, till 




Digitized by Google 



628 WRIGHT 

8 March, 1847, and in the latter year was a defeated 
candidate for governor of New Jersey. He was 
twice elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, 
and served from 4 March, 1858, till 4 March, 1859, 
and from 7 Dec, 1863, till his death. He was 
chairman of the committee on manufactures and 
of that on the contingent expenses of the senate, 
and served also on the committees on public lands 
and Revolutionary claims. 

WRIGHT, William, journalist, b. in Ireland 
in 1824; d. in Paterson, N. J., 18 March, 1866. 
He came to this country about 1841 and settled 
near Paterson, N. J M where he engaged in teach- 
ing. In 1854 he founded in that town "The 
Presc," a Republican journal He took an active 
part in the canvass for the presidency in 1856, 
advocating the election of John C. Fremont, and 
chiefly through his exertions Paterson for the first 
time in its history gave a majority against the 
Democratic party. In 1858 he was interested in a 
paper called the " Republican," afterward merged 
Into the "Daily Guardian." In 1860 Mr. Wright 
removed to New York, where he was connected 
with the "Evening Post" and the "Commercial 
Advertiser " and contributed to other journals ; but 
in 1864 he returned to Paterson and engaged in 
journalism there. Shortly before his death he es- 
tablished the " Monthly Review." He published 
" The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania, showing where 
Petroleum is Pound, how it is obtained, and at 
what Cost, with Hints for Whom it may Concern " 
(New York, 1865). 

WRIGHT, William Boll, poet, b. in Orange 
county, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1840 : d. in Atlanta, Ga., 
29 March, 1880. After graduation at Princeton 
in 1859 he taught in Buffalo until 1862, when he 
entered the 5th New York artillery as a private. 
While his regiment was stationed at Fort McHenry, 
Md., he was prostrated by typhoid fever, but after 
his recovery he rejoined his regiment, and partici- 
pated in Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah 
valley. He served until the end of the war, part 
of the time as judge-advocate, and was mustered 
out as lieutenant with the brevet of major. He 
was graduated at the New York college of phy- 
sicians and surgeons, practised medicine in Orange 
county until 1871, and was professor of ancient 
languages in the normal school at Buffalo, N. Y., 
from that year until 1878, when he resigned, owing 
to impaired health. He was the author of " High- 
land Rambles, a Poem " (Boston, 1868), and " The 
Brook, and other Poems" (New York, 1878). 

WRIGHT, William Henry, engineer, b. in 
Wilmington, N. C, in 1814; d. there, 29 Dec., 
1845. He was a grandson of Judge Joshua Granger 
Wright (1768-1811), who served in the legislature 
from 1792 till 1800, and was speaker in the latter 
year. After graduation at William and Mary col- 
lege William studied law, which he abandoned to 
enter the U. S. military academy. He was gradu- 
ated there in 1884, promoted 2a lieutenant in the 
1st artillery, was transferred to the engineer corps 
on 1 July, 1838, and became 1st lieutenant on 7 
Dee. of that year. He served as assistant engineer 
in the construction of Fort Warren, Boston har- 
bor, and as superintending engineer on the sea 
wall for the protection of Lovell's island in that 
harbor in 1844-'5. Lieut. Wright was the author 
of a " Brief Practical Treatise on Mortars, with an 
Account of the Processes at the Public Works in 
Boston Harbor " (Boston, 1845). 

WRIGHT, William Janes, mathematician, b. 
in Weybridge. Vt, 3 Aug., 1831. He was graduated 
at Union college in 1857. and studied at Union 
and Princeton theological seminaries. He was or- 



WURTZ 



dained to the ministry of the Presbyterian church 
in 1868, was a chaplain in the National army in 
186&-'5, and. besides holding various pastorates and 
spending two years in European study, has been 
professor of mathematics at Wilson college. Pa., 
in 1876-'7, and of metaphysics at Westminster 
college, Mo., since 1887. He received the degree 
of Ph. D. from Union in 1876, and that of LL. D. 
from Westminster college in 1882. Dr. Wright has 
published " Tracts on Higher Mathematics," includ- 
ing treatises on determinants, trilinear co-ordinates, 
and invariants (London, 1875-*9).— His wife, Julia 
McNair, author, b. in Oswego, N. Y., 1 May. 1840, 
was the daughter of John McNair, a well-known 
civil engineer, whose father emigrated from Scot- 
land in 1798. She was educated at private schools 
and academies, married Dr. Wright in 1859, and 
has devoted her life mainly to literary work. Her 
books are mostly religious stories, anti-Catholic 
Many of them have been republished in Europe and 
several have been translated into Arabic. Her 
works include " Priest and Nun " (1869) ; " Jug-or- 
Not" (New York, 1870); "Saints and Sinners" 
(Philadelphia, 1878); "The Early Church in Brit- 
ain" (1874); "Bricks from Babel," a manual of 
ethnography (1876) ; " The Complete Home " (1879) ; 
"A Wife Hard Won/' a novel (1882); and "The 
Nature Readers " (3 vols., Boston, 1887-'8). 

WURTELE, Jonathan Saxton Campbell, 
Canadian jurist, b. in Quebec, 27 Jan., 1828. He 
is the son of Jonathan Wurtele, seignior of River 
David, and was the last Canadian seignior to ren- 
der homage, 8 Feb., 1854. He was educated at 
Quebec high-school and privately studied law, and 
was called to the bar of Lower Canada in 1850. 
He became professor of commercial law in McGill 
university in 1869, received the degree of B. C. L. 
from that institution in 1870, and of D. C. L. in 
1882, and is now an emeritus professor. He became 
queen's counsel in 1873. In 1875 he was elected 
to the legislature of Quebec, re-elected in 1878 and 
in 1881, and again in 1882 on his being appointed 
provincial treasurer. He was speaker of the Quebec 
assembly in 1884-'6, and in the latter year was ap- 

g)inted judge of the superior court of the province, 
e was made an officer of public instruction in 
1880 and an officer of the Legion of honor in 
France in 1882. Mr. Wurtele negotiated a loan in 
France for the province of Quebec in 1880, and or- 
ganized at the same time the Credit foncier Franco 
Canadien, of which he is a director. He has been 
counsel of the German society of Montreal, and 
has held the offices of chief clerk of the seignioral 
commission, mayor of St. David, and president of 
the school commissioners of that place. He is a 
Liberal-Conservative in politics, and is the author 
of a " Manual of the Legislative Assembly of 
Quebec " (Quebec, 1885). 

WUBTZ, Henry, chemist, b. in Easton, Pa., 5 
June, 1828. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1848, and then studied chemistry at the Lawrence 
scientific school of Harvard. In 1851 he became 
instructor at the Yale (now Sheffield) scientific 
school, and in 1858- '5 he was chemist to the geo- 
logical survey of New Jersey. He was chosen pro- 
fessor of chemistry at the Medical college in Kings- 
ton, Canada, in 1857, and a year later accepted a 
similar chair at the National medical college in 
Washington, D. C, while at the same time he was 
examiner in the chemical division of the U. S. 
patent-office until 1861. Prof. Wurtz then re- 
moved to New York. His original work has in- 
cluded the discovery of the mineral hisingerite in 
America (1850) ; the invention of methods for the 
production of alum from greensand marl and 



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WYANT 



WYCKOFP 



629 



potassium chloride and potassium sulphate from 
similar sources (IBM); methods of preparing pure 
alkalies and alkaline earths (1852); applications 
of sodium amalgams (1865) ; new modes of manu- 
facture of fuel gas by the alternating action of 
air and steam on cheap coal (1869); the produc- 
tion of magnesia by precipitation from sea- water 
by means of calcium hydroxide (1877); the discov- 
ery of the minerals animikite and huntilite (1878); 
a new method of concentrating and caking granu- 
lar materials of all kinds by mixing with small 
percentages of metallic iron and a solution of fer- 
rous sulphate (1882) ; and a new method of distil- 
ling coal to obtain liquid products. He was en- 
gaged until 1888 in perfecting processes by means 
of which greater yields of the heavy paraffin oils, 
paraffin wax, carbolic acid, and other products can 
be obtained from coals of all kinds more quickly, 
also in developing the generation of electricity by 
methods the chemical products of which will be of 
sufficient value to pav all costs. Prof. Wurtz en- 
tered the employ of Thomas A. Edison as chemist 
in October, 1888. In 1876 he served as a judge on 
the international jury of awards at the World s fair 
in Philadelphia, making a special report on " The 
Chemistry of Japan Porcelain and Porcelain Min- 
erals/' and in 1877 the degree of Ph. D. was con- 
ferred on him by Stevens institute of technology. 
From 1868 till 1874 he was editor of the ** Ameri- 
can Gas- Light Journal." and he was assistant edi- 
tor in the chemical department of "Johnson's Uni- 
versal Cyclopedia." He has made numerous re- 
ports to various corporations, and is the author of 
about sixty scientific memoirs. 

WYANT, Alexander H., artist, b. in Port 
Washington, Ohio, 11 Jan., 1836. He studied under 
Hans Gude in Carlsruhe, and also in London. 
After his return to this country he was elected an 
associate of the National academy in 1868, and an 
academician the following year. Among his works 
in oil are 44 A Storm" (1861); "Staten Island, 
from the Jersey Meadows" (1867); "Scene on the 
Upper Susouehanna " (1869) ; " Shore of Lake 
Charaplain and "Pool on the Ausable" (1871); 
"View on Lake George" (1875); "Wilds of the 
Adirondacks" (1876); "An Old Clearing" (1877); 
"Anywhither" (1883); and "Evening" (1885). 
His water-colors include "Scene on the Upper 
Little Miami" (1867); "New Jersey Meadows" 
(1870); "Sunset on the Prairie" (1876); "Late 
Autumn, Ausable River" (1877); and "Reminis- 
cence of the Connecticut " (1878). 

WYATT, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, b. 
in England about 1575 ; d. in Bexley, Kent, Eng- 
land, in 1644. He was appointed governor of Vir- 
ginia in 1621 to succeed Sir George Yeardley, and 
with a fleet of nine sail arrived there in October of 
that year. He was accompanied bv his brother, 
Rev. Haut Wyatt, as clergyman of the party, Will- 
iam Claiborne as surveyor, John Pott as physician, 
and George Sandys, the translator of the *' Meta- 
morphoses of Ovid," as treasurer. Sir Francis 
brought with him a new constitution for the colo- 
ny, by which all former immunities and franchises 
were confirmed, trial by jury was secured, and the 
assembly was privileged to meet annually upon the 
call of the governor, who was vested with the right 
of veto. No act of that body was to be valid un- 
less it should be ratified by the Virginia company ; 
but, on the other hand, no order of the company 
was to be obligatory without the concurrence of 
the assembly. This famous ordinance furnished 
the model of every subsequent fonn of govern- 
ment in the Anglo-American colonies. During 
bis first year of governorship 21 vessels arrived 



in Virginia, bringing more than 1,300 settlers; 
but in March, 1022. the Indians rose and massa- 
cred 847 persons, including 10 members of the 
council, and the remainder of his service was dis- 
turbed by continual strife with the savages ; but 
he persisted in giving larger liberties to the peo- 

Ele, and in March, 1623, appointed monthly courts, 
le was wise and pacific in his management, and 
the colony grew and prospered. Meanwhile the 
Virginia company incurrea the ill-will of King 
James by its opposition to his appointment of its 
officers. He sent commissioners to Virginia to 
gather material to work its ruin, and on 16 June, 
1624, its charter was annulled; but Sir Francis 
was continued as governor bv royal commission, 
and retained in 1625 by Charles I. The death of 
his father. Sir John Wyatt, recalled him in 1626; 
but he returned in 1639, and, displacing Sir John 
Harvey, who had offended the king, held the gov- 
ernorship till 1842, when he was succeeded by Sir 
William Berkeley. 

WYATT, Wiiliam Edward, clergyman, b. in 
New Manchester, Nova Scotia, 9 July, 1789; d. in 
Baltimore, Md., 24 June, 1864. He was graduated 
at Columbia in 1809, entered the ministry of the 
Protestant Episcopal church, was ordered deacon 
in 1810, and ordained priest in 1818. He settled 
in Baltimore as associate rector of St. Paul's par- 
ish in 1814. succeeded to the full pastorate in 1827, 
and occupied that charge until his death. He was 
president of the standing committee of the diocese 
of Maryland for many years, and president of the 
house of deputies of the general convention from 
1828 till 1853, when he declined re-election. He 
published several occasional discourses and "Chris- 
tian Offices, for the Use of Families and Individu- 
als "(New York, 1825), and "The Parting Spirit's 
Address to His Mother" (1868). 

WYCKOFF, Isaac Newton, clergyman, b. in 
Hillsborough, Somerset co., N. J., 29 Aug., 1792; 
d. in Albany, N. Y., 28 March, 1869. He tauriit 
to obtain means to enter college, was graduated at 
Rutgers in 1813, and at New Brunswick theological 
seminary in 1817, and while a student at the lat- 
ter institution was principal of a young ladies' 
school in New Brunswick. He was pastor of the 
1st Reformed Dutch church in Leeds, N. Y., in 
1817-'34, of that in Catskill in 1834-'6, and of the 
2d Reformed Dutch church in Albany in 1886-'66. 
During the last-named pastorate 1,000 persons 
were received into his church. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Union college in 1838, and 
from Rutgers in 1889. Dr. Wyckoff was an able 
and at times an eloquent preacher. He was active 
in benevolent and educational enterprises, and a 
volunteer commissioner of immigration to the 
numerous Hollanders that came to the vicinity of 
Albany between 1845 and 1865. He contributed 
to the religious press and to Dr. William B. 
Sprague's "Annals of the American Pulpit," and 
published seventeen sermons (Albanv, 1827-'66). 

WYCKOFF, William Henry, educator, b. in 
New York citv, 10 Sept, 1807; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 2 Nov., 1877. His father, the Rev. Corne- 
lius C. Wyckoff, was a well-known clergyman in the 
Baptist church. William was graduated at Union 
college in 1828, and was the principal of the classi- 
cal department in schools in New York city, where 
he fitted a larger number of pupils for Columbia 
and the University of New York than any other 
private instructor. He founded the " Baptist Ad- 
vocate "(now the " Examiner") in 1889, edited it 
till 1846, aided in organizing the American and 
foreign Bible society in 1835, and the American 
Bible union in 1850, was corresponding secretary 



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of the former in 1846-'50, and held the same office 
in the latter in 1850-'77. He was called to the 
ministry by the Laight street Baptist church, New 
York city, in 1846, and subsequently, frequently 
filled vacant pulpits, although he accepted no set- 
tled charge. Madison university gave him the de- 
gree of LL. D. in 1858. Dr. Wyckoff had a scholarly 
acquaintance with most of the European languages, 
made himself proficient in Hebrew during his later 
life, and, says Prof. Charles Anthon, " had no su- 
perior in this country in his knowledge of Latin 
and Greek." He was a manager of the American 
Sunday-school union, and for many years president 
of the Young men's city Bible society and the Bap- 
tist domestic mission society. He was the author 
of several educational and religious works, includ- 
ing "The American Bible Society and the Bap- 
tists" (New York, 1841); "Documentary History 
of the American Bible Union " (4 vols., 1857- 67) ; 
and he edited an abridged edition of Charles 
Rollins's 44 Ancient History " (1848). — His son, 
William Cornelias, editor, b. in New York city, 
28 Mav, 1832; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 2 May, 1888, 
was educated in his native city, became a book- 
keeper in a banking establishment, and was con- 
nected with various commercial enterprises till 
1861, when he became chief clerk of the National 
bank-note company. He subsequently engaged in 
the real estate business, was scientific editor of the 
New York "Tribune" in 1869-78, and from the 
latter date until his death was secretary of the 
American silk association. He was an associate 
editor of the "Science News" in 1879-'80, U.S. 
government expert for the statistics of the Ameri- 
can silk industry in 1880-'8, and in 1886-8 editor 
of "The American Magazine." While he was a 
member of the staff of the New York " Tribune " 
he reported the annual meetings of the American 
association for the advancement of science, his 
work obtaining wide recognition as the best scien- 
tific reports that were ever made for a daily paper. 
He wrote many valuable papers on the subject of 
silk industries, and is the author of " Silk Goods in 
America " (New York, 1879), and " American Silk- 
Manufacture" (1887). 

W YET H, John Allan, surgeon, b. in Mission- 
ary Station, Marshall co., Ala., 26 May, 1845. He 
was educated at Lagrange military academy, Ala., 
and served as a private in the 4th Alabama cavalry 
during the civil war. After his graduation at the 
medical department of the Universitv of Louisville 
in 1869 he settled in Guntersville, Ala., but in 1872 
he removed to New York city, and was graduated 
at Bellevue hospital medical college in 1873. Dr. 
Wveth practised as a physician and surgeon until 
1882, and since that time has devoted himself to 
surgery. He was assistant demonstrator of anato- 
my at Bellevue hospital medical college in 1873-'6, 
and in 1874-'7 prosector to the chair of anatomy, 
also during the same years instructor in anatomy, 
physiology, and materia medic*. He was the 
founder of the New York polyclinic and hospital, 
in which he became professor of surgery and secre- 
tary of the faculty. This was the first post-gradu- 
ate medical school in this country, having been 
organized in 1880-*1 and opened in* 1882, and had 
in its attendance, until the winter term of 1888-'9, 
more than 1,400 practitioners of medicine. Dr. 
Wveth was president of the New York pathologi- 
cal society in 1885-'6. The Bellevue alumni asso- 
ciation prize was awarded to him in 1876 for an 
essay on "The Surgery and Surgical Anatomy of 
the Tibio-Tarsal Articulation," and he received the 
first prize of the American medical association in 
1878 for an essay on " The Surgical Anatomy and 



Surgery of the Carotid Arteries " and the second 
prize in the same year for an essay on " The Sur- 
gical Anatomy and Surgery of the Innominate and 
the Subclavian Arteries." He has published " Es- 
says on Surgical Anatomy and Surgery" (New 
York, 1879), and a *• Text-Book on Surgery M (1887). 

WYLIE, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Washington, 
Pa., 12 April, 1789; d. in Bloomington, Ind., 11 
Nov., 1851. He was graduated at Jefferson col- 
lege, Canonsburg, Pa., in 1810, was tutor in the 
college for a year, studied theology, and was li- 
censed to preach by the presbytery of Ohio. 21 
Oct., 1812, being installed as pastor at Miller's 
Run, 23 June, 1813. He was president of Jeffer- 
son college, in 1812-'16, and of Washington college 
in 1817-28, was elected president of Indiana college 
in 1818, and removing to Bloomington, Ind., in 
1829, held this post during life. He changed 
his ecclesiastial relations in 1841, was ordained 
deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in New 
Albany in December, 1841, by Bishop Kemper, and 
priest in Vincennes, Ind., in May, 1842, by the 
same bishop. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Union college in 1825. Dr. Wyfie published sev- 
eral sermons on special occasions (181o-'51) ; " Eng- 
lish Grammar " (1822); "Eulogy on General La- 
fayette " (1834) ; 41 Sectarianism is Heresy, with its 
Nature, Evils, and Remedy " (3 parts, 1840) ; and bac- 
calaureate and other addresses. He contributed 
freelv to reviews and magazines, and left at his 
death ready for publication works on " Rhetoric ** 
and " Advice to the Young." 

WYLIE, Robert, artist, b. in the Isle of Man 
in 1839 ; d. in Brittany, France, 4 Feb.. 1877. He 
was brought to the United States in childhood, and 
first studied art at the Pennsylvania academy. In 
1863 he went to France, and in 1872 he received a 
second-class medal at the Paris salon. His profes- 
sional career was in France, and his pictures deal 
mostlv with the life of the Breton peasants. His 
"Death of a Vendean Chief" (1876-7) is in the 
Metropolitan museum, New York. 

WYLIE, Samuel Brown, clergyman, b. in Moy- 
larg, Countv Antrim, Ireland, 21 May, 1773 ; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Oct., 1852. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Glasgow in 1797. and 
taught for a short time in Bally mena, Ireland, but 
was coinpclled to leave the countrv in consequence 
of his efforts in favor of Irish independence. He 
arrived in the United States in October, 1797. 
taught in Cheltenham, Pa., and in 1798 became a 
tutor in the University of Pennsylvania, subse- 

auently establishing a private academy in Phila- 
elphia, which he successfully conducted for many 
years. Soon after his arrival in this country be 
studied theology under the care of the Reformed 
Presbyterian church, and was licensed to preach 
in 1799. He was a delegate to the convention 
of the Reformed Presbyterian church in Ireland 
and Scotland in 1802, and on his return was called 
to the pastorate of the 1st Reformed Presbyte- 
rian church of Philadelphia, which he held until 
his death, a period of fifty-one years. When the 
theological seminary of his church was organized 
in 1809, he became a professor there, and held office 
till 1851. In 1828-^45 he occupied the chair of 
languages in the University of Pennsylvania, of 
which nc was vice-provost in 1838-'45. Dickin- 
son gave him the aegree of D. D. in 1816. Dr. 
Wylie was an eminent classical and Oriental schol- 
ar, a contributor to the American philosophical so- 
ciety, an assistant editor of the '* Presbyterian " in 
1821-2, and the author of " The Faithful Ministry 
of Magistracy and Ministry upon a Scriptural Ba- 
sis" (Philadelphia, 1804), and " Life of Alexander 



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WYMAN 



McLeod " (1855). He also compiled a Greek gram- 
mar (1838). See memoirs of nim bv Kev. John 
D. McLeod (New York, 1852), and Rev. Gilbert 
MeMaster (Philadelphia, 1852).— His son, Theophi- 
Iuh Adam, educator, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Oct., 
1810, was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1830, and became an assistant in the aca- 
demic department of that institution. In 1837 he 
accepted the chair of natural philosophy and chem- 
istry in Indiana university, and in 185$ he became 
professor of mathematics in Miami university, but 
three years later he returned to his former post. 
He was transferred to the chair of ancient lan- 
guages in 1864, and during 1859 was acting presi- 
dent of the university. In 1886 he withdrew from 
active work and was made professor emeritus. 
Prof. Wylie was ordained as a clergyman in the 
Reformed Presbyterian church in 1838, and was 
pastor of that church in Bloomington, Ind., in 
1838-'52 and 1855-'69. He has in preparation a 
44 History of the University of Indiana," with 
sketches of the faculty and graduates. — Another 
son, Theodore William John, clergvman, b. in 
Philadelphia, 3 Oct., 1818, was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1836, studied the- 
ologv, was ordained to the ministry of the Reformed 
Presbyterian church, and in 1838* became associate 
pastor with his father of the 1st church in Phila- 
delphia. When the latter died in 1852, the son suc- 
ceeded him as pastor. He was corresponding sec- 
retary of the board of missions of his church in 
1843-'9, professor in the Reformed Presbyterian 
theological seminary in 1847-*51, 1854-7, and 
1859-'09, and edited the "Missionary Advocate" 
in 1838- '41 and the 44 Banner of the Covenant " in 
1845-'55. The University of New York gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1859. Dr. Wylie is the au- 
thor of an 44 English, Latin, and Greek Vocabulary " 
(Philadelphia, 1839); 44 The God of our Fathers" 
(1854); and 44 Washington as a Christian " (1862). 

WYLLY, William, jurist, b. in a southern state 
in 1757; d. in Devonshire, England, in 1828. He 
adhered to the crown in the Revolution, and, re- 
moving to New Brunswick, became the first king's 
counsel and registrar of the court of vice-admi- 
ralty in that province. In 1787 he went with his 
family to the Bahama islands, where, in 1788, he 
was appointed solicitor-general and surrogate of the 
court of vice-admiralty. In 1804 he was appoint- 
ed advocate-general of the vice-admiralty court, 
in 1812 he became chief justice, and in 1822 chief 
justice of the island of St. Vincent. 

WYLLYS, George, governor of Connecticut, b. 
in Fennv Compton, Warwick, England, about 
1570 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 9 March, 1645. He 
was liberally educated, and after a course at one 
of the English universities settled on his large es- 
tate in Knapton, Warwick. He ardently espoused 
the cause of the Puritans, and in 1636 sent his 
steward, William Gibbons, with twenty men, 44 to 
purchase and prepare for him in Hartford. Conn., 
an estate suitable to his rank," on which Gibbons 
was directed to build a house, and prepare for the 
reception of his master's family. Wyllvs arrived 
in 1638, and at once became an important mem- 
ber of the colony. He was a framer of the con- 
stitution in 1639, and at the first election that was 
held under it was chosen one of the six magistrates 
of Connecticut, holding office until his death. 
He was chosen deputy governor in 1641, and gov- 
ernor in 1642. Gov. Wyllvs was famed for his 
social and domestic virtues, his simplicity of man- 
ners, and his love for civil and religious libertv. — 
His son, Samuel, magistrate, b. in Warwick, Eng- 
land, in 1682 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 30 May, 1709, 




came to this country with his father in 1638, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1653. and in 1654 was 
elected one of the magistrates of Connecticut. In 
this office and the corresponding one of assistant 
under the char- 
ter of Charles 
II. he was re- 
tained by an- 
nual election 
for more than 
thirty years. 
On his estate, 
and in front of 
his house, the 
charter of Con- 
necticut, ac- 
cording to the 
common ac- 
count, was concealed in a large hollow tree, to secure 
it from Sir Edmund Andros (see Andros, Edmund, 
and Treat, Robert), and it remained there un- 
til his deposition from the governorship on the 
accession of William and Mary. This tree, which 
was called the Charter Oak, was said to be 1.000 
vears old. There is a legend that when Gov. Wyl- 
lys's steward, Gibbons, was about to cut it down, 
a deputation of Indians remonstrated, and it was 
allowed to remain. It stood for 169 years after the 
charter was concealed in it, but was prostrated by a 
violent gale of wind in August, 1856. — George's 
grandson. George, secretary of the colony of Con- 
necticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., 6 Oct., 1710; d. 
there, 24 April. 1796, was the son of Hezekiah 
Wyllvs, who was secretary of the colony in 1712-'80. 
George was graduated at Yale in 1729, and. in con- 
sequence of the failure of his father's health, was 
chosen secretary pro tempore in 1730, becoming his 
successor in 1734. He held that office for sixty 
subsequent years, during which he attended every 
session of the legislature. He was town-clerk of 
Hartford from 1730 until his death, became a cap- 
tain of militia in 1738, and held a commission of 
lieutenant-colonel in the French war in 1757. Not- 
withstanding the fact that he was in active sym- 
pathy with the loyalist element during the Revo- 
lution, his tenure of office was not interrupted. He 
married Mary, daughter of Rev. Timotny Wood- 
bridge.— Their son. Samuel, soldier, b. in Hart- 
ford, Conn., 15 Jan.. 1739; d. there, 9 June, 1823, 
was graduated at Yale in 1758. He was appointed 
lieutenant-colonel of Col. Joseph Spencers regi- 
ment in 1775, commanded a regiment at the siege 
of Boston, and in January, 1776, became a colonel 
in the Connecticut line, serving throughout the 
Revolution. He then returned to Hartford, held 
several civil offices, and in 1796 succeeded his father 
as secretary of Connecticut, which post he held un- 
til failing health caused his resignation in 1809, 
when the office had been occupied by his grand- 
father, his father, and himself, in uninterrupted 
succession for ninety-eight years. He was a mem- 
ber of the Connecticut academy of arts and sci- 
ences, and for many years brigadier-general and 
major-general of militia. 

WYMAN, Morrill, physician, b. in Chelms- 
ford, Mass., 25 July. 1812. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1833, ami at the medical department 
in 1837. Meanwhile he served as assistant engi- 
neer on the Boston and Worcester railroad during 
1833. and during 1836 was house physician to the 
Massachusetts general hospital. On" the comple- 
tion of his medical studies he settled in Cambridge, 
where he has since followed his profession. In 1853 
he became adjunct professor of the theory and prac- 
tice of medicine in Harvard, but he relinquished 



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this chair after three years* occupation. He in- 
vented in 1850 an instrument tor removing fluids 
from the cavities of the body, especially the chest, 
consisting essentially of a trocar and cannula of a 
very small diameter fitted to an exhausting-syringe. 
By its use an operation, which was previously con- 
sidered dangerous, and was often fatal, has been 
rendered effectual, safe, and almost painless. Dr. 
Wyman is a member of the Massachusetts medical 
society and of the American academy of arts and 
sciences. In 1875 he was elected an overseer of 
Harvard, and he has since been re-elected. The 
degree of LL. D. was given him by Harvard in 
1885. He has published a 44 Memoir of Daniel 
Treadwell " (Cambridge, 1888). and in book-form 
44 A Practical Treatise on Ventilation " (Cambridge, 
1846); "Progress in School Discipline" (1868): 
and "Autumnal Catarrh" (New York, 1872). — His 
brother, Jeffries, comparative anatomist, b. in 
Chelmsford, Mass., 11 Aug., 1814; d. in Bethlehem, 
N. H., 4 Sept., 1874, was graduated at Harvard in 
1833, and at the medical school in 1837. In 1836 
he was appointed 
house physician in 
the Massachusetts 
general hospital, 
lie settled in Bos- 
ton, became dem- 
onstrator of anat- 
omy under Dr. 
John C. Warren, 
was appointed cu- 
rator of the new- 
ly founded Lowell 
institute in 1839, 
and in 1840-'l de- 
livered a course of 
twelve lectures on 
comparative anat- 
omy and physiol- 
ogy. With the 
money that he de- 
rived from this 
source he went to Europe and studied human an- 
atomy at the School of medicine, and comparative 
anatomy at the Jardin des plantes in Paris, after 
which he spent some time at the Royal college of 
surgeons in London. He returned to Boston in 
1843, and in the autumn accepted the professor- 
ship of anatomy and physiology in Hampden Sid- 
ney college. Vn., where he continued for five years, 
except during the summers which he spent in Bos- 
ton. In 1847 he was appointed to the chair of 
anatomy in Harvard, succeeding Dr. John C. War- 
ren, remained at the head of the department until 
his death, and during all the time he was noted as 
a clear and conscientious teacher and lecturer. He 
at once began the formation of a Museum of com- 
parative anatomy, which was one of the earliest in 
this country, and is intended to show some of the 
important modifications of the organs of animals 
in connection with the physiological processes of 
which they are the seat, as well as the conditions 
of embryological development and the successive 
phases through whioh tne embryo passes. After 
nis death it became the property of the Boston 
society of natural history. In 1849 he delivered a 
second course of lectures before the Lowell insti- 
tute on 44 Comparative Physiology," which gained 
for him a high rank among American anato- 
mists and physiologists. In 1856 he visited Suri- 
nam, Guiana, and penetrated in canoes far into 
the interior, making important researches upon 
the ground, and enriching his museum with ani- 
mals of great anatomical interest. He made a 




voyage to La Plata river in 1858-*9, ascended the 
Uruguay and the Parana in a small iron steamer, 
and then crossed the pampas to Mendoza, and the 
Cordilleras to Santiago and Valparaiso, whence he 
returned by way of the Peruvian coast and the 
Isthmus of' Panama. His investigations were first 
in the domain of comparative anatomy and physi- 
ology and then in palaeontology, but with his great 
knowledge of the branches he was able in later 
years to concentrate his maturer powers on in- 
vestigations in ethnology, and more especially in 
archasology. Of his early studies, that **On the 
External Characters, Habits, and Osteology of the 
Gorilla" (1847) was the first, scientific description 
of that animal, whose specific name of gorilla was 
bestowed on it by Dr. Wyman. His paper "On 
the Nervous System of the Bull-Frog, published 
by the Smithsonian institution (1853), is said to be 
the "clearest introduction to the most complex of 
animal structures " that was issued up to that time. 
He was also the author of a series of papers on the 
anatomy of the blind fish of the Mammoth cave. 
To this subject, and to the comparative anatomy 
of the higher apes, he returned from time to time 
as material was afforded. He exposed the fraudu- 
lent nature of the skeleton called the Hydrachus 
Sillimani. alleged to be that of an extinct sea-ser- 
pent. His 44 Observations on the Development of 
the Skate " (1864) showed most conclusively that 
it ranks higher than the shark, since the latter re- 
tains through life a genera) form resembling one 
of the stages through which the former passes dur- 
ing its development. One of his most interesting 
researches was 44 Observations and Experiments on 
Living Organisms in Heated Water" (1867), which 
showed that no life appeared in water that is boiled 
more than five hours. Although reluctant to ex- 
press an opinion on the subjects of spontaneous 
generation and the theory of descent, still his ex- 
periments convinced him that the former does not 
exist, and his teaching was favorable to the latter. 
He was a member of the faculty of the Museum of 
comparative zoology from the first, and he taught 
comparative anatomy in the Lawrence scientific 
school of Harvard. On the foundation of the Pea- 
body museum of American ethnology and archae- 
ology at Cambridge in 1866. he was named as one 
of the seven trustees, and was chosen its curator 
by his associates. Under these circumstances his 
work naturally tended toward archaeology, and, 
spending his winters in Florida, he was led to in- 
vestigate the ancient shell-heaps there. In these he 
found evidences of prehistoric peoples, one of which 
was cannibal in its habits. He also discovered and 
studied similar refuse-piles along the coast of New 
England. He published several papers on this 
subject in the 44 American Naturalist and in the 
44 Reports of the Trustees of the Pea body Museum " 
(7 vols., Cambridge, 1867-74), but his results are 
most fully given in a posthumous memoir on the 
44 Fresh-water Shell-mounds of the St John's Riv- 
er, Florida" (Salem, 1875). Prof. Wyman was a 
member of the Linnaean society of London, and of 
the Anthropological institute of Great Britain and 
Ireland, ana, besides membership in various other 
societies in this country, was a fellow and council- 
lor of the American academy of arts and sciences. 
In 1856 he was chosen president of the American 
association for the advancement of science, but he 
was unable to be present at the subsequent meet- 
ing. His relations with the Boston society of 
natural history were very close. From 1839 to 
1841 he was its recording secretary, and then suc- 
cessively curator of ichthyology and herjtetology 
and comparative anatomy, and from 1856 to 1870 



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he was its president. He was one of the corporate 
members of the National academy of sciences, named 
by act of congress in 1863, and, although he soon 
resigned, his name was retained on the list of hon- 
orary members. His bibliography includes 175 
titles, a full list of which, compiled by Alpheus S. 
Packard, accompanies the sketch of Dr. Wyinan 
bv him, which is published in the »* Biographical 
Memoirs of the National Academy of "sciences" 
(vol. ii., Washington, 1880). Asa Gray, Oliver Wen- 
dell Holmes, S. Weir Mitchell. Frederick W. Put- 
nam, and Burt G. Wilder published sketches of his 
life, and James Russell Lowell a memorial sonnet. 

WYMAN, Thomas White, naval officer, b. in 
Roxburv, Mass., 24 March, 1703 ; d. in Florence, 
Italy, 24 Feb., 1854. He entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman. 17 Dec., 1810, was commissioned lieuten- 
ant, 27 April, 1816, was promoted to commander, 
9 Feb., 1837, commanded the receiving-ship at 
Boston in 1837, and the sloop 44 John Adams on 
the East India station, 1838-'40. He was promoted 
to captain, 2 March, 1842, commanded the flag- 
ship 41 Columbus," 1845-'8, on the Pacific station 
during the Mexican war, in which he participated 
in most of the operations on the Pacific coast of 
California and Mexico. He was commandant of 
Portsmouth navy-yard in 1849-'51, and was ap- 
pointed to the 44 Vermont" to cruise in the Blast 
Indies, but he went abroad on a leave of absence, 
and died there.— His son, Robert Harris, naval 
officer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 12 Julv, 1822 ; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 2 Dec., 1882, entered the navy 
as a midshipman, 11 March, 1837, attended the 
naval school at Philadelphia in 1842-'3. and became 
a passed midshipman, 29 June, 1843. He was acting 
master in the frigate 44 Brandy wine " in 1843-'0, 
and during the Mexican war served in the Gulf 
squadron, with which he participated in the siege 
and capture of Vera Cruz, and the expeditions 
that captured Tuspan and Tampico, with many 
prizes, in 1847. He served at the naval observa- 
tory at Washington in 184&-'50, was promoted to 
lieutenant, 16 July, 1850, and was again attached 
to the observatory in 1853-'4. When the civil war 
began he commanded the steamer 44 Yankee" from 
July till October. 1801, the steamer 4 ' Pawnee" in 
the South Atlantic squadron at the capture of Port 
Royal in 1801, and then the Potomac flotilla, by 
which he kept the river open and silenced the 
Confederate batteries on the banks. He was pro- 
moted to commander. 16 July, 1862. had the steam- 
er 44 Wachusett " on the Potomac in 1862-3. and 
the 44 Santiago de Cuba " on the blockade in 1863-'4. 
He was commissioned captain, 25 July, 1866, and 
in October, 1869, appointed chief hydro^raphcr of 
the navy at Washington, where he femainea eight 
years and acquired an enviable reputation for the 
excellence of nis hydrogranhic work. He was pro- 
moted to commodore. 19 July, 1872. and to rear- 
admiral, 20 April, 1878, was commander-in-chief of 
the North Atlantic fleet in 1879-'82, and in May, 
1882, appointed a member of the light-house board, 
of whien he became chairman, 5 June, 1882. He 
was stricken with apoplexy at his desk in the 
treasury department, and died the same night. 

WYNKOOP, Henry, member of the Continen- 
tal congress, b. in Northampton countv. l a., 2 
March. 1737; d. in Bucks county. Pa., &i March, 
1816. His ancestor, Gerardus, settled in Moreland, 
Philadelphia county. Pa., in 1717. Henrv received 
a classical education and early espoused trie patriot 
cause. Ho was a member of the Northampton coun- 
ty committee of observation in 1.774. a deputy to the 
provincial conference of 15 July of that year, and 
of the provincial conference that met in* Carpen- 



ter's Hall, Philadelphia, on 18 June, 1775. About 
the same time he became a major of one of the 
associated battalions. He served on the general 
committee of safety from July, 1776. till July, 1777, 
was chosen by the General assembly one of the 
commissioners to settle the accounts of county 
lieutenants, 4 Dec., 1778, and on 3 March, 1779, 
when Edward Biddle resigned his seat in con- 
gress, was chosen in his place, being re-elected. 24 
Nov., 1780, and 22 Nov., 1781. He was commis- 
sioned a justice of the court of common pleas and 
the orphans' court on 18 Nov., 1780, and held office 
till 27 June, 1789, when he was elected to the first 
congress of the United States, serving till 1791. 
He was then appointed an associate judge of Bucks 
county, which post he held until his death. 

WYNN, Richard, soldier, b. in eastern Vir- 
ginia about 1750: d. in Tennessee in 1813. He 
entered the Continental service early in the Revo- 
lutionary war, and in 1775 was a' lieutenant of 
South Carolina rangers, participating in the battle 
on Sullivan's island. He was then placed in com- 
mand of Fort Mcintosh. Ga., promoted colonel, 
and transferred to the charge of the militia in 
Fairfield district, S. C. He fought at Hanging 
Rock, where he was wounded, nnd was actively 
engaged during the remainder of the war. At its 
close he became brigadier-general of militia, and 
then major-general. He afterward settled in South 
Carolina, was a representative in the 3d congress, 
and served by re-election from 1809 till 1818. 

WYNNE, James, physician, b. in Utica, N. Y., 
in 1814; d. in Guatemala, Central America, 11 
Feb., 1871. He was a lineal descendant of Sir 
John Wynn, of Gwydyr, Wales. He was educated 
at the University of the city of New York, stud- 
ied medicine, and was licensed to practise, settling 
in Baltimore, Md. Later he removed to New York 
city, where he devoted much attention to the sub- 
ject of life insurance and medical jurisprudence, 
contributing to the 44 Transactions of the Americun 
Medical Society," to the 44 North American Review," 
44 Knickerbocker," and other standard magazines, 
and about 1867 he emigrated to Guatemala, where 
he engaged in coffee-culture. He published valu- 
able reports, including 4 * Public Hvgiene" (New 
York, 1847); 44 Asiatic Cholera in the United States 
in 1847," prepared at the request of the British 
government, from which he received a medal (Lon- 
don, 1852); and one on the 4 * Vital Statistics of 
the United States," made to the Mutual life in- 
surance companv of New York and London (New 
York, 1857). rtis other works are 44 Memoir of 
Mai. Samuel Ringgold" (Baltimore, 1847); "Lives 
of Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Ameri- 
ca" (New York, 1850); 44 Importance of the Study 
of Legal Medicine " (New York, 1857); and 4 *The 
Private Libraries of New York " (1863). 

WYNNS, Thomas, soldier, b. in Hertford 
countv, N. C, in 1764; d. there. 3 June, 1825. He 
was the youngest of four brothers, all of whom, 
except himself, were Revolutionary soldiers. In 
1780 he was captured at sea in a vessel called the 
44 Fair American," and, with several other colonists, 
was carried to London. He returned after the 
peace, settled in his native county as a planter, and 
in 1788 was a member of the North Carolina con- 
vention that acted on the constitution of the United 
States. Mr. Wynns became state senator in 1790, 
and held that office continuously till 1817, with 
the exception of his service in congress. He was 
chosen to that body in 1802, and held his seat by 
re-election in 1803-*7. He was a member of the 
executive council and a brigadier-general of mi- 
litia. Winston, N. C, is named in his honor. 

Digitized by Google 



634 



WYTHE 



WYTHE 




WYTHE, George, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, b. in Elizabeth City county. Va., in 
1720; d. in Richmond, Va., 8 June, 1806. His 
father was a wealthy planter, and his mother, who 
unusual intelligence and learning, gave 
him his early educa- 
tion. Under* her tui- 
tion he became an ac- 
complished Latin and 
Qreek scholar, an ex- 
cellent mathematician, 
acquired a liberal 
knowledge of the sci- 
ences, and was further 
instructed at William 
and Mary ; but the 
death of both parents 
before he attained his 
majority and the con- 
sequent uncontrolled 
possession of a large 
fortune led him into 
extravagance and dis- 
sipation. He reformed 
when he was about 
thirty years old, stud- 
ied law under John Lewis, an eminent practi- 
tioner, and quickly rose to the front rank at the 
Virginia bar. Early in life he was chosen to the 
house of burgesses, where he was recognized as 
one of the leaders, and he continued to serve 
until the beginning of the Revolution. On 14 
Nov., 1764, he was appointed a member of its com- 
mittee to prepare and report a petition to the king, 
a memorial to the house of lords, and a remon- 
strance to the house of commons on the proposed 
stamp-act. He drew up the last-named paper, but 
it so far exceeded the demands of his colleagues 
in boldness and truth that it was viewed as bor- 
dering on treason, and accepted only after much 
modification. From that time he continued to 
exert all his influence in favor of the independence 
of the colonies, and in August, 1775, he was ap- 
pointed a delegate to the Continental congress from 
Virginia, signing the Declaration of Independence 
on 4 July of the 
next year. On 5 
Nov.. 1776, he was 
appointed by the 
legislature, with 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Edmund Pendle- 
ton, George Ma- 
son, and Thomas 
Ludwell Lee, on a 
committee to re- 
vise the state laws 
of Brit ish and colo- 
nial enactment, and to prepare bills for re-enacting 
them with such alterations as were required under 
the new government. Mason and Lee did not serve, 
but so industrious were the other three members 
of the committee that on 18 June. 1770. they had 
prepared 120 bills, which they reported to the as- 
sembly. He became speaker of the house of dele- 
gates in 1777, the same year was chosen one of the 
three judges of the chancery court of Virginia, 
and, on the reorganization of the court of equity, 
was constituted sole chancellor, which post he held 
for more than twenty years. Before the close of 
the Revolution, debts had been incurred between 
American and British merchants, and the recovery 




of these was the subject of the 6th article of John 
Jay's treaty with Great Britain, but popular feel- 
ing was strong against legal decrees in favor of 
British claimants. Chancellor Wythe was the first 
judge in the United States that decided the claims 
to be recoverable. He lost almost all his property 
during the Revolution, but he supplemented his 
small income as chancellor, which was £300 a 
year, by accepting the professorship of law in 
William and Mary, which he held in 1779-'89. In 
the latter year his arduous duties compelled his 
resignation, and he removed to Richmond, Va. In 
December, 1786, he was chosen a member of the 
convention that framed the constitution of the 
United States, and he regularly attended its ses- 
sions, but, being absent on the last day. failed to 
sign the constitution. He was subsequently twice 
a presidential elector. In the latter part of his 
life he emancipated his slaves, furnishing them 
with means of support until they learned to take 
care of themselves. In the eighty-first year of his 
age, while he was still in the full vigor of his in- 
tellect and the exercise of the duties of the chan- 
cellorship, he was poisoned. His nephew, George 
Wythe Sweeny, was tried for the crime, but was 
acquitted. William and Mary gave Judge Wythe 
the degree of LL. D. in 1790. He was twice mar- 
ried, but his only child died in infancy. Among 
his pupils were two presidents of the United States, 
a chief justice, and others who attained high rank 
in the legal profession. Thomas Jefferson, his law 
pupil and devoted adherent, said of him in notes 
that he made in 1820 for a biography of Wythe, 
which he never completed : u No man ever left be- 
hind him a character more venerated than George 
Wythe. His virtue was of the purest kind, his in- 
tegrity inflexible, his justice exact. He might truly 
be called the Cato of his country, without the avarice 
of the Roman, for a more disinterested person never 
lived. He was of middle size, his face manly, come- 
ly, and engaging. Such was George Wythe, the 
honor of his own and the model of future times." 
The engraving shows his house in Williamsburg, 
Va. He published " Decisions in Virginia by the 
High Court of Chancer}', with Remarks upon De- 
crees by the Court of Appeals " (Richmond, 1795; 
2d cd., with a memoir by Benjamin B. Minor (1852). 

WYTHE, Joseph Henry, physician, b. in 
Manchester, England, 19 March, 1822. He re- 
moved to this country in 1835, was licensed to 

E reach in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1842, 
ut decided to study medicine. He was graduated 
at the Pennsylvania medical college in 1853. and 
began to practise in Port Carbon. Pa., where he 
was for three years surgeon to the Beaver Meadow 
collieries. In 1862-'3 he served as surgeon of IT. S. 
volunteers, organizing Camp Parole hospital, Alex- 
andria, Va. After the war he removed to the 
west, and in 1865-'9 was president of Willamette 
university, Oregon, organizing the medical depart- 
ment of that institution, and, having again united 
with the conference, preached in the Methodist 
Episcopal church. He subsequently settled in San 
Francisco, Cal., and became professor of microscopy 
and histology in the Medical college of the Pacinc. 
He has published many professional papers, and is 
the author of "The Microscopist " (Philadelphia, 
1850); "Curiosities of the Microscope" (1852); 
" Physician's Pocket Dose- and Prescription-Book ** 
(1852); "Agreement of Science and Revelation** 
(1883) ; 44 Easy Lessons in Vegetable Biology " (New 
York, 1883); and "The Science of Life" (1884). 



Digitized by Google 



XIMENES 



XUAREZ 



636 



XIMENES, Francisco (hee-may'-nes), Spanish 
clergyman, b. in Ecija, Andalusia, about 1600 ; d. in 
Guatemala about 1680. He became vicar of the 
parish of Santo Tomas Chuila, or Chichicastenan- 
go, where he discovered a valuable manuscript in 
the Quiche dialect about the early history of 
Guatemala, which is best known under the name 
of Popol-Vuh. He translated it into Spanish, and 
it has since been used by many historians. Xime- 
nes was afterward provincial of the Dominican 
order for the province of San Vicente de Chiapa 
and Guatemala, which post he retained till his 
death. He was very proficient in Quiche, Zutu- 
hil, and Cakchiquel, ana wrote sermons and several 
religious works in these languages, his manuscripts 
being preserved in the library of the Dominican con- 
vent in the city of Guatemala, and a manuscript 
copy, made and signed by Father Antonio Garcia, 
of Xiraenes's "Voeabulario de la Lengua Cakchi- 
quel" was recently sold in Paris for 200 francs. 
His works include also the manuscripts " Historia 
de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa" (4 vols.) 
and " De las cosas rnaravillosas de esta America." 
His translation of the Popol-Vuh, under the title 
of " Kmpiezan las Historias del Origen de los In- 
dios de esta Provincia de Guatemala, traducidas de 
la lengua Quiche" " was also kept in the convent, 
and a copy was published under the title of " His- 
toria del Origen de los Indios en la provincia de 
Guatemala" (Vienna, 1857). It was until recently 
considered the only original document on the early 
history of Guatemala, and was mentioned as such 
by Ferdinand Denis. Henry Ternaux-Compans, and 
Brasseur de Bourbourg, but the latter discovered 
in 1860 a Quiche cony of the Popol-Vuh, and pub- 
lished the text with a French translation (Paris, 
1861). 

XIMENEZ, Francisco (hee-may'-nayth), Span- 
ish missionary, b. in Estremadura in the latter half 
of the 15th century ; d. in Mexico, 81 July, 1537. 
He studied in the Universitv of Salamanca, where 
he was graduated in theology, and entered the 
Franciscan order in the convent of San Gabriel in 
Estremadura. He was one of the twelve mission- 
aries that accompanied Fray Martin de Valencia 
in 1523 to Mexico, and became thoroughly ac- 
quainted with the Mexican language, in which he 
was the first to write a grammar and a catechism. 
He was a successful missionary among the natives 
and founder of the convent of Quaunahac (now 
Cuernavaea), of which he became superior. He 
wrote a life of Fray Martin de Valencia and 44 Arte 
y Vocabulario en lengua Mexicana," which is still 
in manuscript. 

XIUHTEMOC I. (see-oo'-ta-mock), first king of 
Culhuacan, lived in the 12th century. After the 
destruction of the empire of Tollan some of the 
scattered tribes settlea at Culhuacan, and about 
1104 elected their leader. Xiuhtemoc, king. He 
was succeeded in 1129 by his son, Nauhyotl.— 
Xiuhtemoc II. was eighth king of Culhuacan 
and second of Mexico. He succeeded his father, 
Acamapictli I., who had dethroned the former king, 
Cocox, two years before, in 1303, and in 1318, after 
the death of Huitzilihnitl I., he was elected by the 
Mexicans king, but gradually drew them to Culhu-. 
acan. while those that did not wish to follow him 
settled in Tlaltelolco and formed there a separate 
monarchy. He was succeeded in 1352 by his grand- 
son Acamapictli II. 



XIUTLALTZIN (see-oot-lahl-tzeen'), queen of 
Tollan, daughter of the 6th king, Mitl, whom she 
succeeded in 1038. She was the only woman that 
reigned over the Toltecs, Acolhuas, or Aztecs, but 
it seems that her husband, whose name is not even 
recorded, was either not entitled by his family to 
sovereign dignity, or that he diea before Mitl's 
decease. After a short reign, which is eulogized 
as beneficial to the country, she was succeeded by 
her son. Tepancaltzin (q. v .), in 1042. 

XOCHITTj (soh-cheetl'), queen of Tollan, lived 
in the Uth century. She was the daughter of 
Papantzin, one of the principal nobles of King 
Tepancaltzin's court. Reports differ as to whether 
the latter or his beautiful daughter, whose name 
signifies "the flower," was the inventor of pulque, 
the Mexican fermented drink made from the juice 
of the aloe-plant. All authors agree that in 1049 
her father sent her with a jar of the newly invented 
liquor to the palace, and the king was so pleased 
with the drink that he ordered her to bring it 
daily. Charmed by her beauty, he took her to his 
palace at Pal pan, where she gave birth to a son, 
Topiltzin. When her father learned her situation, 
he upbraided the king, but was quieted by the prom- 
ise that Xochitl should be acknowledged queen after 
the death of Tepancaltzin's legitimate consort, and 
that Topiltzin should be successor to the throne. 
This was done, but after the resignation of Tepan- 
caltzin, in 1094, in his son's favor, the other Tol- 
tec princes rebelled, and in one of the battles both 
Xocnitl and her husband were killed, and the Toltec 
monarchy was destroyed, as Topiltzin, with many 
of his followers, emigrated to the south, where, ac- 
cording to some historians, he settled in Yucatan ; 
according to others, in Chiapas or Guatemala. 

XOLOTL (soh-lotl'). "the vigilant," also sur- 
named "the great," founder of the Mexican dy- 
nasty of Tenayucan. or Texcoco, lived in the 12th 
century. He was chief of the Chichimec tribes that 
invaded Anahuac after the destruction of the Toltec 
monarchy, and, settling on the lake of Texcoco, 
he proclaimed himself king, about 1160. He rec- 
ognized that the subjugated Toltecs, as well as 
the tribes of Aculhuas and Tecpanccs that arrived 
afterward in the valley were far superior to his 
own wild and warlike nation, and ne therefore 
treated them kindly, so that they soon trans- 
formed the Chichimecs into a civilized race. To 
equalize the different tribes and dialects, he or- 
dered the Nahuatl, or instructed, dialect, a form 
of the Toltec, to be adopted as the official lan- 
guage, which in time superseded all others, and 
is the equivalent of what is now generally called 
Aztec. King Xolotl constructed in Texcoco a tem- 
ple to the sun, a palace, and gardens, and made that 
city the centre of the civilization of Anahuac. He 
married his daughters to the two principal chiefs 
of the Aculhuas, who became founders of the em- 

?ire of Atzcapotzalco. and was succeeded about 
220 by his son, Nopaltzin. 
XUAREZ, Pedro, Indian cacique, b. in Mexico 
about the beginning of the 17th century. He was 
liberally educated, and was sexton of the church 
of San Pablo. He is chiefly known as the author 
of a manuscript work in the Aztec language, un- 
der the Spanish title of "Memorial en' Lengua 
Mexicana sob re cosas memorables." It gives very 
valuable notes of historical events, and is frequent- 
ly cited by Carlos de Siguenza in his works. 



Digitized by Google 



636 



YALE 



YALE 




YALE, Cyrus, clergyman, b. in Lee, Mass., 17 
May, 1786; d. in New "Hartford. Conn., 21 Mav, 
1854. He was graduated at Williams in 1811, 
was licensed to preach by the Hartford north as- 
sociation, and was ordained pastor of the church 
in New Hartford. Conn., 12 Oct. 1814. He re- 
mained there till 24 Dec, 1834, when he resigned 
and was pastor at Ware, Mass., till 1837, after 
which he returned to his old congregation in New 
Hartford, and ministered there till his death. He 
published 44 Life of Rev. Jeremiah Hal leek " (Hart- 
ford, 1828) ; " Miniature of the Life of the Rev. Al- 
van Hvde, D. D." (1852); 44 Biographical Sketches 
of the Ministers of Litchfield County after the Year 
1800 " (1852) ; and single sermons and addresses. 

YALE, Elihu, philanthropist, b. in or near Bos- 
ton, Mass., 5 April, 1649 ; d. in England. 8 July, 
1721. His fattier, David, came to New Haven 
from England in 1638, but returned in 1651, 

and was fol- 
lowed in 1652 
by his fam- 
ily, including 
Elihu, who 
never revisit- 
ed this coun- 
try. The son 
went to the 
East Indies 
about 1678, 
and in 1687- 
'92 was gov- 
ernor of Fort 
St. George, 
Madras. Gov. 

Yale acquired great wealth in India. On 22 May, 
1711, Jeremiah Dummer wrote from London to 
Rev. John Pierpont, then a trustee of the Colle- 

?^iate school of Connecticut : 44 Here is Mr. Yale, 
ormerly governor of Fort George in the Indies, 
who has got a prodigious estate, and, having no 
son, now sends for a relation of his from Con- 
necticut to make him his heir. He told me lately 
that he intended to bestow a charity upon some col- 
lege in Oxford under certain restrictions which he 
mentioned. But I think he should much rather do 
it to your college, seeing he is a New England and, 
I think, a Connecticut man. If, therefore, when 
his kinsman comes over, you will write hirn a prop- 
er letter on that subject, I will take care to press 
it home." The result was that between 1714 and 
1721 Gov. Yale gave to the Collegiate school books 
and money whose total value was estimated at £800. 
The timeliness of these gifts, rather than their in- 
trinsic value, made them a great aid to the strug- 
gling college, and in 1718, after its removal from 
Saybrook to New Haven, its trustees named the 
new collegiate building in the latter place Yale 
college. This name, applied at first only to the 
edifice, was given formally to the institution in 
the charter of 1745. President Thomas Clap says 
that Yale 44 was a gentleman who greatly abound- 
ed in good humor and generosity, as well as in 
wealth/' He is buried in Wrexham, Wales, the an- 
cient seat of his family. On his tomb is engraved 
an epitaph which contains the well-known couplet : 
44 Born in America, in Europe bred, 
In Afric travelled, and in Asia wed." 
A full-length portrait of Gov. Yale hangs in Alumni 
hall, Yale college. The accompanying illustration 
represents the completed corner of the quadrangle 



of buildings that is to inclose the college grounds. 
The original 44 Yale college" is not now standing, 
the oldest building on the grounds having been 
erected in 1752. 

YALE, Elisha, clergyman, b. in Lee, Mass.. 15 
June, 1780 ; d. in Kingsborough, N. Y.. 9 Jaiu 
1853. He was brought up on a farm, taught school 
in Richmond. Mass., in 1798-'9. and in Lenox in 
1800, studied theology, and in 1803 was licensed to 
preach bv the North association of Hartford coun- 
ty. He became pastor of the Presbyterian church 
at Kingsborough, N. Y., in 1804, and retained this 
charge till his resignation, 23 June, 1852. He 

f ublished 44 Select Verse System, for the Use of 
ndividuals, Families, and Schools " (Rochester, 
1853), and single sermons and articles in periodi- 
cals, and left in manuscript a 44 Review of a Pas- 
torate of Forty-eight Years " and 44 Helps to culti- 
vate the Conscience." 

YALE, Leroy Milton, physician, b. in Holmes' 
Hole (now Vineyard Haven), 'Mass., 12 Feb., 1841. 
He was graduated at Columbia in 1862, and at 
Bellevue hospital medical college in 1860, settled 
in New York city, and has since followed his pro- 
fession there. In 1870 he was lecturer on obstet- 
rics in the medical department of the University 
of Vermont, and since 1871 he has been instructor 
and lecturer on various branches — chiefly ortho- 
pedic surgery and diseases of children — in the 
Bellevue hospital medical college. He was sur- 
geon to the Charity hospital from 1871 till 1877. 
when he was transferred to Bellevue hospital and 
continued there until 1882. During 1880-'5 he 
was similarly connected with the Presbyterian hos- 
pital. Dr. Yale is a member of the New York 
county medical society, the New York academy of 
medicine, and other professional bodies. His con- 
tributions to medical science consist of various 
articles to medical journals, but his principal lit- 
erary work has been editorial contributions. He 
had charge of "The Medical Gazette" in 1867-*8. 
and has edited the medical part of 44 Babyhood " 
since its beginning in 1884. 

YALE, Linns, inventor, b. in Salisbury, N. Y., 
4 April, 1821 ; d. in New York city, 24 Dec., 1868. 
His ancestors were of the same family as Elihu 
Yale, and his father, Linus, was a successful in- 
ventor. The son devoted himself for a time to por- 
trait-painting, but, having considerable mechanical 
skill and ingenuity, began in 1850 to study mechani- 
cal problems. He devised in that year a plan by 
which the key to locks for the protection of bank- 
ers' safes and vaults should be so constructed that, 
when its essential portion was doing its work 
within the lock, it should be at some distance re- 
moved from the key-hole through which it had 
entered, and at the same time isolated from the 
exterior of the door by a hardened steel plate, 
which automatically covered the key-hole behind 
it. This device he patented in 1851, and thereafter 
until his death he was a recognized authority on 
all matters pertaining to locks and safes. His "first 
patent was followed by others for bankers' safes, 
and for bankers* flat-key and common locks. He 
patented in 18. r > a device for adjusting at a right 
angle the joiner .' square, in 1865 one for reversing 
the motion of screw-taps, and in 1868 two for im- 
provements in mechanics' vises, and he also ob- 
tained patents abroad for certain of his inventions. 
In the course of his experience he became convinced 
of the necessity of abandoning the use of a key-hole, 



Digitized by Google 



YANCEY 



YASfEZ 



637 



as it afforded an easy introduction for gunpowder 
or other explosive. This led to the adoption of 
the permanent dial and shaft as used in the so- 
called " combination locks," and subsequently to 
the perfection of the mechanism that is Known as 
the clock lock. His most radical invention was 
the double lock, which consisted in practically plac- 
ing two within one case, to be operated by the 
same or different combinations so that the unlock- 
ing of either allowed the bolt to be withdrawn. 
His improvements in locks and boxes for post-office 
use are of recognised utility and world-wide adop- 
tion. He was an exhibitor at the world's fairs of 
this and other countries, and was the recipient of 
gold, silver, and bronze medals as first awards at 
tnese exhibitions. 

YANCEY, Bartlett, member of congress, b. in 
Caswell county, N. C, about 1780; d. there, 30 
Aug., 182a He was educated at the University 
df North Carolina, was a tutor in that institu- 
tion, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, be- 
coming eminent in his profession. He was a rep- 
resentative in congress from North Carolina in 
181$-'17, was elected a state senator in 1817, was 
annually re-elected till his death, and generally 
presided as speaker. With John L. Taylor ana 
Henry Potter he published " Laws of the State of 
North Carolina" (2 vols., Raleigh, 1821). 

YANCEY, William Lowndes, statesman, b. in 
Ogeechee Shoals, Ga., 10 Aug., 1814 ; d. near Mont- 
gomery, Ala., 28 July, 1869. He was the son of 
Benjamin C. Yancey, a lawyer of Abbeville, S. C, 
was educated at Williams college, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in Abbeville. In 1836 he 
removed to Alabama, and was admitted to the bar. 
He edited the 44 Cahawba Democrat " and the 44 We- 
tumpka Argus." He served in both branches of 
the legislature, and was elected to congress in 1844 
to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1845, but re- 
signed in 1847 to devote his entire attention to law. 
In 1845 he was challenged to a duel by Gen. 
Thomas L. Clingman, but neither was injured in 
the encounter that ensued. He was a member of 
the National Democratic convention that met at 
Baltimore in May, 1848, a zealous opponent of the 
compromise measures of 1850. a presidential elec- 
tor in 1856, and one of the leaders of the extreme 
party in the south. In a letter written in June, 
1858, and published in 1860, he advised the organi- 
zation of committees of safety in all the cotton 
states to " fire the 
southern heart," 
and ultimately to 
precipitate those 
states into revolu- 
tion ; and in 1859 
he urged the call- 
ing of a conven- 
tion by the state 
of Alabama, in 
the event of the 
election of the Re- 

Sublican candi- 
ate for president 
in 1860. He was 
a member of the 
Democratic con- 
vention atCharles- 
ton, 23 April, 
1860, and withdrew with other southern extremists. 
During the presidential canvass he made a tour 
through the north and west, speaking at Faneuil 
hall, Boston, Cooper institute. New York, and else- 
where, urging the rejection of the Republican can- 
didate on the ground that the platform adopted by 




that party wonld make the south hopeless of jus- 
tice on the slavery question. In the Alabama con- 
vention, which met at Montgomery, 7 Jan., 1861, 
he reported the ordnance of secession, which was 
passed on 14 Jan. On 27 Feb. he was appointed a 
commissioner to the governments of Europe to 
obtain a recognition of the Confederate states, and 
left New York in March. He returned in Febru- 
ary, 1862, and was a member of the Confederate 
senate at Richmond until the time of his death. 

YANDELL, Longford Pitts, physician, b. in 
Dixon Springs, Tenn., 4 July, 1805 ; d. in Louis- 
ville, Ky., 4 Feb., 1878. He was graduated at the 
medical department of the University of Maryland 
in 1825, and in 1826 settled in Murfreesboro', Tenn. 
In 1830 he removed to Nashville and in 1831 to 
Lexington, Ky., thence in 1837 to Louisville. He 
was elected professor of chemistry in Transylva- 
nia university in 1831, and in 1837 to the same 
chair in the medical department of the University 
of Louisville. In 1849 he was transferred to the 
chair of physiology and pathological anatomy, and 
in 1859 became professor of the theory and prac- 
tice of medicine in Memphis medical college. He 
held the presidency of tne Louisville, Lexington, 
and Kentucky medical societies, and of the Louis- 
ville college of physicians and surgeons. For 
six years he edited the ** Transylvania Journal 
of Medicine." and in 1840-'56 the 44 Western Jour- 
nal of Medicine and Surgery." He was the au- 
thor of a prize essay on "Fever"; a report on 
44 The Medical Sciences " (1849) ; one on 44 Ameri- 
can Medical Literature" (1873); also one on the 
same subject before the International medical 
congress held in Philadelphia in 1876 ; and other 
medical papers and addresses. — His son, David 
Wendell, physiciait, b. in Murf reesborough, Tenn., 
4 Sept, 1826. He was graduated in medicine at 
the University of Louisville, Ky., in 1846, was in 
Europe in 1846-7, and began practice in Louis- 
ville in 1848. He became a professor in the Uni- 
versity of Louisville in 1858, and was a medical 
director in the Confederate army in 1861-5. Dr. 
Yandell was elected president of the American 
medical association in 1871, and appointed pro- 
fessor of surgery in the Indiana medical college 
in 1874. In 1870 he established the 44 American 
Practitioner." 

YANEZ, Placido (yahn'-yayth), Bolivian sol- 
dier, b. in Cochabamba about 1820 ; d. in La Pas, 
23 Nov., 1861. He had served from early life in 
the array, and by his frequent participation in 
revolutions rose rapidly in rank, being promoted 
brigadier in 1861 by President Jose* Maria Ac ha. 
Soon he became infamous by his ferocity and the 
cruel slaughter of the most noteworthy citizens of 
the republic During the absence of Gen. Acha 
from tne capital Yafiez was the military comman- 
dant and minister of war, and on 23 Oct, 1861, 
under pretext of having discovered a conspiracy 
against the government, he attacked the defence- 
less city with his troops, and, driving the principal 
persons into the square of Loreto, shot down and 
slowly murdered in cold blood more than fifty, 
among them Gens. Cordoba and Hermosa. But 
on 23 Nov. of the same year a popular revolt be- 
gan, and an infuriated multitude demanded his 
head. Knowing his peril, he took refuge in the 
government palace with a few sharp-shooters, and, 
failing to obtain relief from the garrison of the 
citadel, which fraternized with the populace, he 
tried to escape over the roofs, but was discovered. 
Falling from the roof of the palace, he was crushed 
on the pavement, and his body was torn to pieces 
by the infuriated people. 



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YANG U AS 



YATES 



YANGUA8, Manuel (yahn'-gooahs), Spanish 
missionary, b. in Guadalajara in 1020 ; d. in Caracas, 
Venezuela, in 1689. He entered the order of St. 
Francis in Madrid, became professor of literature 
in the principal convent of his order in that city, 
and was afterward sent to the missions in Porto 
ltico. Thence he was ordered by the bishop to 
found missions in Cumana, where he labored for 
many years among the Piritu and Cumanagoto In- 
dians, and finally became superior of the convent 
in Caracas. He wrote 44 Arte de la Lengua de Cu- 
mana " (Burgos, 1683), and a catechism and sun- 
dry religious poems in Cumana dialect. The 
manuscripts of these latter works were preserved 
in the convent of St. Francis in Caracas, but lost 
after the revolution of independence, 

YARD, Edward Madison, naval officer, b. in 
Hunterdon, N. J., 24 Nov., 1809; d. in Trenton, 
N. J., 2 May, 1889. He entered the navy, became 
a passed midshipman, 10 June, 1833, was commis- 
sioned a lieutenant, 23 Feb., 1838, and during the 
Mexican war was part of the time executive of the 
44 Dale," and for several months in command. He 
rendered distinguished services at the capture of 
Guaymas, in the blockade and other operations on 
the west coast of Mexico. He was promoted to com- 
mander, 14 Sept., 1855, was light-house inspector 
in 1856-'9, and when the civil war began was as- 
signed to the sloop 44 Dale " on the blockade, but 
by act of 21 Dec., 1861, he was placed on the re- 
tired list because he was more than sixty-two years 
of age. His services being no longer available by 
law, he resigned, 3 May, 1866. 

YARROW, Henry Crecy, physician, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 19 Nov., 1840. He studied in Penn- 
svlvania and in Switzerland and was graduated at 
the medical department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1861. During the civil war he served 
as assistant surgeon in the 5th Pennsylvania cav- 
alry, and subsequently he was surgeon and natural- 
ist to the expedition for the exploration of the ter- 
ritory west of the 100th mendian, under Lieut. 
George M. Wheeler, of the U. S. engineers. Dr. 
Yarrow is a member of the faculty of the medical 
department of the Columbian university, and is 
curator of the department of reptiles in the U. S. 
National museum in Washington, D. C. He is a 
member of the Philosophical, Anthropological, 
Biological, and Geographical societies of Washing- 
ton, and of other scientific bodies in this country 
and abroad, to whose proceedings he has contrib- 
uted papers. Dr. Yarrow was associated with Dr. 
Elliott Coues in the publication of various papers 
on the natural history of North Carolina, his latest 
work giving the results of his experiments with 
serpent- venom and so-called antidotes. His writ- 
ings include articles in the annual volumes of the 
U. S. National museum and the Bureau of ethnolo- 
gy : in part, vol. v., on "Zoology," of the 44 Report 
upon Geographical and Geological Explorations 
and Surveys west of the 100th Meridian " (Wash- 
ington, ISttU and "Study of the Mortuary Cus- 
toms of the North American Indians" (1881); also 
the article on venomous serpents in "Handbook 
of the Medical Sciences " (New York, 1888). 

YATES, Abraham, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in Albany. N. Y., 23 Aug., 1724; d. 
there, 30 June, 1796. He was an active patriot in 
the Revolution, and wrote a series of spirited arti- 
cles under the signature of 44 Sidney and other 
pen-names. He was state senator in 1777 and 
1779-'90 of New York, and president of the Provin- 
cial congress in 1775-'6, also a member of the Con- 
tinental congress in 1788-*9. He was receiver of 
Albany in 1778-'9 and its mayor in 1790-'6. — His 



grandnephew, Joseph Christopher, governor of 
New York, b. in Schenectady, N. Y.. 9 Nov., 17G8; 
d. there, 19 March, 1837, was a son of Christo- 
pher Yates (1737-1785), who was a land-surveyor 
and served during the Revolutionary war as colonel 
of a regiment of engineers, and was quartermaster- 
general under Gen. Philin Schuyler. Yates studied 
and practised law at Schenectady, and was one of 
the founders of Union college in 1795. He served 
as mayor of Schenectady in 1798-1808, as state 
senator in 1806-'7, and as judge of the supreme 
court in 1808-'22. and was governor of the state of 
New York in 1823-'5. A county in New York state 
is named in his honor. — His brother, Andrew, 
clergyman, b. in Schenectadv, N. Y., 17 Jan., 1773; 
d. in bay, N. Y., 14 Oct.. 1844,' was graduated at Yale 
in 1793, and then studied theology with John n. 
Livingston. In 1797 he became professor of Latin 
and Greek in the first faculty of Union college, 
which chair he held until 1801. He then accepted 
the pastorate of the East Hartford Congregational 
church until 1814, when he returned to Union as 
professor of mental and moral philosophy. In 1825 
lie became principal of the Polytechnic at Chitten- 
ango, where he continued until 1836. The degree of 
S.T. D., was conferred upon him by Middlebury in 

1814. — Another brother, John Barentse, soldier, b. 
in Schenectady, N. Y., 1 Feb., 1784; d. in Chitten- 
ango, N. Y„ 11 July, 1836, was graduated at Union 
in 1802 and studied law with nis brother Henrv. 
During the war of 1812 he served under Gen. Wade 
Hampton on the northern frontier of the state of 
New York, and later was appointed aide to Gov. 
Daniel D.Tompkins. Subsequently he was elected 
as a Democrat to congress, and served from 4 Dec, 

1815, till 3 March, 1817. Gov. Tompkins made 
him senior manager of the "literature lotteries'* 
during the last years of their existence.^ Through 
his personal influence in New York and England, ne 
aided largely in the building of the Welland canal, 
receiving from the Duke of Wellington $10,000 
toward tne scheme. He was for many years judge of 
the county of Madison, and its member of the as- 
sembly at the time of his death. — Andrew Yates's 
grandson, John Barentse, engineer, b. in Schenec- 
tady, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1833, was graduated at Union 
in 1852, and served during the civil war as colonel 
of the 1st Michigan engineers under Gen. William 
T. Sherman. Subsequently he became a division 
engineer on the Now York state canals. — Another 
grandson, Austin Andrew, lawver, b. in Schenec- 
tady, N. Y.. 24 March, 1836, was graduated at Union 
in 1854. He served during the civil war as captain 
in the 184th New York volunteers, and subse- 
auently was assistant to Judge- Advocate-General 
Joseph Holt. In 1868 he was elected district at- 
torney of Schenectadv county, and he was judge 
from 1873 till 1876. rle has a large law-practice in 
Schenectady, and has been twice a member of the 
New York assembly. — Another grandson, Arthur 
Reid, naval officer, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 20 
Oct., 1838, was graduated at the U. S.*naval acad- 
emy in 1857, and served during the civil war. He 
was an aide to Admiral Farragut in the battle of 
Mobile Bay, and was commended in that officer's 
report to congress. Since 9 Feb., 1884, he has been 
captain, and he now has command of the steamer 
44 Pcnsacola." 

YATES, Richard, governor of Illinois, b. in 
Warsaw, Ky., 18 Jan., 1818; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 
27 Nov., 1873. At thirteen years of age he went 
with his father's family to reside in Springfield. 
111. He was graduated at Illinois college, Jackson- 
ville, in 1838, studied law. and practised his pro- 
fession in Springfield. From 1842 till 1849 he 



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YEAMANS 



689 




was a member of the legislature, and in 1850 he 
was elected to congress. He was the youngest 
member of the 32d congress, and was re-elected in 
1852. In 1860 he was elected governor, and he 
was chosen again 
in 1862. Gov. 
Yates had been an 
outspoken oppo- 
nent of slavery, 
and at the open- 
ing of the civil 
war was very ac- 
tive in raising vol- 
unteers. He con- 
vened the legisla- 
ture in extra ses- 
sion on 12 April, 
1861, the day after 
the attack on Fort 
Sumter, and took 
military posses- 
sion of Cairo, gar- 
risoning it with 
regular troops. In 
Gov. Yates's office Gen. Ulysses S. Grant received 
his first distinct recognition as a soldier in the civil 
war, being appointed bv him mustering officer for 
the state, and afterward colonel of the 21st Illinois 
regiment. At the expiration of his term of office 
as governor he was elected to the U. S. senate, 
where he served from 1865 till 1871. His death 
occurred while he was returning from a visit to 
Arkansas, where he had been examining a railroad 
as U. 8. commissioner. 

YATES, Robert, jurist, b. in Schenectadv,N. Y., 
17 March. 1788 ; d. in Albany, N. Y.. 9 Sept., 1801. 
He received a classical education in New York city, 
where he also studied law under William Living- 
ston, and, having been admitted to the bar in 176%, 
established himself in practice in Albany, and soon 
attained eminence in his profession. He espoused 
the cause of the colonies from the beginning of 
the difficulty with Great Britain, and wrote several 
essays under the signature of " The Rough Hewer," 
which attracted much attention. He was a mem- 
ber of the New York provincial congress of 1775, 
1776, 1777, and in 1776 was chosen one of the 
council of safety. In August, 1776, he served on 
the committee that drafted the first constitution 
of the state, and in the same year became one of 
the judges of the supreme court, of which he was 
chief justice from 1790 till 1798. He was a mem- 
ber of the convention that formed the constitution 
of the United States, whose adoption he opposed 
in the State convention. Soon after this period he 
was commissioned to treat with the states of Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticut on the subject of terri-. 
tory, and to settle the claims of New York against 
the state of Vermont He was noted for his mod- 
eration and impartiality as a jurist. — His kinsman, 
Peter W., member of the Continental congress, 
b. in Albany, N. Y.. was a lawyer by profession, 
and well known in the courts of Albany both be- 
fore and after the Revolution. He was a mem- 
ber of the committee on correspondence in 1775, 
but resigned, having angered his colleagues by a 
letter ridiculing a public reception that was given 
to Gen. Philip Schuyler. His popularity was so 
great that he was re-elected, but he declined to 
serve. He represented- New York in the general 
congress from 1785 till 1787. — Robert's son, John 
Yan New, lawyer, b. in Albany. N. Y.. 18 Dec., 1779 ; 
<L there, 10 Jan., 1839, was educated for the bar, 
and engaged in practice at Albany. He was made 
a master in chancery in 1808, and became involved 



in a legal contest with Chancellor John Lansing, 
who had adjudged him guilty of malpractice and 
contempt of court Though the full bench of the 
supreme court sustained the chancellor, the arrest 
was finally declared illegal by the court of errors ; 
yet a subsequent suit for damages failed, because 
Lansing had committed the act in the discharge 
of his judicial functions. Yates was recorder of 
the city of Albany in 1808 and again in 18U-'16, 
and in 1818-*26 was secretary of state. He also 
held other offices, and was appointed by the legis- 
lature to add notes and references to the revised 
laws of New York, performing the task with abil- 
ity and success. He published also 44 Select Cases 
Adjudged in the Courts of the State of New York, 
Containing the Case of John V. N. Yates and the 
Case of the Journeymen Cordwainers" (New Yoik, 
1811); 44 A Collection of Pleadings and Practical 
Precedents, with Notes thereon * (2d ed., 1837); 
a continuation of Chief -Justice William Smith's 
" History of the Province of New York" (Albany, 
1814); with Joseph W. Moulton, a "History of 
the State of New York" (1824-'6); and, in con- 
junction with John L. Tillinghast, a *' Treatise on 
the Principles and Practice, Process, Pleadings, 
and Entries in Cases of Writs of Error " (2 vols., 
Albany, 1840). 

YATES, William, philanthropist, b. in Sapper- 
ton, Burton-on-Trent England, 18 Nov., 1767; d. 
in Morris, Otsego co., N. Y., 7 March, 1857. He 
studied medicine under Sir James Earle and Dr. 
John Abernethy, was surgeon in St. Bartholo- 
mew's hospital, London, and in 1790, having in- 
herited an ample fortune, returned to his home. 
With the purpose of treating and curing lunatics, 
he built at Burton-on-Trent a house which he 
conducted for several years at his own expense, 
where he treated with great success a large num- 
ber of insane paupers. This benevolent effort cost 
him about $35,000. He emigrated to Philadelphia 
in 1799, and immediately on his arrival engaged 
with great zeal in the dissemination of the knowl- 
edge of Dr. Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccina- 
tion. He purchased an estate in Butternuts, Otse- 
go co., N. Y., and resided there till his death. 

YEAMAN, George Helm, lawyer, b. in Hardin 
county, Ky., 1 Nov., 1829. He was educated at 
an academy, studied law, was admitted to the bar 
in 1852, and began to practise at Owensborough, 
Ky. In 1854 he was elected a judge of Daviess 
county. In 1861 he was chosen a member of the 
legislature, and in 1862 he recruited a regiment 
for the National army. The same vear he was 
sent to congress as a Unionist to fill a vacancy, 
and, being re-elected, he served from 1 Dec., 1862, 
till 8 March, 1865. In the latter year he was ap- 
pointed by President Johnson minister to Den- 
mark, which office he held till 7 Nov., 1870, since 
which time he has practised law in New York. 
Besides pamphlets on Naturalization " (1867) and 
"Privateering" (1868). Mr. Yeaman has published 
"A Study of Government" (Boston, 1870). He 
has also written for periodicals on the labor and 
currencv questions. 

YEAMANS, Sir John, governor of South Caro- 
lina, b. in Bristol, England, about 1605 ; d. in 
Barbadoes, W. I., about 1676. He was the son of 
a cavalier, and. not being in good circumstances, 
emigrated to Barbadoes and became a planter. In 
1663 several residents of that island, not being 
satisfied with their condition, and desiring to es- 
tablish a colony of their own, sent a vessel to ex- 
amine the country extending from the 36th degree 
of north latitude to the river San Mateo, which 
had already been erected into a territory in Lon- 



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640 



YEARDLEY 



YELL 



don under the name of Carolina. The report 
being favorable, the planters purchased of the 
Indians a tract of land thirty-two miles square on 
Cape Pear river, and begged of the proprietaries a 
confirmation of the purchase and a separate char- 
ter of government. Not all their request was 
granted, but Sir John was appointed their gov- 
ernor, with a jurisdiction that extended from Cape 
Fear to San Mateo. The country was called 
" Clarendon." In the autumn of 1665 he arrived 
from Barbadoes with a band of emigrants and 
founded a town on the south bank of Cape Fear 
river that proved so utter a failure that even its 
site is now in dispute. Yet the settlement flour- 
ished for a time, and exported boards, staves, and 
shingles to the parent colony. The traffic proved 
profitable, emigration increased, and in 1666 the 
plantation is said to have contained 800 souls. 
Veamans seems to have managed affairs satisfac- 
torily, but after a time he returned to the West 
Indies. In 1670 three ship-loads of emigrants that 
had arrived from England sailed up Ashley river 
and began a town on " the first, high land conven- 
ient for tillage and pasturing." In the copy of the 
original fundamental constitutions given them be- 
fore leaving London, John Lock, Sir John Yea- 
mans, and James Carteret were created landgraves. 
The following year the colony was increased by 
Dutch emigrants from New York and others from 
Holland, and by the arrival of Sir John from Bar- 
badoes with African slaves, the first that were 
landed on this continent The governor soon 
sunk under the climate and the hardships to which 
all the sett lers were exposed, and Sir John Yeamans 
was appointed his successor. He proved, however, 
to be 44 a sordid calculator," bent only on acquiring 
a fortune. He encouraged expense, and enriched 
himself, but without gaining either respect or 
hatred. The proprietaries complained that " it 
must be a bad soil " if industrious men could not 
get a living out of it and protested that they did 
not propose to maintain trie idle. In 1674 Yea- 
mans was removed from office, and at once sailed 
for Barbadoes, where he soon afterward died. 

YEARDLEY, Sir George, governor of Virginia, 
b. in England about 1580 ; d. there in November, 
1027. He was among the early emigrants to Vir- 

finia, and on the return of Sir Thomas Dale to 
Jngland in 1616, was appointed deputy governor 
by that official. The appointment did not please 
the friends of Sir Thomas Smythe, the chairman 
of the London company, and they succeeded in 
electing in his stead Samuel Argall, who had made 
several voyages to Virginia as Smythe's trading 
agent Argall arrived in the colony in 1617, and 
proving himself from the first "arrogant self- 
willed, and greedy of gain," he was displaced after 
the death of Lord Delaware, and the " mild and 
popular" Yeardley was re-elected governor. On 
2i Nov. the king gave Yeardley audience, knighted 
him, and held a long conversation with him on 
the religion of the natives. On 19 April, 1619, Sir 
George entered on his office. From the moment 
of his arrival dates the real life of Virginia. 
Commissions and instructions from the company 
44 for the better establishinge of a commonwealth f 
were brought over by hi in, in accordance with 
which he made proclamation that the cruel laws 
by which the planters had so long been governed 
were now abrogated. It was also "graunted that 
a generall assemblie shoulde be helde yearly once." 
Yeardley remained in office until 1621, but, not 
proving as energetic as the company in London 
desired that he should be, he was superseded by 
Sir Francis Wyatt who was the bearer of a written 



constitution for the colony. A year after the ac- 
cession of Charles I. Wyatt retired, and Yeardley 
was again made governor, his appointment being 
considered a guarantee that representative govern- 
ment would be maintained as it had been intro- 
duced by him. From this time Virginia rose 
rapidly in public esteem ; in 1627, 1,000 emigrants 
arrived, and there was an increasing demand for 
the products of the soil. In November of that 
year Yeardley's career was closed by death. Pos- 
terity retains a grateful recollection of the man 
who first convened a representative assembly in 
the western hemisphere, while the colonists, in a 
letter to the privy council, pronounced a glowing 
eulogy on his character. 

YEATES, Jasper, merchant, b. in Yorkshire, 
England ; d. near New Castle, Del., in 1720. He 
emigrated to the West Indies, and afterward re- 
moved to Chester, Pa., where he built and resided 
in a venerable mansion that is still standing, and 
was afterward Mrs. Deborah Logan's. He also 
erected extensive granaries on the creek. In 1701 
he was constituted by William Penn one of the 
four burgesses of Chester, and in 1703 was elected 
chief burgess. In 1694 he was appointed justice 
of the court for Chester county, and from 1704 till 
1710 and from 1717 till his death he was associate- 

i'ustice of the supreme courts of the province of 
'ennsylvania ana the lower counties on the Dela- 
ware. In 1696 he was admitted to a seat in the 
provincial council of Pennsylvania In 1700 h© 
was elected a representative of New Castle county 
in the general assembly of the province, and, after 
the separation of the lower counties on the Dela- 
ware, was chosen a representative and speaker of 
their assembly. — His grandson. Jasper, jurist, b, 
in Philadelphia. Pa., 9 April, 1745; d. in Lancaster, 
Pa., 14 March, 1817, was graduated at the College 
of Philadelphia in 1761, studied law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1765. and in 1774 was chosen a mem- 
ber of the Lancaster county committee of corre- 
spondence, of which he became chairman in 1776. 
Fourteen years afterward he sat in the convention 
that ratified the constitution of the United States. 
From 1791 until his death he was an associate 
justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. In 
1794 President Washington appointed him a com- 
missioner to confer with the inhabitants of the 
western counties of Pennsylvania, for the settle- 
ment of the whisky insurrection. Judge Yeates 
preserved notes of judicial proceedings in which 
he took part, and prepared them for the press. 
They were issued, after his death, as 44 Reports of 
Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- 
vania, with some Select Cases at Nisi Prius, and in 
the Circuit Courts, from 1791 till 1808" (4 vols^ 
Philadelphia, 1817- 19).— His daughter, Catha- 
rine, benefactor, b. in Lancaster, Pa., in 1783 ; d. 
there, 7 June. 1866, devoted a legacy of $26,000 to 
founding the Yeates institute for the education of 
voung men for the ministry of the Protestant 
Episcopal church, and also contributed to its 
maintenance the sum of $800 yearly. 

YELL, Archibald, lawver, b. in Kentucky in 
1797; d. in Buena Vista, Mexico, 23 Feb., 1847. 
He studied law, was admitted to the bar, removed 
to the territory of Arkansas, settled at Fayette- 
ville, and was appointed one of the U. S. territorial 
judges. He was elected to the 24th congress, re- 
elected to the 25th, and served from 5 Doc.. 1836, 
till 3 March, 1839. He was subsequently chosen 
governor of Arkansas, and held the office from 
1840 till 1844. The following year he was again 
elected to congress, and he served from 1 Dec, 
1845, till 1 July, 1846, when he resigned to join 



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YERGER 



641 



the army in Mexico. lie was mustered into the 
service as colonel of the 1st Arkansas volunteer 
cavalry, and was killed by a Mexican lancer while 
leading his men at the battle of Buena Vista. 

YELLAND, Raymond D., artist, b. in Lon- 
don, England, 2 Feb.. 1848. He came to this coun- 
try, studied at the National academy and under 
James R. Brevoort and William Page in 1869-71, 
and under Luc, Olivier Merson, in Pans, in 1886y7. 
He was elected a member of the San Francisco 'art 
association in 1874, and during 1877-8 was assist- 
ant director of the California school of design, of 
which he was elected director in 1888. Among 
his works are " Half-Moon Beach," " The Lonely 
Sea," "Sunlight and Shadow," "The Golden 
Gate at Even," "Mount Tacoma," "Mount 
Hood ," "Columbia River" "Golden Gate," "Near 
Dordrecht," and " Faringford, Isle of Wight." 

YEO, James, Canadian member of parliament, 
b. in Porthill, Prince Edward island, 31 Oct., 1832. 
He is the son of James, who came from Devon- 
shire, England, in 1827, and who was a member of 
the Prince Eld ward island assembly for thirty years. 
The son is a merchant, ship-builder, and ship-owner ; 
was a representative in the Prince Edward island 
assembly and a member of the executive council 
for several vears previous to 1872, when the prov- 
ince entered the confederation, lie was elected to 
the Dominion parliament in 1872, and re-elected 
in 1874, 1878, 1882, and 1887. 

YEO, Sir James Lucas, British naval officer, b. 
in Southampton, England, in 1782; d. off the 
coast of Africa in 1819. He entered the navy at 
an early age under Admiral Cosby. In 1797 he 
was promoted lieutenant, and assigned to "La 
Loire," under Capt. Frederick L. Maitland. While 
off the Spanish coast he was sent to capture the 
enemy's vessels in the port of El Muros. Storm- 
ing the fort, he succeeded in bringing out of the 
port every vessel, armed and unarmed. For this 
achievement he was made commander, and given 
the *• Confiance," one of the vessels he had taken. 
In 1809 he captured Cayenne, in conjunction with 
the Portuguese, and was in consequence made 
post-captain, and received from the prince regent 
of Portugal a knight's commandery of St. Benito 
d'Avis, being the only Protestant ever so hon- 
ored. Sir James was placed in command of the 
British naval forces on Lake Ontario, and on 27 
May, 1813, appeared off Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 
on the " Wolf, twenty-four guns, with a squadron 
of Ave war-vessels, and about forty bateaux, con- 
taining 1,200 troops under command of Sir George 
Provost. In May, 1814, he again sailed out of 
Kingston harbor with an effective force of cruis- 
ing-vessels, and 1,000 troops under Gen. Sir George 
Gordon Drutnmond. The capture of Oswego was 
the first fruits of the expedition. Subsequently he 
was blockaded for six weeks in Kingston harbor 
by Capt. Isaac Chauncey, of the American navy, 
who had previously defeated him and his squad- 
ron in York bay. On 15 Oct. Sir James once more 
sailed, on board the " St. Lawrence," pierced for 
112 guns, and carrying over a thousand men, ac- 
companied by four ships, two brigs, and a schooner, 
and henceforth was "lord of the lake." He did 
not deem it prudent, however, to attack Capt. 
Chauncey, who had retired to Sackett's Harbor, 
where a force of 6,000 men had been gathered. 
The lake being closed soon afterward by ice, no 
further hostilities followed, as the treaty of peace 
was signed in the following December. 'After the 
return of Sir James to England he was ordered to 
duty off the west coast of Africa. His health hav- 
ing been already impaired by arduous service, he 

VOL. VL 41 



was unable to withstand the climate, and died 
while on the voyage home. 

YEOMANS, John William, clergyman, b. in 
Hinsdale, Berkshire co., Mass., 7 Jan., 1800; d. in 
Danville, Montour co.. Pa., 22 June, 1863. He was 
graduated at Williams in 1824, and, after holding 
the office of tutor there for a year, resigned to 
study theology at Andover seminary. In 1828 he 
was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church at 
North Adams, Mass., where he remained until 1832. 
when he took charge of the 1st Congregational 
church at Pittsfleld, Mass., whence he was called in 
1834 to the 1st Presbyterian church at Trenton, 
N. J. In 1841 he became president of Lafayette 
college, Easton, Pa., but he resigned in 1845 to 
become pastor of the Mahoning church at Dan- 
ville, Pa., where he remained until his death. In 
1860 he was moderator of the General assembly of 
the Presbvterian church. As president of Lafay- 
ette, Dr. leomans proved himself a ripe scholar 
and an able teacher. He was regarded as one of 
the chief theologians of his denomination, and as 
a metaphysician probably had but few equals 
among his contemporaries. He received the degree 
of D.D. from Miami university in 1841. Among 
his publications are " Election Sermon " (Boston. 
1834); "Dedication Sermon " (Trenton. 1840); and 
"Address on the Author's Inauguration as Presi- 
dent of Lafayette College" (Easton, 1841). He 
was also a frequent contributor to the " Princeton 
Review," and was co-author of a "History of the 
County of Berkshire, Mass., in Two Parta " (Pitts- 
field, 1829).— His son, Edward Dorr, clergyman, 
b. in North Adams, Berkshire co., Mass., 27 Sept., 
1829; d. in Orange. Essex co., N. J., 25 Aug., 1868, 
was educated chiefly by his father, and passed 
through the Junior year at Lafayette college before 
he was fifteen years old. On account of his youth 
he was not graduated, but he received from Prince- 
ton the honorary degree of A. M. in 1849 and that 
of D. D. in 1864. After studying theology at 
Princeton, he was licensed to preach, 21 April, 
1847, when only seventeen years and a half old. 
After preaching from 1847 till 1849 at New Co- 
lumbia, Pa., and serving as principal of an acad- 
emy at Danville, Pa., in 1847-'50, he was pastor 
successively of several churches, including Roches- 
ter, N. Y., from 1847 until his death. That event 
was supposed to have been hastened by his ener- 
getic work at Orange, which resulted in doubling 
the church membership within a year, while he was 
undergoing the strain of severe literary labor. Dr. 
Yeomans will probably be longest remembered as a 
translator from the German. His English versions 
of Dr. Philip Schaff's " History of the Apostolic 
Church" (New York, 1853), of "Lectures on 
America" (1855), and "History of the Christian 
Church " (1859). have the idiomatic character of 
original com posit ions. He was engaged at the time 
of his death in translating the large volume of 
Lange's "Commentary on John." 

YERGER, George Shall, lawyer, b. in Hagers- 
town, Md., 23 Aug., 1801 ; d. in Bolivar county, 
Miss., 20 April, 1860. His father, who was of Ger- 
man origin, emigrated to the neighborhood of 
Lebanon, Tenn., in 1816. There George obtained 
a fair education, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar. He settled in Nashville, was for many 
years reporter of the decisions of the supreme 
court of Tennessee, and was elected attorney-gen- 
eral of the state. After attaining a wide reputa- 
tion he removed to Vicksburg, Misaw, in 1839, and 
took rank among the chief lawyers of that local- 
ity. In 1844 he changed his residence to Jack- 
son, Miss., where he practised his profession until 

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YOUMANS 



his death. In the latter city he appeared chiefly 
in the high court, confining himself to cases aris- 
ing out of the violations of commercial law, and 
the discussion of questions of equity. An excep- 
tion to this rule was his defence 01 Gen. Daniel 
Adams, who killed his antagonist in a personal en- 
counter in the streets of Vicksburg in 1844. In 
politics Mr. Yerger was a stanch advocate of the 
principles of the Whig party, and in the canvasses 
of 1840-'4 took an active part in support of its 
candidates for the presidency, but never sought 
nor filled any public office. While engaged in a 
deer-hunt, Mr. Yerger shot a large buck, and had 
just run up to secure him. when he fell dead, from 
heart-disease, upon the dying stag. He published 
M Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the 
Supreme Court of Tennessee, December. 1818. to 
December, 1837 M (10 vols. Nashville, 1832-*8). 

YEWELL, George Henry, artist, b. in Havre 
de Grace, Md., 20 Jan., 1830. He studied at the 
National academy and under Thomas Hicks, and 
in 1856 became the pnpil of Thomas Couture in 
Paris. During 1867- 78 he lived in Italy, except- 
ing one winter spent in Egypt His works include 
** Children on the Sea -Shore" (1861); 44 The 
Wounded Drummer- Boy " ; 44 Roman Shepherd- 
Boy " ; some Venetian subjects, including interior 
views of the Church of St Mark; "Santa Maria 
della Salute" (Louisville art-gallerv) ; 44 In the 
Church of San Pietro, Perugia " (1877) ; and 44 In 
the Carpet Bazaar, Cairo," and 44 Mosque of Kait- 
Bey, Cairo w (1878). He has of late been engaged 
principally on portraits, among which are those of 
Isaac Davis, Alexander Mitchell, Frederick Lay- 
ton (Layton art-gallery, Milwaukee), John Cham- 
bers and Ralph P. Lowe (capitol at Des Moines, 
Iowa), Robert Lucas, and Charles Mason, his earli- 
est prttron, through whose aid he began his art 
studies. He was elected an associate of the National 
academy in 1862, and an academician in 1880. 

YOAKUM, Henderson lawyer, b. in Clai- 
borne county, Tenn., in 1810 ; d. in Houston, Tex., 
29 Nov., 1856. He wasgraduated at the U. a 
military academy in 1832, brevetted 2d lieuten- 
ant and served in the Black Hawk expedition the 
same year, but was not at the seat of war. He 
resigned from the army, 81 March, 1833. studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in 
Tennessee from 1835 till 1845. In 1839 he was 
elected a member of the state senate. He re- 
moved to Texas in 1845, and continued to prac- 
tise his profession at Huntsville from 1846 till 
1856. From June till September of the former 
year he served in the Mexican war as 1st lieuten- 
ant of Texas mounted rifle volunteers. In 1850-'6 
he was colonel of Texas militia. Col. Yoakum 
was a contributor to various periodicals, and pub- 
lished 44 A History of Texas from its First Settle- 
ment under La Salle in 1685 to its Annexation to 
the United States in 1845" (New York, 1855). 

YODER, Jacob, pioneer, b. in Reading. Pa., 11 
Aug., 1758 : d. in Spencer county, Ky., 7 April, 1832. 
He was of Swiss descent. After serving through the 
Revolutionary war in the Pennsylvania line, he 
built a large boat at Fort Red Stone (now Browns- 
ville), on Monongahela river, which he freighted 
with flour and carried to New Orleans in May, 1782. 
With the profits of this venture he bought pel- 
tries which he sold in Havana, investing the pro- 
ceeds in sugar for the Philadelphia market This 
was the first attempt to navigate the Ohio and 
Mississippi rivers for commercial purposes. Sub- 
sequently he settled in Spencer county, Ky., and 
took part in equipping and keeping in the field 
the military forces in the northwest territory. 



YOU, Dominique, soldier, b. in Havti in 1775: 
d. in New Orleans, La^ in 1830. Little is known 
of his early life, but he is supposed to have fol- 
lowed the sea at first Subsequently he served in 
the artillery corps during the wars of the French 
republic, and in 1802 accompanied Gen. Victor 
Leclerc to Santo Domingo. Afterward he found 
his way to New Orleans, where he was employed 
by the brothers Jean and Pierre Lafitte, and soon 
became the pirates' principal captain. He w** 
nicknamed 44 Captain Dominique by the French 
and 44 Johnness by the Americans, and won repu- 
tation for boldness and daring. When Venezuela 
I declared her independence. Capt Dominique pro- 
I cured letters of marque from tne patriots and did 
much damage to Spanish commerce in the Gulf of 
Mexico. During tne following years he took part 
in the unlawful operations of tne Lafittes in the 
bayous, and in July, 1814, was indicted by a grand 
jury for piracies in the Gulf; but could not be 
apprehended. At the subsequent raid on the pi- 
rates* establishments in Barataria he escaped to 
the swamps of the interior ; but when the English 
invaded Louisiana he offered his services to the 
American authorities, and was appointed com- 
mander of a company of artillery, which he formed 
with the best gunners of the pirates* ships and 
which did such good service in the battle of New 
Orleans, 8 Jan., 1815, that they were mentioned in 
Gen. Andrew Jackson's general order of 21 Jan. 
as 44 having shown uncommon gallantry and skill 
in the field." On the strength of this, all pro- 
ceedings against Dominique You were dropped, 
and he settled quietly in New Orleans, where he 
enjoyed great popularity as a politician and after- 
ward strongly supported Gen. Jackson. You s ex- 
ample did much to pacify Louisiana and secure 
the irood- will of the lawless population, and when 
he died he was given a military funeral at the 

Sublic expense. See Charles Gavarrc's 44 Histoire 
e la Louisiane * (New Orleans, 1&47). 
TOUMANS, Edward Livingston, scientist b. 
in Coeymans, N. Y.. 3 June, 1821 ; d. in New 
York city, 18 Jan., 1887. In childhood his parents 
removed to Saratoga county, where his youth was 
passed. He attended the common school, and was 
an insatiable reader, but at thirteen years of age 
was attacked with 
ophthalmia, In 
1840 he went to 
New York for treat- 
ment and the city 
became his home. 
His blindness last- 
ed several years, 
but he finally re- 
covered partially. 
During these years 
of suffering and 
deprivation he was 
a constant worker 
and an assiduous 
student of books 
and events. He 
studied element- 
ary chemistry and 
physics with the 
aid of his sister, and when he was left to himself his 
leisure was spent in writing with a pocket-machine 
of his own contrivance. In 1851, while studying 
agricultural chemistry, he prepared a chemical 
chart that made clear by means of colored dia- 
grams the laws of chemical science as they were 
then expounded (revised and enlarged, 1856). He 
studied medicine during this period and received 




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YOUNG 



643 



the degree of M. D. from the University of Ver- 
mont In 1852 he began to lecture upon science, 
and for the next seventeen years he gave courses 
of lectures in connection with the lyceum system 
in many towns and cities, awakening deep interest 
in scientific subjects. In his lectures on the 
" Chemistry of the Sunbeam " and the •* Dynamics 
of Life'* he was the first to expound popularly the 
doctrines of the conservation of energy and the 
mutual relation of forces. He early became deep- 
ly interested in the diffusion in this countrv of 
standard' scientific works, and particularly those 
bearing upon the evolution philosophy, procuring 
their republication here, and doing all he coula 
through the newspaper and periodical press to 
make them known to the public. Herbert Spen- 
cer's books alone, in behalf of which he spared no 
effort, have reached a sale of 132,000 copies, and 
the foreign authors, whose works were in his 
charge, have for years enjoyed, by voluntary ar- 
rangement with the Messrs. Apple ton, the benefits 
of international copyright, of the justice and need 
of which Mr. Youmans was from the beginning of 
his literary life an ardent advocate. The " Inter- 
national Scientific Series" was planned by him in 
1871, and arrangements were made for the publi- 
cation of the works in New York, London. Paris, 
and Lcipsic, and afterward in St. Petersburg and 
Milan. The project was based on the idea of pay- 
ment to authors from the sale in all countries. 
The series has reached (1888) its sixty-fourth vol- 
ume. In 1872 he established the " Popular Science 
Monthly," and thenceforward the editorial duties 
of the magazine absorbed his chief attention. The 
twenty-eight volumes issued under his care show 
the same devotion to the spread of scientific 
thought upon the chief topics of the time. His 
enthusiastic nature led to constant overdoing, and 
the strain told upon his strength years before his 
death. From 1882 his lungs were seriously affect- 
ed, but he worked on persistently until early in 
1886. He published "Alcohol and the Constitu- 
tion of Man " (New York, 1853) ; M The Chemical 
Atlas," an extension of method of the chemical 
chart that has been mentioned (1854); " Hand- 
book of Household Science" (1857): "The Corre- 
lation and Conservation of Forces," a compilation 
with an able introduction setting forth America's 
contribution to the modern doctrine of forces 
(1864); and "The Culture demanded by Modern 
Life," a compilation from various authors, present- 
ing the claims of their special sciences as suited 
for the best culture (1868). His introducti6n to 
the volume is perhaps his most finished literary 
work. He also contributed to the body of the 
book an original lecture given in London on " The 
Scientific Study of Human Nature." — His brother. 
William Jay, editor, b. in Saratoga, N. Y., 14 
Oct, 1838, worked on his father's farm and at- 
tended the district-school until his seventeenth 
year. He studied chemistry under his brother, and 
in the Yale scientific school, and natural historv 
under Dr. Asa Fitch, was graduated at the medi- 
cal department of the New York university in 
1865, and then went abroad in the same year to 
continue his studies in natural history under Prof. 
Thomas H. Huxley. He practised medicine three 
years in Minnesota, but abandoned it to assist in 
establishing the " Popular Science Monthly," the 
management of which he shared until the death of 
his brother, when he became its sole editor. He 
has contributed occasionally to its pages under his 
own name, and for many years has prepared the 
articles on chemistry, metallurgy, and pnysiology 
for Appletons' "Annual Cyclopaedia, "lie is a 



member of several scientific associations. He has 
edited Huxley's " Lessons in Elementary Physiolo- 
gy," to which he added a second part on " Elemen- 
tary Hygiene" (New York, 1867).— Their sister, 
Eliza Ann, author, b. in Saratoga, N. Y., 17 Dec.. 
1826, became interested in the scientific studies 
which she aided her brother to pursue, and her 
fondness for children led her to applv them to 
earlv education. She has published " First Book 
of fcotany. designed to Cultivate the Observing 
Powers of Children" (New York, 1870) and "Sec- 
ond Book of Botany " (1873). These were intended 
to promote the systematic study of plants as ob- 
jects in place of the object lessons in general use. . 
She has prepared an enlarged edition of Henslow's 
"Botanical Charts" (1873), translated from the 
French Quatrefage's "Natural History of Man" 
(1875). and contributed to the "Popular Science 
Monthly" and other periodicals. Miss Youmans 
also published " Descriptive Botanv, a Guide to the 
Classification of Plants, with a Popular Flora" 
(1885). and an abridgment of Bently's " Physiologi- 
cal Botany," as a sequel (1886). 

YOUMANS, Letltla Crelghton, Canadian re- 
former, b. in Cobourg. Ont., in 1827. She was edu- 
cated at the Cobourg ladies' academy and at Bur- 
lington academy, Hamilton, and was for a short 
time teacher in a ladies' academy at Pictou. In 
1850 she married Arthur Youmans, and soon after- 
ward she became well known as a lecturer on tem- 
perance. She was superintendent of the juve- 
nile work of the Good Templar organization and 
a member of the editorial staff of the "Temper- 
ance Union," organized a Women's Christian tem- 
i»erance union in Toronto, and was president of the 
Ontario temperance union from 1878 till 1883, 
when she became president of the Dominion or- 
ganization. She was re-elected in 1885. Mrs. 
Youmans was one of the Canadian delegates to the 
World's temperance congress at Philadelphia in 
1870. and in May, 1882, visited the British women's 
temperance association at London, and afterward 
lectured in various parts of England. Ireland, and 
Scotland. She is also well known as a lecturer on 
temperance throughout this country. 

YOUNG, Alexander, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass.. 22 Sept., 1800; d. there, 10 March, 1854. He 
was the son of Alexander Young, a printer, who, 
with Samuel Etherege, established the " Massachu- 
setts Chronicle," afterward also called the "New 
England Palladium." an organ of the Federalist 
party. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820 and 
at the divinity-school in 1824. On leaving college 
he taught a year in the Boston Latin-school, where 
he had been a pupil, and in 1825 was ordained pas- 
tor of the New South Unitarian churcn in Boston, 
which office he held until his death. He was also 
a member of the board of overseers of Harvard 
from 1837 till 1853, and secretary from 1840 till 
1853, and corresponding secretary of the Massa- 
chusetts historical society from 1849 till 1854. 
Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1846. 
He was noted for his felicity in the delineation of 
character, and his discourses in memory of distin- 
guished citizens of Massachusetts ran through sev- 
eral editions and were widely circulated. Of these 
the most notable were the discourses on Nathaniel 
Bowditch (Boston, 1838), President John T. Kirk- 
land, of Harvard (1840), and Judge William Prea- 
cott, father of the historian (1844). Dr. Young 
also rendered essential service to American his- 
tory by the publication of "Chronicles of the 
Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 
1002 to 1625" (Boston. 1841) and " Chronicles of 
the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts 



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644 YOUNG 

Bay -from 1628 to 1086" (1846). He also edited 
" Library of Old English Proee Writers," the first 

? publication of the kind ill this country (9 vols., 
881-4). There is a memoir of Dr. Young by 
Rev. Chandler Robbing, D. D., published in the 
" Collections of the Massachusetts Historical So- 
ciety.*— His son, Alexander, author, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 10 May, 1836, was educated in the Boston 
public schools, and for several years engaged in 
mercantile pursuits. In 1862 he was graduated 
at the Harvard law-school, and at once began the 
practice of law in Boston. He also became asso- 
ciate editor of the " Globe '* of that city soon after 
its establishment in 1872. He has been a frequent 
contributor to periodical literature, and is now 
editorially connected with the Boston " Post" His 
M History of the Netherlands " (Boston. 1884 ; Lon- 
don, 1886) is based on original authorities, impor- 
tant additions having been made to the period 
that is covered by Motley's works, and the history 
brought down to the present time. 

YOUNG, Alfred, clergyman, b, in Bristol, Eng- 
land, 21 Jan., 1831. He was graduated at Princeton 
in 1848, and at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of New York in 1852. after which he practised 
medicine for a year. In 1850 he became a convert 
to the Roman Catholic faith, and after ecclesiastical 
studies at the Seminary of St Sulpice in Paris, 
France, he was ordained a priest of that church on 
24 Aug., 1856. He was vice-president of Seton 
Hall college in 1856-'7, rector of the Roman Catho- 
lic church in Princeton, N. J., in 1857-60, and of 
the church in Trenton, N. J., in 1860-'l. Father 
Young then entered the community of the Pa u lists 
in New York city. His name has been particu- 
larly associated with the reformation of church 
music, and the beginning in the United States of 
an effort toward tne restoration of the Gregorian 
chant for the entire services of his church. This 

?ractice was introduced in the Paulist church in 
870, and has since continued to be a feature in its 
services. He has both written and lectured in 
favor of it, and it is being gradually adopted else- 
where. At present he is engaged in the advocacy 
of a further reform tending toward congregational 
sinking. Besides magazine articles on sundry re- 
ligious topics, and a series of epigrammatic poems 
on scriptural texts in the Catholic World," ne has 
published "The Complete Sodality Hymn-Book" 
{New York, 1863): new ed., entitled "Catholic 
Hymns and Canticles" (1888): "The Office of Ves- 
pers" (1869); "The Catholic Hymnal" (1884): and 
"Carols for a Merry Christmas and a Joyous Eas- 
ter" (2 vols., 1885-'6). — His brother, Edward 
(1818-1870), was a jeweler, and published in 1859 
" The Ladye Lillian and other Poems." 

YOUNG. Sir Allen William. British explorer, 
b. in Twickenham, Middlesex, England, in 1830. 
He was a captain in the merchant service at the 
time of the Crimean war, and rendered useful ser- 
vice as master of a transport to the British forces 
at Balaklava. Afterward he volunteered for the 
Franklin search expedition of Capt. Francis L. 
McClintock, in 1857-'60, and was sailing-master of 
the " Fox " during the voyage. In command of a 
sledge party, between FeBruary and July, 1859, he 
discovered 400 miles of new coast In 1862 he 
commanded an expedition to survey a route for 
a cable telegraph under the Atlantic ocean by way 
of Iceland ana Greenland. He was one of tne or- 
ganisers of the Chinese navy, and captain of a man- 
of-war during the Taiping rebellion. In 1875 he 
attempted the northwest passage, and endeavored 
to fina the records of the lost Franklin expedition 
on King William's Land, in his yacht " Pandora " ; 



YOUNG 



and in 1876 he refitted her for a second voyage 
with the same object, but changed his destination 
to Smith sound at the request of the British ad- 
miralty, which desired to communicate with the 
depots' of the government expedition. He accom- 
plished his mission with success, and for his ser- 
vices was knighted, 12 March, 1877. An account 
of the " Two Voyages of the * Pandora ' in 1875 and 
1876 " has been published (London, 1879). 

YOUNG, Andrew White, author, b. in Car- 
lisle, Schoharie co., N. Y., 2 March, 1802; d. in 
Warsaw, Wyoming co.. N. Y., 17 Feb., 1877. He 
removed to Warsaw in 1816, received a common- 
school education, taught for several years, then en- 
gaged in mercantile business, and m 1880 estab- 
lished the Warsaw "Sentinel," changing the name 
in 1882 to the " Republican Advocate.* In 1886 
he published and edited a paper called the " Ameri- 
can Citizen." Mr. Young represented Wyoming 
county in the legislature in 1845-'6 and in the Con- 
stitutional convention of 1846. He published " In- 
troduction to the Science of Government," which 
obtained an extensive circulation (Warsaw, 1885 ; 
revised ed., 1839); "First Lessons in Civil Govern- 
ment " (1848 ; revised ed., 1847) ; " Citizen's Manual 
of Government and Law " (1851 ; revised ed., 1858) ; 
" The American Statesman : a Political History of 
the United States " (1855 ; new ed., with an appen- 
dix written just before his death. New York, 1888) ; 
and " National Economy : a History of the Ameri- 
can Protective System ,f (1860). 

YOUNG, Sir Aretas William, British soldier, 
b. about 1778 ; d. 1 Dec, 1885. He entered the army 
in 1795 as ensign, was captain in the 18th foot in 
1796, and served in Ireland during the rebellion of 
1798. In 1801 he was on duty in Egypt, and in 
1807 he was advanced to the rank of major in the 
47th regiment Subsequently he was engaged in 
many battles of the Peninsular war, and from 1818 
he served in the West Indies as lieutenant-colonel, 
chiefly at Trinidad. In 1815 he was sent to poin 
the expedition against Guadaloupe, and received 
one of the badges of the Order of Merit from 
Louis XVIII. He was next placed in command of 
the troops in Grenada, and, on his being ordered 
back to Trinidad, the council of assembly pre- 
sented him with a sword valued at 100 guineas. 
From this time to the final disband men t of the 3d 
West Indian regiment in 1825, he administered the 
government at various times during the absence 
of Sir Ralph Woodford, and was rewarded for the 
"candor, integrity, and impartiality which had 
marked his administration " bv 150 guineas for a 
sword, and plate valued at £250. In 1826 he was 
appointed protector of slaves in Demerara, and in 
1881 was made lieutenant-governor of Prince Ed- 
ward island. In 1884 he was knighted. 

YOUNG, Augustus, author, b. in Arlington, 
Vt, 90 March, 1785 ; d. in St. Albans, Vt, 17 June, 
1857. He received an academic education, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1810. and began 
practice at Stow. In 1812 he removed to Crafts- 
bury. He was a member of the state assembly 
during twelve successive sessions and of the state 
senate for three terras, and was state's attorney for 
Orleans county and judge of probate. He was a 
member of congress from Vermont from 81 Mav, 
1841, till 8 March, 1848. and declined a re-election. 
He then resumed the practice of law, removed to 
St Albans in 1847, was for several years judge of 
the county court there, and in 1856 was appointed 
state naturalist He "published " On the Quadra- 
ture of the Circle " (1st Albans, 1852) and " Pre- 
liminary Report on the Natural History of the 
State of Vermont" (Burlington, 1856). 

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YOUNG, Brigham, president of the Mormon 
church, b. in Whitingham, Vt., 1 June, 1801 ; d. in 
Salt Lake City, 29 Aug., 1877. His father, John, a 
farmer, served in the Revolutionary war. In 1804 
Brighara went with his parents to Sherburne, N. 

Y., where, until he 
was sixteen, he re- 
ceived only eleven 
days* schooling. 
He then engaged 
in business and 
was a carpenter, 
joiner, painter, 
and glazier in 
Mendon, N. Y. 
In 1880 he first 
saw the 14 Book 
of Mormon," and 
a year later he 
was converted by 
Samuel H. Smith, 
the "prophet's" 
brother. On 14 
April, 1832, he 
was baptized and 
began to preach in the vicinity of Mendon. In the 
autumn of 1832 he went to Kirtland, Ohio, where 
he became the close friend of Joseph Smith. He 
was ordained an elder, and in the winter of 1832-'8 
was engaged in Canada, preaching, baptizing, %nd 
organizing missions. His advancement in the 
church was rapid, and on 14 Feb., 1835, he was 
chosen one of the twelve apostles, becoming their 
president a year later. Meanwhile much of his time 
was spent in Kirtland, where he was occupied in 
working on the Temple and in studying Hebrew, 
also in travelling, preaching, and making converts. 
During 1836-'7 an effort was. made to depose the 
prophet Joseph and appoint David Whitmer presi- 
dent of the church. A council was held for this 
purpose, at which Young made an earnest plea 
lor Smith, and the meeting terminated unpleas- 
antly. On 22 Dec, 1887, Brighara Young left Kirt- 
land He purchased land in Far West. Mo., in 
1888, and settled there ; but, in pursuance of the 
order of Gov. Lilburn W. Boggs, ne and hit* family 
left their home and much of their personal prop- 
erty on 14 Feb., 1839, and returned to Quincy. 111. 
Later he was one of the twelve that founded Nau- 
voo, and in September of that year set out on a 
mission to England. His experience there is given 
in his own words : 44 We landed in the spring of 
1840 as strangers in a strange land and penniless, 
but through the mercy of God we have printed 
. . . 5,000 4 Books of Mormon,' 8,000 hymn-books. 
2,500 volumes of the 4 Millennial Star/ and 50.000 
tracts, . . . emigrated to Zion 1.000 souls, yet we 
have lacked nothing to eat, drink, or wear." The 
death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith in Carthage jail 
was announced to him by letter while he was on 
a mission in Peterborough, N. H.. and he returned 
to Nauvoo on 6 Aug. Sidney Rigdon was then 
claiming leadership in the church, but two davs 
later Young was chosen successor to Smith. In 
the autumn the people of Hancock and adjacent 
counties clamored for the removal of the Mormons 
from the state. In reply to such a demand. Young 
said, on 1 Oct, 1845, that it was the intention of 
from 5,000 to 0,000 persons to leave Nauvoo early 
in 1846 to seek a home in the wilderness. Subse- 
quently the charter of Nauvoo was revoked, and 
the Mormons suffered house-burnings, plunderings, 
whippings, murders, and the fury of mob violence. 
In pursuance of his promise, many of the Mormons 
crossed Mississippi river early in February, 1846, 



and on the 15th of that month President Young 
and his family set out. On 1 March, while there 
was still several inches of snow on the ground, the 
exodus began with about 400 wagons in line. 
Brigham Young was chosen president in " Camp of 
Israel " on 27 March, and captains of hundreds, of 
fifties, and of tens were appointed to conduct the 
march. By command of Col. Stephen W. Kearny, 
a call was made on President Young, on 26 June, 
1846, to furnish 500 men for one year's service 
during the Mexican war. " You shall have your 
battalion at once," he replied, and the quota of 
what was known as " the Mormon battalion " was 
filled within three days. On their arrival near what 
is now Florence, Neb'., on 21 July, the Omaha and 
Pottawattamie Indians received them kindly, and 
urged the fugitives to establish a camp in their 
midst. President Young accepted this offer, after 
obtaining the consent of President Polk, and made 
his winter-quarters there. They laid the settle- 
ment out in streets and blocks, on which comfort- 
able log-houses were built and a grist-mill was 
erected. On 7 April, 1847, Young, with 142 men, 
set out in search of a suitable place for a settlement 
They entered Salt Lake valley on 24 July, 1847, 
and,* after a survey had been made of the locality and 
the first house erected. Young returned to winter- 
quarters on 31 Oct., 1847, ana on 5 Dec. was elected 
president by the 44 twelve apostles," with Heber 
C. Kimball and Willard Richards as counsellors. 
On 26 May, 1848, he set out again, accompanied 
by his family and 2,000 followers, for Salt Lake 
City, and arrived there on 20 Sept. A provisional 
government being requisite until congress should 
otherwise provide, he was elected on 12 March, 
1849. governor of 44 Deseret," which is understood 
by the Mormons to signify 44 the land of the honey- 
bee." The territory of Utah was established on 9 
Sept., 1850, and on 3 Feb., 1851, Young took the 
oath of office as its governor, commander-in-chief 
of the militia, and superintendent of Indian affairs, 
to which places he had been appointed by Presi- 
dent Fillmore. Under his administration exten- 
sive tracts of land were brought under cultivation 
and large numbers of converts were brought from 
Europe. On 20 Aug., 1852, the doctrine of po- 
lygamy was first announced as a tenet of the Mor- 
mon church by Brigham Young. He claimed that 
a revelation commanding it had been made to Jo- 
seph Smith : but the widow and four sons of Smith 
denied ever having seen or heard of any such reve- 
lation. Polygamy is strictly forbidden in the 
44 Book of Mormon," the 4 * Doctrine and Cove- 
nants." and all Mormon publications that were 
issued before Smith's death, and many left the 
church on this question. Subsequently they formed 
an independent organization under the leadership 
of one of the sons of Smith. To sustain the new 
dogma, papers and periodicals were established in 
various parts of the world. Meanwhile the Fed- 
eral judges were forced by threats of violence to 
leave Utah, and the laws of the United States were 
defied and subverted as early as 1850. Col. Ed- 
ward J. Steptoe was sent in 1854 to Utah as gov- 
ernor, with a battalion of soldiers ; but he did not 
deem it prudent to assume the office, and, after 
wintering in Salt Ijake City, he formally resigned 
his post and went with his command to California. 
Most of the civil officers that were commissioned 
about the same time with Col. Steptoe arrived in 
Utah a few months after he had departed, and 
were harassed and terrified like their predecessors. 
In February, 1856, a mob of armed Mormons, in- 
stigated by sermons from the heads of the church, 
broke into the court-room of the U. S. district 



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046 YOUNG 

judge and compelled him to adjourn his court. 
Soon afterward all the U. S. officers, with the ex- 
ception of the Indian agent, were forced to flee 
from the territory. These and other outrages de- 
termined President Buchanan to supersede Brig- 
ham Young in the office of governor, and to send 
to Utah a military force to protect the Federal offi- 
cers. (See Gumming, Alfred, and Johnston. Al- 
bert Sidney.) The affair terminated with the ac- 
ceptance of a pardon by the Mormons, who on 
their part promised to submit to the Federal au- 
thority. Throughout his life Young encouraged 
agriculture and manufactures, the opening of 
roads and the construction of bridges and public 
edifices, and pursued a conciliatory policy with the 
Indians. He successfully completed a contract to 
grade more than 100 miles of the Union Pacific 
railroad, was the prime mover in the construction 
of the Utah Central railroad, aided in building the 
Utah Northern and Utah Western narrow-gauge 
roads, introduced and fostered co-operation in all 
branches of business, and extended telegraph- 
wires to most of the towns of Utah. Young took 
to himself a large number of wives, most of whom 
resided in a building that was known as the " Lion 
house," from a huge lion carved in stone that 
stands upon the portico. In 1871 he was indicted 
for polygamy but not convicted. At the time of 
his death he left seventeen wives, sixteen sons, and 
twenty-eipht daughters, and had been the father 
of flfty-six children. Besides his office of presi- 
dent of the church, Young was grand archer of 
the order of Danites, a secret organization within 
the church, which was one of the chief sources of 
his absolute power, and whose members, it is 
claimed, committed many murders and other out- 
rages by his orders. By organizing and directing 
the trade and industry of the community, he accu- 
mulated great wealth. His funeral was celebrated 
with impressive ceremonies, in which more than 
30,000 persons participated. See The Mormons," 
by Charles Mackay (London, 1851); "The Mor- 
mons, or Latter-Day Saints, in the Valley of the 
Great Salt Lake," by Lieut John W. Gunnison 
(Philadelphia, 1852) ; 44 Utah and the Mormons," by 
Benjamin G. Ferris (New York, 1856); "Mormon- 
ism : its Leaders and Designs," by John Hyde, Jr., 
formerly a Mormon elder (New York, 1857) ; " New 
America," by William Hepworth Dixon (London, 
1867) ; " The Rocky Mountain Saints," by Thomas 
B. H. Stenhouse (New York, 1873); "History of 
Salt Lake City " (Salt Lake City. 1£87) ; and " Early 
Days of Mormonism." by James Harrison Ken- 
nedy (New York, 1888). 

YOUNG, Charles Augustus, astronomer, b. in 
Hanover, N. H., 15 Dec., 1834. He was graduated 
at Dartmouth in 1853. and then taught classics at 
Phillips Andover academy for three years, during 
one year of which he studied at the theological 
seminary. In 1856 he was called to fill the chair 
of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy 
at Western reserve college, Ohio. During the civil 
war he was captain of a company in the 85th Ohio 
volunteers for three months in 1862. He was 
chosen professor of natural philosophy and as- 
tronomy at Dartmouth in 1865, which post had 
been held by his father, Ira Young, in 1838-*58, 
and remained there until 1877, when he accepted 
the chair of astronomy at Princeton. Prof. Young 
was a member of the astronomical party that was 
sent to observe the total solar eclipse of 7 Aug., 
1809, at Burlington, Iowa., and was given charge 
of the spectroscopic observations of the party. On 
this occasion he discovered the green line of the 
coronal spectrum, and identified it with the line 



YOUNG 



1,474 of the solar spectrum. He was also a mem- 
ber of the expedition under Prof. Joseph Winlock 
to observe the eclipse of 1870, at Jerez, Spain, 
and then discovered that the so-called " reversing 
layer" of the solar atmosphere produces a bright - 
line spectrum correlative to the ordinary dark -line 
spectrum of sunlight In August, 1872, be was 
stationed at Sherman, Wyoming, to make solar 
spectroscopic observations. He went to Pekin as 
assistant astronomer under Prof. James C. Watson 
to observe the transit of Venus on 8 Dec^ 1874, 
and in 1878 he had charge of the astronomical ex- 
pedition that was organized by Princeton to ob- 
serve the eclipse of 29 July of that year. He de- 
vised a form of automatic spectroscope, which has 
been very generally adopted, and has made a great 
number of new observations on solar prominences. 
He has also verified experimentally what is known 
as Doppler's principle as applied to light, showing 
that the lines of the spectrum are slightly shifted 
to one direction or the other according as the source 
of liffht is moving toward the earth or away from 
it. By Mi is means he has been enabled to measure 
the velocity of the sun's rotation. Prof. Young has 
given popular lectures at the Peabody institute in 
Baltimore and the Lowell institute in Boston, and 
courses at Williams college, and elsewhere. The 
degree of Ph. D. was given him by the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1870, and that of LL. D. by 
Wesleyan university in 1876. He was elected an 
associate fellow of the American academy of arts 
and sciences in 1871, and in 1872 a foreign associate 
of the Royal astronomical society of Great Britain. 
In 1872 he was chosen to the National academy of 
sciences, and in 1876 served as vice-president of the 
American association for the advancement of sci- 
ence, of which organization he was president in 
1883. Besides large contributions to astronomical 

Journals, scientific addresses, and magazine articles, 
le has published " The Sun," in the " International 
Scientific Series" (New York. 1882), and "A Text- 
Book of General Astronomy" (Boston, 1888). 

YOUNG, David, clergyman, b. in Alleghany 
county, Pa., 19 March, 1776; d. in Harrisburg, 
Ohio, 15 Sept, 1859. He emigrated to Ohio, was 
converted to Methodism by Bishop William Mc- 
Kendree, was licensed to preach in 1801, and con- 
tinued in the active ministry at various places till 
1856. He published M Autobiography of a Pio- 
neer " (Cincinnati, 1857). 

YOUNG, George Pax ton, Canadian educator, 
b. in Berwick-on-Tweed, 28 Nov., 1818. He was 
ordained as a minister of the Free Church of Scot- 
land, and removed to Canada in 1848. The same 
year he was installed as pastor of Knox church, 
Hamilton, and in 1851 ne became professor of 
mental and moral philosophy in Knox college, To- 
ronto, which post he resigned, together with his 
office in the ministry, in 1861. In 1865 ho was ap- 
pointed inspector of grammar-schools for Upper 
Canada, and in 1871 he became professor of meta- 
physics and ethics in Universitv college, Toronto. 
He received the degree of LL. D. in 1882, and 
is the author of " Miscellaneous Discourses and 
Expositions of Scripture" (Edinburgh, 1854), and 
also of "The Philosophical Principles of Natu- 
ral Religion " (1862). 

YOUNG, James, Canadian member of parlia- 
ment, b. in Gait, Ont., 24 May, 1835. He was edu- 
cated in his native place, and owned and edited 
the "Dumfries Reformer" from 1*53 till 1863. 
Mr. Young was elected to represent South Water- 
loo in the Dominion parliament in 1867, and re- 
elected by acclamation in 1872 and 1874, but was 
an unsuccessful candidate for the same oonstitu- 



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YOUNG 



ency in 1878. He was elected to the Ontario legis- 
lature for North Hastings in 1879, re-elected by 
acclamation in 1888, and on 2 June, 1882, became 

Srovincial treasurer, which post he resigned on 29 
( ct, in conseouence of feeble health, but continued 
to represent Riding till December, 1880, wjien he 
declined a renomination. In the Dominion parlia- 
ment he secured the abolition of the office of queen's 
printer, in 1873 submitted a bill in favor of the 
ballot, proposed a committee and report in 1874, 
which resulted in the publication of the " Hansard," 
containing the house of commons debates, and was 
the author of other important measures. He was 
elected president of the Reform association of On- 
tario in 1878, has been president of the Sabbath- 
school association of that province, a member of 
the Agriculture and arts association of Ontario, 
and is connected with various industrial and finan- 
cial associations. He has published two prize essays 
— "The Agricultural Resources of Canada" (1867) 
and "The Reciprocity Treaty" (1866)— "Reminis- 
cences of the Early History of Gait and the Settle- 
ment of Dumfries" (1880), and "The National 
Future of Canada " (1887), a collected series of let- 
ters published originally in the Toronto " Globe," 
and in opposition to a commercial union with the 
United States and to imperial federation. 

TOUNG, John, governor of Hawaii, b. in Mas- 
sachusetts about 1766; d. in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 
1886. He shipped about 1789 as boatswain of the 
" Eleanor," which called at Hawaii a year later. 
In revenge for the murder of a sailor, the captain 
killed about 100 natives with grapeshot, and sailed 
away, accidentally leaving Young on shore. The 
latter was doomed to death, but was saved through 
the intercession of the king's niece, Kaoanaeha, 
who had fallen in love with him. They were soon 
afterward married, and King Kamehameha made 
him his chief counsellor, benefited by his instruc- 
tions in establishing his empire over all the islands, 
and appointed him governor of the island of Ha- 
waii. Young was the grandfather of Queen Emma 
KaleleonalanL (See Kalakaua.) 

YOUNG, John, agricultural writer, b. in Fal- 
kirk, Scotland, in September, 1778 ; d. in Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, 6 Oct. 1887. He was educated in 
Glasgow, became a merchant, emigrated to Nova 
Scotia in 1814, and was the representative of Syd- 
ney in the provincial assembly from 1826 till his 
death. He also filled the office of secretary of the 
Nova Scotia board of agriculture, having awakened 
a wide-spread interest in agricultural economy by 
a series of letters that were published under the 
signature of " Agricola " in the Halifax 44 Recorder " 
in 1818, and taken an active part in the formation 
of agricultural societies, to which the first impetus 
was given by his letters, which were published in 
book-form under the title of 44 Letters of Agricola 
on the Principles of Vegetation and Tillage" (Hali- 
fax, 1822). He also prepared a "Report of the 
Proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Hali- 
fax " (Halifax, 1828-'4).— His son, George R., au- 
thor, b. in Scotland ; d. in Halifax, N. S., was a 
member of parliament, and the author of several 
important works, the chief of which was a sketch 
of " Colonial Literature, Science, and Education " 
He was also the founder of the " Nova Scotian," 
a paper which in after years, under the editor- 
ship of Joseph Howe, exerted wide influence. 
He also published " Letters to E. G. S. Stanley, 
M. P., upon the Existing Treaties with France 
and America as regards their Rights of Fishery " 
(London, 1884), and "History, Principles, and 
Prospects of the Bank of British North America 
and of the Colonial Bank" (1888).— Another son, 



YOUNG 647 

Sir William, Canadian jurist, b. in Falkirk, Stir- 
lingshire, Scotland, 29 July, 1799 ; d. in Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, 8 May, 1887, was educated at Glas- 
gow university, went to Nova Scotia with his fam- 
ily in 1814, and aided his father in business until 
1820, when he entered a law-office. In 1826 he 
was admitted a barrister, and in 1848 he became 
queen's counsel. He entered into partnership with 
his brothers, and in 1882 was elected to the Prince 
Edward island house of assembly. Later, when 
the island was divided, he sat for Inverness from 
1887 till 1869. In 1888 Mr. Young was sent as one 
of a delegation to Quebec to meet Lord Durham 
to discuss matters affecting the prosperity of the 
province. During the session of 1889 Mr. Young 
was appointed a delegate to represent to the impe- 
rial government the views of Nova Scotia regard- 
ing certain reforms, which were accomplished. In 
1840 he was active in the demonstrations against 
Sir Colin Campbell, then lieutenant-governor of 
Nova Scotia, which resulted in his recall, and he 
was equally hostile to his successor, the Viscount 
Falkland. In 1848 Young was elected speaker of 
the house of assembly by a majority of two votes. 
On 8 Feb., 1844. the new house met. when Young, 
who had been elevated to a seat in the executive 
council, but had resigned on his appointment to 
the speakership, was re-elected speaker. In 1847 
Sir John Harvey, who succeeded Lord Falkland, 
proposed a coalition ; but Young opposed the sug- 
gestion with his accustomed vigor. A new elec- 
tion was determined upon, in which the reformers 
were victors, and Young was a third time elected 
speaker. In the session of 1850 he was appointed 
on a commission to consolidate and simplify the 
laws. This is said to have been the first time that 
an attempt of the sort was ever made in a British 
colony, in 1854 Mr. Young assumed the office of 
attorney-general, and formed a ministry, that was 
defeated shortly afterward, but in 1860 Mr. Young 
and his party again assumed control of affairs. 
He became premier and president of the council, 
and on the death of Chief -Justice Sir Brenton Hali- 
burton in the same year, was appointed to that 
post. Soon afterward he was created judge of the 
vice-admiralty, an imperial appointment, and in 
1868 he was knighted by the queen. For many 
years Sir William he was a member of the board 
of governors of Dalhousie university, Halifax, and 
chainnan of that body. He declined the lieu- 
tenant-governorship of Nova Scotia. On 4 May, 
1881, he resigned his seat on the bench, and at 
his death he left the greater part of his wealth to 
charitable and educational institutions.— Another 
son, Charles, Canadian jurist, b. in Glasgow, Scot- 
land, 80 April, 1812, studied in Dalhousie col- 
lege, Halifax, where he took honors, and entered 
the law-office of his brothers, George and Will- 
iam. In 1888 he was called to the bars of Nova 
Scotia and of Prince Edward island, and, form- 
ing a copartnership with his brothers, practised 
for several years. On 28 Nov., 1847. he was the 
first barrister in Prince Edward island to be ap- 
pointed queen's counsel. At the age of twenty- 
eight he entered the island house of assembly, and 
was soon transferred to the legislative council, 
where he sat for twenty-three years, during ten of 
which he was its president In 1851-2 and 1858-'9 
he was Attorney-general, and he was also adminis- 
trator of the government of Prince Edward island 
for four years. Like his brother William, he was 
a warm supporter of the policy of responsible gov- 
ernment, and he was the first public man in the 
island to espouse that principle. In 1852 he re- 
ceived his appointment as judge of probate, and 

Digitized by Google 



648 



YOUNG 



YOUNG 



sixteen years later he became judge in bankruptcy. 
In March, 1875, he retired from the latter post. 
As a barrister he had a very large and lucrative 
practice, hardly a case of importance occurring in 
which he was not retained. In tenantry cases he 
was almost invariably retained bv the tenants, and 
the peculiar land laws of the island found always 
in him a ready and logical interpreter. He fre- 
quently delivered public lectures, and the Mechan- 
ics' institute of Charlottetown owes to him its 
foundation. Since 1845 he has been a warm tem- 
perance advocate, and he has been a local preacher 
of the Methodist church for many years. In 1858 
the queen offered him the dignity of knighthood, 
which he declined. 

YOUNG, John, governor of New York, b. in 
Chelsea, Vt, 12 June, 1802 ; d. in New York city, 
23 April, 1852. He was taken in early life to Cone- 
sus, Livingston co., N. Y., received a common- 
school education, taught himself the classics, was 
a teacher for several years, studied law in Geneseo, 
was admitted to the bar in 1827. and attained a 
high reputation, especially as a jury lawyer. Ear- 
ly in life be engaged in politics, supporting An- 
drew Jackson in 1828, ana in the following year 
attaching himself to the anti-Masonic party, by 
which he was elected to the legislature in 1832. 
He was elected to congress as a Whig in 1830, and 
served from 4 Dec. of that year till 3 March, 1837. 
He declined a re-election for the following term, 
but was again put in nomination in 1840, and was 
elected, took his seat when congress was called to- 
gether in extra session on 31 May, 1841, and served 
till 3 March. 1813. He was elected to the legis- 
lature in 1844, became leader of the Whigs, and 
carried through the bill for a constitutional con- 
vention, with the aid of the Hunker or Radical 
Democratic vote. He was re-elected in 1845, ac- 
quired great popularity as the champion of the 
anti-renters, received the Whiff nomination for 
governor in 1846, and was elected. He condemned 
the Mexican war in his messages, and sanctioned 
resolutions of the legislature in favor of excluding 
slavery from the territory that had been acquired 
from Mexico. He supported Henry Clay's can- 
didacy in the Whig national convention of 1843. 
In July, 1849, he was appointed assistant treasurer 
of the United States in New York city. 

YOUNG, Sir John, Baron Lisgar, ffovernor-gen- 
eral of Canada, b. in the presidency of Bombay, Brit- 
ish India, 31 Aug., 
1807; d. in Ire- 
land, 6 Oct., 1876. 
His father. Sir 
William Young, 
bait., was a direc- 
tor of the East In- 
dia company. In 
his childhood the 
son left India for 
England, and he 
was graduated at 
Oxford in 1829. 
He studied law, 
and in 1834 was 
called to the bar. 
Ho f»at in the house 
of commons as a 
conservative from 
1831 till 1855, from 
1841 till 1844 was a 
lord of the treasury, and during the next two years 
secretary of the treasury. From 1852 till 1855, dur- 
ing the premiership of the Earl of Aberdeen. Sir 
John Young was sent to Ireland as chief secretary. 




In 1855 he was transferred to the Ionian islands as 
lord high commissioner. On the death of his fa- 
ther in 1848 he had succeeded to the baronetcy, and 
for his services in connection with the Ionian isl- 
ands mission he was decorated by t he queen with 
the grand cross of the order of St. Michael and St 
George. In 1860 he was sent to New South Wales 
as governor. His administration of that colony 
lasted nearly seven years, when he returned to 
England, and in 1868 received the appointment of 
governor-general of Canada, and governor and 
commander-in-chief of Prince Edward island, 
which had not then entered the union, in suc- 
cession to Viscount Monck. He arrived in No- 
vember, and was sworn as governor-general on 29 
Dec. He remained in office until June. 1872, when 
he was succeeded by the Earl of Dufferin. In 
1870 his long public services were rewarded with 
a peerage, when he took the title of Baron Lisgar, 
and in the year following he was constituted lord 
lieutenant and euatos rotulomm of the county of 
Cavan. As governor - general of Canada, Lord 
Lisgar proved a capable and dignified ruler. He 
was not a man given to much social display, but 
he was a constitutional student and a hard-work- 
ing official. He had been trained in a severe 
school, and during his career in the Dominion 
he had opportunity for the exercise of his talent 
and knowledge of public affairs. While govern- 
or he had to deal with the Red river rebellion, 
Louis Kiel's first insurrection in the northwest; 
the Washington treaty was signed, Nova Scotia 
secured ** better terms," Manitoba and British Co- 
lumbia joined in the confederation, and the terms 
for building the Canadian Pacific railway were 
agreed upon. He was in feeble health most of the 
time that he was in Canada, but he contrived to do 
his duty in an exceptionable able manner, and he 
won many friends. At the close of his term he 
retired to 'his estates in Ireland, and passed the re- 
mainder of his days quietly. The title expired 
with him, and, as he had no children, the estate 
passed to his nephew, the present baronet, Sir 
William Muston Need Young. 

YOUNG, John, Canadian member of parlia- 
ment, b. in Ayr, Scotland. 4 March, 1811 ; d. in 
Montreal, Canada. 12 April, 1878. lie emigrated 
to Canada in 1826, became a clerk in the estab- 
lishment of John Torrance at Montreal, and in 
1835 he entered into partnership with David Tor- 
rance at Quebec. During the rebellion of 1837 he 
served as a captain of volunteers. Mr. Young re- 
turned to Montreal in 1840 and joined Harrison 
Stephens in business. In 1845 he was one of the 
originators of the project for the construction of 
the railway to Portland. Me., and he also advo- 
cated the construction of a railway from Montreal 
to the west and became president of the projected 
line. About the same time he suggested and ad- 
vocated the necessity of a bridge across the St. 
Lawrence at Montreal, and advanced the funds for 
the survey, the route being adopted for the Vic- 
toria bridge. In 1851 Mr. Young was appointed 
commissioner of public works in the Hincks- 
Morin cabinet, was elected to represent the city of 
Montreal, and continued its representative till his 
health compelled him to retire in 1857. In 1851 
he resigned: the commissionerxhip of public works 
in consequence of the determination of the gov- 
ernment to charge differential tolls on American 
vessels passing through Wei land banal. He was 
an unsuccessful candidate for Montreal, west, in 
1863, was elected in 1872, and retired in 1874. 

YOUNG, John Clarke, educator, b. in Green- 
castle, Pa., 12 Aug., 1803; d. in Danville, Ky., 23 



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YOUNG 



Jane, 1857. He was the son of an eminent clergy- 
man of the Associate Reformed church, studied at 
Columbia for three years, then went to Dickinson 
college, where he was graduated in 1823, spent two 
years at Princeton seminary, and, while acting as 
a tutor in Princeton college during the next two 
years, was licensed to preach by the New York 
presbytery on 7 March, 1827. He was installed as 
pastor of a Presbyterian church in Louisville. Ky., 
in 1828, and two years later was chosen president 
of Centre college, which office he filled until his 
death, officiating also after 1834 as pastor of a 
Presbyterian church in Danville. In a contro- 
versy with the Rev. Samuel Crothers and William 
Steele he upheld the views of the Kentucky eman- 
cipationists and deprecated the aims of the Al>o- 
litionists. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Princeton in 1839, and in 1853 was moderator of 
the general assembly. His first wife was a niece 
of the Rev. Robert J. Breckinridge and his second 
a daughter of John J. Crittenden. His publica- 
tions include a "Speech before the Kentucky 
Colonization Society ' (1832), and an "Address to 
the Presbyterians of Kentucky, proposing a Plan 
for the Instruction and Emancipation of their 
Slaves," which he prepared in 1834 for the commit- 
tee of the Kentucky synod that had passed resolu- 
tions in favor of gradual emancipation. Of the 
address 100,000 copies were circulated. It elicited 
the strictures of the Ohio Abolitionists, to whom 
Dr. Young replied in a letter entitled 44 The Doc- 
trine of Immediate Emancipation Unsound/' which 
first appeared in the newspapers in 1835. 

YOUNG, John Freeman, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Pittston, Kennebecco., ^.,80 Oct., 1820; d. in New 
York city, 15 Nov., 1885. He began a scientific 
course at Wesleyan university in 1841,' but left 
that institution during freshman year. He then 
became a student in the Virginia theological semi- 
nary at Alexandria, where he was graduated in 
1845. He was at once ordained to the ministry of 
the ProtestantEpiscopal church, and preached suc- 
cessively in Florida, Texas, Mississippi, and Louisi- 
ana. In 1860-'7 he was assistant minister of Trin- 
ity church. New York. Having been elected the 
second bishop of Florida, he was consecrated, 25 
July. 1807, and held the office until the time of his 
death. He received the degree of S. T. D. from 
Columbia college in 1865. Bishop Young has pub- 
lished in pamphlet-form a series of twenty-five 
hymns in the Spanish language, with tunes, also 
44 Great Hvmns of the Church " (New York, 1887). 

Y0UN6, John Russell, journalist, b. in Dow- 
inptdn. Chester co.. Pa., 20 Nov., 1841. He re- 
ceived his education in the public schools of Phila- 
delphia and the New Orleans high-school. He en- 
tered the employment of the Philadelphia " Press " 
in 1857 as copy-boy, and was promoted to other 
duties till at the beginning of the civil war he was 
sent to Virginia as war-correspondent. He re- 
mained with the Army of the Potomac from the 
battle of Bull Run till the end of the Chickahom- 
iny campaign. In 1864 he accompanied Gen. Na- 
thaniel r. Ranks on his Red river expedition, after 
which he returned to Philadelphia to assume edi- 
torial charge of the M Press." lie resigned in 1865 
and attempted to establish a new paper in Phila- 
delphia, which he called tho " Morning Post," and 
after its failure began the publication of one in 
New York city named the " standard," with which 
he had no better success. He then connected him- 
self with the New York "Tribune," of which he 
was managing editor from 1866 till 1869. Having 
studied law for the prescribed term, he obtained 
admission to the bar in 1867. In 1871 he went to 



YOUNG 049 

Europe as a correspondent of the New York " Her- 
ald," and was engaged in collecting news in Great 
Britain and on the continent till 1877, when, as 
commissioner of the * 4 Herald," he accompanied 
ex-President Grant around the world. After his 
return to New York city in 1879 he resumed his 

Clace on the editorial staff. On 15 March, 1882, 
e was appointed U. S. minister to China. He 
filled that post until the accession of President 
Cleveland, and then returned to New York and en- 
gaged in his former occupation. He has published 
" Around the World with General Grant (2 vols.. 
New York, 1879).— His brother. James Rankin, 
journalist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 March. 1847, 
enlisted in the emergency campaign of 1863. and 
then entered the volunteer army in 1864, serving 
Until the close of the war. In 1866 he became con- 
nected with the New York "Tribune," was its 
Washington correspondent until 1871, when he be- 
came executive clerk of the U. S. senate, which 
place he has since held. He is one of the owners 
of the Philadelphia *' Evening Star." to which he 
has contributed the 44 S. M." correspondence. 

YOU NO, Jonathan, naval officer, b. in Ohio, 
27 Nov., 1825; d. in New London, Conn., 17 May, 
1885. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 19 
Oct., 1841, and served in the West Indies, where he 

farticipated in an engagement with pirates on the 
sle of Pines off the south coast of Cuba, and 
captured a slaver with 500 slaves on board. He 
cruised in the ship-of-t he-line "Columbus" around 
the world, 1845-'8, and at Yeddo, Japan, succeeded 
in forcibly delivering a letter to the Japanese gov- 
ernment He became a passed midshipman, 10 
Aug., 1847, was commissioned a master, 14 Sept.. 
185o, and a lieutenant the next day. while on a 
cruise in the steamer 44 Massachusetts," of the Pa- 
cific station. In this cruise he participated in 
engagements with Indians in Puget sound. He 
commanded the steamer 44 Western port " in the 
Paraguay expedition of 1859, and when the civil 
war began was serving in the steamer 41 Susque- 
hanna in the Mediterranean, in which he returned, 
6 June, 1861, and participated in the capture of 
the forts at Hatteras inlet. 28 Aug., 1861. and of 
Port Royal, S. C, 7 Nov., 1861. He was executive 
in the steamer 44 Powhatan " in chase of the Con- 
federate privateer " Sumter " to Brazil and Gibral- 
tar in 1861-'2, commanded the steamer "Pembi- 
na," of the Western Gulf squadron, a short time in 
1868. and was promoted to lieutenant -commander, 
16 July, 18C2. and to commander, 25 July, 1866, 
commanded the receiving - ship at Portsmouth, 
N. H., 1866-'7, and steamer 44 Mahaska," North At- 
lantic squadron, 1868-'9, served at the naval ob- 
servatory in Washington, 1869, and navy -yard, 
Portsouth, 1869-*72. He was chief of start, on the 
flag-ship 44 Lancaster," of the Brazil squadron, in 
1873, was commissioned a captain, 8 Nov., 1878, 
commanded the steamer '"Tennessee," of the Asiatic 
squadron, in 1876- f 8, and served at the navy-yard, 
Portsmouth, in 1879-81. He was promoted to com- 
modore, 19 June. 1882, and commanded the naval 
station at New London in 1882-'5. 

YOUNG. Josn6 Marie, R. C. bishop, b. in the 
part of Acton that is now called Shapleigh, Me., 29 
Oct., 1808 ; d. in Erie, Pa., 18 Sept, 1866. His 
father. Jonathan, a graduate of Harvard, was a 
Universalist in religion, and the son was educated 
in the Congregational faith by a maternal uncle, 
who was a descendant of the Rev. Samuel Moodv. 
He was apprenticed to a printer at Portland in 
1828, adopted Universalist views for a time, and 
then became a convert to Catholicism. For a year 
after his apprenticeship he edited the 44 Maine 

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YOUNG 



YOUNG 




Democrat" at Saeo. and then emigrated to the 
west, working at his trade in Kentucky and after- 
ward in Cincinnati, Ohio. His religious zeal and 
his talents attracted the notice of Bishop John B. 
Purcell, who sent him to Mount St. Mary's col- 
lege, fimmitsburg, 
to prepare for 
the ministry. He 
adopted a new 
middle name in 
the place of his 
original one of 
Moody, was or- 
dain eel priest in 
1837, and labored 
for seven years as 
a missionary in 
the west ana af- 
terward as parish 
priest at Lancas- 
ter, Ohio. When 
the diocese of Erie 
was formed in 1853 
by the division of 
' the former diocese 
of Pittsburg, he 
was nominated as the successor of Bishop Michael 
O'Connor, who was translated to the new see at his 
own suggestion. Dr. Young, however, was reluc- 
tant to take the place of the older bishop at Pitts- 
burg, but agreed to accept an appointment as bishop 
of Erie. He was consecrated 1 on 23 April, 1854. 
His administration of the diocese was distinguished 
for zeal and energy, and resulted in an increase of 
churches from 28 to more than 50. and of clergy- 
men from 14 to 51. He established academies and 
schools, orphan asylums, and an infirmary and hos- 
pital, was rigid in religious exercises, laborious in 
his episcopal visitations, assiduous in preparing 
young men for the spiritual office, and active in the 
promotion of temperance, and was an earnest 
preacher, attracting many Protestant hearers. 

YOUNG, Loral, clergyman, b. in Charlemont, 
Mass., 1 July, 1800. He was graduated at Jeffer- 
son college in 1828, and at the Western theological 
seminary, Alleghany City. Pa., in 1832, was licensed 
to preach by the Ohio presbytery on 21 July of 
that year, and installed at the same time as pastor 
of the church at Butler, Pa. He remained in this 
relation till 1868. then was pastor of the church at 
French Creek, W. Va., for eight years, and for Ave 
years had charge of one at Parkersburg, W. Va., 
after which he labored as a missionary for four 
years in Winfield, W. Va. The decree of D. D. was 
given him by Washington college in 1858. He has 
been a trustee of Washington college and of the 
Western theological seminary. Dr. Young is the 
author of 44 Interviews with Inspired Men " (Pitts- 
burg, 1857); 44 Commentary on the Book of Eccle- 
siastes" (Philadelphia, 1860); 44 Prom Dawn to 
Dusk, a Pastor's Panorama" (Claremont, N. H M 
1884); and 44 Ecce Diluvium, or Noah's Account of 
the Flood " (Washington, Pa., 1887). 

YOUNG, Pierce Manning Bntler, soldier, b. 
in Spartanburg, & C, 15 Nov., 1839. He was taken 
to Georgia when he was a year old, was educated 
at the military institute in that state, began the 
study of law, and then entered the U. S. military 
academy in 1857. Within two months of the time 
for graduation he resigned on account of the se- 
cession of the southern states, and joined the Con- 
federate army as a 2d lieutenant. He was suc- 
cessively promoted through all the grades of the 
service to that of major-general on 12 Dec., 1864, 
when he was assigned to tne command of a cavalry 



division. He resided in Cartersville, Ga.. after the 
war. and was the only Democrat who was elected 
to congress when representation was restored un- 
der the reconstruction acts, taking his seat on 25 
July, 1808. He was re-elected for the three suc- 
ceeding terms, serving till 3 March. 1875. Gen. 
Young has been a delegate to every National 
Democratic convention since 1868. In 1877 he 
was appointed one of the commissioners from the 
United States to the World's fair held in Paris. 
He was appointed consul-general to St. Petersburg, 
Russia, in 1885, but, owing to the severe climate, 
resigned a year later, and nas since resided on his 
plantation near Atlanta, Ga. 

YOUNG, Richard Montgomery, senator, b. 
in Kentucky in 1796; d. in Washington, D. C 
about 1852. He removed to Jonesboro', I1L, and 
was admitted to the bar, 28 Sept., 1817. He was a 
member of the general assembly in 1820~*2, became 
judge of the 8d judicial district of Illinois, 19 
July, 1825, and in 1828 was presidential elector on 
the Democratic ticket On 23 Jan., 1829, he was 
commissioned judge of the 5th circuit, which in- 
cluded what is now Cook county. In 1830 he was 
elected U. S. senator, and in 1839 he was appointed 
a state agent to negotiate the state internal im- 
provement bonds, and went to Europe for that 
purpose. He was commissioned associate justice 
of tne supreme court on 4 Feb., 1843, and held the 
post till he resigned, 25 Jan., 1847. In 1847 he 
was appointed commissioner of the general land 
office, and in 1850-'l he was clerk of the house of 
representatives at Washington. 

YOUNG, Thomas Jonn, clergyman, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 22 Oct, 1803 ; d. there, 11 Oct, 
1852. He was graduated at Yale in 1823, or- 
dained priest in tne Protestant Episcopal church 
in 1827, was pastor of the united parishes of St 
Luke and Prince William in 1828-'30, of St John's 
church, John's island, in 1830-'47, and assistant 
rector of St Michael's church, Charleston, from 
1847 till his death. In the diocesan convention of 
1838 he was elected a delegate to the general con- 
vention at Philadelphia, and he was re-elected till 
1850, when, owing to impaired health, he declined 
to serve any longer. In the diocesan convention 
of 1841 he was appointed one of the committee of 
three to revise tne constitution, canons, and the 
rules of order of the church, and of this committee 
he was the one selected to do the work. He was 
one of the originators of the Church home in 
Charleston, and delivered the address at its open- 
ing in 1851. In 1849 he visited Europe. He pub- 
lished sermons and addresses. 

YOUNG, Thomas Lowry, soldier, b. in Killy- 
leagh, Ireland, 14 Dec., 1832 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
20 July, 1888. He came to this country at an early 
age, served in the U. S. army during the last rear of 
the war with Mexico, and afterward taught in Cin- 
cinnati. He entered the National army at the be- 
ginning of the civil war. and was promoted colonel, 
but, having contracted disease in the Atlanta 
campaign, he was honorably discharged in Sep- 
tember, 1864, and bre vetted brigadier-general of 
volunteers, 13 March, 1865. He was graduated at 
the Cincinnati law-school, admitted to the bar in 
1865. the same year was appointed assistant city 
auditor of Cincinnati, and was elected a member 
of the state house of representatives for a term of 
two years. He was elected recorder of Hamilton 
county in 1867, appointed a supervisor of internal 
revenue in 1868, and was a delegate to the National 
Republican convention the same year. He was 
elected state senator in 1871, lieutenant-governor 
in 1875, and in 1877 became governor after Ruther- 



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YULEE 



651 



ford B. Hayes was chosen president He served in 
congress in 1878-'82, and in 1880 was appointed a 
member of the board of public affairs of Cincin- 
nati, which office he held at his death. 

YOUNG, William, journalist, b. in Deptford, 
England, in 1809; d. in Paris, France, 15 April, 
1888. His father was an admiral in the royal 
navy. He married an American lady in 1839. and 
came to this country, where, from 1848 till 1867, 
he edited in New York city "The Albion." a paper 
devoted to British news and interests. In 1808 he 
established "Every Afternoon," which was discon- 
tinued in four weeks with heavy loss. He then re- 
moved to Paris, where he afterward resided. Mr. 
Young published "Two Hundred Lyrical Poems 
of Berangcr, done into English Verse " (New York, 
1850); "Carmina Collegensia" (1808); "Mathieu 
Ropare, etc., by an Ex-Editor" (1808); and "The 
Man who Laughs." from the French of Victor 
Hugo (1809). He also wrote the letter-press for a 
collection of photographs entitled ** Lights and 
Shades of New York Picture Galleries" (1803), and 
adapted several plays from the French. 

YOUNG. William Henry Harrison Hutchin- 
son, journalist, b. in Amherst, Erie co., N. Y., 4 
May, 1819. He was educated at Fredonia acad- 
emy, N. Y„ admitted to the bar. and practise*! 
in Buffalo, but removed to the south, took part 
in the Texan revolution and the Mexican war, 
and also edited the Savannah "Georgian" and 
" Young's Spirit of the South " at Nashville, 
Tenn., and Louisville, Ky. He has also been con- 
nected editorially with several papers at the north, 
including the "Spirit of the Times." the "Demo- 
cratic Review," and the Cincinnati " Sunday De- 
spatch." He married a wealthy southern lady, 
and together they aided in establishing the " Kin- 
ney Colony" in Nicaragua, publishing there the 
44 Central American." At the opening of the civil 
war they raised and equipped at their own exi»ense 
Young's Kentucky lignt cavalry (afterward tne 3d 
Pennsylvania cavalry), which was the first cavalry 
regiment to take the field, and of which Mr. 
Young became colonel. Since the war Col. Young 
has practised law in Wa«hington, and has been in- 
terested in establishing a colony of veteran soldiers 
in Florida. He and Ins wife also founded the New 
York volunteer institute, a school in which they 
educated 900 soldiers' orphans at their own ex- 
pense. Col. Young has invented and patented an 
artificial stone. 

YSABEAU, Alphonse Paul (ee-zah-bo), French 
naval officer, b. in Dunkirk in 1811 ; d. in Fort de 
France, Martinique, in Decmber, 1848. He entered 
the navy as a midshipman in 1820, was promoted 
ensign in 1832 and lieutenant in 1837, sailed in the 
fleet that under Admiral De Mackau blockaded 
Buenos Avres in 1840-*8, and was employed in 
hvdrographic service in the river Plate. He made 
also a survey of the lower basin of the Parana. 
After a short sojourn in France he was attached 
to the station of Martinique, and died in Fort de 
France of yellow fever. He wrote 44 Rapport sur 
le bassin inferieur du Parana " (Pans, 1845) ; 
*• Journal d'un teinoin du siege de Buenos Ayres" 
(2 vols., 1840); and 44 Etudes sur les revolutions et les 
guerres civiles dans l'Ainlrique du Sud " (3 vols., 
Fort de France, 1848). 

YSAMBERT, U us tare (ee-zahm-bair), French 
naval officer, b. in Brittany in 1007; d. in Rio 
Janeiro, Brazil, 18 March, 1711. After command- 
ing a privateer in the West Indies and the Pacific 
ocean, he entered the royal navy about 1700, with 
the rank of commander. In 1710 he sailed as 
chief-of-staff of Jean Baptiste Duclerc in the lat- 



ter'? expedition to Brazil. On 0 Aug. they sighted 
Rio Janeiro, which they could have then carried 
by a speedy attack, but, Duclerc's intention being 
opposed by Ysambcrt and the council of war, they 
anchored on 17 Aug. at a point near Tcjuco nnd 
landed 900 marines. The Portuguese meanwhile 
had prepared for resistance, and when the French 
arrived at Novo Engenho dos Padres da Corn- 
pan hia, six miles from Rio Janeiro, they met a 
Portuguese division which they defeated. Failing 
to receive co-operation from the fleet, which had 
been dispersed oy a tempest, they were attacked, on 
18 Sept., by the viceroy. Francisco de Castro Moraes, 
with superior forces, but routed him and followed 
the fugitives into the city. Being received there 
by a cross-fire from fortified buildings. Ysam- 
bert with a small party barricaded himself in the 
city-hall, while Duclerc took shelter in the custom- 
house. After a heavy loss, Duclerc agreed to ca- 
pitulate on condition that his forces should be re- 
turned to France ; but Ysambert, whose position 
was stronger, was reluctant to trust the Portu- 
guese, and continued resistance till he received 
peremptory orders from Duclerc to comply with 
the terms of the capitulation. The leaders were 
well treated, but a few days luter the French fleet, 
unaware of the surrender, made an attack on the 
city. The viceroy proclaimed the capitulation vio- 
lated, and the officers were thereafter kept in close 
confinement. Duclerc and Ysambert were killed 
by the guard in an attempt to escape, or mur- 
dered, according to other historians, on 18 March, 
1711. Their death was avenged a few months 
later by Dugay-Trouin. who released the surviv- 
ing French prisoners. 

YSAMBERT, Jules Henri d\ French ad- 
ministrator, b. in Nancy. Lorraine, in 1730; d. 
there in 1705. He entered the quartermaster's de- 
partment of the French army and came to this 
country in 1780 with Count de Rochambeau, serv- 
ing afterward in Santo Domingo till 1192, when 
he was recalled to France, and afterward impris- 
oned during the reign of terror. He published 
44 Memoir© sur les operations des intendants pen- 
dant la campagne de M. le Comte de Rochambeau 
aux & tats-Unis de l'Amerique en 1780-'82," written 
in answer to charges of dishonesty and fraud 
against the quartermaster's department of Roeham- 
beau's army (Brest, 1785); "Journal d'un tfmoin 
de la guerre d'Amerique " (1780); and 44 Le dernier 
boucanier," a historical novel, containing interest- 
ing information about the West Indies and the 
life of a privateer (Nancy, 1788). 

YSOART, Sigismond (ee-zo-ar), Flemish au- 
thor, b. in Ypres in 1004; d. in Amsterdam in 
1052. He was a mariner, made voyages to South 
America and Cape Horn, and, entering the service 
of the West Indian company in 1041. was em- 
ployed for several years in Guiana, and com- 
manded the fleet that devastated the southern 
coast of Brazil in 1047. In 1049 he made a chart 
of the Caribbean sea and the coast of Guiana, and, 
being promoted in the following year a director 
of the West Indian company, settled in Amster- 
dam, where he died. He wrote a narrative of his 
expedition entitled 44 Diarum nauticuin itineris 
Bavatorum in Indias Occidentales " ( \msterdam, 
1050), and contributed to the second edition of the 
44 Histoire du commencement et des Drogres de la 
compagnie des Indes Occidentales des Provinces 
Unies des Pays Bas, con tenant les principaux voy- 
ages" (3 vols., Amsterdam, 1055-'fl). 

YULEE, David Leyy, senator, b. in the West 
Indies in 1811 ; d. in New York city, 10 Oct., 1880. 
His father, whose name was Levy, was of Hebrew 



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YUNG WING 



YVES D'fiVREUX 



extraction. The son removed with him to Vir- 
ginia when guite young, and there received the 
rudiments of a classical education. In 1824 he 
went to Florida, studied law, and engaged in plant- 
ing. He was elected a delegate to congress from 
that territory, and served from 81 March, 1841, till 
3 March, 1845, under the name of David Levy, but 
afterward changed it to David Levy Yulee, under 
which designation he was subsequently known. 
He was a delegate to the State constitutional con- 
vention, was elected a U. S. senator from Florida 
as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec., 1845, till 3 
March, 1851. and was again in the senate from 3 
Dec., 1855, till 21 Jan., 1861. when he retired to 
join the southern Confederacy. During the civil 
war he served as a member of the Confederate 
congress, and at its termination was confined as a 

Srisoner of state at Fort Pulaski until he was par- 
oned. At one time he was president of the At- 
lantic and Gulf railroad in Florida. Mr. Yulee 
was interested in the development of Femandina 
and Cedar Keys, and was one of the corporators of 
the railroad between those two places. 

YUNG WING, diplomatist, b. in Nan Pine, 
province of Kwang Tung, China, 17 Nov., 182§. 
He became a pupti of Samuel R. Brown, D. D.. 
who was then a teacher in China under the au- 
spices of the Morrison education society, and ac- 
companied Dr. Brown to the United States in 
April, 1847. He was graduated at Yale in 1854, 
and was engaged in the tea and silk business until 
1864, when he entered the service of the Chinese 
government, and was commissioned to purchase 
machinery in the United States for what is now 
the Kiang Nan arsenal. In 1870, at Tientsin, he 
submitted four propositions to the high commis- 
sioners that had been appointed to settle the affair 
of the massacre of Christians at that place. The 
first was the transportation of the tribute rice in 
steamers by sea. freight to be paid by the gov- 
ernment as subsidy to a Chinese stock company 
to create a fleet of ocean and river steamers, 
This company is now the well-known China mer- 
chant steam navigation company. Secondly, he 
proposed the education of Chinese youths abroad, 
to facilitate intercourse with foreigners, and devel- 
op the resources of the empire. The third pro- 
posal was the opening of the rivers of China, and 
the fourth to terminate the pretensions of the 
Roman Catholic church in her claim to exercise 
jurisdiction over native proselytes. The first and 
second propositions were carried out in 1872, and 
within the next two years 120 youth were sent to 
the United States in charge of commissioners, one 
of whom was Yung Wing, who was made a man- 
darin of the third rank by brevet In 1874 he 
went to Peru to investigate the affairs of the 
Chinese laborers there. In 1878 he was appointed 
assistant minister resident of China at Washing- 
ton, with privilege of wearing the button of the 
second rank by brevet. In 1881 the Chinese stu- 
dents were recalled, and the educational scheme 
was abandoned. In 1882 he returned to China, 
and was appointed expectant intendant of Kiang 
Su province ; but on account of the health of his 
wife he returned to Hartford, Conn. He was made 
a citizen of the United States on 80 Oct., 1852, and 
in 1875. married Miss Mary Kellogg, of Avon, Conn., 
who died on 29 May, 1886. 



YVER DE CHAZELLES, Jean Pierre (ee- 
vair), French navigator, b. in St. Aubin du Cor- 
mier in 1709; d. there in 1786. In 1750 he ob- 
tained the command of an expedition to search 
for the northwest passage, and. after visiting Ice- 
land, anchored in June at Vagna-f jord, on the coast 
of Greenland, where he built barracks. He under- 
took an expedition to the interior, and discovered 
a chain of nigh mountains, which were seen again 
in 1869 bv the Austrian scientific expedition of 
Karl Kolclewey. Resuming his journey, he coasted 
Greenland, prepared a valuable chart of all its in- 
lets and fjords, and anchored at Vorland island, 
81° north latitude. He was the first navigator to 
reach 81° 30' north latitude, where he was impris- 
oned by icebergs from December, 1750, till March, 
1751. and then drifted to the south, visiting Spits- 
bergen on the homeward journey. He related the 
results of his expedition in *' Voyage a la recherche 
du passage du Nord - Ouest " (4 vols., Rennes, 
1752-'3). Yver was promoted brigadier-general of 
the naval forces, and fought with credit in the 
West Indies, twice relieving Tobago, raising the 
blockade of Cape Francais in Santo Domingo, and 
defending St Vincent and Grenada. From 1764 till 
1766 he was occupied in making a chart of the 
Caribbean sea, and in 1766-'8 he visited Mexico. 
He made in 1769 an expedition to the coast of 
Patagonia and the Strait of Leroaire, and retired 
in 1772, but re-entered active service when France 
joined in the war for American independence, and 
was employed in the West Indies and the Indian 
and Pacific oceans. Yver's works include " Atlas 
de la mer des Antilles" (Rennes, 1773); "In- 
structions aux navigateurs sur le dlbouquement 
de Saint Domingue " (1774) ; " De Mexico a Aca- 
pulco dans le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne, 
avec un apercu sur l'6tat politique et la condi- 
tion sociale des Indiens " (2 vols., 1778) : and ** His- 
toire de la marine Francaise au dixseptieme siecle " 
(4 vols., 1784-;6). 

YVES D'tVREUX, Pierre (eev-day-vrO), 
French missionary, b. in Normandy about 1570 ; 
d. in Evreux about 1630. He entered the Capuchin 
order and was prior of the convent at Evreux in 
1611, when he was named one of the three mis- 
sionaries to accompany Claude d' Abbeville to 
Brazil. They anchored opposite Marajo island, at 
the mouth of the Amazon, built houses and a 
chapel on the island, and were soon on friendly 
terms with the Indians. Father Claude returned 
to France in 1612, and Yves led an expedition 
through the interior of Brazil, collecting medicinal 
plants and specimens in natural history. Early in 
1613 Razillv sailed for La Rochelle, leaving about 
twenty soldiers to guard the fort, and promised re- 
enforcements and supplies ; but they never came, 
and Father Claude freighted a schooner, which 
carried the settlers and missionaries to the West 
Indies. Yves wrote an account of his voyage to 
Brazil which was published at the end of Claude 
d 'Abbeville's narrative, " Histoire de la mission des 
P. P. Capucins, a Tile de Maragnon et terres cir- 
convoisines" (Paris, 1615), and was reprinted with 
notes and an introduction by Ferdinand Denis, 
from the only known copy, which is preserved in 
the national iibrary at Paris. It is entitled ** Voy- 
age dans le nord du Brfoil, fait pendant les annees 
1611 a 1614" (Paris, 1864). 



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ZABRISKIE, Abraham Oothout jurist, b. in 
Greenbush (now East Albany), N. Y M 10 June, 
1807; d. in Truckee. Cal., 27 June, 1878. He was 
graduated at Princeton in 1825, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1828. He practised for 
two years in Newark, and then removed to Hack- 
ensack, N. J., where he remained till 1849. He was 
reporter of the supreme court of New Jersey from 
1848 till 1856. Removing to Jersey City from 
Hackensack, he was elected to the state senate, 
and took an important part in framing the city 
charter of 1851 and in other legislation. He be- 
came chancellor of New Jersey in 1800, and died 
while he was on a journey soon after the comple- 
tion of his term. 

ZACHOS, John Celivergog (zak'-os). educator, 
b. in Constantinople, Turkey, 20 Dec. 1820. He is 
of Greek parentage, and came to this country when 
he was ten years old with Dr. Samuel G. Howe. 
He was graduated at Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1840, 
and in 1842-'5 studied at the medical school of 
Miami university, but did not take his degree. He 
was associate principal in Cooper female seminary, 
Dayton. Ohio, in 1851-4, and principal of the gram- 
mar-school of Antioch college. Yellow Springs, 
Ohio, in 1855-'7. During the civil war he served 
in the army as an assistant surgeon, and in 1865, 
having studied theology privately, he was ordained 
pastor of the Unitarian church in West Newton, 
Mass. In 1866-7 he was pastor at Meadville. Pa., 
and professor of rhetoric in the theological school 
in that place. Since 1871 he has been curator of 
the Cooper union. New York city. Dr. Zachos in- 
vented and patented in 1876 the stenotype, for print- 
ing a legible text from the English alphabet at a 
reporting speed. In this machine the types are 
fixed on eighteen shuttle-bars, two or more of 
which may be simultaneously placed in position, 
and the impression is given by a plunger common 
to all the bars. Improvements were patented in 
1883 and 1886. He edited the "Ohio Journal of 
Education " in 1852, and is the author of " New 
American Speaker " (New York, 1852) ; 14 Analyti- 
cal Elocution " (1861) ; " New System of Phonic 
Reading without changing the Orthography." a 
pamphlet (Boston, 1868): and a "Phonic Primer 
and Reader " (1864). 

ZAKRZEWSKA, Maria Elizabeth (sakr- 
zhev'-skah). physician, b. in Berlin, Prussia, 6 Sept.. 
1829. She is of Polish descent After studying 
medicine and serving as an assistant and afterward 
as a teacher in the college in which she had stud- 
ied, she came to this country in 1858, and was 
graduated at Cleveland medical college, With 
Elizabeth and Emily Black well she established the 
New York infirmary, which she superintended two 
years, as resident physician and manager. After 
her removal to Boston in 1868 she founded the 
New England hospital for women and children. 

ZALDIVAft, Rafael, Central American states- 
man, b. about 1830. He studied law, taking part 
also in politics, and when in 1876 the government of 
Andres Valle was defeated by the Guatemalan army 
under Gen. Rufino Barrios, the Salvador junta de 
notables assembled in accordance with the capitu- 
lation of 25 April, and nominated Zaldivar as pro- 
visional president, and in May he was elected con- 
stitutionally. His administration was enlightened 
and progressive ; he fostered the planting of cacoa, 
rubber-trees, and the maguey or American agave 
for the fibre industry, and founded an agricultural 



college and a model experimental farm. In 1883 
he was re-elected, in the next year made an ex- 
tended trip through the United States. England. 
France, and Spain, and on his return held an in- 
terview in September, 1884, with the presidents of 
Guatemala and Honduras regarding the proposed 
union of the five Central American republics. 
When Barrios suddenly issued, on 18 Feb., 1885, 
his famous decree proclaiming himself provisional 
chief of the restored Central American union, Zal- 
divar seemed to accept the idea enthusiastically, 
and nearly forced President Bogran, of Honduras, 
to subscribe to it, but when he saw the opposition 
in his own country and the formal protest of the 
governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, he 
opened negotiations with Mexico, and finally con- 
cluded a secret treaty with Costa Rica and Nicara- 
gua, in the mean time arming apparently to assist 
Barrios. Finally, when the latter prepared to join 
the Salvador army, Zaldivar threw aside the mask 
and on 9 March telegraphed Barrios, declaring 
against him. and advanced his army of nearly 10,- 
000 men, under Gen. Monterosa, toward the frontier. 
After the indecisive fight of Chalchualpa on 80 
March, Monterosa retreated to San Lorenzo, after 
Barrios's death the Guatemalan congress proposed 
an armistice, and on 14 April peace was concluded. 
On the 21st of that month Zaldivar proposed to 
the provisional president of Guatemala. Barillas, a 
Central American union, with a congress of dele- 
gates from the five republics to meet on 15 May at 
Santa Rosa ; but the proposal was not accepted, and 
he delivered the executive to Gen. Figueroa. and in 
May sailed for France, where he has since lived. 

ZALDIVAR MENDOZA, Vicente (thai -dee- 
var), Mexican soldier, b. in Zacatecas in 1565 ; d. 
there about 1625. He entered the military ser- 
vice, and in 1600 went with his uncle, Juan de 
Onate, as second commander of the expedition that 
was sent by the viceroy. Count de Monterey, to the 
conquest of New Mexico. Although they pene- 
trated to 87° north latitude, and established there 
a fort and mission, under the name of San Gabriel, 
affairs were mismanaged, for which some writers 
blame Onate and others Zaldivar, and the station 
was abandoned in 1604. On his return, Zaldivar 
retired from military service and settled in his na- 
tive city, where he endowed in 1616 a Jesuit col- 
lege. He wrote *• Relaci6n dirigida al Rey. Nues- 
tro Sefior, sobre la expedicion y pacificaci6n del 
Nuevo Mexico," which is preserved in manuscript 
in the archives of the Indies, and is to be published 
in the government collection. 

ZALINSKI, Edmund Louts Gray, soldier, b. 
in Kumick, Prussian Poland, 18 Dec, 1849. He 
came to the United States in 1858, attended school 
at Seneca Falls, N. Y., until 1861, and subsequent- 
ly was at the high-school in Syracuse, N. Y., until 
1868. At the age of fifteen he entered the army, 
serving at first as volunteer aide-de-camp on the 
staff of Gen. Nelson A. Miles from October, 1864, 
till February, 1865. He was commissioned 2d lieu- 
tenant in the 2d New York heavy artillery in Feb- 
ruary. 1865, having been recommended for the 
appointment by his superior officers for gallant 
and meritorious conduct at the battle of Hatcher's 
Run, Va. After being commissioned he continued 
on Gen. Miles's staff until after the surrender of 
Gen. Robert E. Lee, participating in all of the en- 
gagements up to that date. He was mustered out 
of the volunteer service in September, 1865, and 



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654 



ZAMBRANA 



ZAMORA 



recommended for an appointment in the regular 
army, where he was commissioned a 2d lieutenant 
in the 5th U. S. artillery, 23 Feb., 1866, and by regu- 
lar promotion became 1st lieutenant in January, 
1867, and captain, 9 Dec., 1887. From 1872 till 
1876 he was on duty at the Massachusetts institute 
of technology as professor of military science. He 
was graduated at the Artillery school. Fort Monroe, 
Va., 1 May, 1880, and at the school of submarine 
mining, billet's point, N. Y., in July of the same 
year. Capt Zalinski's name is widely known in 




connection with the development of the pneumatic 
dynamite torpedo-gun. (See vignette.) He has in- 
vented the electrical fuse and other devices for the 
practical application of the weapon, and has also 
devised a method for the exact sight-allowance to 
be made for deviation due to wind in the use of 
rifled artillery and small-arms. His other inven- 
tions include an intrenching-tool. a ram rod- bayo- 
net, and a telescopic sight for artillery. 

ZAMBRANA, Ram6n (thahm-brah'-nah). Cu- 
ban physician, b. in Havana in 1817: d. there in 1866. 
He studied medicine in the university of his native 
city, where he was graduated as licentiate in sur- 
gery in 1880, in 1848 as licentiate in medicine, and 
in 1846 as doctor. He filled successively in the Uni- 
versity of Havana and the San Carlos seminary 
the chairs of chemistry, natural philosophy, anato- 
my, physiology, legal medicine, and toxicology. He 
was a member of several scientific and literary bod- 
ies, one of the founders of the Academy of medicine 
and natural sciences of Havana, and, took part in 
several scientific commissions. He divided his time 
between the dut ies of his profession, his chair in the 
university, and literary and scientific pursuits. In 
1841 he founded the *' Repertorio Meaioo Habane- 
ro," the first publication of its kind in Cuba, and in 
1848 he founded the 41 Repertorio de Medicina Far- 
macia y Ciencias Naturales." He published ** Pron- 
tuario Mexico Quirurgico" (Havana, 1850); 44 Re- 
vista Mecuca de la Isla de Cuba " (1851); 44 Obras Lit- 
erarias y Cientificas" (1858); 44 Diversas Ipocas de 
la poesiaen Cuba " (1861) ; "Tratado de Historia 
Natural " (1868) ; 44 Mis Creencias " (1864) ; 44 Trabaios 
Academioos " (1865): and 44 Soliloquio " (1686). Dr. 
Zambrana left a manuscript history of philosophy, 
which has never been, published. 

ZAMNA, IZAMNX,or IZAMNAT-UL, founder 
of the empire of Mayapan. He seems to have been 
of Asiatic extraction, according to many authori- 
ties, who claim that the empires of Xibalbay and 
Mayapan owed their civilization to the Philistines, 
driven from Palestine by Joshua, who, under the 
conduct of Gucumatz. trusted to the sea, and were 
cast on the shores of Cuba, Thence they migrated 
to Yucatan and Guatemala, where they conquered 
the natives, who named them Olmecos and Xica- 
lancos. Such is the theory of Brasseur de Bour- 
bourg in his 4 * Histoire des nations civilisees du 
Mexique et du Guatemala** (Paris, 1858); of Las 



Casas in his " Historia Apolog. dc las Indias Occt- 
dentales " (manuscript) ; of Ramon de Ordofies v 
Aguilar in his 44 Historia del cielo y de la tierra* 
(manuscript): of Diego Lopez Cogolludo in his 
44 Historia de Yucatan " (Madrid, 1688), and others, 
Zamna arrived in Yucatan about the time that 
Balum-Votan reigned in Xibalbay. heading the 
emigration of a great people, according to the his- 
torians. The natives of Yucatan opposed his prog- 
ress, but were defeated, and, 44 having subdued the 
whole country in a few years, Zamna built Maya- 
pan at the foot of the Mani mountains," according 
to John L. Stephens in his 44 Incidents of Travel 
in Yucatan " (New York, 1858). He next promul- 
gated a code of laws, divided his empire into fifteen 
provinces, which he made hereditary fiefs for his 
generals and the memtors of his family, each hold- 
ing his province in fee-simple, but sustaining an 
army for the defence of the empire, and being com- 
pelled to own a palace in Mayapan and live there 
three months every year on penalty of forfeiture. 
Zamna's reign was a long and glorious one, and ho 
died at a great age. It is believed that he invented 
the phonetic signs that constituted the Maya sys- 
tem of writing. He was buried in a magnificent 
temple built for that purpose, underground, be- 
tween two rocks, which was a resort for pilgrims, 
and around which was erected a spacious city. 
This became famous under the name of IzamaL, 
the sacred city : a part of it still exists and is in- 
habited, while its magnificent ruins are the admira- 
tion of the traveller. Zamna was sumanaed in the 
aboriginal language 44 Itzen-caan." or ** Itzen- 
mayal," which means 44 The Rose of Heaven." Ber- 
nardo Lizana has written the 44 Historia de Nuestra 
Sefiora de Izamal, de la Provincia de Yucatan " 
(Valladolid, 1638). 

ZAMORA, Alonso de (thah-mo'-rah), Colombian 
historian, b. in Bogota in 1660; d. there about 
1725. He entered the Dominican order in early 
life, and, after finishing his studies in the College 
of Santo Tomas, passed several years in the south- 
eastern missions, laboring among the Indians of 
the head-waters of Meta and Guaviare rivers. On 
his return to Bogota he acquired great fame as a 
theologian and litterateur, and was appointed ex- 
aminer of the synod. In this post he made a spe- 
cialty of the study of Granadan history, and col- 
lected, numerous rare documents. In 1690 he was 
appointed historian of his order, and began to write 
his great work, which was concluded in 1606. under 
the title 44 Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada y 
de la provincia de San Antonio en la religion de 
Santo Domingo " (Barcelona, 1701). 

ZAMORA, Cristobal de, Spanish missionary, b. 
about 1500; d. in Tula, Mexico, 16 March, 1566. 
He entered the Franciscan order, and went in 1530 
to Mexico, where he was attached to the missions 
of the province of Santo Evangelio. He learned 
the Indian dialects, preached in Toltec and Aztec 
after 1585, founded several missions, built churches, 
established schools for the Indians, and founded 
the convent of Tula, for the support of which he 
obtained a grant of twelve Indian villages, and es- 
tablished a model farm for their benefit He held 
the office of prior of the convent at Tula till his 
death. He wrote in Toltec a catechism, a manual 
of prayers, and a history of Christ, which are pre- 
served in the archives at Simancas, and are consid- 
ered among the best existing monuments of the 
Toltec language, being remarkable for purity and 
elegance of style. The state publication, 44 Cartas 
de Indias " (Madrid, 1872), contains also several in- 
teresting memorials of Zamora on the condition ol 
the Indians in Mexico. 

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ZANE 



ZANE, Ebenexer, pioneer, b. in Berkeley 
county, Va., 7 Oct., 1747; d. in Wheeling. Va., in 
1811. He was of Danish descent Zane made the 
first permanent establishment on Ohio river in 
1770, on the present site of Wheeling, and built 
there a block-nonse called Fort Henry, from which 
he repelled several attacks that were made by the 
Indians during the Revolution, the last assault 
being in 1781. lie was a disbursing officer under 
Lord Dunmore, held several other civil and mili- 
tary posts, and attained the rank of colonel. He 
owned the land where the city of Zanesville now 
stands, on Muskingum river. — II is sister, Eliza- 
beth, b. in Berkeley county, Va.. about 1759; d. 
in St. Clairsville, Ohio, about 18-17, had returned 
from Philadelphia, where she had completed her 
education, to Fort llcnry a short time before its 
siege by the Indians in September, 1777. Among 
its defenders were her brothers, Ebcnczerand Silas. 
The ammunition in the fort having been exhausted. 
Ebenezer Zane remembered that there was a keg 
of powder in his house, sixty yards distant, but the 
person that should endeavor to secure it would be 
exposed to the fire of the Indians. Every man in 
the fort offered to perform the perilous service but 
at this juncture Elizabeth Zane came forward and 
asked permission to go for the powder, giving as a 
reason that her life was of less value to the garri- 
son than that of a man. She was so importunate 
that a reluctant consent was finally given. She 
went out of the gate of the fort, fearlessly passed 
the open space to her brother's house, which she 
entered, and, having secured the powder, retraced 
her steps amid a shower of Indian bullets, entering 
the fort in safety with her valuable prize. She was 
twice married, and resided at St. Clairsville, Ohio. 

ZAPATA, Juan Ortiz de (thah-pah'-tah). Mexi- 
can author, b. in Castile about 1620; d. in Chihua- 
hua about 1690. He became a Jesuit, and was at- 
tached to the missions of northern Mexico. After 
learning the Indian dialects he was vicar of the 
parish of Santa Rosa de Cusihuiriachic, where he 
labored for about thirty years. He wrote in 1678 
a valuable '* Kelaci6n de fas Misiones que la Com- 
pafiia de Jesus tiene en el Reino y la Provincia de 
la Nueva Vizcaya," which has appeared in the state 
publication, 44 Documentos para la Historia Mexi- 
cana " (6 vols.. Madrid, 1860). Zapata's work is also 
mentioned in Father Bernard of Bologne's '* Biblio- 
theca Societatis Jesus" (1715): in the " Bibliotheca 
Scriptorum Societatis Jesus" (Pisa, 1729-'45); and 
in Bancroft's 44 Native Races w (San Francisco, 1883). 

ZAPATA MENDOZA, Juan Ventura, Mexi- 
can author, lived in the 16th century. He be- 
longed to the nobility of the former republic of 
Tlaxcala, and was caciaue of the village of Ouia- 
huitzlan of that state, out in early life had been 
baptized, and submitted to Spanish rule. He was 
a man of great learning, and wrote in Aztec a 
curious chrontde relating the history of his people 
since their immigration to the plateau of Mexico, 
under the title of 44 Cr6nica de Tlaxcala en Lengua 
Mexicana. que con tiene todos los suocesos de los 
Tlaxcaltecos desde su arribo al Pais de Anahuac 
hasta el alio 1589." The original manuscript has 
not been found in the National library of Mexico, 
and may perhaps exist in the archives of the In- 
dies in Simancas. Lorenzo Boturini and Fran- 
cisco J. Clavigero have published extracts from it. 

ZAPATA Y SANDOVAL, Joan, Mexican 
R. C. bishop, b. in the city of Mexico in 1545; d. 
■* : 4n Guatemala, 9 Jan., 1630. He entered the order 
of St. Austin in 1568. was several years professor 
of philosophy and theology, and in 1602 was 
called to Spain as director of studies of the Col- 



ZARAOOZA 665 

lege of San Gabriel de Valladolid. In 1618 he was 
nominated bishop of Chiapa, where he founded 
a seminary, and in 1621 he was promoted bishop 
of Guatemala. In that city he laid the foundation 
for the Monastery of the Conception, and insti- 
tuted the literary university, and was so prodigal 
in charities that he died in debt. He wrote 44 De 
Justitia distributiva et aoceptione personarum ei 
opposita ; Diceptatio pro Novi Indiarum Orbis re- 
rum moderatoribus. summisque regalibus " (Madrid, 
1609); "Cartas al Conde de Gomera, Presidente de 
Guatemala, sobre los Indios de Chiapa"; and 
44 Cartas al Rey sobre la Visita y Estado de la Di6- 
cesis de Chiapa." The last two, in manuscript, 
were used by Father Antonio Remesal in his 44 His- 
toria de Chiapa y Guatemala" (Madrid, 1619), are 
now in the archives of the Indies in Simancas, and 
are to be published in the government collection. 

ZAPIOLA, Jos* (thah-pe-o'-lah), Chilian musi- 
cian, b. in Santiago in 1802: d. there in 1885. 
He early showed great talent for music, and was 
sent by' his parents in 1824 to Buenos Ayres to 
study harmony and composition. On his return 
in 1826 he participated in the campaign of Chiloe 
as band-master of the 7th regiment, and in 1880, 
on the arrival of the first operatic company in 
Chili, whose orchestra- leader had died, Zapiola 
was called to occupy his place, and soon acquired 
fame, so that he was called repeatedly to Lima to 
lead the orchestra of the opera there. In 1852 he 
was appointed director of the newly founded con- 
servatory of music at Santiago, where he educated 
many artists, and he may be called the creator of 
the musical art in Chili. He founded in 1858 the 
weekly 44 El Semanario Musical." was co-editor of 
the 44 lSstrella de Chile," and in 1864 was appointed 
director of the choir of the cathedral, which post 
he held till his death. His best musical composi- 
tions are 44 Domine ad adjuvandum me " (1835) ; 
a 44 Requiem " (1886) : 44 Hiinno al triunfo de Yun- 
gay " (1840); and 44 Hiinno a San Martin" (1842); 
and he wrote also a book of historical incidents and 
sketches of Chilian customs, 44 Recuerdos de treinta 
afios" (2 vols., Santiago, 1872-'6). 

ZARAGOZA, Iffnacio(thah-rah-go'-thah), Mexi- 
can soldier, b. on the Bay of Espiritu Santo, Tex., 
24 March, 1829; d. inPuebla, Mexico, 8 Sept., 
1862. His ancestors were Indians, and he received 
his primary education in Matamoros, completing 
his studies 'in the Seminary of Monterey. He de- 
voted himself for some time to commerce in that 
city, then entered the national guard, in which 
he was elected sergeant, and when Santa-Anna 
created an active militia in 1853, marched to 
Tamaulipas as captain of a company. He pro- 
nounced in favor of the Liberal party in May, 1855. 
assisted in the victory of Saltilloover Santa-Anna's 
forces, and was promoted colonel. After the fall of 
Ignacio Comonfort, Zaragoza joined the forces 
that opposed the reactionary government of Zuloaga 
and Miramon, took part in the whole campaign, 
being promoted brigadier, and during the absence 
of the general-in-chief. Gonzalez Ortega, com- 
manded the defence of Guadalajara in November, 
1860, taking a principal part in the final victory 
of Calpulalpam, 23 Dec, 1860. Under the gov- 
ernment of Juarez he was secretary of war from 
April till October, 1861, and during the French 
intervention he volunteered for active service, join- 
ing the eastern army under Gen. Uraga, of which 
soon afterward he was appointed commander, with 
rank of major-general. He first met the French 
army at Acultzingo, 28 April, 1862. and retired 
before superior forces to Puebla, where he fortified 
the hills of Guadalupe and Loreto temporarily, 

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656 



zArate 



ZARCO 



and with 5,000 raw soldiers awaited the attack of 
the disciplined French army under Gen. Lau- 
rencez. On 5 May the French commander, despis- 
ing the small and' badly equipped Mexican force, 
tried to carry the hills by storm, but was thrice 
repelled, and with a shattered army retired to 
Orizava. Zaragoza afterward marched against 
Orizava, in combination with Gonzalez Ortega, 
but the surprise of the latter's division at Cerro 
del Borrego forced him to retire to Puebla, where 
he was preparing his army for defence against 
French re-enforcements, when he died of typhus 
fever. The anniversary of his defence of Puebla 
is celebrated as a national holiday ; his name was 
inscribed in gold letters in the chamber of congress, 
and the full pay of his grade was voted to his 
family, while the city thnt he defended bears offi- 
cially the name of Puebla de Zaragoza. 

Z ABATE, Agostln de (thah'-rah-tay), Spanish 
historian, b. in Andalusia alx>ut 1493 ; d. in Madrid 
about 1400. He was appointed in 1528 secretary 
of the council of Castile and comptroller of the 
province, and in 1543 was promoted treasurer- 
general of the Indies and Tierra flnne, and sent to 
Peru to examine the accounts of the viceroyalty, 
and to endeavor to restore the revenues of Spain, 
which had greatly fallen off since the rebellion of 
the younger Almagro. Sailing from San Lucar, 
3 Nov., 1543, with the newlv appointed viceroy. 
Blasco Nuffez de Vela, he took an important part 
in the civil war that raged in Peru, and after 
Nunez's deposition was despatched by the au- 
diencia with Antonio de Rivera on an embassy 
to Gonzalo Pizarro, who was marching against 
Lima. Zarate urged the latter to dismiss his 
troops, and before Pizarro's council pleaded for 
the safety of Lima, which most of the officers were 
talking openly of pillaging. He was sent back 
to the audiencia with Pizarro's propositions, and 
throughout the difficult negotiations that followed 
displayed remarkable ability and acuteness. He 
employed the remainder of his sojourn in Peru in 
collecting documents about the history of the con- 
quest and civil war. but met with difficulties, as 
some of Pizarro's lieutenants had an interest in 
the suppression of all such papers. On his return 
to Europe he became treasurer of the government 
of the low countries at Brussels, which office he 
filled till shortly before his death. He wrote " His- 
toria del Descubrimiento y Conqnista del Peru " 
(Antwerp, 1555; Seville, 1577), which was trans- 
lated into French (2 vols., Paris and Amsterdam, 
1700), and into Italian (2 vols., Verona, 1698), etc. 
It extends from the discovery of Peru till the 
government of Pedro de la Gasca. 

ZARATE, Ger6nirao, Mexican historian, lived 
in the 17th century. He entered the Franciscan 
order in the city of Mexico, and accompanied as 
chaplain the various expeditions to New Mexico 
that were sent by the viceroys Luis de Velasco 
and Count de Monterey. He wrote u Relacion de 
un Viaie al Nuevo Mexico," dated 1617; "Rela- 
ci6n de las Expediciones al Nuevo Mexico, remitida 
al General del Orden de San Francisco en 1624": 
and *' Relacion de todas las cosas que se han visto 
y sabido en el Nuevo Mexico, asi por mar como 
por tierra, desde el afio 1538 hasta 1626" (13 small 
volumes). The manuscripts of all these works 
were in the Franciscan archives in Mexico, but 
have been transferred to the National library. The 
last-mentioned is specially noteworthy, as it gives 
an account of all the expeditions that had Deen 
sent to the north before the author's time. 

ZARATE, Miguel, Spanish educator, b. in the 
province of Alava in the beginning of the 16th 



century; d. in Puebla, Mexico, in 1583. He en- 
tered the Franciscan order in his native province, 
and about 1525 went to Mexico, where he was pro- 
fessor of philosophy and theology in the College of 
Santa Cruz de Tlaltelolco. In a short time he be- 
came so proficient in Aztec that he was appointed 
professor of that language, and taught many 
scholars, among whom was the famous Father 
Juan Bautista. He was also an efficient mission- 
ary, greatly beloved by the natives, and became 
superior of the convent of Puebla, in which post 
he died, leaving many interesting manuscripts, 
which were first preserved in the archives of the 
College of San Buenaventura, but are now in the 
National library in the city of Mexico. They in- 
clude *• Noticias interesantes a la Historia civil y 
ecclesisastica de Mexico" and "Opuscules doctn- 
nales y morales en Lengua Mexicana." Agustin 
Betancourt and Leon Pinclo mention them and 
give frequent extracts from his history. 

ZARATE, Pedro Ortiz de, Spanish judge, b. 
in Segovia about 1490; d. in Lima, Peru, in 1545. 
He was grand provost of Segovia, when he was 
appointed, in 1543, one of the four auditors to 
found the audiencia of Lima, and accompanied 
the new viceroy, Blasco Nunez de Vela, but soon 
came in collision with the latter, who solicited Za- 
ratc's recall on the ground that he was a poor 
Latin scholar. When Nunez gave orders to seize 
and carry on board a man-of-war the nephews of 
Gonzalo Pizarro, Zarate opposed the measure, urg- 
ing that the people disapproved it, as they feared 
Pizarro's resentment Nevertheless, when Nunez 
was imprisoned by the audiencia, 18 Sept, 1543, 
Zarate refused to take part in the proceedings, but 
remained in Lima, and at the entry of Pizarro, 21 
Oct, by his influence saved the city from pillage, 
signing the commission of governor for Fizarro 
under the protest that he yielded only to force and 
to the wish to prevent bloodshed. He continued 
in office after the audiencia was reorganized to the 
great displeasure of Gonzalo, and checked many 
abuses. It is said that he was poisoned by some 
powders that were sent to him by Pizarro, and, 
though this fact is disputed, it is conceded that 
the latter showed unmistakable signs of relief 
when he heard of Zarate's death. 

ZARCO, Francisco (thar'-co), Mexican journal- 
ist, b. in Dtirango, 4 Dec., 1829 ; d. in the city of 
Mexico. 29 Dec., 1869. He studied in his native 
city, and after the occupation of the capita) by the 
American forces, 10 Sept., 1847, Luis de la Rosa, 
the general minis- 
ter of the Mexi- 
can government in 
Queretaro, appoint- 
ed him chief clerk. 
On the evacuation 
of the capital by the 
American forces, 
Zarco became a 
member of the staff 
of the paper M E1 
Siglo XIX," and 
shortly afterward 
he took the direc- 
tion of the weekly 
" La Ilustraci6n,'' 
in which he pub- 
lished a series of 
notable articles on 
customs, literature, history, and, criticism under 
the pen-name of ** Fortun." From 1849 till 1853 
he was editor-in-chief of ** El Siglo XI X." He also 
edited a satirical paper, " La Cosquilla," which at- 




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ZARCO 



ZEILIN 



657 



tacked the Administration, and contributed to the 
fall of the government of Gen. Arista. He was 
elected a member of congress in 1855, and in the 
session of 1856 defended the reform laws with en- 
thusiasm. On the accession of Zuloaga he was 
persecuted by the government, and for more than 
two years remained concealed, but published »• El 
Iioletin Clandestino " and " Los asesinatos de Ta- 
cubaya," which were distributed broadcast. Being 
discovered by the police, 13 May, I860, he was im- 
prisoned till the fall of the reactionary govern- 
ment. 25 Dec., 1860. Juarez, on his return to the 
capital, appointed him secretary of state and presi- 
dent of the council. But when congress assem- 
bled and the votes of five states, electing him to 
that body, were declared illegal, he resigned, and 
returned to the direction of El Siglo XIX." On 
the departure of the republican government from 
Mexico, he followed Juarez, publishing " La Inde- 
pendencia Mexicaua " in San Luis Potosi, and " La 
Accion " in Saltillo. He then went to the United 
States. After the return of the republican govern- 
ment he was elected to congress for the Federal 
district. He died poor, notwithstanding he had 
been financial agent of the government without 
restriction during the residence of Juarez in Vera 
Cruz. Congress voted a pension to his family, 
and inscribed his name in the legislative hall. 

ZARCO, Ginlio, Italian missionary, b. in Na- 
ples in 1490: d. in Jalisco, Mexico, in 1540. He 
was educated in Spain, entered the Franciscan 
order, and was among the twelve friars that came 
to Mexico in 1524 with Martin de Valencia. He 
learned the Indian languages, and in 1525 was 
sent to the province of Michoacan with another 
missionary and the king Catzonzi, whom he had 
just baptized, and labored there with success, es- 
tablishing schools for the Indians, and building 
chapels, churches, hospitals, and a college for the 
new converts. He became afterward provincial of 
Jalisco, and met with remarkable success. Zarco 
was very proficient in Indian dialects, and wrote 
numerous hymns and prayers in Aztec. He also 
translated several passages of scripture and com- 
posed in Tarasco " Doctrina Crist uina," which is 
preserved in manuscript in the Vatican library at 
Rome, and mentioned with praise by several au- 
thors. He wrote also " Arte de la lengua Tarasca," 
which is cited by Ramusio and Tcrnaux Compans. 
The manuscript is lost, but an abridged copy of it 
is in the National library of Paris. 

ZAVALA, Lorenzo de (thah-vah'-lah), Mexican 
statesman, b. in Merida, Yucatan, 8 Oct, 1788; d. 
in Harrisburg, Tex., 16 Nov., 1886. He studied in 
the Seminary of San Ildefonso, in his native city. 
In -1812 he participated in the revolutionary move- 
ment of Yucatan, supporting the junta de San 
Juan, and founding the first newspaper in the 
peninsula that defended Liberal principles. In 
May, 1814, he was arrested and sent to the castle 
of San Juan de Ulua, where he remained a prisoner 
for three years, employing his time in studying 
medicine and English. In 1820 he was sent as 
deputy for Yucatan to the Spanish cortes. He 
returned to Mexico in 1822, was elected to the 1st 
congress, and soon became a leader. After the fall 
of the empire under Itnrbide he was the chief de- 
fender of the Federal cause in the "Aguila Mexi- 
cana " and in congress, and as president of that 
body signed the Federal constitution, 4 Oct., 1824. 
In 1825 he was elected senator for Yucatan in the 
1st Constitutional congress, joining the Federal 
party, and in 1827 he became governor of the state 
of Mexico. After the accession of Gen. Vicente 
Guerrero, he was called in 1820 to the portfolio of 
yol. vi. — 42 



the treasury. When Guerrero's government whs 
overthrown by Bustamante, Zavala travelled in the 
United States and Europe. In 1832, after the fall 
of Bustamante, he returned and was reinstated as 
governor of the state of Mexico, and toward the 
end of 1888 he was sent as minister to France, but, 
on the deposition of Vice-President Gomez Farias, 
he resigned and went to Texas, where he had ex- 
tensive property. When the province rose against 
Mexico, in consequence of the prohibition against 
selling land to American citizens, Zavala joined the 
insurgents, who proclaimed the re-establishment of 
the Federal constitution of 1824, and was sent as 
deputy for Harrisburg to the convention of Austin, 
which on 7 Nov., 1885. declared war. He was also 
a member of the deputation that was sent to Wash- 
ington which declared the independence of Texas, 
2 March, 1886. He was the author of u Ensayo 
historico de las Revoluciones de Mexico, desde 1808 
hasta 1880" (2 vols., Paris, 1831) and " Viaje a los 
Estados Unidos de Norte America" (1884). 

ZEA, Francisco Antonio (thay-ah), Colombian 
statesman, b. in Medellin, 21 Oct., 1770; d. in 
Bath, England. 22 Nov., 1822. He acquired his 
primary education in the Seminary of Popayan, 
and in 1786 entered the College of ban Bartolome 
of Bogota. There he wrote for the •* Papel Peri- 
odic©" his "Hebephilo," inviting young men to 
the study of nature, and in 1789, when Jose Celcs- 
tino, sage Mutis, retired from the academy known 
as the Expedicion botanica, Zea was appointed his 
successor. In 1704, with Antonio Nanfio, he was 
implicated in the circulation of the " Droits de 
Phomme," sent to Spain, and for two years kept 
prisoner in the fortress of Cadiz. Although ab- 
solved in 1709, he was sent to France on a scien- 
tific mission, as the government desired to keep 
him away from New Granada. On his return, 
in 1808, he was still prohibited from returning 
to his country, and was appointed director of 
the botanical cabinet of Madrid. He was elected 
member of several Spanish scientific societies, and 
was editor of the "Mcrctirio de Espafia" and 
44 Semanario de Agricultural In 1808 ne espoused 
the French cause, was appointed chief clerk of the 
secretary of the interior, and afterward prefect of 
Malaga. After the retreat of the French from 
Spain he went to England and by way of Jamaica 
joined Bolivar in Hayti in 1815. He accompanied 
the liberator in his expedition to Venezuela in 
March, 1816, and was appointed general intendant 
of the army. He was cnosen by Bolivar in 1817 a 
member of the council of state in Angostura, 
founded with Dr. Koscio the " Correo de Orinoco," 
and in 1819. when the congress of Angostura met, 
he was elected its president. During the absence 
of Bolivar on his expedition to New Granada, Zea 
was in charge of the executive as vice-president till 
he resigned, 14 Sept., 1819, in consequence of the 
intrigues of Gen. Arismcndi. After the proclama- 
tion of Colombia as a republic, Bolivar was elected 
president and Zea vice-president. In 1820 he went 
as minister to England and France ; but his finan- 
cial negot iations were unfortunate. lie was the au- 
thor of " Las Quinas de Nueva Granada" (Madrid, 
1805): "Descnpcion del Salto de Tequcndama " 
(1806); and "Historiade Colombia" (Paris, 1821). 

ZEILIN, Jacob, officer of marines, b. in Phila- 
delphia. Pa., 16 July, 1806; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 18 Nov., 1880. He entered the marine corjw 
and was commissioned a 2d lieutenant, 1 Oct., 1831, 
promoted to 1st lieutenant, 12 Sept.. 1836, and 
cruised in the "Columbus" and "Congress" in 
1845-*8 during the Mexican war. He participated 
in the operations on the Pacific coast and in de- 
Digitized by Google 



658 



ZEIS BERG ER 



ZENDEJAS 




fence of Monterey, 15 July, 1846, was transferred 
to command the marines in the frigate " Congress," 
and took part with Com. Robert F. Stockton in 
the conquest of California. He was brevetted ma- 
jor for gallantry in the action at crossing San Ga- 
briel river, 9 Jan., 
1847, and took 
part in the cap- 
ture of Los An- 
geles and in the 
battle of La Me- 
sa. He was mili- 
tary commandant 
at San Diego in 
1847, and par- 
ticipated in the 
capture of Guay- 
mas in Septem- 
ber. 1847, and in 
the action at San 
Jose, 30 Sept., 
1847. During Oc- 
tober, 1847, and 
till the end of the 
war, he was at 
Mazatlan, where 
he took part in frequent skirmishes with the Mexi- 
cans, who had been obliged to evacuate the city. 
He was commissioned captain. 14 Sept., 1847, and 
served at New York in 1849, and in Norfolk, Va., in 
1 849-'52. He was fleet marine-officer in the flag-ship 
" Mississippi," in Com. Matthew C. Perry's expedi- 
tion to Japan in 1852-'4, and commanded the bat- 
talion of marines at the landing on 14 July, 1853. 
He was stationed at Norfolk in 1854-'7. and at 
Washington in 1857, and there commanded the 
first company of marines which quelled the riot of 
Baltimore roughs. 1 June, 1857. When the civil 
war liegan he took command of the right company 
in the marine battalion in co-operation with the 
army in 1801, participated in the battle of Bull 
Run on 21 July, and was slightly wounded. He 
was commissioned major in the marine corps, 20 
July, 1801, was commandant at New York barracks 
in 1802-'3, and in August, 1803, had command of 
the marine battalion that sailed from New York 
and landed on Morris island, Charleston harbor, to 
participate in the operations of the South Atlantic 
blockading squadron under Admiral Dahlgren. 
In March, 1804, he returned to the north and took 
command of the marine barracks at Portsmouth, 
N. H. He was appointed colonel commandant of 
the marine corps, 10 June, 1804, and assumed con- 
trol' at headquarters at Washington, D. C. He 
was commissioned brigadier-general commandant, 
2 March, 1807. Gen. Zeilin was retired on account 
of age and Ion? and faithful service, 1 Nov., 1870. 

ZEISBERGER, David, missionary, b. in Zauch- 
tenthal, Moravia, 11 April, 1721; d. in Goshen, 
Ohio, 17 Nov., 1808. In 1740 he emigrated to 
Georgia, where his church was organizing a mis- 
sion among the Creeks. Thence he was sent to 
Pennsylvania, where he assisted in the building of 
Nazareth and Bethlehem. Preparatory to enter- 
ing the mission service in 1743, he became a stu- 
dent in the Indian school at Bethlehem, where 
he was instructed in the Delaware and Onon- 
daga languages. Later, he continued the study 
of the latter at the capital of the Five Nations. 
In addition to these languages he was conversant 
with Mohican, Monsey- Delaware, and Chippewa. 
From 1745 till 1750 he was employed at Shamo- 
kin and Onondaga, and in the latter year he vis- 
ited Europe in behalf of the mission. In 1752 
he returned to Onondaga, but was compelled to 



retire to Bethlehem at the opening of the French 
and Indian war. Between 1755 and 1782 he vis- 
ited North Carolina and the New England prov- 
inces, labored among the Indians of Connecticut, 
and also acted as interpreter for Pennsylvania 
in their treatv with Teedvuscung and his allies. 
During the Pontiac war ho took charge of the 
Moravian Indians, and after the peace accom- 
panied them to Wyalusing, Bradford co.. Pa. In 
1707 he established a mission among the Monsey- 
Delawares on Alleghany river, and three years 
later he began Friedenstadt, on the Beaver. His 
first visit to Ohio was made in 1771, and a year 
later he organized the mission on the Muskingum, 
where he was joined by the converts from Pennsyl- 
vania. Early in the Revolution the Delaware* 
were accused of favoring the American side, and 
the converts were forced to leave their towns and 
come within the British lines. After being moved 
from place to place they were finally settled on 
Thames river in Canada. In 1798, Zeisberger, 
with a few converts, left Canada and founded 
Goshen, Ohio, where be passed the remaining ten 
years of his life. He published a u Delaware and 
English Spelling- Book " (Philadelphia, 1776): "A 
Collection of Hymns for the Christian Indians'* 
(1803) ; and " Sermons for Children " (1808). Of his 
voluminous manuscripts there has been published 
" Dictionary in German and Delaware " (Cambridge, 
1887), and " Essay toward an Onondaga Grammar " 
(Philadelphia, 1888). The most important unpub- 
lished manuscripts are "German and Onondaga 
Lexicon "(7 vols.), two Delaware Indian grammars, 
and collections of hvmns and sermons. See " Life 
and Times of David Zeisberger," by Bishop Edmund 
de Schweinitz (Philadelphia, 1870), and " Diarv of 
David Zeisberger, 1781-98" (Cincinnati, 1888).* 

ZELL, Bernhard (thell), Flemish explorer, h. 
in Luxemburg in 1715 ; d. there in 1779. He was 
apprenticed at Bremen, and lived in New Orleans 
from 1740 till 1759, where he founded a German 
mercantile house, and, having acquired a for- 
tune, he visited Florida. After the cession of 
Louisiana to Spain he obtained permission to 
travel through Mexico, and made an explora- 
tion of California and Texas among difficulties 
of all kinds. In studying the geology of Califor- 
nia he came to the conclusion that the country 
possessed gold-mines, and addressed a memoir to 
the Marquis de Croix, viceroy of Mexico ; but little 
attention was paid to it, as explorations sent in 
former centuries to search for gold in California 
had utterly failed. The viceroy gave him permis- 
sion to organize an expedition ; but, as he refused 
further support, Zell returned in 1770 to his native 
city, where ne died. He wrote ** Reiscn im Innern 
von Neil Spanien nnd Californien," containing an 
analysis of the soil of several districts of Mexico 
and California, from which the author concluded 
that California is a mining country (2 vols.. Lux- 
emburg, 1771-'2), and " Land und Leute der Span- 
isch-Amerikanischen Colon ien" (2 vols., 1778). 

ZENDEJAS, Mirnel Geronlnio (thaynday' 
has), Mexican artist, b. in Puebla in 1724 ; u. there 
in 1810. He came of a poor family, and probably 
would have died in obscurity and ignorance not- 
withstanding his natural talent for drawing ; but 
Bishop Antonio J. Perez, at that time secretary of 
Bishop Bi en pica, saw a rough painting by Zehde- 
jas, and, discovering an extraordinary gift in the 
poor artist, caused him to receive lessons by well- 
known masters, He was then too old to acquire 
the rudimentary principles of drawing, and al- 
ways adhered to* his former custom of not making 
any outline sketch of his figures, but, unrolling the 



Digitized by Google 



ZENDER 



ZENO 



659 



^loth gradually, began his paintings from the top 
md finished every detail thoroughly before he 
painted the lower parts. Therefore some of his 
outlines are defective; but his genius gave him 
such facility of composition and such rich, soft 
coloring to his works, that his numerous paintings 
»re esteemed highly among the artistic gems of 
Mexico. They are preserved for the greater part 
in his native city, which he never left. His best 
wrork is a " Calvary " in the cathedral of Puebla. 

ZENDER, Joachim Denis Laurent, physi- 
cian, b. in Paris, 22 Nov.. 1805. He received his 
education in the College Louis-le-Grand, studied 
theology in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, and in 
1827 joining the order of the Foreign missions, 
uame to this country as a missionary in 1828. Af- 
ter teaching humanities in several Roman Catholic 
colleges in Missouri and Maryland, he left the 
church in 1832, studied medicine in New York, 
Detained his diploma in 1842, and in 1844 was or- 
Jained in the latter city as a Protestant minister 
Df the Congregational church, and gathered a 
small French congregation. Later he devoted him- 
self to scientific works, and also travelled through 
the country, conducting revivals. He published 
'• Anthroponomv, or Magneto - Physiognomico 
2raniology : A ftew System on the Magnetic Con- 
stitution of Man" (Philadelphia, 1843; revised 
id., New York, 1850); "Abecddaire Francais-An- 
jlais illustre\ suivi d'un vocabulaire pittoresque" 
1853); and 44 Guide des Etats-Unis, pour les chemins 
le fer, la navigation, les lois et les constitutions de 
'Ainerique du Nord" (1858). From 1848 till 
1868 Mr. Zender edited yearly the 44 Almanach et 
Directoire des Francais aux Etats-Unis," a French 
business directory for the United States, and he 
Uso published at intervals between 1845 and 1805 
several large phrenological charts in Spanish, Eng- 
lish, and French. 

ZENEA, J nan Clemente (t hay-nay '-ah), Cuban 
luthor, b. in Bayamo in 1834 ; d. in Havana, 25 
Aug., 1871. When he was very younjj he went to 
Havana, where he received his education, and then 
levoted himself to teaching and literary pursuits. 
El is liberal ideas forced him to emigrate several 
imes, fixing his residence alternately in the United 
States and Mexico, with short sojourns at Havana, 
(n 1801 he founded the 44 Rev ista Habanera," which 
.vas suppressed by the government after two years 
if existence. When the Cuban insurrection began 
n 1808 he went to New York, where he published 
i newspaper in aid of the Cuban patriots. In 1870 
ie was sent to Cuba by the revolutionary committee 
)f New York on a special mission to President 
Jespedes. When he was attempting to leave the 
sland, after fulfilling his mission, he was made a 
Drisoner by the Spanish forces, confined several 
nonths in Fort Cabanas, of Havana, and finally 
jourt-martialed and shot. Zenea enjoys a wide 
•eputation as a lyrical poet in all Spanish-speaking 
countries, and his poems have been frequently re- 
jrinted. He published "Cantos de la Tarde" 
Havana, 1860); "Lejos de la patria," a novel 
1801) : 44 En dias de esclavitud " (New York, 1870) : 
md 44 Diario de un Martir," written in his prison. 
\ complete edition of Zenea's poems was published 
n New York (1872). 

ZENGER, John Peter, printer, b. in Germany 
ibout 1080; d. in New York city in 1746. He 
same to this country about 1700, and was an ap- 
prentice in the printing-office of William Bradford 
:he elder. On 5 Nov., 1733. he began the publica- 
tion of the "New York Weekly Journal.' This 
paper was the organ of the party that was opposed 
jo the governor of the province, and was power- 



fully supported by Chief - Justice Lewis Morris, 
Rip Van Dam. and James Alexander. It abounded 
in lampoons and pasquinades that attracted wide 
attention, and attacked the government with se- 
verity, contributing greatly toward loosening the 
bonds between England and the colonies. On 17 
Nov., 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned by 
virtue of a warrant from Gov. William Cosby and 
the council for 44 printing and publishing several 
seditious libels." The house of assembly refused 
to concur with the governor, and he ordered the 
mayor to burn the papers containing the alleged 
libels by aid of the hangman. The order was 
obeyed, but by the sheriffs servant, not the hang- 
man, and the jury failing to find an indictment 
against Zenger, the attorney-general was directed 
to file an information against him for the said 
libels at the next term of the court. His political 
friends employed Andrew Hamilton, of Philadel- 
phia, to plead his cause, which proved at the some 
time to be the question of the liberty of the press 
in America, and all the central colonies regarded 
the controversy as their own. ' (See Hamilton, 
Andrew.) At the trial the publishing was con- 
fessed, but Hamilton justified the publication by 
asserting its truth. "You cannot be permitted,*' 
interrupted the chief justice, " to give the truth of 
a libel in evidence," " Then," said Hamilton to 
the jury. " we appeal to you for witnesses of the 
facts. The jury nave a right to determine both 
the law and the fact, and they ought to do so. 
The question before you is not the cause of a poor 
printer, nor of New York alone; it is the cause 
of liberty . . . the liberty of opposing arbitrary 
power by speaking and writing truth. The jury 
gave their verdict 44 not guilty," and Zenger, re- 
leased from his imprisonment of thirty-five weeks, 
was received with tumultuous applause by a con- 
course of people who had assembled to learn the 
result. Tnis event has been termed "the morn- 
ing-star of that liberty which subsequently revo- 
lutionized America." After his death 2enger's 
widow and his son John conducted the ^Journal" 
until 1752. A narrative of the trial was published 
with that of William Owen (Boston, 1705). 

ZENO, Nlcolo, Venetian navigator, Ix in Ven- 
ice about 1340; d. in Newfoundland about 1301. 
He was a member of a patrician family in Venice, 
and about 1375 went at his own expense on a voy- 
age to the northern seas, but was wrecked on what 
he describes as the island of Frislanda (probably 
in the Faroe group), and rescued by Zichmin, 
the chief of a neighboring island, into who.«e 
service he entered. He remained with Zichmin 
for some time, assisted in the conquest of Fris- 
landa, and invited his brother Antonio to join 
him. They visited Greenland (which they named 
Engronelanda) and Newfoundland, and in company 
with fishermen navigated along the coast of North 
America as far, it is claimed, as Virginia. Nicolo 
died four years after Antonio's arrival, often send- 
ing to a third brother. Carlo, grand-admiral of Ven- 
ice, accounts of his discoveries. Antonio remained 
ten years more in the service of Zichmin, and then 
returned to Venice, where he died about 1405 
Zeno wrote an account of his voyages, which he 
showed to several persons, but his papers were 
partly burned by Antonio's young irrandson, Cate- 
rino (b. in Venice in 1515). The latter, realizing 
afterward the value of his grand-uncle's papers, 
was able, with a few letters that had been sent 
from Frislanda to Carlo, to compile from them 
a narrative, which he published under the title 
44 Scoprimento deltas isolas Frislanda, Eslanda, 
Engronelanda, Estotilanda, et Icaria " (Venice, 



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660 



ZfiNON DK ROUVROY 



ZfiPHIRIN 



1558, with a map of North America dated 1300). 
The authenticity of the two brothers' discoveries 
was attacked during the following centuries, and 
even their existence was doubted, but later re- 
searches have proved that Marco Barbara, in his 
" Discendenze Patrizie" (Venice, 1526), knew of the 
existence of Zeno's letters, narrative, and map thirty 
years before t heir publication. The Hakluyt society 
published an English translation, with an introduc- 
tion and notes, entitled 4i The Voyages of the Ve- 
netian Brothers, Nicolo and Antonio Zeno, to the 
Northern Seas in the 14th Century, comprising the 
latest known Accounts of the Lost Colony of Green- 
land, and of the Northmen in America, before Co- 
lumbus," translated by Richard Henry Major (Lon- 
don, 1873). Zeno's map of Greenland, Newfoundland, 
and the northern coast of America is remarkably 
accurate, and his narrative demonstrates also the 
existence, more than a century before the time of 
Columbus, of the remains of the Scandinavian 
colonies that are mentioned by Adam of Bremen 
in the 11th century, and by Odericus Vitalis in 
the 12th century, and whose history was recently 
written by Karl C. Rafn. See also Placido Zurla's 
" Dissertazione intorno ai viaggi e scoperte setten- 
trionali di Nicolo ed Antonio, fratelli Zeni," which 
includes a copy of the original text and also a 
chart (Venice. 1808). 

ZENON DE ROUVROY, Charles Albert (zav- 
nong), French author, b. in Dreux in 1698; d. in 
Paris in 1759. He was a member of the Academy 
of Caen, and frequented the literarv salons of the 
time, among them that of Madame Doublet de Per- 
sau, of whom he was secretary for several years. 
He obtained later an ofllco in the navy and colo- 
nial department, and wrote the instructions for 
the colonial governors. His books include "Let- 
tre sur les colonies Franchises de l'Amerique," an 
anonymous work, which was widely read and 
caused much discussion, as the author predicted 
the capture of the colonies by the English (Amster- 
dam, 1732) ; 44 Mdmoire sur la "politique des Jesuites 
dans les pays de l'Ame'riaue " (1735) ; " Histoire do 
la compagnie des Indes (2 vols, 1738) ; and u Me^ 
moire nistorique sur la Louisiane et la compagnie 
du Mississippi " (1743). The last is a very cunous 
work, which contains interesting information 
about the operations of John Law and the policy 
of the Mississippi company. The latter caused all 
available copies of the work to be destroyed, and it 
is now extremely rare. Z6non also wrote " Discus- 
sion succinte sur les operations de la compagnie 
des Indes Occidentales (1751). 

ZENTENO, Carlos de TapU fthayn-tay'-no), 
Mexican author, b. in the city of Mexico in 1698: 
d. there about 1770. He studied in Trinity semi- 
nary of his native city, where he was graduated in 
theology and canonical law. After receiving holy 
orders he was appointed to the parish of Tampa- 
molon, and later was made ecclesiastical judge of 
the district, but gave his leisure time to the study 
of the Aztec and Huastec dialects, in which he be- 
came proficient. Resigning his parish, he settled 
in Mexico, where ho became secretary of the Col- 
lege of San Pedro and, by competitive examina- 
tion, professor of Aztec m the ' university. He 
wrote "Arte Novisimo de la Lengua Mexican a" 
(Mexico, 1753) ; " Noticia de la Lengua Huasteca " 
(1767); " Apologia de la Provincia de la Huasteca, 
desacreditaaa por su intemperie " ; and dictionaries 
and catechisms in Aztec and Huastec, the manu- 
scripts of which are preserved in the National 
library of Mexico. Hubert H. Bancroft, in his 

Native Races" (San Francisco, 1883), often re- 
fers to Zenteno's works. 




ZENTENO, Jos* Ignacio, Chilian soldier, b. 
in Santiago in 1785; d. there in 1847. Having 
taken part in the movement for independence, 
he was forced in 1814, after the defeat of Ruu- 
cagua, to emigrate 
to Mendoza, to- 
gether with other 
patriots, where, 
soon after his ar- 
rival, he was ap- 
pointed secretary 
of the treasury of 
that province. He 
formed part of the 
liberating army, 
and when Gen. 
Bernardo O'Hig- 
gins was elected 
supreme director, 
he appointed Zen- 
teno minister of 
war, in which post 
he distinguished 
himself by his ac- 
tivity, lie made 
the campaigns of 1817 and 1818, taking part in the 
battles of Cancha Rayada and Maypu. After the 
latter engagement the government intrusted him 
with the formation of a naval force, and he laid 
the foundation of the navy which, under Admiral 
Cochrane, obtained such glorious results. In 1821, 
after retiring from the ministry of war, he was 
appointed political and military governor of Valpa- 
raiso, and in 1822 was promoted brigadier. In 1&31 
he was appointed inspector-general of the army, and 
from 1833 till 1846 he filled several important offices 
in the war department. He was also a member of 
the supreme council of war, the Society of agricul- 
ture, and the University of Chili, and was several 
times elected to congress, serving as vice-president 
of the chamber of deputies. He was founder and 
first editor of the " Mercnrio** of Valparaiso. 

ZEPEDA, Francisco (thay-pay'-dah), Spanish 
missionary, b. in La Rods, Mahcha. about 1525 ; d. 
in Guatemala in 1602. He entered the Dominican 
order in Ocafia, and was soon transferred to tho 
missions in the province of Chiapa, where he be- 
came a thorough student and expert in the Indian 
languages of that province and Guatemala. After 
bein$ prior of different convents, he was elected 

f provincial in the chapter of 1593, and in the fol- 
owing year became commissary of the Inquisition 
in Guatemala. To unify the teaching of tho In- 
dians in the province, no was commissioned to 
examine and correct the different grammars that 
had been written by missionaries in the popular 
dialects or languages, and from them compiled 
his " Arte do los Idiomas Chiapense, Zoquense, 
Caldulcnse. y Cinacontlano " (Mexico, 1560). 
ZEPHIRIN, Antotne (say-fee-rcng), Spanish 

Cilot, b. in Franche-Comte about 1475 ; d. in Nom- 
re de Dios, Isthmus of Panama, about 1530. lie 
followed the sea, and in early lifo went to Santo 
Domingo. Afterward ho entered the service of 
Pedrarias Davila, and was chief pilot in Pascual do 
Andogoya's expedition in 1522, which discovered 
San Juan river and brought the first news of Peru. 
In the following year he sailed as chief pilot in 
Francisco de Becerra's expedition, which explored 
the Pacific coast. In 1525 he conducted Fran- 
cisco Pizarro to Peru, and afterward ho made ex- 
peditions to Guatemala and along the coast of tho 
Isthmus of Darien, of which he prepared the first 
chart Nothing is known of tho remainder of his 
life, except that he died in Nombrc de Dios, where 



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ZEQUEIRA 

he owned extensive lands that had been granted 
to him by Pedrarias Davila. 

ZEQUEIRA, Manuel de (thay-kay-ec'-rah), 
Cuban author, b. in Havana about 1700; d. there 
in 1846. He entered the army when very young 
and sailed to Santo Domingo in 1793, when he 
took part in the attempts to quell the revolt of the 
negroes in the French part of the island. In 1813 
he went to New Grenada, in 1814 he was appointed 
governor of the province of Rio Hacha, and he 
was also governor of Santa Marta in 1815 and of 
Cartagena in 1816. He was brevetted colonel in 
1817, and returned to Havana, where he fixed his 
residence. He lost his reason in 1821. His first 
poetical essays were published in 1795 in the 
*' Papel Periodico," of Havana, the first newspaper 
in Cuba. " America y Apolo,"an allegorical work, 
appeared in 1817, and *• Batalla de Cortes en la 
Laguna," an epic, was published in 1820. The 
first edition of his Poems" appeared in New 
York in 1829, and a larger one was published by 
his son (Havana, 1852). 

ZEKRAHN, Carl, musician, b. in Malchow, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, 28 July, 1820. 
He began the study of music in Rostock at the 
age of twelve years, and completed his education 
in Hanover and Berlin. About 1848, with twenty- 
five others, he organized " The Germania Musi- 
cal Society " and came to this country, givinc con- 
certs in I<«ondon on their way. They reached New 
York in September, 1848, and ijave successful con- 
certs in New York and Brooklyn, which were fol- 
lowed by others in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wash- 
ington, and New England. They appeared for 
five or six years with Jenny Lind, Madame Sonn- 
tug, Ole Bull, Thalberg, Alfred Jaell, Camilla Urso, 
and other artists, disbanding in 1854. In that 
year Zorrahn became musical director of the Han- 
ilei and Haydn society of Boston, which post he 
now holds. From 1866 till 1882 he was conductor 
of the Harvard musical association. He has con- 
ducted the music festivals of the Worcester county 
musical association every year since 1805, with the 
exception of 1868, which he spent in Germany, 
and took part in the New York festivals of 1869 
and 1873. Ho is a member of several musical socie- 
ties, and has edited two books designed for musi- 
cal organizations, 44 The Index" (Boston, 1881) and 
"The Apograph " (1885). 

ZE UNER, Charles, musician, b. in Eisleben, 
Prussian Saxony, 20 Sept, 1795; d. near Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 7 Nov., 1857. lie was baptized as 
Ueinrich Christopher, but seems to have changed 
his name when he came to the United States in 
1824 He settled in Boston, where he became or- 
ganist of Park street church and of the Handel 
and Haydn society (l830-'7). In 1854 he removed 
to Philadelphia, where he held various posts as 
organist. For several years he showed symptoms 
of insanity, which, however, were not thought to 
be serious. On 7 Nov., 1857, he left for West Phila- 
delphia, and on the same day committed suicide. 
His oratorio, •* The Feast of Tabernacles," was pub- 
lished in 1832. lie issued also some collections of 
music, notably *The American Harp" (Boston, 
1839) and Ancient Lyre " (1848). 

ZEVALLO Y BALBOA, Miguel (thay-val'-yo). 
Spanish missionary, d. in Quito about 1595. He 
joined early the array, and served in the Nether- 
lands and Italy, but entered the Franciscan order 
and went to South America in 1566. In the con- 
vent of his order at Santa Fc* de Bogota a lay 
friar, Juan de Orozco, communicated to him some 
documents relating to American antiquities, and 
he was induced to undertake their study. He was 



ZIXZEXDORF 661 

afterward attached to the missions of Nicaragua, 
and in 1576 became librarian of a convent in Quito. 
After that time he devoted himself to the study 
of ancient Indian monuments, receiving encour- 
agement from Bishop Pedro de la Pefla. In 1586 
he finished his "Miscelanea Austral" and dedi- 
cated it to the Count de Villar, viceroy of Peru ; 
but the work was not printed till Henry Ternaux- 
Compans translated it into French and published 
it in his collection under the title " Histoire du 
Perou " (Paris. 1840). Zevallo's narrative contra- 
dicts in several important particulars that of Gar- 
cilaso de la Vega, and contains many details about 
the early history of Peru which are not found 
elsewhere. The original manuscript is preserved 
in the archives at Seville, and a copy is in the 
National librarv at Paris. 

ZIEGLER, Henry, theologian, b. near Old Fort, 
Centre co.. Pa., 19 Aug., 1810, He was graduated 
at - Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1841, and 
at Gettysburg theological seminary in 1843, and 
in the latter year was licensed to preach. He was 
pastor at Selinsgrove, Pa., iu 1848-'5, travelling 
missionary and missionary president of Pittsburg 
synod in 1845-'60, pastor" at Williamsport, Pa., in 
1850-'3, agent for the Parent education society, re- 
siding at Selinsgrove, Pa., in 1853-'5,. pastor at Sa- 
lona, Pa., in 1855-'8, and professor oi theology in 
Missionary institute, Selinsgrove, Pa., in 1858-'81. 
Failing health then compelled him to retire from 
active duties. He received the degree of D. D. in 
1860 from Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio. 
Dr. Zieglcr has a wide reputation as an author, and 
as a teacher of theology ne has been eminently suc- 
cessful. Before his health failed he was a fre- 
quent contributor to the periodicals of his church, 
especially the " Evangelical Review and Lutheran 
Quarterly " and the ** Lutheran Observer." Besides 
numerous baccalaureate and other addresses, he has 
published *' Treatise on Natural Theology " (1860) : 
"Treatise on Apologetic Theology " (186*1); "Cate- 
chetics— Historical. Theoretical, and Practical " 
(Philadelphia, 1873) ; ** The Pastor, his Relation 
to Christ and the Church " (1876); M The Preacher, 
his Relation to the Study and the Pulpit" (1876); 
" Dogmatic Theology " (Selinsgrove. Pa., 1878) ; 
and *' The Value to the Lutheran Church of her 
Confessions : An Essay " (Philadelphia. 1878). 

Z1LLIOX, James, R C. prelate, b. in Newark. 
N. J., 14 Oct., 1849. He was educated at St. Vin- 
cent's college, Westmoreland co.. Pa. and on com- 
pleting his course, entered the Benedictine order 
in 1865. After studying theology he was or- 
dained priest on 27 July, 1873, and took the degree 
of D. l). at the university in Rome on 6 Aug., 
1875. On his return to the United States he wns 
called to fill the chair of theology in St. Vincent's 
college, which ho held for several years, also fill- 
ing the office of master of novices and that of 
prior of the monastery. In 1885 he was elected 
abbot of the newly established abtey at St. Marv's 
church in Newark", N. J., which place failing health 
compelled him to resign a year later. He is the 
author of " Album Benedict! num " (Beatty, 1880). 

ZINZEN BORF, Nicholas Lewis, (bunt of, b. 
in Dresden, Saxony, 26 May, 1700; d. in Hermhut, 
9 May, 1760. He was educated at Halle and Wit- 
tenlierif. In 1722 he conceived the idea of a purer 
church discipline, marks of which he observed 
among the descendants of the Unitas Fratrum of 
Bohemia and Moravia, whom he permitted to settle 
on his estate, and Hermhut was built for these 
refugees. He finally united with them, and in 
17H0 was consecrated one of their bishops. John 
Wesley was indebted to him both for his religious 



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662 



ZOOBAUM 



ZORRILLA 



organizations and his missionary plans. In behalf 
ofnis church, the count visited England and trav- 
elled extensively in Europe, and sent nut mission- 
aries to all parts of the world. His first visit to 
the Western continent was in 1789, to inspect the 
mission organized among the negroes in the West 
Indies. In December, 1741, he arrived at New 
York, and later went to Philadelphia. He visited 
the Moravian tract on the Lehigh, in Pennsyl- 
vania, and gave the name of Bethlehem to the new 
settlement The first six months of 1742 cover 
the period of his most varied activity during his 
sojourn in Pennsylvania. Besides conducting the 
deliberations of seven religious convocations, he 
preached statedly in the Lutheran and Reformed 
churches, travelled through the rural districts, sup- 
plying destitute and isolated neighborhoods with 
the gospel and the means of education, organized 
churches, wrote many papers and essays — some 
theological, others controversial and apologetical — 
and carried on a large correspondence with friends 
in England and on the continent. During July 
and August, 1742, he visited among the Del a wares 
of Pennsylvania and' the Mohicans of New York 
and Connecticut, and in September among the In- 
dians on the north and west branches of the Sus- 
quehanna, preaching the gospel and organizing 
missions. He returned to Europe in January, 174a. 
For a list of Zinzendorf s writings see " Verzeichniss 
derSchriften des Orafen Ludwig von Zinzendorf" 
(Stettin, 1824). See also August Gottlieb Spang- 
enberg's "Life of Zinzendorf" (8 vols., Barby, 
1772-7) ; English translation, London, 1888) ; ** No- 
tices of Count Zinzendorf," by Abraham Ritter 
(Philadelphia, 1857); and "Moravian Life and 
Character," by James Henry (Philadelphia, 1859). 

ZO&BAUM, Rufas Fail-child, artist, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 28 Aug., 1849. He received his 
art education at the Art students* league, New 
York, in 1878-*9, and during 1880-'2 under Leon 
J. F. Bonnat in Paris. He has studied many of the 
{treat armies of Europe in field and garrison, and 
is known as a delineator of military subjects. He 
is a member of the American water-color society. 
In 1884 there appeared in " Harper's Monthly " the 
first of a series of military articles written and il- 
lustrated by himself, and he has since published 
" Horse, Foot, and Dragoons " (New York, 1887). 

ZOLLICOFFER, Felix Kirk, soldier, b. in 
Maury county, Tenn., 19 May, 1812 : d. near Mill 
Springs, Ky., 19 Jan., 1802. George, his grand- 
father, was a captain in the Revolutionary army. 

The family came 
to this country 
from Switzerland:, 
and is of ancestry 
that was ennobled 
by Rodolphns II. 
in 1528. Felix K. 
received a com- 
mon-school educa- 
tion, learned the 
printer's trade, 
and for about a 
year published a 
weekly newspaper 
at Paris, Tenn. 
He subsequently 
worked as a print- 
er in Knoxville, 
Tenn., and Hunts- 
ville. Ala. He began at this time to write for 
public journals, and one of his prose fancies may 
be found in Field's " Scrap-Book." From Hunta- 
ville he removed to Columbia, Tenn., and took 




editorial charge of the "Observer." He 
as a soldier, and afterward as a commissioned 
officer, in the Seminole war, and, returning in 
1887, resumed the "Observer" and edited it in the 
canvass of 1840 in the interest of the Whig candi- 
date. He published and edited also a weekly agri- 
cultural paper. In 1841 he became associate editor 
of the Nashville 44 Banner," the organ of the Whig 
party in Tennessee. He was elected comptroller of 
the state in 1844, and resigned in 1849. In August 
of the latter year he was elected a state senator. 
He was chosen to congress in April, 1853, and served 
continuously for three terms, attaining reputation 
as an able debater. He retired from public life in 
1859, but was chosen as a delegate to the peace 
conference of 1861. At the beginning of the civil 
war he entered the Confederate service with the 
rank of brigadier-general. 9 July, 1861. When the 
National army was about to enter east Tennessee 
by way of Cumberland Gap, Gen. Zollicoffer, with 
2.000 men, went by way of Knoxville to the point 
of threatened attack. Soon after he had estab- 
lished his camp near Mill Springs, on Cumberland 
river, Gen. George B. Crittenden arrived and as- 
sumed command. In the battle that ensued (see 
Thomas, George H.), Gen Zollicoffer, having or- 
dered an advance, rode forward with several of his 
staff officers to inspect the enemy's position, and 
passed by mistake beyond their lines. He endeav- 
ored to retrace his route, and was soon in front of 
the 4th Kentucky regiment, commanded by CoL 
Speed S. Fry, with whom he exchanged salutes, and 
rode off undetected (as he wore an oil-cloth over- 
coat). But one of his staff fired a pistol toward 
the National line, which was at once answered by 
a volley that killed Gen. Zollicoffer and two other 
officers. Another account represents that Gen. Zol- 
licoffer was shot by Col. Speed S. Fry. 

ZOOK, Samuel Koscinzko, soldier, b. in Penn- 
sylvania about 1823 ; d. in Gettysburg, Pa., 2 July, 
1868. He learned the telegraph business early in 
life, and made several discoveries in electric science 
that gave him reputation. He settled in New York 
about 1848, became connected with several mili- 
tary organizations, and in 1857 lieutenant-colonel 
of the 6th New York militia. His health had 
failed, but at the beginning of the civil war he ac- 
companied his regiment to the scat of hostilities, 
and was appointed military governor of Annapo- 
lis, Md. After his return he recruited the 57th 
regiment of New York volunteers, was commis- 
sioned colonel, and led it to the Virginia peninsula. 
During that campaign he generally commanded a 
brigade, and on 29 Nov., 1862, he became briga- 
dier-general of volunteers. He led the 57th New 
York regiment at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 
and was killed in the latter battle. 

ZORRILLA, Francisco (thor-ril -yah). Span- 
ish administrator, b. in Murcia about 14U0 : a. in 
Santiago, Guatemala, in 1546. He was a knight of 
the order of Santiago, and, after serving as chief 
clerk in the office of the council of the Indies, wes 
promoted treasurer of the city of Santiago de 
Guatemala, and sailed with Pedro de Alvarado, ar- 
riving in 1580. He became regidor of Santiago in 
1584, and, during the absence of Alvarado, in 1540 
was appointed a member of the council of govern- 
ment, which elected Beatriz de la Cueva regent 
After the death of the latter, 11 Sept., 1541, Zorril- 
la assisted Bishop Francisco Marroquin in the gov- 
ernment of Santiago and in rebuilding the city, 
which had been totally destroyed by volcanic erup- 
tions, in which Dona Beatriz perished. ZorriUa 
left a valuable manuscript, which is preserved in 
the archives of the Indies at Seville and which is 



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ZORRILLA Y MORAL 



goon to be published by the Spanish government 
It is entitled "Historia del descubrimiento, de la 
oonquista, y de la administration de la provincia 
de Santiago de Guatemala." The recent state 
publication, 44 Cartas de Indias" (Madrid, 1872), 
contains also several interesting memoirs of Zor- 
rilla upon the administration of Pedro de Alvara- 
do. the Indians of Guatemala, and the intestine 
divisions among the earlv conquerors. 

ZORRILLA Y MORAL, Jos*. Spanish poet, 
b. in Valladolid, 21 Feb., 1817. lie studied law in 
Toledo and Valladolid. and became clerk to a jus- 
tice of the peace in the latter city; but he soon 
devoted himself exclusively to literature. His 
father, an attorney of reputation, being displeased 
with his occupation, sent him home; but young 
Jose made his way to Madrid, where he remained 
hidden for several weeks. On 15 Feb., 1837, at 
the funeral of the noted poet Larra, he repeated an 
elegy which was universally praised, and this was 
the means of effecting a reconciliation with his 
father. Zorrilla published, a few months later, his 
first volume of poetry, which increased his reputa- 
tion. After 1845 he resided partly in Paris and 
partly in Brussels till about 1851, when he went 
to Mexico and was director of the theatre in the 
city of Mexico in 1853-5. He wrote several come- 
dies there, which were represented in Mexico and 
in South America with great success. In 1863 
he returned to Mexico, was given an employment 
in Emperor Maximilian's household, and published 
several poems in praise of the emperor and his 
wife, which were severely criticised by the patriots 
and engaged their author in a controversy with a 
Mexican poet He left Mexico in 1865 for Spain, 
where he nas since partly resided. Zorrilla's works 
include 44 Cantos del travador, collecci6n de loyen- 
das y tradiciones historical " (3 vols., Madrid, 1841) ; 
" Flores Perdidas" (1843) ; 44 El Zapatcro v el rey," 
which is considered his best comedy (1844); "Gra- 
nada," a long romantic poem, imitated from Vic- 
tor Hugo, which is considered his masterpiece 
(2 vols., Paris, 1853-'4): Album de un loco" 
(Madrid, 1867); and 44 Poema rcligioso" (1869). 
Complete editions of his works have been pub- 
lished several times (2 vols., Paris. 1847 ; 3 vols., 
1853 ; 6 vols., Madrid, 1877). 

ZUAZO, Alonso (thoo-ah'-tho), Spanish jurist, 
b. in Olmedo in 1466; d. in Santo Domingo in 
1527. He was canon of Valladolid and well known 
for his erudition, when he was attached as iurist 
to the commission that was sent by Cardinal Xime- 
nes to the New World at the solicitation of Bish- 
op Las Casas. Zuazo's instructions gave him the 
power* of organizing justice in the West Indies, 
and appointing judges at his own discretion. After 
liberating the Indians in Santo Dominpo that had 
been reduced to slavery by the Spanish officials, 
Zuazo advised the commissioners to oppose Las 
Casas's schemes of prohibiting forced labor entire- 
ly, and thus won the support of tho settlers, while 
Las Casas denounced mm to the court. Zuazo 
befriended both the Indians and settlers, while he 
was opposed by the officials. After Ximenes had 
surrendered the regency to Charles V., Zuazo was 
sent to Cuba in 1518 to organize the administra- 
tion of justice there. At Diego Velazquez's ad- 
vice, he went afterward to Mexico to settle the 
quarrel between Garay and Cortes concerning tho 
government of Panuco, and was well received by 
Cortes. In 1523 he returned to Cuba, and two 
years later was appointed auditor of the audiencia 
of Santo Domingo, which post ho retained till his 
death. An interesting memoir of Zuazo on the 
condition of the Indians in Santo Domingo and 



ZULOAGA 663 

Cuba, written from Cuba in 1521, was published by 
Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta in his " Collecci6n de 
Dtxrumentos para la Historia de Mexico " (Mexico, 
1858-'66), and another in which Zuazo recounts the 
cruelties of the Spaniards in Siinto Domingo and 
Cuba, is mentioned by Icazbalceta. 

ZUBLY, John Joachim, clergyman, b. in St. 
Gall, Switzerland, in 1725 : d. in Savannah, Ga.. 23 
July, 1781. It is not known when he came to this 
country, but in the early records of the Independ- 
ent Presbyterian church in Savannah the follow- 
ing entry appears: 4 *On the 25th of April, 1758, 
Mr. Zubly was called to Savannah from Wando 
Neck, S. C, and accepted the call, preaching his 
farewell sermon, 28 Jan., 1759, in the Independent 
Presbyterian church in Charles Town [sic]. He 
took charge of the Independent Presbyterian 
church in Savannah the following year, 1760, be- 
ing the first regular pastor." He was a man of 
marked ability and learning, and in 1770 received 
from Princeton the degree of D. D. In 1774 ho 
was a delegate to the Continental congress, and 
was there selected to prepare a petition to the kine 
44 upon the present unhappy situation of affairs. 
He served also as member of the committee of cor- 
respondence for Georgia. He wrote an emphatic 
letter to Lord Dartmouth, 8 Sept., 1775, with refer- 
ence to Lord Dunmore's attempt to incite the 
negroes in Virginia to insurrection. He co-operated 
zealously with the popular party until it became 
evident that congress was about to declare the 
independence of the United States. He declared 
in congress that 44 u republic was little better than 
a government of devils." Presently he opened a 
correspondence with Sir James Wright. ro)-al gov- 
ernor of Georgia, in which he betrayed the plans 
of the popular party. His conduct and language 
exciting suspicion, he was closely watched, and 
one of his letters was seized. T*hesc facts were 
mentioned in congress by Samuel Chase, whereat 
Dr. Zubly fled from Philadelphia and returned to 
Georgia, where he threw off all disguise and mudc 
common cause with the Tories. In 1777 he was 
banished from Savannah with the loss of half his 
estate. He then remained with Torv friends in 
South Carolina until Sir James Wright was rein- 
stated in the government of Georgia. Dr. Zubly 
then returned to his pastoral work in Savannah, 
and remained there until his death. He hits left 
his name upon Joachim street and Zubly street 
in Savannah, and upon the hamlet of St. Gall. 
See William B. Stevens's 44 'History of Georgia" 
(vol. ii., p. 121, New York, 1850), and Charles C. 
Jones's "History of Georgia" (vol. ii., pp. 188-204, 
Boston, 1883). The letter to Ix>rd Dartmouth was 
published, at the request of (Jen. James Oglethorpe, 
in the 44 London Magazine" for January, 1776. 

ZULOAGA, F6Ux. president of Mexico, b. in 
Alamos, Chihuahua, in 1814; d. in the city of 
Mexico in 1876. In his twentieth year he entered 
the national guard as lieutenant, and served until 
1837 on the frontier against the Apaches, entering 
the engineer corns the same year. He served dur- 
ing the riots of July. 1840, and against the seces- 
sionists of Yucatan in 1842-'3, and in the latter 
year was promoted lieutenant-colonel. During 
the preparations for the war against the United 
States he directed the construction of the defences 
of Monterey and Saltillo, and in 1847 fortified the 
southern approaches to the capital. In 1848 he 
retired to Chihuahua, but in 1853 was recalled to 
active service, promoted colonel, made president of 
the perpetual court-martial, and sent to the south 
against the revolution of Ayiitla in 1854, as com- 
mander of a brigade. He w/is forced to capitulato 



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664 



ZULOAGA 



ZUXDEL 




nt Xuxco in 1855, but Comonfort saved him from 
being shot, keeping him on his stuff, and after the 
triumph of the Liberal party Zuloaga was sent to 
pacify the mountaineers of Queretaro. and served 
in the two sieges of Puebla. His former affilia- 
tion with the Conservative and Church party caused 

him to conspire 
against the Lil>- 
eral government, 
and on 17 Dec.. 
1857, he pro- 
nounced with his 
brigade in Tacu- 
baya against the 
new constitution, 
and for invest- 
ing Comonfort 
with extraordi- 
nary powers. The 
latter wavered for 
a long time be- 
tween the two 
parties, and on 11 
Jan., 1858, Zuloa- 
ga's brigade, un- 
der command of 
Gen. Parra, occu- 
pied the principal points of the capital, proclaim- 
ing that Comonfort was deposed and that Zuloaga 
was president in his stead. He took possession of 
the executive on 23 Jan., all the reactionary chiefs 
flocked round him, and the bloody so-called **war 
of reform" soon began, the Literals under Juarez 
opposing the Church party, which proclaimed, un- 
der the banner of •* religion and special legislation 
for the church and military," the abolishment of the 
reform laws, and received secret but strong support 
from the Spanish government Zuloaga despatched 
forces under Miramon, Osollo, and other chiefs 
against the former; but he found opposition in his 
own party. In December. 1858, the garrison rose 
against him, and on the 23d of that month he was 
deposed and took refuge in the British legation. 
The provisional president that was elected the 
representative junta, Gen. Miramon, on his return 
from the campaign of the interior, 21 Jan., 1859, 
declared the deposition of Zuloaga illegal, and re- 
instated him; but the latter resigned and appoint- 
ed Miramon his substitute, delivering the execu- 
tive on 2 Feb. Several times afterward he seemed 
inclined to resume his place at the head of the gov- 
ernment, and he was forced to accompany Mira- 
mon nominally as chief of engineers, but in reality 
as a prisoner. On Miramon's inarch to Jalisco, 
Zuloaga escaped from Leon in July, 1860, and im- 
mediately issued a manifesto, revoking his resigna- 
tion of 2 Feb., 1859, and declaring himself consti- 
tutional president, and, although he did not find 
followers, Miramon went to the capital, resigned 
as substitute, and caused himself to be appointed 

Srovisional president by the representative junta, 
hortly before the final defeat of the reactionary 
party, Zuloaga made his peace with Miramon, and 
was with him in Mexico the day after the battle 
of Calpulalpmn, when the funds in the treasury 
were divided. Zuloaga then made his way to the 
mountains to raise partisans, and shortly reap- 
peared at the head of a force to oppose the Liberal 
government, together with Marquez, Mejia, Ne- 
grete, Taboada, and other chiefs. The ex-minister, 
Melchor Ocampo, was delivered by the guerilla 
chief, Cajigas, to him And Marquez, and shot at 
Tepeji, by the orders of one of the two, for which 
cruel act "they were declared outlaws by congress, 
and a pi ice of $10,000 was set on their heads. On 



the invasion of the French in 1862, nnlilce Mar- 
quez, Almonte and other reactionary chiefs. h*» re- 
fused to serve the foreigners and retired to Europe, 
but in August, 1864. ue returned and made hi- 
submission to the empire without taking any fur- 
ther part, in politics. 

ZUMARRAGA, Juan de (thoo-mar-rah-gahl 
first bishop of Mexico, b. in Durango, Biscay, in 
1468; d. in Mexico city in 1548. He entered the 
Franciscan order at Aranzazu, and was superior 
of several convents till Charles V. appoint***! him 
inquisitor of Biscay. In 1527 he was named first 
bisnop of New Spain, and in 1528 sailed for Mex- 
ico as visitor of his order and protector of the 
Indians. He had difficulties with the first audi- 
encia under Nufio de Guzman whose cniel meas- 
ures against the Indians he opposed. After the 
second audiencia, under the presidency of Sebas- 
tian Ramirez de Fuenleal, took charge of the gov- 
ernment in 1531, Zumarraga returned to Spain, 
was consecrated bishop in September, 1534, and 
sailed soon afterward to Mexico, where he con- 
tinued to befriend the Indians. He began the 
construction of the first cathedral, founded the 
hospitals of Amor de Dios in Mexico and Vera 
Cruz, and established also a hospital for Francis- 
can monks. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, 
painted on the Indian cloak, was first seen by him. 
In 1538 he assembled the first Mexican council, 
and in 1545 Pope Paul III. raised him to the dig- 
nity of metropolitan archbishop of New Spain. 
He is probably the author of a " Doctrina Crist i- 
ana," or catechism (Seville, 1532). which still ex- 
ists in the Franciscan convent of Texcoco, with 
his autograph dedication to Friar Tori bio Motoli- 
nia, who translated it into Aztec. It was the fir*t 
book that was printed in the New World, on a 
press and material furnished by the famous printer 
Juan Cromberger, of Seville, and brought to Mexi- 
co by the first viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza (Mexi- 
co, 1540). He also wrote several catechisms and 
other religious works, which were translated into 
Aztec (Mexico, 1543-*6) ; " Varias Cartas al Kmpera- 
dor Carlos V." ; and " Memorias de la Xueva Es- 
pana," giving noteworthy details about the condi- 
tion of Mexico soon after the conquest. The letters 
and history are preserved in manuscript in the ar- 
chives of the Indies, and will appear in the continua- 
tion of the state publication, »• Cartas de India*." 

ZUMAYA, Manuel (thoo-mah'-yah). Mexican 
clergyman, b. in the city of Mexico about 1670; 
d. in Oaxaca about 1740. He studied theology in 
the College of San lldefonso, but early showed a 
proclivity for music, and was appointed director 
of the choir of the cathedral in his native city. 
On account of his dramatic and musical talent, he 
was a favorite of the viceroys. Dukes of Albu- 

?uerque and of Linares, and he translated several 
talian operas for repre>cntation in the viceregal 
palace. In 1737 he followed the bishop-elect of 
Oaxaca to his diocese, where he became rector «»f 
the cathedral and devoted himself thenceforth ex- 
clusively to his clerical duties. Besides the operas 
translated from the Italian, he is the author of - El 
Rodrigo," a drama represented in the viceregal 
palace to celebrate the birth of the crown-prince 
Luis (Mexico, 1708), and " La Partenope," an opera, 
text and music by Zumaya (1711). 

Zt NDEL, John, musician, b. in Hochdorf, 
near Stuttgart, Germany, in 1815; d. in CannsUuit. 
Germany, in July, 1882. He studied at the Roval 
academy of Esslingen. Germany, during 1829-*31. 
and began the study of the violin, but relinquished 
that instrument for the organ. In 1840 he went 
to St. Petersburg, and in 1847 came to the United 



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ZCSflGA 



ZCSflGA Y ACEVEDO 



665 



States. He held various posts as organist, notably 
in Plymouth church, Brooklyn, where he was al- 
most uninterruptedly from 1850 till 1865. In 1865 
he went to Europe, remaining two years. After his 
return he resumed his duties at Plymouth church, 
but in 1878 went again to Europe. lie composed 
a large number of pieces for the organ, as well as 
some sacred and vocal music, and published " Mod- 
ern Organ-School " (Boston, 1860) : "The Amateur 
Organist " (1854) : a " Treatise on Harmony and 
Modulation " ; and other books. 

ZUStttA. Alvaro Manrlqne de (thoon'-ye- 
gah). Marquis de Villa-Manrique, seventh viceroy 
of Mexico, b. in Seville. Spain, about 1530; d. in 
Madrid about 1600. He entered Mexico, 18 Oct., 
1585, and one of his first measures was to send re- 
enforcements to Acapulco and fortify that city 
against English corsairs. He also ordered the 
arming of a fleet to attack their vessels ; but the 
Licenciado Palacios, who was in command, hear- 
ing that Sir Francis Drake had sailed for the East 
Indies, remained in port and allowed a privateer 
that was lying in wait at Cape San Lucas to cap- 
ture the galleon Santa Ana," with a rich cargo 
of treasure and silk from Manila, Zufiiga was 
well liked, both by Spaniards and Indians, whom 
he treated humanely, but although, according to 
Torquemada, he was wise and prudent, his hasty 
temper led him, in a dispute about jurisdiction 
with the audicncia of Guadalajara, to resort to 
force, and, as the audiencia armed also, the colony 
was on the eve of a civil war. His enemies mean- 
while spread calumnies at court, and Philip II. in 
1589 ordered his relief by Luis de Velaseo, and 
commanded the bishop of Tlaxcala, Pedro Ro- 
mano, to investigate Zufiiga's government. Ro- 
mano, who had an old grudge against the viceroy, 
arrived in Mexico before Velaseo, and on 17 Jan., 
1590. relieved Zufiiga, going so far, in his enmity 
toward the latter, as to attach even the clothes of 
his wife in the seizure of his property. For six 
vears Zufiiga continued in Texcoco, the object of 
Romano's persecution, till in 1596 he sailed for 
Spain to seek justice, and obtained at last the re- 
versal of the sentence of confiscation, but he died 
before he could recover his property. 

ZftftlftA, Baltasnr de, Marquis de Valero, 
thirty-sixth viceroy of Mexico, b. in Andalusia 
about 1670; d. in Madrid about 1730. He was ap- 
pointed in 1716, and on 16 Aug. received the gov- 
ernment from his predecessor, the Duke of Linares. 
Shortly afterward the governor of Texas, Capt. 
Diego Ramon, sent information that for want of 
provisions he would have to abandon the territory 
and retire to Coahuila unless relieved, and Zufiiga 
at once hurried forward provisions, ammunition, 
troops, and artisan settlers to teach the Indians. In 
1717 a Florida chief, Tixjanaque, who had mani- 
fested to the governor of Pensacola a desire to 
visit the viceroy, arrived in Mexico, and was so 
well treated by Zufiiga that he accepted baptism 
and offered the perpetual friendship of his tribe. 
In the next year the English wood-cutters in La- 
guna de Terminos, and French settlers in Texas, 
not having complied with an order of evacuation, 
were forcibly expelled, and several colonies were 
founded in Texas. In 1719 the viceroy received 
the visit of Toniatuh, a chief of the Cora Indians 
of the Nayarit mountains, upon whom he prevailed 
to receive" a Spanish force in his mountains, which 
had been the refuge of criminals from New Galicia 
and New Vizcaya, When the chief afterward re- 
fused compliance with the treaty, Zufiiga sent a 
large force, which, after long warfare, conquered the 
tribe and established in their territory a town, 



which was called San Francisco de Valero. In 
1719 war began with the French, and on 19 May 
♦ Nov captured Pensacola, which was restored in 
17*40. On account of feeble health, the viceroy re- 
peatedly resigned, and when, on 15 Oct., 1722, his 
successor arrived, he returned to Spain. 

Zl$IUA, Dlonislo de. Central American mis- 
sionary, b. in Guatemala about 1550 ; d. in Chiapa 
about 1620. He entered the Dominican order in 
the province of Chiapa, and labored the greater 

Fart of his life in the missions among the Quiche 
ndians, in whose language he was so proficient that, 
besides translating Friar Francisco Viana's works, 
written in the dialect of Vera Paz, into Quiche, he 
also wrote a grammar, a volume of sermons, and 
several religious treatises in that language, the 
manuscripts of which are preserved in the episco- 
pal archives of Guatemala. There also existed the 
manuscript of another work of his. »• El Mare Mag- 
num," a fantastical history of the Indian mon- 
archies on the Pacific coast, but. it is lost. 

ZLftlUA Y ACEVEDO, Gaspnr de, Count de 
Monterev, viceroy of Mexico and Peru, b. in Anda- 
lusia about 1540*; d. in Lima, Peru, 10 Feb., 1606. 
Being appointed to succeed in Mexico Luis de 
Velaseo the younger, who had been promoted to 
Peru, he sailed from Spain in 1595, and took 
charge of the government on 5 Nov. of that year. 
He was a protector of the native race, and nearly 
every Sunday went personally to the square to su- 
perintend the hiring of the Indians and prevent 
abuses by the employers and inferior authorities. 
In 1596 he despatched an expedition under Sebas- 
tian Vizcayno for the exploration and coloniza- 
tion of Lower California, which returned in the 
next year without accomplishing much for want 
of provisions. An English buccaneer, William 
Park, surprised and captured the city of Cam- 
peachy in 1597, obliging the alcalde to take refuge 
with a small force in the convent of San Fran- 
cisco, but during the sacking of the town the gov- 
ernor returned from an expedition, and, joining 
the forces of the alcalde, totally defeated the Eng- 
lish, forcing them to re-embark* with heavy loss. 
In 1600 the city of Vera Cruz was removed from 
the former unhealthy locality to the present site 
opposite San Juan 
de (J) u a, and in the 
same year an expe- 
dition" under Juan 
de Ofiate and Vi- 
cente Zaldivar was 
sent for the con- 
quest of New Mexi- 
co. By order of the 
king. Zufiiga de- 
spatched, in 1602, a 
second expedition 
under Sebastian 
Vizcayno to explore 
the coast of Upper 
California and ac- 
quire information 
about the fabulous 
Strait of Anian. 
That expedition 
named the Bay of 
Monterey in honor 
of the viceroy, and 
the same name was 
given to a colony 
that was founded 
in New Leon. In 
1608 Zufiiga was promoted viceroy of Peru, and. on 
the arrival of bis successor, he delivered the gov- 




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686 



ZCSlGA Y OXTIVEROS 



ZURITA 



ernment in Octol**r. to the great sorrow of the na- 
tives, who tbronsreri, weeping, round their benefac- 
tor U> take leave of him. 1 he settling of his pri- 
vate affairs and detentions in Panama and Paita 
delayed him for more than a year, and he did not 
enter Lima till 28 Nov., Hi04. " With great activity- 
he concluded the preparations for the fleet that 
was about to be "ent by royal order for the explo- 
ration of the South sea under Pedro Fernandez 
Qoiro*. It sailed on 21 Dec., 1605, and shortly 
afterward he died, without being able to execute 
numerous measures that he had prepared for the 
benefit of the countrv. 

ZLSlUA ¥ ONflVEROS, Felipe, Mexican 
mathematician, b. in the city of Mexico about 
1720 ; d. there in 1780. He was a printer by trade, 
and had an establishment in his native city, but 
had a passion for mathematical studies, became 
proficient in that science, and, after examination, 
was appointed royal land-surveyor and hydraulic 
and mining engineer. He was author of the fol- 
lowing works, all printed in his establishment: 
" Efemendes calculadas y pronosticadas segun el 
Meridiano de Mexico' (1752); "Explication del 
Pronostico de Mexico'* (1753); •* Respuesta satis- 
factoria a las Anotaciones hechas a las Efeinerides 
Mexicanas" (1750): and "Bomba hidraulica para 
levantar las aguas " (1770). 

Z LB ILL A, Pedro de (thoo-reel'-yah), Spanish 
soldier, b. in Seville about 1500 ; d. near Asuncion, 
Paraguay, in 1544. He early entered military ser- 
vice, fought in Italy, and joined Pedro de Men- 
doza's expedition to the river Plate, assisting in 
the foundation of Buenos Ayres, 2 Feb., 1535, and 
serving as one of Juan de Ayolas's lieutenants in 
the expedition that explored Parana and Paraguay 
rivers. He participated in founding Asuncion, 15 
Aug., 15311, and was a member of the common 
council of the new city. When Ayolas resumed 
the inarch forward, Zurilla commanded the rear- 
guard, and later was despatched to the ships that 
had been left in charge of Domingo de I rata, with 
the sick and to obtain supplies, out the soldiers 
refused to accompany him to rejoin his chief, and 
when news was received of Ayolas's death he was 
the first to propose the election of Irala as com- 
mander-in-chief. After the arrival of the new 
governor, Alvar Nuflcz Cabeza de Vaca, in 1542, 
when difficulties arose between the latter and Irala, 
Zurilla advised a compromise, and induced Irala 
to accent Cabeza de Vaca's offers to make the 
former aeputy governor. After assisting Irala in 
subduing the (fuaycurus, he was detached in 1544 
against the Cacove Indians, whom he defeated in 
several encounters, and built the fortress of San 
Juan in their territory. While he marched against 
the Xarayes, who had rebelled, the Cacoves stormed 
the fort of San Juan, and, joining forces with the 
Xarayes, attacked Zurilla. The latter retreated 
about eightv miles from Asuncion, where he resist- 
ed the Indians till the arrival of succor, dying a 
few days later from the wound of a poisoned arrow. 



ZrRITA, or ZORITA, Ale*sft<thoo-ree'-tahl 

Spanish statesman, b. in New Castile about 1 50 > : 
d. in Seville about 1570. He studied law, was Ap- 
pointed in 1544 auditor of the audiencia of Santo 
Uomingo. and was sent two years later to organize 
the administration of New Granada at SaDU .M*r*a 
and Cartagena. Returning to Santo Domingo :n 
1549, he was transferred a few nx>ntii> Urer to the 
audiencia of Los Confines or Comavagua. and. vis- 
iting nearly the whole country, organized courts of 

iustice everywhere during a sojourn of three vearsw 
ie was promoted member of the audiencia of Mexi- 
co in 1553, retired from active service about 15ft4, 
and then returned to Spain. He studied in Amer- 
ica the early history and antiquities of the Indians, 
and addressed several interesting memorials to the 
! king, one of which was printed in the 2d volume 
of Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta*s -Coleccion de 
I docuraentos para la histona de Mexico" (Mexico, 
| 185H-*66). Another memorial, preserved in the 
I archives of San Francisco in Mexico, was utilized 
bv Lorenzo Boturini and Father Clavigero, and is 
also mentioned in Jose Mariano Beristain's cata- 
logue, under the title of ** Breve y sumaria Relat ion 
de los Caciques y Seftores y sus maneras, y diferen- 
cia que habia de ellos en la Nueva Espafta, Leye* j 
Costumbres de los Indios y Tributes que pagaban 
a sus Principes." An abridged copy of it was pub- 
lished in Jose F. Ramirez's ** Coleccion de I>rxm- 
mentos ineditos relativos al Descubrimiento, (Jon- 
quista, y Colonizacion de las Posesiones Espanolas 
en America y Oceania," but the original narrative 
was for the first time printed in its entirety in a 
French translation in Henrv Ternaux- Company's 
collection, under the title *' ftanports sur les diffe- 
rentes classes de chefs dans la Nouvelle Espagne" 
(Paris, 1840). Zurita wrote also a treatise on taxa- 
tion and, according to Boturini, a ** Narrative of 
Facts concerning New Spain," which is lost, 
i ZURITA, Fernando, Spanish- American mis- 
sionary, b. in Huete, Spain, in the 16th century. 
He was graduated in theology at the University of 
Alcala, and, after his ordination, came as a mis- 
sionary to this countrv, where he soon acquired 
the Indian language. He was the author of a book 
concerning the religion of the aborigines, " Theolo- 
gicarum in Indis (^uestionuin Enchiridion : ad II- 
lustrissimum Dominum Gemozium Zapata, Epis- 
copum Conchensem '* (Madrid, 1586). 

ZURITA, Pedro, Mexican Jesuit, b. in Puebla 
about 1690; d. in Oaxaca in 1739. He entered the 
Society of Jesus in 1712, and was very proficient in 
philosophy, which chair he held in the principal 
college of Mexico till 1727, when he was elected 
rector of the college in Oaxaca. He published 
*• Elegia et Epigrammata in laudem Acadeiui* 
Mexicans in funere Illmi. Dom. Nicolai G6raez de 
Cervantes** (Mexico, 1736); and the following are 
still in manuscript in the library of the University 
of Mexico : " Naturalis Philosophise Explanatio " ; 
"Funiculus Theologi® Scholastic© w ; and **De 
Summa Trinitate et de Fide Divina." 



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SUPPLEMENT. 



ABBETT 



AGNUS 



ABBETT, Leon, governor of New Jersey, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Oct.. 1836. He was educated 
in his native city, studied law, and settled in Phil- 
adelphia, but subsequently removed to New York 
city, entered into partnership with William J. A. 
Puller, and took high rank at the bar. He settled 
in Hoboken, N. J., in 1862, and served in the New 
Jersey legislature in 1865-'6 and 1869-'70, being 
twice speaker. He was chairman of the Demo- 
cratic state convention in 1868, president of the 
state board of education in 1869, a member of the 
state senate in 1875-'7, and governor of New Jersey 
in 1884-'6. He was chairman of the state delega- 
tion to the National Democratic conventions in 
1872, 1876, and 1880, and in 1888-'9 he was a can- 
didate for the U. S. senate. 

ABBOTT. Josiah Gardner, lawyer, b. in 
Chelmsford, Mass., 1 Nov.. 1815. He was prepared 
for college by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1832, and admitted to the bar 
in 1835. Mr. Abliott served in the legislature in 
1836-'7, became state senator in 1841, and from 1864 
until 188S was a delegate-at -large to every Na- 
tional Democratic convention. He was a judge 
of the superior court of Suffolk county, Mass., in 
1855-'8 removed to Boston, where he resumed his 

firofession. and in 1874 was a Democratic candidate 
or congress. After successfully contesting the 
election of his opponent, he served from 28 July, 
1876. till 3 March, 1877, but declined renomination, 
and resumed practice. In 1876 he was a member 
of the electoral commission. Williams gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1863. 

ACTON, Thomas Coxon, banker, b. in New 
York city, 23 Feb., 1823. He was educated in his 
native city, was assistant deputy county clerk for 
three years, and then clerk in the surrogate's office, 
afterward deputy register for six years, in 1860 
became commissioner of the New York metropoli- 
tan police, and two years later was president of that 
board, where he remained for seven years, in which 
office he did good service in suppressing the draft 
riots. In 1870 he was appointed superintendent of 
the U. S. assay-office, which post he held for twelve 
years. He became U. S. assistant treasurer at New 
York in 1882, and since 1887 he has been president 
of the bank of New Amsterdam in that city. 

AONEW, David Hayes, surgeon, b. in Lan- 
caster county, Pa., 24 Nov., 1818. His education 
was received: at Jefferson college. Pa., and at New- 
ark college. Del. He was graduated in medicine at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1838, and began 
to practise in Chester county, but removed to Phila- 
delphia and became a lecturer in the School of 
anatomy, also establishing the Philadelphia school 
of operative surgery. In 1854 he was elected one 
of the surgeons of the Philadelphia hospital, where 
he founded a pathological museum, and was also 




surgeon to the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1868 he 
was appointed demonstrator of anatomy and assist- 
ant lecturer on clinical surgery in the medical de- 
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1870 
he was chosen to the chair of clinical surgery, and 
in 1871 he became professor of the principles and 
practice of surjgery there, and of clinical surgery, 
in the University hospital. For several years he 
was one of the surgeons at Wills ophthalmic hospi- 
tal, and also one of the surgeons to the orthopedic 
surgery. He has at- 
tained wide reputa- 
tion as a surgeon, 
and is a rapid and 
skilful operator in 
every department. 
In his capacity of 
efficient surgeon, as 
well as of consult- 
ing physician, he 
has had many cases 
of great public 
and scientific im- 
portance, the best 
known being that 
of President Gar- 
field. He has made 
many valuable con- 
tributions to the AV7y /I* 
literature of his 1^ . K O i ^Uk/h^O 
profession, among " 6 

which are works on " Practical Anatomy" (Phila- 
delphia, 1867) and ** Lacerations of the Female Per- 
ineum and Vesico-vaginal Fistula" (1867); a series 
of sixty papers on " Anatomy and its Relation to 
Medicine and Surgery " ; and an exhaustive work 
on the " Principles and Practice of Surgery" (3 vols., 
1878). which has been translated into the' Japanese 
language, and is the great work of his life. 

AGNUS, Felix, soldier, b. in Lyons, France, 4 
July, 1839. He was educated at College Jolie Clair, 
near Paris, and in 1852 set out on a voyage around 
the world, spending four years in that manner. In 
1860 he came to the United States, and at the 
beginning of the civil war enlisted in Duryea's 5th 
New York zouaves. At the battle of Big Bethel 
he saved the life of Oen. Judson Kilpatrick, and 
was promoted to 2d lieutenant He aided in rais- 
ing the 165th New York volunteers, in which he 
was given the color company. In the autumn of 
1862 his regiment was sent to Louisiana, and he 
took part in the siege of Port Hudson, where he 
was promoted major and for a time had com- 
mand of his regiment Subsequently he served in 
Texas, and, after attaining the rank of lieutenant- 
colonel, was ordered to the 19th corps, and served 
under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, taking part in the 
battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill, Winchester, and 



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668 



ALDRICH 



AL T STIN 



Cedar Creek. His last service was in the Depart- 
ment of the South, where he was com missioned to 
dismantle the old Confederate forts in South Caro- 
lina, Georgia, and Florida, and turn all the prop- 
erty over to the U. S. government. He received the 
brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 
March, 1865, and was mustered out of service on 
22 Aug., 1865. On resuming civil life he was given 
charge of the business department of the Baltimore 
" American," and he has since become its publisher. 

ALDRICH, Charles, journalist, b. in Elling- 
ton, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 2 Oct., 1828. He re- 
ceived a common-school education, and spent one 
year in Jamestown academy. In 1857 he went to 
Iowa and established the " Freeman " in Webster 
City. He served as chief clerk of the Iowa house 
of representatives in 1860-'2, 1866, and 1870. and 
was a member of that body in 1882-'3. Mr. Aldrich 
is the author of many of the important laws of 
Iowa, including that changing the system of county 
government from dictatorship of a single county 
judge to a board of supervisors, for the protection 
of birds, and for the preservation of the public docu- 
ments of the state. He originated the agitation in 
the public press that resulted in the repeal in Iowa 
of the so-called granger laws for the regulation of 
the transportation on the railways and the adoption 
of a commission system. In 1882 he became widely 
known through his efforts to secure legislation pro- 
hibiting the issue of railroad passes to public officers. 
His speeches and articles in the " North American 
Review " and elsewhere were circulated extensively 
in the United States and Europe. This agitation 
was largely instrumental in promoting the passage 
of the interstate commerce act. He presented to 
the state of Iowa, in 1884, his large and valuable 
collection of manuscripts, portraits, and autograph 
letters. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him 
by Iowa college in 1869. He was one of the 
founders of the American ornithologist's union in 
New York in 1883, and was elected corresponding 
member of the Wisconsin historical society in 1887. 

ALEXANDER, Robert, member of the Conti- 
nental congress, b. in Baltimore, Md., about 1740; 
d. probably in England after 1796. He was elect- 
ed a member of the people's committee, 12 Nov., 
1774, and of the Provincial convention of Mary- 
land in 1775, and chosen a deputy to the Conti- 
nental congress, 9 Dec, 1775, being re-elected, 4 
July, 1776, Dut soon after the promulgation of the 
Declaration of Independence he sailed for Eng- 
land with other Baltimore loyalists. He was after- 
ward appointed agent for Maryland loyalists to 
present and prosecute their claims before the Brit- 
ish government. 

ANDERSON, David, Canadian Anglican bish- 
op, b. in London, England, 10 Feb., 1814 ; d. in 
Bristol, England. 5 Nov.. 1885. He was graduated 
at Oxford in 1836, was vice-principal of St Bee's 
college, Cumberland, in 1841-7, and incumbent of 
All Saints', Derby, in 1848-'9. From 1849 till 1864 
he was bishop of Prince Rupert's Land, Canada, and 
upon his resignation he returned to England and 
was appointed vicar of Clifton, and made chancel- 
lor of St Paul's cathedral, London. Bishop An- 
derson received the degree of D. D. in 1849. He 
was the author of " Notes on the Flood " ; " Net 
in the Bav " ; and other works. 

APPLETON, John, jurist b. in New Ipswich, 
N. H., 12 July, 1804. He is the nephew of Jesse 
Appleton (vol. i., p. 84). After his graduation at 
Bowdoin in 1822, he taught, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and in 1832 settled in Bangor, 
Me. He was reporter of decisions in 1841, in 1852 
was appointed a justice of the state supreme court, 



and in 1862-'83 was chief justice. Bowdoin gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1860. Judge Apple- 
ton published two volumes of "Reports" (Hal- 
lowell, 1841) and " The Rules of Evidence, Stated 
and Discussed" (Philadelphia, I860).— His son. 
John Francis, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 29 Aug.. 
1839; d. there, 31 Aug., 1871, was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1860, and at the beginning of the civil 
war raised and commanded a company in the 12th 
Maine volunteers. He was commissioned colonel 
of the 81st U. S. colored troops, served in the De- 
partment of the Gulf, and was brevetted brigadier- 
general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. Subse- 
quently he studied law, was admitted to the bar of 
Maine, and appointed U. S. judge for the district 
of eastern Texas, but declined. 

ARMSTRONG, Samnel Chapman, soldier, b. 
in Wailuka; Maui, Hawaiian islands, 30 Jan., 1839. 
His parents were among the first missionaries to 
the Sandwich islands, where he resided until I860. 
After graduation at Williams in 1862 he entered 
the volunteer army as a captain in the 125th New 
York regiment, and in 1863 was made lieutenant- 
colonel of the 9th U. S. colored infantry. Sub- 
sequently he was colonel of the 8th U. S. colored 
regiment He was brevetted brigadier-general of 
volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after the war 
went to Hampton, Va., to work among the f reed- 
men. Gen. Armstrong was a founderof the Hamp- 
ton normal and agricultural institute for negroes 
in 1868, and since that date has served as its prin- 
cipal. In 1878, Indians were admitted. 

ASH HURST, John, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa.. 23 Aug., 1839. He was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and at the medi- 
cal department in 1860. and from 1862 till 1865 he 
served as acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army. 
Since 1877 he has been professor of clinical surgery 
in the University of Pennsylvania, and he has been 
connected with several hospitals. He is the author 
of " Injuries of the Spine " (Philadelphia, 1867) and 

Principles and Practice of Surgery ** (1871). and 
the editor of •* Transactions of the International 
Medical Congress " (1877) and the " International 
Encyclopaedia of Surgery" (6 vols., New York, 
1881-'6; 2ded., 1888). 

ATWOOD, Isaac Morgan, clergyman. h. in 
Pembroke, Genesee co., N. Y., 24 March, 1838. He 
was educated at Lock port, N. Y., entered the Uni- 
versalist ministry in 1859, and was pastor of 
churches in New' York, Maine, and Massachusetts. 
Since 1879 he has been president of Canton theo- 
logical seminary, St. Lawrence university, where he 
is also professor of theology and ethics. The de- 
gree of A. M. was conferred on him bv St, Law- 
rence university in 1872, and thst of D. D. bv Tufts 
in 1879. He was editor of the " Boston Universal- 
ist " in 1867-'72, and of the " Christian Leader " in 
1873-'5, and has been associate editor of the latter 
journal since 1875. Dr. At wood is the author of 
"Have We Outgrown Christianity t " (Boston, 
1870); "Glance at the Religious Progress of the 
United States" (1874); "Latest Word of Univer- 
salism"(1878); "Walks about Zion" (1881); and 
" Manual of Revelation " (1888). 

AUSTIN, Jane Goodwin, author, b. in Wor- 
cester, Mass., 25 Feb., 1881. She is the daughter 
of Isaac Goodwin, of Worcester, was educated in 
private schools in Boston, and on 24 June, 1850, 
married Loring H. Austin. Her publications are 
"Fairy Dreams" (Boston, 1859); " Dora Darling" 
(1864); "Outpost" (1866): "Cipher" (New York. 
1869) ; " The Shadow of Moloch Mountain " (1870) : 
" Moonfolk " (1874) : " Mrs. Beauchamp Brown " 
(Boston, 1880); "A Nameless Nobleman" (1881); 



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BAIRD 



44 The Desmond Hundred " (1882) : and 44 Nantucket 
Scraps" (1883). Mrs. Austin has in press 44 The 
Sword of Miles Standish." 



BAIRD, Henry Samuel, lawyer, b. in Dublin, 
Ireland, 16 May, 1800; d. in Green Bay, Wis., 28 
April, 1875. His father, Thomas Baird, one of the 
United Irishmen, was imprisoned for a year in Kil- 
mainham jail, Dublin, and on his release in 1802 
came to the United States, whence in 1805 he was 
followed by his family. Henry studied law at 
Pittsburg, Pa., and Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1822 
settled in Mackinaw, Mich., where he opened a 
school. In the spring of 1828 a new court was es- 
tablished by act of congress, and he was admitted 
to practice. In September, 1824, he removed to 
Green Bay. In 185*2 he served as quartermaster- 
general in the Black Hawk war, in 1886 was 
elected a member and chosen president of the first 
legislative council of the territory of Wisconsin, 
and the same year was appointed the first attor- 
ney-general of the territory, and subsequently in 
that year was secretary of Gov. Henry Doolge, 
U. S. commissioner to negotiate the treaty with 
the Menomenee Indians at Cedar Rapids, when 
about 4,000,000 acres were ceded to the U. S. gov- 
ernment. In 1846 he* was a member of the Con- 
stitutional convention, and was chairman of the 
committee on the organization and officers of coun- 
ties and towns, ana their powers and duties. He 
was the last Whig candidate for governor of Wis- 
consin. For many years he was a vice-president 
of the State historical society, and a contributor to 
its published collections. In 1861-*2 he was mayor 
of Green Bay.— His brother, Thomas James, b. in 
Dublin. Ireland, 80 April, 1794; d. in Pottsville, 
Pa., 5 April, 1842; was graduated at West Point 
in 1814, served in the war against Great Britain, 
and resigned a captain of artillery in 1828. — The 
son of the latter, Edward Carey, b, in Pottsville, 
Pa., in April, 1886 ; d. near Ashland, Va., 14 Nov., 
1874, served in the civil war for nearly four years, 
was assistant adjutant-general to Gen. John F. 
Reynolds, in command of the left wing of the 
Army of the Potomac; and on the first day of 
the battle of Gettysburg, that general died in his 
arms. Baird was promoted to the rank of major 
for gallant conduct. 

BAKER, Peter Carpenter, publisher, b. in 
North Hempstead, N. Y., 25 March, 1822. Four 
of his ancestors were in the Revolutionary army. 
He was educated at Harlem academy, entered a 
book-store in New York, learned the printer's 
trade, and in 1850, with Daniel Godwin, estab- 
lished the firm of Baker and Godwin, which made 
a specialty of printing law-books and became 
widely known for fine work. In 1865 Mr. Baker 
established the law-publishing firm of Baker, 
Voorhis and Co., which is still in existence and has 
a large catalogue. Mr. Baker was one of the 
founders of the Metropolitan literary association, 
edited the 44 Steam Press," a patriotic periodical, 
during the civil war (1861-5), and originated the 
plan for a statue of Benjamin Franklin in Print- 
ing-house square. New York, which was given by 
Albert De Groot, He early became known as a 
public speaker, delivering orations at Fort Inde- 

rmdence, N. Y., 4 July, 1848 ; at Trenton, N. J., 
July, 1840; and in the old Broadway tabernacle, 
New York, on the anniversary of Bunker Hill, 
1858. He has published addresses and mono- 
graphs, including, besides the orations noted 
above, 44 European Recollections " (New York, 
1861) and 44 Franklin " (1805). 



BARNES 669 

BAKER, Wendell, runner, b. in Brooklyn, N. 
Y., 19 Oct., 1862. He is a son of Francis Baker, a 
New York merchant, with whom he is now associ- 
ated in business. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1886. During his preparation for college and sub- 
sequently until his graduation he distinguished 
himself by winning twenty-one championships at 
university and intercollegiate meetings. He placed 
to his credit twelve best college records, and in his 
senior year made the world's records on the 100, 
220, and 440 yards dash. Of these the first two he 
shares with numerous other amateurs, but on the 
440 yards his time of 47| seconds is the best 
record by either amateur or professional runners. 

BAKER, William Spohn, antiquarian, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 17 April, 1824. He became a 
conveyancer, but retired on account of his health, 
and turned his attention to art and literary pur- 
suits. Mr. Baker possesses a collection of en- 
graved portraits of Georpe Washington which is 
the most complete that is known, and his num- 
ber of medals of Washington is second only to 
that of William S. Appleton, of Boston, while his 
collection of biographies of Washington is the 
most noted in existence. He is a member of the 
American philosophical society, one of the council 
of the Pennsylvania historical society, and since 
1885 has been vice-president of the Pennsylvania 
academy of fine arts. He is the author of 44 Origin 
and Antiquity of Engraving" (Philadelphia, 1812; 
2d ed., illustrated, Boston, 1875); ' 4 American En- 
gravers and their Works" (Philadelphia, 1875); 
*• William Sharp, Engraver, and his Works " (1875) ; 
44 Engraved Portraits of Washington " (1880) ; 44 Me- 
dallic Portraits of Washington " (1884) ; and 44 Char- 
acter Portraits of Washington " (1887) ; and he is pre- 
paring for the press (1889) 44 A List of Biographies 
and Biographical Sketches of George Washington." 

BALDWIN, Maurice Seollard, Canadian An- 
glican bishop, b. in Toronto, Canada, 21 June, 
1886. He was graduated at Trinity college, To- 
ronto, in 1859, ordained deacon in April, I860, and 
became apresbyter in July, 1861. He was incum- 
bent of Port Dover, Ont, in 1862-'5, and in 1870 
was appointed curate of Christ church cathedral, 
Montreal. He became canon of the cathedral in 
the following year, and in 1872 was elected rector 
of the parish. In 1882 he was appointed dean of 
Montreal, and on 17 Oct, 1888, was elected bishop 
of Huron, to which office he was consecrated on 
80 Nov. of the same year. He received the degree 
of D. D. from Trinity college, Toronto, in 1882. 
Bishop Baldwin is the author of 44 A Break in the 
Ocean Cable" (Montreal, 1877), "Life in a Look" 
(1879), and a volume of 44 Sermons." 

BARBOUR, John Strode, senator, b. in Cnl- 
peper county, Va., 29 Dec., 1820. He was edu- 
cated at the University of Virginia, adopted the 

f>rofession of law, served several terms in tne legis- 
ature, and was active in state politics. He was 
elected to congress as a Democrat in 1880, and 
served three terms. In 1888 he became chairman 
of the Democratic organization in Virginia, suc- 
ceeded in preventing the re-election of Gen. Will- 
iam Mahone, and secured the defeat of the Re- 
adjuster party. He continued chairman of the 
Virginia Democratic committee in 1^84-'8, and 
was active in the canvass for the election of Gro- 
ver Cleveland to the presidency. In 1888 he was 
chosen U. S. senator as a Democrat He has been 
active in railroad matters, and is president of the 
Virginia midland railroad company. 

BARNES, Alfred Smith, publisher, b. in New 
Haven. Conn., 28 Jan., 1817: d. in Brooklyn, N. 
Y., 17 Feb., 1888. He entered the book-publishing 

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BAXTER 



BIDDLE 



business at sixteen years of age in Hartford, Conn., 
went to New York in 1835, and in 1888 formed a 
partnership with Prof. Charles Davies for the pub- 
lication of the latter's mathematical works. He 
removed to Philadelphia in 1840, but returned to 
New York in 1845, and continued in the active 
management of his business till 1880. Soon after 
settling in New York he formed the plan of pub- 
lishing the " National Series of Standard School- 
Books," and the firm's principal business has been 
in educational works. Mr. Barnes was interested 
in the establishment of the elevated railroads of 
New York city, and was connected with the central 
branch of the Union Pacific railroad, and several 
banking and insurance institutions. He £ave lib- 
erally, and left $25,000 to be equally divided be- 
tween twenty-five educational institutions, $25,000 
to be equally divided between five religious socie- 
ties, and $45,000 to the Young men's Christian as- 
sociation of Cornell. 

BAXTER, James Phfnney, author, b. in Gor- 
ham, Me.. 23 March, 1831. He was educated in 
Portland, Me., and Lynn, Mass., and became a mer- 
chant and manufacturer. He organized the asso- 
ciated charities in Portland, and was instrumental 
in founding the Maine industrial school for girls. 
Mr. Baxter in 188? presented to the Portland 
public librarv, the Portland society of art, and 
the Maine historical society conjointly, a lot of 
land, and is erecting upon it, at a cost of $100,- 
000, a building for these societies. He is the 
author of a volume of poems entitled •• Idyls 
of the Year" (Portland, 1884); "The Trelawney 
Papers," published as the 3d volume of the " Docu- 
mentary History of Maine " (1884) ; George Cleeve, 
of Casco Bay, 1630-1667" (1885); and "Sir Ferdi- 
nando Gorges and his Province of Maine" (1889). 
He has also edited 44 Digby's Journal," the writer 
of which served under Burgoyne, under the title of 
"The British Invasion from the North " (Albany, 
1887), and the 4th volume of the " Documentary 
History of Maine," containing documents from 
American and foreign archives (Portland, 1889). 

BELLAMY, Ed Ward, author, b. in Chicopee 
Palls, Mass., 26 March, 1850. He was educated at 
Union college but was not graduated. In 1871, 
after studying law, he was admitted to practice. 
For several years he was assistant editor of the 
Sprinefteld, Mass., " Union," an editorial writer of 
the New York " Evening Post," and a founder of 
the Springfield 44 Daily News." He is now a con- 
tributor to various magazines. His published 
works are "Six to One, a Nantucket Idyl" (New 
York, 1877) ; " Dr. Heidenhoff's Process" (1879); 
"Miss Ludington's Sister" (Boston, 1885); and 
" Looking Backward " (1888). 

BEN HAM, Andrew Ellfeott Kennedy, naval 
officer, b. on Staten island. 10 April, 1832. He en- 
tered the navy as a midshipman, 24 Nov., 1847, 
and became a passed midshipman, 10 June, 1853. 
He was ordered to the 44 Princeton " in July, 1853, 
transferred to the "St Mary's," Pacific squadron, 
and served on her till 1857, and was commissioned 
a master, 15 Sept, and lieutenant 16 Sept, 1855. 
He was attached to the " Crusader," on the Home 
station, in 1860-'l, and when the civil war began 
he was made executive officer of the 44 Bienville," 
on the South Atlantic blockade, where he partici- 
pated in the capture of Port Royal, S. C, and in 
1863 served in the " Sacramento." Benham was 
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, 
and given the 44 Penobscot," in the Western Gulf 
blockading squadron, until the close of the war in 
1865. He was on duty at the Brooklyn navy-yard in 
I860, and on special service in the "Susque- 



hanna" in 1867. He was promoted to com- 
mander, 25 July, 1866, servea at the Brooklyn 
navy-vard in 1868-'9, as light-house inspector in 
1870- 1, and commanded the monitors "Sauirus" 
in 1871-2 and "Canonicus" in 1872- , 3, ori the 
North Atlantic station. He then served as light- 
house inspector in 1874-'8, was promoted to cap- 
tain, 12 March, 1875, and commanded the flag-ship 
44 Richmond," on the Asiatic station, in 1878-*8l. 
He was on duty at Portsmouth navy-vard from 
8 Dec., 1881, until 15 Nov., 1884, when he was 
appointed lighthouse inspector, and served until 
January, 1888. He was promoted to the rank of 
commodore, 30 Oct., 1885. 

BIDDLE, James Stokes, naval officer, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Jan., 1818. He was ap- 
pointed a midshipman in the U. S. navy. 18 Oct, 
1833, and became lieutenant, 20 Aug., 1844. He 
was engaged in the Florida war with a fleet of 
boats, ana during the Mexican war he was in 
command of a gun-boat and served with the 
naval batteries in the siege of Vera Cruz and 
the capture of Tobasco. In 1856 he resigned from 
the navy and was elected president of the Sha mo- 
kin Valley railroad. In 1861, at the opening of the 
civil war, he offered his services to the secretary of 
the navy, agreeing to retire at the close of the war, 
but no formal action was taken in regard to it In 
1871 he was the Democratic candidate for mayor 
of Philadelphia, but was not elected. — His kins- 
man, Craig, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, 10 Jan., 1823, 
is a son of Nicholas Biddle (1780-1844), was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1841, and was admitted to 
the bar of Philadelphia in 1844. He represented 
Philadelphia in the legislature in 184S>-'50. In 
April. 1861, he was made a major on the staff of 
Gen. Robert Patterson, and served in the Shenan- 
doah valley. He was then appointed on the staff 
of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin, and was detailed to 
organize new regiments. On the invasion of 
Maryland and Pennsylvania by the Confederate 
army in 1863, he joined a regiment of Philadelphia 
militia as a private, and marched to the front In 
January, 1875, he was appointed a judge of the 
court of common pleas of Philadelphia, and in 
the following autumn was elected to the same 
office, as a Republican, by a large majority. In 
1885 he was re-elected, having been renominated 
as well by the Democratic party as by his own. 
He has been president of the Philadelphia agri- 
cultural society, and has written on agriculture 
and on a variety of other subjects. He is a mem- 
ber of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, 
and has been one of its vice-presidents. — An- 
other kinsman, Chapman, lawyer, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 22 Jan., 1822 ; d. there, 9 Dec., 1880, 
was the son of Clement C. Biddle (1784-1855). 
who organized and was first captain of the State 
fencibles, and had command of the 1st volunteer 
light infantry in the war of 1812. The son was 
educated at St. Mary's college in Baltimore, and 
was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1848. He 
soon attained a lucrative practice, and was so- 
licitor of the Pennsylvania railroad company, and 
subsequently counsel for that corporation. In 
April, 1861, he formed a company of artillery to 
aid in protecting Philadelphia, and was made its 
captain. During the summer of 1862 he under- 
took the raising of a regiment of infantry, which 
on 1 Sept, 1862. as the 121st Pennsylvania volun- 
teers, took the field with him as its colonel He 
took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and 
Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg had command 
of a brigade in the 1st corps. In December, 1863» 
he resigned from the army and resumed the prao* 



Digitized by Google 



BINGHAM 



tice of his profession, which he continued until 
shortly before his death. Co). Biddle was connect- 
ed with the Fairroount park art association, and, 
through his counsel, beautiful fountains and groups 
were placed in the park. 

BINGHAM, Henry Harrison, congressman, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 July, 1841. He was 
graduated at Jefferson college in 1802. became a 
lieutenant in the 140th Pennsylvania volunteers, 
was wounded at Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, and 
Farmville, and in July, 186(5, was mustered out as 

i'udge advocate, with the rank of major and brevet 
ungadier-general of volunteers. He was postmaster 
at Philadelphia in 1807-72, but resigned to become 
clerk of the courts of oyer and terminer and quar- 
ter sessions of Philadelphia, to which office he was 
re-elected in 1875, and served till 1878, when he 
was chosen to congress as a Republican. He has 
since occupied a seat in the latter body by re-elec- 
tion. Gen. Bingham was a delegate-at-large from 
Pennsylvania to the National Republican conven- 
tion in 1872, and a delegate from the first district 
to the conventions of 1876, 1884, and 1888. 

BISHOP, Judson Wade, soldier, b. in Evans- 
ville, Jefferson co., N. Y., 24 June, 1881. He re- 
ceived his education at Fredonia academy, N. Y., 
where his father was settled as pastor of the Bap- 
tist church for several years, and later at Belleville, 
Jefferson co. After serving as a clerk and book- 
keeper, he taught for two winters, then studied 
civil engineering, and in 1858 entered the office of 
the Grand Trunk railway at Kingston, Ont, After 
serving as an assistant engineer there and in Min- 
nesota, he settled in Chatfield, Minn., as a survey- 
or, publishing a map and pamphlet history of that 
county. He also taught there, and then purchas- 
ing the 44 Democrat " in 1850, which he published 
until 1861, when he sold it and recruited a compa- 
ny of volunteers. He was mustered as a captain 
of the 2d Minnesota regiment on 26 June, 1861, 
and served through the war in the west He rose 
to be colonel, 14 July, 1864, and was brevet ted briga- 
dier-general of volunteers on 7 June. 1865. Since 
the war he has been engaged in building and op- 
erating railroads in Minnesota. He resigned in 
April, 1881, to engage in railroad construction. 

BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, b. in 
Amherst, Mass.. 21 July, 1821. His parents re- 
moved to Illinois about 1831. When seventeen 
years of age Henry attended the Amherst acad- 
emy one year, whence he returned to Illinois and 
engaged in teaching and subsequently in land- 
surveying until twenty -one years of age. He 
studied law in Chicago with Jonathan Y. Scam- 
mon and Norman B. Judd, was admitted to the 
bar in 1845, and began practice in Waukegan, 111., 
where he still resides. In 1844 he voted the Anti- 
slavery ticket, and he has since been an adherent 
of the Anti-slavery and Republican parties. In 1852 
he was elected to the general assembly of Illinois, 
being the first avowed Anti-slavery member that 
ever occupied a seat in that body, and in the fol- 
lowing year was elected to the state senate. As a 
legislator he was one of the ablest and most useful, 
and was largely instrumental in shaping the legis- 
lation of the commonwealth and in promoting the 
development of the resources of Illinois. In 1855 
and for several years subsequently he was associ- 
ated with the legal department of the Chicago and 
Northwestern railway, of which he was one of the 
projectors. He was the pioneer in the building of 
the Chicago and Milwaukee railroad, and was iden- 
tified with it in the capacities of attorney, direct- 
or, and president Later he was solicitor of the 
Michigan Southern, Fort Wayne, Rock Island, and 



BRIGHTLY 071 

Northwestern roads, and he retired when the busi- 
ness reached such proportions thri it was impos- 
sible for one man to attend to it In 1870 he was 
appointed by President Grant a judge of the U. S. 
district court for the northern district of Illinois, 
which office he still holds. 

BLODGETT, Rufns, senator, b. in Dorchester, 
N. H., 9 Oct, 1884. He studied in local schools 
and academies, and at the age of eighteen was ap- 

Srenticed to the Amoskeag locomotive works, at 
[anchester. N. H.« where he learned the trade of 
a machinist In 1866 he removed to New Jersey 
and engaged in the railroad business. From 1874 
till 1884 he was superintendent of the New Jersey 
southern railroad, and in the latter year was ap- 

g>inted superintendent of the New York and Long 
ranch railroad, which place he still holds. Sena- 
tor Blodgett is also president of the Long Branch 
city bank. He was a member of the New Jersey 
legislature in 1878-'80, and was a delegate to the 
Democratic national convention in 1880. In 1887 
he was elected as a Democrat to the U. S. senate, 
and took his seat on 4 March of that year. 

BONNEY, Charles Carroll, reformer, b. in 
Hamilton, N. Y., 4 Sept, 1881. He was educated 
at Hamilton academy, settled in Peoria, 111., in 
1850, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar. He 
removed to Chicago in 1860, where he soon attained 
a large practice. Mr. Bonney was elected presi- 
dent of tne National law and order league in New 
York in 1885, and has since been annually re-elect- 
ed to that office. He has been president of the 
Illinois state bar association, and a member of the 
American bar association. Among the reform 
measures proposed by him are constitutional pro- 
hibition of special legislation ; a national currency 
under a national law ; national uniformity of com- 
mercial paper; an extension of equity practice to 
bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil-ser- 
vice pensions : and state boards of labor and capi- 
tal. Besides numerous pamphlets, addresses, and 
essays on public questions, he has published " Rules 
of I.aw for the Carriage and Delivery of Persons 
and Property by Railway " (Chicago, 1864) and 
" A Summary of the Law of Marine. Fire, ana Life 
Insurance" (1865), and edited " Poems by Alfred W. 
Arlington, with a Sketch of his Character " (1869). 

BRIGHTLY, Frederick Charles, lawyer, b. 
in Bungay, Suffolk, England, 26 Aug., 1812; d. in 
Gennantown, Pa.. 24 Jan., 1888. After serving as 
a midshipman under the East Indian company he 
came to this conntrr in 1881, studied law. and was 
admitted to the bar' in 1889. Mr. Brightly retired 
from active practice about 1870, and devoted hit 
time to legal authorship. His collection of about 
5,000 volumes is one of the best private law libra- 
ries in this country. He printed a descriptive cata- 
logue of his books, with critical notices of authors 
and subjects, for private circulation (Philadelphia, 
1885). His legal works are M The Law of Costs in 
Pennsylvania R (1847); M Reports of Cases decided 
bv the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- 
vania," with notes (1851); "The Equitable Juris- 
diction of the Courts of Pennsylvania " (1855) ; 
44 An Analvtical Digest of the Laws of the United 
States, 1769-1869" (2 vols., 1865-'9); 44 A Digest 
of the Decisions of the Federal Courts" (2 vols- 
1868-'78); 44 The Bankrupt Law of the United 
States n (1871) ; 44 A Collection of Leading Cases on 
the Law of Elections in the United States" (1871); 
44 Constitution of Pennsylvania, as Amended in the 
Year 1874," to which is appended the constitution 
of 1888 (1874); 44 A Digest of the Decisions of the 
Courts of the State of New York to January, lC8d" 
(8 vols., New York, 187fr-*84); and 44 A digest of 

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BROOKS 



BURTON 



the Decisions of the Courts of the State of Penn- | 
s vivaria from 1754 to 1882 " (3 vols., Philadelphia, 
1877-*83). 44 A Digest of the I^aws of Pennsylvania 
from 1700 to 1883" (1883). He also republished 
two editions of "Binn's Justice, or Magistrate's 
Duily Companion'' (1870-'86); also "The Practice 
in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the Courts of 
Pennsylvania" (2 vols., 1880), popularly known as 
- Troiibat and Haley's Practice, and has edited 
numerous volumes of reports and other legal 
works.— His son, Francis Frederick, lawyer, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Feb., 1845, was graduated 
at the law department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1806. He has published "A Digest of 
the Laws and Ordinances of the City of Philadel- 
phia " (2 vols., 1887), and A Digest of the Laws of 
Pennsylvania from 1883 to 188V 1 (1887). 

BROOKS, William Robert, astronomer, b. in 
Maidstone, England, 11 June, 1844. He came to 
this country in 1857, and settled with his parents 
in Darien, N. Y. When he was only fourteen years 
of age he constructed a telescope; and at the age 
of eighteen delivered his first astronomical lectures. 
Subsequently he was employed as a mechanical 
draughtsman, and invented various improvements 
in astronomical, photographic, and other scientific 
instruments. In 1870 he settled in Phelps, N. Y., 
where, in 1874, he founded and became the di- 
rector of the Red House observatory. In 1888 
he removed to Geneva, N. Y., to talce charge of 
Smith observatory. His work has consisted largely 
in the discovery of comets, and thirteen of these 
bodies have been credited to him since 1881, of 
which two were the first observed return of the 
notable long-period comets of 1812 and of 1815. 
He found two in 1885 and th>„* first three that were 
discovered in 1886, making a record of five comets 
within a period of nine months, of which four 
were in succession and two within four days. 
Three of these, bearing his name, were visible at 
the same time, which is unparalleled in the history 
of astronomy. Mr. Brooks is a fellow of the Ameri- 
can association for the advancement of science, and 
a fellow pf the Royal astronomical society of 
Great Britain, and has won a number of prizes by 
his discoveries. He has lectured frequently, ana, 
besides papers on his specialty, has published 
poems, of which " Milton " and 44 The Pilgrim of 
Lavergne " have been widely copied. 

BROWNE, John Mills, surgeon, b. in Hinsdale, 
N. H., 10 May, 1831. He was graduated at the 
medical department of Harvard in March. 1852, 
and entered the U. S. navy as an assistant sur- 
geon, 26 March, 1853. In 1855-'6 he participated 
in the Indian war on Puget sound, and subse- 
quently he took part in the survey of the north- 
west boundary. He became a passed assistant sur- 
geon, 12 May, 1858, served in the brig 44 Dolphin," 
suppressing the slave-trade on the west coast of 
Africa iu 1858, and in October of that year joined 
the Paraguay expedition. He was commissioned a 
surgeon, 10 June, 1861, and attached to the steamer 
"Kearsarge" until 9 Dec. 1864, participating in 
the engagement with the Confederate cruiser 44 Ala- 
bama. He served at the Mare island navy-yard 
from 1869 till 1871, during which time he superin- 
tended the erection of the naval hospital there. 
He was commissioned as medical inspector, 1 Dec., 
1871, and was fleet-surgeon of the Pacific fleet in 
1872-'6. He served at the naval hospital at Mare 
island, Cal., in 18?6-'80, was commissioned a medi- 
cal director, 6 Oct. 1878, and was a member of the 
examining board at Washington, from 2 July, 1880, 
to 36 Oct., 1882, when he took charge of the Muse- 
um of hygiene until 1 July, 1886, after which he 



was again appointed a member of the examining 
and retiring board. On 27 March, 1888, he was 
appointed chief of the bureau of medicine and 
surgery and surgeon-general of the navy. 

BUCHANAN, Joseph, inventor, b. in Washing- 
ton county, Va., 24 Aug., 1785: d. in Louisville, 
Ky., 29 Sept., 1829. He removed to Tennessee in 
17*95, was educated at Transylvania university. 
Kentucky, studied medicine, and practised in Port 
Gibson, Miss., but in 1808 removed to Lexington, 
Ky., where in 1811 he was appointed professor of 
the institutes of medicine in the medical depart- 
ment of Transylvania university. Among his nu- 
merous inventions was a new musical instrument, 
in which the notes were produced by glasses of dif- 
ferent chemical composition, and a steam-engine 
with which, in 1824, he ran a wagon through the 
streets of Louisville. He claimed to have discov- 
ered a new motive power, derived from combus- 
tion without the aid of water and steam, which is 
now utilized in the air-engines of John Ericsson 
and others; and also originated what he called 
44 the music of light," to be produced by means of 
44 harmonific colors luminously displayed." Dr. 
Buchanan edited the 44 Palladium " in 'Frankfort, 
the 44 Western Spy " and the " Literary Cadet " in 
Cincinnati, and the 44 Focus " in Louisville, and was 
the author of the 44 Philosophy of Human Nature " 
(Richmond, Ky., 1812). He was the father of Joseph 
Rodes Buchanan (vol. i., p. 486). 

BUNGAY, George Washington, journalist b. 
in Walsham-le- Willows, Suffolk, England, 28 Nov.. 
1826. He came to this country at an early age, 
was educated in New York city, and engaged in 
journalism. From 1873 till 1887 he was employed 
in the New York custom-house. He is a well- 
known lecturer, has contributed to the press, was 
literary editor of the 44 Metropolitan." a weekly 
journal in New York, and is the author of u On- 
Hand Takings, or Crayon Sketches " (New York, 
1864); "Traits of Representative Men" (1882); 
44 Pen Portraits of Illustrious Abstainers," pub- 
lished by the National temperance society (1884) ; 
and 44 The Creeds of the Bells," a poem. 

BURKE, Maurice Francis, R. C. bishop, K in 
Ireland, 15 May, 1845. He came to this country 
with his parents in 1849, was educated at St, Mary'*s 
university. Chicago, 111., and in the American college 
at Rome, Italy, and ii? 1875 was ordained a priest 
in the Roman Catholic church. He was assistant 
at St Mary's church, Chicago, for the three subse- 
quent years, and afterward pastor of St, Mary's 
church,* Joliet, 111., till 1887, when he became 
bishop of Chevenne, Wyoming territory. 

BURLEIGH, Georjre Shepard, poet, b. in 
Plainfteld, Conn., 26 March, 1821. He was edu- 
cated in the district schools, assisted his brother, 
William H. Burleigh (vol. i., p. 455), in editing the 
44 Charter Oak," and subsequently devoted his time 
to intellectual pursuits. He has published 44 Anti- 
Slavery Hymns" (New London. Conn.. 1842); 
"The Maniac, and other Poems" (Philadelphia. 
1849); and "Signal Fires, or the Trail of the 
Pathfinder" (New York, 1856); and translated 
into English verse Victor Hugo's "La legende 
des siecles " (printed privately, 1867). 

BURTON, Robert, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in Mecklenburg county, Va.. in 1747; 
d. in Granville county, N. C, 10 April. 1825. He 
removed to Granville county, N. C., about 1775, 
was a commissioned office A in the Continental 
army, and in 1787 a member of the Continental 
congress. He was one of the^ommissioners to run 
the line between the states of North Carolina, 
South Carolina, and Georgia in 1801. 



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BUTLER 



CADWALADER 



673 



BUTLER, George Bernand, artist, b. in New 
York city, 8 Feb., 1888. His father, of the same 
name, and his uncle Charles were both well-known 
lawyers. He began under Thomas Hicks to study 
painting, and in 1850 spent some time in Thomas 
Couture's studio in Paris. In the autumn of 1860 
he returned to the United States and served 
in the National army during the civil war, los- 
ing an arm at the battle of Gettysburg. He re- 
turned to Europe in 1865 and devoted himself to 
painting animals, also studying with Otto Weber. 
For two years he continued his work under Cou- 
ture at Senlis, and spent the winter of 1867-'8 in 
Italy. He then returned to this country, but in 
1878 visited Europe again, and was during the ten 
following years in Italy, chiefly in Rome and Ven- 
ice. At this time he met James A. M. Whistler, 
who exerted very great influence on his work. 
Since 1888 he has been engaged principally in 
portraiture. In 1878 he was elected a National 
academician. His paintings include "The Shep- 
herd and Dogs on the Cainpagna " ; *' The Capri 
Rose," purchased by Alexander T. Stewart; " The 
Lace- Maker " ; "An Italian Peasant"; and sev- 
eral striking groups of animals. 

BY EES, Samuel Hawkins Marshall, poet, 
b. in Pulaski, Pa., 28 July, 188a He was educated 
in the public schools of Oskaloosa, Iowa, and stud- 
ied law, but did not practice. He served in the 
National army, was taken prisoner in November, 
1863, and while in confinement in Columbia, S. C, 
wrote the song entitled " Sherman's March to the 
Sea." whose popularity gave its name to the cam- 
paign it celebrated. He was U. S. consul at Zurich, 
Switzerland, in 1869-'84, and consul-general to 
Italy in 1885. In addition to being a frequent 
contributor to magazines, Mr. Byers is the author 
of "The Happy Isles, and other Poems" (Bos- 
ton, 1885); "History of Switzerland" (New York, 
1886); and "Military History of Iowa" (Des 
Moines, Iowa, 1888). 



CADWALADER, Thomas, physician, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708; d. near Trenton, N. J., 
14 Nov., 1779. He began the study of medicine in 
Philadelphia and completed his course in London. 
About 1731 he returned to Philadelphia, and con- 
tinued his profes- 
sion there for fif- 
teen years. Dur- 
ing the winter of 
1786-'7 he is men- 
tioned as one 
of the physicians 
that inoculated 
for the small-pox. 
In 1746 he re- 
moved to Tren- 
ton, N. J., but in 

1750 he returned 
to Philadelphia. 
He subscribed in 

1751 toward the 
capital .stock of 
the Pennsylvania 
hospital, of which 
he became one of 

the original physicians, and in the same year was 
elected a memlicr of the common council, in which 
he served until 1 774. Dr. Cadwalader was called to 
the provincial council on 2 Nov., 1755, and signed 
the non-importation articles. In July, 1776, the 
committee of safety of Pennsylvania appointed 
hiin on a committee for the examination of all 
vol. vi. — 13 




candidates that applied for the post of surgeon in 
the navy, and at the same time he was appointed 
a medical director of the army hospitals. In 1778 
he succeeded the elder William Shippen as sur- 
geon of Pennsylvania hospital, and previously, in 
1765, he had been elected trustee of the Medical 
college of Philadelphia, where he gave a course of 
lectures. Dr. Cadwalader was a member of the 
American philosophical society and the American 
society for promoting useful knowledge before 
their union in 1769. He was one of the original 
corporators of the Philadelphia library company 
in 1781. It is reported that he saved the life of a 
son of Gov. Jonathan Belcher by the application 
of electricity before 1750, and he published an 
" Essay on the West India Dry Gripes" (1745). Its 
purpose was to prove that quicksilver and drastic 
purgatives were highly injurious to the system. 
He was the father of Gen. John Cadwalader and 
of Col. Lambert Cadwalader. — His grandson, 
Thomas, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Oct, 
1779; d. there, 81 Oct, 1841, was the son of Gen. 
John Cadwalader, and was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1795. After studying 
law he was admitted to the bar, but took charge 
of the interests of the Penn family, which with- 
drew him from practice. In April, 1799, he was a 
private soldier in a cavalry troop, and was one of 
the sixteen that captured the ringleaders of the 
insurrection in Pennsylvania. During the war of 
1812 he was a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and 
he was afterward appointed to command the ad- 
vanced light-brigade. Under Gen. Cadwalader's 
training these troops became remarkable for their 
efficiency and discipline. In 1812 he was appointed 
major-general of the 1st division of Pennsylvania 
militia. With Winfleld Scott and Zachary 'Taylor 
he was appointed in 1826 to revise the tactics of 
the U. S. army. In 1816 he was appointed a trustee 
of the University of Pennsylvania. — His son, John, 
lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 April, 1805 ; d. 
there, 26 Jan., 1879, was graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1821, and in 1825, after 
studying law with Horace Binney, was admitted to 
the bar. The place of solicitor of the Bank of the 
United States was given to him by his relative, 
Nicholas Biddle, then its president, and his services 
were also retained by the government in impor- 
tant cases, among which was the Blackburne cloth 
prosecution. Mr. Cadwalader afterward confined 
himself to private practice in his profession, and 
was one of the best-known commercial lawyers in 
the United States. In 1844, after the riots of that 
year, he raised a company for the city artillery 
composed chiefly of lawyers, which was partially 
supported by the city authorities. He was elected 
to congress as a Democrat and served from 3 
Dec, 1855, till 3 March. 1857. In 1858 he was 
appointed judge of the U. S. district court, and 
he served thereafter on the bench until his death. 
The decree of LL. D. was conferred on him by 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1870. — Dr. 
Thomas's grandson. Thomas, soldier, b. near 
Trenton, N. J., 11 Sept, 1795 ; d. there, 22 Oct. 
1878, was the son of Col. Lambert Cadwalader 
(vol. i., p. 494). He was born at Greenwood, a 
property that was purchased by his father in 1776, 
and is still owned by the family. Young Cad- 
walader was graduated at Princeton in 1815 and 
then studied law. but never practised. He was 
appointed deputy adjutant-general of the New 
Jersey militia on 2 June, 1880, aide-de-camp to the 
governor, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and 
adjutant-general of the state, with the rank of 
brigadier-general, on 80 July, 1842. This office he 



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CAMERON 



CLARK 



retained through several political changes, until 
his resignation on 26 Jan., 1858. In 1806, at the 
request of the governor, he travelled through vari- 
ous European countries and reported on the fire- 
arms there in use, which report was printed. He 
was ore vetted major-general in March, 1868, in 

Jrarsuance of a special act of the legislature for his 
ong and meritorious services. — His son, John 
Lambert, lawyer, b. near Trenton, N. J., 17 
Nov., 1886. was graduated at Princeton in 1856 
and at Harvard law-school in 1860. His legal 
studies were made with Daniel Lord in New York 
city, and subsequently he practised his profession 
in that place. During 1874-'6 he was assistant 
secretary of state under Hamilton Fish. — Another 
son, Richard McCall, lawyer, b. in Trenton, 
N. J., 17 Sept, 1889, was graduated at Princeton 
in 1860, and at Harvard law-school in 1868. He 
was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1864, 
where he has since practised successfully. Mr. Cad- 
walader is the author of "The Law of Ground 
Rents M (Philadelphia, 1879). 

CAMERON, Henry Clay, educator, b. in Shep- 
herdstown, Va., 1 Sept, 1827. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1847, and at the theological sem- 
inary in 1855. Meanwhile he was principal of 
the Edgehill school in Princeton in 1851, and in 
1852-'5 tutor at the college. He was made ad- 
junct professor of Greek in 1855, associate in 1860, 
and professor in 1861, and since 1877 he has held 
the chair of the Greek language and literature. In 
addition he was instructor in French in 1859-'70, 
and librarian in 1865-'72. Prof. Cameron was or- 
dained a clergyman by the presbytery of Philadel- 
phia on 1 Feb., 1868. The degree of Ph. D. was 
riven him by Princeton in 1866, and he received 
that of D. D. from both Rutgers and Wooster in 
1875. For more than twenty years he edited the 
M General Catalogue of the College of New Jersey,** 
and, in addition to cyclopedia articles and essays, 
including one on "Jonathan Dickinson and the 
Rise of Colleges in America." he has published 
u Princeton Roll of Honor/' a list of the graduates 
of that college that fought in the war for the 
Union (Princeton, 1865); "The History of the 
American Whig Society H (1871), and with Prof. 
Arnold Guyot a series of classical maps. 

CASEY, Thomas Lincoln, soldier, b. in Madi- 
son Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, N. T., 10 May, 
1881. He is the son of Gen. Silas Casey (vol. L, p. 

550), and was gradu- 
ated at the U.S. mili- 
tary academy as bre- 
vet 2d lieutenant of 
engineers in 1852. In 
1854-»9 he was assist- 
ant professor of en- 
gineering at the mili- 
tary acaaemy. From 
1859 till 1861 he had 
command of the en- 
gineer troops on the 
Pacific coast Dur- 
ing the civil war he 
served at first as staff 
engineer at Fort 
Monroe, Va., became 
captain in the engi- 
neer corps on 6 Aug., 
1861, was superin- 
tending engineer of the permanent defences and 
field fortifications upon the coast of Maine, and 
served on special duty with the North Atlantic 
squadron during the first expedition to Fort Fish- 
er, N. C, 8-29 Dec, 1864. He was made major on 




2 Oct, 1868, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel and 
colonel on 18 March, 1865. In 1877 he was placed 
in charge of the public buildings and grounds in 
the District of Columbia, the Washington aque- 
duct, and the construction of the building for the 
state, war, and navy departments, which was com- 
pleted on 81 May, 1888. He was engineer of the 
Washington monument from 1878 till its comple- 
tion in 1884, and on 1 Nov., 1886, he became presi- 
dent of the board of engineers, in New York city. 
On 6 July, 1888, he was appointed brigadier-gen- 
eral, and chief of engineers, U. S. army, and on 2 
Oct, 1888, he was, by act of congress, placed in 
charge of the erection of the building for tne Libra- 
ry of congress. Besides numerous official reports, 
and articles upon engineering, he has contributed 
sketches to historical and genealogical magazines. 

CATHCART, Charles Murray, governor of 
Canada, b. in England, 21 Dec, 1788; d. there, 16 
July, 1859. He was educated at Eton, and at the 
age of fifteen entered the army as an ensign. He 
served on the continent under the Duke of Wel- 
lington, and at the battle of Waterloo, where he 
led several charges, three horses were killed under 
him. He succeeded his father as second Earl 
Cathcart, in 1848, was appointed commander-in- 
chief of the troops in British North America in 

1845, and on the retirement of Lord Metcalfe in 

1846, he assumed the civil government as well. A 
year later he resigned his military command, re- 
turned to England, and was then succeeded in 
his civil office by Lord Elgin. Subsequently he 
was appointed to the command of the Northern 
and Midland district of England, which post he 
retained until 1854. He also served on various 
commissions and was for several years a mem- 
ber ofparliament 

CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, b. 
in Lurav, Ohio, 16 Dec, 18(7. She was graduated 
at the Female college, Granville, Ohio, in 1868, and 
on 27 Dec, 1887, married James S. Catherwood, 
with whom she resides in Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. 
Catherwood is the author of 44 Craque-o'-doom w 
(Philadelphia, 1881) ; 44 Rocky Fork - (Boston, 1882); 
44 01d Caravan Days" (1884); 44 The Secrets at 
Roseladies" (1888); 44 The Romance of Dollard" 
(1889) and 44 The Bells of Stc Anne" (1889). 

CHARNAY, Desire, explorer, b. in Fleurie, 
France, 2 May, 1828. He was educated at the Col- 
lege Charlemagne, and has been sent by the French 
government on many scientific explorations, in- 
cluding one in 1880 to Central America, which was 
aided by the generositv of Pierre Lorillard. He 
is the author of 44 Cites et mines americaines " 
(Paris, 1861); 44 Le Mexique" (1862); "Explora- 
tions au Mexique et Am6nque du Centre " (1888) ; 
44 Les anciennes villes du nouveau monde " (1888) : 
and 44 Une princesse indienne avant la conquete " 
(1888). 44 The Ancient Cities of the New World n 
was translated by Mrs. J. Gonino and Mrs. Helen 
S. Conant, with an introductory chapter by Allen 
Thorndike Rice (New YorH, 1887). 

CLARK, Emmons, secretary, b. in Huron, 
Wayne co., N. T., 14 Oct., 1827. He received his 
early education at Owego and Groton, and was 
graduated at Hamilton college in 1847. Before 
arriving at his majority he studied medicine, but 
shortly thereafter, removing to New York city, be 
became a clerk in the first office established in 
Broadway for the transportation of through freight 
and passengers to Chicago and the west, and he 
rose rapidly to the place of manager. Retiring 
from mercantile pursuits, he was appointed secre- 
tary of the Board of health at its organisation in 
1866, and he has since held that office. In Janu- 



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CLARKE 



CONY 



675 




357, he enlisted as a private in the Second 
,ny of the 7th regiment (•* National Guard "), 
state militia; was elected 1st sergeant, 
1858 ; 2d lieutenant, September, 1859 ; 1st 
iant, June, I860 ; and captain in December 
of the same 
year; and was 
in command 
of his com- 
pany in the 
three cam- 
paigns made 
by the regi- 
ment, in 1801, 
1862,andl803, 
during the 
civil war. and 
in the draft 
riots of 1863. 
He command- 
ed the 7th 
mt in the Orange riot of 1871 and in the 
riots of 1877. In 1864 he published a " His- 
! the Second Company of tho Seventh Regi- 
s'. Y. State Militia." He was elected coio- 
his regiment on 21 June, 1864, and still holds 
>ramand. To his energy and perseverance is 
e successful completion by private subscrip- 
l 1880 of the armory (see illustration) now 
ed by the 7th regiment, while his executive 
and untiring attention have not only main- 
, but increased, the superiority, efficiency, 
osperity of that celebrated military organi- 
Col. Clark has in preparation a " History 
Seventh Regiment," to be published in 1889, 
which year he has announced his intention 
gning on the completion of a quarter of a 
y's service as colonel of the regiment 
RKE, Rebecca Sophia, author, b. in Nor- 
ock, Me., 22 Feb., 1833. She was carefully 
ed, has engaged in literary pursuits since 
ith, and is the author, under the pen-name of 
ie May," of •* Little Prudy Stories " (Boston, 
i); " Dotty Dimple Stories" (1868-70); 
way Stories" (1871-4); "The Doctors 
ter" (1873); "Our Helen" (1875); "The 
' Twins" (1876); "Flaxie Frizzle Stories" 
35); "Quinnebasset Girls "(1878); "Janet" 
and " Drones' Honey " (1887). 
RKSON, Matthew, philanthropist, b. in 
ork, 17 Oct, 1758; d. there, 25 April, 1825. 

He was trie great- 



grandson of Mat- 
thew Clarkson, who 
for thirteen years 
was secretary of the 
province, and his 
lather and grand- 
father also held im- 
portant places in 
the colony. At the 
beginning of the 
Revolutionary war, 
in 1775, the son be- 
came a private in a 
company of fusi- 
leers under Rudolph 
Ritzema, and after- 
ward he served in 
Col. Josiah Smith's 
regiment of minute- 
men, which was 
Tor the purpose of protecting Long Island 
ivasion. He joined the northern army in 
as wounded at Fort Edward, and at Saratoga 




rendered effective service to Col. Daniel Morgan, 
also acted as aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, 
and was present at the surrender of Gen. John 
Bur^oyne. In 1779 he was appointed aide to Gen. 
Ben mm in Lincoln, under whom he participated 
in the siege of Savannah, and in the defence of 
Charleston he served as a major of infantry, and 
became a prisoner at the surrender. In 1781 he 
returned to his place as aide to Gen. Lincoln, and 
was with him at the reduction of Yorktown. He 
also served on the expedition of Cora. Abraham 
Whipple during the siege of Charleston, and later 
in the " Jason." When Lincoln became secretary 
of war, Clarkson acted as his assistant, and on the 
conclusion of hostilities he received the brevet of 
lieutenant-colonel, and for more than fourteen 
years was major-general of the state militia. He 
served in both branches of the legislature, and was 
candidate of the Federal party For U. S. senator. 
For twentv-one years he was president of the 
Bank of tfew York, one of the first promoters 
of the free-school system, a regent of the Univer- 
sity of the state of New York in 1784-1825, gov- 
ernor of the New York hospital for thirty years, 
during twenty-three of which he was president, 
and one of the vice-presidents and founders of the 
American Bible society, and his name is associated 
with the foundation of nearly all the early philan- 
thropic societies of that city. 

CLEVELAND, Cynthia Elolse, author, b. in 
Canton, N. Y.. 18 Aug., 1845. She was educated 
in Michigan and Medina, N. Y., and engaged in 
business in that place and Pontiac, Mien. In 
1880-% as president of tho Women's Christian 
temperance- union of Dakota, she organized unions 
with so great success as to influence the vote of 
the territory for constitutional prohibition. She 
then settled in Pierre, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1883. In 1884 she entered the presidential 
canvass in Michigan and Indiana, being the first 
woman that ever spoke in public for the Demo- 
cratic party. She removed to Washington, D. t C, 
in 1885, and was appointed a law-clerk in the treas- 
ury department. She has written "See-Saw, or 
Civil Service in the Departments " (Detroit, 1887), 
a political novel, and " Is it Fate!" (1888). 

COFFEE, John, soldier, b. in Prince Edward 
county, Va., 2 June, 1772; d. near Florence, Ala., 
in July, 1834 He removed to Davidson county, 
Tenn., in 1798, and engaged in mercantile pursuits 
till 1807, when he began to survev public lands. 
In October, 1809, he married Mary*Donelson, a sis- 
ter of Andrew Jackson's wife. At the beginning 
of the war of 1812 he raised a cavalry regiment 
and after the massacre at Fort Minns he organized 
two others, became brigadier-general of militia, 
and fought and won the battle of Tallushatchie. 
He participated also in the battles of Talladega, 
Emuckfaro, Ala., where he was severely wounded, 
Enotochopco, and the Horseshoe. He was subse- 
quently at the battles of Pensacola and New Or- 
leans, reaching the latter in time for the fight by 
a forced march from Baton Rouge in two days, 
and commanding Jackson's left wing. He was fre- 
quently commissioned to treat with the Indians, 
became surveyor-general of the Southwest territory 
in 1817, removed to Huntsville, Ala., and later to 
Florida. He was known as " brave Jack Coffee." 

CONY, Daniel, jurist, b. in that part of Stough- 
ton, Mass.. that is now Sharon. 8 Aug., 1752; d. in 
Augusta, Me., 21 Jan., 1842. His grandfather, Na- 
thanael, came from England to Massachusetts in 
the latter part of the 17th century and settled in 
Boston, but in 1728 went to Stoughton. Daniel re- 
moved in 1778 to " Fort Western settlement n (now 



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676 



COPE 



COWKN 



Augusta, Me.). He had prepared himself before leav- 
ing Massachusetts for the profession of medicine, 
and was a successful practitioner for many years. 
He was in public life for several successive years 
as representative and senator in the general court 
and as a member of the executive council, and he 
was one of the electors that chose Washington 
president for his second term. He held the office 
of judge of the court of common pleas and of 
judge of probate from Kennebec county, and was 
a delegate to the convention that framed the con- 
stitution of Blaine. Judge Cony in 1815 founded 
and liberally endowed the Cony female academy in 
Augusta (now the Cony high-school). His daugh- 
ter married Nathan Weston, chief justice of com- 
mon pleas in Massachusetts in 1810-'30, and sub- 
sequently chief justice and associate justice of the 
supreme court of Maine in 1890-'41, and a daugh- 
ter by this marriage was the mother of Melville 
W. Fuller, chief justice of the United States. 

COPE, Gilbert genealogist, b. in East Brad- 
ford, Chester co., Pa., 17 Aug., 1840. He was edu- 
cated at the Friends' select school in West Chester 
and at the Friends' boarding-school in Westtown, 
and for a few years followed farming. He is a 
member of the Pennsylvania historical society and 
of the New England nistoric-genealogical society, 
and has published " A Record of the Cope Family 
(Philadelphia, 1860); "The Browns of Notting- 
ham " (1864); "Genealogy of the Dutton Family - 
(West Chester, 1871) ; and, with J. Smith Futhey, 
M Historv of Chester County" (Philadelphia, 1881), 
and " Genealogy of the Sharpless Family " (1887). 

COBBIN, Austin, financier, b. in Newport, 
N. H., 11 July, 1827. He was graduated at Har- 
vard law-school in 1$49, practised in his native vil- 
lage, and in 1853 removed to Davenport, Iowa, 
and in 1866 to New York, where he engaged in 
banking business, and in 1880 became president of 
the Long Island railroad. In 1886 he was ohosen 
president of the Philadelphia and Beading rail- 
road company. Mr. Corbin is actively associated 
in various organizations that have for their ob- 
jects the development of artistic and philanthropic 
purposes in New York city. 

CORNSTALK, Shawnee chief, b. in Mason coun- 
ty, Va. (now W. Va.), about 1730: d. in Point 
Pleasant, W. Va., in the summer of 1777. He was 
the chief of the Shawnee Indians, and at the bat- 
tle of Point Pleasant, 10 Oct., 1774, his plan of al- 
ternate attack and retreat occasioned the princi- 
pal loss of the whites. After the battle he . con- 
vened his tribe to consult what must next be done, 
and, after upbraiding them for not suffering him 
to make peace with the settlers the day before the 
fight, struck his tomahawk in the post in the cen- 
tre of the town-house and said : & I will go and 
make peace." He kept his treaty with the Ameri- 
cans till 1777, when the Shawnees, being incited 
by the British, began to disturb the frontier settle- 
ment. One day Cornstalk appeared at Point Pleas- 
ant, and, summoningthe principal settlers, told them 
that he could make no secret of the disposition of the 
greater part of his tribe toward them, but that, al- 
though he was opposed to the British, he was afraid 
they would force nim " to run with the stream." The 
council then determined to detain him as a host- 
age, and while in confinement he and his son were 
murdered by colonists in retaliation for an outrage 
by Indians. The governor offered a reward for 
tne apprehension of the murderers, but without 
effect. Cornstalk was regarded as the ablest sol- 
dier among the Indians on the Virginia frontier. 

COURTNEY, Frederick, Canadian Anglican 
bishop, b. in Plymouth, England, 5 Jan., 1887. He 



was educated in the Bluecoat school and at King's 
college, London, and, after holding pastorates m 
Kent, Plymouth, and Glasgow, was assistant at St 
Thomas's church in New York from 1876 till 1880. 
He was rector in 1880- '2 of St James church, Chi- 
cago, and then of St Paul's, Boston. On 1 Feb., 
1888, he was elected bishop of Nova Scotia. 

COUSIN, Jean (coo-zang), French navigator, b. 
in Dieppe, lived in the latter part of the 15th 
century. His discoveries are related by Louis 
Estancelin in his 44 Becherches sur les voyages et 
decouvertes des navigateurs Normands en Afrique, 
dans les Indes Orientates, et en AmeYique " (Paris, 
1883), Leon Guerin in his "Les navigateurs 
Francais " (Paris. 1846), and Amans Alexis Mon- 
teil in his 44 Traite* des materiaux manuscrits des 
divers genres d'histoire " (3 vols., Paris, 1885), and 
confirmed by the anonymous publication M M6- 
moires pour servir a l'histoire de Dieppe " (Dieppe, 
1740), and by Francis Par km an in nis 44 Pioneers 
of France in the New World " (Boston, I860). Ac- 
cording to these authorities, in 1488, four years be- 
fore Columbus's voyage, Cousin, being at sea off 
the African coast was forced westward by winds 
and currents to within sight of an unknown shore, 
where he presently descried the mouth of a great 
river (probably tne Orinoco). On board his ship 
was one Pinzon, who, being dismissed for mutinous 
conduct, went to Spain, became known to Colum- 
bus, and accompanied him in his vovage of 1493. 
Cousin's discovery is also mentioned m the 14 Jour- 
nal de T Antique" (Troyes, 1709) and in 44 
scription des cdtes de la mer Ooeane." It is also 
said that a French pilot discovered America. Un- 
fortunately, the archives of the city of Dieppe were 
destroyed during the bombardment of 1894, and 
no information is now to be obtained there about 
Cousin's voyage to America, a narrative of which 
was undoubtedly deposited in the city archives. 

COWEN, Esek, jurist, b. in Rhode Island, 34 
Feb., 1787; d. in Albany, N. Y., 11 Feb., 1844. He 
was descended from John Cowen, a native of Scot- 
land, who settled in Scituate, Mass., in 1656. His 
father's family re- 
moved in 1790 to 
Greenfield, Sarato- 
ga co. Four years 
afterward he re- 
moved to Hartford, 
Washington co., N. 
Y., and at sixteen 
years of age began 
the study of Law, 
at the same time 
teaching during the 
winters. He was 
admitted to the bar 
in 1810, and began 
practice in North- 
umberland, N. Y. 
In 1813 he removed 
to Saratoga Springs, 
which was after- 
ward his residence. 
He was reporter of 
the supreme court in 1831-8, and was then ap- 
pointed judge of the 4th circuit In 1885 he was 
appointed to fill a vacancy in the supreme court, 
and continued in that office until his decease. 
Judge Cowen's opinion in the celebrated McLeod 
case, in connection with the Canadian rebellion, 
in which were discussed the question of perfect 
and imperfect war and other great national prin- 
ciples, attracted wide attention. Of his opinions 
in general it has been said that "in their depth 




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COWLES 



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and breadth of research, and their strength and 
reason of bearing;, they are not excelled by any 
fudge in England or America." He has frequently 
been compared to Lord Mansfield. Judge Co wen 
was more than six feet in height, and possessed 
great dignity of presence and unassuming man- 
ners. In 1812 he was one of the founders, in 
Northumberland, Saratoga co., N. Y., of the first 
temperance society in the United States. He was 
the author of "Civil Jurisdiction of Justices of 
he Peace in New York " (2 vols.. 1844) ; 44 New 
fork Renorts, 1823-'8 " (9 vols., 1824-'30); and a 
Digested" Index of Reports" (1831); and edited 
Phiilipps on Evidence *' (5 vols., 1850). 
COnLES, Augustus Woodruff, educator, b. 
l Reading, N. Y., 12 July, 1819. After gradua- 
on at Union college in 1841, he taught, studied 
leology in New York city, and in 1847-'56 was 
istor of the Presbyterian church in Brock port, 
e was then made president of Elmira college, 
^iere he still remains. The degree of D. D. was 
ven to him by Ingham university in 1858, and 
at of LL. D. by Hamilton college in 1886. Dr. 
wles was the first president of a college that 
s fully chartered expressly for the collegiate 
ication of women, with a course of studv honor- 
y equivalent to the courses in colleges for men. 
has gained considerable reputation as an artist, 
t introduced the special study of art criticism 
) a college curriculum, and has delivered free- 
d illustrated lectures on art. 
[TRTIS, James Langdon, presidential candi- 
b. in Stratford, Conn., 19 Feb., 1816. He 
educated in his native town, and engaged in 
ness in New York citv, where, as colonel of the 
-egiment, he did good service in putting down 
lour riots in 1835. He was nominated by the 
»r party for governor of Connecticut in 1884, 
n 1888 became the candidate of the National 
r ican party for president. 
JSHING, William, author, b. in Lunenburg, 
ester co., Mass., 15 May, 1811. His brother, 
ind Lambert (1807-'83), was chief justice of 
[fampshire in 1874-'6. William was gradu- 
,t Harvard in 1832, and at the divinity-school 
in 1839, and preached till 1857, when he re- 
l to a farm in Clinton. Mass. He went to 
•idge in 1868, became library assistant in 
arvard library, and since 1878, when he 
scharged, has engaged in literary pursuits, 
nt several years in collecting material for a 
5 entitled "The Century of Authors, 1778- 
the manuscript of which has been used in 
paration of this work. His published books 
\dex to the North American Review" (Bos- 
T8) ; " Index to the Christian Examiner " 
and " Initials and Pseudonyms" (1885-'8); 
has in preparation a work* entitled 44 Ano- 
Another brother is Luther Stearns Cush- 
. ii., p. 39). 



E, Harriet Patience, nurse, b. in Barn- 
II., 5 Jan., 1815. Her parents moved to 
d about 1797, and in 1843 Miss Dame 
T'oncord, where she resided until the civil 
e joined the 2d New Hampshire regiment 
al matron in June, 1861, and remained 
in til it was mustered out in December, 
iss Dame wax inside the trenches at Fair 
? re she passed a dark night alone in the 
ds, the only woman in the brigade, car- 
e wounded of other regiments as well as 
She was on duty as nurse near the old 
rch at Centreville while her regiment. 




participated in the second battle of Bull Run. 
There she was taken prisoner, but was soon released. 
Miss Dame was appointed matron of the 18th army 
corps hospital in September, 1864, and had super- 
vision of the nurses on duty. Of her services, uen. 
Oilman Marston, who was long colonel of the 2d 
regiment, said : 41 Wherever the regiment went 
she went, often going on foot, and sometimes 
camping on the field without tent. . . . She was 
truly an angel of mercy, the bravest woman I ever 
knew. I have seen her face a battery without 
flinching. In August. 1867, she was appointed to 
a clerkship in the treasury department, where she 
still remains. In 1886 she deposited $1,000 with 
a committee of the 2d regiment veterans to erect 
a building for headquarters for their encampment 
at Lake Winniniseoeee, N. H. 

DARWIN, Charles Robert, English naturalist, 
b. in Shrewsbury, England, 12 Feb., 1809; d. in 
Down, Kent, England, 18 April, 1882. He was 
a grandson of Dr. 
Erasmus Darwin. 
Immediately after 
his graduation at 
Cambridge in 1831 
he volunteered to 
accompany the ship 
*• Beagle " as natural- 
ist on an exploring 
expedition around 
the world, on which 
he was engaged till 2 
Oct., 1836. Leaving 
the ship at Valparai- 
so, Darwin crossed 
the South American 
continent to Buenos 
Ayres, discovering 
oii his way the gi- 
gantic fossil remains 
that first brought 
his name into notice. On his return he settled on 
a country estate in Kent, where he spent his life 
in scientific occupations, writing his remarkable 
works on botany and natural history, and pro- 
pounding the theory of the origin of species by 
the natural selection of favorable variations, whicn 
soon became celebrated as the Darwinian theory. 
His writings that relate to this hemisphere include 
"Journal of Researches during a Voyage Around 
the World" (1839); "Geological Observations in 
South America" (1846); and many papers, such as 
44 The Connection of Certain Volcanic Phenomena 
in South America." See 44 Darwin " by Grant Al- 
len (1885), also 44 Life and Letters of Charles Dar- 
win," bv his son Francis Darwin (2 vols., New 
York, 1888). 

DAVIN, Nicholas Flood, Canadian journalist, 
b. in Kilfinane, Ireland. 13 Jan., 1843. He was 
educated in London, and also studied at Queen's 
university, but never took a degree. In 1868 he 
was called to the English bar, and he has practised 
both in London and in Toronto. For five years 
he was a reporter in the gallery of the British 
house of commons, and also a contributor to the 
44 Pall Mall Gazette." During the Franco- Prussian 
war he was correspondent of the " Irish Times n 
and the London 44 Standard." In 1872 he went ' 
to Canada, and he has there edited the Toronto 
44 Globe " and 44 Mail," and in 1882 established the 
Regina 44 Leader," the first large paper in Assini- 
boia. He was sent by the Canadian government 
in 1879 to Washington to inquire into the work- 
ing of the American system of educating Indian 
children. Subsequently he investigated the same 



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DOMEYKO 



subject in Winnipeg. In 1881-*2 he was secretary 
to the royal commission appointed to inquire into 
all matters connected with the Canadian Pacific 
railway, and in 1884-'5 was secretary to the Chi- 
nese commission, in which capacity he visited San 
Francisco, Cal., and Victoria, B. C. Mr. Davin 
served as a volunteer during the Canadian rebellion 
of 1885, and was elected to the parliament in 1887 
from Western Assiniboia. He has published " The 
Irishman in Canada" (1877). and other works. 

DAVIS, Alexander Jackson, architect, b. in 
New York, 24 July, 1803. He passed some time 
in the study of architecture, and in 1826 opened 
an office. He was in partnership with Ithiel Town 
in 1829-43, and the two introduced many novel- 
ties and improvements in building in this country. 
Mr. Davis designed the executive department and 
patent-office in Washington (1834), trie capitols of 
Illinois and Indiana (1837), Ohio (1839), and North 
Carolina, the University of Michigan, and the Vir- 
ginia military institute. In 1831 he was elected an 
associate member of the National academy. 

DAWSON, .Eneas MacDonell, Canadian au- 
thor, b. in Kedhaven, Scotland. 30 July, 1810. He 
was educated in Scotland and France, entered the 
Roman Catholic priesthood on 2 April, 1835, and 
has held charges in Canada. The University of 
Kingston gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1886. 
He is the author of *• The Temporal Sovereignty 
of the Pope" (London, 1860); 44 Our Strength and 
their Strength " (Ottawa, 1870); "Life and Time 
of Pius IX." (1880); 44 The Last Defender of Jeru- 
salem," a poem (1882) ; 44 Zenobia," a poem (1883) ; 
and several translations. 

DELAND, Margaretta Wade, author, b. in 
Alleghany, Pa., 23 Feb., 1857. Her maiden name 
was Campbell. She was educated at Pelham 
priory. New Rochelle, N. Y., then studied at 
Cooper Union, and in 1878-'9 taught industrial 
design in the Girls' normal college. On 12 May, 
1880, she married Lorin F. Deland, of Boston, 
Mass. Mrs. Deland has published 44 The Old Gar- 
den." a volume of verses (Boston, 1880), and 44 John 
Ward, Preacher," a novel that has attained great 
success (1888). 

DEMAREST, Mary Augusta Lee, b. in New 
York citv, 26 June, 1838; d. in Los Angeles, Cal., 
8 Jan., 1888. She was a daughter of Thomas R. 
Lee, and l)ecame the wife of Theodore F. C. Dem- 
arest. For many years she was a resident of Pas- 
saic, N. J. Mrs. Demarest bequeathed $10,000 to 
various religious institutions. She was the author 
of many poems, a volume of which was published 
(New York, 1882). The best known of these is 44 My 
ain Countrie," which first appeared in the New 
York 44 Observer" in December, 1861. 

DE VARENNES, Pierre Gauthier, Sieur de 
la Verendrye, French traveller, b. in France ; d. in 
Quebec in 1749. He emigrated to Canada, and 
was for some time engaged in trading in peltry 
with the Indians. M. de Beauharnais, governor of 
Canada, originated a scheme to reach the Pacific, 
and its execution and expense were undertaken by 
De Varennes, who discovered the Rocky mountains 
in 1731. While on this tour he discovered, among 
massive stone pillars, a small stone bearing on two 
sides graven characters of an unknown language. 
The stone was afterward sent to Paris, and there 
the resemblance the characters were thought to 
bear to the Tartaric was regarded as supporting 
the hypothesis of an Asiatic immigration into 
America. The king of France conferred the cross 
of St. Louis upon De Varennes, and at the time of 
his death he was about to resume, by the king's 
desire, his attempt to reach the Pacific ocean. 



DEWEY, Joel Allen, soldier, b. in Georgia, 

Franklin co., Vt., 20 Sept., 1840; d. in KnoxvMe, 
Tenn., 17 June, 1873. lie entered Oberlin in 1858, 
but left in 1861 to enter the National army, and 
served as 1st lieutenant and captain of Ohio volun- 
teers under Gen. John Pope in the west, and then 
with Gen. William T. Sherman. He was at one 
time on the staff of Gen. William S. Rosecrans. 
He became colonel of the 111th U. S. colored regi- 
ment in 1863, and led a brigade near Hunts ville. 
He was captured near Athens, Ala., in September, 
1864, after a day's severe engagement with Gen. 
Forrest's cavalry. After his liberation in Novem- 
ber he served in Tennessee and northern Alabama 
till the close of the war. He was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 Dec., 1865, 
and was mustered out, 81 Jan., 1866, after declin- 
ing a captain's commission in the regular army. 
Gen. Dewey then entered the law-school at Albany, 
N. Y., where he was graduated in 1867, and prac- 
tised in Dandridge, Tenn. In 1869 he was elected 
attorney-general of the state, which office he held 
till his death. 

DEWING, Thomas Wilmer, artist, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 4 May, 1852. He studied in 1876-'9 
under Jules J. Lefebvre in Paris. His more im- 
portant paintings are "Young Sorcerer*' (1877); 
"Morning" (18,9); "Prelude^' (1883); "A Gar- 
den " (1884) ; " The Davs," which gained the Clarke 
prize in 1887 (1884-'6); and "Tobias and the An- 
gel " (1887). He has produced, among other por- 
traits, those of Mrs. Llovd Bryce, Mrs. Robert Goe- 
iet, and Mrs. Delancey Kane. He is a member of 
the Society of American artists, and was elected 
an associate member of the National academy in 
1887, and an academician the year following. — His 
wife, Maria Richards, whose maiden name was 
Oakey, b. in New York, 27 Oct., 1855, studied at 
the National academy and under John Lafarge, 
and, in 1876, Thomas Couture. She has painted 
numerous figure- and flower-pieces, among which 
are "Violets" (1878) and "Mother and Child" 
(1880), and a number of portraits, including " Por- 
trait of a Boy" (1875); "Portrait of her Father" 
(1877); and " Sleeping Child" (1878). 

DICKINSON, Donald McDonald, cabinet offi- 
cer, b. in Port Ontario, Oswego co., N. Y., 17 Jan^ 
1847. He was graduated at the University of Michi- 
gan in 1867, studied law, was admitted to the bar, 
and has been engaged in many important cases. 
He became chairman of the Democratic state com- 
mittee of Michigan in 1876, and in 1880 was chair- 
man of the Michigan delegation in the Democratic 
national convention. Since 1884 he has represented 
Michigan on the national Democratic committee. 
On 17 Jan., 1888, he became postmaster-general of 
the United States. 

DOMEYKO. Ignaz, Chilian scientist, b. in Po- 
land in 1802. He received his primary education 
in Cracow, and in 1817 continued his studies in 
the University of Vienna, where he was graduated. 
Taking part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-'l, 
he was obliged to emigrate to France, where he 
labored in the mines of Alsace, and afterward fin- 
ished special studies at Paris. In 1838 he accepted 
the professorship of physics and chemistry at the 
lyceum of Serena, Chili. In 1846 he was called to 
the same chair in the National institute and the 
University of Chili, of which he was rector from 
1876 till 1883. He was an associate editor of 
" El Araucano," " Los Anales de Minas," and " El 
Semanario de Santiago," and in 1888 began a scien- 
tific journey through Europe. He is the author of 
"Tratado 'de ensayes" (Serena, 1843; Santiago, 
1873); "Elementos de Mineralogia" (1844); "La 



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inia y sus habitantes " (1845) ; " Oeologia y 
tria Subterranea" (1873); "Excursion a las 
leras de Copiap6 " (1875) ; and 44 Constituci6n 
:ica de Chile " (1876). 

)LITTLE, Charles Camp, soldier, b. in 
gton, Vt., 16 March, 1832. He was educated 
High-school in Montreal, Canada, but was 
aduated on account of his removal to New 
:ity in 1847. He subsequently went to Michi- 
nd on 16 May, 1861, became 1st lieutenant in 
i Michigan regiment He was made colonel 
18th regiment of that state on 22 July, 1862, 
in the peninsular campaign, and was slightly 
ed at Gaines's Mills. He served in Kentucky 
2-'3, and in Tennessee in 1863-'4, and was in 
ind of Decatur, Ala., during the first day's 
sful defence of that town against Gen. John 
xl. He led a brigade at Nashville, and was 
imand of that city in 1865, and of the north- 
i district of Louisiana in the autumn of that 
On 27 Jan., 1865, he was made brigadier-gen- 
volunteers, and on 13 June he was brevetted 
general. He was mustered out on 30 Nov., 
own request, and since 1871 has been cashier 
Merchants' national bank, Toledo, Ohio. 
TGHTY, John, soldier, b. in New Jersey 
1746 ; d. after 1802. He acted as commander 
American army by seniority of rank or by the 
itment of Gen. Washington, from June, i784, 
ptember, 1789. There was no United States 




luring that period, except two companies of 
*y, the Continental army having been dis- 
1 and the new army not formed. He became 
of an artillery company in 1789, lieutenant- 
l of artillery and engineers in June, 1798, and 
May, 1800, he resigned. Col. Doughty, in 
juilt Port Harmar, at the junction of the 
tii;um with the Ohio river (the site of Mari- 
v hich was the first post of the kind within 
unds of Ohio. In 1790 he built Fort Wash- 
, consisting of hewn-log cabins with connect- 
lisades, where now stands the city of Cincin- 
It was between the present Third and Fourth 
. and is represented in the illustration. 
YD, Charles Ferdinand, educator, b. in 
>n, Conn., 25 April, 1825. He was graduated 
i in 1853, and has successively heluthe posts 
ncipal of the preparatory department of 
n university, Baltimore, Md., professor of 
natics there, principal of the nigh-school, 
bury. Conn., associate principal of the Con- 
it normal school at New Britain, superin- 
t of public schools, Waterbury, Conn., 
ml of the Granville (N. Y.) military acade- 
rid president of Temple Grove seminary, 
ga Springs, N. Y. He conceived the idea of 
n£ one standard for railway time, and after 
ting it to a railway convention in New York 
October, 1869, he devised a complete plan, 
he published, with a map (1870). Prof. 



Dowd attended conventions of railway managers 
in Boston, in New York, and in the west, and finally 
secured the adoption of the present system of rail- 
way standard time, which is a modification of his 
first plan. In this system the country is divided 
into sections, in each of which the time is made 
uniform, and the standards in adjacent sections 
differ by one hour. It went into effect on 18 Nov., 
1883. Prof. Dowd received the degree of Ph. D. 
from the University of New York in 1888. He is 
writing " A Theory of Ethics." 

DRAKE, Francis Marlon, soldier, b. in Rush- 
ville, Schuyler co.. 111.. 80 Dec., 1830. His father. 
John, a native of North Carolina, founded the 
town of Drakesville, Iowa. The son was educated 
in the district schools, and entered a mercantile 
life at sixteen years of age. He crossed the plains 
to Sacramento, Cal., in 1852 and 1854, engaged in 
Indian warfare, and in 1859 settled in business in 
Unionville, Iowa. He served through the civil 
war, becoming in 1862 lieutenant-colonel of the 
36th Iowa cavalry, was severely wounded at Mark's 
Mills, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general 
of volunteers. He re-entered mercantile life at the 
end of the war, and was admitted to the bar in 
1866, but subsequently engaged in railroad-build- 
ing. In 1881 he became a founder of Drake univer- 
sity, contributing the principal amount. 



ELK IN, William Lewis, astronomer, b. in 
New Orleans, La., 29 April, 1855. He was edu- 
cated at the Royal polytechnic school in Stuttgart, 
Germany, and was graduated at the University of 
Strasburg in 1880. Subsequently he was asso- 
ciated with Dr. David Gill, of the Royal observatory 
at the Cape of Good Hope, in investigating the 
parallaxes of southern stars. In 1884 he became 
an astronomer at the observatory of Yale univer- 
sity, which post he still holds, ffis investigations 
at this place have included a triangulation of the 
Pleiades with the heliometer, and other researches 
with that instrument, the only one of its kind in 
America; also researches on the parallaxes of 
northern stars. These results have been published 
in current astronomical journals, and have given 
Dr. Elkin wide reputation among astronomers. 

ESTE, George Peabody, soldier, b. in Nashua, 
N. H., 24 April, 1829 ; d. in New York city. 6 Feb., 
1881. He wrote his family name Estey till he en- 
tered the army, when he adopted an older spelling. 
He entered Dartmouth, but left on account of ill- 
ness before graduation, and, after going to Cali- 
fornia, studied law, and settled in Toledo, where 
he became a partner of Morrison R. Waite. He 
was solicitor of his county in 1860, but, entering 
the National service as a private, became lieuten- 
ant-colonel of the 14th Ohio infantry, and in 1862 
succeeded to the command. During the Atlanta 
campaign and afterward he led a brigade, and at 
Jonesboro' he^ averted defeat by a timely bayonet 
charge. He was brevetted brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers. 9 Dec., 1864, and on 26 June, 1865, was 
given full rank. Gen. Este resigned on 4 Dec., 
1865, and afterward practised his . profession in 
Washington, D. C. He was presented by his regi- 
ment with a sword with diamond-studded hilt 



FERMOY, Matthias Alexis Roche de, French 
soldier, b. in the West Indies about 1737; d. after 
1778. He was 34th on the list of Continental briga- 
dier-generals, his commission dating 5 Nov.. 1776. 
On coming to this country in that year and offering 
his services to congress, Fermoy represented him- 



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680 FIELD 

self as a colonel of engineers in the French army. 
He served under Washington in the Trenton- 
Princeton campaign. On 1 Jan., 1777, he was or- 
dered to take his brigade to hold an advanced post 
at Mile-Run, beyond Maiden-Head (now Lawrence- 
ville). That same night he returned to Trenton, 
leaving his command in a somewhat questionable 
way. The following year (1777) he was placed in 
command of Fort Independence, opposite Fort Ti- 
conderoga, by orders of congress, and against the 
protest of Washington. On the retreat of Gen. Ar- 
thur St. Clair from Ticonderoga, Fermoy, against 
the orders of the commanding general, set fire to 
bis quarters on Mount Independence at two o'clock 
on the morning of 6 July, 1777, thus revealing to 
Burgoyne St. Clair's evacuation of Ticonderoga. 
Had it not been for this, St. Clair would have made 
good his retreat in safety. In December, 1777, he 
applied for promotion to a major-generalship, but 
congress, on 31 Jan., 1778, refused his request, and 
on 16 Feb., 1778, he was allowed to resign, receiving 
$800 to enable him to return to the West Indies. 

FIELD, William Hildreth, lawyer, b. in New 
York city, 16 April, 1848. He was graduated at 
Union college in 1868, and at Columbia college law- 
school in 1865. He was taken into partnership by 
Judge John W. Edmonds, and remained with him 
until his death in 1874. He was elected president of 
the Catholic club of New York in June, 1887, and re- 
elected in 1888. Under his management this body 
has become the most influential Roman Catholic 
organization in the state. He has tried many cases 
be! fore the court of appeals, some of great public 
importance, involving the interpretation of stat- 
utes, in which the law has been settled in accord- 
ance with the construction that he advocated. He 
edited, with Judge Edmonds, " Statutes at Large of 
the State of New York " (9 vols., Albany, 1863-'75). 

FLETCHER, Alice Cunningham, ethnolo- 
gist, b. in Boston, Mass., about 1845. She was care- 
fully educated, and, after study among the archaeo- 
logical remains of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, 
went in 1881 to reside among the Omaha Indians, 
investigating their customs and traditions under 
the auspices of the Pea body museum of American 
archjeology and ethnology of Harvard. In 1883 
she was appointed by the secretary of the interior 
to allot the Omahas their lands in severalty, and 
brought to the Indian schools at Carlisle, Pa., and 
Hampton, Va., a large party of their children and 
two married couples. Under the care of the Wom- 
an's national Indian association, Miss Fletcher 
established a system by which small sums of money 
were lent to such Indians as wished to buy tracts 
of land and build houses. At the request of the 
Indian bureau, she prepared an exhibit for the New 
Orleans exposition in 1884-75 showing the progress 
of Indian civilization for the last twenty-five years. 
In 1886 she was sent by the commissioner of edu- 
cation to visit Alaskan and Aleutian Indians, and 
in 1888 completed her report on " Indian Educa- 
tion and Civilization," in which is a synopsis of all 
Indian treaties, their laws and regulations, and sta- 
tistics concerning population, schools, etc. (Wash- 
ington, 1888). In 18«7 she was appointed special 
agent, and assigned to the Winnebago tribe. She 
has published numerous papers and monographs. 

FLICKINGER, Daniel Knmler, bishop of the 
United Brethren, b. in Sevenmile, Ohio, 25 May, 
1824. He received an academic education, became 
corresponding secretary of the United-Brethren 
church missionary societv in 1857. and held office 
by re-election till" 1885, when he was chosen foreign 
missionary bishop. He has made eight missionary 
tours to Africa, and done work on the frontiers of 



FULLER 



the United States and among Chinese emigrants. 
Otterbein university, Ohio, gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1875. Dr. Flickinger has published - Off- 
Hand Sketches in Africa " (Dayton, Ohio, 1857) ; 
"Sermons," with Rev. William J. Shuey (1859); 
" Ethiopia, or Twenty-six Years of Missionary Life 
in Western Africa" (1877); and "The Church's 
Marching Orders " (1879). 

FLOOD, James Clair, capitalist, b. in Ireland 
in 1825. He emigrated to New York when a young 
man in the same ship with William O'Brien, with 
whom he formed an intimate friendship during 
the voyage. After working in ship-yards the two 
went to California in 1851, and opened a saloon in 
San Francisco. They made money by speculating 
in mining stock, and several years later formed a 
partnership with James G. Fair and John W. 
Mackay, who were then voung miners. Flood and 
O'Brien agreed to furnish money for tools and out- 
fit, while Fair and Mackay prospected in the 
Sierras. The result was the discovery of the Com- 
stock lode, which made them four of the wealthiest 
men in the world. They subsequently established 
the Nevada bank in San Francisco, and the part- 
nership continued till 1881, when Mr. Fair was 
elected to the U. S. senate. Soon afterward Mr. 
Flood withdrew from active business. 

FOLEY, John Samuel, R, C. bishop, b. in 
Baltimore. Md., 5 Nov., 1883. He was graduated 
at St Marv's college, Baltimore, in 1850, studied 
theology there and in Rome, and was ordained a 
priest, 20 Dec., 1856. After filling^ several appoint- 
ments in Maryland, he was commissioned by Arch- 
bishop Spalding to establish a new congregation 
in the western part of Baltimore, and built for it 
the Church of St Martin, one of the finest in the 
city, also taking an active interest in educational 
matters. Dr. Foley was employed on important 
private missions by Archbishop Spalding and 
Cardinal Gibbons, and had much influence in the 
Baltimore council of 1884. He was appointed to 
the see of Detroit 5 Aug. 1888. He is a orother of 
Thomas Foley, bishop of Chicago (q. v.). 

FOULON, CUment, known as Father Claude 
D' Abbeville, French missionary, b. in Abbeville, 
Somme, about 1557 ; d. in Paris in 1632. In 1612 
he accompanied Commander Isaac de Razilly to 
South America, and, after exploring the northern 
shore of Brazil, began a small settlement on the 
island of MaranhAo, near the coast. Returning to 
France a few months later, he vainly solicited aid 
from the church, and in 1614 recalled the three 
missionaries that he had left on Maraflon island. 
He was a preacher of much repute, and for many 
years the superior of the convent of Capucins at 
Abbeville which he had founded. He published 
" Histoire de la mission des P. P. Capucins a llle 
de Maragnon et terres circonvoisines " (Paris, 1614). 

FULLER, Melville Weston, jurist, b. in Au- 
gusta, Me., 11 Feb., 1888. He was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1853, studied law in Bangor with his 
uncle, George M. Weston, and then at Harvard, 
and began to practise in 1855 in his native city. 
There he was an associate editor of the "Age," 
served as president of the common council, and be- 
came city attorney in 1856 ; but he resigned in June 
of that year, and removed to Chicago, 111., where 
he was in active practice for thirty-two years. He 
rose to the highest rank in his profession, and was 
concerned in many important cases, among which 
were the National bank tax cases, one of which was 
the first that was argued before Chief -Justice 
Waite, the Cheney ecclesiastical case, the South 
park commissioners cases, and the Lake front 
case. He was a member of the State consti- 



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681 




al convention of 1862, and in 186S-'5 of the 
house of the legislature, where he was a 
• of the Douglas branch of the Democratic 
He was a delegate to the Democratic na- 
tional conventions of 
1864, 1872, 1876, and 
1880. On 30 April, 
1888, he was nomi- 
nated by President 
Cleveland to be chief 
iustice of the United 
States, and on 20 
July he was con- 
firmed by the senate. 
On 8 Oct. he took the 
oath of office and en- 
tered on his duties. 
Judge Fuller is, with 
one exception, the 
youngest member of 
the supreme court. 
He has attained repu- 
tation as a speaker. 
Among his addresses 
j welcoming Stephen A. Douglas to Chicago 
30, and another on Sidney Breese, which is 
ed to Judge Breese's " Early History of Illi- 
(1884). The degree of LL. D. has been con- 
. on him by the Northwestern university, and 
oin college in 1888. 

LLER, Thomas, Canadian architect, b. in 
England, 8 March, 1822. He was educated in 
ative place, and, after leaving school, was 
id to an architect there, subsequently studying 
of ession in London. A t an early age he was in- 
d with the erection of a cathedral at Antigua, 
Indies. In 1857 he went to Toronto, Canada, 
>rmed a partnership with Chilion Jones. t In 
;heir designs were accepted by the government 
e parliament and departmental buildings and 
nor-general's residence at Ottawa. (See illus- 
n of the capitol.) In the competition for the 
apitol for the state of New York, at Albany, 
isign was one of the three to which equal pre- 
s were awarded. In the second competition, to 
i the three successful competitors were invited, 
stus Laver, one of the three, prepared a joint 
i with Mr. Fuller which was ultimately 
ed in 1867. Mr. Fuller remained in New 




state until 1881, when he returned to Ottawa, 
n 9 Dec. of that year he was appointed chief 
:ect of the Dominion of Canada. 



MBLE, William, soldier, b. in Duross, 
ty Tyrone, Ireland, 1 Jan., 1818 ; d. in Nica- 
Central America, 20 Dec, 1866. He studied 
jngineering, and was employed on the govern- 
survey of the north of Ireland, but came to 
nited States when he was twenty vears old, 
nlisted in the 1st U. S. dragoons. He served 



in the Florida war and on the western frontier, 
and rose to be sergeant-major, but on the expira- 
tion of his term of enlistment went to Chicago, 
III., where he followed his profession. At the be- 

? inning of the civil war he enlisted in the 8th 
Uinois cavalry, was chosen its lieutenant-colonel, 
afterward was promoted colonel, and fought with 
the Army of the Potomac, receiving a wound at 
Malvern Hill that was nearly fatal. He was for 
two years at the head of a brigade in defence of 
Washington, with headquarters at Fairfax Court- 
House, Va., and on 25 Sept., 1865, was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers. After service in 
the west he was mustered out of the volunteer ser- 
vice on 13 March, 1866, and on 28 July accepted 
a major's commission in the 8th regular cavalry. 
He was on his way with his regiment to California 
when he died of cholera. 

GARIBALDI, Giuseppe, Italian patriot, b. in 
Nice, 4 July, 1807; d. in Caprera, 2 June, 1882. 
He followed the sea from his earliest youth, 
and in 1886 went to Rio Janeiro, where he en- 
gaged in the coasting trade. In 1837 he offered 
his services to the revolted Brazilian province of 
Rio Grande do Sul, 
and commanded a 
fleet of gun- boats. 
After many dar- 
ing exploits he 
was forced to burn 
his vessels, and 
went to Montevi- 
deo, where he be- 
came a broker and 
teacher of mathe- 
matics. He took 
service in Uru- 
guay in the war 
against Rosas, and 
was given the com- 
mand of a small 
naval force which 
he was oblig 
abandon 

battle at Costa 
Brava, 15 and 16 June, 1842. Garibaldi then organ- 
ized the famous Italian legion, with which for four 
years he fought numerous battles for the republic. 
In 1845 he commanded an expedition to Salto, 
where he established his headquarters, and toward 
the end of the year he resisted with 500 men for 
three days the assault of Urquiza's army of 4,000 
men. On 8 Feb., 1846, he repelled at San Antonio, 
with scarcely 200 men, Gen. Servando Gomez with 
1,200 soldiers. In 1847, when he heard of Italy's 
rising against Austrian dominion, he went to assist 
his country, accompanied by a portion of the Ital- 
ian legion ; but, after taking part in several unsuc- 
cessful attempts, including the defence of Rome 
against the French in 1849, he sailed in June, 1850, 
for New York. On Staten island he worked for 
a time with a countryman manufacturing candles 
and soap, and in 1851 he went by way of Cen- 
tral America and Panama to Callao, whence he 
sailed in 1852 in command of a vessel for China. 
Early in 1854 he returned to Italy, where he lived 
quietly in the island of Caprera. At the opening 
of war against Austria in 1859 he organized the 
Alpine chasseurs, and defeated the enemy in sev- 
eral encounters. After the peace of Villaf fanca he 
began preparations for the expedition which was 
secretly encouraged by the government. Having 
conquered Sicily and being proclaimed dictator, 
he entered Naples in triumph on 7 Sept., 1860, but 
afterward resigned the dictatorship and proclaimed 




after a 



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GILCHRIST 



Victor Emmanuel kinz of Italy, declining all prof- 
fered honors and miring to Cap-rera. fn W>2 he 
planned the rescue of Rme f r» m :r,e French, and 
again invaded f'aiabria from >k;Iy. but w&jwou.id- 
ed and captured at Aspromonte. 20 Auz-. 1S62. and 
sent back to Caprera. In June. 1*<66. during the 
A ustro- Prussian war. he commanded for a short 
time an army of volunteer*, and on 14 Oct~ lv>7. 
he undertook another expedition to liberate Rome, 
but wa>* routed by the Papa] troop* and the French. 
Rf enteral the service of the French republic in 
1*70. and he organized and commanded the chas- 
seur* of the Vo*ges, In 1871 he was elected to the 
Italian parliament, and took an active part in poli- 
tics till the end of hi? life. In 1W the Italian* in 
New York erect M a bronze statue of him which 
was unveiled in Washington square. 4 June. l*?^. 
He wrote several novels, including "Cantoni il vol- 
ontario " (Genoa. 1870> ; - Cielia. ovrero il governo 
monaco; Roma del secolo XIX ** Uh7CM. which in 
the <<ame year was tran-lat^d into English under 
the title of "The Rule of the Monk, or Rome in 
the 19th Century": ** II frate dominatnre" (1S73): 
and a poem. ~ Le Mila di Marsala " (1873>. Many 
biographies of Garibaldi have been written and 
translated into English, including those by W. Rob- 
son (London. 1860j, bv Theodore Dwight (New 
York. l*60j. and by Mrs. Gaskell (London. 1862). 
An autobiography appeared after hi* death, under 
the title ** Garibaldi; Memorie autobiografiche " 
(Florence, 18H8) 

GERHARDT, Karl, sculptor, b. in Boston. 
Mass., 7 Jan., 1853. He is of German parentage, 
and in early life was a machinist in Chieopee, 
Mass.. and then a designer of machinery in Hart- 
ford, Conn. His first works were a bust of his 
wife and u A Startled Bather, w which so strongly 
indicated talent that he was sent to Paris for 
study. In his *econd year he contributed to the 
salon, where he also exhibited in 1884 " Echo/' a 
statuette, and 44 Eve's Lullaby," a life-size grouD. 
His other works include a bust of Gen. Ulysses h. 
Grant, taken in the last days of his illness ; busts 
of Samuel L. Clemens (1883) and the Rev. Henry 
Ward Beecher (1886); a statue of Nathan Hale 
(see vol. iii. t p. 31) in the state capitol at Hartford 
(1885); an equestrian statue of Gen. Israel Put- 
nam in Brooklyn, Conn. (1887) ; a statue of Josiah 
Bartlett, signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
in Amesbury, Mass. (1888): Welton Fountain, 
Waterbury, Conn. (1888); statue of Gen. Gouver- 
neur K. Warren 
(see p. 362) at 
Gettvsburg, Pa. 
(1888); and tab- 
let to John Fitch, 
in the state capi- 
tol in Hartford, 
Conn. (1888). 

GIBSON, Rob- 
ert Williams, ar- 
chitect, b. in Ave- 
lev, Essex, Eng- 
land, 17 Nov.,1854. 
He was educated 
at a private school 
in Gravesend. and 
then at the Royal 
academv of arts 
in London, where 
he completed his 
course in 1879. Subsequently he settled in New 
York city, where he has since followed his profes- 
sion. His work includes the U. S. trust company's 
building in New York city and the Cathedral 




church in Buffalo, and he has submitted a design 
for the projected cathedral of the Protestant Epis- 
copal chur.h to be bu:Ii in New York city. Mr. 
G:V~-n*s best -known w.-rfc is the cathedral* of All 
Saints' in Albany. wh>:h is shown in the illustra- 
tion, the design of which was selected in competi- 
tion. This church, although not completed, was 
dedicated on 20 Nov.. l^c^S, with appropriate cere- 
monies, extending through an entire week. He 
published in the - American Architect," during 
18H4. a senes of articles on ** Spanish Architec- 
ture.** with illustrations made by himself in Spain, 
and. in the - Engineering Record."* - Observations 
on Heavr Buildings'* (IS^L 

GILBERG. Ckarles Alexander, chess-player, 
b. in Camden. N. J.. 17 June. 1835. He was gradu- 
ated at the C ollege of the city of New York in 18*4, 
and is the managing partner in a large West India 
house in that city. He is widely known as an 
amateur chess-player, and has served as judge in 
almost every public contest that has taken place. 
His chess library of more than 1.500 volumes is 
the largest in this countrr with the exception of 
that of John G. White, of Cleveland. Ohio. Mr. 
Gil berg has received prizes for his chess prob- 
lems, and has edited "American Chess-Nuts" (New 
York, 1868) and - The Book of the Fifth Ameri- 
can Congress** (1881). 

GILBERT. Samuel Amrnstns. soldier, b, in 
Zanesville. Ohio, 25 Aug.. 1825; d, in St. Paul. 
Minn.. 9 June. 186a He was educated at Ohio 
university. Athens, Ohio, and then entered the C 
S. coast survey, in which service he continued until 
the civil war, attaining a rank next to that of 
superintendent. On 11 June. 1861. he was ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 24th Ohio volun- 
teers, and accompanied his regiment to western 
Virginia. He was appointed colonel of the 44th 
Ohio regiment on 14 Oct.. 1861. and in May, 1862, 
he t<*»k part in the raid upon the Central railroad, 
in which he marched more than eighty miles in 
sixty hours, including all stops. He commanded 
the "right in the battle of Lewisburg, W. Ya.. 21 
May, 1862, and captured a Confederate battery. In 
August. 1862, he was ordered to join Gen. ^John 
Poj>e east of the Blue Ridge, and he served there 
until 1863, when he commanded a brigade in 
Kentucky, and dispersed a political convention 
in Frankfort which he considered to be plotting 
treason. He continued in Kentucky and Tennes- 
see until November. 1863, when he became engineer 
on the staff of Gen. John G. Foster until Gen. 
James Longstreet retreated, when he resumed com- 
mand of his brigade. Col. Gilbert's health hav- 
ing been impaired by exposure, he resigned on 20 
April. 1864. He was bre vetted brigadier-general 
of volunteers. 13 March. 1865. 

GILCHRIST, Robert lawyer, b. in Jersev Citv, 
N. J., 21 Aug., 1825; d. there, 6 Julv, 188& fie 
was educated in private schools, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1847. Subsequently he 
became a counsellor of the U. S. supreme court." He 
was a member of the New Jersey legislature in 
1859. At the first call for troops in 1861 he went 
to the front as a captain in the 2d New Jersey regi- 
ment. Until the close of the civil war he was a 
Republican, but he left that party on the question 
of reconstruction, and in I860 he was a Democratic 
candidate for congress. In 1869 he was appointed 
attorney-general of New Jersey, to fill the unexpired 
term of George M. Robeson (appointed secretary of 
the navy in President Grant's cabinet), and in 1873 
was reappointed for a full term. In 1875 he was a 
candidate for U. S. senator. He had been appoint- 
ed one of the commissioners to revise the constitu- 



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683 



f the state in 1873, but resigned before the 
was completed, and he also declined the office 
ef-justice of New Jersey. Mr. Gilchrist was 
ally versed in constitutional law, and he was 
yea in many notable cases. His interpreta- 
>f the fifteenth amendment to the national 
tut ion secured the right of suffrage to colored 
n New Jersey. He was the author of the 
in-rights act. and was counsel for the state in 
it that tested its constitutionality. Prom this 
the fund for maintenance of public schools 
w Jersey is now chiefly derived. He also 
d to the United States a half million dollars 
r Joseph L. Lewis to be applied in payment 
! national debt. His large law library, en- 
wit h thousands of marginal notes, was sold at 
n in New York six months after his death. — 
ife, Fredericka, b. in Oswego, N. Y., in 1846, 
ughter of Samuel Raymond Beardsley (q. v.). 
is published " The True Story of Hamlet and 
ia, a minute study and completely new in- 
tation of Shakespeare's play (Boston, 1889). 
iPIN, William, governor of Colorado, b. in 
istle county, Del., 4 Oct., 1812. He was 
lied at the University of Pennsylvania in 
studied at the U. S. military acatlemy, and 
in the Seminole war, but resigned his com- 
n and removed to Independence, Mo., in 
where he practised law, which he had 
\ under his brother. He was secretary of the 
,1 assembly in 1841-*3. On 4 March, 1844, 
party of 125 pioneers, he founded Portland, 
bout four miles above its present site, and 
ip the articles of agreement for a territorial 
iment. He afterward re-entered the army, 
? through the Mexican war as major of the 
Issouri cavalry, and in 1848 he made a suc- 
cxpedition against the hostile Indians of 
do, which resulted in a peace for eighteen 
In 1851 he returned to independence, and 
1 he was appointed first governor of Colo- 
Gov, Gilpin has published "The Central 
tegion" (Philadelphia, 1859) and "The Mis- 
f the North American People" (1873). In 
ter he showed by charts the practicability of 
shing a railroad around the world on the 
>arallel of latitude, on which are located 
all the great cities of both continents. 
IARA, Francisco Lopez de (go-mah'-rah), 
h historian, b. in Seville, or, according to 
uithorities. in Gomera. Canary islands, in 
d. in Seville in 1560 or 1576. His parents 
t'stined him for a military career, but he 
ioly orders, and was emploved for several 
-s professor of rhetoric at Alcala. Desiring 
lire a personal knowledge of the New World, 
t to Mexico about 1540, and remained there 
•ars, part of the time as secretary of Heman 
On his return he resided for some time in 
.nd became intimate with Saxo Grammaticus 
laus Magnus. His work is entitled " Pri- 
segnnda parte de la historia general de las 
con la conquista de Mejico v de la Nueva 
i" (Medina, 1553; Antwerp, 1554). It had 
Ufcess, passing in quick succession through 
itions, and was translated into Italian by 
is (Rome, 1566) and bv Lucio Mauro (Ven- 
16). and into French by Martin Fumee (Paris, 
The second part, which is a history of 
e of Cortes, has been reprinted by Busta- 
( Mexico, 1826). Gomara s style is clear and 
but, unfortunately, the second part of his 
perns to have been written from notes, which 
oi complete or exact, and often supplied by 
id imagination. In the royal library of 



Madrid there are two of his works in manuscript, 
" Historia de Horuc y Aradin Barbaroja, reves de 
Argel " and " Anales del Emperador Carlos V,"the 
publication of which has not been permitted by 
the royal government, because they depict the em- 
peror's character in an unfavorable light. 

GOODS ELL, Daniel Ayres, M. E. bishop, b. 
in Newburg. N. Y., 5 Nov., 1840. He was edu- 
cated at the University of the city of New York, 
but left before graduation to enter the ministry of 
the Methodist Episcopal church. He was a dele- 
gate to every general conference from 1876 till 
1888, and at "the one in New York city in May, 
1888, he was elected bishop. Wesleyan university 
conferred on him the degree of S. T. D. in 1880. 
Bishop Goodsell has been literary editor and edito- 
rial contributor of the New Y r ofk " Christian Ad- 
vocate" since 1880. and was an editorial contribu- 
tor of the " Methodist Review " until Mav, 1888. 

GOODWIN, Isaac, author, b. in Plymouth, 
Mass., 28 June, 1786 ; d. in Worcester, Mass., 
16 Sept., 1832. He was educated in Plymouth, 
studied law there, practised his profession, and 
held local offices in Stirling and Worcester, Mass. 
From 1813 till 1832 he was a member and coun- 
cillor of the American antiquarian society of 
Worcester. Besides many addresses and orations, 
he published "History of the Town of Stirling, 
Mass." (Worcester, 1815); "The Town Officer" 
(1824); and "The New England SherifT" (1830).— 
His son, John Abbott, author, b. in Stirling, 
Mass., 21 May, 1824 ; d. in Lowell, Mass, 21 Sept., 
1884, was educated at the Rensselaer polytechnic 
institute in the class of 1847, but was not gradu- 
ated. He was in the Massachusetts legislature in 
1854- f 7 and 1859-'61, serving in the last years as 
speaker of the house, held local offices in Lowell, 
and delivered manv speeches. Among his publi- 
cations are " The Pilgrim Fathers neither Puritans 
nor Persecutors" (Lowell, 1875) and "The Pil- 
grim Republic " (Boston, 1888). 

GOTTHEIL, Gustave, clergyman, b. in Pinne, 
Poland, 28 May, 1827. He is of Jewish parentage, 
was educated according to the rabbinical code, 
attended lectures in the University of Berlin and 
at the institute for Hebrew literature, and in 1855 
became assistant minister to the celebrated Dr. 
Samuel Holdheim of the Berlin reform temple. 
He was called to Manchester, England, in 1860, and 
to Temple Emanuel, New York city, in 1873. Dr. 
Gottheil is a liberal in his religious opinions, and a 
leader in the reform branch of the Hebrew church. 
He has been active in educational, social, and 
charitable reforms, contributing manv papers on 
these subjects to the reviews. He is tfie author of 
"Hymns and Anthems" (New York, 1887). 

GREER, David Hummell, clergyman, b. in 
Wheeling, W. Va., 20 March, 1844. He was gradu- 
ated at Washington college. Pa,, in 1862, studied 
theology at the Protestant Episcopal seminary at 
Gambier, Ohio, was ordered deacon in Christ church, 
Clarkesburfif, W. Va., in June, 1866, and remained in 
charge of that parish for a year. He was ordained 
priest at Alexandria, Va., in 1868, and became 
rector of Trinity church, Covington, Ky. He went 
abroad in 1871, and on his return was elected rector 
of Grace church. Providence. R. I., and entered 
upon his work there on 15 Sept., 1872. He organ- 
ized several missions in connection with the parish 
church, founded St. Elizabeth's home for incura- 
bles in 1882, and was deputy from the diocese to 
four successive general conventions. He accented 
the rectorship of St. Bartholomew's church. New 
York city, in 1888. He is a broad-churchman, and 
an eloquent extemporaneous preacher. 



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GRIFFIN. Samnel P., navigator, b. in Savan- 
nah, Ga., in 1826; d. in Aspinwafi, Panama, 4 July, 
1887. He was graduated at the U. S. naval acade- 
my in 1841, served throughout the Mexican war in 
Californian waters, and in 1849 was in the first U. S. 
arctic expedition that was sent out to search for 
Sir John Franklin. He resigned from the navy in 
1854, engaged in business in New Orleans, and dur- 
ing the civil war was detailed by Gen. Nathaniel P. 
Banks to collect a fleet for the Red river expedi- 
tion. He soon afterward entered the service of the 
Pacific mail steamship company, commanding, as 
their commodore, successive steamers of their fleet 
till 1882. Capt. Griffin was an authority on ship- 
building, and the author of the code of interna- 
tional fog-signals and of essays on ship-building. 

ORIS WOLD, Alphonso Miner, journalist, b. 
in Westmoreland, Oneida co., N. Y., 26 Jan., 1834. 
He was educated at Hamilton college and became 
a journalist in Buffalo, Detroit, Cleveland, and 
Cincinnati. His paragraphs and humorous essays 
under the pen-name of" The Fat Contributor " won 
him reputation, and he spent the years 1865-'78 in 
the lecture field, his topics being •* American An- 
tiquities," Injun Meal," and " Queer Folks." In 
1872-'83 he owned the Cincinnati " Saturday 
Night," a humorous literary journal, and since 
1886 he has been an editor and one of the pro- 
prietors of Texas Siftings." 

GUINEY, Louise Imogen (gui'-ny), poet, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 7 Jan., 1861. Her father, Patrick 
R. Guiney, served in the National army during the 
civil war, was brevetted brigadier-general of volun- 
teers in 1864, and died from the effects of a wound 
that he received in the battle of the Wilderness. 
Louise was graduated at Elmhurst academy, Provi- 
dence, R. 1., in 1879, and early contributed verses 
to papers. Her publications are "Songs at the 
StArt*' (Boston, 1884); "Goose -Quill Papers" 
(1885) ; " The White Sail, and other Poems " (1887) ; 
and " Brownies and Bogles " (1888). 

GUNN, Frederick William, educator, b. in 
Washington, Litchfield co., Conn., 4 Oct, 1816; d. 
there, 10 Aug., 1881. He was graduated at Yale in 
1837, taught in New Preston, Conn., and subse- 
quently in Towanda. Pa., with Orville H. Piatt In 
1830 he established in Washington, Conn., the 
boys' boarding-school that is now known as the 
Gunnery. His unique methods and the homelike 
character of the school soon won it a wide repu- 
tation, and he continued in its charge till nis 
death. The school is described in Josiah G. Hol- 
land's novel entitled " Arthur Bonnicastle " as the 
" Bird's Nest," and also in William Hamilton Gib- 
son's "Snug Hamlet." See also "The Master of 
the Gunnery " (New York. 1884). 



HADDOCK, George Channing, clergyman, b. 
in Watertown, N. Y., 23 Jan., 1832 ; d. in Sioux 
City. Iowa, 3 Aug., 1886. He was partially edu- 
cated at Black river institute in his native town, 
learned the printer's trade, and was connected with 
several Republican newspapers in Wisconsin. He 
was licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal 
church in 1859, and from 1860 until 1882 was ac- 
tively engaged in temperance work and in oppos- 
ing Spiritualism. He was transferred to the Iowa 
conference in 1882, and while endeavoring to en- 
force the prohibition laws of that state was assas- 
sinated in Sioux City. Besides pamphlets and 
tracts, he published several fugitive poems that be- 
came popular, including "Autumn Leaves," "The 
Skeleton Guest" and " The Cross of Gold." See 
his " Life " by his son (New York, 1887). 



HALL, Anne, artist, b. in Pomfret, Coniu 3S 
May, 1792; d. in New York city, 11 Dec. 1863. 
She was the sister of Jonathan F*rescott Hall (voL 
iii., p. 42). She took some lessons in applving col- 
ors to ivory from Samuel King, who taught Wash- 
ington Allston, and received instruction in oil- 
painting from Alexander Robertson, in New York, 
and John Trumbull, but soon turned her entire 
attention to miniature painting, in which she be- 
came celebrated. She was elected a member of the 
National academy of design, where she occasionally 
exhibited. Her miniature portrait of Garafilia 
Mohalbi, the Greek girl, has been considered her 
masterpiece, and has been engraved repeatedly. 
Her beautiful picture of Dr. John W T . Francis's 
son John has been long engraved under the name 
of " Oberon." Her miniatures are scattered widely 
over the country, but many of the best are in the 
possession of her relatives in New York; her 
nephew, Col. John Ward, owning those of Gara- 
filia. and Lieut Col. Samuel Ward. 

HALL, Granville Stanley, psychologist, b. in 
Ashfield, Mass., 6 May, 1845. He was graduated 
at Williams in 1867, was professor of psychology 
at Antioch college, Ohio, in 1872-'6, studied in 
Berlin, Bonn, Heidelberg, and Leipsic, and was 
lecturer on psychology at Harvard in 1876 and 
again in 1881-'2, becoming professor of that branch 
at Johns Hopkins in 1882. In 1888 he accepted 
the presidency of Clark university, Worcester, 
Mass. Harvard gave him the degree of Ph. D. in 
1876. Prof. Hall has written extensively for peri- 
odicals on psychological and educational topics, 
and is editor of the " American Journal of Psy- 
chology," and the author of " Aspects of German 
Culture" (Boston, 1881); and, with John M. Mans- 
field, " Hints toward a Select and Descriptive Bib- 
liography of Education " (1886). 

HALLOCK, Charles, journalist, b. in New 
York city, 13 March, 1834. He is the son of Ger- 
ard Hallock (vol. iii., p. 52). He studied at Yale 
in 1850-'l and at Amherst in 1851-*2, receiving 
his degree from the latter in 1871, was associate 
editor and proprietor of the New York "Journal 
of Commerce " from 1855 till 1862, financial editor 
of " Harper's Weekly " from 1868, and founder and 
proprietor of " Forest and Stream " from 1873 till 
1880. In 1877 he prepared a glossary of provincial 
and quaint words. In 1884-'5 he illustrated front- 
ier life on the Canadian border by an exhibit of 
life-size groups at the New Orleans exposition. 
Mr. Hallock was an incorporator and director of 
the Flushing and Queens county bank, New York, 
and a money broker and commission merchant in 
St. John and Halifax for several years. His busi- 
ness ventures have included sunflower culture 
for the oil product, the restoration of abandoned 
New England farms, sheep culture in the north- 
west on Indian model farms, a farm colony for 
sportsmen in Minnesota, the development of 
Alaska, the substitution of porous terra-cotta for 
adobe and titipati in Mexico, a crematory for 
burning garbage, a smoke-consumer and coal- 
saver, and many other economic schemes. He 
has published "The Fishing Tourist" (New York, 
1873); "Life of Stonewall Jackson"; "The Hu- 
morist"; "Camp Life in Florida" (1875); "The 
Sportsman's Gazetteer" (1877); and "Our New 
Alaska" (1886). 

HAND, Daniel, philanthropist b. in Madison, 
Conn., in 1801. For many years he was a mer- 
chant in Augusta, Ga., and Charleston, S. C, where 
he accumulated a fortune. After the civil war he 
retired and returned to the north, where he became 
known as a philanthropist, his first gift being a 



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high-school building to his native town. In 1888 
he gave to the American missionary association 
more than $1,000,000, to be held in trust and known 
as the Daniel Hand educational fund for colored 
people, to be used in the *• states in which slavery 
was recognized in 1861." Mr. Hand has for many 
years lived in Guilford, Conn. 

HARRISON, Benjamin, president-elect of the 
United Stages, b. in North Bend, Ohio, 20 Aug., 
1833. He is the third son of John Scott Harri- 
son (who was a son of President Harrison), and was 
born in his grandfather's house. John Scott Har- 
rison was a farmer, and in early life cared for his 
own little plantation and assisted his father in the 
management of the family property. This occu- 
pation he varied by boating to New Orleans, whither 
ne went almost every year with a cargo of produce 
of his own raising. Benjamin passed his boyhood 
in the usual occupations of a farmer's son — feed- 
ing the cattle and aiding in the harvesting of the 
•crops. He received his early education in an old- 
fashioned log school-house fronting on the Ohio 
river. Subsequently he was sent to a school called 
Parmer's college, on College hill, near Cincinnati, 
where he spent two years, and then went to Miami 
university, where he was graduated in 1852. While 
at college he formed an attachment for Miss Caro- 
line L. Scott, whose father at that time was presi- 
dent of the Female seminary in Oxford. Among 
his classmates were Milton Sayler, who took first 
honors, and David Swing, who stood second, while 
Harrison was fourth. His graduating oration was 
on *' The Poor of England. He entered the law 
office of Storer and Gwynne in Cincinnati, and on 
20 Oct., 1853, before the completion of his studies 
and before attaining his majority, he was married. 
In March, 1854, he settled in Indianapolis, Ind., 
which has since been his place of residence. He 
obtained desk-room with John H. Rea, and an- 
nounced himself to the world as attorney at law. 
Through the kindness of friends, he was soon ap- 
pointed crier of the Federal court, the salary of 
which in term-time was $2.50 a day. The money 
that he received for these services was the first 
that he earned. The story of his earliest case is 
typical of the man. An indictment for burglary 
had been found against an individual, and Harri- 
son was intrusted with the making of the final 
■argument The court was held at night, and the 
room was dimly lighted with candles. He had 
taken full notes of the evidence, which he had in- 
tended to read from, and, after his opening remarks, 
he turned to his papers, but, owing to the imper- 
fect light, was unable to decipher them. A mo- 
ment's embarrassment followed, but quickly cast- 
ing aside his notes and trusting to his memory, he 
-continued. The verdict was in his favor, and with 
this first success came increased business and repu- 
tation. Soon afterward Gov. Joseph A. Wright 
intrusted him with a legislative investigation, 
which he conducted successfully. In 1855 he was 
invited by William Wallace to become his partner. 
He is described at that time as "quick of appre- 
hension, clear, methodical, and logical in his analy- 
sis and statement of a case." This connection 
continued until 1800, when it was succeeded by 
that of Harrison and Fishback. 

In 1800 his first entry into active politics took 
place with his nomination by the Republicans for 
the office of reporter of the" supreme court. He 
canvassed the state for his party, and in Rockville, 
Parke county, he spoke at a meeting where Thomas 
A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidate for gov- 
ernor, was his opponent. He had already attained 
reputation as an orator, but the ability with which i 



he answered point after point in Gov. Hendricks's 
address gained for him increased favor with the 
people, and he was elected by a majority cf 9,688. 
While he held this office the civil war began, and 
in 1862 he assisted in raising the 70th Indiana regi- 
ment, in which he was made 2d lieutenant. When 
the regiment was completed, Gov. Oliver P. Mor- 
ton appointed him colonel, and it was hurried for- 
ward to join the army under Gen. Don Carlos 
Buell at Bowling Green, Ky., then opposed by the 
Confederate forces under Gen. Braxton Bragg. 
His first independent action was as commander of 
an expedition sent against a body of Confederate 
soldiers stationed at Russellville. Dividing his 
forces, he surrounded the camp and captured all 
their horses and arras, besides taking a number of 
prisoners. The 70th Indiana was given the right 
of the brigade under Gen. William T. Ward, and 
continued so until the close of the war. Col. Har- 
rison's command was occupied chiefly in the west, 
guarding railroads and in fighting guerillas. In this 
and similar duties he was occupied until January, 
1864, when he was placed in command of his bri- 
gade, and added to the 1st division of the 11th 
army corps. Subsequently it was attached to the 
3d division of the 20th army corps under Gen. 
Joseph Hooker, and made the campaign from Chat- 
tanooga to Atlanta. His first engagement of im- 
portance was that of Resaca, on 14 May, 1864, 
where he led his command. A few days later he 
took part in the capture of Cassville, and then in the 
actions at New Hope church and Golgotha church. 
He participated in the battles of Kenesaw Mount- 
ain and Peach Tree Creek, i:t tie letter of which 
his gallantry so pleased Gen. Ilcoker lhat he wrote 
to the secretary of war " to call the attention of 
the department to the claims of Col. Benjamin 
Harrison, of the 70th Indiana volunteers, for pro- 
motion to the rank of brigadier-eeneral of volun- 
teers." Gen. Hooker also said : "My attention was 
first attracted to this young officer by the supe- 
rior excellence of his brigade in discipline and 
instruction, the result of his labor, skill, and devo- 
tion. With more foresight than I have witnessed 
in any officer of his experience, he seemed to act 
upon the principle that success depended upon 
the thorough preparation in discipline and esprit 
of his command for conflict, more than on any in- 
fluence that could be exerted upon the field itself, 
and when collision came his command vindicated 
his wisdom as much as his valor. In all of the 
achievements of the 20th corps in that campaign 
(from Chattanooga to Atlanta) Col. Harrison bore 
a conspicuous part. At Resaca and Peach Tree 
creek the conduct of himself and command was 
especially distinguished." When. Gen Sherman 
reached Atlanta, Harrison was ordered to Indiana 
to obtain recruits, and he spent the time from Sep- 
tember till November, 1804, in that work. Owing 
to the destruction of the railroads, he was unable 
to rejoin Gen. Sherman before the army made its 
march to the sea, and he was transferred to Nash- 
ville. The winter of 1864.- T 5 he spent with Gen. 
George H. Thomas in Tennessee, but in the spring 
he resumed command of his brigade in the 20th 
armv corps, with which he remained until the close 
of the war. He then took part in the grand re- 
view in Washington, and was mustered out on 8 
June, 1865. The brevet of brigadier-general of 
volunteers was conferred upon him, to date from 
23 Jan., 1865, " for ability and manifest energy and 
gallantry in command of the brigade." To his 
men he was familiarly known as '* Little Ben," and 
many acts of kindness to his subordinates, expres- 
sive of his sympathy with them, have been related 



Digitized by Google 



686 



HARRISON 



HARRISON 




Qen. Harrison returned to Indianapolis and as- 
sumed the duties of his office as reporter of the 
supreme court, to which he had been re-elected in 
1864 by a majority of 19,913. At the expiration 
of his term of office he declined a renomination, 
and resumed his practice, which he has since fol- 
lowed success- 
fully. During 
the presiden- 
tial canvasses 
of 1868 and 
1872 he trav- 
elled through 
Indiana and 
addressed large 
audiences, but 
did not again 
enter politics 
until 1876, when 
he declined the 
nomination for 

Sovernor. Oodlove S. Orth was then chosen, but 
uring the canvass he withdrew, and Gen. Harri- 
son reluctantly allowed his name to be used, in the 
hope of saving Indiana to the Republican candi- 
date for the presidency. The work was begun too 
late, and, although an energetic canvass was car- 
ried on, James D. Williams was elected by a plu- 
rality of 5,084, in a total vote of 434,457 ; but Gen. 
Harrison was 2,000 stronger than his party. In 
1879 President Hayes appointed him a member of 
the Mississippi river commission. He was chair- 
man of the delegation from Indiana at the National 
convention helain Chicago in 1880, and on the bal- 
lot that nominated James A. Garfield he cast the 
entire vote of his state for that candidate. His own 
name was placed in nomination at the beginning of 
the convention, but, although some votes were cast 
in his favor, he persisted in withdrawing. He ac- 
companied Gen. Garfield on his trip to New York, 
and participated in the speech-making along the 
route. Subsequently he was offered a place in the 
cabinet of President Garfield, but declined it. 

The Republicans regained control of the Indiana 
legislature in the election of 1880. and Gen. Harri- 
son was chosen U. S. senator, and took his seat as 
such on 4 March, 1881, holding it until 3 March, 
1887. His career in the senate was marked by the 
delivery of numerous speeches on subjects of gen- 
eral interest. He pronounced in favor of a judi- 
cious tariff reform, advocated the rights of the 
working classes, opposed President Cleveland's ve- 
toes of pension bills, advised the restoration of 
the American navy, and voted for civil-service re- 
form. In 1884 he was a delegate-at-large from his 
state to the National Republican convention held 
in Chicago, and his name was again discussed in 
connection with the presidency. The Republican 
national convention of 1888 was held in Chicago in 
June. For some time previous he had been fre- 
quently referred to as a desirable candidate for the 
presidency, and on the first 'ballot he received 83 
votes, standing fifth on the list, John Sherman 
standing first with 225. Seven more ballots were 
taken, during which Chauncey M. Depew withdrew 
and transferred his strength to Gen. Harrison, who 
then received 544 votes on the eighth and final 
ballot. On 4 July following he received the formal 
notification of his nomination, and on 11 Sept. sig- 
nified his acceptance in a letter in which he said : 
" The tariff issue cannot now be obscured. It is 
not a contest between schedules, but between wide- 
apart principles. The foreign competitors for our 
market have, with quick instinct, seen how one 
issue of this contest may bring them advantage, 



and our own people are not so dull as to xnias or 
neglect the grave interests that are involved for 
them. The assault upon our protective system is 
open and defiant. Protection is assailed as uncon- 
stitutional in law, or as vicious in principle, and 
those who hold such views sincerely cannot stop 
short of an absolute elimination from our tariff 
laws of the principle of protection. The Mills bill 
is only a step, but it is toward an object that the 
leaders of Democratic thought and legislation have 
clearly in mind. The important question is not so 
much the length of the step as the direction of it. 
Judged bv the executive message of December last, 
by the Mills bill, by the debates in congress, and 
by the St Louis platform, the Democratic party 
will, if supported hy the country, place the tariff 
laws upon a purely revenue basis. This is practical 
free trade— free-trade in the English sense. . . . 
Those who teach that the import duty upon foreign 
goods sold in our market is paid by the consumer, 
and that the price of the domestic competing arti- 
cle is enhanced to the amount of the autv on the 
imported article— that every million of dollars col- 
lected for customs duties represents many millions 
more which do not reach the treasury, but are paid 
by our citizens as the increased cost of domestic 
productions resulting from the tariff laws — may 
not intend to discredit in the minds of others our 
system of levying duties on competing foreign 
products, but it is clearly already discredited in 
their own. We cannot doubt, without impugning 
their integrity, that, if free to act upon their con- 
victions, they would so revise our laws as to lay the 
burden of the customs revenue upon articles* that 
are not produced in this country, and to place upon 
the free list all competing foreign products. 1 do 
not stop to refute this theory as to the effect of our 
tariff duties. Those who advance it are students 
of maxims and not of the markets. . . . The sur- 
plus now in the treasury should be used in the pur- 
chase of bonds. The law authorizes this use of it, 
and, if it is not needed for current or deficiency ap- 
propriations, the people, and not the banks in which 
it has been deposited, should have the advantage 
of its use by stopping interest upon the public debt. 
. . . The law regulating appointments to the classi- 
fied civil service received my support in the senate, 
in the belief that it opened the way to a much- 
needed reform. I still think so, and therefore cor- 
dially approve the clear and forcible expression of 
the convention upon this subject. The law should 
have the aid of a 
friendly interpre- 
tation, and be 
faithfully and vig- 
orously enforced. 
All appointments 
under it should 
be absolutely free 
from partisan con- 
siderations and in- 
fluence." The elec- 
tion resulted in 
Mr. Harrison's fa- 
vor, who received 
283 votes in the 
Electoral college, 
against 168 for . 
Grover Cleveland. /9 • 
The above engrav- C^ryu & ^/-a^r-t^<^ 
ing is a view of his 

hom^ in Indianapolis. His life has been written by 
Gen. Lewis Wallace (Philadelphia, 1888).— His wife, 
Caroline Lavlnla Scott, b. in Oxford, Ohio, 1 
Oct, 1882, is the daughter of John W. Scott, who 




Digitized by Google 



HARTLEY 



was a professor in Miami university at the time of 
her birth, and afterward became president of the 
seminary in Oxford. She was graduated at the 
seminary in 1852. the same year that Gen. Harrison 
took his degree at the university, and was married 
to him on 20 Oct., 1853. She is a musician, and is 
also devoted to painting, besides which she is a 
diligent reader, giving part of her time to literary 
clubs, of several of wnich she is a member. Mrs. 
Harrison is a manager of the orphan asylum in 
Indianapolis and a member of the Presbyterian 
church in that city, and until her removal to Wash- 
ington taught a class in Sunday-school. They have 
two children. The son, Russell, was graduated at 
Lafayette in 1877 as a mining engineer, and, in 
addition to other engineering work, has been con- 
nected with the U. S. mints at New Orleans and 
Helena as assayer. He is now a resident, of Mon- 
tana, where he has a cattle-ranch, and is also en- 
gaged in journalism. The daughter, Mary, married 
Robert J. McKee, a merchant of Indianapolis. 

HARTLEY, Robert Milhain, philanthropist, 
b. in Cockermouth, England, 17 Feb., 1796 ; d. in 
New York city, 3 March, 1881. He was a nephew 
of David Hartley (vol. iiL, p. 104). He came to this 
country in infancy and became a merchant in New 
York city, but in 1829 he founded the New York 
city temperance society, and in 1883-'42 held its 
secretaryship. In 1842 he originated the New 
York association for improving the condition of 
the poor, remaining with it thirty-five years, and 
issuing 34 octavo volumes of reports. Various 
charitable institutions in New York had their 
origin in him. Besides numerous contributions 
to the press, he published " Historical, Scientific, 
and Practical Essay on Milk" (New York, (1841), 
and " Intemperance in Cities and Large Towns " 
(1851).— His son, Isaac Smithson, clergyman, b. 
in New York city, 27 Sept, 1880, was graduated 
at New York university in 1852 and at Andover 
theological seminary in 1856, and after extensive 
travels became pastor of the Union Reformed 
Dutch church, New York city, in 1863. Seven 
years later he removed to Philadelphia to become 
a pastor in that city, and in 1871 ne accepted the 

eistorate of the Reformed church at Utica, N. Y. 
e received in 1873 from Rutgers the degree of 
D. D., and the same year founded at that college 
the Vedder lectureship on modern infidelity, and 
published under its auspices " Prayer and its Rela- 
tion to Modern Thought and Criticism " (New York, 
1874). His other works are " History of the Re- 
formed Church, Utica, N. Y. ** (1880); " Memorial 
of Rev. Philip H. Fowler, D. D. " (New York, 1881) ; 
44 Memorial of Robert Milham Hartley " (Utica, 
1881) ; 44 Old Fort Schuyler in History " (1884) ; and 
44 The Twelve Gates," poems (Utica, 1887). 

HASKELL, James Richards, inventor, b. in 
Geneva, N. Y., 17 Sept, 1825. He was educated at 
Richfield (Ohio) academy, and at the preparatory de- 
partment of Western Reserve college. He was as- 
sistant postmaster of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1849-*53, 
and then engaged unsuccessfully in business in 
New York. In 1854 he began a series of experi- 
ments with steel breech-loaaing rifled cannon and 
breech-loading small-arms, manufacturing twenty- 
five of the former, which were purchased by the 
Mexican government, and were trie first of the de- 
scription that were made in the United States. In 
1855 he began experimenting with multicharge 
guns in association with Azel S. Lyman, who first 
conceived the idea of applying successive charges 
of powder to accelerate the velocity of a projectile. 
In 1885 congress appropriated funds in order to 
test these guns, but the bureau of ordnance op- 



HILLERN 687 

posed such action. Mr. Haskell's experiments 
nave cost more than $300,000, and the system is 
now completed, so that the power of these guns 
is more than doubled, and at the same time the 
maximum pressure used is less than that in other 
guns. In 1862, with Rafael Rafael, he invented 
and constructed a machine gun for very rapid fir- 
ing, but, notwithstanding a favorable report on it 
by a board of army officers, the authorities refused 
to adopt it. Mr. Haskell is a member of the Ameri- 
can association for the advancement of science, and 
has written several pamphlets on national arma- 
ment and on ordnance problems. 

HENDRIX, Eugene Russell, M. E. bishop, 
b. in Fayette, Mo., 17 May, 1847. He was gradu- 
ated at Weslevan in 1867, and at Union theologi- 
cal seminary, ftew York, in 1869, and after holding 
several pastorates in the Methodist church, south, 
became in 1878 president of Central college, Fay- 
ette, Mo. In 1886 he was made a bishop. In 1878 
he received the degree of D. D. from Emory col- 
lege, Ga. Dr. Hendrix declined the vice-chancellor- 
ship of Vanderbilt university in 1885, and also the 
presidency of the University of Missouri Bishop 
Hendrix was chairman of the committee to arrange 
for the centennial celebration of organized Ameri- 
can Methodism in behalf of the church, south, when 
$2,000,000 were raised as a thank-offering. He was 
a delegate to the oecumenical conference in London 
in 1881 and to the centennial conference in Balti- 
more in 1884, and a member of the general confer- 
ences of 1882 and 1886. He made a missionary tour 
of the world in 1876-7 with Bishop Marvin, of St. 
Louis, and on his return published 44 Around the 
World " (Nashville, Tenn., 1878). In 1876-'8 he was 
an editor of the St. Louis 41 Christian Advocate." 

HENNESSY, John Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. 
near Cloyne, County Cork, Ireland, 19 July, 1847. 
He came to the United States in his youth, was 
graduated at the College of the Christian Brothers. 
St. Louis, Mo., in 18<«, and pursued theological 
studies in the Seminary of St Francis de Sales, 
Milwaukee, Wis. After nis ordination he was rector 
of Iron Mountain, Mo., in 187O-'80, and then of the 
cathedral of St Louis. He was appointed bishop 
of Wichita, Kan., on 28 Aug., 1888, and conse- 
crated on 80 Nov. 

HERBERT OF LEA, Elizabeth. Baroness, 
philanthropist, b. in England about 1825. She is 
the only daughter of Lieut-Gen. Charles Ashe 
A'Court, and niece of Lord Heytesbury, and on 12 
Aug., 1846, married Sidney Herbert, second son of 
the 11th Earl of Pembroke. Her husband was 
created Baron Herbert of Lea, 15 Jan., 1861, held 
for some time the secretaryship of state for war, 
and died, 2 Aug., 1861. His elder brother died 
childless, and Lady Herbert's eldest son, George 
Robert Charles, succeeded to the earldom of Pem- 
broke in 1862. Lady Herbert has passed many 
years in the West Indies in philanthropic labors 
among the negroes, and came to this country in 
1888 to work among the colored people of the 
south, seeking their conversion to Roman Catholi- 
cism. She purposes to erect an orphanage in 
Baltimore. — Her son, Michel Henry, o. 25 June, 
1857, as attache" of the British legation at Wash- 
ington, became acting minister in November, 1888, 
on the dismissal of Lord Sackville, and on the 27th 
of that month married an American. 

HILLERN, Bertha von, artist, b. in Treves, 
Germany, 4 Aug., 1857. She came to this country 
in 1877, and for two years devoted her time to ad- 
vocating athletic exercises for women, appearing 
in public as a pedestrian. She then devoted her- 
self to the stuay of art which she has since pur- 
Digitized by Google 



(388 



HINTENACH 



HUMBOLDT 



sued as a profession in Boston. Among her pic- 
tures are "The Monk Felix," from Longfellow's 
" Golden Legend " ; " Evening Praver at the Way- 
side Shrine, Germany" (1883); "the Conversion 
of the Heathen General, Placid us, by a Miracle 
while Hunting" (1885): "Live-Oak Forest in the 
Ojai Valley, California" (1887); "St. Paul, the 
first Hermit," and "A Walk through the Pine 
Barrens, Florida " (1888). In 1888 she exhibited a 
large number of landscapes in Boston. She has 
also devoted much time to writing for the press on 
hygienic subjects, and is preparing for publication 
a work on " Physical Culture." 

HINTENACH, Andrew, R. C. prelate, b. in 
Schollbrunn, Baden, Germany, 12 May, 1844. He 
entered St. Vincent's college, Westmoreland co., 
Pa., in August, 1854. joined the Benedictine order, 
11 July, 1861, and was ordained priest on 12 April, 
1867. Since then he has been occupied successively 
as professor in the college, master of novices, and 
prior of the monastery until 7 Feb., 1888, when he 
was chosen abbot of St. Vincent's abbey. 

HOFFMAN, Eugene Augustus, clergyman, b. 
in New York city, 21 March, 1829. He was grad- 
uated at Harvard in 1848, and from the General 
theological seminary in 1851, and was ordained a 
priest in the Protestant Episcopal church. In 
1851-3 he was engaged in missionary work in 
Elizabethport, N. J., and then was called to Christ 
church in Elizabeth, N. J., where he continued for 
ten years, after which he had St. Mary's church in 
Burlington, N. J., until 1864. During these years 
he built Christ church and rectory in Elizabeth, 
St. Stephen's church in Milburn, and Trinity church 
in Woodbridge, N. J. He was rector of Grace 
church on Brooklyn heights in 1864-'9, and of St. 
Mark's church, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1869-'79. He 
then became dean of the General theological semi- 
nary in New York city, which post he still holds. 
In connection with his father, Samuel Verplanck 
Hoffman, he endowed the chair of pastoral theology 
with $80,000, and on the death of the former his 
mother contributed $125,000 for the building of the 
Chapel of the Good Shepherd as a memorial to her 
husband, and for other purposes she contributed 
generously during her lifetime to the support of 
the seminary. The deanery is the gift of Dr. Hoff- 
man himself, who, in 1864, received the degree of 
D. D. from Rutgers, and from Racine in 18&S. He 
is the author of " Free Churches," " The Eucharis- 
tic Week," and other works. — His brother, Charles 
Frederick, clergyman, b. in New York city, 18 
Nov., 1834, was graduated at Trinity in 1851, and 
was subsequently ordained to priest's orders in the 
Protestant Episcopal church. In 1872 he was called 
to All Angels' church in New York city. In 1881 
he received the degree of S. T. D. from Rutgers, 
and has given largely to the support of the Gen- 
eral theological seminary. Dr. Hoffman, in De- 
cember, 1888, agreed to erect a new church for his 
parish, on the west side of Central Park, at a cost 
of not less than $100,000. 

HORTON, Samuel Dana, publicist, b. in Pome- 
roy, Ohio, 16 Jan., 1844. He is the son of Valen- 
tine B. Horton (vol. Hi., p. 266). He was graduated 
at Harvard in 1864 and at the law-school in 1868, 
studied in Berlin university in 1869-'70, and was 
admitted to the bar of Ohio in 187L He published 
in 1876 a treatise on " Silver and Gold and their 
Relation to the Problem of Resumption," the first 
of a series of works advocating a settlement of the 
silver question by joint action of nations. This 
policy was adopted by congress, and he has been 
identified with its advancement in Europe as dele- 
gate to the international monetary conferences of 




1878 and 1881, and as an author. The most impor- 
tant of his later works is " The Silver Pound and 
England's Monetary Policy since the Restoration ** 
(London, 1877). 

HOWARTH, Ellen Clementine, poet, tx in 
Cooperstown, N. Y., 20 May, 1827. Her maiden 
name was Doran. She left school at seven rears 
of age to work in a factory, married Joseph 
Howarth in 1846, and has since resided in Tren- 
ton, N. J. Mrs. Howarth has published "The 
Wind- Harp, and other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1864), 
and " Poems," with an introduction by Richard 
Watson Gilder (Newark, N. J., 1868). Her best- 
known poem is " Thou wilt never grow Old." 

HUMBOLDT, Friedrich Hefnrfch Alexan- 
der Ton, German naturalist, b. in Berlin, 14 Sepu, 
1769; d. there, 6 May, 1859. He studied at the 
universities of Frankifort and GSttingen, and the 
mining academy 
at Freiberg, and 
from 1794 till 1799 
was engaged in 
scientific research, 
writing, and trav- 
el. In 1799 he 
went to Spain and 
procured from the 
king permission to 
visit and make 
scientific investi- 
gations in all the 
Spanish posses- 
sions in Europe, 
America, and the 
East Indies. Such 
extensive privi- 
leges had never be- 
fore been granted 
to any traveller. His exploration of Orinoco river 
was the first that furnished any positive knowl- 
edge of the long - disputed bifurcation of that 
stream. In 1802, in exploring the volcanoes of 
Ecuador, he ascended heights that had not pre- 
viously been attained, and on Chimborazo reached 
the altitude of 19,286 feet. Afterward he made a 
profile of Mexico from sea to sea, the first that was 
ever given of any entire country. Humboldt then 
went to Havana, and after two months' residence 
there completed the materials for his " Essai poli- 
tique sur l'ile de Cuba" (Paris, 1826). He em- 
barked thence for Philadelphia, was received with 
cordiality by President Jefferson, and, leaving this 
country, landed at Bordeaux, C Aug., 1804, having 
spent five years in America, and gained a larger 
store of observations and collections in all depart- 
ments of natural science, geography, statistics, and 
ethnography than all previous travellers. His sub- 
sequent life was devoted to the prosecution of sci- 
entific research and discovery. His journey in 
South America is an important event in the his- 
tory of that country. With his own hands he made 
the' map of the Orinoco and the Magdalena, and 
the greater part of the atlas of Mexico. He trav- 
elled with the barometer in his hands from Bogota 
to Lima, and made 459 measurements of altitudes, 
which were often confirmed by trigonometrical 
calculations. His works include "Ansichten der 
Natur," a general sketch of the results of his in- 
quiries in America (Stuttgart, 1808), and "Kos- 
mos" (5 vols., 1845-'62). Many biographies of 
him have been published, the best bein^r "Alex- 
ander von Humboldt, eine wissenschaftliche Bio- 
graphic," edited by Karl Bruhns (3 vols., Leipsic, 
1872: English translation by Jane and Caroline 
Lassells, 2 vols., London, 1872). His most impor- 



Digitized by Google 



IZARD 



JANSSEN 



689 



t works relating to America are " Voyage aux 
ions equinoxiales du nouveau continent dans 
ann&s 1799 a 1804" (Paris, 1807-16), and 
sai politique sur le royauroe de la Nouvelle 
agne" (Paris, 1811). 



ZARD, George, soldier, b. in London. Eng- 
l, 21 Oct.. 1776; d. in Little Rock. Ark., 22 Oct., 
J. He was a son of Ralph Izard (vol. iii., p. 
. He came to this country, and, after re- 
ig with his family in Charleston, graduated at 
College of Philadelphia (now University of 
nsylvania) in 1792, was sent by his father to a 
tary school near London and then to one at 
burg in Hesse-Cassel. Subsequently, through 
agency of James Monroe, he spent two years 
le French government school for engineers of 
army at Metz. While there he was commis- 
ed lieutenant in the U. S. corps of artillerists 
engineers. Returning, he was ordered to 
rleston as engineer of Fort Pinckney, then 
ed as aide-de-camp to Alexander Hamilton 
ng the threat of the French war, and was then 
ved to accept the place of secretary of legation 
isbon. In 1803 he resigned from the army on 
unt of the secretary's having assigned him to 
irtillery instead of the engineers in the reduc- 
of the army under Jefferson. Early in 1812 he 
appointed colonel of the 2d artillery, and com- 
dea the Department of Pennsylvania, Mary- 
, and Delaware. In February," 1813, he colli- 
ded District No. 3, with New York as head- 
ters, and was promoted brigadier-general. In 
ust of that year, the English fleet having left 
icinity of New York, he was ordered to com- 
1 one of the brigades under Gen. Wade Hamp- 
holding the line of Chateaugay river near Lake 
n plain. In Hampton's defeat of 26 Oct. he 
led his brigade with ability, and conducted 
retreat in an orderly manner. He was pro- 
d major-general in March, 1814, and on 4 May 
command of the division of the right with 
quarters at Plattsburg. There he found only 
1 badly-equipped and half-disciplined men. 
h number was increased by August to 7,000. 
iw recruits. Izard was unremitting in their 
uction and active in fortifying the post. The 
als on the British side in the mean time 
amounted to more 
than 30,000 men, 
all regulars, and 
mainly Welling- 
ton's veterans. 
Late in August 
he was ordered to 
Sackett's Harbor 
and Niagara with 
4,000 men, leav- 
ing Plattsburg in 
condition success- 
fully to resist Pre- 
vost's attack. Af- 
ter an arduous 
march of 400 miles 
over bad roads he 
marshalled his 
troops, with those 
of General Ja- 
cob Brown, on 
the Canada side 
of Niagara river, 
and found the 




h general, Drummond, intrenched behind 
ewa river. His carefully considered opinion 

TOL. VI.- 



was that he outnumbered the enemy but by a few 
hundred men. He offered battle in the open, but it 
was declined, and, being deficient in artillery, and 
winter weather being at hand, he decided not to 
attempt to turn Drummond's position. His entire 
evacuation of the peninsula, including the destruc- 
tion of Fort Erie, which followed, was approved by 
the president and secretary of war. Gen. Izard was 
the only officer of the war of 1812 who had been 
completely educated in the schools. The war was 
undertaken without an adequate military establish- 
ment, and when, after repeated disasters, an officer 
with a complete education and good record was 

C laced in command, he was paralyzed in his efforts 
y the overwhelming odds against him. Izard's 
military judgment seems to have been correct, and 
in reading the severe strictures against him by 
Ingersoll and Armstrong, not only the conditions 
surrounding him should be taken into account, 
but the competency of his judges as military crit- 
ics should also be considered. Gen. Izard resigned 
from the army in January, 1815, and was appoint- 
ed governor of Arkansas in 1825. 



JACKSON, Richard Henry, soldier, b. in Ire- 
land, 14 July, 1830. He was educated in Dublin, 
came to this country in early life, enlisted in the 
U. S. army in 1851, and became 1st sergeant in the 
4th artillery. After serving in Florida and the 
west, he passed his examination for a 2d lieuten- 
ancy, receiving his commission, 18 Sept., 1859. He 
was" promoted to 1st lieutenant. 14 May, 1861, com- 
manded a company at Fort Pickens, Fla., during 
its bombardments, and in the capture of Pensacola, 
and was made captain, 20 Feb., 1862. He after- 
ward served ns assistant inspector-general, and was 
also acting chief of artillery on Morris and Folly 
islands during the operations against Fort Sumter, 
and then chief of artillery of the 10th and 25th 
corps, Army of the James. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 Jan., 1865, for 
services in the campaign of 1804, and commanded 
the 2d division of tne 25th corps in the operations 
that preceded Lee's surrender. He was commis- 
sioned full brigadier-general of volunteers, 19 May, 
1865, and brevet major-general on 24 Nov. Gen. 
Jackson also received during the war the regular 
army brevets of major for Drury's Bluff, lieutenant- 
colonel for Newmarket Heights, and colonel and 
brigadier-general for services in the war. Since 
the war Gen. Jackson has served in various posts. 
He was promoted major 1 July, 1880, and is now 
(1889) in command of Fort Schuyler, N. Y. 

JANSSEN, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Keppeln, 
Rhenish Prussia, 3 Alarch, 1835. He was educated 
at the bishop's colleges in Gaesdonck and Milnster. 
In 1858 he came to the United States and was or- 
dained priest in Alton, III., on 19 Nov. of that 
year. He was then appointed pastor of the German 
(Catholic congregation in Springfield, 111., and also 
had charge of the German Catholics in the counties 
of Sangamon, Morgan, and Menard. In 186&-'8 he 
was secretary of Bishop Henry D. Juncker. and he 
was chancellor of the diocese of Alton from 1863 
till 1870. Father Janssen was vicar-general to 
Bishop Peter J. Baltes in 1870-'86, and rector of 
St. Boniface's church. Quincy, 111.. in*1877-'9. On 
the death of Bishop Baltes in 1886 he was admin- 
istrator of the diocese until the appointment of a 
new bishop. In January, 1887, the diocese of Alton 
was divided, and the new diocese of Belleville was 
erected. He was then made administrator of both 
dioceses, and on 28 Feb., 1888, became bishop of 
Belleville, being consecrated on 25 April, 1888. 



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690 



JENKINS 



JONES 



JENKINS, MIcah, soldier, b. on Edisto island, 
S. C., in 1830; d. in the Wilderness, Va., G May, 
1864. He was graduated at South Carolina mili- 
tary institute in 1854, and established a private 
military school at Yorkville, S. C, in 1855. He 
was elected colonel of the 5th South Carolina regi- 
ment at the opening of the civil war and reorgan- 
ized it at the end of its year's enlistment as Jenk- 
ins's palmetto sharp-shooters. He led a brigade in 
the seven days' battles around Richmond, and, 
after Gaines's Mills and Frazer's Farm, brought out 
his sharp-shooters, originally numbering more than 
1.000, with but 125 men, his personal aide having 
been shot at his side, and his hat and clothing 

Eierced by seventeen bullets. He was promoted to 
rigadier-general, and was present at the second 
battle of Bull Run, where he was severely wounded 
and where two of his colonels and his adjutant- 
general were killed. In the spring of 1803 he led 
a corps of observation on the Black water, near 
Richmond and Petersburg. In September follow- 
ing he went to Georgia with Longstreet, but was 
too late for the battle of Chickamauga. He then 
commanded Horn's division and accompanied 
Longstreet to Tennessee. He moved thence in the 
spring to Virginia, where he met his death, from his 
own men by mistake at night, on the second day of 
Grant's advance through the Wilderness. 

JENNINGS, Francis, hymnologist, b. at Melks- 
ham, Wiltshire, England, 3 Nov., 1808. His father, 
William, was in the cloth trade, and afterward in 
the British army. Until Francis was seven years 
old he attended *■ a dame's school," and he was then 
put to work in a cloth-factory and a rope-yard. At 
last he was employed by a physician and learned 
to write. In 1843 he came to the United States 
and settled in Philadelphia. He has become one 
of the most thorough hymnologists in America. In 
1871 the 44 Baptist Hymn-Book was published, and 
he prepared for it a biographical index, giving the 
names, dates of birth, and death of the authors 
and their birthplaces, and also the time when the 
hymns were first printed. His first collection of 
hymn-books, numbering 300 volumes, belongs to 
the Baptist publication society; his second, of 600 
volumes, he gave to the Baptist historical society. 
Besides numerous contributions to various papers 
and magazines, he wrote 44 Hymns, and other Poems" 
(Philadelphia, 1804). 

JOHNSTON, James Steptoe, P. E. bishop, b. 
in Church Hill, Jefferson co.. Miss., 9 June, 1843. 
He was educated at the University of Virginia, 
left that institution to join the Confederate army, 
and fought through the civil war, becoming a 
lieutenant in Gen. James E. B. Stuart's cavalry. 
He was admitted to the bar in 1868, but received 
holy orders in the following year, taking charge 
of St. James' church at Port Gibson, Miss., till 
1876, and then for four years of the church of the 
Ascension, in Mount Sterling, Ky.. after which he 
became rector of Trinity parish, "Mobile, Ala. On 
28 Oct., 1887, he was elected to the office of mis- 
sionary bishop of western Texas, and on 6 Jan., 
1888, he was consecrated in Mobile. 

JONES, Patrick Henry, lawyer, b. in West- 
meath, Ireland, 20 Nov., 1830. He came to this 
country in 1840, attended the common schools, 
worked on his father's farm in Cattaraugus county, 
N. Y., and then read law at Ellicottville. He was 
admitted to the liar in May, 1856, and practised at 
that place till the opening of the civil war, when 
he entered the 37th New York regiment as 2d 
lieutenant, 7 June. 1861. He was promoted to 
adjutant and then major of that regiment, and was 
made colonel of the 154th New York regiment on 



8 Oct., 1862. He was wounded and taken prisoner 
at Chancellorsville, and after his exchange in Octo- 
ber, 1863, served in the west and in the Atlanta 
campaign, and on 6 June, 1864, was assigned com- 
mand of a brigade, at whose head he continued un- 
til the close of the war. He was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 Dec., 1864, and 
on 27 June, 1865, resigned and returned to the 
practice of his profession at Ellicottville. In 18*>5 
ne was elected clerk of the court of appeals of the 
state, and at the close of his three years' term he 
removed to New York city. On 1 April, 1869, he 
was appointed postmaster of New York, and he 
served as such during the first presidential term of 
Gen. Grant, after which he resigned and resumed 
the practice of law in that city. In 1874 he was 
elected register of New York, and. after serving his 
term of three years, returned to his profession, in 
the practice of which he is still engaged. 

JONES, Roger, soldier, b in Washington, D. C. 
25 Feb.. 1831. He is a son of Gen. Roger Jones (vol. 
iii., p. 470). He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1851, served on the Texas frontier and 
in New Mexico. and at the beginning of the civil 
war was on duty at Harper's Ferry, where he de- 
stroyed the arsenal with 20,000 stand of arms, when 
it was seized by Virginia state troops on 18 April, 
1861 — for which act. done in the face of the enemy, 
he received the thanks of the government, He was 
appointed captain and assistant quartermaster on 
22 April, and as such served in the office of the 
quartermaster-general of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, and on 12 Nov. was made a major on the staff 
and assigned to special duty as assistant inspec tor- 
general. He was attached to Gen. John Pope's staff 
for two months in 1862. when he was relieved, and 
was awaiting orders and on miscellaneous dutv till 
December, 1865. From 1866 till 1876 he served as 
inspector-general of the Division of the Pacific 
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 13 June, 
1867, assigned to duty in the inspector-general's 
office at Washington on 15 Jan., 1877, became a 
colonel on 5 Feb.. 1885, afterward acted as inspector- 
general of the Division of the Atlantic on Gover- 
nor's island, and in August, 1888, was made briga- 
dier-general and inspector-general of the array. 

JONES, Samnel, clergyman, b. in Bettws par- 
ish, Glamorganshire. South Wales, 14 Jan., 1735; 
d. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 7 Feb., 1814. Ho was a son 
of Rev. Thomas Jones, who brought him to Phila- 
delphia, 22 July, 1737. In 1738 Thomas, with a 
small colony of Welsh Baptists, founded the Tnl- 
pehoken Baptist church, Berks county, where ho 
labored for many years. Samuel was graduated 
at the College of 'Philadelphia in 1762, and was or- 
dained as a Baptist minister, 8 Jan., 1763. He be- 
came pastor of the Southampton and Pennepek 
(now Lower Dublin) churches, out in 1770 devoted 
his whole time to Pennepek, where he remained 
until his death in 1814. For many years he also con- 
ducted an academy. In 1769 Brown conferred on 
him the degree of A. M., and in 1786 that of D. D., 
which latter was also granted him in 1788 by the 
University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Jones was one of 
the most active members of the Philadelphia Bap- 
tist association, and when it was incorporated in 
1797 he was chosen president of the board of trus- 
tees, remaining so during his life. He was the au- 
thor of "The Doctrine of the Covenants" (Phila- 
delphia, 1783) ; *« A Treatise on Church Discipline *' 
(1797); 44 A Selection of Psalms and Hymns' (Bur- 
lington, N. J., 1800) ; "A Brief History of the Im- 
position of Hands on Baptized Persons" (Philadel- 
phia, 1804) ; and 4 * A Century Sermon before the 
Philadelphia Baptist Association " (1807). 



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JONES 



LARRABEE 



691 



JONES, Sibyl, Quaker preacher, b. in Bruns- 
wick, Me., in 1808; d. near Augusta, Me., 4 Dec, 
1873. Her early life was spent in Augusta, anil for 
eight years she taught in public schools. Her 
maiden name was Jones, and in 1833 she married 
Eli Jones. During 1845-'6 she visited, with her 
husband, all the yearly meetings of Friends in the 
United States, and made three journeys to Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick. They visited Liberia 
in 1851, Ireland in 1852, and subsequently Norway, 
Sweden, and the continent of Europe, returning to 
this country in 1854. During the civil war she 
preached to nearly 30,000 soldiers in hospitals, and 
in 1867 she embarked on her last missionary voy- 
age, visiting Europe, Egypt, and Syria, and pre- 
senting Christianity from the Quaker standpoint to 
Mohammedan women. Her travels in the East 
are set forth in "Eastern Sketches" by Ellen Clare 
Miller, her companion (Edinburgh, 1S73). 



KAVANAUGH, Hnbbard HInde, M. E. bish- 
op, b. in Clarke county, Ky., 14 Jan., 1802; d. in 
Columbus, Miss., 19 March, 1884. He was appren- 
ticed to the printing trade, but was licensed to 
preach in 1822, settled in Augusta, Ky., where he 
edited the " Western Watchman," and was appoint- 
ed in 1823 on the Little Sandy circuit, afterward 
holding various charges. On the establishment of 
the Methodist Episcopal chureh, south, he adhered 
to that branch, and was appointed presiding elder 
of the Lexington district. In 1854 the general 
conference chose him bishop. He was correspond- 
ing editorof the "Methodist Expositor and True 
Issue," and was a delegate to the general confer- 
ences of his church, over several of which he pre- 
sided. See ** Life and Times of Bishop Kavanamjh," 
by A. H. Redford (Nashville, 1884).—His brother, 
Benjamin Taylor, clergyman, b. in Jefferson 
county, 28 April, 1805; d. in Boonsborough, Ky., 
3 July, 1888, also entered tho ministry, and from 
1839 till 1842 had charge of tho Indian mission at 
the head of Mississippi river. He afterward stud- 
ied medicine and practised in St. Louis, where he 
also held a chair in the medical department of the 
University of Missouri. In 1857 ne resumed his 
ministerial duties and during t he civil war served as 
chaplain and assistant surgeon in the Confederate 
army. After the war he was professor of intellect- 
ual and moral science in Soule university for some 
time, but in 1881 returned to Kentucky. He has 
published "Electricity the Motor Power of the 
Solar System" (New York, 1880), and had readv for 
publication "The Great Central V'alley of North 
America " and " Notes of a Western Rambler." 

KEPHART, Ezekiel Boring, bishop of the 
United Brethren in Christ, b. in Decatur, Pa., 6 
Nov., 1834. He was licensed to preach in 1857, 
entered the ministry in 1859, and became princi- 
pal of Michigan collegiate institute, Leonti, Mich., 
in 1865, in which year he was graduated at Otter- 
bein university, Ohio. He accepted a pastorate 
in Pennsylvania in 1806, became president of West- 
cm college, Iowa, in 1868, and in 1881 was raised 
to the episcopate. Ottcrbcin university gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1881. Bishop Kephart 
served in the state senate of Iowa in 18< 1— *5. 

KINZIE, John Harris, pioneer, b. in Sand- 
wich, Canada, 7 July, 1803: d. on the Pittsburg 
and Fort Wayne railroad. 21 June, 1865. He is 
the son of John Kinzie (vol. iii., p. 552). removed 
with his father to Chicago. III., in 1803. and in 
1816 settled in Detroit, Mich. He became a clerk 
in the employ of the American fur company in 
1818, was proficient in many Indian languages. 



and in 1829 was government agent for all the north- 
western Indian^ He returned to Chicago in 1834, 
was first president of the village, register of public 
lands in 1841, and receiver of public money in 
1849. He was made paymaster in the U. S. army 
in 1861, and in 1865 was brevetted lieutenant- 
colonel. Col. Kinzie was the first president of 
the Chicago historical society, and built the first 
Episcopal church in that city. — His wife, Juliette 
Augusta, author, b. in Middletown, Conn., 1 1 Sept.. 
1806; d. in Amagansett, Long Island, N. Y., 15 
Sept., 1870, was the daughter of Arthur W. Magill. 
She married Mr. Kinzie in 1830, accompanied 
him to Fort Winnebago, Wis., and subsequently 
to Chicago. She was the author of " Wau-bun, 
or the Early Day in the Northwest," a history of 
Chicago (New York, 1850), and two posthumous 
novels, entitled "Walter Ogilby" (Philadelphia, 
1869) and " Mark Logan " (1876). 

KNIGHT, Cyrns Frederic, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Marblehead. Mass., 28 March, 1831. He studied 
at Burlington college, N. J., and at Harvard, and 
was graduated at the General theological semi* 
nary, New York city, in 1854. After being or- 
dained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal church 
he was rector of St. Mark's church, Boston, in 
1855-'67, and later he had charge of St. James's, 
in Hartford, Conn., until 1877. when he was called 
to St. James's in Lancaster, Pa, He was elected 
bishop of Milwiukee on 13 Dec. 1888. The de- 
gree of D. D. was conferred upon him bv Bethanv 
college in 1880, and that of D. C. L. by Bishop's 
university in 1886. He has been a delegate to the 
general conventions of his church from the dio- 
ceses in which he has been located, and was dean 
of Hartford while a resident of that city. In 1883 
he was sent as deputv of the general convocation of 
the American church to the general synod of the 
Church of England in North America, sitting in 
Montreal. He has published occasional sermons 
and "Changes in the Communion Office" (New 
York, 1886). 



LAKEY, Emily Jane, artist, b. in Quincv, 
N. Y., 22 June. 1837. She is the daughter of 
James Jackson, was educated at home, and taught 
in Tennessee and Ohio. She then turned her at- 
tention to painting, and exhibited her work first 
in Chicago, and in 1873 at the National acad- 
emy of design. During 1877-'8 she studied in Paris 
uiio!cr£mile Van Marcke. Her best-known paint- 
ings are " Leader of the Herd " (1882) : "An Anx- 
ious Mother" (1882): and "Right of Way "(188C). 
She married Charles D. Lakey in 1864, and resides 
in New York city. 

L'ARCHEVfiQIE, Jean de (lnrsh - vnke), 
French soldier, d. near Arkansas river, 17 Aug., 
1720. He was a member of La Salle's expedition 
of 1684, and enticed him into the ambuscade 
where he was murdered. In 1699 he was a soldier 
in Santa Fc. He became a successful trailer, and 
is doubtless identical with a " Captain Archibequc " 
who was a member of the war councils of 1715 and 
1720. In the latter he recommended a reconnois- 
sance to the Arkansas river, on which he was killed, 
with forty-three others, by Pawnee Indians. He 
left four "children, and a family or Archibeques is 
still living in New Mexico. These facts, wive his 
connection with La Salle's murder, were unknown 
till 1888, when they were discovered in making 
researches in l>chalf of the Heinenway southwest- 
ern archaeological expedition. 

LARRABEE, William, governor of Iowa, b. 
in Ledyard, Conn., 20 Jan.. 18:52. He removed to 



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692 



LAWRENCE 



LEONARD 



Clermont, Iowa, in 1853, and engaged in farming, 
manufacturing, and banking. He served in the 
Iowa state senate in 1868-'85, was chairman of the 
committee of ways und means for sixteen years, 
and since 1885 has been governor of the state, hav- 
ing been elected as a Republican. 

LAWRENCE, Charles Brash, jurist, b. in 
Vergennes, Vt, 17 Dec., 1820; d. in Decatur, Ala., 
10 April, 1833. He was the son of Judge Viele 
Lawrence, of Vermont, and, after studying for 
two years at Middlebury. was graduated in 1841 
at Union. He studied law with Alphonso Taft in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, and entered on practice in St. 
Louis, Mo. Subsequently he removed to Quincv, 
111., where he formed a partnership with Archibald 
Williams. In 1859 he was elected judge of the 
10th circuit, and in 1864 was chosen to the su- 
preme court of Illinois, where he was chief justice 
for three years. Retiring from the bench in 1873, 
he practised law in Chicago until his death and 
was president of the bar. President Grant made 
him a member of the Louisiana commission, and 
the bench and bar of Illinois urged his appoint- 
ment to the U. S. supreme court. The degree of 
LL. D. was conferred upon him by Union in 1876. 
Chief-Justice Puller said of him: 44 Learning, cul- 
ture, and literary excellence he possessed, united 
with a sweetness of character which colored all his 
utterances and all his life. The qualities which 
made him eminent as a lawyer would have raised 
him to the highest rank in any walk of life. His 
works follow him and will perpetuate his memory, 
not as a ghost to haunt, but as a guest to cheer." 

LE DUC, William Gates, soldier, b. in Wilkes- 
ville, Gallia co., Ohio, 29 March, 1823. He was 
graduated at Kenvon college in 1848, admitted to 
the bar in 1849, arid settled in St. Paul, Minn. He 
was active in inducing emigration to Minnesota, 
prepared and obtained the first charter for a rail- 
road in the territory, and organized the Wabash 
bridge company to build the first bridge over Mis- 
sissippi river. He settled in Hastings, Minn., in 
J 856, and was the first in the territory to make 
and ship spring wheat-flour, which subsequently 
became one of the chief products of the state. He 
entered the National army in 1861 as a captain, 
became lieutenant-colonel and chief quartermaster, 
served with the Army of the Potomac till the 
Gettysburg campaign, and subsequently in the 
west. He was brevetted brigadier-general of 
volunteers in 1865. He then returned to Minne- 
sota, engaged in railroad enterprises, and was ap- 

erinted commissioner of agriculture bv President 
ayes. During his occupation of this office he 
established a tea farm in South Carolina, success- 
fully experimented in producing sugar from sor- 
ghum canes and beets, and founded what has since 
been enlarged as the bureau of animal industry, 
and a division of forestry. 

LEE, Henry, economist, b. in Beverly. Mass., 4 
Feb., 1782 ; d. in Boston, 6 Feb., 1867. For many 
years he carried on a very extensive trade with the 
East and West Indies, South America, and Europe, 
and became a collector of commercial and financial 
statistics, and a zealous student of political econo- 
my. His writings were highly esteemed in Eng- 
land, where he was recognized as an authority by 
such economists as McCulloch, Tooke, and Viliiers. 
He arrived at conclusions entirely at varience with 
those advocated by the supporters of the so-called 
American system. He was a frequent contributor 
to the "Free-Trade Advocate," edited in Phila- 
delphia by Condv Raguet, and became widely 
known through his 44 Boston Report " as one of a 
** Committee of citizens of Boston and vicinity op- 



posed to a further increase of duties on importa- 
tions" (Boston, 1827). This valuable work bas 
passed through four editions, and is one of the most 
masterly vindications of the principles of free-trade 
that has ever appeared in print At the Free-trade 
convention in Philadelphia, 80 Sept., 1831, he was 
associated with Albert Gallatin in preparing the 
memorial and statistical exposition of the effects of 
the tariff. In 1832 he was nominated for vice- 
president by South Carolina on the ticket with 
John Floyd, of Virginia, although he had no sym- 
pathy with nullification. — His eldest son, Heary, 
b. in Boston, 2 Sept, 1817, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1836, served on Gov. John A. Andrew's 
staff during the civil war, and published a pam- 
phlet on 44 The Militia of the United States." He 
is senior member of the well-known banking-house 
of Lee, Higginson and Co. — Another son, Francis 
L, b. in Boston, 10 Dec., 1823 ; d. near Lake Cham- 
plain, 2 Sept, 1886, was graduated at Harvard in 
1843, and in the civil war was colonel of the 44th 
Massachusetts regiment 

LEM MENS, John Nicholas, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Schimmert province of Limburg, Holland, 3 June, 
1850. He was educated in Holland and Belgium, 
ordained to the priesthood on 29 March, 1875, and 
went to labor among the Indians of Vancouver 
island. He was made rector of the cathedral in 
Victoria in 1882. chosen to represent the diocese of 
Vancouver island at the third plenary council of 
Baltimore held in 1884, and was consecrated bish- 
op on 5 August 1888. 

LEMMON, John Gill, botanist b. in Lima, 
Mich., 2 June, 1832. He served three years as a 
private in the 4th Michigan cavalry, participated 
in the famous experiences of that regiment, was 
captured, and spent six months in southern pris- 
ons. He taught in California, and, engaging in 
explorations on the Pacific coast has made many 
discoveries in entomology and botany. Since 18H6 
he has been special agent of the California agri- 
cultural department in the division of forestry, 
and in 1888 he was apDointed its botanist Mr. 
Lemmon has discovered more than 200 botanical 
species. He has published 44 Ferns of the Pacific " 
(San Francisco, 1882) ; 44 Discovery of the Potato " 
(1884); and 44 Memorial of Amila Hudson Lem- 
mon" (Oakland, Cal., 1885).— His wife. Sarah Al- 
len Plummer, botanist b. in New Gloucester, Me^ 
3 Sept, 1836, was educated at the Female college of 
Worcester. Mass., served as a hospital nurse during 
the civil war, and then studied at Cooper Union, 
New York city. In 1869 she removed to California, 
and in 1880, having married Mr. Lemmon, began 
the study of botany, in which she has made several 
discoveries. She has also painted in water-colors 
much of the flora of the Pacific slope, and her col- 
lection of more than eighty field sketches of flowers 
took the first premium at ihe World's exposition in 
New Orleans in 1884-'5. On her discovery of a 
new genus of plants in 1882, Dr. Asa Gray named 
it Plummera floribunda. Mrs. Lemmon is the 
author of the papers on "The Ferns of the Pacific 
Slope" (1882) ; 44 Silk-Culture in California" (1884) ; 
and 44 Marine Botanv " (1886). 

LEONARD, Abiel, P. E. bishop, b. in Fayette, 
Mo., 26 June, 1848. He is a son of Judge Abiel 
Leonard, and great-grandson of Rev. Abiel Leon- 
ard, who was chaplain in 1776 to Gen. George Wash- 
ington. In 1870 he was graduated at Dartmouth, 
and in 1873 from the General theological seminary. 
His entire ministry has been in the wes«t rle 
was rector of Calvary church in Sedalia, Mo., for 
three years, and then of Trinity church in Han- 
nibal, Mo., for four years. In 1881 he was called 



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LEWIS 



MAYALL 



693 



Yinity church, Atchison, Kansas, where he re- 
led till 1887, when he was elected missionary 
op of Utah and Nevada. During his residence 
Cansas he was secretary of the diocesan con- 
ion, delegate to the General convention, and 
tour years a member of the standing cominit- 
)f the diocese. 

EWIS, An ram Herbert, clergyman, b. in 
t, Cortland co., N. Y., 17 Nov., 1836. He was 
uated at Milton college, Wis., in 1861, and at 
ed university, N. Y., in 1863, and was pastor of 
nth-day Baptist churches in Westerly, R. I., in 
-7, and New York in 1867-U In 1868 he be- 
e professor of church history and homiletics in 
ea university, in 1869-'72 he was general agent 
le American Sabbath tract society, and in 1880 
ecame pastor at Plainfleld, N. J. Alfred uni- 
itv gave him the degree of D. D. in 1881. He 
edited "The Outlook and Sabbath Quarterly " 
3 1882, and is an editorial contributor to "The 
anthropist," and author of various leaflets in 
•Social Purity Series." Dr. Lewis has pub- 
d " Sabbath and Sunday " (Alfred Centre, N. 
1870); "Biblical Teachings concerning the 
>ath and the Sunday " (1884); "Critical His- 
of the Sabbath and the Sunday in the Chris- 
Church n (2 vols., 1886) ; " A Critical History 
iunday Legislation from 321 till 1888 A. D. 

1) ; and has written " A Biography of the 
tan Sunday." 

1NC0LN, James Sullivan, artist, b. in Taun- 
Mass., 13 May, 1811; d. in Providence, R. I., 
an., 1887. At the age of fourteen he entered 
service of an engraver in Providence, and af ter- 
1 was admitted to a painter's studio. His 
r work consisted of engravings, miniatures, 
landscapes; but from 1837 he devoted himself 
:>rtrait-painting, in which he was very success- 
He was the first president of the Providence 
club. Among his numerous portraits are 
3 of Samuel Slater (1836); Prof. William H. 
iard (1837) : Levi Lincoln, attorney-general of 
sachusetts (1860), and his son. Gov. Levi Lin- 
(1877): Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside (1867): 
Robert G. Shaw, in Memorial hall, Cambridge 

2) ; Senator Henry B. Anthony (1883); and 
teen governors of Rhode Island, in the state- 
;e at Providence. 

INN, William, pioneer, d. near Louisville, 
in March, 1781. In the winter of 1776-7, 
George Gibson, he undertook a voyage in 
es from Pittsburg to New Orleans for military 
>lies. He joined Gen. George Rogers Clark s 
3s in 1778, commanding a company, and par- 
ating in the capture of Forts Kaskaskia, Ca- 
a, and Vincennes. On the discharge of some 
ited troops, who desired to return, they were 
ed in charge of Col. Linn, whom Gen. Clark 
ucted to take command at'the Falls of Ohio, 
Linn at once began the construction of a new 
kade port on t he Kentucky shore at what is 
the foot of 12th street, Ixmisville. In July, 
Gen. Clark led two regiments of Kentucky 
nteers against Chill icothe and Piqna towns, 
in command of Col. Benjamin Logan, and the 
r of Col. Linn. Linn's station was one of the 
jr seven on Beargrass creek as early as 1779- 
and was about ten miles from Louisville. In 
ch, 1781, Col. Linn and three neighbors and 
rades were suddenly slain there by a raiding 
1 of savages from across the Ohio. 
ITTLEJOHN, De Witt Clinton, legislator, 
Bridgewater, N. Y., 7 Feb., 1818. He received 
od education, entered a commercial career, and 
engaged in the manufacture of flour. He was 



president of the village of Oswego, and after it be- 
came a city was twice elected its mayor. He has 
been frequently a member of the general assembly, 
and was its speaker in 1853-7. During the early 
part of the civil war he served in the National 
army, and on 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted 
brigadier-general of volunteers. In 18G3-'5 he was 
a member of congress, elected as a Republican. 

LUDLAM, Reuben, physician, b. in Camden, 
N. J., 7 Oct., 1831. He was graduated at the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 18o2, and after studying in Europe began 
practice in Chicago, where he became widely known 
in the homoeopathic school, particularly as an 
ovariotomist. He has been connected with Hahne- 
mann medical college and hospital since its organi- 
zation in 1860. in which he assisted, and is new its 
dean and clinical professor of the surgical diseases 
of women. He was president of the American in- 
stitute of homoeopathy in 1870, president of the 
Chicago academy of medicine in 1873, and for ten 
years preceding 1887 an active member of the Il- 
linois board of health. Dr. Ludlam has published 
"Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria,*' the first strict- 
ly medical book issued in the northwestern states 
(Chicago, 1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures 
on the Diseases of Women" (1871), which was 
translated into French by Adrien Delahaye (Paris, 
1879); and "Jousset's Clinical Medicine," trans- 
lated from the French, with notes and additions 
(Chicago, 1879). 



McCLELLAN, Ely, physician, b. in Philadel- 
phia. Pa., 23 Aug., 1834. fie is the son of Samuel 
McClellan (vol. iv.. p. 85). He studied at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania and at Williams, and was 
graduated at Jefferson medical college in 1856. 
Dr. McClellan entered the National army as a sur- 
geon in 1861, and has since remained in the ser- 
vice. Among his writings are "Obstetrical Pro- 
cedures among the Aborigines of North America" 
(Louisville, Kv., 1873); "Fibroid Tumors of the 
Uterus " (1874) ; " Cholera Hygiene " (1874) ; " Com- 
mon Carriers, or the Porters of Disease" (1874); 
"A History of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in 
the United States" (Washington. 1875); "Battey's 
Operation" (Louisville, 1875); " A Note of Warn- 
ing : Lessons to be Learned from Cholera Facts of 
the Past Year, and from Recent Cholera Litera- 
ture" (1876); "On the Relation of Health Boards 
and other Sanitarv Organizations' with Civic Au- 
thorities" (Atlanta, Ga., 1876); and "A Review of 
Von Pettenkofer's Outbreak of Cholera among 
Convicts *' (Louisville. 1877). 

McKINLEY, William, legislator, b. in Niles, 
Trumbull co., Ohio, 29 Jan., 1844. He was educated 
at Poland (Ohio) academy, enlisted in the 23d Ohio 
volunteers in May, 1861, and rose to be captain and 
brevet-major. At the close of the war he began the 
study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1867, and 
settled at Canton, Ohio, where he has since resided. 
From 1869 till 1871 he was prosecuting attorney of 
Stark county, and since October. 1877, he has been 
in congress. In June, 1888, being a delegate to the 
Republican national convention at Chicago, III., 
he was made chairman of the platform committee, 
and is credited with having made the draft of the 
resolutions* that were adopted. In congress he is 
an earnest advocate of a protective tariff. 

MAYALL, Thomas Jefferson, inventor, b. in 
North Berwick, Me., 10 Aug., 1826; d. in Reading, 
Mass., 18 Feb., 1888. He obtained employment in 
a paper-mill in Roxbury, and soon began invent- 
ing, especially making improvements in machinery 



Digitized by Googie 



694 MENARD 

in the factory, and attracting the attention of his 
employers by devising the first rubber belt that 
was ever used in this country. This was followed 
by a model of the first cylinder printing-machine 
that was ever made, from which has grown the 
present industry of wall-paper printing, and calico 
printing, which previous to that invention was 
done on blocks. The machine made 1,000 rolls of 
paper a day, printed in two colors. His other in- 
ventions include a method of producing satin- 
faced paper, a method of vulcanizing rubber 
(1841), an automatic battery, a revolving cannon, 
bomb-shells with sharpened edges to bore through 
the armor of ships, a coffee-hulling machine, 
which he introduced into Brazil, and self-acting 
drawbridges for railroads. At the time of his 
death he was at work on an electric elevated rail- 
road, an electric-cable railroad, and a pneumatic 
elevated railroad. His revolving cannon was in- 
troduced in several countries of Europe. By 
means of machinery, operated by steam, this gun 
is loaded and fired forty times a minute, with only 
one man in attendance, the loading, firing, and 
swabbing going on at the same time. He took out 
200 patents in this country and 70 in England. 

MENARD, Pierre, lieutenant-governor of Illi- 
nois, b. in Quebec, Canada, in 1767; d. in Kaskas- 
kia. 111., in 1845. He removed to Kaskaskia about 
1788, and became a trader in furs and pelts with 
the Indians, with all of whom he sustained friendly 
relations. He was a U. S. district judge for many 
years, a member of the territorial legislature, and 
presiding officer of the council. On the admission 
of Illinois to the Union in 1818, he was chosen its 
first lieutenant-governor. The state constitution 
of that year provided that the governor and lieu- 
tenant-governor should be for thirty years a citizen 
of the United States, but Col. Menard having been 
naturalized only two years before, an article was 
added to the constitution providing that any citizen 
of the United States that had resided in Illinois 
two years preceding the election shoidd be eligible 
to the office of lieutenant-governor. During his 
occupation of that post a series of laws were 
adopted which have to a great extent become the 
foundation of all subsequent legislation. His offi- 
cial life ended with his term in 1822, and he sub- 
sequently devoted himself to his private affairs 
ana to charity. A statue, the gift of Charles P. 
Chouteau, of St. Louis, was erected to his memory 
at Springfield, 111., in January, 1888.— His daughter, 
Berenice, b. in 1801 ; d. in Kansas City, Mo., 20 
Nov., 1888, was the first white woman that ever 
lived in Kansas City, and married in 1819 Francis 
F. Chouteau. She was a devout Roman Catholic, 
and built the first church erected in Kansas City. 

MILLS, Roger Qnarlea, congressman, b. in 
Todd county, Ky., 30 March, 1832. He received a 
common-school education, removed to Palestine, 
Tex., in 1849, and studied law, supporting himself 
by serving as an assistant in the post-office and in 
the offices of the court clerks. In 1850 he was 
elected engrossing clerk of the Texas house of rep- 
resentatives, and in 1852 he was admitted to the 
bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legis- 
lature. He settled in the practice of his profession 
at Corsicana, Tex., in 1859 was elected to the legis- 
lature. In 1872 he was chosen to congress, from 
the state at large, as a Democrat, and "since that 
time he has been continuously re-elected. In 1876 
he opposed the creation of the electoral commis- 
sion, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas 
against the adoption of a prohibition amendment 
to its constitution, which was defeated. In 1888 
Mr. Mills introduced into the house of representa- 



Mi fCHELL 



tives the bill that is known by his name, reducing 
the duties on imports, and extending the free list. 
The bill passed the house on 21 July, 188a Dur- 
ing the presidential canvass of that year he spoke 
in favor of the re-election of Grover Cleveland. 

MILLS, Sebastian Baeh, pianist, b. at Ciren- 
cester, England, 13 March, 1839. fie began to ap- 
pear in concerts at an early age, and in 1856 went 
to Germany for study. He came to the United 
States in 1859 and settled as a teacher of thepiano 
in New York, where he still (1889) resides. He has 
appeared in concerts in the United States and in 
Europe, and is one of the best known of American 
pianists. Among his numerous compositions are 
three " TaranteJles" (1863, 1865. and 1888): ** Mur- 
muring Fountain" (1865); ** Polonaise n (1866): 
" Fairy Fingers M and " Recollections of Home " 
(1867): "SaTtarello" (1874); and two 44 Etudes dc 
Concert w (1880). 

MITCHELL, Edward, clergyman, b. in Cole- 
raine, Ireland, 3 Aug., 1769; d. in Ridgefield, 
Conn., 8 Aug., 1834. He came to this country in 
1791 and settled in New York, where in 1796 he was 
one of the founders of the Society of United Chris- 
tian Friends professing a belief in universal salva- 
tion, of which organization he continued as pastor 
until his death. Mr. Mitchell attracted large au- 
diences, and exercised a wide-spread and perma- 
nent influence. He is described as a benevolent, 
cultivated, and genial gentleman, and as a preach- 
er of remarkable eloquence, earnestness, and power. 
— His son, William, jurist, b. in New York city. 
24 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Morristown, N. J.. 6 Oct., 1886, 
was graduated at Columbia in 1820, standing first 
in his class, and after studying law was admitted to 
the bar in 1823, and became counsellor in chancery 
in 1827. In 1849 he was elected a justice of the 
supreme court of New York, which post he held 
until 1858. Under the provisions of the law then 
existing, he became a juage of the court of appeals 
in 1856, and in 1857 presiding justice of the su- 

Sreme court. On retiring from tne supreme court, 
udgc Mitchell did not retire from the bench, but 
by the action of the courts, and of the bar, and of 
suitors, in referring to him cases for hearing and de- 
cision, as a referee, he held his court regularly 
from day to day, and his calendar, like that of other 
courts, was always full. His reported opinions 
are marked by breadth and force of reasoning and 
large learning, which gave them permanent value. 
The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by 
Columbia in 1863, and he was one of the vice-presi- 
dents of the Association of the bar of New York. 
Judge Mitchell published an edition of M Black- 
stone's Commentaries " with reference to American 
cases (New York, 1841). See sketch by Benjamin 
D. Silliman (printed privately, New York, 1887). 

MITCHELL, John Grant, soldier, b.in Piqua, 
Ohio, 6 Nov., 1888. He was graduated at Kenyon 
college in 1859, was chosen 1st lieutenant in the 3d 
Ohio volunteers in 1861, and l>ecame colonel of the 
118th Ohio, in March, 1863. He was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 Jan., 1865, 
and brevetted major-general of volunteers, to date 
from 13 March, for special gallantry in the battle 
of Bentonville, N. C, 17 March, 1865. Gen. Mit- 
chell resigned on 3 July. 1865, and entered on the 
practice of law in Columbus, Ohio. 

MITCHELL, Lucy Myers, archaeologist, b. in 
Oroomiah, Persia, in 1845 ; d. in Berlin, Germany, 
10 March, 1888. She was the daughter of Rev. 
Austin H. Wright, a missionary to the Nestorians. 
She was educated at Mount Holyoke seminary, 
Mass., married Samuel S. Mitchell, of New Jersey, 
in 1867, and passed most of her subsequent life 



Digitized by Google 



MOLLY 

abroad. Her interest in classical archaeology be- 
gan in Leipsic in 1872, where she collected material 
For her 44 History of Ancient Sculpture " (New 
York, 1883), in recognition of whose merits she 
was elected in 1884 a member of the Imperial 
archaeological institute of Germany, sharing this 
distinction with only one other woman. She was 
preparing a work on Greek vases and Greek paint- 
ings, but died before its completion. 

MOLLY, Captain, b. about 1756; d. near West 
Point, N. Y., about 1789. She was the wife of a 
cannon ier, and was at Fort Clinton when it was 
captured by the British in October, 1777. As the 
enemy scaled the parapet, her husband dropped 
his port-fire and fled, but Molly caught it up and 
discharged the last gun fired by the Americans on 
that occasion. She was also conspicuous at the 
battle of Monmouth, 28 June. 1778, where she 
carried water from a neighboring spring to her 
husband while he was serving a gun. A shot 
killed him at his post, and Molly seized the ram- 
mer and filled his place at the gun. After the 
battle, covered with dirt and blood, she was pre- 
sented by Gen. Nathanael Greene to Washing- 
ton, who commended her bravery and made her a 
sergeant On his recommendation, her name was 

g laced upon the list of half-pay officers for life, 
he continued with the army, and after the war 
resided at Buttermilk Fajls, N. Y. Mrs. Alex- 
ander Hamilton describes her as "a stout, red- 
haired, freckle-faced young Irish woman, with a 
handsome, piercing eye." She was a favorite with 
the army, and generally wore an artilleryman's 
coat over her dress, and a cocked hat. She has 
been erroneously called Moll Pitcher. 

MONETTE, John Wesley, author, b. in Ohio, 
8 ApriL 1803 ; d. in Madison parish. La., 1 March, 
1851. He was graduated at trie Kentucky medical 
college in 1822. Dr. Monette was mayor of Wash- 
ington, Miss., and a member of the legislature. He 
was the author of a 44 History of the Discovery and 
Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi " (2 vols., 
New York, 1846), and left in manuscript a work on 
the 44 Rivers of the Southwest." 

MOORE, Edward Charles, silversmith, b. in 
New York city, 80 Aug., 1827. He learned the 
trade of silvcrsmithing from his father. John C. 
Moore, succeeded to the business in 1854, and iu 
1867 transferred his silver works to Tiffany and 
Co., of which he has since had charge. Being a 
practical workman the application of steam, the 
introduction of machinery, such as the steam 
trip-hammer, the polishine and drawing of wire, 
ana the use of gas for soldering and melting in 
his business, have largely been the result of his 
influence. The tea services that he made for Mrs. 
Mary J. Morgan and for Prince Demidoff are re- 
garded as among the finest examples of repoussta 
silver-ware that were ever made, Through his work, 
more than anything else, American silver has been 
raised to its present high standard, and at the 
World's fair, held in Paris in 1867, he received a 
personal gold medal for his efforts. His study of 
leather and its application to the arts has resulted 
in this country's obtaining the first rank for fine 
leather-work. He has given attention to antique, 
Persian, Arabic, Roman, and other glass, and to 
Japanese arts in their higher branches. Mr. Moore's 
library and collections are among the most com- 
plete in his specialties in the United States. 



O'CONOR* John Francis Xavler, clergyman, 
b. in New York city, 1 Aug., 1852. He was gradu- 
ated at the College of St Francis Xavier in 1872, 



PEABODY 695 

and became a member of the Society of Jesus the 
same year. He went to Europe to finish his studies 
in 1874, and returned in 1879 to assume the duties 
of professor successively in West Park college. 
Georgetown university, and Boston college. Father 
O'Conor delivered lectures on cuneiform Assyrian 
in Boston before any school of that language had 
been established in the United States. In 1884 he 
secured a cast of the cuneiform Babylonian cylin- 
der of Nebuchadnezzar in the New York museum, 
and a year later he published a work containing a 
fac- simile of the cylinder, its history, and the 
cuneiform text, with a transcription and a transla- 
tion (1885). He has also published 44 Something to 
Read " (Georgetown. 1880): 44 Lyric and Dramatic 
Poetry * (Boston, 1883) ; * 4 Reading and the Mind " 
(Woodstock. 1884; enlarged ed., 1885); 4 -Garruc- 
ci's History of Christian Art" (1886); "Visits to 
Holy Places," continued in the series of the 44 Mes*- 
sengerof the Sacred Heart "(Philadelphia. 1885-'8): 
ami 44 The Practice of Humility," from the Italian 
of Leo XIII. (New York, 1888). 



PABLOS, Jnan, Spanish printer, lived in the 
16th century. When the first viceroy of Mexico, 
Antonio de Mendoza, was appointed in 1534, he 
carried with him a printing press and outfit, pro- 
vided by the famous court printer, Juan Crom- 
berger, of Seville, and this outfit was in charge of 
Juan Pablos, who for many years superintended 
the viceregal printing-shop, although in. the title- 
page of the earlier books that were printed in 
Mexico, sometimes the name of Cromoerger ap- 
pears. The first book printed in the New World 
was a translation into Spanish of the Latin text of 
Ambrosio Camaldulense's 4 * Escala espiritual para 
llegar al cielo, de San Juan Climaco," or "Spiritual 
Ladder to ascend into Heaven," which bore the 
imprint of Juan Pablos, Mexico, 1535. Of this 
work no authentic copy is in existence. The earli- 
est Mexican book that is known to exist is a 
copy of Motolinia's 44 Doctrina Cristiana en lengua 
Mexicana," printed in Mexico, 1544, but bearing 
the imprint of Juan Cromberger. It is in the pro- 
vincial library of Toledo. 

PEABODY, Charles Anrnstns, jurist, b. in 
Sandwich. N. H., 10 July, 1814. He was educated 
privately, studied law in Baltimore, Md.. and at 
Harvard law-school. He settled in New York city 
in 1839, and has since resided there. He was a 
member of the convention that organized the Re- 
publican party in his state in 1855, was chosen a 
justice of the supreme court in the same year, 
served till the end of 1857, and in 1858 became 
commissioner of quarantine. In 1862 he was ap- 
pointed by President Lincoln judge of the U. S. 
Provisional court of Louisiana, holding office till 
1865, 44 with authority to hear, try. and determine 
all causes, civil and criminal, including causes in 
law, equity, revenue, and admiralty, ... his judg- 
ment to be final and conclusive." He was also 
sole judge of another court of unlimited criminal 

i'urisdiction during a part of that time. In 1863 
le became chief justice of the supreme court of 
Louisiana, and in 1865 he was appointed U. S. 
attorney for the eastern district of Louisiana, but 
declined that post, and resumed practice in New 
York city. Judge Peabody is one of the vice- 
presidents of the Association for the reform and 
codification of the laws of nations, and has usually 
attended its meetings in Europe. He was appoint- 
ed by the U. S. government in 1885 a delegate in 
its behalf to the International congress of commer- 
cial law convoked by the king of the Belgians, that 



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696 



PEACOCK 



POTTS 



met in Antwerp, and held a similar appointment 
from the New York state chamber of commerce. 

PEACOCK, Thomas Brower, poet, b. in Cam- 
bridge, Ohio, 16 April, 1852. He was educated in 
Zanesville, Ohio, and for about ten years was asso- 
ciate editor of the Topeka, Kan., 44 Democrat." 
He has made and patented several inventions, the 
most important of which is a fire-escape specially 
adapted to large hotels. He has published 44 Poems*' 
(Kansas City, 1872); "The Vendetta, and other 
Poems " (Topeka, 1876) ; 44 The Rhyme of the Bor- 
der War" (New York, 1880); and "Poems of the 
Plains and Songs of the Solitudes" (1888). The 
last volume reached a 3d edition in a year, and is 
being translated into German by Karl fcnortz. 

PECK, Clarissa C, philanthropist, b. in Mara- 
thon, Cortland co., N. Y., in 1817 : d. in Chicago, 
111., 22 Dec.. 1884. Her maiden name was Brink. 
She married Philander Peck in 1837 and removed to 
Little Rock, 111., in the same year, to White Water, 
Wis., in 1841, and to Chicago in 1851. Mrs. Peck was 
left with a lar^e fortune, and bequeathed $65,000 
to various religious and charitable institutions, and 
the residue of her estate, about $535,000, to found 
the Chicago home for incurables. 

PENROSE, William Henry, soldier, b. in 
Madison Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 10 
March, 1832. His father, Capt. James W. Pen- 
rose, was an officer of the regular army. The son 
took an irregular two-years course in Dickinson 
college and became a civil and mechanical engi- 
neer. In April. 1861, he was appointed 2d lieu- 
tenant in the 3d U. S. infantry, and, after his pro- 
motion to 1st lieutenant in May, served with the 
Army of the Potomac till the close of the civil 
war. He became colonel of the 15th New Jersey 
regiment in April, 1863, and thereafter had com- 
mand of Philip Kearny's 1st New Jersey brigade, 
in the Sixth corps. At times he had charge of a di- 
vision, and on 27 June, 1865. he was commissioned 
a brigadier-general of volunteers. During the war 
he won the brevets in the regular army, including 
that of brigadier-general. He has since had com- 
mand of various posts, and on 31 May, 1883, he 
became major of the 12th infantry, and lieutenant- 
colonel of the 16th Infantry on 22 Aug., 1888. 
Gen. Penrose has invented several mechanical de- 
vices and a set of infantry equipments which was 
recommended by a board of officers. 

PHELPS, George May, inventor, b. in Water- 
vliet, N. Y., 19 March, 1820; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
18 May, 1888. He early found employment in the 
shop of his uncle, Jonas H. Phelps, a maker of sur- 
veying and astronomical instruments in Troy. In 
1850 he had established himself in business, mak- 
ing various kinds of light machinery, aud models. 
Soon afterward Mr. Phelps was chosen to manu- 
facture the type-printing telegraph of Royal E. 
House; and when, a few years later, the American 
telegraph company was formed to operate the 
printing system of David E. Hughes, Mr. Phelps 
became the superintendent of its factory. Several 
important modifications of this machine were de- 
vised by him, and by gradual adaptation it be- 
came the well-known " combination printer.*' His 
most valuable invention was the motor-printer, 
which is now in use on the lines of the Western 
union telegraph company. The machinery and 
apparatus made by Mr. Phelps were noticeable for 
symmetry and gracefulness, expressing an innate 
sense of fitness and proportion, which was the 
most striking characteristic of his talent as an in- 
ventor and constructor. 

PHILLIPS, George S-iirle. English author, 
b. in Northamptonshire, England, in 1818. He 



was edncated at Trinity college, Cambridge, came 
to this country, and was connected with the New 
York press. He returned to England about 1845, 
edited the Leeds " Times," became principal of the 
People's college, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, in 1846. 
and in 1854 was lecturer to the Yorkshire union of 
mechanics* institutes and literary societies. He 
has been an inmate of an insane asylum in New- 
Jersey since 1873. Mr. Phillips wrote generally 
under the pen-name of 44 January Searle," and 
among other works published 4 * Chapters in the 
History of a Life " (1849) ; 44 Life of Ebenezer Elli- 
ott " (1850) : 44 Memoirs of William Wordsworth ** 
(1852): 44 The Gypsies of the Dane's Dike " (1855) ; 
and "Chicago and her Churches" (Chicago, 18C8). 
His pamphlet on Ralph Waldo Emerson was warm- 
ly commended by Theodore Parker. 

PIERCE. Wlnftlow Smith, pioneer, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 3 May, 1819 : d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 29 
July, 1888. He was educated at Dartmouth and 
the Harvard medical school, settled in Illinois, and 
was a professor in Rock Island medical college for 
several years. He removed to California in 1849, 
and was state comptroller in 1849-'53. Dr. Pierce 
was one of the originators of the first line of 
steamships between the Isthmus of Panama and 
San Francisco. He declined the nomination of 
the Democratic partv for U. S. senator in Cali- 
fornia, settled in Indiana in 1800, devoted him- 
self largely to the coal and iron industries, and 
laid out and at one time owned a large part of In- 
dianapolis. He left in manuscript a complete col- 
lection of material for a book entitled 44 Reminis- 
cences of Public Men from 1828 till 1988.** Both 
his wives were sisters of Thomas A. Hendricks. 

PINSONNEAULT, Peter Adolpho*. Cana- 
dian R. C. bishop, b. in Montreal, Canada, in 1815 : 
d. in Canada in 1883. He studied in the College of 
Montreal with the intention of becoming a lawyer, 
but, resolving to become a priest, went to Paris, 
studied theology in the College of St. Sulpice. en- 
tered the Sulpitian order, and was ordained in 1840. 
He exercised his ministry in Montreal, on his re- 
turn, until 1856, when he was consecrated bishop 
of the newly erected diocese of London, Ont. He 
removed to' Sandwich in 1859, and obtained the 
alteration of the name of the diocese to Sandwich, 
lie resigned in 1867, and lived principally in 
Montreal, where he rendered great services to the 
bishop. He published a work in favor of the in- 
fallibility of the pope (1870). 

POTTER, Joseph Adams, soldier, b. in Potter's 
Hollow, N. Y., 12 June, 1816; d. in Painesville, 
Ohio, 21 A pril, 1888. He entered t he U. S. service m 
a civil engineer in 1835 and was engaged in build- 
ine public; works and making surveys of the great 
lakes until the beginning of the civil war. In 1861 
he was ordered to Detroit, and was appointed, on 27 
Sept., 1st lieutenant in the 15th U. S. infantry. 
He was soon transferred to the quartermaster's 
department, with the rank of captain, and sent to 
Illinois, where he was engaged in fitting out troops 
and in building Camp Douglass at Chicago and 
Camp Butler at Springfield. He disbursed millions 
of dollars, purchasing large amounts of supplier 
and great numbers of cavalry horses. Subsequent ly 
he had charge of the quatermaster's departments 
at various posts until 1874, when he liecame chief 
quartermaster of the Department of the Gulf, with 
headquarters at New Orleans. On 21 April, 1879, 
he was retired. He received the brevets from 
major to brigadier-general in the U. S. army on 
13 March, 1865. 

POTTS. Benjamin Franklin, soldier, b. in 
Carroll county, Ohio, 29 Jan., 1836 ; d. in Helena, 



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POWDERLY 



Montana, 17 J une, 1887. He was educated at West- 
minster college. New Wilmington, Pa., and admit- 
ted to the bar in 1859. He became captain in the 
42d Ohio regiment in 1861, served in the Shenan- 
doah valley, was commissioned colonel in 1862, 
participated in the Vicksburg campaign, and was 
then promoted to the command oi a brigade and 
served under Gen. William T. Sherman. On 5 
Jan., 1865, he became brigadier-general of volun- 
teers. He then returned to the practice of law, 
was elected state senator of Ohio, and was governor 
of Montana in 1870-*83. He was in the legislature 
in 1884, after which he occupied no public office. 

POWDERLY, Terence Vincent, general mas- 
ter-workman of the Knights of labor, b. in Carbon- 
dale, Pa.. 22 Jan., 1849. of Irish Catholic parents, 
who had come to the United States in 1826. His 
father was a day laborer, and Terence was the 
eleventh child. He attended the public schools 
from his seventh to his thirteenth year. Then he 
began keeping a switch for the Delaware and 
Hudson canal company, and in 1866 he was em- 
ployed as an apprentice in the machine-shops of 
that company, in 1869 he went to Scran ton. Pa., 
which has since been his home. There he obtained 
work in the shops of the Delaware, Lackawanna, 
and Western railroad company, and at night stud- 
ied drawing and mechanical engineering. In 1871 
he joined the Machinists' and blacksmiths' union, 
of which he soon became president His interest 
in industrial affairs has oeen the guiding prin- 
ciple of his life. In 1874 Mr. Powderly was initi- 
ated into the Knights of labor (an order founded 
in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah S. Stevens, of 
Cape May county, N. J.) and became a member of 
Assembly No. 88. During the panic of 1873 he 
lost his work at Scranton, and went to Oil City, Pa., 
whence he went, in 1874, as a delegate to the Na- 
tional convention of the Machinists' and black- 
smiths' union in Louisville. This was his first 
national appearance as an advocate of organized 
labor. He finally succeeded in getting this union 
to disband and join the Knights of labor as Assem- 
bly No. 222. In 1877 he assisted in organizing in 
Ijackawanna county. Pa., a district assembly of 
Knights of labor, of which he became and was 
district secretary until 1886. In the great strikes 
of 1877 about 5,000 laborers, mostly of the Knights 
of labor of that district, were discharged, and emi- 
grated to various parts of the west. In their new 
homes they established new assemblies of the 
Knights of labor, and to this Mr. Powderly largely 
attributes the spread and growth of the order. He 
and other leaders held the first general assembly 
of the order at Reading, Pa., in 1878, and at the 
next session, held in 5>t. Louis in 1879, he was 
elected to the second office, grand worthy foreman. 
At the third convention, held in Chicago in Sep- 
tember, 1879, Mr. Powderly was elected general 
master-workman, and he has since, despite bitter 
opposition, been eight times re-elected to that 
office, which he now holds. In April, 1878, by the 
labor vote, he was elected mavor of Scranton, Pa, 
and he was several times re-elected as a Democrat 
to that office. He helped to establish the •* Labor 
Advocate" at Scranton in 1877. Mr. Powderly 
writes regularly for the organ of the Knights of 
labor, the "Journal of United Labor," and has 
written on *' The Army of the Unemployed " and 
kindred topics for periodicals. When the Irish 
land league movement was organized in this coun- 
try Mr. Powderly was made its second vice-presi- 
dent. He went as chairman of the Pennsylvania 
delegation to the Irish land league convention of 
1883, and called that convention to order. At 



REICH 697 

present he is engaged on a " History of the Origin 
and Principles of the Knights of Labor." 

PULESTON, Sir John Henry, banker, b. in 
the vale of Cluyd, Wales, in 1830. He was edu- 
cated at King's college. London, where he studied 
medicine. This profession he soon abandoned, and 
came to the United States. He settled in Lucerne 
county, Pa., and published a paper in Pittston, 
which proving unsuccessful, he founded one in 
Phoenix ville. During the civil war he was made 
chief of the Pennsylvania agency established in 
Washington by Gov. Andrew G. Curtin. He dis- 
charged the duties of this office for some time, but 
resigned to take charge of claims offered to him 
under the government. Subsequently he estab- 
lished himself in New York city in the banking- 
firm of Puleston, Raymond and Co., and later re- 
turned to London as a member of the firm of Jay 
Cooke, McCulloch and Co. He was elected to par- 
liament from Devonport in 1874, and by re-elec- 
tions has since retained that seat In 1887 he was 
knighted for his long and faithful services in par- 
liament. At present he is a member of the bank- 
ing-firm of Puleston and Brown. 

PURDUE, John, philanthropist, b. near Shep- 
ardsburg. Pa., o Oct., 1801 ; d. in Lafayette, Ina., 
12 Sept, 1876. In his earlv youth he emigrated to 
Ohio with his parents. lie received a common- 
school education, taught for a time, became a dry- 
goods merchant, settled in Lafayette. Ind., in 
1839, and accumulated a fortune, also engaging in 
manufacturing. Mr. Purdue was owner of the 
Lafayette "Journal," and in 1866 was an unsuc- 
cessful independent candidate for congress. In 
18C9 he founded Purdue university in his adopted 
town, giving $150,000 toward its endowment 



RAMBAUT, Mary Lncfnda Bonney, edu- 
cator, b. in Hamilton, N. Y„ 8 June, 1816. She 
founded, with Harriette A. Dillaye, the Chestnut 
street seminary for young ladies, in Philadelphia, 
in 1850, and conducted it until 1883, when it was 
removed to Ogontz, near Philadelphia, where she 
continued it for five years. In 1888 she married 
the Rev. Thomas Rambaut, and resides in Hamil- 
ton, N. Y. She originated the Woman's national 
Indian association in 1879, and was its president 
until 1884, when she became honomry president 

REED. Caroline Gallup, educator, b. in Berne, 
N. Y., 5 Aug., 1821. She is the daughter of Al- 
bert Gallup, treasurer of Albany county, and was 
educated at St Peter's school and the Female 
academy in Albany. In 1851 she married the 
Rev. Sylvanus Reed, and in 1864 established a 
school for young ladies in New York city, which 
she still continues. In 1883 this very successful 
school was incorporated under the laws of New 
York state as Reed college, so that the Derpetu- 
ity of the establishment might be assured. Mrs. 
Reed was elected a member of the American geo- 
graphical society in 1860, of the American associa- 
tion for the advancement of science, and of the 
New York genealogical and biographical society 
in 1882. She has published various papers ancl 
has issued regularly 44 circulars of information*' 
upon subjects of educational interest. 

REICH, Jacques, artist, b. in Hungary, 10 
Aug., 1852. He was a pupil of William Adolphe 
Bouguereau and Robert Kleury, studied art in 
Budapest, and in 1873 came to the United States, 
where he continued his studies at the Academy of 
fine arts in Philadelphia. He has devoted most of 
hi« time to drawing in black and white, and has 
executed numerous portraits in charcoal In 1879 



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698 



ROBERTS 



SALOMON 



he went to Paris for the purpose of continuing his 
studies, and remained under the instruction of the 
above-mentioned masters for a year. Returning 
to Philadelphia, he turned his attention to draw- 
ing in pen and ink for illustrating books, and to 
etching. In 1885 he came to New York and made 
all the pen-and-ink portraits for ScribncrV* Cyclo- 
paedia of Painters and Paintings." as well as nu- 
merous others for periodicals. He drew the por- 
traits for Appletons' ''Annual Cyclopaedia" for 
1880, 1887, and 1888. Early in June, 1880, he l>e- 
gan to execute the sixteen hundred portraits for 
this work, to which task he gave almost exclusive 
attention till it was completed in December. 1888. 

ROBERTS. George Brooke, civil engineer, o. 
in Montgomery county, Pa., 15 Jan.. 1833. He 
was graduated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute 
in 1849, and was an assistant there in mathematics 
and geodesy in 1850-'l. He entered the Pennsyl- 
vania railroad service as rod man in 1851. in 1852 
became assistant engineer of tho Philadelphia and 
Erie railroad, and for the next ten years was 
steadily engaged in the location and construction 
of various, roads, returning to the Pennsylvania 
railroad in 1802, as assistant to the president. He 
was made fourth vice-president in 1809, then sec- 
ond vice-president, in 1874 first vice-president, and 
upon the death of Col. Thomas A. Scott, in May, 
1880, he became president of the com pan v. 

ROBERTS, George Litcli, lawyer, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 30 Dec, 1830. He was graduated at 
Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1859, 
and began the practice of his profession in the office 
of Benjamin R. Curtis. Ho has taken a prominent 
r>art in the Bell telephone cases, and is one of the 
foremost patent lawyers in the United States. 

ROBINSON, James Sidney, soldier, b. in 
Franklin township, Richland co., Ohio, 14 Oct., 
1827. lie was educated in the common schools, 
edited a newspaper in Kenton, Ohio, and was clerk 
of the Ohio legislature in 1850-'7. He entered the 
National army in 1801 as lieutenant in the 4th Ohio 
regiment, became major of the 82d Ohio infantry, 
and rose to brigadier-general of volunteers, 12 Jan., 
1805. He was bre vetted major-general of volun- 
teers, 13 March, 1805. He became commissioner of 
railroads and telegraphs in Ohio in 1879, was a 
member of congress in 1881-'5, having been chosen 
as a Republican, and since 1884 has been secretary 
of state of Ohio. He was chairman of the Ohio 
Republican executive committee in 1877-'9. 

ROCKWOOD, George Gardner, photogra- 
pher, b. in Troy, N. Y., 12 April. 1832. He was edu- 
cated at the Balston Spa institute, became a reporter 
on the Troy daily " Times," and at twenty years 
of age was managing editor of the Troy "daily 
44 Post." He became interested in photography in 
1855, was the first to make the carte de tn.sitc 
photograph in this countrv, introduced many of 
the chief inventions in the art, and constantly 
contributed to the press both upon scientific and 
technical subjects. Mr. Rock wood is the author 
of the scientific hoax, '* Brain Pictures," which ap- 
peared in a New York paper in 1887. 

ROGERS, Moses, pioneer steam navigator, b. 
in New London, Conn., in September, 1780; d. 
in Cheraw, S. ('., 15 Sept., 1822. He was asso- 
ciated with Robert Fulton in his experiments, in 
1808 commanded the "Clermont." and in June, 
ISO!), with R<»l>ert L. Stevens, had charge of the 
" Phopnix " in her voyage from New York to Phila- 
delphia, which was the first trip that was ever made 
on the ocean by a steam vessel. Subsequently he 
commanded the first steamer that went from 
Charleston to Savannah. In 1818 he was em- 



! ployed by Scarborough and Isaacs to purchase 
. a hull in which he was to have built an engine in 
order to make a trial-trip across the Atlantic 
This vessel was christened " Savannah," and he was 
made her captain and engineer. She left Savan- 
nah, Ga., on 28 March, 1819. and went by way of 
New York to Liverjx>ol, where she arrived on 18 
June, thus being the first steam vessel to cross the 
ocean. After his return Capt. Rogers built anil 
commanded the " Pee Dee.^ plying bet ween George- 
town. S. C, and Cheraw, S. C, until his death. 

RYAN, William Thomas Carroll, Canadian 
author, b. in Toronto, Upper Canada, 3 Feb.. led. 
He was educated in St. Michael's college, Toronto, 
served as a volunteer in the Crimean war when 
little more than a boy, was afterward in an Eng- 
lish regiment, travelled extensively, and then be- 
came a journalist. He has written "Oscar, and 
other Poems" (Hamilton. Out., 1857): "Songs of 
a Wanderer" (Ottawa, 1867); "Description of the 
Route of the Canadian Pacific " (1876) ; and " Pict- 
ure Poems" (1884). — His wife, Mary Ann Mac- 
Ivor, is the author of " Poems " (Ottawa, 1870). 



SALOMON, Lonis fitienne Felicitl, presi- 
dent of Hayti, b. in Aux Cayes in 1820: d. in 
Paris, France. 19 Oct., 1888. He was of pure 
African parent- 
age, but of a \ 
wealthy family, 
and received an 
excellent educa- 
tion. In ims 
he entered the 
public service, 
and in 1843 
joined the revo- 
lution against 
Boyer. He rose 
to the grade of 
colonel in the 
army, and in 
1848 became 
minister of fi- 
nance, foreign 
relations, in- 
struction, and 
justice. After 
the proclama- 
tion of the em- 
pire he was created Duke de St. Louis du Sud. and 
he became general-in-ehief in 1855. On the fall of 
Soulouqnc in 1859. Salomon went to France and 
later to St. Thomas, whence he participate! in the 
revolutionary attempt of 1862. and was sentenced 
to death in his absence. In 1867 he wjls appointed 
by Salnave minister to England, France, and Spain, 
bin President Nis^age Saget dismissed him in 1870. 
forbidding his return to Hayti, and in 1873 he was 
again condemned to death in hi< absence as an in- 
stipitor of the rebellion of Gonaives. He returned 
in 1876, and was again exiled in March 1878, but 
in 1879 went again to Hayti, and was elected presi- 
dent on 23 Oct., being chosen again in 1886 for 
another term of seven years. Although he was 
practically a dictator, his administration was bene- 
ficial to the country. Hon<'st management of the 
finances was introduced, and the public credit was 
raised in such manner that the revenue increased 
and the balance due to the French government 
since 1825 was paid. A national exhibition was 
held in 1881. the country joined the Postal Union, 
and government bonds were steadily redeemed from 
the augmented revenue. Revolutionary attempts 




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SCOTT 



SULLIVAN 



699 



reased after his re-election, and the harsh meas- 
s that he employed to crush them, added to the 
eral dissatisfaction, culminated in an insurrec- 
1 on 4 Aug., 1888. Salomon was besieged in his 
ice by the rebellious garrison, and on 10 Aug. 
k refuge on board a British man-of-war. Thence 
ivent to Santiago de Cuba, and by way of New 
•k to Paris. He was a fine-looking man. six feet 
r inches tall, with jet-black skin and white hair. 
COTT, William Lawrence, congressman, b. 
Washington, D. C, 2 July, 1828. He is the 
ndson of Gustavus Scott (vol. v., p. 436). After 
•iving a common-school education he became a 
c in the U. S. house of representatives. He 
led in Erie, Pa,, in 1848, as a clerk in the ship- 
% business, and in 1850 entered business for 
iself as a coal and shipping merchant. He sub- 
jently became largely interested in iron manu- 
uring, coal-mining, and the construction and 
ration of railroads. He was a delegate to the 
nocratic national conventions in 1868 and in 
X was elected mayor of Erie in 1866 and 1871, 
was a member of the National Democratic com- 
tee in 1876-'88. By a union of Democrats and 
'pendent Republicans he was chosen to con- 
is an independent Democrat in 1884, where he 
a member of the committee of ways and 
ins, and has since served by re-election. 
COTTOW, Joshua, colonist, b. in England in 
5 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 20 Jan., 1698. He eini- 
ed to Massachusetts with his family in 1634, 
ime a captain of militia, and was the confiden- 
agent of La Tour in his negotiations with the 
nial government in 1654-'7. His daughter, 
;abeth, married Thomas Savage, the ancestor of 
ios Savage the antiquarian, lie published ** Old 
i s Fears for their Own Declensions," a vigor- 
y written presentation of the supposed degen- 
y of the author's times (Boston, 1691 ; reprinted 
)). and a 44 Narrative of the Planting of Massa- 
setts Colony " (1694). 

H ERRED, Jacob, donor, b. in Germany, 23 
,, 1756 ; d. in New York city. 30 March, 1821. 
was a glazier and painter, and had an exten- 
business in New York city. Sherred was a 
ryman of Trinity church, and a tablet to his 
fiory has been placed in its monument-room. 
i?n it was proposed to remove the General 
•logical seminary of the Protestant Episcopal 
rch to New Jersey, he was induced by Ms wife 
•ave to it $60,000, provided it should locate per- 
lently in New York. Through his efforts and 
;e of others St. Philip's Protestant Episcopal 
rch was built as a place of worship for colored 
jle, and he contributed generously toward its 
support. He also 
left a large sum to 
j*i the orphan asylum 

in New York city. 
In 1883 the first of 
the new buildings 
erected on Cheshire 
square for the The- 
ological seminary 
was named Sherred 
hall (see vignette). 
The other build- 
ings of more recent 
erection are Pin- 
tard hall, named 
after John Pintard, 
and Dehon hall, so 
called in honor of 
bishop of South Carolina, through whose ef- 
s the seminary was established. 




STARLING, Lyne, philanthropist, b. in Meck- 
lenburg county, Va., 27 Dec, 1784; d. in Colum- 
bus, Ohio, 21 Nov., 1848. He removed to Ohio in 
early life, was a founder of Columbus, and acquir- 
ing large wealth, devoted much of it to benevolent 
objects. He left a sum to establish in Columbus 
the Starling medical college and hospital. 

STEARNS, Joseph Barker, electrical engineer, 
b. in Weld, Me., 28 Feb., 1831. He received a com- 
mon-school education, and worked on a farm, but 
became a telegraph-operator, and in 1855-'67 was 
superintendent of the Boston fire-alarm telegraph 
company. During this time he made many inven- 
tions that were of value in developing the fire- 
alarm telegraph as it is now used in the United 
States. In 1868 he invented and patented the 
duplex system of telegrarjhv, which is now used 
throughout the world, ana for which he obtained 
royalties from the British, French, Italian, Rus- 
sian, Spanish, and Indian governments, and from 
the several submarine cable companies. In 1879-'£0 
he was employed as engineer by the Mexican tele- 
graph company in making, laying, and putting 
into operation the cables of that company be- 
tween Galveston, Tex., and Vera Cruz, Mexico, 
and in 1881 he performed a similar service for the 
Central and South American telegraph company, 
whose cables extend from the Isthmus of Tehuan- 
tepec in Mexico to Callao, Pern, in all between 
4,000 and 5,000 miles. This work he completed in 
1882, and he has for some years resided in Cam- 
den, Me., where his residence contains a library 
of 10,000 volumes, and his collection of Chiriqui 
pottery, which has been on exhibition at the Smith- 
sonian institution in Washington, D. C. ; and his 
collection of carved ivories are now on exhibition 
at the Metropolitan museum of art in New York 
city. The latter is said to be the largest collection 
of the kind ever made in any country. 

STECART, George H., soldier, b. in Baltimore. 
Md., 24 Aug., 1828. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1848, became 2d lieuten- 
ant in the 2d dragoons, 11 Nov., 1849, 1st lieuten- 
ant in the 1st cavalry, 3 March, 1855, and captain, 

20 Dec., 1855. He resigned in April, 1861. and on 
16 June. 1861, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel 
of the 1st Maryland (Confederate) regiment. On 

21 July, 1861, he was promoted its colonel, and on 
18 March, 1862, he became brigadier-general. In 
Stonewall Jackson's advance on Gen. Nathaniel P. 
Banks, in May, 1862, he led the cavalry, and he 
afterward had charge of an infantry brigade. He 
was badly wounded at Cross Keys, 8 June, 1862, 
and his brigade suffered severely in the attack on 
Culp's Hill, at Gettysburg. He defended the 
"bloody angle" at the battle of the Wilderness 
against Hancock's corps, and was taken prisoner, 
but exchanged in the winter of 1864-'5. Since the 
war he has resided in Baltimore. 

STURGIS, Rnssell, merchant, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 3 Aug., 1831. His father was a member of 
the firm of Russell and Co., Canton. The son was 
educated at Harvard, engaged in the China trade, 
and was U. S. consul at Canton, but returned to 
Boston, and became' a merchant in that city. In 
1862-'3 he served as captain tend major in the 45th 
Massachusetts regiment. He has been actively as- 
sociated with the Young men's Christian associa- 
tion since 1858, as president ot the Boston associa- 
tion, chairman of the state committee, and member 
of the international committee, and he has pub- 
lished numerous religious tracts. 

SULLIVAN, Alexander, lawyer, b. near Wa- 
terville. Me., 9 Aug., 1847. His parents were na- 
tives of Ireland. He acquired reputation as an 



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700 



TAPPAN 



WILLIAMSON 



orator in Michigan before he became of ape. lie J 
afterward removed to Chicago, and in 1876 shot 
and killed Francis Hanford, the author of an 
anonymous letter calumniating Mr. Sullivan's wife, 
which had been read at a meeting of the common ] 
council. The shooting took place at an interview j 
that Sullivan sought for the purpose of obtaining 
a retraction, at which not only he was assaulted by | 
Hanford and one of the latter's friends, but his 
wife was also struck by Hanford when she, by 
chance seeing an altercation, sought appealingly 
to stop it. Sullivan was tried and acquitted. He 
was then admitted to the bar and took an honor- 
able place in his profession. In 1883 he was chosen 
first president of the Irish national league of Ameri- 
ca, whose object is to promote home rule in Ireland. 
This place he resigned in 1884, and now devotes his 
entire time to his profession. — His wife, Margaret 
Frances (Buchanan), has been a leading writer 
for newspapers, and is a contributor to magazines. 
Mrs. Sullivan is literary and art editor of the 
Chicago " Tribune" and an editorial contributor 
to the press of New York. She is author of 44 Ire- 
land of To-Day" (Philadelphia, 1881), and co- 
author with Mary E. Blake of ** Mexico — Pictur- 
esque, Political, and Progressive" (Boston, 1888). 



TAPPAN, Eli Todd, educator, b. in Steuben- 
ville, Ohio, 30 April, 1824. He was educated by 
private tutors and at St. Mary's college, Baltimore, 
Md., engaged in journalism, studied and practised 
law, and afterward taught. In 1844-7> he was 
mayor of Steuben ville, and he was superintendent 
of the public schools there in 1858-'9. He was 
professor of mathematics in the University of Ohio, 
Athens, in 1859-'G0, and again in 1865-'8, and 
from 1868 till 1875 was president of Kenyon col- 
lege, Gambier, Ohio, where he was professor of 
mathematics from 1875 till 1887. In that year 
he was appointed state commissioner of common 
schools or Ohio, which post he now holds. Mr. 
Tappan has published a 44 Treatise on Plane and 
Solid Geometry" (Cincinnati, 1807); 44 A Treatise 
on Geometry and Trigonometry" (1868); 44 Notes 
and Exercises on Surveying for the Use of Stu- 
dents in Kenyon College ' r (Mt. Vernon, 1881); 
and 44 Elements of Geometry" (New York, 1885). 

THORNTON, JessyQnlnn, jurist, b. near Point 
Pleasant, Mason co., W. Va., 24 Aug., 1810; d. in 
Salern, Ore., 5 Feb., 1888. In his infancy his par- 
ents removed to Champaign county. Ohio. The son 
studied three years in London, read law in Staun- 
ton, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He 
afterward attended law lectures at the University of 
Virginia, in 1835 he opened an office in Palmyra, 
Mo., in 1836 edited a paper in the interest of Mar- 
tin Van Buren, and in 1841 removed to Qumcy, III. 
In 1846 he emigrated to Oregon, and early in 1847 
was appointed chief justice of the provisional gov- 
ernment. In the autumn of the same year he 
resigned and went to Washington, where he exerted 
his influence in forwarding the organization of the 
territorial government, and in incorporating the 
principal of the - Wilmot proviso" in the act that 
prohibited the extension of slaver)' into the terri- 
tory. He was the author of the provision in the 
statutes at large that gives to the cause of public 
education the 10th and 36th sections of public 
lands in each township. In 1864-'5 he served in 
the legislature. At the time of the murder of Elijah 
P. Ijovejoy, at Alton, 111., in 1837, he commented 
freely on the occurrence in his paper, and a pro- 
slavery mob surrounded his building, but, after 
threatening death to the first man that should enter 




the office unbidden, he made a speech announcing 
his position on the slavery Question and defending 
the right of free speech so clearly as to mollify his 
hearers. He published "Oregon and California in 
1848"(2 vols.. New York, 1849). and "History of the 
Provisional Government of Oregon" in the 44 Pro- 
ceedings of the Oregon Pioneer A ssociation *' for 
1875 and in the *• History of the Willamette Vallev." 

TRACY, Benjamin Franklin, cabinet officer, 
b. in Owego, N. Y.. 26 April. 1830. He was edu- 
cated at the Owego acaoemy, and at the a^e of 
twenty-one years was admitted to the bar in his 
native' place. In 1853 and 1856 he was elected 
district attorney of Tioga 
county. In 1862 he was a 
member of the committee 
appointed by Gov. Edwin 
D. Morgan to organize re- 
cruiting for the U. S. army, 
and later was made colonel 
of the 109th New York regi- 
ment. He took part in the 
battles of the Wilderness 
and Spot tsyl van ia, soon 
after which "failing health 
compelled his return home; 
but he again went to the 
front as colonel of the 127th 
regiment of colored troops. 
Later he was placed in com- 
mand of the rendezvous 
and prison-camp at Elmira, 
N. Y. At the close of the 
war he was made brevet brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers, and settled in Brooklyn, N. Y. On 1 Oct.. 
1866, ho was appointed IT. S. district attorney for the 
eastern district of New York, to which office he was 
reappointed on 23 Jan., 1871, serving till 1873. 
After returning to the practice of law, Gen. Tracy 
was retained as counsel for Henrv Ward Beecher in 
the Tilton-Beecher case. On 8 I)ec, 1881. to fill a 
vacancy, he was appointed associate judge of the 
court of appeals, holding this place until January, 
1883. In September, 1882, he was nominated for 
supreme court judge by the Republicans, but was 
defeated on a party vote. On 5 March, 1889, he was 
appointed by President Harrison secretary of the 
navy, was confirmed on the same day by the senate, 
and immediately entered on the duties of the office. 



WILLIAMSON, Isaiah Yansant philanthro- 
pist, b. in Fallsington, Pa., 3 Feb.. 1803; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 7 March, 1889. He was a farm- 
er's son, and entered a country store at an early 
age. Before he attained his majority he went to 
Philadelphia, and there engaged in various enter- 
prises, showing great business ability. He became 
a partner in the firm of Williamson, Burroughs, 
and Co., in the wholesale dry-goods trade, and ac- 
quired a fortune. Mr. Williamson invested his 
money in coal and iron lands, and became one of 
the largest holders of Pennsylvania railroad stock, 
and in the Cambria Iron Works. Believing that the 
degeneracy of mechanical excellence among Ameri- 
can arti-ans was due to the passing away of the ap- 
prentice system, he determined to found an institu- 
tion where boys could be taught carpentry, black - 
smithing, printing, and other mechanical work. 
For this purpose in December, 1888. he placed 
$5,000,000 as a minimum amount in the hands of 
seven trustees to establish a free school of mechani- 
cal trades. Mr. Williamson's fortune was esti- 
mated at $15,000,000. He never married, and lived 
obscurely and almost penuriously for many years. 



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Google 



INDEX. 



'he Roman numerals indicate the volume; the Arabic, the page; the words in Italic, the article. 
« the entire page is occupied by one article, the volume and page alone are indicated. Names 
orm titles or sub-titles of articles are not indexed here, except as they occur in other articles. 



ABANCEY 

?y, battle of, II, 100. Diaz, R. 
b6be, the. III, 188, Hermttaidt. 
ie. Armand M., I. 2, Abbadie, A. T. 

Miss A. W., H, 498, FoUom, 8. S. 

Daniel. H, 519. Fbx, C. J. 

, Elizabeth, I, 679, Cogswell, J. 

, George J., H, 478, Flandrau. 

, Rev. Jacob, I, 6, Abbott, G. D. 

. Rev. Joseph, I. 6. Abbott, J. J. C. 

., J. G.. U, 565, Frost, R. 8. 

, institute, the, 1, 0, Abbott, G. D. 

Edward 8 ,1, 808, Child, D. L 

Matthew, V, 449, Scccomb.John. 

lei Indiana, enmity of. to the English, V, 184, Rasle ; 

ions to, 184; VL 285, Vetromilr. 

>rn, Duke of. Ill, 015. Lansdnume. 

omby. Gen. Sir Ralph, III, 800, Hugues ; 512, Kempt. 

-en, Lord, VI, 418, 414. 

'thy. Dr. John, pupils of, I, 582, Chapman, N. ; H, 
Mafleld, E. : 242, Dudley. RW. ; 407, Fnrgues ; 
Francis, J. W. ; V, 671, Stevens, A. H.: VI, 089, 

8 W 

John, I, 8, Abert, J. J. 
Ion, Md., college at, I, 109, Asbury. 
Kil Chel, I, 597, Chel-Ab-Ku-Kil 
on, movement for, in the Spanish colonies, first so- 
in Spain, IH, 582, Labra ; gradualism, II, 010, Gar- 
, W. L. ; early advocacy of. III, 004, Lee, R. H. ; 
7, Sandiford, R. ; the Biglow papers, IV, 40, 41. 

i. BOLTTIOK1STS. 

onists, societies of. violence toward. I, 27 ; 99, ^4r- 
; 180. Bailey, G.\ 217 ; 284, Benezet ; 207-208, Birneu ; 
Brmcn ; 404 ; 400, Rums, Anthony ; 455, Burleigh ; 
577 ; 089, Clay, C. M. ; 075. Coffin, L. \ 711, Conway ; 
Cox, H. ; H, 508, Qage, F. D. : 006, Garner, P. M. ; 
Garrrtt, T. ; 011, Garrison ; 618-014, Gastine ; 010, 
*, S. M.\ 01S, Gay, S. H. ; 042, Giddings, J. R. ; 708, 
ikr, 8. M.; IH, 201, Hopper ; 834, Hutchinson, Jesse ; 
412 : 513, Kendall, A. ; 043, Lay ; 650, Learnt I ; 087, 
fntjne, F. J. ; IV, 27. Loring. E. G. ; 34, 35, Lovejoy ; 
nwly, R. : 138, McKim, J. M. ; 273, May, 8. J. ; 441, 
, J. and L. ; 034, Palfrey, J. G. ; 055 ; 700, 701 : V, 
Purvis. R. ; 180, Rankin, J. ; 206, Redpath ; 829, 
, James ; 423. Schoelcher ; 532. Simmons, G. F. ; 588- 
Smith, G. ; 008, Sojourner ; 007, South on ax ; 035. 
ner, L. ; 649, Stanton, H. B. ; 069. Steel ; 083. Steioart, 
n ; 714 ; 733, Sturge ; 745-748 ; VI, 13, Simsshelm ; 82. 
xi n, A. ; 80, Thompson, Edwin ; 90, Thompson, G. ; 
Tttrrey, C. T.; 156-156, Treadwell, S. B. ; 425, Weld ; 
Whittier ; 518, Willey, A.; 548, Wilson, H.\ 021, 
jht, E.\ 700, Thornton; Fanny Wright societies, 
Wright, F. See Aboutiok, Amti-Slavbrt, Slavery, 
kro round Railroad. 
:inal literature, I, 378, Rrinton. 
?nel, Leon, II, 594, Garcilaso. 
Diego de, II, 165, Diaz Melgarejo ; 202, Dorantes ; 
154, Irala. 

Capt. Manuel, V, 463, Serna. 
my, the first, in New England, II, 254, Dummer. 
my of arts and sciences, American, IV, 680, Paine, 
. ; gift to, V, 840. 

nny of design, founder of the, II. 259j_ Dunlap, W. 
my of fine arts, the national, VI, 109, Trumbull, John, 
my of fine arts, New York, III, 745, Livingston, R. R. 
i, I, 583, Charnise ; n, 177, Diereville ; III, 583, La 
« ; grants of. IV, 374, Monts ; 732, Perrin, E. P. ; 
ions in, IV, 294, Memberton ; claims to, 171, Ma- 
tt wando ; VI, 142, Tour ; struggles for. III. 597, La 
re ; V, 868, St. Castin \ capture, by the British. 738. 
refute ; VI, 284, Vetch ; responsibility for removal 
e people of, 508, Winslow, John. 
lco, hurricane at, 1, 124, Aganza ; burning, 560, Cav- 
sh : siege. IV, 892, Morelos. 
leon, improvements in, I, 686, Coleman, O. M. 
t, F. C. U, 07, Dana, J. F. 
Gen., IV, 201, Melgarejo. 
n, Gen., II, 622, Geffrard. 
uas, battle at, I, 805, 



AGAWAM 

Achenbach, Andreas, pupUs of, VI, 30, Tait, J. R.; 406, 

Whittredge. 

Acid, formed bv electric sparks. V, 120, Priestley. 

Ada, town of, rounded, IV, 607, Ptdrarias. 

Acland, John Dyke, 1, 0, Adand, C. H. C. F. 

Aculhuas, the, VI, 635, Xotofi. See Taxoooo. 

Acomas, tribe of the, II, 878, Espejo, A. 

A comas, city of the, II, 808, Fabert. 

Acomenticus river, settlements on, H, 688, Gorges, R. 

Aconcagua valley, battle in, I, 784, Copahue. 

Acoustics, researches in. IV. 274, Mayer, A. M. 

A. C. Q. W.^pen-name, VL 888, Waterston. 

Across the Chasm, anonymous novel, IV, 175, Magrvder, J. 

Actors, L, 478. Burton ; peculiarity common in. 472, Burton, 

W. E. ; first appearance of, in Boston, IV, 680, Paine, R. 

T. ; home for aged, II, 506, Forrest , E. 
Acts of Pilate, the, HI, 806, Huidekoper, F. 
Acultdngo, battle at, IV. 26, Lorencez. 
Adair, James. IV, 275, Mayrs. 

Adams, destruction of the corvette, VI, 814, Wadsworth. 

Adams family, homes of, illustrations. 1, 15, 26. 

Adams and Liberty, song, III, 225, Hodgkinson, J.; IV, 

680-631, Paine, R. T. 
Adams, Miss, I, 182. Rarrymore. 
Adams, Gen. Daniel, trial of, VL 642, Yerger. 
Adams, Henry, LIS, Adams, John. 
Adams, John, L 20. 
Adams, J. C, ILL 6, Grow. 
Adams, Joseph, I, 20. 

Adams, J. Q„ quoted, II, 841 ; V, 840, RoyaU, A. 
Adams, Louisa G\, I, 27. - 
Adams, Phineas, II, 886, Everett. 
Adams, Sarah Abigail, V, 246, Richmond, 8. A. A. 
Adams, Rev. 8. W., Ill, 515, Kendrick, N. 
Adams. Rev. William, I, 14, Adams, Eliphalet. 
Adams nervine asylum, the, I, 8V Adams. 8. 
Adding-machine, inventor of a, VL 402, Webb. C. H. 
Address to the people of Great Britain, DH, 408, Jays. 
Addums, Mozis, pseudonym, 1. 185, Ragby. 
Adelbert coUege, gift to, V, 600. Stone, A. 
Adelina, empress of Hayti, V, 612, Soulouque. 
Adirondack region, the, HJ. 152. Headley, J. T. 
Adirondacks, explorations in the, I, 690, Colvin. 
Admiral, first, in U. S. navy, II. 410, Farragut. 
Admiral of New England, V, 671. 

Admiral Duff, privateer, destroyed, V, 104, Preble, E.\ VL, 

527, Williams, J.F. 
Advance, voyage of, III, 403, Kane, E. K. ; HJ, 182, 188, 

Hayes, I. I. 
Adventists, IV, 880, Miller, W. 
Adventure, voyage of the, L 715. 
Adventure, the galley, III, 531, JTi'dd. 
Adzar, Bishop, U. 863, Brie. 

Aeronauts. H, 108, Donaldson, W. H.i 260, Durant, C. 8.; 
HI, 28, Haddock, J.; 424, Jeffries, John: 545, Kina, 8. 
A.; 602, La Mountain ; IV, 89, Lowe, T. 8. C. ; 682, Paul- 
lin ; VI, 581, Wise, J. 

Aerphone, the. H, 804. Edison. 

Afghans, mission to, IV, 2, Loevoenthal. 

Africa, exploration of, 1, 221. Reechey : I, 222, Behaim ; H, 
241. Du Chaillu ; H, 510, Fbuville : IV, 8, 9. Long, C. C; 
V. 645-646. Stanley : VI, 222, Vaillant ; 820, Waldeck ; 
capture of English settlements in, HI, 633, Lauzun ; Por- 
tuguese possessions in. V, 862, 8a, 8. C. de : missions to, 
IIL 647. Leacock ; VI, 555, Wilton, J. Leigh ton. 

African colonization, I. 267-268, 548. Gary, L. ; H. 460. Fin- 
ley, R. ; IV, 106, McDonough ; plan for. II, 455 ; Garri- 
son's opposition to, 611 ; colony on the island of Bulama, 
IV, 865, Monteftore. 

African M. E. church, the, founded, VI, 262, Varrick ; so- 
cieties of, 356. Ward, T. 

African Observer, magazine, in, 708. Lewis, Enoch. 

African Roscius, sobriquet, I, 44, Aldridge. 

Agaces, tribe of, I, 490. Cabeza. 

Agassis, Elizabeth C, I, 84. 

Agassis association, the, 1, 151, Ballard, H. H. 

Agate, pen-name, V, 217, Reid, Whitelaw. 

Agawam, Mass., founded, V, 144, Pynchon, 



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702 



AGNEW 



ALLEN 



Agnew, Adeline, I, 893, Blennerhassett. 

Ague*, Johu H., V, 401, sartain, J. 

Agnew, Mary, VI, 40, laytor, B. 

Aguew, Mary Nash, II, 192, Dodge, G. H. 

Ago, Felix, pen-name, III, 29, haldemun. 

Agricola, pseudonym, H, 332, £//ioff, If. ; IV, 513, JVicAo- 

las, P. A.; VI, 647, Young, John. 
Agricultor, the, journal, II, 588, Uarcia-Reyes. 
Agricultural bureau, establishment of a, IV, 508. Newton. I. 
Agricultural journals, first, in America, V, 545, Skinner, 

J. 8. : in New York, 614. Southwick. 
Agricultural machines, inventors of, L, 450, Burden ; II, 

877, Eaterly. See Harvesters, Ploughs, etc. 
Agricultural schools, project for, IV, 147, Mac lure. 
Agricultural societies founded, Vl, 891, Watson, E. 
Agriculture, experiments in, V, 092, Stockbridge. 
Agriculturist and Industrial Magazine, the, II, 384, Evans, 

William. 

Agua de Verrugas bridge, the, III, 628, Latrobe, C. H. 
Aguado, IV, 187, Manicaotex. 
Agueynaba, cacique, V, 376, Salazar, D. de. 
Aguiel, Mrs., II. 487, Flower, G. 
Aguila, Count del, Vl, 60. Tello. 

Aguilera. Ines de. 1, 608, Chiguaihue ; III, 199, Higuaihui. 
Agustin I., of Mexico, III, 368. 
Ah Kin-Chi, I, 602, Chi-Ah-Kin. 
Ahualulco. battle of. iv, 839, Miramon. 
Aiken, Mary E., I, 386, Brooks. J. G. 
Aimwell, waiter, pen-name, V, 535, Simonds. 
AinmUller, Chevalier, IV, 488. Neal, D. D. 
Air-compressor, inventor of an, VI, 591. Wood, D. V. 
Air-currents, theories of, VI, 581, Wise, J. 
Air-engines, experiment with, III, 559. Kitching, J. B. 
Aireskoi, god of the Mohawks, V, 16, Pierron. 
Air-pumps, inventors of, V, 124, Prince, J. ; V, 317, Rood, 
Ogden N. 

Air-ship, plan for an, VI, 581, Wise, J. 
Airy, Sir O. B., IV. 430. Morton, H. 
Aix roads, engagement in, II, 587, Oambier. 
Akenside, Mark. IV, 349. Mitchill. 
Akers, Paul, quoted, I, 400, Brown, H. B. 
Ako, Michael, II, 619, Gay, P. du. 

Alabama, colonized, in, 839, Iberville ; asylum for political 
exiles in. III, 597, Lallemand ; 676. Lefebvre : Indian 
warfare in, 376 ; R. C. institutions in, V, 82, Portier ; 
152, Quinlan, J.; iron-factories in, VI, 193, Tyler, D.\ 
suspension of clergy in, 543, Wilmer, R. H. 

Alabama, the, captures by— loss of— claims on account of, 

V, 460. Semmes, R. ; I, 418, Bruce, F. W. A. ; II, 385. 
Evarts, W. M.\ 464, Fish, H.; VI, 569, Winslow, J. A. ; 
rejected :reaty. III, 447. Johnson, Reverdy ; British com- 
missioners on. IV, 103 ; settlement, II, 720. 

Alabaster, Dr. W., VI. 572, Winthrop. 
Alacci, II, 628, Geraldini. 

Alamance creek, defeat of the Regulators on, III, 829, 
Husbands. 

Alamo, battle of the, n, 13, Crockett : III. 274, Houston, 
S. ; V. 893, Santa Anna ; VI. 155, Travi*. W. B. ; illus- 
tration, 155. 

Alarconcillo. Judge. II, 874, Espinosa, G. 

Alaska, placed on the map before its discovery, IV, 498, 
Neuville, P. B. ; Russian colony in, I, 161. Baranoff ; 

VI, 618. Wrangell ; exploration of, 145, Baker, M. ; TV, 
284, Meares : V. 433. Schwotka : purchase of. II. 520, Fox, 
G. V.; V. 336, 472. 478. Rousseau ; education in. III. 391, 
Jackson, S.: missions in, IV, 114, McFarland, A. R.; V, 
453, Seghers. 

Alatorre, Gen., II. 370. Escohcdo, M. 

Albania, name given to northern New York, IV, 518, Nicoll, 
Sir R. 

Albany, VI, 250. Van Rensselaer : controversy, 253, Van 
Rensselaer, H. : land near, obtained from the Indians. 
II. 136. Dellius : Indian invasion of. III. 681, Leisler ; 
first mayor of, V, 430, Schuyler, P. : Schuyler house at, 
illustration, 433 ; medical college at, IV, 200, March, A. ; 
normal school. 623. Page, D. P. ; capitol at, II, 316, Eid- 
Ltz, L \ V, 241, Richardson, H. H.\ VI. 681, Fuller, TV, 
view of the capitol, 115 ; gift to state library at, V, 638, 
Sprague. W. B. \ proposed university at, I, 91, Armsby ; 
All-Saints' church In, Illustration, VI. 682. 

Albany congress, the. III, 332. 

Albany plan for Federal union, the, I, 762, Coxe, T. ; II, 
52*<, 520. 

Albany regency, the. I, 494. Cogger ; 553. Cas*idv : II, 21, 
Croswell. E . : 184 ; IV, 208. Marcy, W. L. ; VI, 233. 

Albemarle, Duke of. IV, 764, Phips. 

Albemarle, Earl of. Ill, 523. Keppel. 

Albemarle colony, insurrection In, II. 28. Culpeper. J, 

Albemarle, the ram, II, 425, Febiger, J, C ; defeat of. V, 
302, Roe. FA.: destruction of, H. 40, Cushuig, W. B. 

Albemarle sound, explored. I, 166, Barlow, A. 

Alberdi. Juan B., VI, 457. Wheelwright, W. 

Albert, Charles d\ V, 232, Ribaut. 

Albert Nyanza. the, V, 646. Stanley. 

Alb*rtite, kerosene from. II. 220, Downer. 

Albion, or New Albion. Ill . founded, II, 487, Flower, G. 

Albion, wreck of the. n. 464. Fi*her, A. M. 

Albion college, Mich., V, 19, Pitcher ; gift to, 113, Pres- 
ton, D. 



A i unguis, roe, i, ov. 

Albuquerque, surname taken by the family of, IV, 199, 
MaranJulo. 

Albuquerque, Britesde, II. 237, Duarte Coelho. 
Albuquerque, Gen. Malms de, II, 163, Dxas, H. 
Alcala, Duke of, II, bOO, nnriguex, P. 
Alcalde, office of, II, 6*0, Geary. 

Alcatraz island, Cal., fortifications at, II. 328, Elliot, G II. 

Aicott, Pen, pen-name, VI. 141, Totten, C. A. L. 

Aleotta, home of the. illustration, I, 40. 

Aldea, Rodriguez, IV, 507, OHiggins. 

Alden. Henry W., I, 48, Alden, f. 

Alderete, HI, 800, Huelva. 

Aiderete, Geronimo de, III, 296, Hud en. 

Aldine, the, periodical, V, 897, Stoddard, R. H. 

Aldrichs, Jacob, III. 214, Hinoyossa. 

Ale jam be, III, 436, Jogues. 

Alert, capture by the, II, 56, Dale, R. 

Alert, the surrender of, V. 73, Porter, D. 

Alert, school on the receiving-ship, II. 414. 

Alert, the arctic voyage of the, IV, 478, Nares ; return of, 
to England, 1. 105. 

Alexander I, of Russia, II, 872, Esmenard ; III. 814, Hum- 
phreys, S. 

Alexander II., of Russia, II. 520, Fox. G. V. 

Alexander, Cosmo, V, 728, Stuart, Gilbert . 

Alexander, James, II, 245, Duer, W.' 

Alexander, Mary, III. 741. Livingston, P. V. B. 

Alexander, Henry Carrington, I, 46, Alexander, J. A. 

Alexander, Sarah, III, 741, Livingston, P. 

Alexander, Sarah, IV, 784, Perry, C. R. 

Alexander, Susan, V, 449, Seddon, J. A. 

Alexander, William, 1. 45, Alexander. Archibald. 

Alexandre, Monsieur, ventriloquist, VI. 264, raffestare. 

Alexandria, Egypt, claims in. for damages, II, 409, For- 
ma n ; massacre at— burning of, IV, 9, Long, C. C. ; bom- 
bardment of, IV. 515, Nicholson, J. W. A. 

Alexandria, Va.. Christ church at, Washington's hesd 

8 waiters at, II, 402 ; view of Christ church. V, 171 ; 
raddock's headquarters at. illustration, I, 847 ; retro- 
cession of. to Virginia. IU, £23, Hunter, R. M. T. : capitu- 
lation of, H, 688, Gordon, Sir J. A. ; incident at, U. S36, 
EJlswoiih, E. E. 
Alexandria seminary, gift to, VI, 590, Wolfe. 
Alfaro, Gen.. VI, 272, V eiiUimilla. 
Alfieri, H, 270, Durao. 
Alflnger. Ambrosius von. V, 688. Spire. 
Alfonso n.. of Spain, quoted, I, 698. 
Alfred. John, VI, 164. Trowbridge, E. 
Alfred, capture of the. III. 214, Hinman. 
Alfred observatory. V. 310. Rogers, W. A. 
Algebra, discovery in. III, 90, Harriot. 
Alger, Francis, III. 384. Jackson, C. T. 
Algeria, Spanish expedition against, I. 750. Cortes : pay- 
ment of tribute to. 140. Bainbridge : III, 375 ; American 
captives at, I, 167, Barlow, J. : war with. 141. Bain- 
bridge ; II, 121 ; French campaigns in, I. 687, Clausel : 
III, 497. Kearny, P. 
Algic society, the, V, 425, Schoolcraft. H. R. 
Alica, Mex.. the tiger of. sobriquet. IV. 30. Losada, Jtf. 
Alice and Ruth, anonymous book, II, 183, Dix, D. L. 
Alida, pen-name, IU, 585, Ladd, C. 
Alien, right of an, to sue a state, V. 177. Randolph, E. 
Alien and sedition laws, the, I. 23 : III. 175. 420 ; pardon of 
prisoners under, 421 ; IV, 169, 170 ; V, 178, Randolph, J. ; 
121, Priestley. 

Aliste. Count Alba de, III, 570, Koenig. J. R. : IV, 47. Loco- 
no, F. R. 

Allaire. James P.. n, 122, De Coudres ; III, 118, HasweU. 

Allaire. John, V, 208. Reach, J. 

Allan, John, V, 41. Poe. 

Allan, William, IV, 100, Mc Donough. 

Allan, Sir W., V, 261. Jttfc*i>. A. H. 

Allatoona, defence of, I, 747, Corse, J. M. ; works at, V. 

805, Rogers. G. C. 
Alldred, Frederic, pen name, V, 208. Reddall. 
AlleKhanies, the, early journeys across the, HI, 623, 

Ltderer. 

Allegheny City, gift to, I, 529, Carnegie. 

Alleghany college, founded, I, 43, Alden, T. ; gift to. III. 

518. Kennedy, J. C. G. 
Allegiance, perpetual, treaty of 1870, 1, 277. 
Allemand, Capt, Georges, V, 245, Richery. 
Allen. Miss, IH, 274, Houston. 
Allen, Rev. Bennet. II, 262, Dulany, L. 
Allen, Chester G., VI, 402, RV66, G. J. 
Allen, Rev D. H.. I. 217. Beecher, L. 
Allen. Eli2abeth, VI, 219. Usher, J. 
Allen, Ethan, anecdote of. III, 831, Hutchinson, Aaron. 
Allen. Rev. Ethan, III, 71. Hanaford. 
Allen. Rev. J* me*. IV, 617. Oxenbndge. 
Allen, John, VI. 112. Ticknor, W. D. 
Allen, Lewis F., I, 651. Cleveland. G. 
Allen, Mary Penn, ni, 744, Livingston, H. W. 
Allen, Col. Nathaniel, VI. 108, Thurman. 
Allen, Samuel C, I, 51, Allen, E. H. 
Allen, William F , II, 632. Gerry, E. T. 
Allenltes, I, 53. Allen. H. 

Allen university, founded, II. 170, Dickerson, W. F. 



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ALLIANCE 



ce, O., V, 276, Roberta, S. W. 

ce, conspiracy on board the, III, 588 ; captures by, 

0, Barry, J. ; III, 488. 

ne, Francis, I, 670, Cochran, John. 

tor, the, captures by, V, 694, Stockton, R. F. ; attack 

1, 284, Blake, G. S. 
Daniel, II, 87, Curtis, A. A. 

on, Edward P., IV, 408, Morrey. 

n, Edward P., IV, 719, Penrose. B. 

•ligions and Religious Ceremonies, anonymous book, 

70, Bobbins, T. 

n, Washington, guoted, V, 789. 
mapees, chief, v, 402, Sasoonan. 
Col. John, VI. 28, Talcott, J. and 5. 
?, Joseph, IV, 608. 

college, founded, I, 528, Carman. A. 

aacs, II, 280, Downes ; Poor Richard's, II, 588: 

used in advertising, 111, 414, Jayne ; comic and 
trated, m, 698, Leslie, F. ; V, 485, Shaw, H. W. ; 
, in the colonies, IV, 703, Peirce, W. 
lack de Gotha, the, IV, 157, McPherson, E. 
ien mine case,the, V, 178, Randolph, E. 
isa, M. E. de, VL128, Toledo, F. 

Anna, HI, 42R, Jenkins, A. A. 
3, Gen. M. RmJV, 20, Lopez. 
, pen-name, IV, 767, Picken. 
bet blocks, patent for, VI, 487, Whitney, A. D. T. 
nso VI., king, V, 368, Sd, S. C. de. 
., Valentin, IV, 850, Mitre. 

Mary, III, 542-543, King, 
i, Joseph, I, 468. Burr, T. 
>urg theological seminary. VI, 343. Walt her. 

111., mob violence at, IV, 34, Lovejoy, E. P. 

nium, production of, method invented, IV, 70, 

<erjf. 

r, Gen. Carlos M., IH, 186, Herrena, N. ; V, 268, 

ra. 

uio. Gomez de. III. 343, Illatopa. 
iz, Catherine, IV. 643, Paraguassu. 
?s, Diego, II, 270, Duras. 

0 language, the, I. 76, Andrews, S. P. 

Gen. Manuel, IV, 197, Manso ; 573, Olivares ; VI, 
T>>ro Zambrano. 

;ur, An, pseudonym, I, 761, Cox, W. 

es, the, tribe, II, 373, Espejo. A. : 898. Fabert. 

5n river, the discovery of. II, 165, Diaz de Pineda : 

i, Pizarro, G. ; name of, IV, 588. OreUana ; missions 

le valley of, celebrated map of, II, 155, Detrf ; 653, 

z ; first description of. Ill, 344, Imhoffer ; explora- 

of, 1, 10. .4cu»la,C. ; II, 360. Epiphane ; 439, Fei-reira ; 

Fouville ; III, 184, Herndon, W. U ; IV, 448, Mou- 

e ; VI, 176, Tucker, J. R. ; opened to all nations, IV, 

Pedro II. 

m valley, fossils discovered in, IV, 582, Oort ; 695, 

n, J. 

>ns, a corps of, IV, 21, Lopez, F. 8. ; tribe of, 588, 
tana. 

r, Dr.. It, 137, De Long. 
>r, Mary Willis. IV. 822. 

ster, II. 568, Gadsden, Jos. ; execution of, III, 378 ; 
*, Poindexter. 

>types, invention of, II. 49, Cutting, J. A. 
lance, invention of an. III. 91, Harris, E. 
\, pen name, VI, 423, Welbt/. 

1 island, engagement at, U, 386, Ellery, F. ; IV, 858, 
hews. G. 

ca. theory regarding, before the discovery, VI, 286, 
nte ; discovery of. prophesied in Yucatan, I, 603, 
im Baldm ; a supposed discoverer, I. 222, Behaim ; 
>veries of, before Columbus. I, 367, Brendon ; III. 
Huelva : V, 159-160. Rafn ; 578, Smith, J. T. ; sup- 
d, VL, 16, Szkolny ; 108, Thorvald ; 101-108, Thor- 

; 803, Tyrker ; 861, Vurnhagen : VI, 659, Zeno ; 676, 
rin ; discovery of, by Columbus, 1. 697 : a companion 
olumbus, V, 89, Pinton. M. A. \ papers said to have 

left with Columbus, 385, Sanchez, A. ; discovery of 
continent of, I, 63, Amerigo. 

can, An, signature, 1, 345, Brackenridne, H. M. : III. 
fV, 415, Morris, G. ; V, 188, Prime, B. Y. \ VI, 391, 
son, E. 

cana, collections of, I, 167, Barlow, G. L. M.\ 369, 
»oorf, J. C.\ 377, Brinley. G. ; 396, Brown, J. C.\ 411, 
on, Thomas : 587, Chambers, W.\ II, 115, Deane, C ; 
Force, P. ; HI, 88, Hakluyt ; 365, Iselin ; V, 237, 
, O. : collectors of, 676, Stevens, H. ; I, 396, Brown, 
; colonial history of, burned by the executioner, V. 
Raynal ; MS8. of history destroyed. III. 333, Hutch- 
n, T. ; I, 485, Byinnton : 504. Calhoun, S. H. : II. 348, 
rwn, J. S. ; 468, Fisk, P. and F. ; 500, Ford, J. E. ; 
Grant ; III, 18, Gulick, P. J. 

can academy of arts and sciences, IV, 574, Oliver, 
gift to. II, 687, Gore. C. 
can Addijon, the. Ill, 549, Kinosley, J. L. 
can bank-note company, II, 678. Goodall. 
can board of commissioners for foreign missions 
led, V, 835, Rice. L. : gifts to, I, 827. Boudinot ; V. 
Reed\ W. ; VI, 878, Washburn, W. B. : missions of, 
12, Ovlick, P. J. \ V, 63, Pond, S. W. ; 853, Rigg*. E. ; 
Riggs, S. R. ; 684, Spaulding, L. ; VI, 340, Walsh, 



ANARCHISTS 7Q3 



J. J. ; 851, Ward, F. de W. ; 889, Washburn, G. ; 485, 
Whitman, M. See Congregational church, missio.nk 
of, and Presbyterian church, missions of. 

American Church Monthly, the, III, 898, Hudson. H. N. 

American Church Review, V, 843. Ricfutrdstm, N. S. 

American citizens, seizure of, I, 408, Brown, J. P. ; III, 350, 
Ingraham. D. N. 

American college in Rome, the, IV. 89, McCloskey, W. G. 

American colonization society, II, 460, Ftnley, R. and R. S. 

American Cousin, the, controversy over, V, 530, Silsbee, 
J.S. 

American Eclectic, the, IV, 740, Peters. 
American Engineer, the, III, 835. Holley, A. L. 
American Entomologist, the, V, 855, Riley, C. V. ; VI, 339, 

Walsh, B.D. 
American ethnological society, II. 579, Gallatin. 
American Historical Record, the, IV, 31, Lossing. 
American Howard, the. II, 301, Eddy, T. 
American Journal of Mathematics, the, VI, 15, Sylvester, 

American Journal of Medical Sciences, III, 146, Hays, I. 
American Journal of Science, V, 528-589. 
American Jurist, the, journal, IV, 763. Phillips, Willard. 
American Law Review, the, V, 458, Sedgwick, A. Q. 
American Loyalist, the, IV, 195, Mansptld, J. B. 
American Magazine, I, 350, Bradford, A. S. : II. 516, Fowle, 

D. i IV, SlhNichola ; VI, 417, Webster, N. 

American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowl- 
edge, III. 816, Hunt, F. ; V, 581, Sibley, J. L. 

American Mechanic, the, V, 79, Porter, R. 

American Med. and Phil. Register, the, II, 588, Francis, 
J W 

American Medical Monthly. II, 483. Flint, Austin. 

American Mercury, the, I. 106, Barlow, J. 

American missionary association. VI. 83, Tappan, L.\ 

gifts to, 372, Washburn, W. B.\ 684. Hand. 
American Monthly Magazine, the, IU, 180. Herbert ; 228. 

Hoffman, C. F ; IV, 122, if c Henry ; VI. 540. 
American Monthly Review, the, VI, 515, Willard, Sidney. 
American Museum, the, I, 584. 

American museum of natural history, gift to, IV, 765, 
Phcenix. 

American Naturalist, the, III, 335, Hyatt ; IV, 422, Morse, 

E. S. ; V, 189, Putnam, F. W. 
American Odd -Fellow the. IV, 593. Orr, J. W. 
American partv, the, founder of. III. 701, Levin. 
American periodical, first, reprinted in England, I, 417, 

Brownson, O. A. 

American philosophical society, the. II. 58S ; IV. 574. Oli- 
ver A. ; 678, Patterson, R. M. ; V. 863 ; 350, Rush, B. 

American Prodigy, the, sobriquet. Ill, 686, Le Moine. 

American professor, the, II, 429, Felton. 

American Quarterly Register, the, V, 726, Stryker, James. 

American Register, the, I, 897, Brown, C. B. ; 508, Cullen- 
der, J. T. : II, 384, Evans, T. W. 

American Review of History and Politics, the, VI, 340, 
Walsh, R. 

American Sappho, the, IV. 430. Morton, S. W. A. 
American Ship, the. newspaper, II, 766, Griffiths, J. W. 
American society of church history, the, V, 416, Schaff. 
American system, the. I, 499, 501. 
American Turtle, the, I, 474, Bushnell, D. 
Americanus, pen-name, H, 380, Evans, C. 5 HI, 711, Lie- 
ber, F. 

American Whig Review, the, I, 698. Colton, G. H. 
Ames, Burrett. I. 691, Collins. G. C. 
Ames, David, VI. 488, Wells, D. A. 
Ames, Dr. W., UI. 851, Hooker, T. 

Amherst, N. Y., Greeley's birthplace at, illustration, H, 784. 

Amherstburg, attack on, IV. 73, Mc Arthur. D. 

Amherst college. I, 625. Clark, D. A.\ III, 216, Hitchcock, 

E. : gifts to, 819, Hitchcock, S. A.: IV, 305, Merrick, J. L. ; 

668, Parsons. D.; V, 811, Reed, W.; 494, Shepard.C. U.; 

VI. 179, Tvfts, Q.; 221, Vaill; 541. Willisfon, S.: 566, 

Winkley \ founded, 417, Webster, JV. ; illustration, V, 667. 
Amherst system of college government, the, V, 453, Seelye, 

Amis des noirs, Les, club. V, 737, Suard. 

Amistad captives, the. case of. I, 150, Baldwin, R. S.; 616, 

Cinque ; H, 642, Giddings, I. R. 
Ammonia, discovery of. V, 120, Priestley. 
Amnesty bill, I, 277 ; H. 721 ; proclamation, 717. 
Amoenites Graphlcee. magazine. II, 661, Girardin, 
Amphibious regiment, the, U, 666, Glover, John. 
Amphitrite, the, I. 210, Beuumarchai*. 
Amputation, method of. II. 499, Forbes, 8. F. 
Amyrault, Moses, IV, 712. 
Anabouillo, battle of, IV, 487, Ncgreiro*. 
Anaesthesia, principle of, IV, 9, Long, C. W.; invention of 

Inhaler for, II, 149, De Rosnet. 
Anaesthetics, first use of. in surgery, I, 696, Colton, G. Q.; 

VI, 430, Wells, H. See Ether. 
Anagauga. destruction of, I, 480, Butler, W. 
Anagnos, Michael, III, 284. Howe, J. R. 
Anahuac, invasion of, VI. 635, Xolotl. 
Analectic Magazine, the. Ill, 361. 
Anaqtiito, battle of, IV, 54f», Sutlez-Veto. 
Anarchiad, the, III, 256, Hopkins, L; 313, Humphreys, D. 
Anarchists, the Chicago, V, 632, Spies. 



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704 



ANATOMY 



ARANCARA 



Anatomy, first tectum on, m. 823, Hunter, W. ; 424, Jef I 
/lies, J.; V, 512. Shippen, W.; the doctor's mob, V, 84, , 
Pott, W.\ original researches in, V. 633, Spitzka ; VI, 
808, Wilder, B. Q. ; 683. Wutar, C. ; 632. , 
A nee, the, mission at, I, 180, Baraga. 
Ancestral tablets, VI, 487, Whitmore. 
Ancient and honorable artillery company, the, HL, 406, 

Keayne ; V, 450. Sedgwick. R. 
Ancient Brethren's church, the. IV. 453, Muenster. 
Ancient Order of Hibernians, the, IV, 404, Nesbit t. 
Ancient Order of United Workmen, the, VI, 211, Upchurch. 
Ancora, Peter, IV. 483, Neagle ; V, 725, Strotker. 
Anderssen, Adolph, IV, 407, Morphy. 
Anderson, Evelina, I. 71, Anderson, W. 
Anderson, Hugh. VI. 20, Tail/er. 
Anderson, John, I, 86. Agassiz. 
Anderson, John, V, 308-309, Roger*, M. C. 
Anderson, John, assumed name. I, 71, Andre". 
Anderson, Naomi, IV, 179. Make mi t 
AndersonviUe prison, VI. 834, Wallace, L.\ responsibility 

for the abuses at, I, 277. 
Andes, railroad across the. IV, 287, Meigg*. 
Andes, Count de los, V, 463, Serna. 
Andover, settlement and name of, IV, 800, Osgood, 8. 
Andover Review, the, V, 800, Smyth, E. C. 



Andover theological seminary, purchase of land for, VI, 
599, Woodbridge, J.: establishment of, V, 839, Spring, 
S.: IV, 424, Morse, J. ', 762, Phillip*, P. F.; gifts to, I, 5, 



Abbot, 8.; iM. Bartlett, W.\ 674, Codman; 679, Cog*-, 
well, J.; II, 419, Farrar, S.; HI, 219, Hitchcock, S. A.; 
IV, 533, Norris, J.; 768, Phillip*, William ; V, 211, Reed, 
W.\ VI, 565, Winkley. 
Andre, John, capture of, IV 681, Paulding, J. ; medal 
awarded for the capture,illustration, VI, 257 : proposal 
to exchange for Arnold, IV, 561, Ogden, A. ; V, 278, Rob- 
ertson, J. ; burial of, gifts from his friends, II, 138, 
Demarest, J. ; discussion of his sentence, I, 258, Bid- 
die, C. J. ; subject of a poem by, III, 283. Howe, R. \ his 
Cow Chase, V, 268, Rivington ; quoted, 127, Proctor, T. ; 
VI, 899. 

Andre, anonymous drama, V, 562, Smith, E. H. 

Andrea Doria, the, I, 256, Riddle, N. 

Andrew, John, VI, 21, Talbot, J. 

Andrew, John A., quoted, n, 612, Garri*on. 

Andrews, Isaac, VI, 009, Woolman. 

Androboros, anonymous farce, HI, 828, Hunter. Robert. 

Anemometer, invention of a, V, 680, Silliman, J. M. ; a 

self -registering. I. 676. Coffin, J. H. 
Anfriso, pen-name. IV. 482, Navarrete, M. M. 
Angel, Mr., II, 647. Gilbert, W. B. 
Angela, Mother, H, 650, Gillespie, E. M. 
Angel Gabriel, the, ship, I, 678, Cogswell, J. 
Angel Gabriel riots, the, V, 509, Smith, Je**e C. 
Angeloe family. H, 358, English, T. D. 
Anglesea, Marchioness of, III, 541, King, J. P. 
Anglican church, missions of, in, 502, Keith, O.; VI, 21, 

Talbot, J. ; clandestine consecration of a bishop for 

America, 21, Talbot, J. See Protestant Episcopal 

Church. 

Anglo-American Magazine, IV, 117, Macoeorge. 

Ango, Jean. IV. G58, Parmentier, J. ; VI, 282, Verrazano. 

AngoL, battles near, II, 32, Curanteo ; HI, 199, Higuaihue ; 

capture of, H, 25, Cudeguala. 
Angulta, battle at, I, 333, Boves. 
Angulo, Jose and Vicente, V, 185, Pumacahua. 
Angustura, passage of, HI, 352. Inhauma. 
Anhydrous nitric acid, discovered, V. 370, Sainte- Claire, 

HE 

Anian, fabulous strait and city of, HI. 808, Huhne ; H, 575, 

Oali: VI, 228, Valerianos ; 665, ZuAiga. G. 
Animal heat, researches on, I, 416, Brown-Se'quard ; U, 

220, Dotrler. 
Animal industry, bureau of. VI, 692, Le Due. 
Animals, extinct, new species of, IV, 218, Marsh, O. C. 
Animals, societies for prevention of cruelty to, I, 244, 

Bergh ; HI, 541, King, L. W. ; bequests to, I, 244, 812, 

Bonard. 

Animikite. discovery of, VI, 629. Wurtz. 

Anlversario, the manifesto, V, 154, Ouintana Roo. 

Annapolis, settlement of, V, 704, Stone, W. ; engagement 
at, I, 022. Claiborne ; library at, 382 ; naval academy at, 
428, Buchanan, F. ; midshipmen's monument at, illus- 
tration, V, 518 

Annapolis. See Port Royal. 

Annapolis convention, the, IV, 100, 107. 

Ann Arbor, history, seminary at, founded, 1. 18, Adam*, 
C. K. 

Anneau, Father, VI, 277, Ve'randrye. 
Annisquam, laboratory at, HI. 836, Hyatt. 
Ann the Word, III, 036, Lee, Ann. 

Annual of Scientific Discovery, the, VI. 429. Wells, D. A. 
Annuities, inventor of Tontine system, VI, 182, Tonty. 
Anselmus, pen-name, II, 249, DuffleM, S. w. 
Anson, Admiral George, U, 567, Gadsden ; V, 87, Pizarro, 
J. A. 

Anson, Tex., HI, 483, Jones, Anton. 

Antarctic ocean, exploration in the, 1, 715; VI, 332, Walker, 

W. M.; 509, Wilkes, C. 
Antequera (Oajaca), H, 185, Delgadillo. 



Anthology club, the, 1, 578, Channing ; H.70, Dana, R. H.\ 

888, Everett ; 598, Gardiner, J. S J. ; VI, 178, Tudor. 
Anthony, Daniel. I, 82, Anthony, S. B. 
Anthony, Hezekiah, II, 288. Eames, J. A. 
Anthony, John, L 81, Ant fumy, H. B. 
Anthracene, VI, 361, Warren, C. M. 

Anthracite coal, first use of, VI, 437, Wernwag; 802, Wood- 
house. 

Anthropology, studies in, H. 207. Dortey, J. O.; TV, 40*\ 

Morgan, L. H. See Ethnology. 
Anthropology, discovery bearing on, V. 144, Puysegur. 
AnU-CatholTc riots, HI. 619, AVnridk, F. P. 
Anticosti, island of, HI. 461, Jolliet. 
Anties, the party called, I, 242. 

Antietam, battle of, I, 468 ; H, 210, Doubledap, A. ; 786, 
Grt#n ; HI, 250, 670 ; IV, 88 ; 140, McLaws ; IV. 280 ; 47*. 
Nagle ; V, 87, Potter, R. B. ; 727, Stuart, J. E. B. ; VI, 
202, Tyndale. 

Anti-Federalists, the, HI, 149, Hazard. J. J. 

Antigua, I, 147, Balboa. 

Antilles, settlement of the, H, 275, Dutrrtrr ; French colo- 
nies in, 262, Duparquet : 863, Enambuc. 

AntiUon. Gen., HI, 841, Iglesia*, J. M. 

Anti-Masonic excitement, the. I, 27 ; HI, 51, Hallett, B. F. : 
IU, 286, Holley, M. ; IV. 404, Morgan, W. ; V, 470. SewanL 
W. H. ; 628, Spencer. J. C. 

Antimony, investigation of, I, 721. Cooke, J. P. 

Antinomian controversy, the, VI, 16, Symmes. Z. 

Antinomians, HI. 881, Hutchinson, Anne ; VI, 678 ; book 
on the, 426, Welde. 

Antloch college, IV, 191, Mann, H. 

Anti-poverty society, the. IV, 119, McGlynn. 

Antiquarian, the, magazine, 1, 107, Arthur. W. 

Anti-renters, the, H, 468, Fish, H.\ VI, 252, Van Ren*- 
selaer. S. 

A nti -slavery cause, the. 1. 268 ; 878, Brisbane, Brisbin ; 456, 
Burleigh ; first book of the, 604, Child, L. M. ; mob vio- 
lence, 872, Codding, I. ; H, 611 ; III, 446, Johnton, O. : 
236, Holley, M. : first paper and lectures of. IV. 54, 
Lundy, B. ; 828, Miller, J. P. ; beginning of the struggle, 
809, Pastorius ; party. VI, 516, Willcox, A. O. See Abo- 
litionists and Slavery. 

Anti-Slavery Baptists, the, I, 828, Clark, John. 

Anti Slaverv Quarterly, the. VI. 621. Wright, E. 

Anti-Slavery Standard, the, U, 619, Gay, 8. H ; TV, 40 ; V. 
20, Pillsbury, P. 

Anton, Andrews, n, 821, Eliot, C. 

Antoine, Pere, I, 88, Antonio. 

Antonides, Rev. Vincentiua. 1, 221. Beekman, G. 

Anxures Pedro. HI, 854, Irala. 

Aondechete, V, 160, Ragueneau. 

Apaches, the hostilities of, H. 15, Crook ; 629, Geronimo : 

IV, 27, Loving, F. W. ; 828, Miles, JV. A. ; the Mescalero, 
HI, 495, Kautz, A. V. 

Apartado. Marquis of, H, 899, Fagoaga. 

Apes, William, V, 601, Snelling, W. J. 

A. P. I* Parin Papers, the, H, 428. Faxon. 

Apodaca. Ruiz de, HI, 868 ; 10, Guerrero. V. 

Apollo, the so-called statues of. VI. 822. Waldstein. 

Apostle of Brazil, the, I, 68. Anchieta. 

Apostle of California, the, V, 881. Satvatierrn. 

Apostle of Methodinm. the, HI, 663, Lee, J. 

Apostle of Newfoundland, the, IV, 668, O'Donnel, J. L. 

Apostle of Nova Scotia, the, I, 754, Coughlan. 

Apostle of Oregon, the, I, 288, Blanchet, F. R. 

Apostle to the German*, the, HI, 12, Guldin. 

Appalachian mountains, exploration of, HI, 668, Lederer ; 

V, 635, Spotswood. 

Appalachicola river, fort on the, blown up, HI, 878 ; mas- 
sacre on, by Indians, ibid. 

Appleton, Daniel, I, 84, Avpleton. D. 

Appleton, Edward D.. I, 84, Appleton, D. 

Appleton, Frances, IV, 18. 

Appleton, John, 1, 85. Appleton, J. J. 

Appleton, John, V, 345, Rumford. 

Appleton, John Adams, I, 84, Appleton, D. 

Appleton, Nathan, IV. 13. 

Appleton, Capt. Samuel, IV, 403. Moj-gan. M. 

Appleton, W. H., I, 84, Appleton, D. 

Appleton, W. W.. I, 84, Appleton, D. 

Appomattox, surrender at, U. 716, 717 ; scene of. Illustra- 
tion. 716 ; II, 392, Ewell. R. S.; HI, 678, 725. 

Apprentices, school for, HI, 226, Hoe, R. M. 

Apthorne, Rev. East, IV, 275, Mayhew, J. 

Apthorp, Frances W . VI. 267, Vaughan, C. 

Apthorp, Sarah W.. IV, 480, Morton, S. W. A. 

Apurimac river. IV, 178, Matt a Capac. 

Aqueduct, the Vento, I, 39. Albear. 

Aqueducts, cast-iron, H, 568. 

Aquidneck, island of, I, 684, Clarke, John : 878. Coddino- 
ton ; IU, 331, Hutchin*on, Anne ; Indian deed of, IV, 
813, Miantonomo ; VI, 582. 

Arabi Bey, insurrection of, IV, 9, Long, C. C. 

Arago, Francois, H, 693, Gould. B.A.; quoted, H, 875, J 

Aragon, Sancho de, HI. 408, Jaureybo I. 

Araugua, battle at. I, 804. 

Arama, Col., IV, W7^MaHilo. 

Arana, Barros, IV. 578, Otivare*. 

Arancara, Mex., founded, U, 62, Dado*. 



Digitized by Google 



ARANDA 



ASPINWALL 



706 



trends. Count, IV, 569, Olavide. 

traucania and Patagonia, king of, IV, 587, Orilie. 

traucanians, the. resistance of, to the Spaniards, I, 110, 
Aurelio ; 495, Calafquin *. 590. Caupolican ; 60S, Chi- 
qua i hue ; 683, Colcur ; 693, Collipulle, Colocolo ; 734, 
Copahue; II, 24, Cudequala: 25, Cuenecura; 26, Cui- 
enlur, Cuillemachu, Cuillavilu ; 32, Curanteo ; IH. 9, 
Guanoalca ; 10, Guenucalquin ; 199, Higuaihui ; 295, 
Hnden, Huelen ; 300, Huepon ; 633, Lautaro ; 730, Lin- 
coyan ; IV, 47, Loyola ; a heroine of the, II, 31, Cunequeo; 
poem on the war with, 362, Ercilla. 

Lrauco, capture of, II, 24, Cudeqxuila. 

trbadaos, tribe of the, I, 490, Cabezcu 

irbella, the ship, VI, 573. 

irbeiter-Zeitung, the. V, 632. Spies. 

irbitration, substitution of. for war, n, 448, Field, D. D.; 
III. 412, 413 ; V. 603. Snyder, S. 
irborieulture, IV, 814, Michaux. 
irbre Uroche, 1. 160. Baraga. 

irbuthnot, Alexander, capture of. n, 568, Gadsden, James ; 
execution of, III. 378 ; V, 48. Po* ndext er. 
irbuthnot., Dr. John. I, 86. Arbuthnot, M. 
Acadia Mexicana, the, IV, 552, Ochoa. 
ii-cadians. academy of, in Brazil, II, 585, Gama, J. B. da. 
.rch, John. I, 397, Brown, D. 

k rchaeology, collection of objects of, I, 5, Abbott, C. C. ; 
595. Chavero; American, II, 39, Cushing, F. H. ; 95, 
Davis, & H. ; 665, Gliddon ; III, 145, Haynes, H. W.; V, 
139, Putnam, F. W. ; 185, Rau ; 228, Reynolds, E. R. ; 
611, Squier, E. G.\ discoveries, VI, 815, Wagner, M. F; 
320, Waldeck; 322, Waldstein; expedition to Asia Minor. 
390, Wolfe, C.L.: 632 ; to Central America, 674, Charnay. 
rchambault, Cyrille, II. 250, Duhanxel. 
rchdale, Thomas, I, 87, Archdale, J. 
rcher, Mai. J., I. 87, Archer, W. S. 
rchibald, Samuel and James, I, 87, Archibald, Sir A. G. 
rchibeque, Capt.. VI, 691, Le Archeve*que. 
rchipelago of St. Lazarus, the, II, 559, Fuentes, B. 
rchitecture, I, 444. Bulfinch. C. ; II, 316, Ki tlitz ; 654, 
Oilman ; III. 277, Howard, J. G. : 507, KeUum ; 518, Ken- 
dall, E. H. ; 627, Latrobe, B. H. ; IV, 136. McKim, C. F. ; 
V, 223, Renwick, J. ; 241-212. Richardson, H. H. : 833, 
Rotch, A. ; 530, Silloway ; 540, .Sim*, H. A. and J. P. ; 
719, Strickland, W. ; VI, 213, Upjohn ; 229. Van Brunt, 
H.\ 341, Walter, T. U.; 358, Ware, W. R.; 501, Wight, 
P. B.; 515, Willard, Solomon ; 584, Withers, F. C ; 681, 
Fuller. T. ; 682, Gibson. 
rco do bego, II, 434. Femandes Pinheiro. 
rco- Verde Mornbixaba, cacique, IV. 198, Maranhdo. 
rctic. loss of the, I, 691, Collins, E. K. ; II, 112, Day, M. ; 
V, 210, Reed, H. 

rctic exploration, I. 105 ; 128. Back ; 221, Bccchey ; 228, 
Belanger, Belcher ; 230, Bellot ; 856, Brainard. D. L. ; 
428, Buchan : 484, Button : 486, Bylot ; II, 72, Danen- 
hower ; 103, Davis, J. ; 125. De Haven ; 130, De Long ; 
534-535, Franklin, Sir J. ; 648. Gilder, W. H. ; 741, Grec- 
ly ; III, 1. Grinnell, H. : 87-38, Hall, C. F. ; 106. Hart- 
*tme ; 132, Hayes, I. 1. ; 492, Kane, E. K : 504, Kellett ; 
VJ8, Kislingbury ; 752, Locktcwd, J. B. ; TV, 87, McClin- 
t»ck, F. L. ; 90. McClure, Sir R. ; 210. Markham, C. R. ; 
293. Melville, G. W. ; 478. Nares ; 522, Nindemann ; 598, 
)«born, S. ; 602. Ostaade ; 626, Pages ; 661, Parru, Sir 
W. E. ; 683, Pavy : 684. Payer ; V, 21, Pirn ; 70, Poret ; 
58, Rae, J. ; 242, Richardson. Sir J. ; 297, Rodgers ; 330, 
Sir J. : 420, Schley, W. S. ; 433, Schtoatka ; 434, 
M oresby ; 587, Simpson, T. ; 544, Skene, A. if. ; VI, 217, 
7r/e\ G. J. ; sledge travelling, IV, 87, McClintock, F. L ; 
arthest point reached. III, 752, Lockxoood, J. B. ; high- 
st latitude reached by a sailing-vessel. III, 493, Kane, E. 
C. ; 110° west first reached, IV, 601. Parry, Sir W. E. ; 
oyages, VI, 618, Wrangell ; 641, Young, Allen W. \ 662, 
r'cer de Chazelles. 

•tic overshoes, invention of, IV, 220, Marshall, E. P. 
Hurus, pen-name. III, 585, Ladd, C. 
•turus, the, periodical, II, 278, Duyckinck ; IV, 258, 
la thews, Cornelius. 

linburgh. Col. Charles, V, 608, Sojourner Truth. 
It, Ferdinand von, V, 224, Reuling. 
M ibo, battle at, I, 746, Correa, A. 
'iU>s, author of. I, 67, ✓Inamona. 

•<iuipa, city of, founded, IV, 178. Maita Capac ; attack 
n, I, 492. Cdceres, A. A. ; capture of, II, 320, Elias. 
<y, H. W., II, 661, Girard, S. 
y, Oliver, I. 88, Areu, H. E. 
:elan«ler, F. W. A„ II, 693, Gould, B. A. 
routine Republic, the, wars and revolutions in, II. 206, 
on cqo ; 873. Espejo. J.: 650, Frias, Felix ; 600, Qorriti ; 
I. mi, Lavalle ; 597, La Madrid : IV, 21, Lopez, E. ; 
19-aw. Mitre ; 687, Paz, J. M. : V, 88, Posadas ; 156, 
uiroga, J. F. ; 316. Rondeau ; 862. Saavedra, C. ; VI, 
Tahoada ; early history of. Ill, 19. Guzman, R.D.de; 
nprovements in. 255, Hopkins ; political dissensions in, 
A, Indarte ; exploration of, IV, 625, Page, T. J. ; plan 
»r a monarchy, V, 265, Rivadavia : tvrannical dictator- 
lip in, 320-321, Rosas ; its victims, 821 ; education in, 
wervatory, 400, Sarmiento, D. F. ; first historian of. 

1, Schmidel ; loan for. VI. 258, Varela, M. ; war in, for 
dependence, English invasion, III, 023, Las Heras ; V, 

2, Pueyeredon ; 320. Rosas. 

w vol. VI. — 45 



Anros da Lei. Brazilian journal founded, IV, 206, Mendes, 

Manoel Odorico. 
ArgUelles, extradition case of. II, 252. Dulce. 
Argus, the brig. III. 300. Hull. I. ; destruction of English 

vessels by, capture of, 701, Levy. 
Argyll, Duke of, anecdote concerning a young American, 

IV, 45. Lowndes, William J.\ 20, Lome, Marquis ofl 
II, 366. Erskine. Frances. 

Arias. Luis, II, 436, Fernandez, J. 
Ariel, the, journal. IV, 412, Morris, E. 
Ariosto, pseudonym, VI, 208, Undnue. 
Arispe, Ramon, H, 800, Fagoaga. 
Aristidean, The, magazine. II, 358, English, T. D. 
Aristides, pen-name, VI, 240. Van Ness, W. P. 
Aristook war, the, I, 565. Chamberlain, J. L. 
Arithmeter, invention of the, VI, 622, Wright, K 
Ariza, Marquis of, IV, 683, Palafox. 

Arizona, supposed diamond-fields in, II, 351, Emmons, 8. 
F. ; Jesuit missions in, III. 577, Kiihn ; Indian murders 
in, IV. 27, Loring, F. W. ; early history of, 504, Ortega, 
J. ; organized as a territory, V, 0 ; R. C. institutions in. 

V, 870, Salpointe. 

Ark, the, and the dove. I, 608, Calvert. L. 

Arkansas, contested election in, I, 106, Baxter, E.\ 887, 

Brooks, Joseph ; IV. 509, Newton, R. C. ; hot springs of. 

II, 158, De Soto ; finances of, IV, 83, Loughborough ; 

question of slavery in, V. 278, Robertson, G. 
Arkansas, the ram, V, 75, Porter, W. D. 
Arkansas post, capture of, V. 75 ; I, 449, Burbridge, 8. G. 
Arkwright, Richard, V, 547, Slater. 
Arlington House, illustration, n, 45. 
Armada, the Spanish. II, 224, Drake. Sir F. : V, 163. 
Armagh, Stuart, archbishop of, IV, 716, Penn. G. 
Armand. Count, assumed name, V, 834, Rouarie. 
Armendariz, IV, 194, Mauosalvas. 

Armenia, first newspaper in the language of, I, 286, Benja- 
min, N.: mission in, II, 270, Dwight, H. G. O. 

Armlfian, Gen.. IV, 335. Mina. 

Armistead, Mary, VI. 108, Tyler, J. 

Armlstead, W., IV, 4. Logan, James. 

Arms. Rev. Mr., I. 665, Coan, T. 

Armstrong. Andrew C, V, 443, Scribner. 

Armstrong, Rev. George. V, 508, Sherwood, J. M. 

Army, the U. 8., after the Revolution, VL 670, Doughty. 

Army medical museum, the, 1, 171, Barnes, J. K. ; VI, 06, 
Thomson, W. 

Army of the Andes, the. V. 892, San Martin, J. de. 

Army-signals, system of. IV, 478, Myer. 

Arnold, Benedict, plan to capture, I, 568, Champe : charge 
of arson against, III, 80, Hardy, E. ; headquarters of, 
illustration, I, 05. 

Arnold, Catherine R., VI, 520, Williams, C. R. 

Arnold. Edwin. I, 578, Ctianning, W. H. 

Arnold, Elizabeth, V. 44, Poe. 

Arnold, Franz. Ill, 710. 

Arnold. Dr. G. W , I, 08, Arnold. I. N. 

Arnold, Matthew, quoted, II. 348. 

Arnold. Oliver. VI, 520, Williams, C. R. 

Arnold, Dr. Thomas, II, 604. 

Arnold, William, I, 03, ^4n»oW, B. 

Arnot, assumed name, I, 467. 

Arnot-Ogden hospital, Elmira, IV, 562, Ogden, W. B. 

Arouet, pen-name. Ill, 585, Ladd, J. B. 

Around the World, anonymous book, m, 177, Henshaw, 

Joshua Sidney. 
Arp, Bill, pen-name, V. 558. Smith. C. H. 
Arr, E. H., pen-name, V, 318, Rollins, E. C. 
Arrezures, case of, II. 168. 
Arria, pen-name, V, 132, Piigh, E. L. 
Arriaga, Antonio, I. 705, Condorcanqui. 
Arlington, Archibald, I, 08, Arrinqton, A. W. 
Arriola, Fortunato, pupil of, V, 826, Rosenthal, T. E. 
Arrow-heads, process of making. II, 80, Cushing, F. H. 
Artaud. Prof., 1, 154, Bancroft. G. 
Art collections. III, 405. Jarves ; VI, 842, Walters. 
Arte de furtar, supposed author of, VI, 290, Vieiria, A. 
Arthur Carry!, anonymous book, IV, 597, Osbom, L. 
Arthur, Mrs. C. A.. Ul. 184. Herndon, W. L. 
Arthur, Rev. William, IV, 87, McClintock, J. 
Art Journal, the, VI, 891, Watson, Henry Good. 
Arundel, Anne, I, 154, Calvert, Cecil. 
Arundel, Lord, I. 688. Carroll, J. 
Asapista, chief. Ill, 618. La Ribourde. 
Asbury university, V, 251, Ridpath. 
Arc ham. Roger, H, 387. 
Asgell, Capt., VI, 603, Woodhull. J. 
Ashbumham, Mass., gift to, II, 40, Cushing, T. P. 
Ashburton treatv. th«\ I, 110, Ashburton ; VI, 418, 414. 
Ashford. Baron, IV, 152, MacNab. 
Ashland, I, 642. 

Aahley, Jonathan, I, 788, Cooper, W. 

Ashley, Timothy, IV, 597. Osborn. Selleck. 

Ashurst, Sir Henry, IV, 254, Mather. I. 

Asia, exploration of the coast of, HI, 616, La Perouse. 

Asia Minor, mineral resources of, V, 578, Smilh, J. L. 

Asken. J. A., HI, 487. 

Asphalt pavement, invention of the American, 1, 123, Ave- 

rell, W. W.\ VI, 861, Warren, C. M. 
AspinwalL, burning of, I, 655. 



Digitized by 



Googk_ 



706 



AS-SE-HE-HO-LAR 



AZTEC 



As-se-he-ho-lar, IV. 599, Osceola. 

Assbeton, Ralph, VI, 306, Watts, E. 

Assinais Indians, the. III, 482, Jucherau. 

Associated press, the consolidated, V, 606. Smith, W. H. 

Associate Reformed church, the, founded. IV, 245, Mason, 
John : IU, 632, Laurie, J.; mission of, III, 164, Hender- 
son, M. 

Association for the advancement of science, the. V, 130, 
Putnam. F. W. ; 204, Redfield, W. C. ; 307, Rogers, W. 
B. ; 528. (rift to, VI, 00, Thompson, E. 

Association of American geologists, VI, 256, Vanuxem. 

Associators. the, IV, 525, Nixon, J. ; V, 574, Smith, J. B. 

Assos expedition, the, n, 178, Diller. 

Assyriology, III, 210, Hilprecht ; VI, 605, O'Conor. 

Asteroids, zodiacs of. computed, III, 292, Hubbard, J. S. ; 
discoveries of, IV, 741, Peters, C. H. F. ; VI, 180, Tut- 
tie, H.P.9X, Watson, J. C. 

Astor expedition, the, II, 522, Franchere. 

Astoria, story of, 1, 112, Astor ; n, 522, Franchere ; surren- 
der of, IV, 133, Mackenzie, D. ; Journey from, V, 732, 
8tuart, R. 

Astoria, L. I., Isabella home at, IV, 608, Ottendorfer, A. 
Astor library, the, I, 670, Cogswell, J. G. ; illustration, I, 

112; gifts to, 113. 
Astor place riots, the. II, 273, Duryee, A. ; 505, Forrest, 

E. : III, 45, Hall, W. ; 485, Judson, E. Z. C. ; VI, 26, 

Tallmadge. F. A. 
Astrologer, the New England, VI. 170, Tully, J. 
Astrologers, predictions of, III. 37, lxtUlxochitl II. 
Astrology, IV, 406, Netzahualpilli. 

Astronomical instruments, improvements in, II, 653, Gil- 
Wis ; III, 83, Harkness, W. ; 271, HouoA, G. W. ; IV, 
841, Mitchel, O. M. ; V, 356-357, Rutherfurd, L. M. ; VI, 
11, Swift, L. 

Astronomical lantern, a, I, 634, Clarke, J. F. 

Astronomical observatory of Bogota, IV, 472, Mutis. 

Astronomy, discoveries, observations, photography, etc., 
I, 585, Chase. P. E. : 755, Covarrubias ; 1U 585, Gama, 
A. L. de. : 60S, Gould, B. A. ; Ill, 37, Hall, A.', VH.Hill, 
G. W.\ 232, Holden ; 292-203, Hubbard, J. 8.; 611, Lang- 
ley: IV, 18, Loomis. E; 47, Lozano. F. R.; 842, Mitchel, 
O. M. ; 847, Mitchell, M. ; 503, Newcomb ; 701, Peirce ; 
741, Peters, C. F. H.\ V,4, Pickering, E. C. ; 127, Proctor, 
R.A.; 263, 810-311, Rogers, W. A. ; 856-357, Rutherfurd, 
L. M. ; 866, Safford, T. H ; 447. Searle, G. M. and A. ; 
566, Smith, G. W.: VI, 11, Swi/t, L.; 125, Todd, D. P.', 
180, Tuttle,H. P.; 206, Ulloa. A. de ; 274. Velasquez Car- 
denas ; 331, Walker, S. C. ; 302, Watson, J. C. ; 462, Whip- 
ple, J. A. ; 565, Winlock ; 575. Winthrop,J.\ 619, Wright. 

A. W.; 646, Young, C. A ] 672, Brooks ; 679, Elkin ; first 
practical work in U. S., U. 658. Qilliss. 

Asuncion, founded, 1, 123, Ayolas ; settlement of, IV, 487, 
Mosquera, R. G. ; taken by allies, IV, 21, Lopez, F. 8. ; 
chart of, m, 330, Huss. 

Atahualpa, the inca, II, 152, De Soto ; cause of the exe- 
cution of, n, 427, Felipe : portraits of, IV, 385, Mora, D. 

Atalanta, capture of the. 1. 180, Barry, J. 

Atchison, college founded In, IV, 818, Miege. 

Atequiza, battle at, IV, 330, Miramon. 

Athenaeum Shaw, sobriquet, V. 487. Shaw, W\ 8. 

Athens. American school at, UI, 204, Hill, K. M. ; gifts to, 
VI, 500. Wolfe. 

Athens, Oa., gift of land for, IV, 824. Mill edge, J. 

Athens of America, the, Netzahualcoyotl. 

Atheos, anonymous book. II, 656, Frothingham, W. 

Atherton, Israel, IU, 110, Haskell, A. 

Atherton gag, the. I, 114, Atherton, C. G. 

Atkins. Dudley. VI. 202. Tyng. 

Atkinson, Charles F.TlV, 27. Loring. F. W. 

Atkinson, Rev. Dr., n. 185. Dixon, Alexander. 

Atkinson, Theodore, VI, 485, Wentieorth, F. D. 

Atkinson. N. H., gift to, VI, 170, Tufts, Q. 

Atlanta, Sherman's movement on, II, 714 ; destruction of 
railroads, HI, 535, Kilpatrick : battle at, 247, Hood. J. 

B. \ IV, 6, Looan. W. A.\ V, 504, Sherman ; influence of 
its capture. III, 783. 

Atlanta, capture of the. II. 266, Du Pont ; V, 297, 
Atlantic, wreck of the, I. 98, Armstrong. W. J. 
Atlantic City, Mercer home at. IV, 800. Mercer, A. J. 
Atlantic coast, survey of the. I. 297. Blunt, £. and G. W. 
Atlantic insurance company, the. Ill, 472, Jones. W. R. 
Atlantic Journal and Friend of Kow ledge, the, V, 159, Ra- 
Anesque. 

Atlantic Magazine, the. V, 389. Sands. R. C. 

Atlantic Monthly, the, II. 346 ; 451. Fields, J. T.: III. 240. 

Holmes. O. W. ; 286 ; IV, 41 ; VI, 210, Underwood, F. H.; 

493, Whittier. 

Atlantic telegraph, the, project of, company organized, II, 
448, Field. Cyrus W.\ first cable, 449 ; second and third 
cables, 449 ; view of the Great Eastern. 449 ; first sug- 
gestion of, route indicated. IV, 265 : III. 602, Lampson. 

Atlantis, m. 190. Hervas ; II. 201, Donnelly, I. 

Atlas, the. III. 187. Herrick, A. 

Atlee, Capt.ni, 857, Irvine, James. 

Atlee, CoL W. P., L 115, Atlee, J. L. : IV, 661, Parry, C. 

Atlixco. Duke of, V, 401, Sarmiento. 

Atmospheric changes, inventor of recorder for, V, 676, Ste- 
vens, E. 

Atmospheric physics, I, 295, Blodget, L. 



Atomic weights, investigations on, I, 633, Clarke, F. W. ; 

IV, 183. Mallet 
Atoms, theory of, VI, 450, Whelpley, J. D. 
Atrato expedition, the. II. 8. Craven, T. A. M. 
Atterley, Joseph, pen-name. VI. 175, Tucker, G. 
Attic Nights, periodical. VI. 460, Whipple, E P. 
A Ulcus, pen-name, IV, 382, Moore, M. 
Attiwandaronks, the, VI, 140. Totiri. 
Atwood, Chief-Justice. I. 198, Bayard, N. 
Atzcapotzalco. empire of, VI. 685, Xolotl. 
Auburn, Seward house at, illustration, V, 472. 
Auburn theological seminary, IV. 24, Lord, E. ; gifts to. 

IV, 898, Morgan, E. B. ; V, 272, Robert, C. R. ; VI. 82, 

Tap/pan, A. 
Auckland, Lord. II, 302. Eden, W. 
Auditor, great third, III. 25, Hagner, P. 
Auguie, Madame, II. 624, Genest. 

Augusta, Oa., sieges of, during the Revolutionary war, 
I, 511. Campbell, Sir A. ; 414. Browne. T. ; III. 667, Lee ; 

IV, 768, Pickens, A. ', seizure of arsenal at. in 1861, 1. 408, 
Brown, J. E. ; Confederate powder- works at, V, 161, 
Rains, G. W. 

Augusta, Me., gift to, VI, 676. Corey. 

Augustana college, III. 111, Hasselguist. 

Augustine, Saint, II, 627-628. Geratdini. 

Augustines. the, II, 578-574, Galberry ; missions of, IV, 405, 

Moriarty ; V, 24, Pineda. 
Aulne, Baron d\ VI, 183, Turgot, A. K. J. 
Aunt Alice, pen-name, II, 727, Graves, A. C. 
Aunt Fanny, pen-name, 1, 179, Barrow, F. E; U, 568, Gage, 

F. D. 

Aunt Kitty, pen-name. IV, 124, Mcintosh, M. J. 

Auriesville, III, 435, Jooues. 

Aurora Borealis of 1780. the, n. 681, Goodrich, R 

Austin, George L.. IV, 762, Phillips, Wendell. 

Austin, Loring H., VI, 668, Austin, J. G. 

Austin, Moses. 1. 121, ^4u*fin, S. F. 

Austin, MIsaTburned. II, 827, Ellet. A. W. 

Australia, exploration of, I, 715 ; II, 63, Dampier ; 534, 

Franklin, Sir J. 
Austria, burning of the, n, 817, Eisfeld. 
Austria, Archduchess of, II, 526, Franco, F. de M. ; IV. 

698. Pedro I. 

Auto da fe in Mexico, an, VI, 137. Torres y Rveda. 
Autographic recording testing-machine, Inventor of a, VI. 
110, Thurston. 

Autographs, collection of, V, 638, Sprague, W. B. ; coun- 
terfeited, 689. Spring, R. 

Automaton Minstrel and Bird, I, 686, Coleman, O. M. 

Auton, C, pen-name, III, 262, Hoppin.A. 

Aux Canard o, engagement at, I. 551, Con, L. 

Aux Cayes, taken by buccaneers. III, 843, IUigen. 

Avache, Island of, III, 631, Laurent. 

Avahi, battle of. IV, 499. JVere*. 

Avalon, I. 158, Baltimore : 620, Claiborne. 

Avavares, tribe of the, I, 490, Cabeza. 

AvereU, Ebenezer, 1, 121, Averell, W. W. 

Avery, Rev. Joseph, n, 465, Fisher, Jonathan. 

Averysboro', fight at. II, 715 : V, 505. 

Avila, Gonzalez de, IV, 670, Olid. 

Avon, manor of, Md., V, 704, Stone, W. 

Avonia, Kan.. III. 467, Jones. J. Muther. 

Awakening, the great, n, 810, 812. 

Axacan, country of, V, 456, Segura. 

Axayacatl, King, VI, 123. Tizoc. 

Axtell, William. II, 145, De Peuster, F. 

Ayacucho, battle of, I, 808 ; 739. Cordova, J. M. ; IV, 330, 
Miller, W. ; V, 463, Serna ; 789, Sucre, A. J. 

Ayacucho, the hussar of. III, 184, Herran, P. A. 

Ayen, Duke d\ III, 586, Lafayette. 

Ayers, Miss, IL 221. Downing, Col. 

Aylett, Miss, in, 665, Lee. R. H. 

Aylett, William. I, 361, £rox<on. 

Aymard. Col , IV, 291, Mejia. 

Aymard, Gustave^pen-name, n, 659, Gioux. 

Ayolas, Juan de, II, 615, Fourher. 

Ayrshire, wreck of the, n, 524, Francis, J. 

Ayutla, plan of, I, 62, Alvarez. J. ; II. 124, Degollado. 

Azcapotcalco, kings of. I, 608. Chimalpopoca. 

Axilla, margravate of. IV, 372, Montgomery R. 

Azores, the, famines in, U, 51, Dabney, C. W. ; naval battle 
near, 761, Grenville, R. 

Aztec calendar-stone, the, II, 585, Gama, A. L. de. 

Aztec club, the, VI, 146, Totrer, Z. B. 

Aztec kingdom, consolidation of the, I, 9. AcamapicUi. 

Aztec language, the. I, 860, Brasseur : first preaching in, 
n, 558, Fuensalida ; works in, IV, 352. Molina, A. de ; 
decipherment of M8S. and inscriptions, H, 398, Fabregat : 

V. 520, Sibiel ; VI. 635, Xolotl. 

Aztecs, the, VI, 63, Tenoch : 75, Thibaud ; kings of, I, 608, 
Chimalpopoca ; III. 307, Huitxilihuitl : first emperor of. 
372, Izrohuatl ; compared with the Toltecs, 300, Huemat 
tin ; treatment of, 183. Hernandez, V. : relics of, I, 595, 
Chavero ; antiquities and hieroglyphs, HI, 842, Ignacio, 
Igolino ; destruction of antiquities of. IV. 634. Palafox ; 
teaching of a priest of. III. 807. Huitxilihuitzin ; work 
on, V. 368. Sahagun ; chronicle of the, VI, 655, Zapata 
Mudoza. 

Aztec Virgil, the. U, 28, Cultzhayotl. 



Digitized by Google 



B 



BARILLI 



707 



n-name, VI. 853, Ward, N. 

at, Elizabeth, III, 146, Haynes, L. 

itt metal, I, 125, Babbitt, /.; II, 187, Dixon, Joseph. 

ock, Alpheus, I, 602, Checkering, Jonas. 

ock, Chief-Justice, I, 125. Babcock, H. 

Ionia, exploring expedition to, VI, 350, Ward, W. //. 

alaos, IV; 646, Parent, P. 

hus, island of. I, 543, Cartier, J. 

e, Paul, III, 737, Lispenard. 

e, Sarah, V, 463, Sergeant, T. 

e, Misa, III, 109, Harwood, J. E. 

elor's Elysium of Irving, the, III, 511, Kemble, G. 

us Island, I. 292, Blennerhassett. 

a, Edmund, III. 423. 

n, W. R., Ill, 440, Johnson, Mary. 

q's rebellion, 1, 131. Bacon, N. ; II, 234, Drummond, W. 

I, T. W., UI. 301, Huger, A. 

•ria, cause of disease in plants, I, 409, Burrill. 

jos, Gonzalo de, treasure lost by, II, 374, Espinosa. G. 

Vxe river, engagements on, I, 115, Atkinson, H.\ 278, 

rk Haxck ; VI, 53. 

Boy's Diary, the, anonymous book, VI, 287, Victor, 
tta V. 

n, revolution in. V, 52 1 ; 725, Btruve. 
er. Ruth, I, OW. Cogswell, T. 
lo, Pedro. V, 290, Robledo. 

I^nds, the, III, 131, Hayden, F. V.; skirmish In, V, 
Sully. A. 

i. arctic voyages of the, V, 434, Scoresby. 
»li, Antonio, V, 523, Sickles. 
door, Jung, IV, 572, (Hiphant. 

ma islands, the, governor of, IT, 182 : capture of, 054, 
Jon : expedition to. Ill, 254, Hopkins, Esek ; slaves 
en from, IV, 507, OJedo. 

i, founded. V, 616, Souza, T. de ; taken by the Dutch, 
480, Nassau-Sieaen ; IV, 487, Negreiros ; recaptured, 
621, Padilha ; V. 362. Sa. S. C. de ; IV, 448, Moura ; 
531, Nores ; evacuated by the Portuguese, IV, 098, 

Iro I. 

Louis, IV, 20. Loop, J. S. 

y, Abigail, IV, 396: 

y, Ezra. II, 635, Gleim, C. 

r, Leon, pupil of, VI. 114, Tiffany, L. C. 

, Edward H.. III. 302, Hughes, B. 

>ridge. Sir Arthur, I, 140, Bainbridge, W. 

J, Matthew, II, 690, Gould, W. 

I, Thomas, VI, 009. Baird, H. S. 

h, Hermann, pupil of, VI, 20, Tait, J. R. 
r, Conrad, III, 106, Hendricks, T. A. 

r, Francis, VI, 009, Baker, W. 

r, Isaac D., V, 443. Scribner. 

r, Laura E.. IV. 60, Lyman, L. E. B. 

r, Thomas, II. 380, Evans, D. R. 

well, Lucy, I, 117, Audubon. 

clava. charge at, II. 200, Dunn, A. R. 

ice, the Hudson, II, 21, Croswell, H. 

tree, Gen., IV, 21, Lopez, E. ; 57, Luxuriaga ; V, 820, 

tas. 

i. Rev. T., II, 47. Cutler, M. 
i, W. R., IL 605, Garfield. 

Eagle of Westchester, the sobriquet, HI, 330, Husted. 

vin, Christopher C, V, 345, Ruggles, T. 

vin, George R., VL 617, Wort hen. 

vin, Simeon, 1. 149, Baldunn, R. S. ; V, 528, Silliman, B. 

vin, Robert, II, 320, Elgin. 

vin Blues, the, II, 190, Doles. 

' Smith, sobriquet, V, 596, Smith, W. F. 

I, John, V, 438, Scott, R. 

Mary, VI, 373. 

Thomas, group by, I, 45, Alexander, Archer. 

vi&n, Jos6, II, 551, Frias, T. 

iger, Joseph, I, 091, Collins, E. B. 

an, use of the. in war. V, 803, Roebling, W. A. 

ming. See Aeronauts. 

an Tytler, sobriquet, VI, 204, Tytler. 

r reform, demand for, V. 288, Rice, A. T. 

ts, law on. sealed, VI, 325, Walker, A. 

u, Rev. Maturin, I. 152, Ballon, H. 

n, Eliza, II. 599, Garfield. 

Bluff, battle of, II, 171, Dickinson, Anna E. ; 383, 
ins. N. G. ; V, 700, Stone, C. P. 
aine, Rev. Alexander. IV. 282, Meade, W. 
nore, defence of, in 1814, IH, 529, Key, F. S. ; V, 297 ; 
415, Webster, J. A. ; riots of 1812, in, III. 44, Hall, J. 

70, Hanson, A. C. ; 607, Lee H. ; attack on the 
era! Republican office, 76, Hanson, A. C. ; 732. Ling- 
; mob in. V, 588. Smith, S. ; riots of 1861 In. IV, 420, 
tw. W. W. ; I, 73, Andrew ; VI, 389, Watson, B. F. ; 
12. Bond, H. L. ; occupied, 477 : cathedral of. IV. 204, 
rechal ; gifts to, 106, McDonogh ; III, 256, Hopkins, 
ns ; insane asylum in. V, 497, Sheppard, M. ; the 
body institute, ni, 517, Kennedy, J. P. ; IV, 688. Pea- 
y, G. ; the Kelso orphan homes in. ni, 509, Kelso, T. ; 
201, Ready : public library founded In, illustration, 
; R. C. Institutions in. III 519, Kenrick, F. P. : IV. 

Moranvitle \ gifts to charities of,— Thomas Wilson 
Itarium, VI, 557. 

nore academy of medicine, the. IV, 161. McSherry, R. 
nore heater, the, III, 627, Latrobt, J. H. B. 



Balum-VotAn, VI, 808, Votdn. 

Bancker. Gerrit, II, 539, Frteman, B. 

Banco Largo, battle at, UI, 356, Iribarren. 

Bancroft, A. L., I, 156, Bancroft, H. H. 

Bauc-rott, George, quoted, V, 55 ; controversy with, 209, 

Reed. J. ; 210, W. B. 
Bancroft, Silas A., VI. 178, Tuckerman. S. P. 
Bands Oriental, the, HI, 166, herrera, A". ; 653, Lecor ; IV, 

698, Pedro I. 
Banderas, II, 164, Diaz. C. A. 
Bangor, Me., gift to, III, 189, Hersey, S. F. 
Bangor theological seminary, gifts to, HI, 038, Lawrence, 

A. ; VI, 566, Winkley. 
Bangs, Lemuel, IV, 113, McElrath* 
Banker, Evart, H, 136. Dellius. 

Bank-bills, method of printing, In colors, II, 187, Dixon, 

Joseph. 
Bank fight, the, I. 430. 

Bank-note company, the American, n. 617. Gavit. 
Bank-note plates, transfer machine for, I, 301, Bogard- 
us, J. 

Bank- note engraving, inventions for. II. 268, Durand, C. 

Bankrupt laws. III. 420. Jenckes ; VI, 331. 

Banks : the United States, war upon, repeal of Its char- 
ter, etc., I, 257, 265, 500. 501 ; II, 58, Dallas ; UI. 376, 381 ; 
contest of 'Clay and Jackson, its abolition, 382; results, 
383 ; 492, Kane, J. K. ; IV, 189, Mann ; events leading to 
the repeal of its charter. 244, Mason, Jeremiah : V, 51 ; 
resolution of censure, and expunging resolution, 267, 
Rit*s, W. C. : 470. Seward, W. H. ; VI. 29 ; 193. Tyler, 
J. ; 195, 196, 232 : national, II. 454 : organization of, IV, 
98. McCulloch, H. ; national. VI, 407 ; of America, the, 
230 ; of California, the, IV. 332. Mills, D. O. ; V, 104, Ral- 
ston, W. C. ; of England founded, IV, 670, Pat tr son, 
W. ; of Nevada, the, 127, Mackay, J. W. ; of North 
America, the, 416, Morris, R. : VI, 130, Tompkins : of 
Pennsylvania, the, IV, 409 : Morris, C. ; wild-cat, 250, 
Mather, S. H, ; first, chartered, VI, 539, Willing. 

Banks. Sir Joseph, I, 715 ; UI, 655, Ledyard, J. ; V, 434, 
Scoresby. 

Baptism, celebrated debates on, IV. 395, Morgan, A. ; V, 

236 Rice, N. L. ; VI. 337, WaUer, J. L. 
Baptist homes, the Philadelphia and German town, IV, 544, 

Nugent, G. 

Baptist Memorial, the, magazine, founded, 1. 120, Babcock, 
Rufus. 

Baptist Missionary Magazine, founded, I. 150, Baldwin, T. 

Baptists, first. In the colonies. III. 508, Knollys : first church 
of, in America, VI, 118, Tillinghasl, P. ; in Rhode Island, 
I, 895 ; IV, 192, Manning, James. 

Baptists, persecution of, in New Hampshire. V, 442, Scre- 
ven, W. ; first church of. in Charleston. 442 ; treatment 
of, in Massachusetts colony, IV, 474, Myles. J. : 741, Pe- 
ters, H. ; II, 103 ; history of, 307, Edtrards, M. : first 
seminary of. I. 584, Chase, I. : II. 293, Eaton, I. ; VI, 581, 
Williams, Roger ; gifts to charities of, 1, 670. Cobum, A.; 
683, Colby, G. ; II. 22. Crozer : IV, 738. Perry. Eli ; 544, 
Nugent, G. ; pioneers among the, I. 700, Craig. L. ; VI, 
337, Waller, J. ; In Virginia, IV, 220, Marshall, W. : 
Campbellite schism, see Campbelutes ; exclusion of 
open communionlsts, V, 573, Smith, J. H. ; missions of, 
I, 003, Clough, J. E. ; 299, Boardman, G. D. : U. 115, 
Dean, W. ; 111, 469. Jones, J. T. : 483. Judson ; 538. Kin 
caid, E.\ 505, Knowlton, M. J. : IV, 155, Macomber ; 240, 
Mason, F. : 090, Peck, J. M. : V, 169, Rand, S. T. : 235, 
Rice, L.\ 518, Shuck : 544-515, Skinner. E. ; VI, 45, Taylor, 
J. ; 802, Vinton, J. H ; II. 428, Feller ; famous debate 
on principles of, VI. 502, Wight man, V.; old Albemarle 
church, 605, Woods, W. 

Baptists, German Seventh-Day, I, 223, Beissel. 

Baquedano. Gen., Ill, 735, Lira. 

Baraya, Gen., V, 390. Santander. 

Barat. Madame. II, 242. Duchesne. 

Barbadoes, results of abolition in, III. 212, Hincks, F; ad 

ventures in. 711, Ligon. 
Barbary powers, the, defeat of, II. 121 : difficulty with, V, 

105, Preble, E. 
Barbauld. Anna Let it la. VI. 389, Watkinson. 
Barber, Catherine W.. VI, 147. Towles. 
Barber, John, V. 614. Southwick. 
Barberigo, Agostino. I, 698. 
Barbizan, M., III. 320, Hunt. W. M. 
Barbosa. Francisco V., IV, 644, Paranagvd. 
Barbour, Col. Thomas. 1, 162, Barbour. J. 
Barboza, Mrs. M. H. G., n. 606. Garnet. 
Barca, Count of. I, 124, Azevedo. A. A. 
Barcelona, battle at, I, 804 : capture of, 305 ; U, 548, 

Freites. 

Barclay, Anthony, VI, 505, Wilde, R. H. 

Barclay, Rev. H.,I, 168, Barclay, T. 

Barclay, James, IV, 290, Menken. 

Barclay, Rev. J. T., Ill, 450, Johnson, S. B. 

Barclay, Rev. Thomas, III, 787, Lispenard. 

Barclay, Rev. Thomas, IV, 58, Lydius. J. 

Barclays, one of the, pen-name, IV, G08, Otis, E. H, 

Barculo, Seward, II, 114, Dean, G. 

Bard, Susan, IV, 709, Pendleton, N. 

Barentson, III, 297. 

Barilli, Signora, IV, 674, Patti, C. 



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708 



BARING 



BEJUCO 



Baring, Alexander. 1, 109. Ashburton. 
Baring, Sir Francis. I, 109, Ashburton. 
Baring, Henry, I, 264. Bingham, W. 

Barker, Elizabeth. IV, 742, Petm, E. ; VI, 568, Winslow, E 

Barker, George, I, 244, Berg. 

Barker, Col. Joseph, II, 568, Gag? . 

Barker, Lieut., V. 127, Proctor, T. 

Barkly, Sir H., IU. 474. Jordan. 

Bark peelers, the, IV, 97, McCuUagh. 

Barksted, Col., II. 222. Downing, Sir G. 

Barnard, Rev. C. F., 1. 167, Barnard, C. 

Barnard, Q. G., VI, 115. 

Barnard, Pierre, V, 245, Richings, C. M. 

Barnave, M., Ill, 405, Jumc. 

Barn-building, improvement in, IV, 157, MacPherson, D. M. 
Barnburners, I, 484, Butt* ; VI, 282-233. 
Barnes, Charles M . Ill, 522, Kent, James. 
Barnes, David, II, 390. Eytinge. . 
Barnes, Earl, V. 493. Sheldon, M. D. 
Barnes, John, III, 22. Hackett, J. H. 
Barnes, Mary, I. 708. Connor, E. S. 
Barnes, Mrs. Mary T., II, 422. Fauntleroy. 
Barnes, Robert O., VI, 243, Vanderpoel, A. P. 
Barneveld islands, discovery of. Ill, 684, Le Moire. 
Barney, Nathaniel, II, 614. Foster, S. S. 
Barnsley mine disaster, poem on the, IV, 59, Lyle, W. 
Barnuevo, Maldonado/yl, 00. Tejeda. 
Baroa, capture of. II, 25, Cuenecura. 
Baron, the, Huron chief. III. 572, Kondearonk. 
Baronet, first native, of America, IV. 721, PepperrelL 
Baronetcies, American, I, 48, Alexander, W. 
Baron de Kalb, the iron-clad, VI, 828, Walker, J. G. 
Barouco. cacique of, II. 859, Enrique. 
Barquisemeto, engagement at, I, 304. 
Barr, confederation of, V, 138, Pulaski, K. 
Barr, Robert, L 174. Barr. 
Barr, Robert and Alexander. IV, 592, Orr, H. 
Barranca, Jose 8., IV, 576, CHlantai. 
Barranca 8eca, battle at, IV, 215, Mdrquez, L. 
Barre, John de la, I, 620. 
Barre. Mass., change of name of, III, 833. 
Barrel Mirabeau, IV, 888, Mirabeau. 
Barren Hill, Lafayette surprised at, HI, 587 ; H, 708, Grant, 
James. 

Barrens, seminary of the, IV. 486, Neckere. 

Barreto. Isabel. IV, 295, Mendaila. 

Barren, Giles Leonard. I, 175, Barrett, G. H. 

Barrett, Jackson. VI. 287, Victor, F. A. 

Barrett, Joseph H., Ill, 727, Lincoln, A. 

Barrett, Walter, pen-name, V, 442, ScoviUe. 

Barrie Herald, the, IV. 677, Patton, J. 

Barrier forts in China, the, II, 496, Foote, A. H. 

Barriga, Juan Gonzalez, V. 400. Sarmiento de Sotomayor. 

Barringer. Victor C , I. ft. Abbott, B. V. 

Barrington, Lord, III, 658. 

Barrington, R I., IV, 474. Mylet, J. 

Barrow strait, explored, IV, 661, Parry, Sir W. K 

Barry, David, VI, 206, UUoa, A. de. 

Barry, Capt^ Thomas F.. V, 433, Schwatka. 

Barstow, Elizabeth. V. 697, Stoddard, E. B. 

Barstow. Marguerite, IV, 33, Loud. 

Barth. Ferdinand, pupil of, VI. 206. Uhle. 

Barth, Count Joseph de, VI, 319. Walbach. 

Barth, Louis A. and John de, VI, 819, Walbach. 

Bartheleray, the poet. V, 611. 

Bartholdi statue, speech at the unveiling of, U, 145, Depew. 

Bartlett, D. W.. Ill, 727, Lincoln, A. 

Bartlett, Ellis. I. 186, Bartlett, W. L. A. 

Bartlett. Richard, I, 281, Blair, H. W. 

Bartolini. Lorenzo, pupil of, V, 809, Rogers, Randolph. 

Barton, tragedian, II, 41, Cushman. 

Barton, Capt. Stephen, I, 187, Barton, C. 

Bartram homestead, the, illustration, 1, 189. 

Barye, Antolne Louis, works by, VI, 842, Walters. 

Barye, M., HI, 511. Kemeyn. 

Bases organicas, the, IV, 386, Morales, J. B. 

Baskervill. Dr. W. M., Ill, 100. Harrison, J. A. 

Basque, Le, IV, 315. Michel, J. L. 

Bass. Lyman K., I. 651, Cleveland, G. 

Basse, Jeremiah, III. 62, Hamilton, A. and John. 

Basse Terre, capture of, HI, 305, Hugues. 

Batavia, N. Y., located, II, 828, EUicott, J. 

Bateman, H. L , I, 192, Bateman, K. J. 

Bateman. Virginia F., I, 192, Bateman, K. J. 

Bateman' s cottage, Newport, II. 597, Gardner, C. 

Bates, Hervey. I. 192. Bate*, C. F. 

Bates college, gift to, II. 490, Fogg. 

Bathori, Sigismund. V. 570. 

Bathometer, inventor of the. IV, 729, Perkins, Jacob. 

Bathyometer. invention of the, IV, 428, Morse, S. E. 

Baton Rouge, taken, II, 584, Gdlvez, B. ; surrender of ar- 
senal at, IU, 110, Haskin, J. A. ; attack upon, VI, 534, 
Williams, T. 

Batteries, invention of plans for, VI. ISO, Timby. 

Battery, the. New York city. in. 681, Leister. 

Battle above the clouds, the. m. 251, Hooker, J. 

Battle island, Indian engagement at, U, 5, Crawford, W. 

Battle of Dorking, the, I. 599. Chesney. 

Battle of the kegs, the, IU, 260, Hopkinson, F. 



Batture Salnte Marie, controversy over, HL, 746. 
Baudelaire, Charles, V, 46. 
Baudin, Capt., UI, 654. Ledru, A. P. 
Baudin, Admiral C, V, 158, Radiguet. 
Baudouin, Pierre, I, 385, Bowdoin. 

Bavaria, governmental crisis in, IV, 868, Monte* ; reforms 
made in, V, 346 ; gifts to school of, VL 294, Villard. 

Baxter, Mr., IU, 170, Henry. A. 

Baxter, Richard, his " call/ U, 823. 

Bayamo, burning of, I. 561, Cespedes. 

Bayard, Harriet E., VI, 252. Van Rensselaer, S. 

Bayard, Judith, I. 197, Bayard, J. 

Bayard, Judith, V, 736. Stuyvesant, J. B. 

Bayard, Margaret, V, 574, Smith, M. B. 

Bayard, Samuel, I. 197, Bayard, J. 

Bayard, Samuel, II, 481, Fletcher, B. 

Bayani, Samuel J., 1, 196. Bayard, G. D. 

Bayard of the Revolution, the, UI, 681, Laurens, J. 

Bayley, Elizabeth A., V, 465, Seton, E A. 

Baylies, William. I, 428. 

Baylor, Walker. I, 201, Baylor. R. E. B. 

Bayly, Bishop, his Practice of Piety, U. 823. 

Bayne, Dr.. U, 251, Duhamel, W. 

Bay of Buen Succeso, IV. 529. Nodal. 

Bay of Fundy, engagement in the. IU, 839, Iberville. 

Bayonet fastening. Inventor of a, IV, 676, Oliver, P. A. 

Bay Psalm Book, the, U, 828 ; Vt, 425, Welde. 

Bazaine, Marshal, charge against, of treachery, IL 168. 

Basin. Rev. Theodore, ft, 580, GaUittin. 

Beach, John, 1, 202. Beach, A. 

Beall. Edgar C. Ill, 348, IngersoU, R. G. 

Beanes, Dr. W.. Ill, 529, Key, F. S. 

Bean. Pole, sobriquet, IH.466, Jones, J. C. 

Beanos Station, battle of, U, 441, Ferrero. 

Beard, Isabel, V, 588, .Simpson. G. S. 

Beard, Sir James, I. 208, Beard, J. H. 

Beard, MaJ., hanging of. IV. 62, Lynch, C. 

Beardsley, Fredericka, VI, 688. Gilchrist. 

Bear Flag revolt, the, 1. 87, Arce, F. ; IV, 221, Marshall, 
James Wilson. 

Beas, Admiral Antonio, V, 82, Portocarrero. 

Beatriz, Dona, the, U, 25, Cueva. 

Beatriz, Princess, of Peru, V. 36. Pizarro, F. 

Beat tie, James, IU, 78, Hardie, J. 

Beatty, Rev. C, I, 208, Beatty.E. 

Beauchamp, trial of, ni, 228, Hoffman, C. F. 

Beaufort, Canada, battles at, III. 481, Jucherau. 

Beaufort, N. C, surrender of. I, 463. 

Beaufort, S. C, fort on the site of, V, 232, Ribaut ; found- 
ed, U, 2, Craven, C. 

Beauharnais family, the, ni, 475. Josephine. 

Beauharnais, Eugene, IV, 171, Maelxl. 

Beaumarchais, his Marriage of Figaro, ni, 419. 

Beaumont, Elie de, UI, 884, 386, Jackson, C. T. ; V, 870, 
Sainte- Claire. 

Beau Hickman, sobriquet, UI, 195, Hickman. 

Beaujeu. UI, 622. 

Beau Neill. sobriquet, IV. 488, Neill, T. H. 

Beauport, Quebec, asylum at, founded, U, 212, Douglas, J. 

Beau Trumps, original of, III, 691. Leonard, D. 

Beauty and Booty, countersign, V, 48, Poindexter. 

Beauty of Holiness, the, magazine. U, 548, French, M. 

Beauvallon, case of, III, 588, Lacour. 

Beauvoir, estate of. II. 102. Davis, J. ; 207, Dorsey, S. A. 

Beaver Dam, capture at, V, 498. 

Beccaria, Abbe, III, 550, Kinnersley. 

Bechamel, Francois. II, 767, Grillet. 

Beck, Caleb, I, 212, Beck, T. R. 

Beckamville, engagement at. IV, 90, McCture, J. 

Becker. Jacob, IV, 854, Momberger. 

Becker. Mr.. V. 184. Rapp. 

Beckwith, N. M., I. 214, beckwith, J. C. 

Bedel. Gen. Moody, I, 214, Bedel, J. 

Bedel, Sarah, I. 731. 

Bedell, Rev. Gregory. II, 840, Ely, E. 8. 

Bedford, Duke of, V, 351. Russell, A. G. 

Bedford, fight of the, II. 534, Franklin, Sir J. 

Bedford House, the. illustration, III, 410. 

Bedinl, Archbishop, IU, 805, Hughes, J. 

Bedlow, Catharine. II, 17, Crosby, E. 

Bed low's Island, purchase of, 1, 164, Bard ; statue on, L 

182. Bartholdi. 
Beebe, Lieut.. II. 741. Greely. 
Beecher, David, I, 216, Beecher. L. 
Beecher, Isabella, ni. 249, Hooker. I. B. 
Beechey. Sir W.Tl, 221, Beechey, F. W. 
Bee-hive, invention of a. Ill, 612, Langstroth. 
Bee-hive, the Vermont, VI. 420, Weeks. J. M. 
Beekman, rebellion of, II. 542, Freirt de Andrado. 
Beekman. Manraret, ni, 744, Livingston, R. R. 
Beekman, Maria, V. 736, Stuyt-esant, N. W. 
Beekman, William, I. 221, Beekman. J. W. 
Beer, first, made in United States, IU, 588, Kieft. 
Beers, Isaac. V, 15, Pierrepont, H. 
Behagues, Count de, V, 292, Rochambeau, Donatien, 
Behnes, W., in, 119, Hawkinn. B. W. 
Behring strait, its existence inferred, n. 575. GalL 
Beirut, plundered by Bedouins, II. HTKGoodeU. 
Bejuco, bridge made of the vine, IV, 178, Malta Gapac 



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BELAIR 



BILLOPP HOUSE 7QQ 



Belair, plantation of. IV, 564, Ogle. B. 
Belcher, Andrew, I, 228, Belcher, J. 
Belcher, J. B., Ill, 177, Henshaw, J. 8. 
Belcour, character of, II, 234, Dwyer. 
Betem, ethnographic museum at, II, 641, Freire de An- 
drada. 

Belfrage, Rev. H.. IV. 787, Picken. 

Belgrano, Gen., Ill, 584, Lacuma. M. 

Beliaarius, alleged descendants of, VI, 48S, Welter. 

Bell, Sir C, II, 484, Flint, A. 

Bell, John, I, 827, £eW, 8. 

Bell, Joshua F., II 878, Durham, M. J. 

Bellavtata, city of, founded, IV, 196, Manso de Velasco. 

Beilavlsta, battle of, II, 568, Qana. 

Belleau, Sir Narclsse F., IV, 108. 

Belief onte, Pa., I, 287, Benner. 

Belief onte fencibles, the, I, 211, Beater. 

Belleville. N. J., copper-mines. III, 264, Hornblower, J. 

Belle vue hospital, gift a to, I, 529, Carnegie ; given to, IV, 

218, Marquand. H. O. ; reforms in, VI, 696, Wood. J. R. 
Belle vue medical college, IV, 448rifotf, A. B. : V. 411, 

Sagre, L. A. ; VI, 42, Taylor, I. E. ; founded, 595, Wood, 

Bellewood college, Ky.. n, 466, Fisher, M. M. 
Bellona, the capture of, III, 247, Hood, 8. 
Bells, casting of. II. 122. De Condrea. 
Bellville, Dr. Nicholas, II, 396, Ewing, W. B. 
Belmont, estate of, Pa., IV, 744, Peters, R. 
Belmont, school at, III, 99, Harrison, Gesaner. 
Belmont, Mo., engagement at, II, 710 ; IV, 5, Logan, J. A.: 
V. 67, Polk, L. 

Beloit college, III, 520, Kent, A.; TV, 80, Loss ; gift to, V, 

819, Root, D. 
Belphegor, character of, II, 178, Dillon, C. 
Bel pre, O., settlement of, I, 848, Bradford, R. 
Beltran, Father B., II, 878, Eapejo, A. 
Beltrani, Count, quoted, I. 498. Cabrera, M. 
Belvedere, residence of, Md., illustration. Ill, 277. 
Belzu, Manuel I., IV, 291, Melgarejo ; VI, 272. Velasco, 

Jose. 

Bembridge, Henry, V, 748, Sully, T. 

Bemiss, Dr. John, I. 232, Bern us, 8. M. 

Bemiss Heights, battle of. III, 728. See Sara too a. 

Benal Berith, order of, IV, 704, Peixotto. 

Benavente, Toribio de, IV, 440, Motolinia. 

Benavides, Oen., U, 641, Freire, R.; V, 121, Prieto. 

Benbow, Admiral, II, 240, Ducasae ; 494, Fbnvielle. 

Benedictines, the, HI, 686, Lemcke ; the. first in the U. 8., 
IV, 553, O'Connor, M. ; missions of, IV, 238, Marty ; es- 
tablishment of abbeys, VI, 569, Wimmer. 

Benedictine nuns, convent of, II, 459, Fink, M. 

Benecke, Prof., 1. 164. Bancroft, O. 

Bendant, M., V, 698, Smithaon. 

Benjamin, Joseph, n. 176, Dickson, T. 

Benjamin, Mary. IV, 488. Motley. 

Benicia, college at, 1, 864, Breck, J. L. 

Ben. Ezra, Juan Josaphat, pen-name, m, 584, Lacunxa, M. 

Bennet, Dr. David, IV, 764, Phipa, 8. 

Ben net, Phlneas, I, 237, Bennet. 0. 

Bennett, Belva A., HI, 751, Lockwood, B. A. B. 

Bennett, Edmund H., HI, 158, Heard. 

Bennet, WiUiam, VI. 545, Wilm*hur*t. 

Bennett island, discovered. II, 137, De Long. 

Bennington, VL, name of. VI, 485. Wentworth, B.\ V, 887, 
Robinson, 8.; gift to. IV, 648, Park. T. W. ; battle of, U, 
537, Fraaer. 8.: V. 878. St . Luc ; V, 653-658, Stark, J.; 
monument i lustration. 658. 

Bennoch, Francis, III, 129. 

Benseki, Col., Ill, 868. 

Bensley, anonymous book, I, 448, Bunce, O. B. 
Benson, Carl, I, 879. BrUted, C. A. 
Benson, Judge, II, 475, Fitzpatrick, B. 
Bent, CapC Charles, V. 18, Pike, A. 
Bent. Lieut. Silas, II, 667. Glynn. 
Bentbam, Jeremy, IV, 484, Neal, J. 
Bentham, philosophy of. It, 844. 
Bentheim. Count de, II. 488, Felix. 
Bentivoglio, Countess, IV, 317, Middleton, A. 
Benton, Calvin, I, 840, Benton. J. G. 
Benton, Col. Jesse, I, 841. Benton, T. 
Benton, Jessie, II. 546. 548, Fremont. 
Benton, Lot, I, 816, Beecher. 
Benton, Sarah, HI, 893. Jacob, R. T. 
Bentontown, Tenn., I, 841. 

Bentonville, battle of, IL 484, Fearing, B. D.; 715 ; m, 
469 : V, 506. 

Beresford, Oen.. occupies Montevideo, IV, 867, Mawe, John: 

his capitulation, \t, 480, Whitelocke. 
Beresford, 8ir W., V. 138, Pueyrredon. 
Bergen. Hans Hansen, V, 188, Rapaelje. 
Bergen-op-Zoom. capture of, IV, 148, Mac Lean, F. 
Beringer. Oscar, n, 664, Gleaaon. 
BerioL Charles Auguste de, IV, 181, Malibron. 
Berkley, Helen, pen-name. IV. 460, Mowatt. 
Berkeley, Sir Maurice, I, 847, Berkeley, Sir W. 
Berkeley, Norbome, 1, 884, Botetourt. 
Berkeley, California, I, 846. Berkeley, Q. 
Berkeley Divinity school, VI. 527. Williams. J. 
Berkshire medical institute, I, 605, Childs, H. H. 



Bermejo river, exploration of the, I, 89. Arias, F. G. 
Bermuda Hundred, battle at, IV, 281, Martin, J. G. 
Bermudas, the, discovery of. I, 247, Bermudex ; proposed 

college In, I, 245, Berkeley ; V, 598, Smubert. 
Bernard, Claude, retires from professorship, 1, 416, Brown- 

Siquard : pupil of, U, 484, Flint, A. 
Bernard, Susan A., IV, 104, Macdonald, 8. A. 
Bernard. Thomas J., IV. 104, Macdonald, 8. A. 
Bemoullis, the, II. 150, Des Barreo. 
Berrien, Maj. John, I, 249, Berrien, J. M. 
Berriozabal. F., II, 869. Excobedo. 
Berry, Abner. John, I, 250, Berry, X. S. 
Berry, Lewis, VI, 465, Whitcher. 

Berthold, Ernest, pen-name. V, 286, Robinson. Thereat. 
Berthoud, Ferdinand, II, 482, h leurien. 
Bertie, Peregrine. V, 569, Smith, John. 
Bert rend, Louis, 1U, 686, Laval, F. X. 
Berwald, Franz, IV, 522, MUson. 

Bessemer process, the, improvements for, III, 818, Hunt, 
Robert W. 

Bessemer steel-works, III, 236, Hoi ley, A. L. ; patents for 

Improvements in the process, ibid. 
Bessemer, Sir H., alleged inventor of his process, Hi, 509, 

Kelly. W. 

Best, Wilham T , pupil of. VI, 482, Whiting, Q. E. 

Bethany college. W. Va.. II. 600. 

Bethencourt, Juan, I, 252, Bethencourt, P. 

Betbesda, Ga.. ni, 21, Habersham. James. 

Bethlehem, Pa., hospital established at. n. 879, Ettwein, 
John ; difficulties of settlers, V. 621, Spangenberq, Au- 
gustus Gottlieb ; founded, IV. 524, Nitachmann, David ; 
university and church founded at, IV, 620, Packer, 
Asa. 

Bethlehemites, order of the, I. 252, Bethencourt. 
Bethune, Angus, I. 253, Bethunc, J. 
Bethune, DivTe, I, 252, Bethune, G. W. 
Bethune, Isabella O., U, 248, Duffleld. 
Bethune, Jessie O.. IV, 77, McCartee, J. G. 
Bethune, Thomas O., VI, 129, Tom. 
Betisoque, e. zagement at, I, 804. 
Beulah, Penn., V, 229, Rhees, M. J. 
Beverly, Peter, I, 646, Clayton, J. 

Beverly, Maj. Robert, I, 254, Beveily, R. ; U, 885, Drum- 

mond. W. ; 474, Fitxhugh, W. 
Beverstone castle, I, 247. Berkeley, J. 
Beverwyck, village of, Vl, 250, Van Rensselaer. 
Bewick company, the, III, 816, Hunt, F. 
Bezena, Barbalho, VI, 286, Viale. 
Bezoar-stones. IV, 601, Oama-Jaraycejo. 
Bhaquiere, John, Lord de, II, 118, De Bhaquiere. 
Biasson, Jean. U, 154, Deasalinea ; VI. 144, touaaoint, D. F. 
Bibb, Capt. W., I, 264, Bibb, W. W. 
Bibb, cruise of the, I, 85. 

Bible, the, discovery of a MS., in, 39, HoU. I. H. ; first, 
printed in America, I, 88, Aitken : II, 828 ; the Indian, 
882 ; first German, printed in America, V, 616-617, Sower. 
C. ; King James's version; III, 246, Homer, J. ; in the 
schools, 219, Hoadley, G. ; publication of, 79. 80, Har- 
ding, J. and W. W. ; revision of the English. 1, 589, Chase, 
T. ; 761, Coxe. A. C. : 111, S2,Hackett,H. B. ; 81, //ore, 
G. E. ; 514. irendrte*, A. C. ; 575, Krauth ; 657, Lee, 
Alfred ; IV, 141, Maclay, A. ; 268. Maturin, E. : 600, 
Osgood, H. ; 619. Packard, J. ; V, 248, Riddle, M. B. ; 
416, Schaff : VI, 869, Washburn, E. A. ; Woolsey, T. D. 

Bibles, collection of. in. 689, Lenox, J. 

Bible society, first, in AjiMfrica, IV, 275, Mayer, P. F. ; V, 
164, Ralston, R. 

Bible society, the American, gifts to, I, 387, Boudinot ; II, 
891, East bum, M. ; VI. 565. Winkley ; formation of the, 
IV. MS, Mills, S.J. 

Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, UI, 888, Hodge, 
Charles. 

Biblical Repository, the, V, 884. Robinson, K. 
Bibliography, I, 679, Cogswell, J. G. ; V, 678, Stevens, H. 
BlbUotheca Sacra, the, IV, 647, Park, E. A. ; V, 884, Rob- 
inson, E. 

Bicycles, improvements in, V, 67, Pope, A. A. 

BlddleTClement C, VI, 670, Biddle, C. 

Biedura, Uuys Hernandez de. U, 158, De Soto. 

Biencourt, V, 94, Pontrincourt. 

Bienio, El, I, 89, Alcantara. 

Biernatzki, IV, 817, Marah, C. C. 

Big Bear, Chief, VI, 619. Williama, A.T.H. 

Big Bethel, battle of, II, 788, Greble, J. T.; in, 808, HiU, D. 

TL : IV, 175, Magruder. 
Big Black river bridge, battle at, n, 718. 
Big Buckeye, the. sobriquet, V. 640, Sproat. 
Bigelow, Horatio N., Ill, 819, Hoadley, J. C. 
Bijrelow, Tyler, I, 608, Child, D. L. 
Big Hole Pass, engagement at, U, 685, Gibbon, J. 
Biglow, Hosea, IV, 40. 41. 
Big Sam, sobriquet, II, 56. Dale, S. 
Bis; Thunder, sobriquet. Vl, 598, Wood, E. B. 
Billerica, Mass.. gift to, VI, 83, Talbot. 
Billiard-balls, composition, III, 886, Hyatt, J. W. 
Billiard-players, IL 181, Dion ; IV, 750, Phelan.M. 
Billings, Frederick, I, 846 : IV. 817, Marah, G. P. 
BlllingsiJosh, pen-name. V, 485, Shaw, H. W. 
BiUopp House, the, illustration, I, 268. 



Digitized by Google 



710 



BILOXI 



BOLIVIA 



Biloxl, settlement at, I, 859, Bienvilie ; IV, 625, Nivelles. 
Bimetalism, III, 206, Hill, N. P.; confidential mission, VI, 

396, Walker, 0. 
Biraini, island of, V, 63, Ponce de Leon. 
Binders, grain, invention of, III, 460. Johnston, 8.; IV, 05, 

McCormick, C. H. 
Btngley, Lord, I, 452, Burgoyne. 
Binon, M., II, 756, Greenough. 

Binnacle Illuminator, the, invention of, III, 707, Lewis, 
Winslow. 

Blobio, battle at, I, 694, Coloeolo ; in, 190. Higuaihud. 
Biology, researches in, IU, 680, Leidy ; IV, 230, Martin, H. 

N.; 837, Minot, C. 8. 
Birch, Harvey, in The Spy, original of, II, 18, Crosby, E. 
Birchard, Sardis, UI, 196. 
Birks, ElixabeUi, I, 488, Cabell. 
Birmingham, Eng., riot in, V, 121, Priestley. 
Biron, Due de. III, 688, Lausun. 
Bisbee, Rev. John, IU, 890. Jackson, M. B. 
Bishop, Rev. Artemas, II, 843. Emerson, J. 8. 
Bishop, Sir Edward. VI, 468, Whistler, J. 
Bishop, Sir Henry, ft, 647, Gilbert , W. B. 
Bishop. Mary R., I. 463. 

Bishops, clandestine consecration of. for America, VI, 21. 
Talbot, J. ; first consecrated in the U. S., 1, 619, Claggett ; 
first appointed to U. 8., HI, 481, Juarez, Juan ; suspen- 
sion or. IV, 581, Onderdonk, B. T.; succession of Ameri- 
can, V, 445-446, Seabury. 

Bishop^ church without a, controversy on, VI, 815, Wain- 

Bishop's college, Canada. IV, 448. Mountain, Q. J. 

Bishop's wood, the, II, 435, Fernandes-Sardinha, 

Bteon, first account of the, I. 745. 

Bissot, Clara F., Ill, 461, JoUiet. 

Bissot, Franccls, VI, 298, Vincennes. 

Bizarre, the Randolph residence, V, 178. 

BJarnar. VI, 101, Thorjlnn. 

BJorck, Rev. Eric T.. VI. 208, Unander. 

Black, G., V. 823. Ros*brugh. 

Black, James and Henry, I, 272, Black, J. 8. 

Black boys, the, V, 568, Smith, J. 

Blackbeard. sobriquet, II, 801, Eden.C. 

Blackburn, Rev. F., Ill, 287. Hollis, T. 

Blackburne, Mr.. IV, 183, Mackenzie, G. H. 

Blackburn's Ford, engagement at, IV, 110. 

Black code, the. H. 507, Gabaret ; 587, Gamboa. 

Black David, sobriquet, II, 502, Forman, D. 

Black Dick, sobriquet. Ill, 280, Howe, R. 

Black Dome, N. C., Mitchell's grave on, illustration, IV, 

848. Mitchell, E. 
Blackfish. chief. I. 315. Boone. 

Black Uoronwy of Anglesea, IV, 614, Owen, Goronwy. 
Black Hills, the. II, 44. 

Black Hawk purchase, the, II, 764. Grimes, J. W. 

Black Hawk war, the. I. 273, Black Hawk ; II, 198, Dodge, 

H. ; HI, 716 ; VI, 52, 53. 
Black Jack, I. 406. 

Blacklock, Thomas, I, 358, Beveridge. 

Black Mingo river, the, engagement at, IV. 208. 

Black Rock, N. Y., expedition against, II. 234, Drummonrt, 

Sir G. ; 708, Graham, J. H. ; HI, 548, King, W. ; V, 78, 

Porter. P. B. ; 678, Stei^ens, T. H. 
Blacksmith, the learned, 1, 469. Burritt. 
Black Snake, sobriquet, VI, 400, Wayne, A. 
Blackstock Hill, S. C, engagement at, V, 752; VI, .15, 

Tarleton. 

Blackstone. Sir William. I, 428 ; influence of the study of, 

in, 416 : ft, 255 . V. 120, Priestley. 
Black 8wan, the, sobriquet, II, 755, Greenfield. 
Black Watch, tho, IV, 151, MacNab. 
Blackwater. engagement on the, V, 69, Pope, J. 
Black well, Henry B., V. 703. Stone, L. 
Blackwell, Gov. John, III. 748, 749, Lloyd, D. and T. 
Blackwell. Capt. John. IV, 210. Markka m, W. 
Blackwell, Samuel C . I, 274. Blackwell, A. L. B. 
Bladensbunr, Md.. engagement at, I, 672, Cockburn, G. ; 

II, 882, Evans, Sir G. : V, 882, Rom. 
Blaine, Ephraim L., I, 275, Blaine, J. G. 
Blaine, J. Q , his oration on Garfield, II, 601. 
Blair, Elizabeth. V, 585, Smith, Robert. 
Blair, Mary. V, 233, Rice, David. 
Blair, of Balthayrock, U, 432, Ferguson, A. J. 
Blair's plantation, engagement at, V, 457, Selfridge. 
Blaisel. Marquis de. I, 264, Bingham, W. 
Blake, Admiral, I. 284. Blake, Joseph. 
Blake, Daniel 8 , VI, 225, Vale, E. 
Blake, E. V.. Ill, 38. Hall, C. F. 
Blake. Francis, I. 284. Blake, G. S. 
Blakeney. Gen., IU. 119. Haviland, W. 
Blanchard. Elisabeth, III. 56, Hamblin, T. 8. 
Blanchard, Jonathan, V, 236, Rice, <V. L. 
Blanchard, Susan. II, 818. Elder, 8. B. 
Blanco, Gen., VI, 297, Villeraye. 
Bland, Frances, VI, 175. Tucker. St. G. 
Bland. Theodorick, I. 486. Byrd. W. 
Blasphemy, trial for. III. Ml, Kneeland, A. 
Blathwayt, William. VI. 217. Van Cortlandt, 8. 
Blavatsky, Gen. N. V.. I. 290. Blavatsky, H. P. 
Bleaching, American system, II, 67, Dana, Samuel Luther. 



Bleckley. L. E., II, 4. Crawford, M. J. 

Bledsoe, Isaac, V, 279, Robertson, J. 

Bledsoe, Jesse, I, 201, Baylor, R. E B 

Bleecker, Eve, V, 128, Provoost. 

Bleecker, Mary, V, 478, Seymour, H. 

Bleecker, Rutgers, II, 243, Dudley, B. 

Blenkensoff, Catherine, II. 379. Euphemia. 

Blenkinsop, George, V, 67. Pope, F. L 

Blennerhassett, home of. illustration, I, 298. 

Blessing, Abraham, U. 896. Eyster. 

Blessington. Countess of, VI, 545. Wilmshurst. 

Blifll and Black George. I. 26 ; UI, 379. 

Blind, the, education of, II, 579, GaUaudet. E M : UI. 2W, 
Howe, 8. G. and J. R.; first attempt to instruct -alpha- 
bet, maps, and books for, V, 351-352. Russ, J. D. ; Neamith 
fund for, IV. 495, Nesmith, J. ; Perkins institution for. 
731, Perkins, T. H.\ writing-case for, described, V, 111. 

Blind minister, the, VI, wTWoodbridge, T. 

Blind preacher, the, IV, 321, Milburn. 

Blind preacher, the, VI, 309, Waddel. 

Blind singer, the, V, 486, Shaw, O. 

Bliss, Rev. Asher, I. 294, Bliss, P. C. 

Bliss, Rev. Daniel. II, 848, Emerson, R. W. 

Bliss, George, VI, 4*9, Wells, D. A. 

Bliss, Capt. John, I, 294. Bliss, W. W. S. 

Bliss, Judge Philemon, IV. 662, Parsons, C. C. 

Bliss, Sylvester, IV. 880. Miller, W. 

Blitz, Jennie, VI, 257, Van Zandt. 

Blockade-runners, capture of. I, 189, Bailey ; IV, 77. Mc- 

Cann : fired upon. III. 324, Hunter, W. 
Bloede, Dr. G., 1, 295, Bloede, M. 

Blood, discoveries concerning the, I, 416, Brown-Sfquura 

Blood letter, the, I, 574, Chandler, Z. 

Bloody angle, the. III, 78. 

Bloody Bridge, fight of, V, 64. Pontine. 

Bloody Run, engagement at. II, 61 . Dalzell, J. 

Bloody Tennent of Persecution, the, anonymous book. VI. 

532. Williams, R. 
Bloomer, Amelia. II, 625, Genin. 
Bloomer, Dexter C. I. 298. Bloomer, A. J. 
Bloomfleld -Moore, Clara, IV, 879, Moore, C. I. 
Bloomingdale, II, 182, De Lancey, O. 
Blooming Gap, engagement at. III. 604. Lander, F. W. 
Blotter, Samuel, pen-name. II, 195, Doe, C. H. 
Blount. Jacob, I, 296, Blount, W. 
Blowers. Rev. T. I, 297, Blowers. S. 8. 
Blow-pipe, oxyhydrogen. Ill, 81, Hare, R. 
Blue Book, the, II. 499, Force, P. 
Blue Earth river, the. III, 698, Le Sueur. 
Blue-glass theory, the, V, 40. Pteasanton. A. J. 
Blue Hen's Chicken, the, VI, 298, Vincent, Francis, 
Blue Jacket, pseudonym, II, 53, Dahlgren. 
Blue Jeans Williams, sobriquet, VI, 523, Williams, J. D. 
Blue laws, the, atory of, IV, 742, Peters, S. 
Blue Licks, battle of the, I, 315. Boone ; II, 662, Girty ; IV. 

2, Logan, B. : VI. 126, Todd, J. 
Blue Mountain Valley, capture of the ship, IV, 561, Ogden. 

Aaron. 

Blue Water, battle of, V, 257, Van Vliet. 
Bluff, Harry, pen-name, IV, 265. 
Bluff ton movement, the. IV. 788, Pickens, F. W. 
Blum, Robert, II, 558, Frabel. 
Blume family, the. I. 80. Antes. 
Blumenbach, Prof.. 1, 154. Bancroft, G. 
Blumenthal, Carolu* E.. IV, 87. McClintock.J. 
Blunders of a Bashful Man. anonymous book, VI, 287, Vic- 
tor, M.V. 

Blythe, Samuel, grave of. illustration, I, 471. 

Boats, invention for raising or lowering, II, 563 ; for sub- 
marine navigation, 563 ; for stemming rapids, V, 347, 
Rumsey, J. ; tor detaching. VI. 598, Wood, W. M. 

Bobadella, Count of. II, 512, Freire de Andrado. 

Bochsa, R. N. C, I, 269. 270. Bishop. 

Bockholtz-Falconi. Mme.. II, 403. Fairlnmb. 

Body of Liberties, the, VI. 353, Ward. S. 

Boehm, Jacob. I, 800, Boehm, H ; III. 509, Ketpius ; IV. 
743, Peters, R. 

Boehm, Martin, I, 800. Boehm, H. 

Boel. Rev. Henricus. II. 237. Du Boia, O. 

Bogaert, Theunis Gysbert, V, Its*. Rapnelje. 

Bogart. Rev. David 8., I, 302, Bogart, E. 

Bogle, Paul, II. 686. Gordon, G. W. 

Bogota, scientific institutions at. IV. 472, Mutis ; college in, 
727, Pirez, 8.: riot in. VI, 187. Torres, J. M. 

Bogran. Gen.. V. 600. Soto. 

Bohemia Manor. III. 188, Herrman. A. 

Bollin* water. HI. 657. Lee, C. 

Roisbriand, Ducrue de, VI. 143, Toicr, L. B. 

Bofaduval, M., III. 652. Le Conte, J. E. 

Boisfontaine. Baron. II, 572, Gaines, Myra C. 

Boisglrals, M.. VI. 308. Volney. 

Bold bean hiller, the. sobriquet, n, 273, Durkee. 

Bollngbroke, Lord. II. 254. D ummer, J. 

Bolivar, engagement at, I, 363. Brayman. 

Bolivia, separated from Buenos Ayres. I. 306 : formation 
of. into a state, V, 739. Sucre. A. J.i insurrection in. IV. 
459. Mntecas ; Indian rebellion in. V, 455, Segurofa ; 
revolutions in, VI. 272, Velaso, Jam* ; war for independ- 
ence, confederation with Peru, dictator of, reforms in 



Digitized by Google 



BOLLAN 



BOTHERATION 



711 



V. 395, Santa Crux, A. ; III, 714, Linart* ; TV, 291-292, 

Melaarejo ; 3H0, Morales ; war of, with Ctilli ; despotism 

in, VI. 637. Yanez. See Chili. 
Bollan, William, tract attributed to, VI, 260, Vaughan. 
Bolles, A. S., IV, 417. Morris, R. 
Bolles, Mary L., I, 338, BrancJi, M. L. B. 
Bolmar, Anthony, V, 458, Sellers, C. 
Bolometer, invention of the, III, 611. Langley. 
Bolton, Charles Knowles, I, 300, Bolton, S. K. 
Bolton, Nathaniel. I, 309. Bolton, S. T. 
Bolton, Maj., V, 252, Riel. 
Bomba, fight at, II, 295, Eaton, W. 
Bomfln, Marquis tie, IV, 810, Mesquita, J. F. de. 
Bombshell, the, capture of, II, 426, Febiger, J. C. 
Bonanza mines, the, IV, 127, Mackay, J. W. ; 551, O'Brien, 

W. S.\ II, 400, Fair. 
Bonaparte, Prince Canlno, 1, 118. 
Bonaparte, Le, I, 409, Brown, Moses. 
Bonaparte, Joseph, III, 589 ; proclamations of, in Mexico, 

748, Lizana. 
Bonaparte, Lucien, I, 309, Bonaparte. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon, II, 250, Dugommier. See Nafolbon 

Bonaparte, Pauline, III, 651, Leclerc, V. E. 

Bond, Alvin, II, 468, Fisk, P. 

Bond, Dr. Phineas, V, 250, Ridgely, C. 

Bonds, U. S., I, 104 ; of 1864, IL 444, Fessenden, W. P.; 

charge of robbery of, etc., 488, Floyd, J. B. 
Bones, reproduction of, VI, 595, Wood, J. R. 
Bonheur, Stella, II. 365, Errani. 
Bon Homme Richard, the, 11.56. Dale. R. ; III, 468. 
Bonn, conference at, V, 416, Schaff. 

Bonnat, Leon, pupils of, I, 677, Cojfln, W. A. ; II, 869, Enne- 
king : III. 487, Julio ; 683, Leland, H. ; 735, Lippincott, 
W. H. ; IV, 691, Pearce, C. S. ; V, 361, Ruder, PP. ; 403, 
Satterlee, W. ; 564, Smith, F. H. ; VI, 185, Turner, C. Y. ; 
301, Vinton, F. P. ; 420, Weeks, E. L. ; 601, Wight, M. ; 
662 ; Zogbaum. 

Bonne Citoyenne, the, III, 640, Lawrence, J. 

Bonner, O. W., Ill, 734, Linton. 

Bonner, Sherwood, pen-name, IV, 111, McDowell, K. S. 
Bonney, Catherine V. R, VI, 253, Van Rensselaer, S. 
Bonney, Mary L., VI, 697, Rambaut. 
Bonpland. Aime, IV. 455. Muhlenberg, G. H. E. 
Bonsai, William C, VI, 628, Wright, R. M. 
Bonsilate, III, 336, Hyatt, J. W. 

Book-binding, invention of tools, I. 149, Baldwin, M. W. 

Book-cases, revolving, invention or, III, 442, Johnson, F. G. 

Book-keeping method, invention of a, I, 316, Booth, B. 

Book of Life, the, V, 603, Sojourner Truth. 

Book of Mormon, the, V, 575, Smith, Joseph : 624, Spauld- 
ing, S. ; translations of, VI, 46, Taylor, John. 

Book-plate, Bishop Provoost's, illustration, V 130. 

Books, antiquarian, II, 698, Gowans ; collection of naval, 
V, 105, Preble, G. H. ; first, printed in America, II, 
118, Dave ; 323 ; IV, 297, Mendoxa : VI, 664, Zumarra- 
gua ; 695, Pablon ; first, printed in New England, 425. 
Welde ; rare, II, 323, 824, 331, Elliott, John ; HI, 340, 
Ictersdorf; 351, Ingraham, E. D. ; 351, Engulf : 402, 
Jansen, R. : IV, 258, Mather, C. ; 852, Molina, A. de ; 
525, Nivert ; 588, Ojeda, D. de : 701, Pellepart ; 726, Pere- 
ira, N. M. ; 732, Perrein ; 741, Peters. H. : 691, Peale, T. 
R. ; V, 144, Pynchon ; 189, Rawle, F. ; 310, Rogers, R. ; 
814, Romans ; 363. Saavedra Guzman ; collections of, 
364, Sabin, J. ; 647, Stansburu, P. ; 666, Stephens, W. ; 
692, Stobo ; 737, Suarez, L. ; VI, 114, Tilden ; 137, Torres 
Rubio ; 290, Vieira, A. ; 894, Watteau ; 404, Webb, T. S.; 
533, Williams, R. ; 660, Zenon ; 635, Ximenes ; suppressed 
in London, 502, Wikoff ; anonymous Sunday-school, 
IV, 618, Packard, F. A. 

Boone, George, I, 315, Boone, D. 

Boone and Crockett club, the. V, 318, Roosevelt, T. 

Boone brothers, trial of the. Ill, 146, Haynes, L. 

Boonesborough, Indian attack on, I. 315, Boone. 

Boonesboro\ fight at. III 204, HiU,D. H. \ 670. 

Boonton, benevolent institutions, IV, 24, Lord, J. C. 

Boot, Adrian, II, 437. Fernandez de Cordova. 

Boot and shoe nailing machine, inventor of a, V, 288, Rob- 
inson, S. W. 

Booth, John. I, 320, Booth, M. L. 

Booth, Richard, I. 317, Booth, J. B. 

Booth, Sherman M , IV, 627. Paine, B. ; VI. 80. 

Bopp, Franz, pupils of, V, 877, Salisbury ; VI, 490, Whit- 
ney. W. D. 

Boradel, Margaret, V. 495, Shepard, T. 

Bordman, William. IV 608, Of is. E. H. 

Borinquen, island of, V, 61, Ponce de Leon. 

Borke, Baron von, V. 251, Riedesel. 

Born, Prof., I, 34. 

Borneo, American rajah of, VI, 189, Torrey, J. W. 
Bomet. Edou